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INGLÉS
Prueba Acceso a la Universidad
Prueba.
Una hora de duración. Traducción de un texto del inglés al
español. No se permite el diccionario.
Orientaciones para traducir. Lectura global. Para captar de qué trata el
texto aproximadamente, por palabras que nos sean familiares (recuerdo su significado o se parecen en español).
Escribir un borrador de la traducción. Podrá tener traducciones literales (aunque nos suenen mal) o espacios en blanco.
Saber que puede haber muchas traducciones válidas. Se pueden utilizar sinónimos, alterar el orden de las palabras…). Hay muchas traducciones posibles de un mismo texto y que estarían bien.
CUIDAR TODOS LOS ASPECTOS FORMALES.
TEMA 1.
El artículo. El verbo ser/estar.
Pronombres personales
I = yoYou = TúHe = ÉlShe = Ella It = Él / Ella (para animales o cosas)We = Nosotros, nosotrasYou = Vosotros, vosotrasThey = Ellos, ellas
Verbo “To Be” = Ser o Estar I am I’m Yo soy, estoy You are You’re Tú eres, estás He is He’s Él es, está She is She’s Ella es, está It is It’s Él/Ella es, está (para animales o cosas) We are We’re
Nosotros/as somos, estamos You are You’re Vosotros/as sois, estais They are They’re Ellos/as son, ellos/as están
Como se niega… Usamos la partícula not.
I am not = I`m notYou are not = You aren´tHe is not = He isn´tShe is not = She isn’tIt is not = It isn´tWe are not = We aren´tYou are not = You aren´tThey are not = They aren’t
Como se pregunta… Invertimos el orden Sujeto + Verbo
I am… Am I … ? Are you ok… ? Is he … ?
Is she … ?Is it … ?Are we … ?Are you ok… ?Are they … ?
EL ARTÍCULO.
THE = el, la, los, las.
The car The apple The pupil
A = un, uno, unas, unos.A boy A pencil A woman
Cuando la siguiente palabra comienza por vocal usamos ANAn apple An uncle
CUIDADO: a house an hourNos fijaremos en su pronunciación.
Para decir unos, unas (algunas cosas) usamos:
SOME Some people Some milk
Cuidado:
Con profesiones no se traduce:I am a teacher = Yo soy maestra
A veces cambia al traducir:- 20 pence a kilo = 20 peniques el kilo
- 8 kilometres an hour= 8 kilómetros por hora
En estas construcciones:
WHAT A + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO!¡ QUÉ _________ TAN ________ !
A = TAN
What a beautiful girl! = ¡Qué niña tan bonita!
What an expensive car! = ¡Qué coche tan caro!
SUJETO + TO BE + SUCH A + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO
A = TAN
She is such a nice girl! = ¡Es una niña tan bonita!
There is… / There are…
There is a … = Hay … PARA UNA SOLA COSA
There is a book. There is a finger.
There are … = Hay … PARA VARIAS COSAS
There are some maps. There are five doors.
This / That / These / Those
This = este, esta That = ese, esa, aquel, aquella These = estos, estas Those = esos, esas, aquellos aquellas
These es el plural de this.Those es el plural de that.
TEMA 2.
El sustantivo. El verbo tener/haber.
Partículas interrogativas.
Partículas interrogativas. What? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? When? ¿Cuándo? Where? ¿Dónde? Who? ¿Quién? Whose? ¿De quién? Which? ¿Cuál? Cuando hay elección
entre varias cosas. Why? ¿Por qué? What time? ¿A qué hora? How? ¿Cómo?
How old? ¿Cuántos años? How long? ¿Durante cuánto tiempo? How often? ¿Con qué frecuencia? How far? ¿A qué distancia? How much? ¿Cuántos? + Incontables How many? ¿Cuántos? + Contables
Sustantivos.Reglas para formar el plural.1. La regla básica
para formar el plural es añadir una –s.
Singular PluralTable Tables
Bank Banks
Dog Dogs
Cup Cups
2. Cuando la palabra acaba en –ch
–sh –x –ss –z –o
(menos piano: pianos)
se añade –es.
Singular Plural
Church Churches
Dish Dishes
Box Boxes
Loss Losses
Quiz Quizes
TomatoVolcano
TomatoesVolcanoes
3. Cuando la palabra acaba en –f
–fe
la f cambia a v y se añade –es.
Singular Plural
Thief Thieves
Leaf Leaves
Half Halves
Knife Knives
Life Lives
Wife Wives
4. Cuando la palabra acaba en consonante + y
la y se convierte en i y ponemos es.
Singular Plural
Baby Babies
Lady Ladies
Country Countries
Day Days
Boy Boys
Plurales irregulares.SINGULAR PLURALChild ChildrenOx OxenMan MenWoman WomenPerson PeopleTooth TeethMouse MiceFish FishSheep Sheep
Cuidado con…
Cuando es una palabra compuesta, se añade la –s final a la palabra que hace de sustantivo.
Father-in-law Fathers-in-law
Hay palabras sobre ropa o comida que sólo tienen singular o plural.
SÓLO SINGULAR SÓLO PLURALTrousersPyjamasShortsKnickersTights
RiceBreadWaterPastaToast
Reglas para formar el género. La mayoría de las palabras sirven
indistintamente para masculino y femenino.
Friend : amigo, amigaWriter: escritor, escritoraTeacher: profesor, profesora…
PERO…
1. Puede existir una palabra diferente para femenino y masculino:
King Queen Brother SisterMan Woman Uncle AuntBoy Girl Nephew NieceFather Mother Gentelman LadyHusband Wife Bull CowSon Daughter Cock Hen
2. En algunas palabras en masculino se añade el sufijo –ess para formar el femenino:
Actor Actress Tiger Tigress
Prince PrincessWaiter WaitressGod GoddessLion Lioness
2. En otras palabras se añade un sufijo al femenino para formar el masculino:
Widow Widower
O al revés:
Actor Actress
4. Por último, hay sustantivos que sirven para los dos:
Child: niño, niñaFriend: amigo, amigaTeacher: profesor, profesoraCitizen: ciudadano, ciudadanaGuest: invitado, invitada
Y podríamos anteponer otras palabras para aclararlo:
A male teacher The orphan boyA female teacher The orphan girl
El verbo “To Have”.PresenteFORMA AFIRMATIVA.I have = I’ve Yo tengoYou have = You’ve Tú tienesHe has = He’s Él tieneShe has = She’s Ella tieneIt has = It’s Él/ella tiene (cosa, animal)We have = We’ve Nosotros/as tenemosYou have = You´ve Vosotros/as teneisThey have = They´ve Elllos/as tienen
FORMA NEGATIVA.I do not have= I don’t haveYou do not have = You don´t haveHe does not have= He doesn´t haveHe does not have= He doesn´t haveHe does not have= He doesn´t haveWe do not have = We don´t haveYou do not have = You don´t have They do not have = They don´t have
FORMA INTERROGATIVA.Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo …?
Do I have… ?Do you have… ?Does he have… ?Does she have… ?Does it have… ?Do we have… ?Do you have… ?Do they have… ?
