Case Studies UNDP: FARMER-TO-FARMERS PROGRAM (PCAC) SIUNA, Nicaragua

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: FARMER-TO-FARMERS PROGRAM (PCAC) SIUNA, Nicaragua

1/12

Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Nicaragua

FARMER-TO-FARMERPROGRAM (PCAC), SIUNA

Empowered live

Resilient nation

Empowered live

Resilient nation


2/12

UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIESLocal and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power of Local Action: Lessons from 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chief: Joseph CorcoranManaging Editor: Oliver Hughes

Contributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Farmer-to-Farmer Program (PCaC) o Siuna, and in particular the guidance a

inputs o Manuel Morales Navarro. All photo credits courtesy o PCaC. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Farmer-to-Farmer Program (PCaC), Siuna, Nicaragua. Equator Initiative Case Study Ser

New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858


3/12

PROJECT SUMMARYThe Farmer-to-Farmer Program (Programa de Campesinoa Campesino - PCaC) has operated throughout Nicaraguasince the post-war period o the early 1990s, as part o theworldwide Via Campesina movement which advocatesor ood sovereignty, agrarian reorm, and democraticgovernance o ood production systems.

The Farmer-to-Farmer Program in the northernmunicipality o Siuna is one o sixty-ve such programsin Nicaragua which provide technical assistance to small-scale agricultural producers. The network began its work

in 1992 with the goal o controlling the rapidly expandingagricultural rontier within the Bosaws Biosphere Reserve,while aiming to enhance ood security, increase householdincomes, and strengthen regional governance throughoutNicaraguas newly designated North Atlantic AutonomousRegion. Three hundred volunteer extension ocers work inover 80 communities and serve more than 3,000 subsistencearming amilies.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2002

FOUNDED: 1992

LOCATION: Siuna Municipality, Nicaragua

BENEFICIARIES: 3,000 families

BIODIVERSITY: Bosaws Biosphere Reserve

3

FARMER-TO-FARMERPROGRAM (PCAC), SIUNANicaragua

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 7

Biodiversity Impacts 9

Socioeconomic Impacts 9

Sustainability 10

Replication 10

Partners 11


4/12

4

he Farmer-to-Farmer Program (Programa de Campesino a Campesino

PCaC) operates in the municipality o Siuna, Nicaragua, through a

rowing network o socially-driven, environmentally-minded armers.

he program was ounded in 1992 with the aim o controlling the

apidly expanding agricultural rontier within the Bosaws Biosphere

eserve, while enhancing ood security, increasing household

ncomes, and strengthening regional governance throughout

Nicaraguas newly designated North Atlantic Autonomous Region.

CaC Siuna is a member o the worldwide Via Campesina (Farmers

Way) movement which advocates or ood sovereignty, agrarian

eorm, and democratic governance o ood production systems.

o achieve its goals, PCaC employs a armer-to-armer inormation-

haring methodology to promote sustainable soil use practices ando raise awareness o sustainable arming and ranching practices.

Over the past two decades, PCaC Siuna and its growing network o

edicated volunteer promoters have contributed not only to the

evelopment o an eective resource management ramework or

he region, but also to the social integration and reconciliation o

his war-torn rural population.

Programa de Campesino a Campesino in Nicaragua

CaC Siuna is one o sixty-ve municipal PCaC arming programs

n Nicaragua which provide technical assistance to small-scale

gricultural producers. The program builds producer capacity

with direct technical assistance or sustainable soil management,aying specic attention to soil conservation, rehabilitation, ertility,

nd erosion control, and drawing heavily rom local expertise

n ormulating their arm planning and management strategies.

heir most successul initiative has been the introduction o the

elvet bean and other leguminous crops or soil rehabilitation and

management.

