Compredio de Anatomia Patologica de La Glandula Mamaria

7/23/2019 Compredio de Anatomia Patologica de La Glandula Mamaria

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= 000 fhfkpamrfsPrikfrm Fbicie! ?00?ISOE 9>0+>?=+093+=Bfrfcdjs _fsfrwmbjs

?00? Sfcrfmrm bf Smavb

Birfccie Nfefrma bf Smavb _fprjbvciwm

Djkfrj Ej% ?=3! >j pisj

Cja% Cdmpvafpfc K jrmafs

Bfafnmcie K invfa DibmanjC% P% ==>60 K ticj! B% G%

Sf pfrkif am rfprjbvccie jma j pmrcima bf fsf bjcvkfej cimebj am gvfef%

Ftpajrmcie kmk mrim% Cbicf Ombimej


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SFC_FRM_M BF SMAVB

Br% Hvaij Grfel KjrmSfcrfmrij bf Smavb

Br% Feri}vf _vfams OmrmhmsSvosfcrfmrij bf Ieejwmcie y Cmaibmb

Br% _jofrj Rmpim CjeyfrSvosfcrfmrij bf Prfwfecie y Prjfccie bf am Smavb

Br% _jofrj Cmsme _jkjSvosfcrfmrij bf _fnvamcie y Gjkfej Smeimrij

Aic% K mrm Fvnfeim bf Afe+K mySvosfcrfmrim bf Mbkieisrmcie y Giemexms

Br% Fbvmrbj Njexafx PifrCjjrbiembjr Nfefrma bf Pamefmcie Fsrmnicm

Aic% Nvsmwj Ajkfae CjrefhjBirfcjr Nfefrma bf Cjkveicmcie Sjcima

Brm% K mrm bf Ajvrbfs ]viemeiaam _jbrnvfxBirfcjrm Nfefrma bf Smavb _fprjbvciwm


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BI_FCCIE NFEF_MA BF SMAVB _FP_JBVCRIWM

Brm% Kmrm bf Ajvrbfs ]viemeiaam _jbrnvfxBirfcjrm Nfefrma

Brm% K irfaam Ajvsmaj Amcaff Sme _jkeBirfcjrm bf Prfwfecie y Cjerja bfa Cecfr bf am K vhfr

Br% Wicfef Bmx SecdfxBirfcjr bf Ejrkmiwibmb y Msisfecim Rceicm fePameigicmcie Gmkiaimr

Br% Cviadvmc _vx K mvsBirfcjr bfa Prjnrmkm Mrrme}vf pmrfhj fe am wibm

Mc% Yjamebm Wmrfam CdwfxBirfcjrm bf Bfsmrrjaaj Nfrfecima

Aic% Rrieibmb Nvirrfx _mkrfxBirfcjrm bf Bfsmrrjaaj Dvk mej

N_VPJ RCEICJ

Sfcrfmrm bf Smavb+ Bi rfccie Nfefrma bf Smavb _fprjbvciwm

Brm% K irfaam Ajvsmaj Amcaff

Br% Mrvrj Wfnm Smabmm

Br% Nvsmwj Gvfefs Secdfx

Br% Fvnfeij Caix Nvirrfx

Br% Hvaie Pmajkmrfs Rrfhj

Brm% Wfreicm Sfnjwim Piefbm

Amojrmjrij bf Memjkm Pmjanicm y Cijajnm Ftgjaimiwm

Brm% Mem Nmorifam K mcims Nkfx

Br% Emdvk Gajrfs Cdwfx

Iesivj E mcijema bf Cmecfrjajnm

Br% Wicjr K mevfa Prfx SecdfxBrm% Mrcfaim K jrm Rfscmrfj

Brm% K mrm Mawm Amnvem

Br% Bmwib Evfx Njexafx

Brm% K mrdm Nmrcm Pfrmafs


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Prfsfemcie

Ierjbvccie

Johfiwjs

Nfefrmaibmbfs bf am naebvam kmkmrim

Am c avam

Pmjajnm bf am naebvam kmkmrim

Disjpmjajnm! gmcjrfs prjesicjs y prfbiciwjs fe cecfriegiarmef bf am naebvam kmkmrim

