13 2

(Gastrointestinal physiology II)

13.1 ( : Reece, 2004)

(stomach or midgut)

( )

2/3 1/3 (

= 5.7) ( = 6.1) ()

(peritrophic membrane) (permeable

membrane) (chitin fibrils) (mucopolysaccharides)

1. 2. 3.

4. (tannin)

5. (ectoperitrophic space) (endoperitrophic space)

(trypsin) (aminopeptidase) (trehalase)

(filter chamber) (Homoptera)

(ingested sap) (anterior region of midgut) (hindgut)

(honey dew)

(Malpighian tubules)

504

13.2 : dscweb.daltonstate.edu, 2014)

(monogastric animals)

3 (dorsal) (fundus)

(body) (corpus) (digesta) (gastric secretion)

(antrum)

13.3 ( : Georgia Highlands College, 2013)

505

13.4 ( : Georgia Highlands College, 2013)

(multichambered stomach)

(digastric stomach) ( 13.1)

(pyloric sphincter) (duodenum) 3

1.

2. (HCl) 3.

(chyme)

4

4 1) (gastricfilling) 2) (gastric storage) 3) (gastric mixing) 4)

(gastric emptying) 1. (gastric filling)

9 30 50 .

1 (1,000 .) 20 (wall tension)

(intragastric pressure)

506

(receptive relaxation)

2 (rapid relaxation phase) (slowerrelaxation phase)

2. (gastric storage) (fundus)

(slow-wave potentials) 2-3

(spontaneous depolarization) (basic electrical rhythm/ BER)

(peristaltic wave) 3

(weak)

3. (gastric mixing) (antral peristaltic contraction)

(antral peristalsis) .

(retropulsion) 4. (gastric emptying)

(digestive phase)

507

2 . (excitability)

(BER)

13.5 : René St-Jacques, 2012 MyHumanBody.ca)

(housekeeping function) (interdigestive motility complex)

(digestive motility pattern) (abomasum)

(gastric emptying rate)

(gastrin)

508

13.1

(

)

4 1

( ) ( ) (enterogastric reflex)

(enterogastrone) (antral contraction)

(secretin)

509

(cholecystokinin, CCK) (gastric inhibitory peptide/ glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide) 1902

4 (neurotensin)

(avian pancreatic polypeptide, APP)

13.6 : Uye, 2013)

1

1. (fat) ( )

( 6 ) ( 3

)2. (acid)

3. (hypertonicity)

510

(colligative properties) 1 1

1

13.7 : Smout and Tack, 2016)

4. (distension)

511

13.7 Smout and Tack, 2016)

(vomiting/emesis)

(reverse peristalsis) (esophageal sphincters)

(pyloric sphincter) (

) ( )

(rapidreverse peristalsis)

(egest) (pellets)

(intra-abdominal pressure)

512

(vomiting center)

(interacting neuron)

1. 2. (noxious substances)

(chemoreceptor trigger zone)

(dehydrate) (metabolic alkalosis)

(putrefying)

()

6 1

13.2

12

. (ECL)

.

.

Sherwood, Klandorf, Yancey, 2012)

(gastric mucosa) 2 1) (oxyntic mucosa) 2) (pyloric gland area,

PGA)

513

(gastric pits) (gastric gland)

(paracrine) (endocrine) (gastric exocrine secretory cells)

3 1. (mucous cells)

2. (chief cells) (pepsinogens)

3. (parietal cells) (oxyntic cells) (intrinsic factor)

(gastric digestive juice)

13.8 ( : Pacheco, 2007)

13.10 : Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015)

514

(stem cells) (parent cells) (daughter cells)

(surface epithelial cells)

(gastric endocrine and paracrine secretory cells)

1. (enterochromaffin-like, ECL cells)

2. (pyloric gland area, PGA) ( )

(G cells) 3. (D cells)

(paracrine somatostatin)

13.11 ( : Schubert Kaunitz, 2015)

(exocrine secretion) 1. (hydrochloric acid secretion)

2

3-4

1.5

515

(OH-) - (H+-K+ ATPase)

13.12 ( : Tangient, 2015)

(carbonic anhydrase, CA)

(HCO3-)

(basolateral border)

- (precursor pepsinogen) (pepsin)

- - (denature) 3 (uncoil)

- (salivary lisozymes)

(cyclostomes) (secretory vesicle) (zymogen granules)

516

(exocytosis) (pepsin)

(autocatalytic/ self-activating) (positive feedback cycle)

13.13 : Belair, 2016)

2. (mucus secretion) (gastric mucosa) (layer of mucous)

- (mechanicalinjury) -

-

2 73. (intrinsic factor) 12

12 -

12 (intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex) (terminal ileum) (endocytosis)

12

12

(pernicious anemia)

517

13. 14 ( : Koeppen Stanton, 2008)

(chemical messengers) 4 (stimulatory messengers) 3 1) (acetylcholine, Ach), 2) (gastrin)

3) (histamine) 4) 4

- (acetylcholine, Ach)

13.15 : Linder Melby, 2015)

-

518

-

-

13.16 ( : Linder Melby, 2015)

(control of gastric secretion) 1)

2) 3) 3

3 (phase) (cephalic phase) (gastric phase) (intestinal phase)

