Óptica Escuela De Verano 2013

La Física Y Aspectos Sociales De Energía Solar

DR . RODGER EVANS

INVES T IGADOR PR INC IPAL DE LEARS

( L ABORAT OR IO DE ENERG ÍA ALTERN A , RENOVABLE , SOS TEN IBLE )

DET, C I CESE

JUL IO 30 2013

Thursday, August 22, 13

Object ivo

Thursday, August 22, 13

1. Aprender Fis ica Básica2. Intender Energía Solar3. Saber Sobre LEARS Y CICESE

Thursday, August 22, 13

Temas • Termodinámica

• Geometría esférica

• Energia en sociedad

Thursday, August 22, 13

Leyes De Fisica• ¿Quien es el juez?

Thursday, August 22, 13

Termodinámica • Calor Q

• Energía interno U*

• Capacidad de calor

Thursday, August 22, 13

notes pp. 45, internal energy, measure changeHeat capacity, pp 46

Intensivo : Extensivo• Intensivo

• independiente de extenso de sistema (T, p, µ) (V/m=ν=1/𝜌

volumen especifica )

• Extensivo

• aditivo para independente, no interactando subsistemas (m, V, G)

Thursday, August 22, 13

Termodinamica• Leyes

• 0: A=B, B=C => A=C

• 1: energía interna de sistema aislado es constante

• 2: calor no puede mover de un lugar frío a caliente. Incremento de entropía, máximo a equilibrio

• 3: cero absoluto, entropía mínimo, todo proceso dejan de funcionar

Thursday, August 22, 13

Motores De Calor• Conversion de calor a trabajo

• e.g. ciclo Carnot

Thursday, August 22, 13

draw pics from pp 48Carnot cycle, pp 50

Conceptos• fuerza

• energía

• acción

• trabajo

• entropiaS = kB logW

�Apath

~ =�S

kB

Thursday, August 22, 13

action is from Lecture 2 notesrelation of action and entropy Condensed Matter Physics, 2005, Vol. 8, No. 4(44), pp. 655–664 , J. P. Badiali

Energia En Sociedad

Thursday, August 22, 13

switch presentations to E&SenenrgiaContempranio.key

Geomotria Esferica• control de ángulo

• 2 dimensiones

Thursday, August 22, 13

Geometría Esférica

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

cos a = cos b cos c+ sin b sin c cosA• formula coseno

• formula seno

• formula analógica

• formula de cuatro partes

sinA

sina=

sinB

sinb=

sinC

sinc

sin a cosB = cos b sin c� sin b cos c cosA

cos a cosC = sin a cot b � sinC cotB

Thursday, August 22, 13

EL SOL

Thursday, August 22, 13

El Sol• fuente de fotones

• vacío

• campo magnético del tierra

• atmósfera

Thursday, August 22, 13

Radiación De Cuerpo Negro

• Planck's law of black-body radiation

• Wien's displacement law

• Stefan–Boltzmann law

I(⌫, T ) =2h⌫3

c21

eh⌫kT � 1

�max

=b

T

� = 5.67⇥ 10�8Wm�2K�4

j⇤ = �T 4

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Irradiancia Solar• Distancia sol-tierra

• órbita elíptica

• atmósfera

• latitud

• fecha

• actividad solar

• años

Thursday, August 22, 13

El Sol Y Atmósfera Thursday, August 22, 13

Mapa De Irradiación Thursday, August 22, 13

Actividad SolarThursday, August 22, 13

Actividad SolarThursday, August 22, 13

Solar

Thursday, August 22, 13

Convertidores • Foto-térmico

• Foto-voltaico

• Foto-uso

Thursday, August 22, 13

Foto-termico• Cuerpo negro

• transmisión, absorción, reflexión

• absorción, emisividad

Thursday, August 22, 13

V IS IBLE Y INFRAROJO

usando la frecuencia de luz

cuerpo gris j⇤ = ✏�T 4

Thursday, August 22, 13

Temperatura Maximo• equilibrio entre energía entrando y saliendo

• E.g. colector plano

Thursday, August 22, 13

Temperatura Maximo• equilibrio entre energía entrando y saliendo

• E.g. colector plano

q = �kA

@T

@x

Thursday, August 22, 13

Temperatura Maximo• equilibrio entre energía entrando y saliendo

• E.g. colector plano

q = �kA

@T

@x

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )

Thursday, August 22, 13

Temperatura Maximo• equilibrio entre energía entrando y saliendo

• E.g. colector plano

q = �kA

@T

@x

q = hA(T1 � T2)

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )

Thursday, August 22, 13

Temperatura Maximo• equilibrio entre energía entrando y saliendo

• E.g. colector plano

q = �kA

@T

@x

q = hA(T1 � T2)

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )

conducción

Thursday, August 22, 13

Temperatura Maximo• equilibrio entre energía entrando y saliendo

• E.g. colector plano

q = �kA

@T

@x

q = hA(T1 � T2)

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )

conducción

radiación

Thursday, August 22, 13

Temperatura Maximo• equilibrio entre energía entrando y saliendo

• E.g. colector plano

q = �kA

@T

@x

q = hA(T1 � T2)

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )

conducción

radiación

convección

Thursday, August 22, 13

Usos De Calor

Thursday, August 22, 13

Cooking with the Sun!

SECO FACT SHEET NO. 23 COOKING WITH THE SUN! P.1

HIGHLIGHTS

! Solar cookers are useful for everyday cooking or solar picnics

! They come in many types and capabilities

! They are easy to build, or can be bought ready-made

! Solar cooking works well, and is easy, fun, and good for the environment

SUMMARY

Although most Texans understandhow it can be hot enough to fry anegg on the pavement, few have seri-ously considered actually cookingwith the sun. Yet in some parts ofthe world, solar cooking is very pop-ular. In Texas it works just as welland is suitable for everything frompicnics to everyday cooking.

SOLAR COOKERBASICS

Solar cookers work because directsunlight carries lots of power: onbright days, about 1,000 watts fallon each square meter of surface thatit strikes (compare this to yourtoaster oven, which is likely to useabout 1,000 watts). In a solar cook-er, sunlight is concentrated into acooking area that gets hot enough to

SECO FACT SHEET NO. 23

cook food. Collecting more sunlightprovides more power; this is bal-anced by heat losses, so solar cookerssometimes feature an insulatedcooking chamber.

SOLAR COOKERDESIGNS

Just as there are many kinds of con-ventional cookers (ovens, stovetops,broilers, microwave ovens), there are

Figure 1 Panel Cooker The “Cookit” panel cooker is simple but effective

SO

UR

CE

:JU

DY

PE

AR

SO

N

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

SECO FACT SHEET NO. 23 COOKING WITH THE SUN! P.2

many kinds of solar cookers. Perhapsthe simplest solar cooker is the“Cookit” shown in Figure 1. It con-sists of a single piece of aluminizedcardboard folded into a reflector. Adark pot placed in a plastic bagserves as the cooking vessel. Thisdesign performs similarly to simplebox cookers.

Figure 2 shows a box cooker, whichis basically an insulated box, blackon the inside (to absorb sunlight)with a transparent cover (commonlyglass), and one or more reflectivepanels to increase the amount ofsunlight that enters the cookingchamber. Food to be cooked isplaced inside, usually in a dark-colored pot to increase energy

absorption. Box cookers behavemuch like conventional ovens oper-ating at medium temperatures.

Parabolic designs, illustrated in fig-ure 3, have a dish reflector with aparabolic shape that reflects sunlight

into a focal region where a cookingvessel, usually dark in color, isplaced. Depending on the size of thereflector, very high temperatures canbe reached. Such designs may have alarge solar collection area and there-fore high power; but they typicallydo not have an insulated cookingchamber, so they are used similarlyto a conventional stovetop.

Some cooker designs combine thehigh concentration of a paraboliccooker with an insulated cookingchamber. Such designs, called con-centrator ovens, can rival a conven-tional oven in performance. Figure 4shows one such unit that is soldcommercially.

