compitec

ResumenEsteinformerecogelosprincipalesresultadosobtenidosapartirdelestudiodeinformacinde patentes e informacin cientfica para determinar las tendencias tecnolgicas en laproduccindeetanolapartirdelosresiduoslignocelulsicos.La fuentede informacin fundamentalparaesteestudio fue labasededatosdepatentesQPATlacualdisponedeunsistemadebsqueda(PlusPat)queincluyecercade50millonesdedocumentosdepatentes, colectados apartirde lasbasesdedatosde75 autoridadesmundiales. De estos 50millones, 14millones tienen los resmenes en ingls, existen 9millonesdedibujos, ypara lamayorade lasnaciones ladata acumulada comienzaenelprincipiodelsigloXX.DentrodePlusPatseencuentra laherramientaFampatquepotencialos resultadosde labsqueda al incluir toda la informacin relacionada con la familiadepatentes. Tambin se utiliz la base de datos Esp@cenet internacional, la cual incluyeinformacindecercade70pasesyregionesdelmundoycontiene59millonesdepatentes.Complementariamenteseconsultaron lasbasesdedatosdepatentesdeEE.UU.y lade losregistros internacionales de patentes de acuerdo al Tratado Internacional de Patentesadministrado por la OMPI. Adems se utilizaron sitios de bsquedas de informacincientficotcnica,ascomomotoresdebsquedasdecompaascomerciales. LaspalabrasclavesutilizadasestnespecificadasenelacpiteEstrategiadebsqueda.Comoresultadosimportantesdeesteestudiosepudoconcluirque:

EstadosUnidoseselmayorgeneradordepatentessobreeltema.

Brasil,comoprimerproductordeetanolapartirdelacaadeazcar,esunafuentede informacinmuy importante, tanto desde el punto de vista empresarial comoacadmico.

La introduccindelprocesodehidrlisisrpidaen laproduccindeetanolapartirde los residuos lignocelulsico,permite,deunamanera factible,usarestamateriaprimacomoalternativa.

Existeunaugedeproyectose inversiones relacionados conel temayaque sehademostradoqueesviable lautilizacindelmaterial lignocelulsicocomofuentedeenergarenovable.

Enelcuerpodeesteinformesiincluyendeformaexplicitatodoslosresultadosobtenidosapartirdelanlisisdeinformacin,loscualespermitieronllegaraestasconclusiones.

1. Introduccinalestudio.En este trabajo nos proponemos poner a disposicin de los clientes, un paqueteinformativo con valor agregado, basado en el anlisis, validacin, y conjugacin de lasfuentes de informacin que estn a nuestro alcance. Esta gestin de la informacin,realizada para brindar conocimientos, resulta una herramienta poderosa para cualquierorganizacin.Es importantetenerencuenta,queeldesarrollotecnolgicoesunprocesodinmico, por lo que su supervisin presupone mtodos sistemticos, con anlisis deindicadores,sealesdeavisos,yseguimientodetendenciaspara lograruna identificacinprecozdeoportunidadesoamenazas,cuestinvitaleneldiseodeestrategiaspara lasorganizaciones.Dentrode lasfuentesde informacinaanalizarseencuentra la informacindePatentes.Losdocumentosdepatentestienencaractersticastcnicolegalquedelimitanelalcancede los derechos monoplicos de comercializacin sobre los objetos de invencinamparados en las patentes tanto territorial como temporalmente, por ello en sucontenido no se exige que se demuestre cientficamente el por qu ocurren estosresultados.Enesta fuentede informacinserecupera fundamentalmentealternativasdesolucinaproblemastcnicosdelaindustriaodelasociedadengeneral,queparapoderconstituirobjetosdeinvencindebenserinnovaciones,tantodeproductosoprocesosquesatisfagan los requisitos de patentabilidad: novedad mundial, actividad inventiva yaplicabilidadindustrial.Esta fuente de informacin presenta una serie de ventajas frente a otras fuentes deinformacinentrelasquesedestacan:

Trasmiteninformacinrecienteconunconsiderabletiempodeanticipacin(dosatresaos)delasalidadelproductoalmercado,conuncontenidocientficotcnicoqueenmsdeun70%noapareceenotrasfuentes.

La informacincontenidaesmuytilpara lageneracindenuevas innovacionestcnicasrealmentecompetitivasenelmercado,paralaadquisicindetecnologas,yparasolucionestcnicasenlaindustria.

Permite,atravsdelafecha,realizarestudiosdeobsolescencia,tendencias,ciclosdevida,prediccindeprecios,valores,etc.

Permiteidentificarlugares,autores,ypatrocinadoresdelacompetencia.Conjugar la informacindepatentes, la informacincientfico comercial,y loscriteriosyvaloraciones de expertos, a travs del prisma de las necesidades del cliente, permitemostrarunavisinglobaldeldesarrollotecnolgicoenestudio.Locualsuministra,deestamanera,elementosesencialesparalatomadedecisiones.ElTemadelpresenteInformeeselsiguiente:

Estado Actual de la Tcnica sobre produccin de etanol a partir de residuoslignocelulsicos.

Pararealizaresteestudioanalizaremosinformacinpublicadaendocumentosdepatentes,artculoscientficos,dictmenesdeexpertos,informesdeautoridadesnacionales,informesde organizaciones no gubernamentales, informacin de empresas productoras ycomercializadoras, y cualquier otra fuente confiable de informacin que contribuya a

establecer, loms realposible,elestadoactualde la tcnica relacionadaconel temaenanlisis.LosBIOcombustiblessonaquelloscombustiblesproducidosapartirdebiomasayquesonconsiderados,portanto,unaenergarenovable.Sepuedenpresentartantoenformaslida(residuosvegetales, fraccinbiodegradablede los residuosurbanoso industriales) comolquida(bioalcoholes,biodisel)ygaseosa(biogs,hidrgeno).Elalcoholetlicooetanolesunproductoqumicoobtenidoapartirde lafermentacindelos azcares que se encuentran en los productos vegetales. Estos azcares estncombinados en forma de sacarosa, almidn, hemicelulosa y celulosa. Actualmente, elbioetanol es el biocombustible con mayor produccin mundial. Para su fabricacin sepueden utilizar una gran cantidad dematerias primas. Elmayor productormundial deetanol son los EstadosUnidos con una produccin anual aproximada de 18 Billones delitros,estaproduccinprovieneprincipalmentedelalmidndemaz,ymuycercanoalestBrasilconunaproduccinanualde17Billonesdelitrosprincipalmenteapartirdecaadeazcar.Tambinseutilizaremolacha,cerealoresiduosforestales,etc.EnlafiguraNo.1se pueden observar una comparacin en cuanto a rendimiento de diferentes cultivosenergticos.

FiguraNo.1.Rendimientoporcultivosenergticos.

1.1. Problemtica

La subida de precio de los alimentos y los ltimos informes negativos sobre estosBIOcombustibles han generado el rechazo y la desconfianza de la sociedad. LaAgenciaparalosCombustiblesRenovablesdeReinoUnido,llamadoInformeGallagher,recomiendafrenarlosobjetivosdeestoscarburantesverdespara2020hastaquesepuedaasegurarsusostenibilidad.Estoshanpasadoenpocosmesesdeserpartedelasolucinparaelcambio

climtico a convertirse en el foco de todas las crticas. Sin embargo, no todos losbiocombustiblestienenlamismaresponsabilidadenlacrisisalimentariaglobal.UnrecienteestudiosecretodelBancoMundial,publicadoporTheGuardian,asegurabaqueelimpactodeestoscarburantespuedesuponerel75%delaumentodepreciodelmazy el trigo. Pero dicho informe exclua de esa cifra al sustituto vegetal de la gasolinaproducidoapartirdecaadeazcar.Dehecho,esteproductoes lanicamateriaprimaagrcolaquenohaaumentadodepreciodesde2006,mientraselaumentomediodelrestodealimentoshasidodel83%enelmismoperiodo.Elciclodevidadelbioetanoldecaadeazcaremitecercadeun85%menosdeCO2quelasgasolinasprocedentesdelpetrleo,segndatosextradosdeinformesdelWorldwatchInstitute yde laAgencia Internacionalde laEnerga.ElbioetanolproducidoapartirdecerealesenEuropaoEstadosUnidosgeneraun30%menosdecarbonoquelagasolinayelproducidoapartirderemolachaenlaUninEuropeatieneun45%dereduccin.Losmaterialeslignocelulsicossonlosqueofrecenunmayorpotencialparalaproduccinde bioetanol. Se generan como residuos en los procesos productivos de los sectoresagrcola,forestaleindustrial.Muchosdeestosresiduosnoslotienenvaloreconmicoenel contexto donde se generan sino que pueden ser causa de problemas ambientalesdurantesueliminacin.Sin embargo, el bioetanol producido a travs de residuos lignocelulsicos tieneinconvenientesreportadosporvariosautores,losmsfrecuentesson:

El pretratamiento utilizado tradicionalmente para eliminar la lignina es muycostoso.

Laproduccindeenzimascapacesdehidrolizarlacelulosa/hemicelulosaocurreen

reactoresmicrobiolgicosmuycostosos.

El costo de inversin para una planta de produccin de bioetanol a partir debagazodecaaes50%mayorqueparaunaplantasimilarapartirdemelazas.

Apesardequelamelazacomomateriaprimacuesta4vecesmsqueelbagazode

caa,el costounitariopor litroes30%ms caropara laproduccinapartirdelbagazoqueapartirdelamelaza.

En estosmomentosBrasil est implementando una nueva tecnologa, llamadaHidrlisisRpidalacualsebasaenelmximoaprovechamientodelBagazodecaadeazcarlacuaLpermitiraumentarenun30%laproduccindeetanolsinsembrarmscaa.EnelacpitedeanlisisdeInformacinnopatenteahondaremossobreesteaspecto.

1.2. ProcesoEnlafiguraNo.2seobserva,deformaesquemtica,elprocesocompletodeobtencindelalcohol,apartirdelasprincipalesmateriasprimasqueseutilizanparasuproduccin.

FiguraNo.2.ProcesodeProduccindeBioetanol.

Losresiduosdebiomasacontienenmezclascomplejasdecarbohidratos,llamadoscelulosa,hemicelulosaylignina.Paraobtenerlosazcaresdelabiomasa,estaestratadaconcidoso enzimas que facilitan su obtencin. La celulosa y hemicelulosa son hidrolizadas porenzimasodiluidasporcidosparaobtenersacarosa,queesentoncesfermentada.Tressonlosprincipalesmtodosconvencionalesparaextraerestosazcares:lahidrlisisconcidosconcentrados,lahidrlisisconcidosdiluidosylahidrlisisenzimtica.A continuacin, en la figuraNo.3, semuestra el contenido de azcares en los residuoslignocelulsicos,notndosequelacelulosaylahemicelulosaconstituyenalrededordel80%delcontenidototal.

FiguraNo.3.Composicindelosresiduoslignocelulsicos.

En lafiguraNo.4sepuedenver lasdiferentesformasdeprocesar lasmateriasprimas,enfuncindesuorigen,paralaobtencindesusazcares.

FiguraNo.4.DiferenciacindeprocesosdeProduccindeBioetanol.PretratamientoElpretratamientoenesteprocesojuegaunrolmuyimportanteyaqueatravsdelmismoseeliminalalignina,queeslaprimeracapadeproteccinvegetalparapoderaccederala

celulosa interior delmaterial lignocelulsico. Estn reportados diferentes tipos de pretratamientos,loscualessonrepresentadosenlasiguientefigura:

FiguraNo.5.Diferentestiposdepretratamientos.