Mwmecfs y kmrcmbjrfs oijanicjs prjesicjs y prfbiciwjs fececfr bf kmkm

Rvkjrfs kmkmrijs fe f a djkorf

Rvkjrfs ofeinejs bfa kfse}vikm

Smrcjkm bf am kmkm

Efjpamsims aiegicms y dfkmjpjyicms

K iscfaefm bf efjpamsims

Pmjajnm bf nmenaijs aiegicjs mtiam rfs

Fsvbijs bimnesicjs

Oioaijnrmgm

ebicf

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7%

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4%

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Prfsfemcie

Fa Pame Emcijema bf Smavb ?00=+?007 ifef cjkj prijribmb am Smavb _fprjbvciwm

y cjkj pmrf bf sm! fa cecfr bf kmkm rfwisf ikpjrmecim ym }vf fa

cecfr bf kmkm fs am sfnvebm cmvsm bf kvfrf pjr cecfr fe evfsrj pms

fe ams kvhfrfs bf ?6 mjs y ks% Fa pfrsjema dvkmej }vf pmricipm fe am

mfecie m am smavb bf evfsrm pjoamcie! fs am pifbrm menvamr pmrm dmcfr

grfef m fsm fegfrkfbmb< fs pjr fsj }vf am Sfcrfmrm bf Smavb ifef fa

iefrs }vf ajs kbicjs bf jbjs ajs eiwfafs bf mfecie cjeiefe mcvm+

aixebjsf fe svs bigfrfefs fspfcimaibmbfs pmrm oriebmr vem kfhjr cmaibmb

fe am mfecie m evfsrm pjoamcie%

Cjkpfebij bf Memjkm pmjanicm bf am naebvam kmkmrim


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JOHFRIWJ NFEF_MA

Mcvmaixmcie fe memjkm pmjanicm bf am naebvam kmkmrim

JOHFRIWJ FSPFCGICJ

_fcjrbmr ams cmrmcfrsicms kmcrj y kicrjscpicms bf ams priecipmafsafsijefs ofeinems bf am naebvam kmkmrim%

_fcjrbmr ams cmrmcfrsicms kmcrj y kicrjscpicms bf ams priecipmafs

afsijefs kmainems bf am naebvam kmkmrim%

K fecijemr ajs priecipmafs kjbjs bf fsvbij bf ams afsijefs

sjspfcdjsms bf kmaineibmb bf am naebvam kmkmrim%

=% Johfiwjs


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Memjkm f disjajnm

Am kmkm fe rfpjsj cjesm bf ferf sfis y bifx sisfkms priecipmafs bfcjebvcjs! cmbm vej bf ajs cvmafs fsm biwibibj fe ajovaiaajs< ams veibmbfs

gvecijemafs bfa pmre}vikm kmkmrij% Cmbm sisfkm bvcma brfem m rmwsbf vem wm ftcrfjrm iebfpfebifef j sfej amcgfrj $Ginvrm 3)% Ams svcfsiwmsrmkigicmcijefs bf ajs cjebvcjs nmamcgjrjs fe birfccie bisma frkiemefe ajs cjebvcjs frkiemafs% Mefs bf am pvofrmb! fa cjkpafhj sisfkm bfcjebvcjs rmkigicmbjs frkieme fe gjebjs cifnjs! pfrj ma cjkifexj bf amkfemrcm! prjaigfrm bismakfef! gjrkmebj vejs rfiem cjebvciaajs j ciejsrfwfsibjs bf fpifaij% Cmbm cjebvcj frkiema y sv cjebvciaaj cjkpjefeams veibmbfs ajovaiaamrfs bvcmafs frkiemafs $Ginvrm 2)%

Ginvrm 2

Cjkpfebij bf Memjkm Pmjanicm bf am naebvam kmkmrim

Ginvrm 3

Am mrfjam! fa pfxe y ams bfsfkojcmbvrms bf ajs cjebvcjs nmamcgjrjspriecipmafs fse rfwfsibjs bf fpifaij fscmkjsj fsrmigicmbj% Fa rfwfs+ikifej bf ajs cjebvcjs kmkmrijs priecipmafs sf cjewifrf fe ve fpifaijcjavkemr psfvbjfsrmigicmbj y bfspvs fe ve fpifaij cvojibma bf bjs

cmpms $Ginvrm 6)% Pjr bfomhj bfa fpifaij bf rfwfsikifej! ks prjkiefef!pvfbf wfrsf vem cmpm omhm bf cavams mpamembms $cavams kijfpifaimafs)$Ginvrm 7)% Ams cavams kijfpifaimafs cjeifefe kijgiamkfejs jrifembjspmrmafamkfef ma fhf amrnj bfa cjebvcj% Sinvifebj ftmcmkfef fa cjejrej bf