Civil war and its impact on agriculture

he nationwide movement emerged during the turbulent post-war

period o the early 1990s, ollowing almost a decade o erce

war. The confict ractured the country, polarized communities

amilies, and drew much o the countrys population rom the

agricultural sector into combat. The Siuna region endured som

the ercest ghting between Sandinista and Contra orces. A

imposed trade embargo, coupled with the Sandinista governm

adoption o Soviet-style economic policies served to cripple

economy and compelled the Nicaraguan government to im

Background and Context


5/12

55

trict austerity measures upon an impoverished populace already

acking in ood and basic services. The country also experienced an

larming depreciation o its currency that reached 30,000 per cent

y the end o the decade. The protracted nature o the confict and

ontinued economic deterioration caused agricultural production

n Nicaragua to decline drastically in the 1980s. Total agricultural

roduction dropped by over 40 per cent in 1980 ollowing the

nset o war, and continued to decline by an estimated ve per cent

er year until 1993. During this period arm incomes in Nicaragua

eached their lowest levels in modern history. Siuna and Bosawsontinued to experience a high level o confict ater the 1987

Central American Peace Agreements, as armed movements sought

eparation or civil war losses. Inhabitants o the newly designated

utonomous region were largely let to govern themselves in this

solated yet resource-rich territory, which included the poorly

managed Bosaws Biosphere Reserve.

Bosaws Biosphere Reserve

osaws was established in 1979, partially in response to a growing

worldwide recognition o the need to conserve critical ecological

ones. The reserve covers approximately 14 percent o Nicaraguaserritory, or 2,800,000 ha, with the core zone covering close to one

million hectares. Together with the three neighboring protected areas

Honduras Ro Patuca National Park, Tawhaka Anthropological

eserve, and Ro Pltano Biosphere Reserve Bosaws constitutes

he so-called Heart o the Mesoamerican Biocorridor and represents

he largest protected tropical mountain moist orest north o the

Amazon basin. Biodiversity within the reserve is extremely rich, with

many rare or endangered species. As well as an estimated 100,000

o 200,000 insect species, the reserve is also home to notable bird

pecies such as Quetzals, Guacamayas, and the Harpy Eagle (Harpia

arpyia).

There are also around 130,000 people living within the res

Occupation within the core zone is limited primarily to the Mi

and Mayangas indigenous groups who number approxim

25,000. Another 100,000 mestizos, mainly subsistence armers

estimated to inhabit the buer zone. In 1997, Bosaws becam

biosphere reserve under the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Prog

joining a world network o reserves that are home to both wi

and local human populations.

As a national reserve, Bosaws is legally the property oNicaraguan government. However, given the variety o ethnic gr

living within and around the reserve, the diversity o interests

many natural and mineral resources, and its geographic loca

control and management o the reserve has been a complex is

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the combined lack o a un

management authority, a poorly articulated management stra

and the ongoing armed confict in the region resulted in unche

use o the reserves resources and led to unsustainable agricul

encroachment deep into the reserves buer zone.

UNAG and origins of farmer-to-farmer exchange, 1980s

In 1981 the Sandinista government established the National Far

and Ranchers Union (UNAG) in order to orge a populist agr

ront. It was rom UNAG that the Nicaraguan PCaC movem

emerged in 1987, in an attempt to provide relie to rural popula

suering rom the eects o war. UNAG believed that a arme

armer exchange program which ocused on the improveme

agricultural production would help to ameliorate the deteriora

situation acing Nicaraguan armers and would contribut

the stabilization o the agricultural sector. This was also the

concrete assistance available to small-scale armers in an unst

political and institutional climate that avored state agricul

Fig. 1: Gross per capita Agricultural Production Index, Nicaragua,1975-2010 (2004-2006=100)

ource: FAO Statistics Division, 2012


6/12

6

enterprises and the ormation o inecient arming cooperatives or

ural producers.