HidrlisisLas celulosas no pueden ser fermentadas directamente, es necesario convertirla enazcaresmssencillosparasuconversinenalcohol.Lahidrlisisesunprocesoqumicoquedivide lamolculade celulosapor la accinde lamolcula de agua. Las complejasestructuras de la celulosa (celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina) son divididas en diferentesprocesosparaconseguirunasolucinazucarada,yeliminarproductosdedescomposicinde los azucares que pueden inhibirlo, almenos, dificultar el proceso de fermentacin.Principalmente se realizan procesos de hidrlisis de cidos concentrados y bajastemperaturas,decidosdiluidosyaltastemperaturasyenzimticos.Hidrlisisconcidosconcentrados.Enesteprocesoseaadeentre7077%decidosulfricoalabiomasa,quehasidosecadapreviamentehastaobtenerunahumedadmenordel10%. Laproporcinde cidoesde1:25 por cada parte de biomasa y semantiene a una temperatura controlada de 50C.Entonces se aade agua,paradiluir el cido aun2030%de lamezcla, aumentando sutemperaturahastalos100C.Elgelproducidoenesteprocesoesprensadoparaobtenerlamezcladeacido yazcar,que finalmente son separados.Esteesunprocesodelque seobtienerendimientosmuyelevadosperoauncosto igualmentemuyelevado,por loqueindustrialmentenoserealiza.Hidrlisisconcidosdiluidos.Esunode losprocesosdehidrlisismsantiguos,simplesyeficientespara laproduccindelalcohol.Elprimerpasoesmezclarunaproporcinde0,7%decido sulfrico con lahemicelulosa presente en la biomasa, para que se hidrolice a 190C. La segunda parteconsiste en optimizar el rendimiento de la reaccin con la parte de la celulosa msresistente, para ello se usa un 0,4% de cido sulfrico a 215C. Finalmente los lquidoshidrolizadossonneutralizadosyrecuperados,normalmentemediantepercolacin.Hidrlisisenzimtica.Consisteen romper (hidrolizar) la celulosapor laadicindedeterminadasenzimas. Lacelulosa es degradada por las celulasas a azcares, que pueden ser fermentados porlevadurasobacteriasparaproduciretanol.Ensntesis,elprocesoconsisteendescomponer

lacelulosay lahemicelulosadel residuoenazcaressencillosy transformarlosenetanolpor fermentacin. En primer lugar se lleva a cabo un pretratamiento del residuo cuyoobjetivo es alcanzar los mejores resultados en las etapas siguientes (hidrlisis yfermentacin).Desdeelpuntodevistaeconmico,estaetapaescrtica,puestoquegranparte del coste total del proceso estara en esta primera etapa. Como resultado delpretratamiento se obtiene una disolucin de azcares provenientes de la ruptura de lahemicelulosa yun residuo slido (constituidoprincipalmentepor la celulosadel residuooriginal).La hidrlisis enzimtica presenta ventajas frente a la hidrlisis qumica, comomenorescostosdeequipamiento (debido aque se realiza apresin atmosfrica y a temperaturaprximaalaambiental),mayoresrendimientosynonecesitautilizaragentesqumicos.

1. BasesdeDatosySitiosdeInternetConsultados.Lasbasesdedatosdeinformacindepatenteseinformacincientficotcnica,consultadasenestainvestigacinfueron:TablaNo.1.SitiosdeBasesdeDatosenInternet.

Pases/Org. Basededatos Perodosconsultados

Internet QPAT 1900 - 2008

Estados Unidos USPTO 1976 - 2008

Internet Espacenet-Worl Wide 1900 - 2008Internet Scirus 1900- 2008Internet Scholar Google 1976 - 2008

1.1. OtrosSitiosdeInters.

http://www.elmundo.es/DiarioespaolElMundo,artculoLacaadeazcar:lamejoralternativaalpetrleo publicadoel21dejuliodel2008.http://www.ciatej.net.mx/CentrodeAsistenciaenTecnologayDiseodeJalisco,Mxico. http://ceticismo.wordpress.com/2007/12/17/bagacodacanatambemproduz

alcool/Sitiodecienciaytecnologabrasileo. http://www.una.ac.cr/campus/OficinadeComunicacin.UniversidadNacionaldeCostaRica. http://www.dedini.com.br/es/dhr.htmlPortaldeIndustriasDEDINI.Brasil

http://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Graspa/SistemaProducaoGraspa/

fermentacao.htmPortaldelaempresabrasileaparalaproduccindevino. http://eventos.fim.uclv.edu.cu/comec/cd/ponen/c1/c129.pdfUniversidaddeVillaClara. http://www.iea.usp.br/iea/online/midiateca/etanolcelulosicosoares.pdfInstitutodeEstudiosAvanzados.Brasil.

http://www.senado.gob.mx/comisiones/LX/agroindustriaazucarera/content/eventos/

forocadenadevalor/foro_guadalajara/bioenergeticos5.pdfColegiodePostgraduados.Mxico.

http://www.madrimasd.orgUniversidad Rey Juan Carlos del Crculo de Innovacin en TecnologasMedioambientalesyEnerga(CITME). http://www.biodieselspain.com/2008/04/04/bioetanollignocelulosicoy

switchgrass/SitiodeDebateymarketplacedebiocombustiles. http://www.bolsageneral.es/acciones/abengoa/abengoaproduceetanolen

eeuuapartirdebiomasa/Sitiodeanlisiselabolsadevalores.

2. EstrategiadeBsqueda.PorClasificacinInternacionaldePatentes:C12P Procesos de fermentacin para la sntesis de un compuesto qumico dado decomposicin dada. C12P 7/00 Preparacin de compuestos orgnicos que contienenoxgeno.C12P7/08Preparacin como subproductoopreparadoapartirdeun sustratoconstituidopordesechosomateriascelulsicas.Porpalabrasclavesyoperadoresautorizados:

1. Bagassefermentationethanol2. Bagaofermentaolcool3. Pretreatmentbagassefermentation.4. Acidhydrolysislignocellulosic5. Enzymehydrolysislignocellulosic.6. Lignocellulosicethanol7. StrawsugarcaneHydrolysisethanol

La bsqueda realizada, conjugando las diferentes estrategias, arroj como resultado 61familiasdepatentesrelacionadasconeltemadelboletn.Losresmenes de laspatentesseencuentranenelANEXO1.Ademsseencontraron26artculosvinculadosaproyectosdeinvestigacineinformacinacadmicaresumidosenelANEXO3.

3. AnlisisdeInformacin.3.1. Patentes.

Serecuperaron61familiasdepatentesrelacionadasconlaproduccindeetanolapartirdelosresiduoslignocelulsicos.EnlaelfiguraNo.6semuestraladistribucindelaspatentesporpasesdeorigen.

Figura No. 6. Distribucin por pases de origen de las patentespublicadas

Ntese como la generacin de patentes est centralizada en los pases desarrolladossiendoEstadosUnidosquienhagenerado el48%de lasmismas,ademsseobservaunatendencia a utilizar la va PCT para registrar las invenciones. El contenido de losdocumentosabarcamuchosaspectosrelacionadosconlaproduccindeetanolapartirdelosresiduos lignocelulsicos,entreellossedestacan tiposdehidrlisis, tiposdeenzimas,tipos de pre tratamientos, especies de microorganismo, y tipos de residuoslignocelulsicos. En la Tabla No.2 y en la figura No.7 se recoge la informacinanteriormente explicada con respecto a los procesos de produccin. A continuacin serelacionan lostiposdemicroorganismosreportadosen losdocumentosdepatentesy lostiposdematerialeslignocelulsicos.Microorganismos

Sacharomycescerevisiae. PichiastipitisWPW9ATCCPTA3717 Klugveromycesmarxianus Klugveromycesgenus Bacteriasetalonognicas. BacteriasanaerobiasestrictastermfilasThermoanazrubactermathanii Clostridiumcarboxidivorans Thermoanazrubactersaccharolyticum.

MaterialLignocelulsico.

Residuosdemadera,residuosdecosechas,bagazodecaa,hierbas,rbolesgomferos,maderadehaya,roble,lamo,eucalipto,pino,abeto,papelreciclado,pulpadepapel,forrajeanimal,pajasyhongos.

TablaNo.2.Temasabordadosporlaspatentes.CantidaddePatentes

Tema

7 Hidrlisisenzimticautilizandocelulasa.1 Hidrlisisenzimticautilizandocelulasaygalactosidasaenbuffercitrato.4 Hidrlisisenzimticautilizandocelulasayxilasa.1 Hidrlisisenzimticautilizandocelulasayamilasa.

10 Digestinutilizandomtodosfsicosqumicosconempleodesolventesorgnicos1 Pretratamientoconlquidoinico.2 Pretratamientoconsolucionesalcalinas.6 Hidrlisiscidautilizandocidosulfricocombinadoconhidrlisisenzimtica.1 Pretratamientoconhidrxidodeamonioconcentradomsvapor1 Pretratamientoconvapor.2 Tratamientoultrasnicocombinadoconhidrlisisenzimtica.

Figura No.7. Distribucin por Temas en los documentos recuperados depatentespublicadas.Utilizando la informacinbrindadapor losdocumentosdepatentes entre elorigen y eldestinodelastecnologasrealizamosungrfico,figuraNo.8,dondeserelacionaelflujodepublicacinygeneracin.Lasoficinasdeorigenserepresentanconuncrculorojoylasdedestino se representan conun cuadrado azul. Seobserva comoEstadosUnidos,Brasil ySueciason losgrandesemisoresdesolicitudesfueradesuterritorio.Elgrosorasociadoaalgunas flechas indicaelnmerode solicitudesenesadireccin, con loquepudiramosidentificarlaintensidaddeinternacionalizacindelainnovacinpatentadaenestesector

porestospasesyconellosuinterscomercial.CoincidenBrasilyEstadosUnidoscomolospasesmayoresproductoresdeetanol.

FiguraNo.8.OrigenyDestinodelastecnologas.

EnlafiguraNo.9seobservaunaclaramesetaenlapublicacindepatentesdecasi17aosentre 1980 y 1997. En los aos 70 la produccin de bioetanol cobr auge por elincrementodelospreciosdelagasolinadebidoalacrisisenergticainternacional.Apartirde los80elpreciode lagasolinacayestrepitosamentepor loque todos losproyectosinvestigativos,eldesarrollodetecnologaylasinversionessecongelaron.Nohasidohastaaos recientes, donde se ha retomado el desarrollo de combinaciones de combustiblesutilizandoeletanolen lamezcla,debidoalalzade lospreciosde loscombustiblesfsiles.

Muchos son los campos investigativosdonde se incursionaen laactualidad como sonelbiodisel,elempleodelasmezclasdeetanolenlagasolina,oelusodelETBE(etilterbutilter)comoaditivo,etc, loscualessondemxima importanciapara lageneralizacindelempleodeenergasrenovablesyeldesarrollosostenible.

FiguraNo.9.Publicacindepatentes.En la figura No 10 semuestra la relacin de titulares por patentes. Se observa comoEstadosUnidostieneel48%deltotaldepatentesrepartidasen6universidades,1centrosde investigacin y 4 compaas. Francia esta representada por el InstitutoNacional delPetrleo yDinamarca por dos compaas, en estos casos las patentes estn referidas aresultadosdeinvestigacionesbsicasconprobabilidadesdeseraplicadasindustrialmente.Por otro lado, es importante sealar que la titularidad de las patentes brasileas, pasreconocidocomoelmayorproductordealcoholapartirdecaadeazcar,recaeendosde los grupos nacionales empresarialesms potentes del pas.Uno relacionado con loscombustibles(Petrobrs)yotroconlaagroindustriaazucarera(DEDINI).ElResumendelaspatentesdeambasempresasseencuentraenelANEXO2.

FiguraNo.10.Titularesdepatentes.PetroBraspresentalasolicituddeunapatenteBRPI0605017paraunprocesocompletodeobtencindealcoholapartirde residuos lignocelulsicosenespecialbagazodecaadeazcar. La cual comprende un paso de hidrlisis cida de la hemicelulosa con cidosulfricoocurriendosimultneamenteunafermentacinalcohlicaen lacualel ndicedeconversinaetanolesmuyaltoenmuypocotiempo.Dedini,unode losmayoresGruposempresarialesfabricantesdemquinase implementosparaelsectordeazcaryalcohol,ha depositado varios pedidos de patente referentes al procesoDediniHidrlisis Rpida(DHR)enBrasil;dosdestasyahansidoconcedidasyotrasseencuentranenestudio.Enelexterior, se solicitaron patentes en algunos pases de Europa y en Japn. En EstadosUnidos,lapatenteprincipalBRPI0505212yahasidootorgada.Estapatentecomprendeeldiseodeun reactorenelcual,el residuo lignocelulsico,estdistribuidoa lo largodel

mismoyesteest sometidoaun flujode solventeorgnico,aguayuncido inorgnicofuertediluido.Bajoestascondicionesseobtienenunextractocontenidoenlafaselquida,mientrasquelaslidanoreacciona,esteprocesoocurrebajocondicionesdetemperaturacontrolada, y recirculacin. La generalizacindeesteprocesopermitirqueBrasil,enelao2012suministrarel10%deetanoldetodalagasolinaglobal.

3.2. InformacinnoPatente.Seanalizaron26artculosvinculadosausosenproyectosde investigacine informacinacadmicaresumidosenelANEXO3.En la figura No.10,mostramos la cintica de publicacin de artculos cientficos en losltimos10aos.

