11 RA4120BEN30GLA0 LTE Deployment Scenarios v01

7/28/2019 11 RA4120BEN30GLA0 LTE Deployment Scenarios v01

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1 Nokia Siemens Networks RA4120BEN30GLA0

RA4120-30A - LTE RPESSLTE Deployment Scenarios


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Nokia Siemens Networks Academy

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Module Objectives

After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

Identify different solutions to provide LTE Coverage

Discuss alternatives to improve the indoor coverage

Understand the concept of Microcell

Recall the concepts of Tracking Area and neighbour cell list and itsplanning principles.


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Module Contents

Macrocells

Indoor Solutions

Microcells

Co-Planning

Tracking Area Planning Neighbour Planning


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Introduction

Macrocells provide coverage and capacity across wide areas

Standard deployment solution

Indoor solutions improve coverage when indoor macrocell coverage is weak

provide high capacity solutions

Microcells serve traffic hotspots

provide coverage when macrocell sites are not available


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Macrocell with Flexi Multiradio BTS

Flexi RF modules can be located adjacent to the Flexi System module(Picture on the left)

But Flexi RF modules can also be located adjacent to the antenna to createa feeder-less design (optical connection between System Module and RFModule)

Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) / Mast Head Amplifier (MHA) can be usedto compensate for feeder losses in the uplink direction

Antennas can be mounted according to the site design, e.g. roof-top, mast,side of buildingOptional

TMA/MHA

Optional AC/DCwith Battery Backup

System Module

1 or 2 RF Modules

RFConnection


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LTE 2600 can be deployed on UMTS 2100MHz grid(figures applicable to Urban Deployment)

Uplink

142.8dB 140.2dB

LTE

UMTS

142.9dB 140.8dB

LTE

UMTS

Downlink

Conclusion

Delta between max. allowable pathloss values:

2.1 dB in downlink benefit ofLTE

2.6 dB in uplink benefit ofLTE

1.09km1.08km 1.17km 1.22km

Delta between outdoor cell range values:

DL:LTE cell range nearly identical to UMTS

UL:LTE cell range nearly identical to UMTS



Module Contents

Macrocells

Indoor Solutions

Microcells

Co-Planning




Indoor Solutions

Indoor solutions can be based upon the Flexi BTS connected to a Distributed Antenna System(DAS)

Passive DAS for small and moderate sized indoor areas Active DAS for large indoor areas

Passive and Active DAS connected to a Flexi BTS are able to provide both coverage andcapacity. Multiple sectors can be licensed to increase capacity

Repeaters can also be used to extend outdoor coverage across an indoor area

Historically, indoor solutions have been designed with single transmit and receive paths. Thisexcludes the possibility of uplink receive diversity and MIMO

Indoor solution design requires a set of planning guidelines to ensure that proven approachesare used in a consistent manner



Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL)

MCL represents the minimum allowed link loss between the UE and Node B cabinet antenna connector

The MCL should be sufficient to ensure that the BTS does not become desensitised when a UE is

physically close to an antenna The MCL should also be sufficient to ensure that the UE does not receive more downlink power than it

is capable of receiving when it is physically close to an antenna

The MCL requirement depends upon the thermal noise floor of the Node B receiver, i.e. dependant

upon receiver bandwidth and Noise Figure

Assuming a 43 dBm transmit power from the LTE BTS means that an MCL of 68 dB is required toensure that UE do not receive more than -25 dBm

Comparing the uplink and downlink MCL requirements indicates that the uplink requirementdominates: an MCL of between 70 and 75 dB is necessary

(from 3GPP TS 36.101)



Antenna Placement

Indoor solution design includes making decisions regarding the location of each remote antenna

Antenna placement should account for:

Service and Reference Signal link budget requirements

Leakage requirements

Distribution of interference from the Macrocell layer

Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) requirements

Distribution of UE and the associated traffic

Sectorisation Strategy

Indoor solutions may be configured with single or multiple sectors

The level of sectorisation should be defined by the capacity requirements This requires a definition of the traffic expectation

Sectorisation should be planned to achieve sufficient isolation between sectors

Sectorisation in multi-storey buildings can take advantage of the inter-floor isolation

Overlap is required to allow time for inter-sector handover



Selection between Active and Passive DAS

Two general approaches can be adopted:

passive DAS should be able to maintain ~15 dBm of downlink transmit power at

each antenna. If not, then active DAS should be selected rule-of-thumb based upon the number of antennas, e.g. if the antenna requirement

is above 5 then select an active DAS

In general, active DAS are easier to sectorise subsequent to initial deployment because it

is relatively easy to lay spare fibre optic during installation

RF Carrier Assignment

RF carrier used for indoor solutions can be the same as that used for the outdoor macrocell

