AGUA Y ENERGÍA:PROBLEMÁTICA Y SOLUCIONES

AGUA Y ENERGÍA:PROBLEMÁTICA Y SOLUCIONES

Tomás A. Sancho

Zaragoza 15 01 2014

PresidenteConsultores

en Ingeniería y Arquitectura

Water & Energy in the nature: the hydrologic cycle

• 1.- El agua y la energía están mal distribuidas.

• Muy buena parte de la población mundial no tiene acceso a agua segura y saneamiento básico, ni a electricidad.

• El primer mundo importa agua (virtual) y energía del mundo en desarrollo

• El primer mundo no puede aceptar inestabilidades extremas en los lugares de donde depende su bienestar y prosperidad

AGUA: RETOS FRENTE A LA URBANIZACIÓN Y EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO

With electricity

Fuente: Luis Berga, ICOLD honorary President

Without electricity

1.4 billion people live without acces

to electricity.

Another billion only have acces to

unreliable electricity

Source: Luis Berga ICOLD honorary President

.

ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY

LACK ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY. 20101441 million people

AFRICA; 587

INDIA; 404

OTHER ASIA; 397

LATIN AMERICA; 31

OTHERS; 14

CHINA; 8

• 2.- La energía, “big brother” ve las orejas al lobo: puede haber problemas en un futuro no muy lejano

• Agotamiento yacimientos fósiles• Stress hídrico• Cambio climático

Fuente; Mariano Marzo, Club de Roma, 2012

¿CÓMO SUSTITUIR EL PETRÓLEO? ¿RENOVABLES, SHALE GAS, FUSIÓN…?

Fuente; Mariano Marzo, Club de Roma, 2012

• 3.- Las renovables son parte de la solución

• Aseguran mayor autoabastecimiento• Versátiles y acercables a la demanda• Junto con nuclear, las de menores emisiones CO2• Eólica y solar tienen sus problemas, necesitan

almacenamiento y respaldo• Los países desarrollados deben absorber la curva

de aprendizaje

La Directiva UE Renewable Energy Source Directive (2008), más conocida como la Directiva 20-20-20:

3 objetivos, 3 retos para Europa en el año 2020:

- Reducción del 20% en la emisión de gases de los hogares europeos

- Incremento del 20% en la eficiencia energética de los edificios

- Utilización del 20% de energías renovables en el total de la producción energética europea.

NECESIDAD DE ALMACENAMIENTO DE EÓLICA

EL IMPERATIVO ALMACENAMIENTO DE ENERGÍA: REALIDAD ACTUAL, LAS REVERSIBLES DE BOMBEO

• 4.- LA ENERGÍA HIDROELÉCTRICA, APUESTA DE FUTURO

• Es una tecnología renovable, madura, probada, fiable y que actualmente a nivel mundial, tiene capacidad para generar mucha más electricidad que todas las demás fuentes renovables, juntas.

• Es el mejor respaldo para la eólica y la solar

HYDROPOWER: 3.551 TWh/y ≈ 16% ELECTRICITY. 2011.

85% RENEWABLES

Source: Luis Berga, ICOLD honorary President

• World hydro production stands at 3,551 TWh/year

• Hydro capacity is 976 GW.

• Increase 3.5 % annual rate, in the last 5 years.

• There are about 180 GW of hydro under construction, and more than 300 MW planned

The role of hydropower in 2012:

Source: Luis Berga, ICOLD honorary President

HYDROPOWER:

USAGE/ ECONOMIC FEASIBLE POTENTIAL

(2004)

Source: Luis Berga, ICOLD honorary President

ROLE OF HYDROPOWER IN CC MITIGATION

-PREVENT EMISSION: ≈ 3 Gt CO2 –eq/year.

-9 % OF TOTAL ANNUAL GHG EMISSIONS

-IN GENERAL, IT IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY PRODUCING FEW GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS

• 5.- Actuaciones en el mundo

http://blogs.worldbank.org/team/s-vijay-iyer

33.150 MWUnder construction

WORLD BANK GUARANTEE PROGRAM

YEARS 2005-2012

Central Asia Energy-Water Development Program

• At the country level, the World Bank is supporting a number of energy and water resources projects and studies in Central Asia. Many have regional significance and benefits and others have more localized project or country level benefits.

• At the regional level, in response to requests from Central Asian governments, the World Bank is actively engaged in dialogue on energy/water issues with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, acting in the best interests of all its member countries and taking maximum care in the application of its policies, including environmental and social safeguard policies.