PCaC initiated in Siuna, 1992

The initial PCaC Nicaragua proposal ocused on promoting a

oil conservation program aimed at small-scale hillside armers,

mplemented primarily in the dry areas o Nicaraguas Pacic and

central regions. In 1992, UNAG rst promoted PCaC activities in

Siuna to slow the advancing agricultural rontier within the newly

created Bosaws Nature Reserve buer zone, increase local ood

ecurity, and to begin restoring deorested areas in the southeastern

part o Bosaws. However, UNAG was unamiliar with the regions

humid tropical conditions and lacked a technology and resource

management plan or the specic conditions in Siuna. Slash-and-

burn arming was widely practiced in Siuna and contributed to a

variety o environmental problems: unsustainable hillside arming

damaged soils and accelerated erosion and nutrient loss, leading to

decreased crop yields. This compelled armers to penetrate urther

and urther into the poorly managed Bosaws reserve where they

could reely clear orested land in search o ertile soils. In responseo this situation, UNAG and PCaC Siuna developed an innovative

arming methodology which centered on promoting armer-to-

armer inormation sharing in order to help stabilize the agricultural

rontier and develop a resource management strategy attuned to

he diverse interests in the region.

An approach rooted in local capacity

The armer-to-armer inormation sharing exchange methodology

s one o the most salient eatures o the PCaC Siuna initiative. This

methodology involves the direct horizontal sharing o inormation

and experiences between armers, without the intermediary

ntervention o proessional sta. The approach representedan important departure rom traditional vertical pedagogical

elationships prevailing in Nicaragua regarding the transer o

knowledge and technology. Many armers have attributed their

uccess to the act that the transer o conocimiento, or knowledge,

s more eective when it comes rom people they can understand

and whose agricultural lexicon is similar to their own. Initially, there

was a great deal o skepticism rom a number o sectors, including

organizations that worked with rural armers, as well as rom

tate entities that oversaw agrarian development in the country

at the time. Some o these institutions believed that the methods

ntroduced by PCaC signaled a reversion to archaic agricultural

practices which the government had been attempting to modernize.

Despite this initial skepticism, PCaC Siuna continued promotingarmer exchange programs with great success.

Evolution of the PCaC Siuna approach, 1990s

n August 1993, three armers rom the Rosa Grande community

o Siuna participated in an exchange program in the community

o Can, in the municipality o Boaco, where velvet bean (Mucuna

pruriens) had been used to help restore and conserve soil ertility.

Velvet bean is a nitrogen-xing plant species that has been widely

used or improving degraded soils, as well as or human and animal

consumption, crop rotation and weed control. As a ertilizer, it

be incorporated into the soil at the fowering stage. Its biom

decomposes rapidly, releasing nitrogen into the soil. As a cover

it can remain in the eld until harvest. The bean is also a sourc

human ood and can be roasted and mixed with coee or maiz

Siuna, it is used as an ingredient in cajeta, atole, rice and beans

mixed with meat in meals. Velvet bean also provides erosion co

benets. The dense ground cover provided by the plant reduce

erosive orces o rain, improves rainwater inltration into the

and helps to preserve soil humidity. On steep slopes, especia

areas with high precipitation and soils with low inltration cap

the velvet bean methodology can mean the dierence betw

meager or healthy harvests.

The Rosa Grande armers were enthusiastic about what they

observed in Can and were eager to see i they could achieve si

results on their own arms. Between 1993 and 1994, 13 Rosa Gr

armers began experimenting with velvet bean, with word o

successes quickly spreading to ve other communities o S

From this beginning, PCaC in Siuna has grown into a movem

consisting o more than 300 innovative agricultural producersare experts in arming techniques suited or the humid tro

These armers work voluntarily in over 80 communities to tra

their knowledge to more than 3,000 amilies engaged in subsist

agriculture within the municipality o Siuna. Their eorts have

instrumental in developing a transormative vision o agricul

production rom traditional slash-and-burn to a sustainable sys

using green ertilizers and cover crops. Through their innov

resource management ramework, PCaC has helped to limit

advance o the agricultural rontier into the Bosaws Biosp

Reserve. The group has also made signicant contribu

towards the reconciliation o war-torn rural populations, which

strengthened systems o regional governance and awakened a

campesino social awareness.


