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qgmf_]j hYklgj gj Y hYklgj o`g CMo]dd aflg àk eafakljq

lg gof àk gof `ge]9

4

P?LHIH7 S]k( af\]]\+ Ggkl g^ l`] [`mj[`]k fgo k]]

làk f]]\ Yf\ o`]j]Yk l`]q \a\ fgl \g làk af l`] [`mj[`

C oYk hYklgjaf_( l`]q `]dh]\ e] af o`Yl]n]j oYqk l`]q

[gmd\ lg hdYf ^gj l`] ^mlmj]+ Ggkl [`mj[`]k fgo _an] Y

`gmk] YddgoYf[]( Y\ng[Ylaf_ l`Yl l`] hYklgj Y[lmYddqZmq

Y `ge]( oà[` k]]ek Zq ^Yj l`] Z]kl YjjYf_]e]fl ^gj

eafakl]jk+

=B;L F?M7 Cj]Yddq Y_j]] oal` l`Yl( Yf\ C^]]d l`Yl al `Yk

Z]]f Y Zd]kkaf_ af eq gof da^] lg Z] YZd] lg Zmq eq gof

`ge]+ Qàd] o] [Yf khajalmYdar] ]n]jqlàf_( Clàfc l`Yl

Ag\%k oak\ge \g]k d]Y\ mklg \g hjY[la[Yd làf_k+

;fgl`]j làf_ qgm e]flagf]\ oYk l`] f]]\ ^gj

klj]f_l`]faf_ gd\ j]dYlagfkàhk Yf\ Zmad\af_ f]o gf]k+

Q] lgm[`]\ gf làk Y dalld] Zml eYqZ] qgm ea_`l kYq Y

dalld] egj] gf `go qgm Yj] eYaflYafaf_ qgmj j]dYlagf*

kàhk+

P?LHIH7 Q] gm_`l lg [`]jak` gmj ^ja]f\k+ DmklZ][Ymk]

o] j]laj] \g]k fgl e]Yf l`Yl o] \jYo Y daf] Yf\ ^gj_]l

l`gk] o] dgn] Yf\ o`g dgn] mk+Ag\ _an]k mk^ja]f\k( Yf\

o`]f o] j]laj]( o] gm_`l lg j]e]eZ]j l`]e( [gflafmaf_

gmj [gflY[l oal` l`]e lg k`go gmj dgn] ^gj l`]e+

<ml Ydkg gf[] o] j]laj]( o] Yj] ^j]] lg [j]Yl] f]o

^ja]f\kàhk+ N`]j] Yj] eYfq oYqk l`Yl o] [Yf \g làk7

f]o [gflY[lk l`jgm_` Zmkaf]kk( kg[aYd [gflY[lk( [`mj[`

[gflY[lk( Yf\ [ana[ [dmZk+ ;k Y =`jaklaYf( eq âjkl

gZda_Ylagf ak lg dgn] eq ^ja]f\k( hjYq ^gj l`]e( Yf\ ljq

lg k`go l`]e =`jakl a^ l`]q Yj] fgl =`jaklaYfk+ C^l`]q

Yj] =`jaklaYfk( C oYfl lg ljq lg `]dh l`]e \]n]dgh aflg

kljgf_]j =`jaklaYfk+ <ml Yddg^ mk+[Yf eYc] f]o ^ja]f\k

l`jgm_` l`] [`mj[`( l`jgm_` [ana[ Y[lanala]k( Yf\ gl`]j

5

oYqk a^ o] oYfl lg Yf\ a^ o] ljq+ N`] M[jahlmj] aehda]k

af Jjgn]jZk .57/1 l`Yl a^ Y eYf ogmd\ `Yn] ^ja]f\k( `]

