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Universidad Politcnica de MadridUniversidad Politcnica de MadridDivisin de Ingeniera Electrnica (D.I.E.)Divisin de Ingeniera Electrnica (D.I.E.)

Madrid (SPAIN)Madrid (SPAIN)

Simple AC/DC ConvertersSimple AC/DC ConvertersTo Meet IEC 1000To Meet IEC 1000--33--2 2

O. O. GarcaGarca, J.A. , J.A. CobosCobos, R. , R. PrietoPrieto, P. , P. AlouAlou, J. , J. UcedaUceda

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AC/DC StructuresAC/DC StructuresAC/DC Structures

AC

AC/DC + DC/DCAC/DC + DC/DC

AC/DC + DC/DCAC/DC + DC/DC

AC/DC + DC/DCAC/DC + DC/DC

LOAD

LOAD

LOAD

AC

LOAD

LOAD

LOAD

DC/DCDC/DC

DC/DCDC/DC

DC/DCDC/DC

AC/DCAC/DC

AC

LOAD

LOAD

LOAD

AC/DCAC/DC++

DC/DCDC/DC

AC DC/DCDC/DC

LOAD

LOAD

LOAD

AC/DCAC/DC

1

3

2

4

Two Stage ApproachCentralized AC/DCCentralized DC/DC

Two Stage ApproachCentralized AC/DCDistributed DC/DC

Single Stage ApproachDistributed AC/DC + DC/DC

Single Stage ApproachCentralized AC/DC + DC/DC

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AC/DC PFC ConvertersAC/DC PFC ConvertersAC/DC PFC Converters

MANDATORY

Line current harmonic

SINGLESTAGE LOADAC ~

STORAGE CAPACITOR

DESIRABLE

SimpleReliableEfficientCheap

MANDATORY

Output voltage regulation

1STSTAGE

2NDSTAGE LOADAC ~

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Single Stage PFC ConvertersSingle Stage PFC ConvertersSingle Stage PFC Converters

SINGLESTAGE LOADAC ~

STORAGE CAPACITORState of the art good ideas

J. Qian, F.C. LeeA High Efficient Single Stage Single Switch High Power Factor AC/DC

Converter with Universal Input, APEC 1997

J. J. QianQian, F.C. Lee, F.C. LeeA High Efficient Single Stage Single Switch High Power Factor AA High Efficient Single Stage Single Switch High Power Factor AC/DCC/DC

Converter with Universal Input, APEC 1997Converter with Universal Input, APEC 1997

J. Sebastin, M.M. Hernando, P. Villegas, J. Daz, A. FontnInput current Shaper based on the Series Connection of a Voltage

Source and a Loss Free Resistor, APEC 1998

J. J. SebastinSebastin, M.M. Hernando, P. Villegas, J. , M.M. Hernando, P. Villegas, J. DazDaz, A. , A. FontnFontnInput current Shaper based on the Series Connection of a VoltagInput current Shaper based on the Series Connection of a Voltagee

Source and a Loss Free Resistor, APEC 1998Source and a Loss Free Resistor, APEC 1998

R. Redl, L. Balogh, N.O. Sokal,A new family of single stage isolated power factor corrector with

fast regulation of the output voltage, PESC 1994

R. R. RedlRedl, L. , L. BaloghBalogh, N.O. , N.O. SokalSokal,,A new family of single stage isolated power factor corrector wiA new family of single stage isolated power factor corrector withth

fast regulation of the output voltage, PESC 1994fast regulation of the output voltage, PESC 1994

THE MAIN DIFFERENCE OF OUR PROPOSAL IS

The voltage on the Storage Capacitor is clamped

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C filter + single converterC filter + single converterC filter + single converter

Q1

CONTROLSTAGE

T1D1

VOLoad

C1C2

U( )x

x

VAC

I( )x

x

Ue( )x

x

VC

IAC

LOADAC ~ DC/DCCONV.

DRAWBACK

Line current harmonics

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Single converter without bulk capacitorSingle converter without bulk capacitorSingle converter without bulk capacitor

Q1

CONTROLSTAGE

T1D1

VOLoad

C1

PF=1

Constant power

VoltageVoltage

CurrentCurrent

LOADAC ~ DC/DCCONV.

DRAWBACK

Output voltage regulation

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LOADAC ~ DC/DCCONV.

Proposed ideaProposed ideaProposed idea

SimpleSimple Known topologies Known topologies EfficientEfficient Power processed once Power processed once Reliable Reliable Single switchSingle switch

Single control loopSingle control loopVVCC is clampedis clamped

MAIN FEATURES ARE:

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Input current waveformInput current waveformInput current waveformD1 D2

T2

C2Q1

D4D3

T1 Load

C1

CONTROLSTAGE

VO T2

VCVIN

D5

++Power

distributionConduction

modeStorage

capacitorTopologyselected

Line current depends on:

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Power distributionPower distributionPower distribution

LT1/LT2 ratio

Mai

nbr

anch

pow

er(%

)

VC

VIN (RECT)

PowerdistributionT2

T1

Load

VO T2

VC

VIN

LT1

LT2

PMAIN

PAUX

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Power distribution influence in line currentPower distribution influence in line currentPower distribution influence in line current

LT1/LT2=1 LT1/LT2=0.1

LT1/LT2=0.01

LT1/LT2=0.3

LT1/LT2=0.03

30% 50% 70%

80% 90%

GOOD

GOOD

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Limit to comply IEC 1000-3-2Limit to comply IEC 1000Limit to comply IEC 1000--33--22

3

5

7

9

11

Class A Class D

3

5 7 9

11.