FiguraNo.11.Publicacindeartculoscientficos.De todos losartculosencontrados,el65% fueronpublicadosen losltimos10aos.Esconveniente explicar que a su vez, se encontraron 3 artculos de principio de siglo XXrelacionados con la hidrlisis cida de la caa de azcar, publicados en eventos de larevistaRoyalSocietyofLondon.En la siguiente tabla se relaciona la cantidad de publicaciones por revistas y ao depublicacin.TablaNo.3.RelacindepublicacindeartculosporRevistas.

REVISTA Cantidadde Aodela

artculos publicacin

1 20031 20051 2007

AppliedBiochemestryandBiotechnology

1 20081 20021 2004

Journal of Food Engineering

1 2006Biotechnology Bioengineering 1 1987

Catalysis Today 1 2000Polymer Degradation and stability 1 2004

Applied Polymer Science 1 2004Journal of Chromatography 1 2004

Biomacromolecules 1 2005Canadian Journal of Microbiotechnology 1 2008

Nteseque las lagamaderevista quehanpublicadosobreestetemaesampliay laquemspublicacionestienen,son laAppliedBiochemestryandBiotechnologyy laJournalofFoodEngineering,dospublicacionesdealtoimpactoenlacomunidadcientfica.Acontinuacin,enlatablaNo4ylafiguraNo11relacionamoslasinstitucionesquemspublicaciones han generado en los ltimos 10 aos. Se observa como las universidadesBrasileas acaparan el 30% del total de artculos, y las otras instituciones pertenecen apasesproductoresdeazcarapartirdelacaa,conexcepcindeEspaa.

FiguraNo.12.DistribucinporpaseseInstitucionesdeartculoscientficos

publicados. Tabla No.4. Distribucin por pases e Instituciones de artculos cientficospublicados.

INSTITUCIN Pas Cantidaddepublicaciones

Universidad de Lorena 4Universidad de Sao Pablo 2

Universidad Estadual de Campina 1Universidad Federal de Ro de Janeiro

Brasil

1Universidad Auburn Texas 1

Instituto del Azcar de Los AngerlesE.U.A

1Universidad de Tamulipas Mxico 4

Universidad Santiago de Compostela Espaa 3Instituto de Investigaciones azucareras de Australia Australia 1

Universidad de Delhi India 1Enelprocesoderecuperacindeinformacin,quedevidenciadoquelamayorcantidadde informacin disponible se encuentra en los sitios de informacin cientficotcnica ycomercial de los pases conmayor volumen de exportacin de bioetanol, tomaremos aBrasilcomoejemploporserelmayorexportadoranivelmundialdeetanolapartirdecaadeazcaryalosEstadosUnidoscomoelmayorproductordeetanolapartirdemaz.

3.2.1. Brasil.En Brasil el 45% de los carburantes que seusanparaeltransporteprovienendelacaade azcar. El 1% de la tierra cultivableproducecasiel50%delcombustiblequeseconsumeenelpas",aseguraMarcosS.Jank,presidente de la Asociacin de la IndustriaBrasilea de laCaadeAzcar (UNICA). Lacosecha no cesa durante los 12meses delao ya que existen variedades de caaadaptadasalascondicionesclimticasdelaspocassecasydelluvias.

Enestosmomentosseestimplementandoenloscentralesyrefinerasdeazcaryalcoholde Brasil una nueva tecnologa desarrollada en el Centro de Tecnologa (CTC) de laCooperativa de Productores de Caa, Azcar y Alcohol del Estado de So Paulo(Copersucar)dePiracicabaydelgrupoempresarialDEDINI,unodelosmayoresfabricantesdemquinaseimplementosparaelsectordeazcaryalcohol.Estatecnologaescapazdehacercrecerlaproduccindealcoholalrededordeun30%sinnecesidaddeplantarniunacaams. Esto es resultado del aprovechamiento total de la biomasa de la caa,msprecisamente del bagazo. Estos investigadores consiguieron comprobar que es posiblefabricaralcoholetlico (etanol)carburantepartiendodelbagazode lacaa,medianteunproceso denominado Dedini Hidrlisis Rpida (DHR). El proceso DHR podr suministraralcoholacostoscompetitivos,utilizandounamateriaprimayaexistentey liberandomscaldodecaaparalaproduccindeazcar.La tecnologa est formada por un reactor, que opera a una presin de entre 25 y 27kg/cm2yaunatemperaturaprximaa los190grados,escontinuamentealimentadaconbagazoyconunhidrosolventeorgnico(etanol,preferentemente,peseaqueotros,comolaacetona,elcidoacticoyelmetanolpuedentambinemplearse)mezcladoconcidosulfrico. Esa mezcla har la transformacin de la celulosa presente en el bagazo englucosa. En seguida, el jarabe de glucosa es purificado, para retirar las sustanciasindeseables,principalmenteelcidosulfrico,yrecibelaadicindenutrientes,resultandoenunmosto fermentableque semezclaral caldo ya lamelazautilizadanormalmenteparalafabricacindelalcohol.Elrestodelprocesofermentacinydestilacinesrealizadoenlasinstalacionesyaexistentes.LagranventajadelprocesoDHRessurapidez,segncriteriodelingenieroqumicoAntnioHilst,consultordeDedinique invent la tcnica, lacualquedaprotegidaenunapatentequehicimosreferenciaenelacpite4.1Patente.Latransformacinseproduceenapenasdiez minutos, en cuanto que los procesos clsicos de hidrlisis que recurren a cidosconcentradosodiluidosdemoranpor lomenoscincohoras.Elbagazopermanecedentrodel reactor el tiempo necesario para que se produzca la disolucin de la lignina y lahidrlisisdelacelulosallegandoaunrendimientodealrededordeun60%sobreelazcarcontenido en el bagazo lo cual garantizar una fermentacin y una destilacincompletamenteviablesdesdeelpuntodevistaeconmico.Laglucosaestansolounadelassustanciasresultantesdelbeneficiado.Almargendesta,seextraendelbagazootrossubproductos,comoelmetanol,elcidoactico,laligninayelfurfural,cuyousocomercialpodrelevaranmslarentabilidaddelproceso.

3.2.2. EstadosUnidosEntre los artculos encontrados comentaremos el delcientficoJayJ.ChengelcualesprofesordelaUniversidadNCState,enCarolinadelNorte.Esteartculocontemplaelestudioenergticodelswitchgrass,untipodepastoquehabitualmenteestdestinadoalaalimentacindelganadoyquehoyesconsideradodemenorimpactoambientalquelaproduccindemaz.Chengmanifiestaqueparaexplotarel switch grass no es necesario tener una tierra frtil;

porque crece en cualquier superficie. Un informe cientfico publicado por la revistaProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesmuestraqueelswitchgrassproducemsdeenergaquelaqueserequiereparaprocesarloenlaobtencindeetanol.Unade lasventajasdeestepastoesqueabsorbedeldixidodecarbonode laatmsferadurantesucrecimiento.Aunqueeldesarrollodeestafuenteestmenosavanzadaqueelde loscereales,esunaenergaviable.Poreso,haygruposde investigacinenelmundoquealientan losestudiosdelswitchgrassyde losmateriales lignocelulsicos: residuosagrcolas,agroindustrialesy forestales.Porotro lado,Chengcolaboracon laUniversidadPontificiaCatlicadeEcuadorenunproyectodirigidoporelcientficoJavierCarvajal, jefedelreade levadurasdelLaboratoriodeBioqumicadedicadoa impulsar losestudiosdemateriales lignocelulsicos.Suequipoestproduciendo,aescalade laboratorio,etanolapartirdepapelreciclado.Decidieronutilizarpapel,porqueen laUniversidadyaexisteunproyectollamadodeReciclajeproAmbientepararecogerelpapelyelcartngeneradoenlasoficinas.Sealaqueel rendimientoenergticode laproduccindeetanolapartirdemaz,enEE.UU.es,enelmejorde loscasos,del25%.Esosignificaqueseobtienemenosenergadelainvertida.Encambio,coneletanollignocelulsico,elrendimientoesdel45%,esdecir,seobtienemsenergadelaqueseinvierte.JavierCarvajaldicequeenelfuturono solo se buscar obtener etanol del papel, sino de desechos vegetales que hay enabundancia:desechosdepltano,palmito yde caade azcar. Inclusode losdesechosurbanosyaclasificados.Eletanoldemazcontabilizapequeasemisionesdegasesefectoinvernadero,loquenoocurreconelobtenidoapartirdeletanoldelacelulosa.ElcientficoChengsealaqueelCongresoestadounidenseaprobunaleyparaquelaproduccindeetanollignocelulsicolleguea1000millonesdegaloneshastael2020.Dicequehayuninterscrecienteporestudiarloms.Porotrolado,lacompaaespaolaAbengoaBioenergahalogradoproduciretanolapartirdebiomasaensuplantapilotosituadaenelestadodeNebraska(EstadosUnidos),dondeha invertidoms de 35millones de dlares. La planta se dedicar a la investigacin ydesarrollo de los procesos de produccin de biocombustible a partir de biomasalignocelulsica, lamateriaprimaorgnicams abundante en la tierra y formapartedelacuerdo firmadoconelDOE (MinisteriodeEnergaestadounidense)en2003.Ubicadaenlas instalacionesdeproduccinde etanoldeAbengoaBioenerga en York (Nebraska), laplantapilotode laempresaespaola investigaryprobaruna tecnologapatentadadeconversindebiomasaaetanolparasuusoanivelcomercial,noseofrecendetallessobrelatecnologareferida,aunquepornuestrainvestigacinAbegonopresentapatentessobreeltema.LasinnovacionestecnolgicasobtenidassepondrnenprcticaenlabiorrefineradebiomasaqueAbengoaBioenergaestconstruyendoenKansasyqueserpioneraensugnero.

La planta piloto inaugurada por Abengoa Bioenerga en Estados Unidos es nica en sugnero;servirdeplataformapara lapruebadenuevosequipos,sistemasycatalizadoresnecesariosparadescomponervarioscompuestosorgnicosyprocesarlos,comomateriasherbceasyleosas,optimizandoenvariosprocesosdeobtencindeetanol.Sertambinun ncleo de investigacin y de capacitacin para otros equipos dentro de AbengoaBioenergamientras la empresa evala y prueba productos adicionales, equipos y otrosprocesos en cuyo diseo se est trabajando actualmente para mejorar los procesosorgnicosdebiomasa.Adems,duranteeltranscursodelacto,JavierSalgadohaanunciadoquehafirmadouncontratodecolaboracinconelDepartamentodeEnergadeEstadosUnidos(DOE)porimportede38millonesdedlaresparaeldiseoydesarrollodelaprimeraplantamundialaescalacomercialdeproduccindeetanolapartirdebiomasaenHugoton,Kansas.Estaplantadebiomasaprocesar700toneladasmtricasdebiomasaaldaparaproduciranualmente44millonesdelitrosdeetanol,ademsdeotrasformasdeenergarenovableenformadeelectricidadyvapor.Laplantadebiomasatendranexaunaplantadeetanolconvencionalapartirdecerealde88millonesdegalones(msde300millonesde litros),que permitir a ambas disfrutar de las sinergias de una capacidad combinada de 100millonesdegalones(msde400millonesdelitros).Lainversinconjuntasuperarlos300millones de dlares. Abengoa Bioenerga presente en Estados Unidos, Brasil y Europa,invertirms de 500millones de dlares en los prximos cinco aos en su programatecnolgicodeproduccindeetanolapartirdebiomasalignocelulsica.

CCoonncclluussiioonneesso Se recuperaron 61 familias de patentes relacionadas con el tema. o El 48% de las patentes recuperadas fueron generadas por los Estados

Unidos, abarcando muchos aspectos relacionados con la produccin de etanol a partir de los residuos lignocelulsicos, entre ellos se destacan tipos de hidrlisis, tipos de enzimas, tipos de pretratamientos, especies de microorganismo, y tipos de residuos lignocelulsicos.

o El Brasil es el mayor pas productor-exportador de etanol a partir de caa de azcar y Estados Unidos el mayor productor - exportador de etanol a partir del maz.

o Hay una voluntad general de los gobiernos de estimular los proyectos y las inversiones en plantas de procesamiento de materiales lignocelulsicos para obtener etanol ya que el rendimiento energtico de la produccin es del 45% comparado con el 25% a partir de maz, es decir, se obtiene ms energa de la que se invierte.

o Se contabiliza pequeas emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, lo que no ocurre con el obtenido a partir del etanol de la celulosa.

o Se recuperaron 2 patentes brasileas de alto impacto en la produccin de etanol a gran escala. Las grandes empresas Petrobrs y DEDINI son los titulares de las mismas.

o A travs del mtodo de hidrlisis rpida, el procesamiento del material lignocelulsico resulta factible para la produccin de bioetanol.

o Se recuperaron 26 artculos cientficos encontrndose el 65% de ellos publicados en los ltimos 10 aos.

o Las revistas Applied Biochemestry and Biotechnology y la Journal of Food Engineering, fueron las que ms artculos han publicado sobre este tema.

o El 30% de los artculos fueron generados por Universidades brasileas. o La compaa espaola Abengoa Bioernga tiene una fuerte presencia en

Estados Unido y Brasil como inversoras en proyectos y Plantas de produccin de etanol a partir de material lignocelulsico.