emkl Z] ^ja]f\dq àek]d^+

=B;LF?M7 Q`]f C oYk qgmf_]j C `Y\ l`] a\]Y l`Yl

kaplq*ân] oYk j]Yd gd\( Zml eq Yllalm\] lgoYj\ Y_] ak

[`Yf_af_ fgo( Yf\ kaplq*ân] \g]kf%l j]Yddq k]]e l`Yl

gd\+ &GYqZ] l`Yl%k Z][Ymk] C%eYdegkl ^gjlq+' <ml egkl

h]ghd] kaplq*ân] Yj] kladdn]jq Y[lan]( Yf\ qgm e]flagf]\

l`Yl c]]haf_ h`qka[Yddq âl ak gf] g^ l`] [`Ydd]f_]k+ Bgo

\g qgm c]]h âl9

P?LHIH7 Cogjc gf eq `gmk] Yf\ hjgh]jlq+ N`]j] akY

dgl g^ ogjc lg \g gf l`] `gmk]( af l`] qYj\( Yf\ g\\

bgZk l`]j] l`Yl c]]h e] n]jq Zmkq+ Cf ^Y[l( Cfgo `Yn]

egj] l`Yf C [Yf \g( Yf\ oadd `Yn] ^gj kge] egfl`k lg

[ge]+

QYdcaf_ akY_gg\ ]p]j[ak]+ <HDGHUV0LJHVWYk Yj][]fl

Yjla[d] gf l`] Z]f]âlk g^ j]_mdYj oYdcaf_+ ; h]jkgf

k`gmd\ `Yn] kge] caf\ g^ [gfkljm[lan] h`qka[Yd Y[lanalq+

Nàk oadd `]dh lg c]]h l`]e o]dd Yf\ kljgf_+

=B;LF?M7 N`]j] ak Y kljgf_ j]dYlagfkàh Z]lo]]f qgmj

Zg\q Yf\ qgmj eaf\ Yf\ qgmj khajal+ E]]haf_ gmj Zg\a]k

`]Ydl`q oadd Ydkg `]dh c]]h gmj khajalmYdda^] `]Ydl`q Yk

o]dd+

Ng [`Yf_] l`] kmZb][l ^jge l`] hjgZd]ek Yf\

kgdmlagfk g^ j]laj]e]fl( `go \g qgm ^]]d YZgml Z]af_ Y

j]laj]]9

P?LHIH7 Q]dd( C[Yf%l imal] _]l mk]\ lg làk dYZ]d+C%e

kladd ajkl Y h]jkgf oal` l`] mkmYd]eglagfk Yf\ f]]\k+

=B;LF?M7 Sgm ^]]d dac] Y j]laj]] k`gmd\ Z] lj]Yl]\ bmkl

dac] Yfqgf] ]ak]9

P?LHIH7 Dmkl dac] Yfqgf] ]dk] +++ oal` Yl d]Ykl Yk

em[` dgn] Yf\ \a_falq+ N`] M[jahlmj]k l]dd mk lg `gfgj

]d\]jk+

=B;LF?M7 ;k qgm dggc ZY[c( Ydl`gm_` C `]kalYl] lg

Y\ng[Yl] dggcaf_ ZY[c( o`Yl Yj] kge] g^ l`] làf_k qgm

Yj] egkl _jYl]^md ^gj l`Yl `Yn] `Yhh]f]\ af qgmj da^]9

P?LHIH7 Efgoaf_ l`] Fgj\( Bak _ma\Yf[]( Yf\ k`Yj*

af_ da^] oal` qgmj egl`]j Yj] l`] Za_ làf_k+ N`]f( al

`Yk Z]]f eq hjanad]_] lg ljYn]d af Y fmeZ]j g^ [gmflja]k(

YZgml lo]flq*k]n]f af Ydd(CZ]da]n]( Yf\ ^jge làk C`Yn]

Y dgl g^ e]egja]k+ CYe _dY\ l`Yl C\a\ ljYn]d+

;dkg( k]]caf_ lg k]jn] l`] Fgj\ af hj]Y[àf_ Yf\

hYklgjYd ogjc( af nakalaf_( af ljqaf_ lg oaf h]ghd] lg l`]