As you can see from these examples,solar cooker designers have been

RENEWABLE ENERGYTHE INFINITE POWER

OF TEXAS

Figure 2 Box cooker Box cookers are excellent for slowcooking

Figure 3 ParabolicCooker Parabolic solarcookers produce concen-trated heat

SO

UR

CE

:JU

DY

PE

AR

SO

N

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

SECO FACT SHEET NO. 23 COOKING WITH THE SUN! P.2

many kinds of solar cookers. Perhapsthe simplest solar cooker is the“Cookit” shown in Figure 1. It con-sists of a single piece of aluminizedcardboard folded into a reflector. Adark pot placed in a plastic bagserves as the cooking vessel. Thisdesign performs similarly to simplebox cookers.

Figure 2 shows a box cooker, whichis basically an insulated box, blackon the inside (to absorb sunlight)with a transparent cover (commonlyglass), and one or more reflectivepanels to increase the amount ofsunlight that enters the cookingchamber. Food to be cooked isplaced inside, usually in a dark-colored pot to increase energy

absorption. Box cookers behavemuch like conventional ovens oper-ating at medium temperatures.

Parabolic designs, illustrated in fig-ure 3, have a dish reflector with aparabolic shape that reflects sunlight

into a focal region where a cookingvessel, usually dark in color, isplaced. Depending on the size of thereflector, very high temperatures canbe reached. Such designs may have alarge solar collection area and there-fore high power; but they typicallydo not have an insulated cookingchamber, so they are used similarlyto a conventional stovetop.

Some cooker designs combine thehigh concentration of a paraboliccooker with an insulated cookingchamber. Such designs, called con-centrator ovens, can rival a conven-tional oven in performance. Figure 4shows one such unit that is soldcommercially.

As you can see from these examples,solar cooker designers have been

RENEWABLE ENERGYTHE INFINITE POWER

OF TEXAS

Figure 2 Box cooker Box cookers are excellent for slowcooking

Figure 3 ParabolicCooker Parabolic solarcookers produce concen-trated heat

SO

UR

CE

:JU

DY

PE

AR

SO

N

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

El Paso solar pond70 kW

Organic Rankin cycle

Thursday, August 22, 13

El Paso solar pond; 70 kW Organic Rankin cycleIsreal; Ormat, 150 kW

El Paso solar pond70 kW

Organic Rankin cycle

Isreal; Ormat, 150 kW

Organic Rankin cycle

Thursday, August 22, 13

El Paso solar pond; 70 kW Organic Rankin cycleIsreal; Ormat, 150 kW

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

!"

!"#$%&%""'&"(&)*+&,-.#/.(0&123456!7&.(&8"9)":;

!"#$%&'(#)%"*+%#)*,)-"#!%

./0)*+%#)*,)-"#!% #1/23%"*+%#)*,)-"#!%

+-)'(#)%"*+%#)*,)-"#!%

<.''+%+()&9+$9"($#&*+$)&9)"%$0+&)+:*("#"0.+9

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

Motor Stirling

Convertador termal-mechanica

alta eficiencia

Dificil a fabricar

Alta pression

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

Sandia Nation Labsstirling engine

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

conversión

Thursday, August 22, 13

Foto-voltaico• semiconductor tipo N y P

• Circuito equivalente

• Corriente

• Potencia maximo

Thursday, August 22, 13

EFECT O DE TEMPERATURA

Thursday, August 22, 13

Foto-voltaico• usos

• directo, bombas de agua

• pilas, PPPT

• inversor interconectado a red (Grid-Tie)

Thursday, August 22, 13

PRAESENT COMMODO CURSUS MAGN A .

Thursday, August 22, 13

PRAESENT COMMODO CURSUS MAGN A .

Thursday, August 22, 13

RAS TREADOR SOL AR

Thursday, August 22, 13

SEGU IMIENT O SOL AR : POS IC IÓN

Thursday, August 22, 13

Óptica

Thursday, August 22, 13

Concentración Óptica

ópticia

Thursday, August 22, 13

Concentración Óptica

ópticia

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Scheffler Reflector; off-axis parábola

Thursday, August 22, 13

2D optical concentration

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

Thursday, August 22, 13

HORNO SOL AR

Thursday, August 22, 13

HORNO SOL AR

Thursday, August 22, 13