7/12

77

Key Activities and Innovations

n a relatively short period o time, PCaC armers achieved remarkable

esults through the strategic planting o leguminous crops. During

he rst exchange between the armers o Rosa Grande and Can,

armers learned how the velvet bean could improve soil ertility, as

well as about the benets o intercropping, using organic insect-

epellents and ertilizers, minimum tillage, and contour arming

echniques. Since implementing these practices, soil quality and

arvest yields have improved dramatically.

Strategies for improving agricultural productivity

ntercropping the practice o mixing several crop species into

one planting parcel yields several notable benets. Farmers caniversiy their crops with complementary species such as cacao,

oee, peppers, and soil-enhancing legumes. This technique also

provides habitat or a variety o insects and soil organisms that would

ot be present in a single-crop environment, thereby enhancing

biodiversity. This biodiversity can in turn help to limit outbreaks o

rop pests. Farmers also produce natural pest repellents made o

on-arm items such as chili peppers, garlic, onion, and tobacco. As

he ocus is on repelling instead o killing, the shit rom chemical

nsecticides to natural insect repellants illustrates another strategy

n the eort to conserve biodiversity.

armers have also experimented with minimum tillage and contour

arming. Minimum tillage is a technique which involves tilling onlyhe specic portion o land in which a seed is planted. This allows

he majority o biomass covering the soil to remain intact, providing

protective covering o vegetation on the topsoil which would

otherwise be exposed to the powerul erosive orces o wind and

ain. Contour arming is a strategy well-suited to hillside arming,

nd is less labor intensive and more easible or subsistence armers

han terracing. Crops are planted in concentric rows perpendicular

o the slope o the hill and there they orm a live, natural barrier to

low the fow o run-o water and soil erosion.


8/12

88

Holistic farmland management

The success o arm management strategies has also allowed

armers to intensiy cattle ranching on existing ranchland without

having to expand their ranches in search o more productive soils.

There are signicant economic benets to be derived rom cattle

anching, but traditional ranching methods oten entail high-impact

and use. Previously, armers needed almost two acres o land per

ow or grazing; since the introduction o PCaCs arm management

echniques, around 0.5 acres per cow is required or grazing. This

s especially important given the continued surge in interest in

attle ranching. By demonstrating the eectiveness o their armmanagement methods, PCaC plays an important role in developing

basis or the integration o cattle ranching into a sustainable arm

management ramework.

arm mapping is also proving to be a valuable tool or land use

planning. Where armers may have once treated their elds uniormly,

hey are now seeing benets rom the more precise management

decisions that arm mapping and planning allow them to make. For

xample, problem areas on the arm can be pinpointed and mapped

or uture management decisions and input recommendations.

Also, the velvet bean arming method enables armers to plant

on the same land year ater year and thus to make longer-term

management decisions.

Communication methodologies

PCaC promoters use a variety o methods to teach others about the

benets o their arming techniques. Promoters use demonstrations

nd photo expositions to get their message across, and also make

use o more creative tools such as radio programs, olk music, and

heatre to convey their ideas. They also organize exchanges between

armers involving workshops, videos, photo presentations, poems,

ongs and drama to communicate experiences. The active role

that the armers have taken has created an environment o mu

respect and support and motivates others to contribute to the e

The PCaC has solved signicant problems with sustain

alternatives, the velvet bean having been especially pivot

helping to stabilize crop production and relieve pressure on

Bosaws reserve. The program helps to bring together dispe

arming households and create a basis or a healthy, se

community. It succeeds because it addresses not just the sympt

o deorestation but the causes, driven by the people who dev

and promote methods appropriate or the local customs

environment.

Fig. 2: PCaC Siuna, number of promoters and farmers (1993-2000)

ource: Cullar, N., and Kandel, S., 2007

34 76305

1,030 1,100

1,677

2,105

3,000

10 25 43 37 80 88158

300

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Farmers Promoters


9/12

9

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSince the beginning o the project, PCaC has protected approximately

20,000 hectares o land orming an important watershed rom

deorestation. This has led to an increase o species whose habitats

were previously threatened by the encroachment o agriculture.

Biodiversity in the area has also benetted rom active reorestation.