Fgj\ +++ Yddg^ l`]k] làf_k Yj] ogf\]j^md lg e] fgo+

<]af_ afngdn]\ af l`] ogjc g^ Zmad\af_ l`] =`mj[`(

]kh][aYddq af l`] ^Yal` eafakljq gf l`] eakkagf â]d\ af

FgmakaYfY+Nàk lYm_`l e] l`Yl Ag\ Yfko]jk hjYq]j( Ag\

lYc]k [Yj] g^ qgm( Ag\ c]]hk Bak Qgj\( Yf\ Ag\%k

hjgeak]k Yj] ljm]+

9GIAC +311

=B;LF?M7 C cfgo ^jge gmj h]jkgfYd j]dYlagfkàh l`Yl

qgmj ]ph]ja]f[]k af FgmakaYfY Yegf_ @j]f[`*kh]Ycaf_

h]ghd] o]j] Y ja[` hYjl g^ qgmj da^]+Q]j] l`]j] Yfq

kh][aYd Ykh][lk YZgml l`Yl Z]ka\]k ljmklaf_ l`] Fgj\

âfYf[aYddq l`Yl Yj] Y Zd]kkaf_ lg qgm fgo9 Ckl`]j] Yfq

oYq l`Yl qgm [Yf Yhhdq l`gk] ]ph]ja]f[]k fgo9'

P?LHIH7 Q`]f qgm ogjc oal` h]ghd]( l`]q af]nalYZdq

Z][ge] Y hYjl g^ qgmj da^]+ N`gk] h]ghd] gf l`]

ZYqgmk*kge] g^ l`]e n]jq( n]jq hggj( Yf\ kge] g^

l`]e o]dd*lg*\g*l`]k] h]ghd] Z][Ye] Y hYjl g^ eq da^]+

Ckladd`Yn] ^ja]f\k l`]j]+ CoYk l`] âjkl gf] lg k`Yj] l`]

Fgj\ oal` eYfq g^ l`]e+ GYfq g^ l`]e `Y\ f]n]j k]]f

Y <aZd]+ Mge] g^ l`]e [gmd\ fgl j]Y\ gj ojal]+ La_`l

`]j] af l`] Ofal]\ MlYl]k Yj] eYfq eakkagf â]d\k( Yf\ Y

dgl g^ l`]e Yj] kladdmflgm[`]\+ @gj e] lg Z] YZd] lg _g

lg h]ghd] Yf\ l]dd l`]e YZgml =`jakl Yf\ l`]f k]] l`]

[`Yf_] af l`]aj dan]k akYf ]l]jfYd bgq+

=B;LF?M7 Maf[] qgm `Yn] j]laj]\ làk hYkl Hgn]eZ]j(

`Yn] l`]j] Z]]f Yfq kmjhjak]k9

P?LHIH7 L]laj]e]fl oYk Y Za__]j kl]h l`Yf C j]Yddq

l`gm_`l al oYk _gaf_ lg Z]+ Sgm `Yn] lg _]l \ak]f_Y_]\

^jge Y dgf_*]klYZdak`]\ jgmlaf]+ Sgm `Yn] kg eYfq

[`Yf_]k Yf\ f]o làf_k lg làfc YZgml8 f]o hmjhgk]k(

f]Pa _gYdk+Cl `Yk Z]]f imal] Y Za_ làf_+ Cl%kY f]o da^]+

;t\ C làfc l`Yl egkl h]ghd] o`g j]laj] âf\ al Za__]j

l`Yf l`]q l`gm_`l Yf\ kge]lae]k l`]q Z][ge] Y^jYa\Z][Ymk] al akY Za_ [`Yf_]+

H?Q QCH?