Unlikely to be practical to dedicate and RF carrier to indoor solutions when wide bandwidthsare allocated to LTE

Important to ensure that indoor solution has dominance so the number of antennas required

may increase if macrocell signal is relatively strong indoors


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Verification of Existing Coverage

Indoor solution may be proposed for coverage or capacity reasons

Possible that macrocell layer already provides coverage while indoor solution is

required for capacity Important that indoor solution dominated over macrocell to avoid loading the

macrocell layer

Macrocell measurements should be recorded prior to indoor solution design

Leakage Requirements

Requirement to minimise leakage from indoor solution to the outdoor environment

If leakage is not limited then UE in the outdoor environment could camp and establish connectionsupon the indoor solution

An example approach is that the indoor solution Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) should notexceed125 dBm at a distance of 20 m from the building

This absolute power threshold may be translated into a link loss based threshold


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Mobility with Macrocell Layer

Indoor Solution ReferenceSignal EIRP

MS approaching indoor

solution

Macrocell Reference SignalEIRP

Potentialinterference

LTE handovers are based upon Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) or Reference SignalReceived Quality (RSRQ)

Handover and cell re-selection boundaries between macrocell and indoor solution will dependupon:

relative transmit powers of the indoor solution and macrocell

measurement offsets defined for each adjacency

If handover boundary is too close to the indoor solution then there is a danger that the indoorsolution experiences uplink interference from UE connected to macrocells

Measurement offsets should be applied with carebecause they can result in MS not being connectedto the best cell

Indoor solution handover areas are usually located

around the building entrances

Tall buildings may have stronger macrocell coverageacross the upper floors, potentially allowing MS tohandover onto macrocells inside the building


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Module Contents

Macrocells

Indoor Solutions

Microcells Co-Planning



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Microcells

Microcells can be used to serve traffic hotspots

A microcell can be categorised as a Node B which has outdoor, below rooftop antenna

placement Like macrocell, a microcell Node B is a Flexi System Module equipped with a Flexi RF

module

The isolation provided by neighbouring buildings limits both coverage and inter-cellinterference

Microcell based upon Flexi RF Module


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Microcell Link Budget

Macrocell antennaMicrocell antenna

Microcell antennas typically have a lower gain than macrocell antennas e.g. 12 dBi

Lower gain corresponds to less directivity and an increase in vertical beamwidth

Feeders are typically short but may have a smaller diameter than that used for macrocells

smaller diameter allows a tighter bending radius for easier installation

Microcells are typically introduced for capacity so should be planned assuming a relativelyhigh cell load for both UL & DL.

Antenna Gain 12 dBi

Feeder Loss 1 dB

Uplink Load 80 %

Example Parameters

for Microcell Link Budget


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Microcell Sectorisation

Sectorisation of LTE microcells is unlikely to be common because its difficult to achieve sufficientisolation between sectors

Sectorised GSM microcells benefit from having different RF carriers assigned to each sector

The high quantity of scattering tends to mean that sectors have very similar coverage areas

Antenna direction may not have a very large impact as a result of the scattering

Example Microcell Propagation for twocells with different antenna directions


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Microcell RF Carriers

LTE microcells are likely to be configured using the same RF carrier as the macrocell

layer

Wide channel bandwidth results in a requirement to use a frequency re-use factor of

1

Sharing the same RF carrier between macro and micro layers potentially results in a low

isolation

Most likely to be true when microcells are introduced for capacity within an area ofmacrocell coverage

Requirement to ensure that microcells are dominant across their target coverage area

Sharing the same RF carrier allows intra-frequency hard handovers between the macro

and micro layers Potential requirement to tune mobility parameters to account for differences between

the macro and micro downlink transmit powers


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Module Contents

Macrocells

Indoor Solutions

MicrocellsCo-Planning



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Introduction

Co-Planning activities are those for which re-use from other network planning projects

may be applied

Experience gained while planning 2G and 3G networks can be used to improve the

efficiency with which LTE networks can be planned

Potential activities for co-planning are:

3G routing area planning with LTE tracking area planning

3G Node B identity planning with LTE eNode B identity planning

3G neighbour list planning with LTE neighbour list planning


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Module Contents

Macrocells

Indoor Solutions




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Background (I)

Tracking areas are used for EPS Mobility Management (EMM)

Each eNodeB can contain cells belonging to different tracking areas

Each cell can belong to several tracking areas

Paging messages are broadcast across the tracking areas within which the UE is registered

A tracking area can be shared by multiple MME

Tracking Area Identity (TAI)

Constructed from the Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC) and TAC(Tracking Area Code). All broadcast within SIB1