Recent internal PCaC reports state that an estimated 3,000 armers

n 80 communities use the velvet bean cover crop on more than

,000 ha rather than relying on burning practices. Some 300

amilies have seen their agricultural production stabilized with

planned and diversied arms. By increasing amily ood security,

PCaCs participants have greatly reduced the impetus or new landlearance. Their actions have protected 2,500 ha o orest rom tree

elling, while 15,000 ha o orest have been set aside or restoration

n those 80 communities.

PCaC contributes to the eective management o Bosaws by helping

educe pressure on the reserve and promoting new conservation

wareness and attitudes among armers and ranchers. Tree nurseries

have been established in many communities and PCaC has helped

o plant approximately 25,000 allspice trees (Pimienta doica) and

n additional 10,000 trees o other species in agroorestry systems.

PCaC and its participants have created 1,000 ha o corredores

biolgicos campesinos (Farmer Biological Corridors) which serve as

buer zones to Bosaws. Three hundred producers have each putside between 3.5 and 14 hectares o protected orest. Thousands o

rees have been planted along regeneration corridors that link their

ands to the biosphere reserve with plans to plant a urther 10,000

rees rom 20 dierent species.

A project is also being explored to install a processing plant or

he extraction o essential oils rom dierent species, including

llspice, ginger, lemongrass and cinnamon. The goal or PCaC and

ts extensive network o agricultural producers is to be able to derive

ncome rom the orest without destroying it.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTSThrough their work with PCaC, the volunteer promoters have sh

that the cultivation o a variety o crops can increase the er

o the land when it is undertaken hand-in-hand with impro

agricultural practices. These eorts are already bearing ru

the orm o generating ood or both consumption and sale.

3,000 producers have experimented with the velvet bean ert

on their arms with impressive results. In 32 communities o S

participating armers have proven that corn, rice, beans, plan

yucca, pineapple, sugar cane, and taro root can be planted wit

slash-and-burn techniques, while the use o leguminous cover c

improves soil ertility. This has enabled amilies to meet their

ood needs and sell their extra produce at market, even dudrought years. All o this has had a direct positive impact on qu

o lie and has contributed to improved diets o producer amili

Social stability is also being strengthened in the region as a r

o PCaCs eorts. Farmers play a leading role in training, organ

and executing activities carried out by PCaC in the commun

where it operates. Such participation enables communities to

the lead in ostering the development o local processes tha

beyond agricultural production and into the social, political

organizational spheres at the community level.

Another impact o the new techniques is that armers are no lo

orced to travel long distances to nd ertile lands to cultiThey are able to enhance the productivity o lands closer to h

making their eort more ecient. They can now dedicate more

to production and can better saeguard their crops against p

animals, and thieves. This also enables amilies to save valuable

rom long hikes to their arms, and allows more armers to

together on smaller plots. This has also had the eect o increa

participation in domestic chores such as etching water, chop

rewood, raising animals, and ood preparation. Another advan

o the amily arms is that it reduces the amount o time that chil

must help out on the arm, allowing them more time to at

school.


10/12

10

Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYhe PCaC program, which began as an experimental soil and

water conservation project with a simple communication strategy,

as scaled up to become a diverse, holistic movement seeking to

onstruct an alternative strategy or the development o Nicaraguan

griculture. PCaC Siuna has become a well-known reerence point

n the eld o rural development programs currently operating in

Central and South America and the Caribbean. Results achieved

ntil now show that the program in Siuna has transcended its status

s a soil and water conservation pilot project to become a broad

gricultural movement through which small armers are adapting to

he challenges conronting rural areas and stimulating bottom-upgricultural sector development. PCaC encourages experimentation

nd participation by armers while strengthening their organizational

nd technical capacity and spurring the accumulation o armer

nowledge. The program is a driving orce in the development o

ocial and human capital in Siuna and contributes greatly to the

management and governance o the regions resources. This has

pened armer communities to the prospect o introducing new

echnologies into their arming systems and has achieved positive

hanges in social and environmental awareness.