=B;LF?M7 >Y\( \g qgm `Yn] Yfq Y\na[] gj km__]klagfk

^gj h]ghd] o`g Yj] j]lajaf_ gj o`g `Yn] j]laj]\9

P?LHIH7 S]k+ =MZ;MY[YJM =VXL VN_V[X XMZQXMTMUZ&

Nàk ogmd\ Z] l`] âjkl \][akagf( Yf\ Clàfc l`] egkl

aehgjlYfl+ N`]f ^Y[] l`] hjgZd]ek g^ j]laj]e]fl(

ljmklaf_ Bae Yf\ hj]hYjaf_ ^gj l`]e+ Sgm k`gmd\ hdYf

mk]^md afngdn]e]fl Yf\ k]l \]âfal] _gYdk ^gj làk

aehgjlYfl hYjl g^ qgmj da^]+ L]laj]e]fl gm_`l lg Z] Y

na[lgjagmk ]ph]ja]f[] af qgmj da^] Z][Ymk] al _an]k qgm Yf

ghhgjlmfalq lg hjgn] Ag\%k ^Yal`^mdf]kk+ L]e]eZ]j(

;ZjY`Ye oYk gn]j Y `mf\j]\ q]Yjk gd\ o`]f `] hjgn]\

Ag\ gf Ggmfl GgjaY`+ L]e]eZ]j Ydkg l`Yl Ggk]k oYk

kladd d]Y\af_ CkjY]dYl gf] `mf\j]\ Yf\ lo]flq q]Yjk g^

Y_]+ ;dkg Dg`f l`] Yhgkld] ojgl] Zggck g^ l`] H]o

N]klYe]fl o`]f `] oYk faf]lq q]Yjk gd\+ L]laj]e]fl

Yf\ gd\ Y_] \g fgl e]Yf l`Yl o] [Yffgl Z] mk]\ g^ Ag\

a^ o] Yj] kmjj]f\]j]\ lg Bak oadd Yf\ ljmdq oYfl Bae lg

mk] mk+

=B;L F?M7 >g qgm `Yn] Yfq km__]klagfk ^gj l`gk] g^ mk

o`g Yj] fgl j]laj]\ Yf\ ogmd\ dac] lg `]dh l`gk] o`g

Yj]9

P?LHIH7 S]k+ ; h]jkgf o`g oYflk lg `]dh ]d\]jdq

h]ghd] [Yf hjYq ^gj l`]e Yf\ âf\ hjY[la[Yd oYqk lg

e]]l l`]aj f]]\k+ C^qgm `Yn] gd\]j j]dYlan]k( klYjl oal`

l`]e+ Fakl]f lg l`]e+ F]l l`]e ]phj]kk l`]ek]dn]k lg

qgm+

N`gk] g^ mk o`g `Yn] [ge] aflg j]laj]e]fl Y_] \gf%l

^]]d gd\+ Maplq*ân] ak fgl [gfka\]j]\ Yk gd\ Yk al mk]\ lg

Z]+ N`] qgmf_]j h]ghd] o`g oYfl lg `]dh l`] gd\]j

h]ghd] [Yf _an] l`]e mf\]jklYf\af_ Yf\ [gehYkkagf+

Aan] l`]e ghhgjlmfala]k ^gj mk]^mdf]kk8[Yddgf l`]e ^gj

`]dh+

=B;LF?M7 >Y\( C ogmd\ dac] lg ]phj]kk eq Yhhj][aY*

lagf lg qgm( fgl gfdq gf eq gof Z]`Yd^( Zml Ydkggf

Z]`Yd^ g^ l`] klY^^ g^ ?M] FQUM$gj l`] ghhgjlmfalq lg

afl]jna]o qgm( Yf\ ^gj qgmj k`Yjaf_ g^ qgmjk]d^ Yf\ qgmj

l`gm_`lk oal` mk+ C ogmd\ Ydkg dac] lg ]phj]kk eq

_jYlalm\] lg qgm Yf\ Ggl`]j ^gj l`] ]pYehd] Yf\

l]Y[àf_ qgm `Yn] _an]f e]( eq Zjgl`]j( L]addq( Yf\ eq

kakl]j( =Yjgdqf( YkY^Yeadq+ Cl `Yk e]Yfl egj] lg mkl`Yf

o] [Yf kYq( Yf\ Cljmkl l`Yl làk \ak[mkkagf oa CCZ] Y j]Yd

]f[gmjY_]e]fl lg gl`]jk lg d]l l`] Fgj\ mk] l`]e af

dYl]j da^]+Q] h]jkgfYddq ^]]d l`Yl l`] gd\]j qgm Yf\ Gge

_jgo Yf\ l`] egj] ]ph]ja]f[] qgm `Yn]( l`] egj]