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ajs cjebvcjs y cjebvciaajs ftisf vem kfkormem omsma% Ajs ajovaiaajs fseiecavibjs fe ve fsrjkm amtj! bfaicmbj! kitjkmjsj }vf cje ifef aiegjcijsbispfrsjs $fhibj cjefciwj iermajovaiaamr)! y cmbm vej bf ajs ajovaiaajs fs iecavibjfe ve fsrjk m iefrajovaiaamr ks bfesj! cmanfejsj y g iorjsj $Ginvrm >)%

Ginvrm 6

K vhfr mbjafscfef

Ginvrm 7

Kvhfr fe am amcmecim

_famcijefs memkicms

Am kmkm jcvpm am rfnie kmkmrim! sivmbm fe am pmrf amfrma y svpfrijr bf

am pmrfb mefrijr bfa rmt% Sf cjesibfrme fe faam vem cmrm pjsfrijr! vem cmrm

mefrijr y vem circvegfrfecim% Am cmrm pjsfrijr! ks j kfejs pamem fs ferfamcie cje fa pfcjrma kmyjr! y fa nrme bfembj pjr am gmcim svpfrgicima y bf

fhibj bf cjesisfecim wmrimoaf% Am cmrm mefrijr! cjewftm fe jbm sv ftfesie

y fe am pmrf kfbim prfsfem am mrfjam y fa pfxe%

Ginvrm >

K vhfr fe am pjskfejpmvsim


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Am kmkm sf irrinm pjr mrfrims prjcfbfefs bf am kmkmrim iefrem! bf ams

jrcicms y bf ams iefrcjsmafs% Ams wfems }vf emcfe bf ams rfbfs cmpiamrfs

gjrkme mkoie vem rfb svocvefm }vf! ma eiwfa bf am mrfjam! sf bispjefe

fe gjrkm circvamr y jriniem fa circvaj wfejsj bf Dmaafr $Ginvrm 4)%

Ajs aiegicjs ifefe sv jrinfe fe rfbfs cvefms! rfbfs namebvamrfs y fe

ajs aiegicjs bf ajs cjebvcjs nmamcgjrjs%

Ajs efrwijs bf am naebvam kmkmrim prjcfbfe bf ajs ciecj iefrcjsmafs

cjrrfs+pjebifefs! bfa svprmcamwicvamr y bfa paftj cfrwicma svpfrgicima% Sf

bisriovyfe pjr am pifa y ajs kscvajs mrfjamrfs ms cjkj pjr ajs wmsjs

smenvefjs y pjr am kiskm naebvam $Ginvrm 9)%

Ginvrm 9


Ginvrm 4


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GISIJAJNM

Cmkoijs bvrmef fa cicaj kfesrvma

Fe cmbm cicaj am kmkm sf mgfcm ma invma }vf fa febjkfrij% Bfspvs bf am

kfesrvmcie fa mvkfej prjnrfsiwj bf ajs fsrnfejs! ams cavams bvcmafs

y bvcvamrfs cjkifexme m prjaigfrmr y cjeieme bfsmrrjaaebjsf bvrmef

jbj fa cicaj kfesrvma% Bvrmef am gmsf sfcrfjrm bfa cicaj kfesrvma! omhj

am iegavfecim bf am prjnfsfrjem! mvkfem am prjaigfrmcie bf am fsrvcvrm bf

ajs cjebvcjs frkiemafs y ftisf wmcvjaixmcie y mvkfej bf am mciwibmb

kisicm bf ams cavams fpifaimafs omsmafs%

Ginvrm =0

Ams cavams bfa fs rjkm prjaigfrme y! mbfks ftisf fbfkm bfa fsrjkm% Fsf

fgfcj cjkoiembj bfa fsrnfej y bf am prjnfsfrjem sjorf ajs fafkfejs

iermajovaiaamrfs bf am kmkm sje am cmvsm bf am sfesmcie bf vkfgmccie }vf

sf ftpfrikfeme ams kvhfrfs fe am gmsf prfkfervma bfa cicaj% Cvmebj jcvrrf

am kfesrvmcie! am cmbm bf ajs eiwfafs bfa fsrnfej y prjnfsfrjem wm

sfnvibm bf bfscmkmcie bf ams cavams fpifaimafs! mrjgim bfa fhibj cjefciwj

iermajovaiaamr! bfsmpmricie bfa fbfkm bfa fsrjkm! y bf vem biskievcie

nfefrmaixmbm bfa mkmj bf ajs cjebvcjs y bf ajs orjfs namebvamrfs%

Fkomrmxj y Amcmecim

Sjaj ma cjkifexj bfa fkomrmxj am kmkm cjkpafm sv kmbvrmcie y sv

mciwibmb gvecijema% Bf cmbm orjf namebvamr! svrnfe evkfrjsms naebvams

sfcrfjrms wfrbmbfrms gjrkmebj cjkj rmcikjs bf vwms< cjkj cjesfcvfecim!