Colours.ROJO : REDAZUL : BLUEAMARILLO : YELLOWVERDE : GREENNARANJA : ORANGE oscuro = darkVIOLETA : VIOLET dark blueROSA : PINKCELESTE : SKY BLUEGRIS : GREY claro = lightMARRÓN : BROWN light blueBLANCO : WHITENEGRO : BLACKDORADO : GOLDENPLATEADO : SILVERMARFIL : IVORY
Prepositions. About : alrededor de, sobre Above : por encima de after: : detrás de, después de Among : entre (tres o más)aten, junto a Before : antes de, delante de Behind : detrás de Below : debajo de Beneath : debajo de Beside : junto a Between : entre (dos o más) But : excepto, pero
By : por, junto a Down : hacia abajo Except : excepto For : para, por, durante, desde hace From : de, desde In : en, dentro de Into : en, adentro Like : como, igual a Near : cerca de Of : de Off : de (alejándose), fuera de
On : en, sobre Over : por encima de, al otro lado Through : a través de Throughout : por todo till = until : hasta To : a, hasta, hacia Under : por debajo de Up : hacia arriba Upon : (poniendo) sobre, encima With : con Without : sin
TEMA 3.
El adjetivo calificativo. Los números.
El adjetivo calificativo.● En inglés son invariables. tall = alto, alta, altos, altas● Posición:- Delante del sustantivo
This is a good book.- A veces, para evitar su repetición, el
sustantivo se sustituye por el pronombre indefinido ONE:
I have a green book and a red one.- Si lleva complementos va detrás del
sustantivo:A book difficult to read.
Para recordar…
A veces los adjetivos podrían ser traducidos como sustantivos:
The poor = Los pobresThe good = Los buenos
Hay adjetivos que por el uso se han convertido en sustantivos:
Black = negro Noble = noble
Los números cardinales. 1 one 11 eleven 2 two 12 twelve 3 three 4 four - Sólo hay que
aprenderse 5 five estos 12. 6 six - Y saber que: 7 seven del 13 al 19 –teen. 8 eight las decenas –ty. 9 nine cien = hundred 10 ten mil = thousand
millón = million
20 twenty13 thirteen 30 thirty14 fourteen 40 forty 15 fifteen 50 fifty16 sixteen 60 sixty17 seventeen 70 seventy18 eighteen 80 eighty19 nineteen 90 ninety
21 Twenty – one22 Twenty – two…100 one hundred101 one hundred and one123 one hundred and twenty-three…200 two hundred224 two hundred and twenty-four…1.000 one thousand1.001 one thousand and one4.243 four thousand two hundred and forty-
three
10.000 ten thousand100.000 one hundred thousand1.000.000 one million
Algunos ejemplos:314 Three hundred and fourteen845 Eight hundred and forty five7.293 Seven thousand two hundred and
ninety three950.610 Nine hundred and fifty thousand
six hundred and ten10.000.071 Ten million and seventy one
Como leer años en inglés. 1740 (en dos trozos) = seventeen forty 1973 (en dos trozos) = nineteen
seventy-three
2001 = two thousand and one 2002 = two thousand and two 2010 = two thousand and ten
o twenty ten
TEMA 4.
Posesivos. Números ordinales.
Adjetivos posesivos. Van delante de un sustantivo.My mi, misYour tu, tusHis su, sus (de él)Her su, sus (de ella)Its su, sus (de él/ella para
animales y cosas)Our nuestro/a, nuestros/asYour vuestro/a, vuestros/asTheir su, sus (de ellos)
Pronombres posesivos. Sustituyen a un sustantivo.Mine mío/mía, míos/asYour s tuyo/a, tuyos/asHis suyo/a, suyos/as (de él)Hers suyo/a, suyos/as (de ella)Its suyo/a, suyos/as (de él/ella
para animales y cosas)Ours nuestro/a, nuestros/asYours vuestro/a, vuestros/asTheirs suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos)
Práctica. Traduce al español.- Here's your book. Where's mine? - Is that car yours? - A friend of his. - Their house is similar to ours.- He’s got my telephone number, but I
haven’t got his.- Our car is much faster than yours.- We went to a disco with Stephanie,
Terry and some friends of theirs.- I hate her! She’s no friend of mine.- Is this your bag or hers?
Números ordinales.1st first 11th eleventh2nd second 12th twelfth3rd third 13th thirteenth4th fourth 14th fourteenth5th fifth 15th fifteenth6th sixth 16th sixteenth7th seventh 17th seventeenth8th eighth 18th eighteenth9th ninth 19th nineteenth10th tenth 20th twentieth
20th twentieth 21st twenty-first30th thirtieth 32nd thirty-second40th fortieth 45th forty-fifth50th fiftieth60th sixtieth SÓLO SE 70th seventieth PONE80th eightieth EN
ORDINAL90th ninetieth LA ÚLTIMA100th hundredth CIFRA101st hundred and first
Algunos ejemplos:
900º : nine hundredth
467º : four hundredth and sixty-seventh
1000º : one thousandth
15327º : fifteen thousandth three hundredth and twenty-seventh
Los números ordinales se utilizan para…
Para señalar lugar en una clasificación. - You are the second. - The United States is the 3rd largest
country in area in the world. Para mostrar la posición que un
elemento tiene dentro de una secuencia. - Today is the first day of the week. Para hablar de los reyes: Elisabeth I Elisabeth the first
Para las fechas en inglés:Para nombrar los siglos.
- 18th century: siglo 18- the nineteenth century: el siglo XIX
Para una fecha que empiece con el ordinal. - Fourth of July.
Cuando no se menciona el mes.- The fourth is the celebration (los que conversan ya saben el mes)
En las fechas de cumpleaños. - My birthday is on May 10th.
En las fracciones. - ¼: one fourth - 300/1000: three hundred
thousandths
Para los pisos de un edificio, para los grados en enseñanza…
- My office is on the sixth floor. - First grade, second grade…
Verbo MAY. El verbo 'may' se utiliza para expresar
cierto grado de probabilidad de una acción o grado de certeza.
may - podría / quizás / puede It may rain today. You may ask three questions.The road may be blocked.That may be a good idea.
Verbo acabado en –ing como sujeto. Cuando el verbo es el sujeto de una
expresión lo encontramos acabado en –ing.
Running keeps me fit.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
Reading books is a good idea.
TEMA 5.
El genitivo sajón. Preposiciones.
Expresar posesión.
Hay tres formas:
- Usando posesivos- Con la preposición of.- Usando el genitivo sajón.
1. USANDO POSESIVOS.(vistos en la unidad anterior)
It is her hat.I like my job.We are studying Japan and its culture.He lives with his girlfriend in New York.We live with our parents.Most Americans love their cars.That is my problem, not yours.Jake wears a nice hat. Is it his?Our house is next to theirs.
2. CON LA PREPOSICIÓN OF.
Cuando el poseedor es inanimado (cosa).
The window of the house.The door of my car.The tittle of the book.The name of this Avenue is Ridavia.And this is the shower of my flat.The history of Spain.The arrival of a plane.
Cuando hablamos de lugares se puede omitir:London Brige. Amsterdam Airport.
3. USANDO EL GENITIVO SAJÓN.
Cuando el poseedor es animado (animal o persona), un país o una organización.