nYdmYZd]qgm Yj] lg mk Yk Y ^Yeadq+ Q] `Yn] l`gjgm_`dq

]fbgq]\ l`]k] hYkl k]n]jYd egfl`k g^ qgmj j]laj]e]fl

Z][Ymk] al `Yk _an]f mk egj] Y[[]kk lg qgm h]jkgfYddq+

;f\ Cogmd\ dac] lg ]f[gmjY_] l`gk] o`g `Yn] hYj]flk af

j]laj]e]fl lg j]Yh l`] _j]Yl j]oYj\k g^ kh]f\af_ lae]

oal` l`]e Yf\ Yddgoaf_ l`]e lg Z][ge] egj] afngdn]\

af qgmj dan]k+ Cl ak Y ogf\]j^md ghhgjlmfalq lg ]phj]kk

gmj _jYlalm\] lg l`] Fgj\ ^gj Bak _a^l g^ hYj]flk lg mk+S

3

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Tj E`c^S_ ?cfTT

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A`Yn] Z]]f Ykc]\ ^gj l`gm_`lk gf l`] jgd] g^ l`]]d\]jdq af l`] <g\q g^ =`jakl+ Q]dd(Ckmhhgk] l`Yl ak

Y j]YkgfYZd] j]im]kl( kaf[] C(Zq `meYf Yjalè]la[( Ye]a_`lq*gf]+ <ml eq ljgmZd] ak l`Yl YkY f]o [j]Ylmj] af=`jakl( gd\ làf_k Yj] hYkk]\ YoYq( Yf\ C Ye lgd\ lgcfgo fg eYf Y^l]j l`] ^d]k`8Yf\ ClYc] l`Yl lg af[dm\]`meYf klYf\Yj\k g^ [Yd[mdYlagf+Q`q( l`]f( k`gmd\ CkYqC%e]a_`lq*gf] o`]f C%eYf !]l]jfYd*da^]j9! Q`q k`gmd\CkYqCYe ]d\]jdq o`]f CYe Y e]eZ]j g^ l`] <g\q g^Bae o`g YdoYqk`Yk l`] !\]o g^ Bak qgml`9! Q`qk`gmd\ C lYdc g^ Y _]f]jYlagf _Yh o`]f o] Yj] Yddgf]![`gk]f _]f]jYlagf9!

C%ed]Yjfaf_ Y f]o dYf_mY_]Yf\ Y f]o Yjalè]la[ g^l`Yl f]o \ae]fkagf g^ oà[` al akkYa\( !S] Yj] fgl afl`] ^d]k` Zml af l`] Mhajal+!N`Yl ^d]k` \ae]fkagf oYk Yhjg\m[l g^ l`] @Ydd(g^ l`] âjkl ;\Ye( o`ge JYmdkYa\oYk gfdq Yâ_mj](Yk`Y\go( Ylqh] &Lge+ 2 7.1'+ <ml o]Yj] g^ l`] FYkl;\Ye( Yf\ af Bak\]Yl`( j]kmjj][lagf Yf\Yk[]fkagf o] `Yn] Z]]f ljYfk^gje]\ ^jge gmj^d]k`*k]dn]klg gmj khajal*k]dn]kYf\ `Yn] Z]]f k]Yl]\ oal`Bae af l`] `]Yn]fda]k( oà[` e]Yfk l`] j]Yde g^ l`]Mhajal+