1Resumendepatentes.Resumen de las patentes recuperadas sobre obtencin de alcohol a partir de residuos lignocelulsicosNoPatente Ttulo Fecha de

PublicacinInventor Solicitante

1.US20090035826

METHODFORTHEPRODUCTION OFALCOHOLFROMAPRETREATEDLIGNOCELLULOSICFEEDSTOCK

20070802 TOLAN JEFFREYS; FOODYBRIAN;ROWLANDSTEPHEN

FOODY BRIAN EIOGEN ENERGY CORPROWLAND STEPHEN ATOLANJEFFREYS

Resumen:Aprocess for theproductionof glucose from apretreated lignocellulosic feedstock isprovided. Themethod comprises enzymatically hydrolyzing the pretreated lignocellulosic feedstock with cellulaseenzymestoproduceahydrolyzateslurrycomprisingglucoseandunhydrolyzedcelluloseandfermentingthehydrolyzateslurryinafermentationreactiontoproduceafermentationbrothcomprisingalcohol.Aprocessstream isobtainedcomprisingunhydrolyzedcellulose,which isthensubjectedtoadenaturingstep, preferably comprising exposing the unhydrolyzed cellulose to elevated temperatures, therebyproducing a heattreated stream comprising the unhydrolyzed cellulose. The heattreated streamcomprisingunhydrolyzedcellulose is then furtherhydrolyzedwithcellulaseenzymes tohydrolyze thecellulosetoglucose.2.US20090042259

Process forenzymaticallyconvertingaplantbiomass

20080808 DALE BRUCE E;TEYMOURIFARZANEH;CHUNDAWATSHISHIR; BALANVENKATESH

UNIVMICHIGANSTATE

Resumen:Thepresentinventiondescribesaprocessforatleasta90%conversionofaplantbiomasspreferablybyareductionoftheunitsofcellulaseneededandbyusingaxylanasewhichactssynergisticallywiththecellulasetoimprovetheyieldofxyloseandglucoseassugars.Theprocessenablesgreaterconversionofa lignocellulosicplantbiomass toglucoseandxylose foruseasanimal feedsandas fermentationasmediumforproducingethanol.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


3.WO200911645

AUTOIMMOBILIZEDCOFERMENTATION

20070713 EDEBOLARS EDEBOLARS

Resumen:The present invention discloses a fermentation processwherein a filamentousmicroorganism andyeast cells are cooperating by fermenting ethanol from lignocellulosic hydrolysates which containmixturesofbothsugarsandtoxicsubstances.Thefermentationprocesscomprisestwosteps,whereinthe first step the filamentousmicroorganism is aerobically cultivated in amedium and produces amyceliumnetwork;and inthesecondstepthenonfilamentousmicroorganismsare immobilizedwithsaidmyceliumnetworkand incubatedunderoxygenlimitedconditions.The inventionalsodisclosesafermentoroptimizedforthefermentationprocessoftheinvention.

4.WO200915614

METHOD ANDEQUIPMENTFORPRODUCTIONOF GLUCOSE,ETHANOL,FURFURAL,FURANE ANDLIGNIN FROMRENEWABLERAWMATERIALS

20070730 KRATOCHVILZDENEK;RYCHTARLIBOR;MACHEKFRANTISEK;BOUSKAFRANTISEK

BOUSKA FRANTISEKKMPS FINANCIALGROUP SROKRATOCHVIL ZDENEKMACHEK FRANTISEKRYCHTARLIBOR

Resumen:Method and equipment for production of fermentable saccharides, ethanol, furfural, furane, lignin,aceticacidandformicacidfromlignocellulosicandamylaceousmaterials.Themethodcomprisesonestage or twostage continuous thermocompressive hydrolysis of lignocellulosic particles, cellulasetreatmentofunreacted lignocellulose,amylase treatmentof formedmonosaccharidescombinedwithaddedamylaceousmaterials,and fermentationof thecombinedprocessedmonosaccharidesolutionsinto ethanol. Sideproducts furfural,methanol, acetic acid, formic acid and lignin are recovered andpurified, optionally furfural is further converted to furan. An integrated process for recovery andrecyclingofallproductsandbyproducts,andrecyclingofheatenergyisdisclosed.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


5.US20080295980 CONTINUOUSCOUNTERCURRENTORGANOSOLVPROCESSING OFLIGNOCELLULOSICFEEDSTOCKS

20070815 HALLBERGCHRISTER;O'CONNORDONALD;RUSHTONMICHAEL; PYEEDWARDKENDALL;GJENNESTADGORDON;BERLIN ALEX;MACLACHLANJOHNROSS

BERLIN ALEXGJENNESTAD GORDONHALLBERG CHRISTERLIGNOL INNOVATIONS LTDMACLACHLAN JOHN ROSSO'CONNOR DONALDPYE EDWARD KENDALLRUSHTONMICHAEL

Resumen:Amodularprocess fororganosolv fractionationof lignocellulosic feedstocks intocomponentpartsandfurtherprocessingof said componentparts into at least fuelgrade ethanol and four classesof ligninderivatives.Themodularprocesscomprisesafirstprocessingmoduleconfiguredforphysicochemicallydigestinglignocellulosicfeedstockswithanorganicsolventtherebyproducingacellulosicsolidsfractionandaliquidfraction,asecondprocessingmoduleconfiguredforproducingatleastafuelgradeethanolandafirstclassofnovel ligninderivativesfromthecellulosicsolidsfraction,athirdprocessingmoduleconfiguredforseparatingasecondclassandathirdclassofligninderivativesfromtheliquidfractionandfurtherprocessing the liquid fraction toproduceadistillateanda stillage,a fourthprocessingmoduleconfiguredforseparatingafourthclassofligninderivativesfromthestillageandfurtherprocessingthestillagetoproduceasugarsyrup.6.US20090011484 CONCURRENT

SACCHARIFICATIONAND

20070704 BERLIN ALEX;PYE EDWARDKENDALL;

BERLIN ALEXLIGNOL INNOVATIONS LTDO'CONNOR DONALD

FERMENTATION OFFIBROUSBIOMASS

O'CONNORDONALD

PYEEDWARDKENDALL

Resumen:Aprocessforsimultaneoussaccharificationandfermentationofacellulosicsolidsfractionextractedfromalignocellulosicfeedstock.Theviscosityofthecellulosicsolidsfractionisreducedbyintermixingwithaliquid carbohydrate stream.A suitable liquid carbohydrate stream isadelignified liquids fraction thatwas previously separated from the solids fraction during processing of the lignocellulosic feedstock.Alternatively, the viscosity of the solids fraction may be reduced by commingling with a liquidcarbohydrate stream comprisingoneormoremonosaccharides.The reducedviscosity cellulosic solidsfraction isthencommingledwithafermentativemicrobial inoculantandacellulosicbiomassdegradingenzyme composition. The commingledmixture ismaintained in a pressurized reaction vessel underelevated temperatures to enable simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic solids tomonosaccharidesandfermentationofthemonosaccharidestoproduceanethanolicbeer.Theethanolicbeerisdistillableforrecoveryoffuelgradeethanolandastillagethatmaybefurtherprocessed.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


7.US20080227162

Biomasspretreatment

20080313 VARANASISASIDHAR;SCHALLCONSTANCEANN; DADIANANTHARAMPRASAD;ANDERSONJARED; RAOKRIPA

ANDERSON JARED DADIANANTHARAM PRASADKUMAR GUNEETRIPATIPRAVEENRAO KRIPA SCHALLCONSTANCE ANNUNIV TOLEDO ARANASISASIDHAR

Resumen:Amethodforlignocelluloseconversiontosugarwithimprovementsinyieldandrateofsugarproductionhas been developed by using ionic liquid pretreatment. This new pretreatment strategy substantiallyimprovestheefficiency(intermsofyieldandreactionrates)ofsaccharificationoflignocellulosicbiomass.Cellulose and hemicellulose, when hydrolyzed into their sugars, can be converted into ethanol fuelthroughwellestablishedfermentationtechnologies.Thesesugarsalsoformthefeedstocksforproductionofvarietyofchemicalsandpolymers.Thecomplexstructureofbiomassrequiresproperpretreatmenttoenableefficient saccharificationof cellulose andhemicellulose components to their constituent sugars.Current pretreatment approaches suffer from slow reaction rates of cellulose hydrolysis (by using theenzymecellulase)andlowyields.8.US20080227161

METHODS FORPRODUCING AHYDROLYSATE ANDETHANOL FROMLIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIALS

20070316 LEVIE BENJAMINE; NEOGI AMARN; DUFFSHELDON J B;MAYOVSKYJEFFREY E;ANDERSONDWIGHT E;ECKERT ROBERTC; KRISHNACHUNDAKKADU

ANDERSONDWIGHT EDUFFSHELDON JBECKERT ROBERT CKRISHNACHUNDAKKADULEVIE BENJAMIN EMAYOVSKYJEFFREY ENEOGI AMAR NWEYERHAEUSERCO

Resumen:Amethod for producing a hydrolysate from lignocellulosicmaterials generally includes fiberizing thelignocellulosicmaterials,separatingthelignocellulosicmaterialsintoatleastafirstportionandasecondportion,whereinatleastthefirstportionincludeslignin,treatingthefirstportiontodeactivateatleastaportionofthelignininthefirstportion,recombiningthefirstandsecondportionsaftertreatingthefirstportion,andhydrolyzingthelignocellulosicmaterialswithenzymestoproduceahydrolysate.

NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


9.WO200895098

PROCESS FORSUGARPRODUCTIONFROMLIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS USINGALKALIPRETREATMENT

CHUNG CHANGHO;DAYDONALF

CHUNGCHANGHODAY DONAL FUNIVLOUISIANASTATE

CHUNG CHANGHO;DAYDONALF

Resumen:Wehavediscoveredanewmethodtotreatbiomasswithalkali,forexample lime.The limeand ligninwassufficientlyremovedfromthetreatedbiomassb>squeezingwithahighpressuredevicetoremovealkaliandotherpotential inhibitorsof thecellulaseenzymesadded forsacchapfication.The resultingfibrousmaterialwasrapidlysolubihzedbycellulases,evenatsolidloadsrangingfrom10to30%(w/w)withoutinhibitoryeffectsonthecellulaseactivity.Thelimepretreatmentremovedlignineffectivelyandleftthecelluloseandhemicellulosealmostintact.Themethodyieldedabiomasswithstructurecapableofbeingenzyme solubhzed and fermented readily at a solids loadingof1030% for aproductionofethanol.10.CN101235392

Cellulose fuelethanol andpreparationmethodthereof

20080116 XIAODONGBAI; FENGJUXU; BAIYINLIU;XIAOGANGBAI

XIAODONGBAI

Resumen:The inventionrelatestoacellulosefuelalcoholandthemanufacturingmethod,whichbelongstothetechnicalfieldofprocessingandutilizing lignocellulosicwastessuchforestsecondaryproducts,forestcrotches,farmcropstrawsandthelike.Thekeypointoftheinventionisthatanintegralcouplingnewmethod isoptimized to lead fibrous rawmaterial toprocess, ferment,distillanddewater toachievetechnicalinnovationandlowerproductioncost.Theapplicationofthecellulosefuelalcoholissuitableforenginefuelofvehiclegasoline,andeachphysicalchemicalpropertiesandenvironmentprotectionindex completely reach to the national standard. The cellulose fuel alcohol effectively lowers thepollution of automobile exhaustwhich is carbonmonoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon,whichsavesrawmaterialsuchasfoodstuffandfecula,andreducespetroleumoilconsumptionNoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