Se construye:POSEEDOR’S COSA POSEÍDAMy brother’s car
Se traduce “al revés”:El coche de mi hermano
John´s dog.The cat´s ears.Paul´s heart.My brother´s clock.Mary’s black eyes.A bird’s feather.Spain’s mineral reserves.Your father’s dog is called Speedy.
Reglas.
Cuando hay varios poseedores la marca del genitivo la lleva el último.It´s John and Mary’s car.
Si el poseedor acaba en s sólo se pone el apóstrofe.My parent´s house.
El genitivo se puede acumular y construcciones como Ben’s parents’ house no tienen nada de extraño.
Prepositions. Across : a través de At : en, en casa de Besides : además de Next to : junto a During : durante
Preposiciones compuestas.
according to = según, de acuerdo aahead of = frente a; por delante deas of = desdeas regards = en cuanto a, referente abecause of = a causa declose to = cerca dedue to = debido a, a causa de, gracias aexcept for = excepto por, salvofar from = lejos de … (ser)
instead of = en vez denear to = cerca denext to = al lado deoutside of = fuera deowing to = debido aregardless of = a pesar de, pese a, subsequent to = con posterioridad a, después dethanks to = gracias athat of = el de
as far as = hasta, hasta el punto queas well as = además de, así comoby means of = por medio de, a punta de, con, mediantein addition to = además de, a más dein case of = en caso dein front of = delante de, al frente de, enfrente dein place of = en lugar dein spite of = a pesar de, pese aon account of = a causa de, por motivo deon top of = encima de, arriba de, en lo alto de, por encima de, sobre, en exceso dewith regard to = con respecto awith respect to = con respecto a
TEMA 6.
Tiempos verbales.Expresión de la fecha.
El “listo” verbo To Be en presente.
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I am… I am not… Am I…?You are… You aren’t… Are you…?He is… He isn’t… Is he…?She is… She isn’t… Is she…?It is… It isn’t… Is it…?We are… We aren’t… Are we…?You are… You aren’t… Are you…?They are… They aren’t… Are they…?
- I’m in my house. - You eat what you like.- You are worried for the test of English.- He is ready for the test of math.- They are in the bus.- I’m in the school.- You are sad because you feel alone.- He is happy because his mother comes back
tomorrow.- I’m not sure today go to school.- I’m not agree with your opinion.- You are not at home at this time.- You aren’t in a place you like.- He isn’t crazy.- Are you upset with me?- Is she there with you?
Los demás en presente. AFIRMATIVA.Sujeto + Forma BaseI liveYou liveHe livesShe livesIt livesWe liveYou liveThey live
Reglas para añadir la –s de la 3ª persona del singular.
● si acaba en –s, -ss, -o, -sh, -ch, -x añadimos –es
I watch - he watchesI fish - she fishes
● si acaba en consonante + y y cambia a i y añadimos –es I cry - he cries
Usos del presente simple.Para hablar de acciones habituales y
generalidades.
NEGATIVA. Sujeto + do not = don’t + Forma Base
does not = doesn’tI don’t liveYou don’t liveHe doesn’t liveShe doesn´t live traduce don’t yIt doesn’t live doesn’t por NOWe don’t live sabiendo que esYou don’t live presenteThey don’t live
INTERROGATIVA. Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo + …? Do / Does
Do I live…?Do you live…?Does he live…? el auxiliar no seDoes she live…? traduce, pero teDoes it live…? da pista de que esDo we live…? presenteDo you live…?Do they live…?
Frecuency adverbs. Acompañan al presente simple.
never = nunca hardly ever = casi nunca almost ever = casi nunca rarely = casi nunca, rara vez occasionally = ocasionalmente sometimes = a veces usually = normalmente, usualmente often = a menudo, frecuentemente frecuently = frecuentemente always = siempre
Se colocan siempre delante de los verbos, pero detrás del To Be (ser o estar).
I work with my father in the newspaper.I read the bible every day.I watch the tv in the night.I see my girlfriend every Friday.You like the music of Green Day.You sing very well.You play soccer with my brother.You look like my cousinYou run in the park twice a week.You write a novel.He cries a lot.He swims for the Olimpycs.He works for Microsoft.She cooks for her son.
- She lives in the jungle.- He sings in the morning.- We travel only in Christmas.- We drink water every day.- We hate Mondays- We dance in the disco Stragos.- We see every day London Olympics.- You fish on Lake Titicaca.- You apply the correct methods.- They draw good cartoons.- They jump in tournaments.- They celebrate together a big party.- They sing in a rock band.- They don't know about us.
PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) VERBO TO BE.AFIRMATIVAI was = yo era, fui, estaba, estuveYou wereHe wasShe wasIt wasWe wereYou wereThey were
PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) VERBO TO BE.
NEGATIVA.I wasn’t = yo no era, no fui, no estaba, no
estuveYou weren’tHe wasn’tShe wasn’tIt wasn’tWe weren’tYou weren’tThey weren’t
PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) VERBO TO BE.
INTERROGATIVA.Was I…? = ¿era, fui, estaba, estuve yo?Were you…?Was he…?Was she…?Was it…?Were we…?Were you…?Were they…?
Partículas que acompañan al pasado simple. Yesterday: ayer Yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon… The day before yesterday: anteayer Last night, last week, last year, last century… :
anoche, la semana pasada, el año pasado, el siglo pasado…
In 1980, in 1987… Ago (hace…). Two weeks ago, seven years
ago…
- I read the newspaper yesterday.- I watched my favourite soap opera last night.- In 1969 two computers talked to each other
across a telephone line.- A man invented the television many years ago.
- I was at the optician an hour ago.- Yesterday, she was at the office.- It was cloudy four hours ago. Now it is
sunny.- It was three four hours ago. Now it is seven
o`clock. - You were at the cinema last night. Now you
are at a party...You really enjoy life! - It was a worm yesterday....Today it is a
beautiful butterfly! - You were at home yesterday morning.- We were in America.- Paul’s aunt Tina was at home last night.
PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) VERBO TO HAVE.
I had = yo tenía, tuve I hadn’t…You had Had I…?He had She had It had We had You had They had
PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) DE TODOS LOS DEMÁS VERBOS.
HAY QUE DISTINGUIR ENTRE VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES.
Pasado simple verbos regulares.
Forma afirmativa: Sujeto + forma base verbo acabada en –ed.I watched TV yesterday.
Forma negativa: Sujeto + didn’t + forma base verbo (ya no se
acaba en –ed)I didn’t watch TV yesterday.
Forma interrogativa: Did + Sujeto + forma base verbo (ya
no acaba en –ed) ...?Did you watch TV yesterday?
PASADO SIMPLE.YOU WORKED IN A HOSPITAL.YOU DIDN´T WORK IN A HOSPITAL.DID YOU WORK IN A HOSPITAL?
Reglas –ed.Si el verbo: acaba en e muda, sólo se añade –d. Love loved. acaba en consonante + y, cambiamos la y por i,
añadimos –ed. Study studied. es monosílabo y acaba en vocal +consonante,
dobla la consonante. Stop stopped. no es monosílabo y acaba en vocal acentuada +
consonante, dobla la consonante. Prefer preferred. acaba en l, dobla la consonante: Travel travelled.