NB? CHH?L J?LMIH

Gq khajal ak l`] ]kk]f[] g^ o`g Cj]YddqYe( Yf\ eqkgmd Yf\ h`qka[Yd Zg\q Yj] gfdq l`] egj] nakaZd]]phj]kkagfk g^ eq khajal(oà[` akl`] j]Yde]+ N`]j]^gj](!o`Yl! Ccfgo af eq khajal l`Yl CYe8 ^gj !cfgoaf_! afalk ZaZda[Ydk]fk]( e]Yfk fgl e]flYd cfgod]\_] ZmlZ]af_afoYj\dq !eap]\ oal` Y làf_+! Cf gl`]j ogj\k( l`]egj] eq khajal _jgok Yf\ \]n]dghk( l`] egj] l`] !j]Yde]! ]e]j_]k+ N`mk( gf l`] `meYf d]n]d o] [Ydd Yhjg^]kkagfYdeYf [geh]l]fl Z][Ymk] `] afoYj\dq cfgokàk hjg^]kkagf+ ;[lmYddq àk hjg^]kkagfYd [YhY[alq `Yk

.-

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Mg o`]f eq j]\]]e]\ khajal !cfgok Bae( l`] +gfdqljm] Ag\( Yf\ D]kmk=`jakl o`ge B] `Yk k]fl(! l`]f C`Yn] egn]\ gn]j ^jge l`] addmkgjqj]Yde oà[` o] mk]\lg [Yddda^]+JYmdkYa\ l`Yl o`]f o] dan] af hd]Ykmj](o]Yj] \]Y\ oàd] o] dan] &aNae+ 2 73'( Zml lg dan] af l`]f]o YoYj]f]kk g^ Ag\ akgmj ]p[]]\af_ bgq( Yf\ Yl Bakja_`l `Yf\ Yj] gmj hd]Ykmj]k gj]n]jegj]+

Q`]f CoYdc af làk ljml`( CZ]_af lg dan]gf l`] D]kmkd]n]d g^ !NYc] fg l`gm_`l( lYc] fg l`gm_`l! g^ `meYff]]\k gj [gf\alagfk*g^ Y\\af_ [mZalk lg eq klYlmj]( g^^gg\( g^ \jafc( g^ [dglàf_*Yf\ l`Yl kmj]dqaf[dm\]k Y_] ;^l]j Ydd(CYe Y ^gje g^ ]l]jfYd da^]o`]f =`jakl akeqda^]+Cdan](fgl af l`] YhhYj]fl j]Yd(Zml af l`] j]Ydj]Yd

Bgo \g C \g làk9 I^ [gmjk]( l`] Z]_affaf_ oYk eqf]o Zajl` af l`] Mhajal+ C l`]f Z]_Yf lg Z] Y!k]]*l`jgm_`*]j! jYl`]j l`Yl Y !k]]*Yl*]j(! ^gj CZ]_Yf lgk]] Yf\ Z] af l`] Eaf_\ge g^ Bae o`g ak Mhajal(gô`ge làk gml]j ogjd\ ak gfdq Y eYfa^]kl]\ ^gje+ @gjl`] âjkl lae] C Z]_Yf lg k]] eqk]d^ fgl af l`] gml]j^d]k`*^gje g^ Y dgkl kaff]j( Zml af l`] khajal*^gje g^ Yj]\]]e]\ kgf af l`] Mgf+N`]f C eY\] l`] _j]Yl d]YhgfoYj\ lg l`] \ak[gn]jq l`Yl C oYk fgl e]j]dq af Ykhajal*j]dYlagfkàh oal` Bae*@Yl`]j( Mgf( Yf\Mhajal*ZmlCYe Y[lmYddqaf khajal*mfalqoal` Bae( bgaf]\lg Bae af gf] Mhajal(YZjYf[` g^ l`] ljm] Paf]+ N`]j]*

9GIAC +311

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=`jakl af Bak HgjeYf AjmZZ ZjYf[`*^gje+ ;k JYmdkYa\+

!C dan]%9Hg+ fgl F Zml =`jakl*al ak =`jakl danaf_ af e]!

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