11.JP2008092910

METHOD FORPRODUCINGETHANOL

20061016 NOJIRIMASANOBU;IKEDA TSUTOMU;SUGIMOTOTOMOKO;MAGARA

FORESTRY & FORESTPRODUCTSRES

KENGO

Resumen:PROBLEMTOBESOLVED:Toprovideamethodforefficientlyproducingethanol,withslightburdenontheenvironment,by reducing the costofboth saccharificationand fermentationwith lignocellulosicbiomassasfeedstock.SOLUTION:Themethodforproducingethanolcomprisesthefollowingprocess:Lignocellulosicbiomassisdelignifiedbyalkalidigestiontechnique,saccharifyingenzymeproductivebacteriaareculturedwiththe resultant biomass as a carbon source to produce an enzyme suitable to saccharifying thelignocellulosic biomass, and a cultured liquid containing the resultant saccharifying enzyme andethanolfermentative bacteria are added to the alkalidigested lignocellulosic biomass to effectfermentation.12.BR200605017

PROCESS FOR THEFERMENTATIVEPRODUCTION OFETHANOL FROM SOLIDLIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIALCOMPRISINGA STEPOF TREATINGASOLIDLIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIAL WITHALKALINE SOLUTION INORDER TO REMOVETHELIGNIN

20061130 SANTAANNALIDIAMARIAMELO;PEREIRANEI;GOMESABSAI DACONCEICAI;VASQUESMARIANAPENUELA

BENSON JOHN EVERETTGOMES ABSAI DA CONCEICAIPEREIRA NEIPETROLEO BRASILEIRO SASANTA ANNA LIDIA MARIAMELOVASQUESMARIANAPENUELA

Resumen:The present invention relates to a process for obtaining fuel ethanol by using agricultural andagroindustrialwastematerials composedof lignocellulose, and especially sugar canebagasse. Theseresidues have significant contents of carbohydrates in the form of polysaccharides (cellulose andhemicellulose),whichcanbehydrolysedbychemicalandenzymicprocesses.Thehemicellulosefractionis submitted to mild hydrolysis with sulphuric acid, and the solid material from this hydrolysis issubmitted to a process of saccharif ication (enzymic hydrolysis) with simultaneous rapid alcoholicfermentationunderconditionswhichallowasignificant increase inconversion toalcohol inagreatlyshortenedtime.



13.US20080029233

MOVING BEDBIOMASSFRACTIONATIONSYSTEM ANDMETHOD

20060803 WINGERSONRICHARD C;KADAM KIRANL

KADAM KIRAN LPUREVISIONTECHNOLOGY INCWINGERSONRICHARDC

Resumen:Countercurrent extraction of lignocellulosic biomass such as trees, grasses, shrubs, and agriculturalresiduesorwaste involves the separationof cellulose fibers fromother constituents, for subsequentuse in the manufacture of paper, plastics, ethanol, and other industrial chemicals. Systems andmethodsinvolvecontinuous,multipleprocessingstepsthatmayincludechemicalreactionswithmixing

atelevatedtemperatureand/orpressure,efficientreagentorsolventutilization,filtrationatelevatedtemperature and/or pressure, controlled discharge of liquid and solid products, and energyrecuperation.14.US20080057555

Integratedprocess forseparation oflignocellulosiccomponents tofermentablesugars forproduction ofethanol andchemicals

20060905 NGUYENXUANNGHINH

NGUYENXUANNGHINH

Resumen:A continuous andmodular process converts lignocellulosicmaterials for the production of ethanolprincipally and/or chemicals such as methanol, butanediol, propanediol, hydrocarbon fuel, etc.Renewable lignocellulosicbiomass such asbutnot all inclusivehardwoods (gum,beech,oak, sweetgum, poplar, eucalyptus, etc.), soft woods (pines, firs, spruce, etc.), corn stovers, straws, grasses,recycledpapers,wasteproductsfrompulpandpapermills,etccanbeusedasfeedstock.Theprocessisdesigned to be modular and the feed entry point can be selected to adapt to different biomassfeedstock.Lignocellulosicbiomasssuchashardwoodandsoftwoodaresubjectedtochemical/pressuretreatmentstagesusingpotentandselectivechemicalssuchassodiumchlorite/aceticacid(anhydrous)and chlorine/chlorine dioxide to separate the main componentslignin, cellulose (glucose) andhemicelluloses(xylose,arabinose,galactose)intothreeprocessstreams.Theseparatedcarbohydratesare further subjected towashing, cleaning, neutralization, and/ormild hydrolysis and subsequentlyfermentedtoproduceethanol.Residualligninandextractivesremainedwiththecelluloseareremovedby chemical treatment steps to enhance the fermentations of cellulose. Prehydrolysate afterneutralizationtoneutralizeandremovetoxiccomponentssuchasaceticacid,furfural,phenolics,etc.containing (xylose, arabinose, galactose) and hexoses (glucose) can be either separately or togetherwith the purified cellulosic fraction fermented to produce ethanol. Approximately 100 gallons ofethanol,suitabletobeusedasafuel,canbeproducedfromonedriedtonofwood.Significantamountof ligninareseparatedasabyproductandcanbeconverted tohydrocarbon fuel,surfactant,drillingaid,orcanbeincineratedforgenerationofpowerandsteam.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


15.WO2007134607

THERMOANAEROBACTERMATHRANIISTRAINBGl

20060522 MIKKELSENMARIEJUST;AHRINGBIRGITTEKIAER

AHRING BIRGITTE KIAERBIOGASOL IPR APSMIKKELSENMARIEJUST

Resumen:StrictanaerobicthermophilicbacteriumbelongingtothegroupofThermoanaerobactermathraniiandmutants and derivatives thereof. The bacterium is particularly suitable for the production offermentation products such as ethanol, lactic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen from lignocellulosicbiomass.

16.US20070275447

Indirect or directfermentation of biomasstofuelalcohol

20060525 LEWIS RANDYS; TANNERRALPH S;HUHNKERAYMONDL

HUHNKERAYMONDLLEWISRANDY STANNERRALPH SUNIVOKLAHOMASTATE

Resumen:Anovelclostridiabacterialspecies(Clostridiumcarboxidivorans,ATCCBAA624,"P7")isprovided.P7iscapableofsynthesizing, fromwastegases,productswhichareusefulasbiofuel. Inparticular,P7canconvertCOtoethanol.Thus,thisnovelbacteriumcantransformwastegases(e.g.syngasandrefinerywastes)intousefulproducts.P7alsocatalyzestheproductionofacetateandbutanol.Further,P7isalsocapableofdirectlyfermentinglignocellulosicmaterialstoproduceethanolandothersubstances.17.US20080008783

Process for thetreatment oflignocellulosicbiomass

20060501 DALEBRUCE UNIVMICHIGANSTATE

Resumen:A process for the treatment of biomass to render structural carbohydratesmore accessible and/ordigestibleusingconcentratedammoniumhydroxidewithorwithoutanhydrousammoniaaddition, isdescribed.Theprocesspreferablyuses steam to strip ammonia from thebiomass for recycling.Theprocess yields of monosaccharides from the structural carbohydrates are good, particularly asmeasuredbytheenzymatichydrolysisofthestructuralcarbohydrates.Themonosaccharidesareusedasanimalfeedsandenergysourcesforethanolproduction.



18.WO200795215

PRODUCTIONOF GASOLINEFROMFERMENTABLEFEEDSTOCKS

20060214 BRADINDAVID BRADIN DAVID CPSBIOFUELSINC

Resumen:Compositions and methods for forming hexane, and, optionally, gasoline and/or components of agasolinecomposition,fromfermentablesugarsaredisclosed.Thesugarsarefermentedusingabacteriaoryeast thatpredominantly formsbutyricacid.Thebutyricacid issubjected toKolbeorphotoKolbeelectrolysis to formhexane.Thehexanecanbesubjected tocatalytic reformingand/or isomerizationsteps to formhigheroctaneproducts,whichareorcanbe included ingasolinecompositions. Inoneaspect, the fermentable sugars are derived from lignocellulosic materials such as wood products,switchgrass, or agricultural wastes. These materials are delignified to form lignin, cellulose andhemicellulose.Thecelluloseandhemicellulosearedepolymerizedtoformglycoseandxylose,eitherorbothofwhichcanbefermentedbythebacteria.Thelignincanbeusedtogenerateheatenergyand/orelectricenergyforuseinoneormoreprocesssteps,suchasthefermentation,productisolation,Kolbeelectrolysis,catalyticreformingand/orisomerizationsteps.Alternatively,thelignincanbeconvertedtosynthesis gas,which can then be subjected to FischerTropsch synthesis, or converted tomethanoland/orethanol.Thus,themethodsdescribedhereincanconvertbiomasstoafuelcompositionorfueladditive,whichcanbeusedinaconventionalgasolineengine,unliketraditionalfuelssuchasethanolor

biodiesel.

19.US20070227063

Process forconversion ofmushroomlignocellulosicwaste to usefulbyproducts

20060330 DALE BRUCE E;BALANVENKATESH;CHUNDAWATSHISHIRP

UNIVMICHIGANSTATE

Resumen:A process for the conversion of monocot lignocellulosic grass waste from mushroom growth intobyproductsisdescribed.Inparticular,thepresentinventionreleasesglucansfromthewastewhichcanbe easily hydrolyzed, after a less severe thermochemical process (i.e. AFEX), and into sugars forproducingethanolorotherbyproductsbyfermentation.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


20.EP2013368

PROCESSFORTHETREATMENT OFLIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS

20060501 DALEBRUCE E;LYND LEER; LASERMARK

DALE BRUCE E ARTMOUTHCOLLEGELASERMARKYNDLEERUNIVMICHIGANSTATE

Resumen:A process for the treatment of biomass to render structural carbohydratesmore accessible and/ordigestibleusingconcentratedammoniumhydroxidewithorwithoutanhydrousammoniaaddition, isdescribed. Theprocesspreferablyuses steam to strip ammonia from thebiomass for recycling. Theprocessyieldsofmonosaccharidesfromthestructuralcarbohydratesaregood,particularlyasmeasuredbytheenzymatichydrolysisofthestructuralcarbohydrates.Themonosaccharidesareusedasanimalfeedsandenergysourcesforethanolproduction.21.EP2021487

THERMOPHILICORGANISMS FORCONVERSION OFLIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS TOETHANOL

20051031 DESAI SUNILG; SHAWARTHURJOSEPHUS IV;LYND LEE R;TYURINMIKHAILV

BARDSLEY JOHNARTMOUTH COLLEGEDESAISUNILGOGSETTDAVID ANTHONYLYNDLEERMASCOMACORPPODKAMINEKARAHAW ARTHURJOSEPHUSSHAW ARTHURJOSEPHUS IVRINMIKHAILV

Resumen:Mutant thermophilic organisms that consume a variety of biomass derived substrates are disclosedherein. Strains of Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum with acetate kinase andphosphotransacetylase expression eliminated are disclosed herein. Further, strain ALKl has beenengineered by site directed homologous recombination to knockout both acetic acid and lactic acidproduction.ContinuouscultureinvolvingasubstrateconcentrationchallengeleadtoevolutionofALKl,and formation of amore robust strain designated ALK2. Both organisms produce near theoretical

ethanolyieldswithoutexpressingpyruvatedecarboxylase



22.US20070134781

Method for producingbioethanol from alignocellulosicbiomassand recycled papersludge

20051212 AGBLEVORFOSTERA

AGBLEVORFOSTER AAGBLEVORFOSTERARYL

Resumen:Amethodproducingethanolbycombininganplantfibermaterialcontainingcalciumcarbonatewithatleastone lignocellulosic agricultural residue into amixture. Theplant fibermaterial canbe apapersludge.Themixtureisthenhydrolyzedandtheresultanthydrolysateisthenfermentedintoethanol.23.WO200792898

PROCESS FORCONVERTINGANHYDROSUGARS TOGLUCOSE AND OTHERFERMENTABLESUGARS

20060207 OLSONEDWINS; FREELBARRY

ENERGY &ENVIRONMENTALRES CTFREEL BARRYLSONEDWINS

Resumen:A process is provided for producing glucose and other fermentable sugars from a liquid mixturecontaining anhydrosugars. One example of a process encompasses: 1) water extraction of aanhydrosugarrich fastpyrolysis biooil fraction that constitutes a residual after removal of volatileimpurities, 2) further purification of said anhydrosugarrich fraction, and 3) solidphase catalytichydrolysis of the anhydrosugars to yield glucose and other fermentable sugars. An exemplaryapplicationoftheprocessisintheproductionofethanolandothersugarbasedfermentationproductsfrombiooilgeneratedviafastpyrolysisoflowcost,highavailabilitylignocellulosicbiomassresources.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


24.EP1767658

Method ofprocessinglignocellulosicfeedstock forenhancedxylose andethanolproduction