Central Asia Energy-Water Development Program

The main components of the CAEWDP are:• Energy Development to promote highest value energy investments and

management. Areas of focus include: infrastructure planning, winter energy security, energy trade, energy accountability, and institutional development;

• Energy-Water Linkages to improve the understanding of linkages between water and energy at the national and regional levels. Areas of focus include: energy-water modeling, regional hydrometeorology, climate vulnerability, and energy-water dialogue;

• Water Productivity to enhance the productivity and efficiency of water use in both agriculture and energy sectors. Areas of focus include: capacity strengthening, 3rd Aral Sea Basin Management Program, national action plans for water productivity, and rehabilitation of infrastructure.

OTHER ACTORS INVOLVED IN W&E IN CENTRAL ASIA: the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), the European Commission (EC), Eurasian Development Bank, UNDP, UNECE, Germany (GTZ), Switzerland (SECO), UK (DFID), the US (USAID), and the Aga Khan Foundation

WPP WATER PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMThe WPP Response

Making efficient use of water and energy in parallel can transform development regimes and foster growth. The WPP is influencing activities at the core of the water-energy nexus. The WPP shows how mitigation incentives can bring energy efficiency improvements to water service delivery. It is also helping several countries re-engage in large-scale hydropower, and helping others meet development objectives through comprehensive planning to secure energy sources from water.

WPP Activity Highlights:• Water utilities in Karnataka, India are using energy efficient pumps to

reduce supply costs. The project will cut 135,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions over 10 years.

• Tajikistan benefited from suggested operational improvements for a hydropower facility that supplies 70 percent of the country’s electrical power.

• A new 21-country study details the opportunities for using concentrated solar power as a reliable energy source for desalination plants across the water-scarce Middle East.

AFGHANISTAN: Micro-Hydro Power Plant Lights the Way for Future

• A micro-hydro power plant has eased the life of villagers in Nangarhar province, enabling children to study at night and families to use computers and cell phones.

• The power plant was made possible by the National Solidarity Program, which provides basic infrastructure and services to rural Afghanistan. It is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development with support by the World Bank and ARTF.

Some 3,200 projects involving small-scale construction have already been completed in the province under NSP

INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE IDB•The IDB is helping the region (LAC) to address their needs and challenges by financing projects and leading collaborative processes. •In the last decade (2000-10) the IDB approved more than US$37 billion in infrastructure projects (US$ 26 billion in SGO + US$ 11 billion in NSGO).•Around 30% of this financing went to water and sanitation.•Since 2007, the IDB financed more than $2.6 billion for renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate change loans and technical cooperation operations. To encourage sustainable development, the IDB is supporting through the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Initiative (SECCI), the development of institutional and regulatory frameworks to allow investments in sustainable transport, alternative fuels, renewable energy and energy efficiency.

• The IDB participation in hydroelectric projects in the private sector is just one area within the context of the Bank’s strategy to support the introduction or increased utilization of energies from renewable sources

• The IDB has been principally involved in run-of-the-river hydroelectric transactions which from an environmental and social perspective tend to have less potential negative impacts. Nevertheless, the IDB undertakes a thorough environmental and social due diligence with attention to issues such as, but not limited to, minimum ecological flows, protection of indigent species and fish, sedimentation impacts, cumulative impacts with other projects on the same river, upstream and downstream impacts and if any, resettlement and indigenous population concerns.

Project Form of IDB

Support

IDB Loan Amounts Approved

Country/ Power

IDB website link

Pando-Monte Lirio

Senior, Secured Loan

US$40 million

(Cost 292)

Panama83 MW

http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project-description-title,1303.html?id=PN-L1054

Reventazon Senior, Secured Loan

US$200 mllion

(Cost 944)

Costa Rica305 MW

http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project-description-title,1303.html?id=CR-L1056

Chaglla Senior, Secured Loan

US$150 million

(Cost 1200)

Perú406 MW

http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project-description-title,1303.html?id=PE-L1113

Alto Maipo Senior, Secured Loan

US$200 million

(Cost 1200)

Chile531 MW

http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project-description-title,1303.html?id=CH-L1067

OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS DEL FONDO• Garantizar el acceso al agua potable asegurando el uso

sostenible de los recursos naturales.• Garantizar el acceso a servicios básicos de saneamiento

promoviendo el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales.

FONDO DE COOPERACIÓN PARA AGUA Y SANEAMIENTO (1.500 MILLONS USD)

• Favorecer la gestión integral del recurso hídrico.• Fortalecer una gobernanza del sector agua promoviendo una gestión pública, transparente y participativa del recurso.• Adoptar mecanismos que mejoren la calidad de la ayuda, en los términos de la Declaración de París.

¡MUCHAS GRACIAS POR SU ATENCIÓN!

Tomás A. Sanchotsancho@sers.es