- I wanted to dance. - He learned English. - They believed him. - Tom stayed at home last night. - Kate worked last Saturday. - I didn't got to the party yesterday. - Did they walk to school this morning? - I received the good news and immediately
called my husband. - He studied for an hour in the morning,
worked all afternoon and didn't return home until 10 at night.
- He walked 5 kilometers every day to work. - I worked for many years in a museum.
- You took a part of me when you went away. - I bought milk and bread at the grocery. - Mary washed her car carefully. - My car broke dawn.- You were there. - I went to University yesterday. - We ate pizza last week. - They went to School last year. - I bought a dress yesterday. - They played a football match last week. - They drank orange juice yesterday. - I expected to see her yesterday. - We went to where some friends .
Pasado simple verbos irregulares. Tienes que usar “la segunda
columna” para la afirmativa.Infinitive Simple Past Present Past ParticipeCut cut cut cortarHave had had tenerWrite wrote written escribir…
- Yesterday, I cut some pieces of - He had a dog last year, but it died.- They wrote an article for the newspaper last
week.
Forma negativa: Sujeto + didn’t + forma base verbo (ya
no se usa la segunda columna sino la primera)
I didn’t write a letter.He didn’t leave home yesterday morning.
Forma interrogativa: Did + Sujeto + forma base verbo (ya no
se usa la segunda columna sino la primera) ...?
Did you write him a note?
- Did you sleep ten hours last night?- The bears didn´t sleep all the night.- Did you study listening soft music?- Did he go out for a drink before dinner?- You didn´t wake up during the night.- They didn’t cook fish for lunch.- Did you need money for the ticket?- She didn´t want to go home.- Did you see a big fire in the woods?- Did he catch a cold yesterday?- Did the children play hide and seek?- Did you download the program?
- Where did you go last night?- I went to the supermarket.- What did you buy in the store?- I bought fruits and vegetables.- Who did you go with?- I went with my brother.- When did you see Mary?- I saw her last week in a bakery.- What did she say?- She said she was happy to see me.
EXPRESIÓN DE LA FECHA.
What’s the date?What is the date today?What day of the month is?
1. THE + ordinal + OF + mes + año. The first of july 2.013.
2. MES + día del mes en ordinal. May, the second. December the 26th.
DAYS OF THE WEEK
Monday - Lunes Tuesday - Martes Wednesday - Miércoles Thursday - Jueves Friday - Viernes Saturday - Sábado Sunday - Domingo
En inglés siempre se escriben con mayúscula.
MONTHS OF THE YEAR
January - Enero February - Febrero March - Marzo April - Abril May - Mayo June - Junio July - Julio August - Agosto September - Septiembre October - October November - Noviembre December - Diciembre
En inglés se escriben siempre con mayúscula.
ATAT + HORAS DEL DÍA:At 6:30At 7 o'clock At dawn - Al amanecer At lunchtime - Al mediodía At midnight - A la medianoche
AT + DÍA FESTIVOAt Christmas - En Navidad At Easter - En PascuaAt New Year - En Año Nuevo At Lent - En Cuaresma At Holy Week - En Semana Santa
AT + CIERTAS EXPRESIONES:At the moment - En este momento At the weekend - El fin de semana At that time - En ese tiempo At night - A la noche At noon - Al mediodía
ONON + DÍA:On Monday - El lunes On Tuesdays - Los martes ON + DÍA + PARTES DEL DÍA:On Friday morning - El viernes por la
mañana On Saturday afternoon - El sábado por la
tarde On Sunday evenings - Los domingos por la
noche
ON + FECHAS:On Christmas Day - El día de Navidad On July 4th - El 4 de Julio
ININ + MESES:In January - En enero In February - En febrero IN + PARTES DEL DÍA:In the morning - Por la mañana In the afternoon - Por la tarde In the evening - Por la noche
IN + AÑOS:In 1845 - En 1845 In the 1960s - En los sesenta
IN + AÑOS:In 1845 - En 1845 In the 1960s - En los sesenta
IN + ESTACIONES DEL AÑO:In summer - En verano In spring - En primavera In fall / autumn - En otoño In winter - En invierno In the early summer - Al comienzo del verano
TEMA 7.
Demostrativos.La hora.Conjunciones.
La hora.
What´s time is it?What’s the time?
EN PUNTO.- It´s hour o’clock.
Y MEDIA.- It´s half past hour.
Y CUARTO.- It´s quarter past hour.
MENOS CUARTO.- It´s quarter to hour.
Y...- It´s minutes past hour.
MENOS...- It´s minutes to hour.
(no está en el libro) Al mediodía = at midday
at noon about noon around noon
A medianoche = at midnight
EN LOS RELOJES DIGITALES.
8 : 32 : eight thirty-two6 : 19 : six nineteen
- I got up yesterday at ten o'clock.- Everyday I have lunch at half past two. - Yesterday I had a bath at quarter past
twelve.- Now is quarter to eleven.- She played with her cousin at midday.- I visited muy grandparents at five past
eleven last Sunday.- What’s the time? It’s two.- She invited him to her party. The party
starts at quarter to three.
Conjunciones. Página 107
- Joe and Mary spent their holydays in Bahamas.- I was tired but happy.- Our PC is a bit old, Altohugh it works very well.- Joe doesn’t sure to buy either a Porsche or a Mercedes.- Esteban doesn’t approve the course, unless he studies hard.- We arrive after the movie begins.- Lions and zebras are sabana’s animals.- I go, if you want.- I came late because traffic was terrific.- Carmen is older than you.- Perhaps you forgive me, but I don’t.- We don’t see Tom since he moved to California.
- Nor a bus either a taxi comes here.- Both Ana and Carmen are good students.- George doesn’t make his homework nor Bob.- You’re strong but I’m stronger.- Give her from me a hug, perhaps a kiss.- My aunt is like candy: so hard but so sweet.- I want to ride my bike until seven o’clock.- Unless I know what is her name.- Red or blue?- Nor red, nor blue. It must be yellow.- Joan is not only beauty, but intelligent.
It’s your turn. Translate into Spanish the following sentences.1. You aren´t a writer. 2. Some people like mice.3. There are thirteen golden windows in my
sister’s house.4. Whose are those trousers? They`re mine.5. We´ve got a book difficult to read.6. They didn´t buy a black and golden watch.7. Peter comes at about half past six.8. She goes to the gym twice a week.9. Were you at home on January the fifth?10.She doesn’t go out because of the rain.
TEMA 8.
Los verbos. Verbos modales I.
El presente simple ya está explicado. Se puede repasar en las páginas 119 y 120 del libro.
Presente Continuo.SUJETO + TO BE + V-ing
am/is/are
I am eating = yo estoy comiendo He is walking = él está caminandoThey are speaking = ellos/as están
hablando
Indica una acción que está ocurriendo en el momento de hablar y también lo usan para un plan inmediato de futuro (ojo: es indicador también de futuro I am not going to school)
Para la negativa, negamos el verbo to be.
I´m not lying = yo no estoy mintiendoThey aren´t choosing = ellos no están eligiendo
(las reglas para construir la terminación – ing partiendo del infinitivo del verbo están en la página 120)
Para construir la pregunta seguimos el orden:
Am/is/are + Sujeto + Verbo-ing?
Am I opening the door?Is he writing a postcard?