IMPORTANT: tac=0 not supported

S1 Application Protocol Paging Message extracted from 3GPP TS 36.413

EPS: Evolved Packet System

Tracking areas arethe equivalent ofLocation Areas andRouting Areas forLTE


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Background (II)

The normal tracking area updating procedure is used when a UE moves into a tracking areawithin which it is not registered

The periodic tracking area updating procedure is used to periodically notify the availability of theUE to the network (based upon T3412)

Tracking area updates are also used for

registration during inter-system changes MME load balancing

Further details in 3GPPTS 24.301

Large tracking areas result in

Increased paging load

Reduced requirement for tracking area updates resulting from mobility


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Planning Guidelines

Tracking areas should be planned to be relatively large (100 eNodeB) rather than relativelysmall

Their size should be reduced subsequently if the paging load becomes high

Existing 2G and 3G location area and routing area boundaries should be used as a basis fordefining LTE tracking area boundaries

Tracking areas should not run close to and parallel to major roads nor railways. Likewise,boundaries should not traverse dense subscriber areas

Cells which are located at a tracking area boundary and which experience large numbers of

updates should be monitored to evaluate the impact of the update procedures


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Module Contents

Macrocells

Indoor Solutions


Tracking Area PlanningNeighbour Planning


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Background

LTE mobility does not rely upon neighbour lists

UE are responsible for identifying neighbouring cells

This effectively removes the requirement for neighbour list planning

However, the UE can be provided with:

neighbour cell specific measurement offsets, e.g. to make a specific neighbour appearmore attractive

RF carriers upon which to search for neighbours

Mobility information can be provided for:

E-UTRAN Intra-frequency

E-UTRAN Inter-frequency

UTRAN inter-RAT

GERAN inter-RAT

CDMA200 inter-RAT


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Automated neighbor relation (ANR) configuration

Neighbour relations are important as wrong neighbour definitions cause HO failures and droppedcalls

Self configuration of relations avoids manual planning & maintenance

ANR covers 4 steps:

1) Neighbour cell discovery

2) Neighbour Sites X2 transport configuration discovery (i.e. Neighbour Site IP@)

3) X2 Connection Set-up with neighbour cell configuration update4) ANR Optimization

The scope within ANR is to establish an X2 connection between source and target nodes and forthat it is necessary that source eNB knows the target eNB IP@

How the source eNB gets the IP@ differentiates the ANR features:

LTE Automatic Neighbour Cell Configuration (RL09)

Central ANR (RL10)

ANR (RL20)

ANR- Fully UE based (RL30)


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MME

3GPP ANR configuration principle

Site

eNB - A

Neighbor

Site

eNB - B

New cell

discovered

New cell

identified

by ECGI

CM

X2 Setup : IPsec, SCTP, X2-AP [site & cell info]

UE

connected

S1 : Request X2 Transport Configuration (ECGI)

S1: Request X2 Transport Configuration

relays

request

S1: Respond X2 Transport Configuration (IP@)

S1 : Respond X2 Transport Configuration (IP@)

CM

relays

response

Add Site & Cell

parameter of

eNB-ACM CM

Add Site & Cell

Parameter of

eNB-B

Neighbor Cell Tables in both eNB updated


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LTE ANR

Automated planning: NO configuration of any neighbor cell attributes

NetAct Optimizer and Configurator create the list of potential neighbour cells andrelated IP connectivity information

Feature ID: LTE492

RL20

When UE reports an unknown PCI the

source eNB looks for that PCI in look-up

tables to find the IP@ of the site hosting the

PCI reportedUEs measurements taken into

account to trigger the X2 connection

Once known target eNB IP@ the X2

connection is established and information

between neighbours is exchanged

Advantage:

Works with any UE (no need to report ECGI)

No neighbour site planning required


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E-UTRAN Intra-Frequency & CDMA2000 Inter-RAT --- supported in RL20

Its not necessary for the network to broadcast any intra-frequency neighbour cellinformation, while its necessary to broadcast for UE to search CDMA2000 neighbour

carriers (SIB8).

Measurement offsets can be specified for up to 16 specific E-UTRAN Intra-Frequencycells if desired

Specific E-UTRAN Intra-Frequency cells can also be blacklisted.

E-UTRAN Inter-Frequency & UTRAN/GERAN Inter-RAT --- supported in RL30

The network broadcasts the RF carriers upon which the UE should search for inter-

frequency / UTRAN inter-RAT neighbours.

Measurement offsets can be specified for both specific RF carriers and specific cells (not

applicable for UTRAN/GERAN neighbours).

11 RA4120BEN30GLA0 LTE Deployment Scenarios v01

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