.

.

1

Class A Class D

Max. Power for IEC 1000-3-2

LT1/LT2 ratio

Harmonic content

LT1/LT2 ratio

500W500W

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Conduction modeConduction modeConduction mode

T2

T1

1

1

VIN

Basic Guidelines: PMAIN + PAUX = PO d is determined by CCM branch Current is determined by the DCM branch

MODE IMODE I MODE IIIMODE III

MODE IIMODE II MODE IVMODE IV

T1 DCMT1 DCM

T1 CCMT1 CCM

T2 DCMT2 DCM T2 CCMT2 CCM

Conductionmode

Constantduty cycle

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Storage capacitor influenceStorage capacitor influenceStorage capacitor influence

Line angle

Line

cur

rent

LT1/LT2=0.1

Small C (45)

Medium C (30)

Large C (15)

0 Line angle (rad)

Line

cur

rent

(A)

Class Denvelope

0

4

GOAL!

GOAL!

Storagecapacitor

VC

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Storage capacitor influenceStorage capacitor influenceStorage capacitor influence

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

LT1/LT2 ratio

RM

S cu

rren

t(A)

153045

3rd harmonic

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

LT1/LT2 ratio

RM

S cu

rren

t(A)

153045

5th harmonic

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

LT1/LT2 ratio

RM

S cu

rren

t(A)

153045

7th harmonic

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

LT1/LT2 ratio

RM

S cu

rren

t(A)

153045

9th harmonic

3rd harmonic 5th harmonic

7th harmonic 9th harmonic

The higher the capacitance, the higher the harmonic content

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Extension to other topologiesExtension to other topologiesExtension to other topologiesThis idea can be extended to other topologies such as:This idea can be extended to other topologies such as:

BoostBoost ForwardForward SEPICSEPIC CukCuk

Additional components to complyAdditional components to comply IEC 1000IEC 1000--33--22 normative:normative: 1 magnetic component1 magnetic component (25% of P(25% of POO)) 3 diodes3 diodes

L2

C2Q1

D3D2

VO

Load

C1VCVIN

L1 D1

D4

Bi-Boost

Linecurrent

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Extension to other topologiesExtension to other topologiesExtension to other topologies

Bi-ForwardD

T2

C2Q1

D4D5

T1

1

VO

Load

C1

CONTROLSTAGE

VC

D6

L

T2D3

D2

AC ~

Line angle Line angle

Duty cycle Line current

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Experimental resultsExperimental resultsExperimental resultsSPECIFICATIONSOutput voltage 48VDCOutput voltage 48VDCOutput power 100WOutput power 100W

Input voltage-universal 110VACInput voltage-universal 110VACNormative IEC 1000-3-2Normative IEC 1000-3-2

Isolation line-loadIsolation line-load D1 D2

T2C2

Q1

D4D3

T1 Load

C1

CONTROLSTAGE

VO T2

VCVIN

D5

Bi-flyback

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Experimental resultsExperimental resultsExperimental results

Rectified linevoltage

Line current

Capacitor charge current Voltage on storage capacitor

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Experimental resultsExperimental resultsExperimental results

0.00.2

0.40.60.8

1.01.2

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Harmonic number

RM

S cu

rren

t (A

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Harmonic number

RM

S cu

rren

t (A

) MeasuredIEC 1000-3-2

Class A

ofClass A

of

IEC 1000

IEC 1000--33--22

Line current comply normative even for 5 paralleled convertersLine current comply normative even for 5 paralleled converters

100W line current

P.F.=0.87T.H.D.=54%

Normative550W

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Experimental resultsExperimental resultsExperimental results

VRECT

ILINE

VO

IO

Output voltage regulation

Tight regulated Tight regulated VVOO Input current is rapidly affected by loadInput current is rapidly affected by load

50% Load step

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Experimental resultsExperimental resultsExperimental results

High High efficiencyefficiency:: 90% at 100W90% at 100W TwoTwo--stage needs a 95% stage needs a 95%

efficiency each stageefficiency each stageSimpleSimple, , reliablereliable and and cheapcheap

converterconverter82

84

86

88

90

92

20 40 60 80 100

Output power (W)

Eff

icie

ncy

(%)

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ConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

AC/DC convertersAC/DC converters to to comply IEC 1000comply IEC 1000--33--22

Main Main characteristicscharacteristics::

SingleSingle switch switch and singleand single control loopcontrol loop

Clamped voltageClamped voltage on storage capacitoron storage capacitor

High High efficiencyefficiency

Line currentLine current can be designed to meet regulation up to can be designed to meet regulation up to 500W500W

AA BiBi--Flyback experimental prototypeFlyback experimental prototype confirms the confirms the advantagesadvantages of of

this ideathis idea

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IEC 1000-3-2IEC 1000IEC 1000--33--22

Class D of IEC 1000-3-2 is much more restrictive

Harmonic numberHarmonicHarmonic numbernumber Absolute value (A)AbsoluteAbsolute valuevalue (A)(A)Class AClass A

33

55

77

99

1111

1313

15 to 3915 to 39

2.302.30

1.141.14

0.770.77

0.400.40

0.330.33

0.210.21

2.25/n2.25/n

Absolute value (A)AbsoluteAbsolute valuevalue (A)(A) Relative value (mA/W)RelativeRelative valuevalue ((mAmA/W)/W)Class DClass D

3.403.40

1.901.90

1.001.00

0.500.50

0.350.35

0.290.29

3.85/n3.85/n

2.302.30

1.141.14

0.770.77

0.400.40

0.330.33

0.210.21

2.25/n2.25/n

Class D

Class A