Usos del presente contínuo.(más completo que en el libro)
1. Para hablar de cosas que están sucediendo en el momento de hablar.
- I am speaking.- You are listening my explanation.
PARTÍCULAS QUE ACOMPAÑAN.- At the moment- Now
2. Para referirnos a acciones futuras (se llama presente continuo con valor de futuro). Pero sólo cuando hablamos de actividades ya planeadas y que se realizarán casi con total seguridad.Y LO TRADUCIMOS COMO NUESTRO FUTURO
I´m going to the cinema tonight. Are you coming? They´re leaving at 5 o´clock. The conference is taking place next Tuesday. I´m travelling to Tokyo tomorrow.
PARTÍCULAS QUE ACOMPAÑAN.-Tonight / tomorrow / in this week / next Monday …
- The children are visiting the Zoo. - Mike is calling you. - Robert and Alice are travelling to Europe. - The dog is sleeping in the street. - What are you doing ? - My grandfather is watching T.V. - My friends are drinking at the bar. - Lisa is painting her house. - I am playing the guitar.
- The pupils are shouting in the park. - You’re not walking slowly- You’re not reading my emails.
- You’re carrying a microphone. - Are we spending a lot?- Is your mother-in-law playing the guitar?- They’re not watching the match.- We’re not flying.- It’s not snowing in Seville- What are you doing, mate?- Are they chatting or talking?- Am I explaining the story well?- You’re not waiting for him.- We’re not arguing, we’re talking.- Your son is winning- Is your girlfriend scoring a lot of goals?
http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/vocabulary.php
Aquí teneis un montón de sustantivos ordenados por temas. Si pinchais dentro de cada tema os salen un montón de sustantivos sobre él.
Verbos modales. Can. Sólo se conjuga en presente y en pasado.
Presente PasadoI can I couldYou can You couldHe can He couldShe can She couldIt can It couldWe can We couldYou can You couldThey can They could
Como pasado de can, could se traduce al español por pretérito indefinido o pretérito imperfecto.
- She couldn’t phone you. - He could play the piano.
Pero could, frecuentemente, expresa aspectos que nada tienen que ver con el tiempo pasado, así que debe traducirse entonces al español por condicional o por pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo, según los casos.
- Could you pass me the salt, please? - I wil marry her tomorrow, if I could.
Se niega sólo y se pregunta sólo (sin ayuda de auxiliar).
- I can swim.- I can’t swim / I cannot swim- Can I swim?
Lo usamos principalmente para…
EXPRESAR HABILIDAD.I can play the guitar = sé / puedo / soy
capaz de tocar la guitarra.
Para expresar una habilidad en futuro:I will be able to play the guitar = podré /
seré capaz de tocar la guitarra.
PETICIONES.(lo traducimos literalmente como poder)
- Can you buy me a drink?- Can I ask you something?- Can you do me a favour?
- I can’t open this bottle.- I can speak French.- They can be very funny. - He could play the piano.- I could speak German when I lived in Germany. - She can’t be eighteen already.- Can vodka be frozen?- I don’t think the car can be repaired.- Valencia can get very hot in August.- Can I take one? Yes, you can take one.- No, you can’t have a biscuit before lunch.- I can feel you close to me, but I can’t see you. - I’ll never be able to buy a new car if I don’t save
money. - Can you dance Tango? - This car can reach 220 kmh.
TEMA 9.
Los verbos.Formación del pasado.Verbos modalles II.
PASADO SIMPLE. Ya está visto. Repasar.
PASADO CONTÍNUO.Sujeto + pasado To Be + Verbo –ing
was / were
- I was walking.- We were having lunch.- She was writing a novel when the
telephone rang.
Se niega negando el verbo To Be.
Sujeto + pasado To Be negado + V –ing wasn’t / weren’tç
- I wasn’t working at Vodafone.- She wasn’t looking out of the window.- We wasn’t thinking about you.- Obama wasn’t talking when the bomb
exploted.
Se pregunta dándole la vuelta a la afirmativa.
Pasado To Be + Sujeto + V –ing ?was / were
- Were you having a coffee?- Was she playing chess?- Weren’t they making a cake?
Usos del pasado simple.
1. Para una acción larga que ya en el pasado fue interrumpida. La acción que se interrumpe está en pasado continuo y la acción que provoca la interrupción está en pasado simple.
En general, usamos el pasado simple directamente después de when = cuando y el pasado continuo después de while = mientras.
- Jose called while I was watching the news. - He was walking to work when he fell. - Was it raining when you left?
2. Para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo específico en el pasado.
- Paula wasn't living in Spain in 2005. -We were still working at 10 o'clock last night.
3. Para hablar de dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el pasado.
- My son was reading while I was cooking. - They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie.
- Eduardo was playing soccer when his cousin arrived at his house.- He was playing in the park.- He was eating a hot dog.- I was reading.- I was teaching.- I was studying history.- She was buying a car.- You were walking. - You were playing yesterday.- I was working.
- This time last week I was ironing the clothes.
- I was reading a book when the telephone rang.
- He saw María while he was driving to work.
VERBO MODAL: MUST. Se traduce por deber. Expresa obligación ineludible o deducción
de que algo ha tenido lugar. Se escribe siempre igual, no existe she musts.
- You must go home.- Lucy, you've been traveling all day. You must
be tired. - She is a very good tennis player, and not
many players beat her. But yesterday she played against Bill and Bill won. So, Bill must be a very good player.
- Your exams are next week. You must be studying very hard right now
La negación expresa prohibición total.Pero lo traducimos también como no deber.
- You mustn't eat food in class. - You mustn't use mobile in class. - You mustn't listen to music in class. - You mustn’t touch the animals. - You mustn’t cross the road without looking. It’s
dangerous. - We mustn’t stay here any longer. We must go to
the station right now or we’ll miss our train. - You must have a passport to to travel abroad.
Sólo se usa en presente, para pasado se usa el had to = tuviste que.
- You had to work last Sunday.
TEMA 10.
Los verbos.Expresión del futuro. Verbos modales.
Futuro simple.
Afirmativa.Delante del verbo en su forma base colocamos will.
I will eat at three.I’ll eat at three
Negativa.Se forma con will not won´t
You won’t buy me a car. Interrogativa.
Will they come before lunch?
- He’ll collect all the packets. - He’ll think about you.- We’ll rest a lot on holiday.- We’ll go out every night when your brother
comes.- I’ll call the priest.- I won’t be in the office.- I won’t think about Paris anymore.- He won’t sell your car.- The package won’t arrive on time.- Michael won’t sing again.- Will you consider my plan?- Will you see the match with them?- Will we arrive before them?- Will you get in touch with me?- Will we receive the bill soon?- I never asked for it but… I won’t say no
Futuro inmediato. Sujeto + am + going to + verbo
isare
Se traduce por ir a + verbo.I’m going to dance.
Se niega negando el to be.It isn’t going to rain.
Se pregunta invirtiendo el orden.Is he going to come with you?
- She is going to pay with a credit card.- I’m going to learn English.- What are you going to go at the weekend?- Look at this cloud. It’s going to rain.- I'm going to visit some friends this
afternoon.- He's going to watch TV tomorrow.- She's going to leave in ten minutes.- We're going to play tennis at six o'clock.- You're going to paint the kitchen on Friday.- They're going to go to the movies next
week.