20010228 GRIFFINROBERT;NICHOLSONCOLIN; MOTTCORINNE;TOLANJEFFREY S;ANANDVIJAY

IOGENENERGYCORP

Resumen:The present invention provides a method of producing xylose from lignocellulosic feedstock. Themethod comprises disrupting lignocellulosic feedstock; leaching the lignocellulosic feedstock bycontactingthefeedstockwithat leastoneaqueoussolutionforaperiodgreaterthanabout2minutesto produce a leached feedstock and a leachate; removing the leachate from the leached feedstock;acidifying the leached feedstock to a pH between about 0.5 and about 3 to produce an acidifiedfeedstock, and; reacting the acidified feedstock under conditionswhich disrupt fiber structure andhydrolyzeaportionofhemicelluloseandcelluloseoftheacidifiedfeedstock,toproduceacomposition

comprisingxyloseandapretreatedfeedstock.Thexylosemaybepurifiedfromthepretreatedfeedstockoritmaybeconvertedtoethanolwiththepretreatedfeedstock

25.FR2881753

Production ofcellulaseenzymes usingthe residuesfromethanolicfermentationdistillation ofenzymatichydrolysatesfrom (ligno)cellulosicmaterials

20050209 WARZYWODAMICHEL;BALLERINIDANIEL;MONOTFREDERIC

BALLERINI DANIELINST FRANCAIS DUPETROLEInstitutFrancaisduPetroleMONOT FREDERICWARZYWODAMICHEL

Resumen:Producingcellulolyticand/orhemicellulolyticenzymesbyacellulolyticmicroorganismcomprisesusingtheresidue from theethanolic fermentationofenzymatichydrolysatesofcellulosicor lignocellulosicmaterials.An independentclaim isalsoincludedforaprocessforproducingethanolfromcellulosicorlignocellulosicmaterialsNoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


26.US20050069998

Procedure forthe productionof ethanolfromlignocellulosicbiomass usinga new heattolerantyeast

20000224 BALLESTEROSPERDICESIGNACIO;BALLESTEROSPERDICESMERCEDES;OLIVADOMINGUEZJOSE MIGUEL;CARRASCOGARCIAJUAN

CTINVESTIGENERGETICASCIEMAT

Resumen:It includes the stages of grinding the lignocellulosic biomass to a size of 1530mm, subjecting theproductobtainedtosteamexplosionpretreatmentatatemperatureof190230deg.C.forbetween1and10minutes inareactor(2),collectingthepretreatedmaterial inacyclone(3)andseparatingtheliquidandsolidfractionsbyfiltrationinafilterpress(9),introducingthesolidfractioninafermentationdeposit(10),addingacellulaseataconcentrationof15UFPpergramofcelluloseand12.6InternationalUnits of betaglucosidase enzyme dissolved in citrate buffer pH 4.8, inoculating the fermentationdeposit (10) with a culture of the heattolerant bacteria Kluyveromyces marxianus CECT 10875,obtained by chemicalmutagenesis from strainDER26 of Kluyveromycesmarxianus and shaking themixturefor72hoursat42deg.C.27.FI200505143

PRODUCTIONOF PULPUSING AGASEOUSORGANICAGENT AS

20050331 ENQVIST ERIC;TIKKA PANU;HEINRICHLEOPOLD;LUHTANENMATTI

ENQVIST ERIC HEINRICHLEOPOLD LUHTANENMATTIMETSO PAPER INCTIKKAPANU

HEATING ANDREACTIONACCELERATINGMEDIA

Resumen:The invention relates to an improved process to break down ligninmacromolecules and liberatingcellulosefibersinlignocellulosicmaterialusingdelignifyingreactantswithagaseousorganicagentasaheating and reactionacceleratingmedia. Lignocellulosicmaterial is first impregnatedwith reactantchemicals,e.g.commonlyusedagentssuchassodiumhydroxideandsodiumsulfide.Subsequently,theenergy required for thedelignification reactions isprovided throughheatingwith a gaseousorganicagent such as methanol or ethanol, condensing and releasing energy to the solid lignocellulosicmaterial. The temperature during the heating stepwith a gaseous organic agent is higher than thetemperatureduringtheimpregnationstep.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


28.US7344876

Kluyveromycesstrainsmetabolizingcellulosic andhemicellulosicmaterials

20030124 LEVINEROBERTP

ENOGEN INCPHAGEBIOTECHNOLOGYPHAGEBIOTECHNOLOGYINC

Resumen:This inventionrelatestotheuseofmicroorganismsforthegenerationofethanolfrom lignocellulosicwaste materials. Yeast strains of the genus Kluyveromyces which have the capability to fermentcellulose,hexosesugars toethanolareprovided.Alsoprovidedaremethods forconvertingcellulose,hexoses,ormixedhydrolysatesofhexosestoethanolbyfermentationwithKluyveromycesstrains.Theinvention also provides methods to isolate yeast strains which metabolize cellulose, pentoses, orhemicellulosesfromwastematerials.29.US20040231661

METHOD OFPROCESSINGLIGNOCELLULOSICFEEDSTOCK FORENHANCEDXYLOSE ANDETHANOLPRODUCTION

20010228 GRIFFINROBERT;NICHOLSONCOLIN; MOTTCORINNE;TOLANJEFFREY S;ANANDVIJAY

ANAND VIJAY GRIFFINROBERT OGEN BIOPRODUCTS CORPIOGEN ENERGY CORPMOTTCORINNENICHOLSONCOLIN TOLAN JEFFREYS

Resumen:The present invention provides a method of producing xylose from lignocellulosic feedstock. Themethod comprises disrupting lignocellulosic feedstock; leaching the lignocellulosic feedstock bycontactingthefeedstockwithatleastoneaqueoussolutionforaperiodgreaterthanabout2minutestoproduce a leached feedstock and a leachate; removing the leachate from the leached feedstock;acidifying the leached feedstock to a pH between about 0.5 and about 3 to produce an acidifiedfeedstock, and; reacting the acidified feedstock under conditionswhich disrupt fiber structure andhydrolyzeaportionofhemicelluloseandcelluloseoftheacidifiedfeedstock,toproduceacompositioncomprising xylose and a pretreated feedstock. The xylose may be purified from the pretreatedfeedstockoritmaybeconvertedtoethanolwiththepretreatedfeedstock.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


30.US7189306

Process oftreatinglignocellulosicmaterial toproduce bioethanol

20020222 GERVAISGIBSONW

GERVAIS GIBSON WGERVAISGILLES

Resumen:This invention relates to aprocessof treatinga lignocellulosicmaterial toproducebioethanol.Theprocessincludesthestepsof:(a)exposingthelignocellulosicmaterialtoconditionsincludingapHnotless than about 8, and steam at a first pressure, to produce a step (a) product; (b) explosivelydischargingthestep(a)producttoasecondpressurelessthanthefirstpressuretoproduceastep(b)product;and(c)furtherprocessingthestep(b)producttoproducebioethanolandothercoproducts.Inanotherembodiment,theinventionrelatestoaconicalaugerfractionationcolumn.Thefractionationcolumn includesacolumnbodyhavingan inputandanoutput.Aconicalfilter ispositioned insidethecolumnbody,thefilterhavingalargerdiameterenddirectedtowardtheinputandasmallerdiameterenddirectedtowardtheoutput.Aconicalaugerispositionedinsidetheconicalfilter,theconicalaugerhavinganouterdiameterwhichisapproximatelythesameasaninnerdiameteroftheconicalfilter.Theaugerandfilterareadaptedtocooperatetoseparatecellulosicsolidsfromaliquidstreaminaprocessofproducingbioethanolfromalignocellulosicmaterial.31.US20040185542

Ligninblockingtreatment ofbiomass andusesthereof

20030319 YANG BIN;WYMANCHARLESE

DARTMOUTH COLLEGEWYMANCHARLESE YANGBIN

Resumen:Disclosed isamethodforconvertingcellulose ina lignocellulosicbiomass.Themethodprovidesforaligninblocking polypeptide and/or protein treatment of high lignin solids. The treatment enhancescellulase availability in cellulose conversion. Cellulase efficiencies are improved by the protein orpolypeptide treatment. The treatmentmay be used in combinationwith steam explosion and acidprehydrolysis techniques.Hydrolysis yields from lignin containing biomass are enhanced 520%, andenzymeutilization is increased from10% to50%. Thus, amore efficient and economicalmethodofprocessing lignin containing biomass materials utilizes a polypeptide/protein treatment step thateffectivelyblocksligninbindingofcellulase.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


32.SE200401303

ETHANOLPRODUCTIVITIES OFSACCHAROMYCESCEREVISIAE STRAINSINFERMENTATIONOFDILUTEACIDHYDROLYZATESDEPEND ON THEIRFURAN REDUCTIONCAPACITIES

20040519 NILSSONANNELI; LIDENGUNNAR;GORWAGRAUSLUNDMARIEFRANCOIS;HAHNHAEGERDALBAERBEL;MODIG CARLTOBIAS;MOREIRA DEALMEIDAJOAORICARD

FORSKARPATENT ISYD ABGORWAGRAUSLUNDMARIEFRANCOISHAHNHAEGERDALBAERBELLIDEN GUNNARMODIG CARL TMOREIRA DEALMEIDA JOAO RNILSSONANNELI

Resumen:The present invention relates to an ethanol producing microbial strain, such as Saccharomycescerevisiaestrain,beingabletogrowandproduceethanolfromlignocellulosichydrolysatescomprisinggrowthinhibitingcompoundsofthegroupfurfuraland5hydroxymethylfurfural,inabatch,fedbatchorcontinuous fermentation,saidmicrobialstrainbeingtoleranttosuch inhibitingcompounds,whichstrain isupregulatedand/oroverexpressedwithregardtooneormoreofthefollowinggenes:LAT1,ALD6,ADH5,ADH6,GDH3,OYE3,SER3,GND2,MDH2,IDP3,ADH7,AAD15,ERG27,HMG1,LYS5,SPS19,SGE1.33.FI200400775

PROCESS FORPRODUCINGETHANOL

20040604 PENTTILAEMERJA; SIIKAAHO MATTI;UUSITALOJAANA;VIIKARILIISA

PENTTILA MERJASIIKAAHO MATTIUUSITALO JAANAVALTIONTEKNILLINENVIIKARILIISA

Resumen:Aprocessforproducingethanolfromafibrouslignocellulosicrawmaterial.Afterpretreatmentoftherawmaterial,thefibrousfractionisfirsthydrolysedathighconsistencyandthenthemodifiedmaterialissubjectedsimultaneouslytocontinuedhydrolysiswithacellulaseandtoethanolfermentation inafermentation mixture. Fermentation is continued to convert an essential portion of the availablecellulose into ethanol, then a liquid fraction containing solubilized hemicelluloses is added to thefermentationmixtureandfermentationcontinued.Bymeansoftheinvention,highfermentationrates,highethanolconcentrationsandlowethanolproductioncostscanbeattained.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


34.US7419809

METHOD FORGLUCOSEPRODUCTIONWITHA CELLULASEMIXTURECOMPRISING AMODIFIEDCELLULASE

20000925 FOODY BRIAN;WHITE THERESAC; TOLANJEFFREY S;DONALDSONJENNIFER

DONALDSON JENNIFER,FOODY BRIAN, IOGEN BIOPRODUCTS CORP, IOGENENERGY CORP, TOLANJEFFREYS,WHITETHERESAC

Resumen:Thepresentinventionpertainstoamethodofconvertingcellulosetoglucosebytreatingapretreatedlignocellulosic substratewithanenzymemixture comprising cellulaseenzymeandamodifiedCBHO,wherein themodifiedCBHI ispresent in theenzymemixture at an amount relative to allCBHItypeenzymes from about 15% to about 100% (w/w),depending upon the modified CBHI used. Thepretreated lignocellulosic substrate is selected from the group consisting of agricultural residues,residuesafterstarchorsugarremovaldedicatedethanolcropsforestryproducts,andpulpandpaperproducts,orcombinationsthereof35.US6660506

DILUTEACID/METAL SALTHYDROLYSIS OFLIGNOCELLULOSICS

20000809 NGUYENQUANG A;TUCKERMELVINP

KELLER FRED AMIDWEST RESEARCHINSTNGUYEN QUANG ATUCKERMELVINP

Resumen:Amodifieddiluteacidmethodofhydrolyzingthecelluloseandhemicelluloseinlignocellulosicmaterialunderconditionstoobtainhigheroverallfermentablesugaryieldsthan isobtainableusingdiluteacidalone, comprising:impregnating a lignocellulosic feedstockwith amixture of an amount of aqueoussolution of a dilute acid catalyst and a metal salt catalyst sufficient to provide higher overallfermentable sugar yields than is obtainable when hydrolyzing with dilute acid alone;loading theimpregnated lignocellulosic feedstock into a reactor and heating for a sufficient period of time tohydrolyzesubstantiallyallofthehemicelluloseandgreaterthan45%ofthecellulosetowatersolublesugars;andrecoveringthewatersolublesugars.