13.17 3 : Cohen, 2015)

519

(cephalic phase)

(feedforward activation)

13.18 ( : Linder Melby, 2015)

(gastric phase) (esophageal fistula)

(collecting port) (Heidenhain pouch)

(gastric phase of digestion)

520

13.19 : Cohen, 2015)

13.20 ( Linder Melby, 2015)

(intestinal phase)

(intestinal gastrin) (excitatory component)

521

(inhibitory component) (enteroglucagon)

13.21 ( : Linder Melby, 2015)

3 -

-

- ()

(gastric secretory cells)

(tight junction) (submucosa)

522

(cardiac gland)

(gastric mucosal barrier) 3

13.3 3

13.4

- - - - - - >

- - - - > - - ->

)

+

- ->)

(erosion) (gastric ulcer)

(esophageal area) 2-3 (barrows) (gilts)

2 (body) (semisolid masses)

(antrum)

523

(proventriculus/ gizzard) (grinding organ) 6

2 (proventriculus) (glandular stomach) (gizzard)

(muscular stomach) 2 1) (simple mucosal

gland) 2) (compound submucosal glands)

(oxynticopeptic cells)

2 1) (musculiintermedii) 2) (musculi laterales)

(gastrolith) (koilin)

(tubular gland) (gizzard teeth)

(myoglobin) 100

(domestic poultry) (gastroduodenal motility)

(intrinsicneural) (extrinsic neural)

2-3

524

(pancreas, liver, and fat body)

(duodenal lumen) (pancreas)

98% (acini)

(islets of Langerhans) (insulin) (glucagon)

(splenic lobe) 4-5% 3

0.5%

13.22 ( : OpenStax, 2013)

(exocrine pancreas) 2 (enzymatic secretion) (aqueous alkaline secretion)

(sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) (acinar cells) (duct cells)

(pancreatic ducts) (zymogen granule)

(exocytosis)

3 1) (proteolytic enzymes) 2) (pancreatic amylase) (chitinase)

3) (pancreatic lipase)

1. (pancreatic proteolytic enzymes) 3 (trypsinogen) (chymotrypsinogen)

(procarboxypeptidase)

525

(duodenal mucosa)

(trypsin inhibitor)

3

2. (pancreatic amylase)

3. (pancreatic chitinase) (chitin) 2 (cellulose)

(acetylamino group, -N-CO-CH3) (-OH) 2

(N-acetyl-glucosamine)

4. (pancreatic lipase)

(steatorrhea) 60-70%

2 5. (pancreatic aqueous alkaline secretion)

(alkaline (NaHCO3- rich) fluid)

HCl + NaHCO3 ------------> NaCl + H2CO3

1-2 12

526

(pancreatic exocrine secretion) (cephalic phase)

(enterogastrone) 2 (CCK)

13.23 ( : Somaiya, 2015)

(duodenal acidity) ( )

3

( )

527

13.24 : Somaiya, 2015)

(liver and gallbladder)

(bile) (biliary system) (gallbladder)

(bile salt) 1. ( )

2. (detoxification) (degradation)

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ( ) 9. (noncarbohydrate nutrients)

(gluconeogenesis)

528

10. (buoyancy) (low-density lipid)

(hepatocytes) (metabolic and secretory tasks) (highly developed organelles)

(lipogenesis for yolk) (fatty liver) 5-50%

(fatty liver syndrome) (lipoproteins)

2 1) 2)

(hepatic portal system) (inferior vena cava)

(portal vein) (capillary network) (hepatic sinusoids)

(hepatic vein) (hepatic artery)

13.25 ( : About Me, 2013)

(lobules) (hexagonalarrangement) (central vein)

3 1) 2) 3) (bile duct)

529

2 2 (hepatic plate) 2

(sinusoidal pool) (bile canaliculi)

13.26 ( : WebStudy, 2013)

13.27 ( : WebStudy, 2013)

530

13.28 : medcell.med.yale.edu, 2013)

531

13.28 ( : Sinha, 2013)

(sphincter of Oddi)

10-20

(gallbladder emptying) 250 .- 1

2 (cystic duct) (hepatic duct)

(NaHCO3) (emulsification)

(bile acid) (taurine) (glycine) ()

(ileum) (jejunum)

(enterohepatic circulation) 3-4 3-14

5%

532

(micelle) (detergent action)

(fat globule) (lipid emulsion)

13.30 ( : Hutson, 2015)

13.31 ( : Li Chiang, 2014)

533

() (absorb)

13.32 : LordFred, 2013)

(shell)

(colipase)

13.33 2 : Austin Community College District, 2008)

534

(micellar formation)

13.34 ( : easyhealth101, 2014)

13.35 ( Austin Community College District, 2008)

535

(emulsified lipid droplet)1

(water-soluble micelles)

(bilirubin)

(worn-out RBC) (Kupffer cells)

(heme) (biliverdin) (hepatocytes) (transferase)

35

( ) (jaundice/ icterus)

(fat body)

(hemocoel) (trophocytes) (urate cells)

(instarlarvae)

(stored glycogen)

13.36 ( : Musselman, Kühnlein, 2015)

536

12

HCO3- 7

.

1. 2. 3. 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

10. 11.

537

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