Verbos modales. May.
MAY = PUEDO y a vecer podré (ME ESTÁ PERMITIDO)
- We may stay here for the night.- Jack may be telling the truth.- You may ask three questions.- I may visit Susan on Monday.-The road may be blocked.- That may be a good idea.- Carol may go when she finishes.- You may not leave the classroom without permission.- May I go to the bathroom?- May you take this to Mr. Richards?- I may no come next week.
TEMA 11.
Los verbos.Formación de tiempos perfectos.
Present Perfect.
Sujeto + HAVE / HAS + regular: -ed irregular: 3ª columna
(participio)I have played = yo he comidoWe’ve workedHe has jumpedShe’s brought
- I have never read a book in English.- I have gone to her house several times.- You have underlined the text.- The baby has cried tonight.- We have seen a lot of movies this week.- The secretary has decided to look for a new
job.- I'm afraid I have forgotten your name.- They have gone to New York.- I have been 30 minutes later for my wedding!!!- I have bought several CDs in Rome last month.
- Se niega, negando el verbo to have.
Sujeto + HAVEN’T + Verbo acabado en -ed HASN’T 3ª columna
(participio)
- I haven't seen Maria for several years.- I have not bought a new dress. - Roberto hasn't received an answer yet.
- Se pregunta invirtiendo el orden.
HAVE + Sujeto + Verbo acabado en -edHAS 3ª columna
- Have you seen this program before?- Has the plane landed?- Has Richard washed his car?- Have you ever been in London?- Have you gone up to the top of the
Empire State Building?
Partículas que acompañan al present perfect.
Just = para una acción que acaba de ocurrir (lo traducimos como “acabar de”
Already = ya (en oraciones afirmativas) Yet = ya (en oraciones negativas e interrogativas), todavía,
aún Ever = alguna vez Never = nunca, ninguna vez Not yet = aún no This week / month / year… Recently = recientemente Lately = últimamente, recientemente For = durante Since = desde
- I have just seen that museum.- They have just gone to bed.- We have never played the guitar.- Have you ever dance tango?- I have lived in this city for 5 years.- She has eaten twenty hamburguers this week.- I have lived here since 2.007.- He has lived in this city for five years.- They 've just signed an important contract.- Has he called his parents lately?- I saw a magic show last year.- I have lost my digital camera on a trip to Perú
in 1999.
Past Perfect. Se hace con el pasado de have.
Sujeto + HAD + regular: -ed irregular: 3ª columna
(participio)
- I had jumped = yo había saltado- Her plane had already left when Thelma arrived at the airport.- When Oliver phoned, the kids had just gone to bed. - He had brought the gifts. - She had lost the keys.- I'd visited the Louvre before so I knew where the Mona Lisa was.
- Se niega, negando el verbo to have.
Sujeto + HADN’T + Verbo acabado en -ed 3ª columna
(participio)
- They hadn't studied English before they went to London.
- I hadn’t read the book before I saw the movie. - I hadn’t woken up when the alarm clock rang
at 7am. - He hadn't been to France before the trip in
2008.
Se pregunta invirtiendo el orden.
HAD + Sujeto + Verbo acabado en -ed3ª columna
- Had I eaten something?- Had you talked to somebody?- Had he listened to something?- Had she read something?- Had it gone somewhere?- Had we looked at something?- Had they sat somewhere?
Future Perfect. Se hace con el futuro de have
Sujeto + WILL HAVE + regular: -ed irregular: 3ª columna
(participio)Se traduce como: habréhabrás… + V acabado en –ado, -ido.
I will have walked.You will have eaten a sandwich when I arrive.
- He will have completed the task by six o'clock.
- I will have written the book before the new year.
- Will you have bought a house in a year? - He will have paid all the debt by October 2. - We will have returned from Spain by June
12. - By the time Juan arrives, you all will already
have left.- By the time Maria returns, they will have
already eaten.
Se niega: Sujeto + WON’T HAVE + regular: -ed
irregular: 3ª colum. (participio)
- I won't have finished my homework tomorrow. - Before you arrive, we will not have watered the
garden.
Se pregunta invirtiendo:- Will she have learned Spanish before leaving?
OTRAS FORMAS VERBALES EN INGLÉS.
PAST PERFECT (Pretérito pluscuamperfecto). Se usa para pasado menos reciente que el present
perfect.
Sujeto + had + participio (-ed, 3ª columna) I had studied = yo había estudiado He had drunk = el había bebido
FUTURE PERFECT. Sujeto + will have + participio By this afternoon, I will have arrived at home= para esta tarde, yo ya habré llegado a casa.
TEMA 12.
La voz pasiva.
La voz pasiva en inglés. Al igual que en español, tiene que ver
con que el sujeto recibe y no realiza la acción del verbo.
Se forma: sujeto + verbo to be + participio
El Complemento Agente (prepositional object), va introducido por by = por.
The cat is loved by the children.The diamond was stolen by five thieves.
Cuidado, al traducirlo literalmente no siempre suena bien y es normal que tengamos que buscar una traducción adecuada:
- English is spoken.- I am called Peter.
Traducción. Como regla general traducimos la
forma correspondiente del verbo to be y el verbo al ser participio se traduce acabado en –ado, -ido.
I am loved. presenteYou are being loved. presente contínuoYou will be loved. futuro simpleYou are going to be loved. Tu vas a
ser amado
I am loved. presenteYou are being loved. presente contínuoYou will be loved. futuro simpleYou are going to be loved. futuro con going toYou have been loved. present perfectYou were loved. pasado simpleYou were being loved. pasado contínuoYou had been loved. pluscuamperfectoYou will have been loved. futuro perfectoYou should be loved. condicional con should =
deberíasYou should have been loved. condicional
perfecto should have + participio = habrías
Pasiva con modales. Con must = deberYou must be loved.They must be rewared by the judges. Con can = poderYou can be loved.We can be elected by the classmates. Con have to = tener queYou have to be loved.He have to be punished by his parents.
Como se hace la construcción impersonal en inglés.
Usando la pasiva.
It is said… = (es dicho) Se dice…It is seen… = (es visto) Se ve…
- The speech is written for the president. - All of the cookies were eaten by the child.- The house was built in 1975. - My wallet has been stolen. - The room will be cleaned while we are out. - The book was written by Mark Twain. - The car was stolen by my daughter’s boyfriend.- Your questions are being answered. - It’ll be painted by next week. - We were invited to the party, but we didn’t go. - The President of America has been shot. - When he got home he found that all of his money
had been stolen. - Our baby will have been born before Christmas.
- The Statue of Liberty was designed by Bartholdi.
- The statue was given to the U.S by the French in 1886.
- The policeman has been bitten by your dog - This beautiful poem was written by my sister - The letter was mailed by Elizabeth. - Mina was bitten by Dracula. - You will be called when your turn comes. - My brother may be given the car for the first
time tonight. - Are the rooms cleaned every day?
- The polio vaccine was first developed in ther 1950´s.
- To record the red button and the black button must be pressed at the same time.
- The sandwiches should be made just before you leave.
- My fax machine was being repaired when I arrived.