36.US6419788

CELLULOSEPRODUCTIONFROMLIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS

20000816 WINGERSONRICHARDC

PUREVISIONTECHNOLOGY INCPUREVISIONTECNOLOGYINC

Resumen:Amultifunctionprocess isdescribedfortheseparationofcellulosefibersfromtheotherconstituentsof lignocellulosic biomass such as found in trees, grasses, agriculturalwaste, andwaste paperwithapplicationinthepreparationoffeedstocksforuseinthemanufactureofpaper,plastics,ethanol,andotherchemicals.Thisprocessminimizeswastedisposalproblemssince itusesonlysteam,water,andoxygenatelevatedtemperatureintherangeof180deg.C.to240deg.C.for1to10minutesplusasmallamountofchemicalreagentstomaintainpH intherange8to13.Anenergyrecuperationfunction isimportanttotheeconomicviabilityoftheprocess.37.US6130076

Ethanolproductionusingasoy hydrolysatebased medium ora yeastautolysatebasedmedium

19970619 INGRAMLONNIE O;YORKSEANW

UNIVFLORIDA

Resumen:This inventionpresentsamethod for theproductionofethanol thatutilizesa soyhydrolysatebasednutrient medium or a yeast autolysatebased medium nutrient medium in conjunction withethanologenic bacteria and a fermentable sugar for the costeffective production of ethanol fromlignocellulosicbiomass.Theinventionoffersseveraladvantagesoverpresentlyavailablemediaforuseinethanolproduction,includingconsistentquality,lackoftoxinsandwideavailability.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


38.US6498029

Pentosefermentationof normallytoxiclignocelluloseprehydrolysatewith strain ofPichia stipitis

19991117 KELLER FREDA; NGUYENQUANGA

MIDWESTRESEARCHINST

yeastusingair

Resumen:Strainsof theyeastPichia stipitisNPw9 (ATCCPTA3717)useful for theproductionofethanolusingoxygenforgrowthwhilefermentingnormallytoxiclignocellulosicprehydrolysates.39.CH645685

Processallowing thedelignificationand thetransformationinto sugar oflignocellulosevegetalmaterial byusing organicsolvents

19780831 PASZNER L;CHANGP

PASZNER LASZLO CHANGPEI CHINGTHERMOFORMAG

Resumen:Minced lignocellulose, such as wood, straw, bamboos, bagasse or any other structured vegetalmaterial, is treated in a discontinuous or continuous process. The process consists in boiling thismaterial in an acidifiedmixture of solvents in an aqueous phase. Thismixture of solvents containswater inaproportionof30to70partsandanorganicsolvent inaproportionof70to30parts.Theorganicsolventconsistsofeitheranalcoholof lightmolecularweight,oraketoneof lightmolecularweight; itmustbeeasilyevaporableandsoluble inwater.ThepHofthemedium isadjustedtoapHfrom 3.5 to 1.7 by adding a catalytic compound selected within the group of the strong acids:hydrochloric,nitricandphosphoric;withinthegroupofthesestrongacidsneutralizedbytheirneutralsalts; within the group of the following organic acids: oxalic, maleic, ophthalic, lmalic, succinic,nicotinic,salicylicandtrifluoracetic.Theboilingtemperaturesrangebetween160and210'C,preferablybetween180and200'C.Afterthreeminutesattheminimum,weobtaintheseparationofthe ligninand thehydrolysisof thehemicellulosesdissolved; after that, the fibres areeasilydispersiblewhileforming a pulp. By proceeding to a mechanical refining at a high pressure, a high densitythermomechanicalpulp isobtainedafterashorterboilingtime.Withtheneutralizedacids,aswellaswith theorganicacids,particularlywith theoxalicacid,we canobtaina fibrewithahighdegreeofpolymerization. The lignin is obtained as a precipitatewhich separates from the liquid; the liquidsolvent,usuallyethanoloracetone,isevaporated;thenthedrainedligninisredissolvedintheminimalquantityofacetone;anewprecipitationwithanexcessofwaterallowstoobtaintheligninintheformof a slightly colouredpowder.Aprolongedboilingdehydrates anddisaggregates the sugars;by thestrongacidsaction, takesplace the formationof lightmolecularweightormicrocristalline cellulose,glucoseororganicacids,methanolandfurfuraliccompounds.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


40.CA1100266

Organosolvdelignificationandsaccharificationprocess forlignocellulosicplantmaterials

19770831 PASZNERLASZLO;CHANG PEICHING

BAU UNDFORSHUNGSGEZELSHAFT TECHANG P CHANG PEI CHINGPASZNER L PASZNER LASZLOTHERMOFORMBAUFORSCHUNG

Resumen:Cellulosecontainingmaterial is rapidly saccharified to convertpentosans andhexosans to sugarsbycookingunderpressureatfrom180DEGC.to220DEGC.withacetonewatersolventmixturecarryingfrom 0.05 to 0.25 weight percent of phosphoric, sulfuric or hydrochloric acids. A predominantlycellulosicmaterial,e.g.adelignifiedpulp,ishydrolysedtoyieldrelativelypureglucoserecoverablefromliquorwhich is flowed through the cellulose, thenwithdrawn and cooled and neutralizedwithin anelapsedtimeofaminuteorless.Wholewoodisnearlytotallydissolvablebytheprocess,yieldingmixedpentosesandhexoses.Thedehydrationanddegradationproductsofsugarsareformedbyprolongingretentiontimeofliquorfrom20to45minutes.41.DK1259466T

A METHOD FORPROCESSINGLIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIAL

20000217 AHRINGBIRGITTEKIAER;THOMSENANNEBELINDA

AHRING BIRGITTE KIAERBIOGASOL IPR APSFORSKNINGSCT RISOFORSKNINGSCT RISOETHOMSEN ANNE BELINDAUNIVDENMARKTECHDTU

Resumen:Amethodwherein lignocellulosicbiomassmaterialsareconverted intocombustible fuelproducts. Inparticular, the method is a continuous process, involving wet oxidation or steam explosion, forfermentativelyconvertingsuchbiomassmaterialsintoethanolusingaprocessdesignthatpermitsallorpart of the process water from the ethanol fermentation process to be recycled to reduce theconsumptionofprocesswater.Theeffluentfromtheethanolfermentationstepmaybesubjectedtoananaerobic fermentation step generating methane and a water effluent in which the amount ofpotentially inhibitory substances is at a subinhibitory level,which in turnpermits allor partof theeffluentwaterfromtheanaerobicfermentationsteptoberecycledintotheprocess.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


42.US4594130

Pulping oflignocellulosewith aqueousalcohol andalkaline earthmetal saltcatalyst

19781127 CHANG PEICHING;PASZNERLASZLO

CHANG PEI CHINGPASZNERLASZLO

Resumen:Highyieldpulpingisachievedbycookingalignocellulosicmaterialinaconfinedchamberintheabsenceofaddedoxygenatelevatedtemperaturesupto240DEGC.withaninitiallyneutraloracidicmixtureofalcoholandwaterinvolumeratiobetween50:50andvirtuallyanhydrousalcoholcookingliquor,usingalower aliphatic alcohol namelymethanol, ethanol or npropanol, carrying in solution at least about0.002molesper literofamagnesium,calciumorbariumsaltasaprimarycatalystsoluble inat leastcatalyticamounts inthemixturetoformbarium,calciumandmagnesium ions.Thecookingtimemayrangefromatleasttwo(2)minutestounderthree(3)hours.Theprocessyieldsbright,freefiberpulpevenat residual ligninof80Kappanumberashighas80%of softwoodandup to75%ofhardwoodweight,ofviscosity(TAPPI0.5%CuEn)above18upto60centipoise.Additionoftraceamountsofanacidiccompoundasasecondarycatalystincreasestherateofdelignification.Elevatedpressuresonthecookingsolventmixturealsoincreasestherateofdelignification.43.CA1175820

UTILIZATION OFCELLULOSE ANDLIGNOCELLULOSE

19790323 DEIBUITSUDOERUBURINKU;RARII ERU

UNIVCALIFORNIA

SHIYAREJIYAA

Resumen:Methodofconvertinglignocellulosicmaterialtousefulproductssuchasethanol,methanol,methane,organicacidsandfurfural,alsoproducingbestforuseintheprocessandiffeasibleoradvantageousforuse outside the system; such method comprising a two stage hydrolysis with a sensitization stepbetween, followed bywet oxidationwhereby the production ofmonosaccharides ismaximized andtheirdegradation isminimized; theproductsofhydrolysis (monosaccharides)andofwetoxidationofligneousmaterialleftasresiduefromhydrolysisareconverted.asbyfermentationofmonosaccharides,methanantion and processes of separation into useful end products such as ethanol, methane,methanol, organic acids and furfural; such method and system minimizing degradation to carbondioxide, carbon monoxide and water and minimizing or eliminating the production of solid wastematerial.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


44.US4342831

Fermentableacidhydrolyzatesandfermentationprocess

19790702 FABERMARCEL D;ERNSTRICHARD H;LEFEBVREPHILIP

AMERICANCANCO

Resumen:Methodofpreconditioningacidhydrolyzatesderivedfromlignocellulosicmaterialssuchassawdustornewspaperandpreconditionedacidhydrolyzatesareprovided.Thepreconditioningnegatestheeffectof substanceswhich tend to inhibit fermentation and comprises a series of steps including steamstripping,calciumoxidetreatmentatapHof10to10.5,adjustingthepHtoabout6to7withamineralacid and especially phosphoric acid and concentrating the hydrolyzate solution to a glucoseconcentrationoflessthan150gramsperliter.Glucosecontainedinsuchpreconditionedhydrolyzatesisreadilyfermentabletoethylalcohol,intheoreticalyield,afterfermentationforasshortaperiodas1to2hours.45.SE8302654

Method forproducingethanol fromxylosecontainingsubstance

19830509 VAN DIJKENJOHANNES;SCHEFFERSALEXANDER

ALFA LAVAL ABALFALAVAL ABDIJKEN JOHANNES VANSCHEFFERSALEXANDER

Resumen:Amethod for fermenting xylosecontaining substance, such as a lignocellulosic degradation productintoethanol.YeastofthespeciesPichiastipitisand/orPichiasegobiensisand/orCandidashehataeareutilizedforthefermentation.



46.US5258293

Continuousprocess forethanolproduction fromlignocellulosicmaterials withoutmechanicalagitation

19910503 LYND LEE R;HOGSETTDAVID A;SPIELESGISBERT

DARTMOUTHCOLLEGE

Resumen:An improved and highly productivemethod of continuously producing ethanol from lignocellulosicsubstrates is provided. Themethod involves providing a suitablemicrobial systemwithin a reactionvesselandadding fermentablesubstrate to thereactor to formareactionmixture.The fermentationreaction is allowed to proceedwhile a quiescent state ismaintainedwithin the reactor.During thefermentation, soluble substrate is differentially retained relative to the feed slurry and reactionbiocatalystsareretainedandinternallyrecycledwithinthesystem.Further,whilefermentingsubstrateisretainedwithinthesystem,itformsastratifiedzonewithinthereactorsuchthattheconcentrationofactivelyfermentingsubstrateishighestatupperportionsofthereactionzoneandislowest,nearzero,ata lowerportionof the reaction zone. Insoluble, fully reacted substratemaybewithdrawn fromaregionnearthebottomofthereactor47.CA2071185

PROCESS FORDELIGNIFYINGLIGNOCELLULOSICPULP BY MEANSOFOXYGEN

19910614 COLODETTEJORGE L;SANTOS DECAMPOS ANAS

WHITEMARTINSSA

Resumen:IMPROVEMENT INAPROCESSFORDELIGNIFYINGLIGNOCELLULOSICPULPBYMEANSOFOXYGENThepresent inventionreferstoan improvementfordelignifyinga lignocellulosicpulpbymeansofoxygenwherein ethanol is used as an additive and the process is carried out at high temperature therebyobtainingahigherreductionofligincontentofthelignocellulosicpulp,thatis,ahigherreductionoftheKappa Number in comparison with conventional processes without, however, prejudicing the pulpquality. The use of the present invention provides a pulp which, when subjected to subsequentbleachingsequences,willrequirealoweramountofchlorocompoundsinordertoachievethedesiredwhitenessandwillalsoexhibitahighviscositythusrenderingaproductwithgoodresistanceproperties.D16935NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