REPLICATION

CaC has evolved rom a pilot project to an alternative developmentnitiative at the local, national, and international level. Successul

esults spoke volumes and interest in the program grew steadily,

with the network o PCaC promoters growing rom just ten armers

n 1993 to over 3,000 armers by 1999. With support rom the

Agricultural Frontier Program, PCaC Siuna acquired technologies

uch as televisions, video cameras, and motorcycles that enabled the

rganisation to expand its reach into other communities. Thousands

armers have now attended workshops ocusing on seed

election, the use o natural insecticides, and alternative techniques

or plowing, planting and ertilizing. From this, an extensive and

cohesive network o armer promoters continues to grow, expan

their knowledge o sustainable resource management practice

In 1998, the initiative was visited by a World Bank representati

investigate the potential or extraction and commercializatio

essential oils rom crops such as allspice. This sparked the int

o 15 communities and led to the ormation o the Siuna Mul

Services and Essential Oils Extraction Cooperative (COOPESIU

Several universities across Nicaragua have also incorporated

armer-to-armer horizontal inormation sharing methodology

their graduate programs in rural development.


11/12

1111

y 1999, PCaC Siuna had expanded into over 60 per cent o the

ommunities in the municipality. Knowledge o sustainable

griculture techniques has now been passed on to more than

,000 amilies in over 80 communities in the region. The group has

metamorphosed urther with several cooperatives undertaking

rojects in housing, water and sewage acilities, education,

eorestation and re prevention with other communities. Seventy-

hree associations aliated with PCaC Siuna are currently seeking

egal status in Matagalpa, Santa Rosa del Pen, Masaya, Siuna,oaco, Chontales, Madriz, Managua, Rivas, Nueva Segovia, Rio San

uan and Carazo.

ommunities rom several countries are now also learning rom

he PCaC Siuna experience. During the late 1990s and early 2000s,

he organization began conducting exchange visits throughout

entral America and joined the Central American Indigenous and

easant Coordinator o Communal Agroorestry (ACICAFOC), based

n Costa Rica. ACICAFOC is a non-prot organization that convenes

associations, cooperatives, ederations and organized group

small- to medium-scale agroorestry producers, indigenous pe

and peasant communities throughout Central America wor

to manage natural resources and achieve ood security and

sustainable economic development o their communities.

PARTNERS

PCaC has worked with a variety o partners including the NatiFarmers and Ranchers Union o Nicaragua (UNAG), the

Foundation, the Interchurch Organisation or Developm

Cooperation, Oxam Great Britain, Agricultural Frontier Prog

(PFA) Central American Indigenous and Peasant Coordinato

Communal Agroorestry (ACICAFOC), Promocin de Equ

Mediante el Crecimiento Economico (PEMCE), Lutheran World R

Echanges et Solidarit 44, Brot fr die Welt (Bread or the World)

MS America Central.


12/12

Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:

Equator Initiative

Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Tel: +1 646 781 4023

www.equatorinitiative.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change

onnecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator Initiative

All rights reserved

FURTHER REFERENCE

Cullar, N., and Kandel, S. 2007. The Campesino to Campesino Program of Siuna, Nicaragua: Context, Accomplishments and Challenges.

ter or International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Indonesia. http://www.cior.org/acm/download/pub/grassroot/Siuna_eng%20All.p

PCaC PhotoStory (Vimeo) http://vimeo.com/24481441

PCaC Video (Vimeo) http://vimeo.com/27255314
http://www.cifor.org/acm/download/pub/grassroot/Siuna_eng%20All.pdfhttp://vimeo.com/24481441http://vimeo.com/24481441http://www.cifor.org/acm/download/pub/grassroot/Siuna_eng%20All.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348151615.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348151517.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348261012.pdf

Case Studies UNDP: FARMER-TO-FARMERS PROGRAM (PCAC) SIUNA, Nicaragua

Documents

Transcript of Case Studies UNDP: FARMER-TO-FARMERS PROGRAM (PCAC) SIUNA, Nicaragua