- Cars are sold by Toyota in many countries. - Fruit is added to sugar in order to make jam. - We were shown around the city by the tour
guide. - The workers were paid three months´salary
when her business was closed down. - He has been offered a help for his hard
work. - Was the car taken to the garage yesterday?
TEMA 13.
Los verbos.Formación del imperativo.
Formación de la segunda persona del imperativo (tú, vosotros/as).
En afirmativa se hace con la forma base del verbo (sin sujeto)
Come here!Eat it!
En negativa encontramos delante Don´t = no.
Don’t come here!Don’t eat it!
- Do your homework! - Wash your hands! - Tell me the truth! - Do not lie to me! - Don’t wash in the washing machine. - Don't hit your sister! - Go!- Go to your room!- Do not fight. - Don’t shout me!- You, guys, shut up!- Wake up!- Give it back to me!- Don’t do it!
Formación de la primera persona y tercera persona del imperativo.
Let + pron. personal objeto + forma baseLa traducción literal es permitir, dejar, pero es
muy elástica.Let them eat it! Permítele que se coma esto -
¡Que coman esto!
Permit: Permitir - Muy formal Allow: Permitir - Formal Let: Permitir, dejar - Informal
- Let me see.- Let him go!- Let me alone.- Let your smile change the world, but do not
let the world change your smile - Perhaps you will let me help you.- My dad not let me drive the motorbike when
I was younger.- If you need my help, please let me know. - Let me see your palm. - Smoking is not permitted in this restaurant.- We do not permit people to swim in this
river. - We do not permit dogs to stay here.- Please, allow me to say something.
Pronombres objeto. Funcionan como objeto directo o indirecto.Me - meYou - teHim - leHer – la, leIt - leUs - nosYou - osThem – les, las, los
Se colocan detrás de los verbos y de preposiciones.
- Do you like this book? Yes, I like it. - Do you know this woman? Yes, I know her. - Did you see that car? No, I didn't see it. - Did you call your brother? Yes, I called him
this morning. - Do you hate me? No, I don't hate you. - I buy it in Las Palmas.- I can’t speak to him.- I buy it for her.- He introduces us to the president.- He gave you everything he had.- They send her the documents.- We bought them for the guys.- He likes her.
The Asian elephant that speaks Korean
An Asian elephant named Koshik has learnt to imitate human speech, saying words in Korean that can be understood by speakers of the language. It is not clear why Koshik started imitating human speech, but biologists Angela Stoeger and Tecumseh Fitch suggest in research published in the journal Current Biology that it might be related to his experiences as a young elephant. For the first five years of his life Koshik was the only elephant at the Everland Zoo in South Korea, and consequently was only in the company of people during that important phase of his learning and development. It is thought that he started to adapt his vocalisations to those of humans in order to reinforce his links with them.
Researchers state that similar cases have been seen in some other species and in very special cases. There have been reports of elephants imitating the sound of engines,
and even of a male elephant in a zoo saying words in twodifferent languages, although this case was neverinvestigated by scientists.
A few years ago, Koshik appeared in newspaper headlines and attracted thousands of tourists with his unusual ability, but the researchers have now made a number of tests where they asked native Korean speakers to write down what they heard when listening to recordings of the elephant. They concluded that the elephant could pronounce the five Korean words for 'hello', 'sitdown', 'no', 'lie down' and 'good'. Unfortunately, the scientists have found no evidence that Koshik understands the meaning of the words he is using.
TEMA 14.
Pronombres personales, reflexivos y recíprocos.
Pronombres personales.
SUJETO OBJETOI yo me a mí, meYou tú you a ti, te, leHe él him a él, le, se, loShe ella her a ella, le, la, seIt (cosa, animal)its le, la, lo We nosotros/as us a nosotros/as, nosYou vosotros/asyou a vosotros/as, osThey ellos/as them a ellos/as, les, las, los
- He invited her to go to the movies. - She knows they very well. - We met him last night. - He didn't enjoy it , but she did. - Don't blame her; she didn't break them.- They invited us to their wedding. - Will she be sitting next to him?- Give my regards to them! - He always drives them to school. - The car belongs to him.
When some people meet me. They think I'm my twin brother, David. They don't know the difference. Our school friends know; they say I'm more intelligent than him!
In reality, it's easy for us because we study in different classes. When our mother looks at us she always sees the difference. We can't play jokes on her !
When people visit our house they also know the difference. David always uses the computer and he plays on it all the time!
What do you think? If you look at a picture of us, you will see: the difference will be clear to you !!!
Pronombres reflexivos.Myself me / yo mismoYourself te / tú mismoHimself se / sí mismoHerself se / sí mismaItself se / sí mismoOurselves nos / nosotros/as mismos/asYourselves os / vosotros/as mismos/asThemselves se / sí mismos/as
- Es el posesivo añadiéndole esa terminación.- Si lo ves con by delante: se traduce por su cuenta
o solo/a.
- He bought himself a beautiful car last month.
- Tom and me made ourselves a coffee when we were at the university.
- She cut herself while preparing the dinner.
- I painted the house myself.
- Johnny, you have to believe in yourself.
- He himself prepared everything.
- He will kill himself with that motorbike if he if not careful enoungh.
- Bring me a mirror. I want to look at myself.
- She burned herself while cooking the pizza.
- I live here by myself.
-She went on vacation by herself.
- He always likes to spend some time by himself.
Pronombres recíprocos.
En español nos, os, se. En inglés se hacen con:
One anotherEach other se traducirían por se,
el uno al otro, los unos a los otros…
- Kim and John send each other love notes.-They are always arguing with one another. - We see each other once a week. - How long have they known each other/one another? - Jesus commands the disciples to love each other. - How close do people usually stand to one another when talking? - We help one another with the work. - We've stayed been friends from the first time we saw each other.- We have a lot of information to share with each other.
EL USO DE GET
He lost himself in the streets of London.
NO. He got lost in the streets of London.
Hay una serie de verbos reflexivos españoles que no lo son en inglés. Muchas veces estos verbos se traducen con la estructura get + participio. En inglés se utiliza esta construcción con frecuencia para referirse a algún tipo de cambio en el estado de algo o alguien:
They got married.I am getting fat.She decided to get divorced.He got lost in the streets of London.
Verbos reflexivos pronominales.Son verbos que “llevan el pronombre incluido”
Get up: levantarseFeel: sentirseWake up: despertarseBrush teeth: lavarse los dientesHave a shower: ducharseComb: peinarseShave: afeitarseMake up: maquillarseGo to bed: irse a la cama
…
- Why do I get up tired every day? - Why do I feel tired and sleepy when I wake up, even though I have slept for 10 hours or more? - I wake up at eight, I clean my teeth and have a shower- If I comb my hair a lot, will it grow faster?- Why do male cyclists shave their legs?- If I put make up on now, will I be ugly when I am old?- I recommend that you don't put makeup on because makeup will ruin your face.- I go to bed with my mobile phone, I get up with my mobile phone.
TEMA 15.
Adjetivos y pronombres indefinidos e interrogativos.
Adjetivos y pronombres indefinidos.