48.WO9429475

CELL MASSFROMFERMENTERS ASNUTRIENTSOURCE INBIOMASSTOETHANOLCONVERSION

19930611 PHILIPPIDISGEORGE P;WYMANCHARLES E;HINMANNORMAN D;SPINDLERDIANE D;SCHELLDANIELJ

MIDWEST RESEARCHINST

Resumen:Animprovedprocessforconvertinglignocellulosicbiomasstoethanolcomprising:providingabiomassmaterialselectedfromthegroupconsistingofunmodifiedcarbohydratematerial,chemicallymodifiedcarbohydratematerial,derivatizedcarbohydratematerialandmixtures thereof; treatingsaidmaterialenzymatically,chemically,physicallyormechanicallytoproduceaglucosecontainingfluid;treatingtheglucosecontaining fluid ina fermenterwitha fermentativemicroorganismat temperaturesbetweenabout20DEGCtoabout50DEGCandatpHrangesfromabout3.0toabout7.0;separatingcellmassfromsaidmaterialandsolutionssurroundingsaidcellmass fromsaidmaterialsandrecycling thecellmassandsolutionssurroundingthecellmassbacktothefermentertoprovideasourceofnutrientsforthe fermentative organism; extracting ethanol from the fermentation broth with distillation or anextractingsolventorwithmembranes;andevaporatingtheethanolfromthefermentationbroth.49.US6333181

IMPROVEMENTOF ETHANOLPRODUCTIONFROMLIGNOCELLULOSE

19970407 INGRAMLONNIE O;WOOD BRENTE

UNIVFLORIDA

Resumen:This invention presents a method of improving enzymatic degradation of lignocellulose, as in theproduction of ethanol from lignocellulosic material, through the use of ultrasonic treatment. Theinventionshowsthatultrasonictreatmentreducescellulaserequirementsby[VULGARFRACTIONONETHIRD] to 1/2.With the costof enzymesbeing amajorproblem in the costeffectiveproductionofethanolfromlignocellulosicmaterial,thisinventionpresentsasignificantimprovementoverpresentlyavailablemethods.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


50.BR200500534

ACID HYDROLYSISPROCESS OFCELLULOSIC ANDLIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIALS,DIGESTIONVESSELAND HYDROLYSISREACTOR

20050215 BULLA ROMEO;GONZALOSIEIROGONZALEZ;PELLEGRINIFRANCISCOINACIO

BULLA ROMEOGONZALO SIEIRO GONZALEZOXITENO S A IND E COMPELLEGRINIFRANCISCOINACIO

Resumen:Thepresentinventionrelatestoanenhancedprocessforsugarproductionthroughtheacidhydrolysisof cellulosic and lignocellulosicmaterials characterizedby the treatmentof thesematerials in threesteps. Inthefirststep, it ismadeadigestionofthe lignocellulosicmaterialusingasolventcapableofpartiallydissolvingthelignin,whichconstitutespartofthelignocellulosicmaterial.Inthesecondstep,thecellulosicmaterialresultingfromthetreatmentwiththesolventissubjectedtoanacidtreatmentinsuch conditions thatmainly hemicellulose is hydrolyzed to form a sugar solution richwith pentosemonomersandoligomers.Inthethirdstep,thecellulosicmaterialfromthesecondstepissubjectedtoanacidtreatmentinsuchconditionsthatthemajorpartofthecelluloseishydrolyzedtoformasugarsolutionrichwithhexosemonomersandoligomers.ThisinventionalsorelatestoaDigestionVesselandaReactor,with this setbeingconstitutedbya singlevesselora setofvesselswhere it'spossible toidentifythreeareaswherethethreeprocessstepsareconducted.

51.BR9600672

A PROCESS FORRAPID ACIDHYDROLISIS OFLIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIAL ANDHYDROLISISREACTOR

19960308 HILSTANTONIOGERALDOPROENCA

DEDINI SAADMINISTRACAO EPARHILST ANTONIO GERALDOPROENCA

Resumen:The present invention relates to a continuous process for acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosicmaterialthroughwhich thedelignification and saccharificationoperations are carriedout in a single reactioncycleutilizingasolubilizingorganicsolventof ligninandastrongandextremelydiluted inorganicacid,and obtaining highly concentrated recoveries of sugar. For the execution of the present process ahydrolysisreactorisfurtherpresented.



52.CH609092

Process forcontinuous acidhydrolysis andsaccharification

19770401 ARMANET JEANMICHEL; HAMMTHOMAS; REGNAULTALAIN;SACHETTOJEANPIERRE; TOURNIERHERVE

BATELLEMEMERIAL INSTBATTELLE MEMORIALINSTITUTE

Resumen:Continuoushydrolysistoproducesugarsiseffectedbycyclicallyimmersingasolid,dividedlignocellulosicmaterial in a bath of concentrated hydrochloric acid and draining the material between successiveimmersionssoastodissolvetheproducedsugars,untilthesugarconcentrationoftheacidinthebathhasattainedadesiredvalue.Thesolidmaterialandtheliquidacidaredeliveredtoatubularhorizontalrotaryreactorarrangedtoprovideabathoftheacid,toproducearotatingmovementforcyclicalimmersionofthesolidmaterialinthebathofacidandlongitudinallydisplacethesolidmaterialundergoinghydrolysistogether with the acid of the bath and to continuously discharge solid residue and acid containingdissolvedsugarsduetooverflowbygravityatanoutletendofthereactor.53.WO2008141174

GENE KNOCKOUTMESOPHILIC ANDTHERMOPHILICORGANISMS,ANDMETHODSOFUSETHEREOF

20070509 HOGSETTDAVID A;RAJGARHIAVINEETB

HOGSETT DAVID AMASCOMA CORPRAJGARHIAVINEETB

Resumen:Oneaspectoftheinventionrelatestoageneticallymodifiedthermophilicormesophilicmicroorganism,wherein a first native gene is partially, substantially, or completely deleted, silenced, inactivated, ordownregulated, which first native gene encodes a first native enzyme involved in the metabolicproductionofanorganicacidorasaltthereof,therebyincreasingthenativeabilityofsaidthermophilicormesophilicmicroorganism toproduceethanolasa fermentationproduct. Incertainembodiments, theaforementionedmicroorganism furthercomprisesa firstnonnativegene,which firstnonnativegeneencodesafirstnonnativeenzymeinvolvedinthemetabolicproductionofethanol.Anotheraspectoftheinvention relates to aprocess for converting lignocellulosicbiomass toethanol, comprising contactinglignocellulosicbiomasswithageneticallymodifiedthermophilicormesophilicmicroorganism

NoPatente Ttulo Fecha dePublicacin

Inventor Solicitante

54.WO2008119009

MATERIALSANDMETHODS FOREFFICIENTALANINEPRODUCTION

20070327 ZHANG XUELIZHANG;JANTAMAKAEMWICH;MOOREJONATHAN C;SHANMUGAMKEELNATHAMT; INGRAMLONNIEO'NEAL

INGRAM LONNIE O'NEALJANTAMA KAEMWICHMOORE JONATHAN CSHANMUGAMKEELNATHAM TUNIV FLORIDAZHANGXUELIZHANG

Resumen:The subject application provides genetically engineeredmicroorganisms that produce Lalanine as theprimary fermentationproduct from sugars.Pentose sugars, suchasxylose,andhexose sugars, suchasglucose, can be effectively fermented to Lalanine. The strains described herein have the ability tometabolize all sugars that are constituents of lignocellulosic biomass and a variety of disaccharides,includinglactose,maltose,sucroseandothers.55.US20070275447

Indirect ordirectfermentationof biomass tofuelalcohol

20060525 LEWISRANDYS;TANNER RALPHS; HUHNKERAYMONDL

HUHNKE RAYMOND LLEWIS RANDY STANNER RALPH SUNIVOKLAHOMASTATE

Resumen:Anovelclostridiabacterial species (Clostridiumcarboxidivorans,ATCCBAA624, "P7") isprovided.P7 iscapable of synthesizing, fromwaste gases, productswhich are useful as biofuel. In particular, P7 canconvertCO toethanol.Thus, thisnovelbacterium can transformwastegases (e.g. syngasand refinerywastes) intousefulproducts.P7alsocatalyzestheproductionofacetateandbutanol.Further,P7 isalsocapableofdirectlyfermentinglignocellulosicmaterialstoproduceethanolandothersubstances

NoPatente Ttulo FechadePublicacin Inventor Solicitante56.WO200718442

EXPRESSION OF ANACTIVECARRIERFORXYLOSE INGENETICALLYMODIFIEDSACCHAROMYCESCEREVISIAE

20050805 TRAVASSOSLEANDROMARIA JOSE;THERIAGAMENDESBERNARDOGONCA;SPENCERVIEIRAMARTINSISABEL

FUNDACAO DAFACULDADEDECIENCSPENCER VIEIRAMARTINS ISABELTHERIAGA MENDESBERNARDO GONCATRAVASSOS LEANDROMARIAJOSE

Resumen:ThepresentinventionconferstothefermentativeyeastSaccharomycescerevisiae,geneticallymodifiedbyinsertion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a xylose and glucose active transporter, the ability toassimilate xylose using a system of cotransportwith protons exhibiting a high affinity for xylose. Theinventionisusefulfortheproductionofbioethanolfromplantbiomassandotherlignocellulosicmaterials,usinggeneticallymodifiedmicroorganismsforassimilatingand fermentingxylose inmixturesofhexosesandpentosesresultingfromrawmaterialofindustrialinterest

57.FR2881753

Production ofcellulase enzymesusing the residuesfrom ethanolicfermentationdistillation ofenzymatichydrolysates from(ligno)cellulosicmaterials

20050209 WARZYWODAMICHEL;BALLERINIDANIEL;MONOTFREDERIC

BALLERINI DANIELINST FRANCAIS DUPETROLEInstitut Francais duPetroleMONOT FREDERICWARZYWODAMICHEL

Resumen:Producingcellulolyticand/orhemicellulolyticenzymesbyacellulolyticmicroorganismcomprisesusingtheresidue from the ethanolic fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysates of cellulosic or lignocellulosicmaterials.An independent claim is also included for aprocess forproducing ethanol from cellulosicorlignocellulosicmaterials.NoPatente Ttulo Fecha de


58.US7344876

Kluyveromycesstrains metabolizingcellulosic andhemicellulosicmaterials

20030124 LEVINEROBERTP

ENOGEN INCPHAGEBIOTECHNOLOGYPHAGEBIOTECHNOLOGYINC

Resumen:This invention relates to the use ofmicroorganisms for the generation of ethanol from lignocellulosicwastematerials.YeaststrainsofthegenusKluyveromyceswhichhavethecapabilitytofermentcellulose,hexose sugars toethanolareprovided.Alsoprovidedaremethods forconverting cellulose,hexoses,ormixedhydrolysatesofhexosestoethanolbyfermentationwithKluyveromycesstrains.Theinventionalsoprovidesmethods to isolate yeast strainswhichmetabolize cellulose,pentoses,orhemicelluloses fromwastematerials.59.US5733758

Tower reactors forbioconversion oflignocellulosicmaterial

19970110 NGUYEN QUANGA

NGUYENQUANGA

Resumen:Anapparatusforenzymatichydrolysisandfermentationofpretreatedlignocellulosicmaterial,intheformofatowerbioreactor,havingmixerstoachieveintermittentmixingofthematerial.Precisemixingofthematerial is importantforeffectiveheatandmasstransferrequirementswithoutdamagingordenaturingtheenzymesorfermentingmicroorganisms.Thepretreatedmaterial,generally intheformofaslurry, ispumped through the bioreactor, either upwards of downwards, and ismixed periodically as it passesthroughthemixingzoneswherethemixersarelocated.Forathinslurry,alternatemixingcanbeachievedbyapumpingloopwhichalsoservesasaheattransferdevice.Additionalheattransfertakesplacethroughthereactorheattransferjackets.



60.US5047332

Integratedprocess for theproduction offood, feed andfuel frombiomass

19860903 CHAHALDEVINDERS

FRAPPIER ARMAND INSTINST ARMAND FRAPPIER UNIVOFQ

Resumen:A feedstock containing a biomass such as lignocellulosicmaterials, e.g. forest biomass; agriculturalresidues; or manures, is pretreated and thereafter is fractionated into cellulose, lignin andhemicellulose

compitec

Documents

Transcript of compitec