SOME: una parte de un todo: algún/a/os/as, unos/as, algo, poco…
ANY: en ? = arriba / en negativas nada, ningún/a/os/as… NO: ningún/a/o NONE: ningún/a/o ALL: todo/a/os/as, entero EVERY: cada, a todo/a BOTH: ambos, ambas, los dos, las dos ONE, ONES: uno/a/os/as OTHER, OTHERS: otro/a/os/as SUCH: tal, tales, semejante, tan, tanto, como… LITTLE: poco/a, un poco, una poca, algo (con incontables) FEW: poco/a, un poco, una poca, algo (con contables) MUCH: mucho, mucha, un montón (con incontables) MANY: mucho, mucha, un montón (con contables)
- I ate some chocolates, but not many.- Do you have any bread?- Some friends think that my jokes are funny.- Not that glove, the other one.- Would you like some more wine? A little more?- We have no rooms available.- None has been as popular as Marilyn was.- If any letters arrive, could you keep them until I
get back?- We ate none.- Have you met any of my friends?- I’m looking for a pen. Have you seen any?- There in no clean fork; we have to wash some.- None of these apples are ripe.
- He spilled all the soup on the floor.- He’s both tall and handsome.- All of these books need to be sold.- I’ve been waiting all afternoon.- John and Heather? Both are coming to the
wedding.- These ones are mine.- Which one do you like?- We played cards all the way to Paris.- He snored through all the play.- They visit their grandparents every two weeks.- Both theories are quite convincing.- I prefer the red ones.- The others will arrive in a few minutes.
- It’s such a long time since we’ve seen you.- He looks much older now.- I have only been there a few times. - This TV is big, but the one in our bedroom is little.- We heard much laughter coming from the room. - Few people know that Schumann's wife was also a
gifted composer. - I am so lucky. I have such wonderful friends! - That is such a pretty dress! You should wear it more
often.- They ate much more than usual yesterday. - How much does this sandwich cost?- The child ate little at dinnertime. - The few who knew him well, loved him. - She was very shy, and spoke little. - Many have tried to climb the mountain and failed.
SOME, ANY, NO:- SOMEBODY. Alguien, alguno, alguna.- SOMEONE. “- SOMETHING. Algo.- SOMEWHERE. En algún lugar.- ANYBODY. Nadie.- ANYONE. “- ANYTHING. Nada.- ANYWHERE. En ningún lugar.- NOBODY. Nadie.- NO ONE. “- NOTHING. Nada.- NOWHERE. En ningún lugar.
- A best friend is somebody who helps me when I need it.
- Someone said something about you.- Somebody in here has stolen my ipod.- Someone ate the last piece of cake, but I
don't know who it was. - My pen is somewhere in my desk but I can't
find it.- My teenage son eats everything.- There's nowhere to eat Mexican food in this
town.- Don't tell anybody the secret.- He was a nobody before, but now after
marrying her, he is definitely someone. - We're looking for something to eat. - Have you got somewhere to sleep tonight? - There is something in my mind.- Are you going anywhere on Saturday?
Adjetivos y pronombres distributivos.
EACH. Cada, cada uno/a. EITHER (OR). El uno o el otro. NEITHER (NOR). Ni uno ni otro. EVERY: cada, todo/a/os/as.- EVERYBODY. Todo el mundo.- EVERYONE. “- EVERYTHING. Todo (para cosas).- EVERYWHERE. En todas partes.
- Each cat has its own personality. - Neither boy understood what was happening.- Everyone wants to come to the party. - The buildings are different from each other in
both shape and size. - Everybody I know prefers chocolate to vanilla. - Neither he nor she understood what was
happening. - Either you love me or you don't! - She doesn't want to eat and neither do I. - At the children's party, everyone was given a
present. - My wife is everything to me. - The mosquitoes were everywhere. There was
nowhere to hide from them. - There's a rest area on either side of the road. - If everybody is here then I'll begin. - Location is everything when buying a house.
PARTÍCULAS INTERROGATIVAS. WHAT Qué, el cual WHICH Qué, el cual (se da para elegir) WHO Quién WHERE Dónde WHOSE De quién WHY Por qué WHEN Cuándo WHERE Cuándo HOW Cómo WHAT … LIKE? Cómo es WHAT ABOUT…? Qué tal, qué te
parece(hacer sugerencias)
- What colour is you pencil case? - Which picture did Henry paint, the left one or
the right one? - Which language does Mr Miller teach, French
or Italian? - What hobbies does your friend have?- Which subject do you like better, Art or
Music? - Which car is faster, the red one or the blue
one? - What time do you usually get up on
Sundays?- Which juice do you prefer, orange juice or
apple juice? - What page are we on? 1- What subject do you not like?
- What is the weather like today?- Why don't you like apple juice?- What about a walk through the forest?- When do you play volleyball?- Where is my red sweat shirt, Mum?- How do Anne and Betty get to school every
day?- When does your father go to work?- Where is the dog's bone?- When are we going for a holiday by the sea
again?- How do you like coffee?- Why don't you go by bus, Max? - How do the Robinsons live?
“An Original Way to Meet People.”
That morning I had an appointment with Frank Gehry, an architect from the city building department. I wanted to build a housing project and the plans needed his approval. I was driving quite fast and became lost in a maze of one way streets. I never like being late, so I was paying more attention to finding my way back downtown than to the road. That’s when I felt a hard bump. I stopped and saw a large dog, apparently dead, on the road. I ran to the nearest house, rang the bell and a young woman opened the door. “I’ve killed a dog and I need to call the police,” I said. “Can I use your phone?” I asked. She looked out and said calmly, “That’s my dog.”
After the officers had left she offered me a cup of coffee. I accepted. There were some letters on the kitchen table and I saw that one of them was addressed to “Frank Gehry.” I was astonished and asked what her husband’s name was. “Frank Gehry”, she answered. “Great,” I thought. “I need this man’s approval, and I’ve just killed his dog.”
When I arrived at the city hall a few minutes later, Frank was coming down the stairs with an angry look on his face. When he reached me, he embraced me and said loudly, “You’ve done us a great favour. Our dog was old and blind and had cancer, and neither my wife nor I had the courage to put him to sleep. Thank you so much for what you’ve done.”
“Eating Less Meat Could Save Lives.”1 More than 45,000 lives a year could be saved if everyone began eating meat
no more than two or three times2 a week, health experts claim today. Widespread change to low-meat diets
would stop 31,000 early deaths from heart3 disease, and 9,000 from cancer, according to new analyses of British eating
habits. Dramatically reduced meat4 consumption would slow down climate change and deforestation in South
America, where rainforests are being5 chopped down to raise cows, which are later exported to Europe.6 Eating too much meat, particularly processed meat, is unhealthy because it
can involve consuming more fat7 than official guidelines recommend. "We don't need to go vegetarian to look
after ourselves and our planet, but we do8 need to cut down on meat," said Peter Bennett. "While the government has
ignored the environmental aspect of9 meat and dairy consumption, it can't ignore the lives that would be saved by
switching to less and better meat."10 Meat producers criticised the report. "The vast majority of consumers eat less
than average11 recommendations of red meat already," said Chris Lamb. "It is over-simplistic
to say that changing one element of12 the diet can have such a dramatic result. Red meat has a valuable role to
play as part of a healthy diet." Jen Elford,13 of the Vegetarian Society, added: "Of course less meat is better than more,
but we can't start solving the14 environmental and health problems without moving away from animal
protein."