ftisf vem rfwfrsie bf am rfamcie fsrjkm+naebvam dmoivma! bf gjrkm }vf!

ma giema bf am nfsmcie! am kmkm fsm cmsi jmakfef cjkpvfsm pjr naebvams

sfpmrmbms pjr vem cmeibmb rfamiwmkfef fscmsm bf fs rjkm% Ams naebvamssfcrfjrms fse rfwfsibms bf cavams cvojibmafs! y fe fa frcfr rikfsrf sf

fecvferme fe fa iefrijr bf ams cavams wmcvjams sfcrfjrms bf kmfrima aipbicj

f iekfbimmkfef bfspvs bfa emcikifej cjk ifexm am sfcrfcie bf afcdf%


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Bfspvs bf am amcmcie! ams naebvams rfnrfsme y sf mrjgime bf evfwj! ajs

cjebvcjs sf mcdicme y fa mkmj jma bf am kmkm biskievyf%

Cmkoijs bvrmef fa caikmfrij

Bvrmef fsm fmpm am kmkm svgrf bf kmefrm prjnrfsiwm! kvcdms wfcfs

msiejkicm! am cmrfecim bf am mciwibmb djrkjema% Ajs ajovaiaajs pvfbfe

aafnmr m bfsmpmrfcfr fe kvhfrfs kvy mecimems! bfhmebj sjaj cjebvcjs pmrm

gjrkmr ve pmre sikiamr m am bfa djkorf% Fe kvcdms jcmsijefs }vfbm

svgicifef fsikvaj fsrjneicj pjsioafkfef bf jrinfe svprmrrfema j bf

cjewfrsie pfrigricm! pmrm kmefefr ajs wfsinijs bf ajs ajovaiaajs%



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AFSIE Y K VF_RF CFAVAM_

Ams cmvsms bf afsie cfavamr wme bfsbf ve rmvkmiskj nrmwf jcmsijembms

pjr ve gmcjr ftfrej y ams cmvsms febnfems cjkj ajs bmjs jcmsijembjs

pjr am gmam bf vem fexikm }vf mafrf fa k fmojaiskj ejrkma%

Ams priecipmafs cmvsms bf bmj sje8 am dipjtim! ajs mnfefs gsicjs! ajs mnfefs

}vkicjs! ajs mnfefs iegfccijsjs! ams rfmccijefs iekvejanicms! ajs rmsjrejs

nfeicjs y ajs bfsf}viaiorijs ev ricijemafs%

Ej sifkprf fs pjsioaf bffrkiemr fa avnmr oij}vkicj bjebf mcm ve mnfef

}vf rfprjbvxcm bmj! pfrj sje 2 ajs sisfk ms m bffrk iemr8 m) fa kmefei+

kifej bf am iefnribmb bf ams kfkormems cfavamrfs! bf am }vf bfpfebfe am

dfkjssis ieicm y jskicm bf am cavam y svs jrnmefajs< o) am rfspirmcie

mfroicm }vf mgfcm am gjsgjriamcie jtibmiwm y m am prjbvccie bf MRP< c) am

sefsis bf prjfems fexikicms y fsrvcvrmafs y b) am cjesfrwmcie bfa

mpmrmj nfeicj bf am cavam%

Am mpjpjsis8 Fs rfspjesmoaf bf evk frjsjs mcjefcikifejs g isijanicjs y

pmjanicjs iecavyfebj! am bfsrvccie prjnrmkmbm bf ams cavams bvrmef am

fkorijnefsis! am iewjavcie djrkjejbfpfebifef fe fa mbvaj! bfafcie

cfavamr fe am prjaigfrmcie bf pjoamcijefs cfavamrfs! kvfrf cfavamr fe vkjrfs!

y bf ams cavams iekveimrims! mrjgim pmjanicm bf fhibjs djrkjejbfpfe+

bifefs! ms cjkj bf rnmejs pmrfe}vikmjsjs rms am josrvccie bf

cjebvcjs! kvfrf cfavamr iebvcibm pjr cavams R cijticms! afsie cfavamr

fe cifrms fegfrk fbmbfs wirmafs%

C_FCIK IFERJ Y BIGF_FECIMCIE CFAVAM_

Cvmebj cjkifexm vem afsie cfavamr ma kiskj ifkpj sf pjefe fe kmrcdm

vem sfrif bf mcjefcikifejs }vf mbfks bf sfrwir pmrm cjefefr fa bffrijrj

mkoie sirwfe pmrm prfpmrmr m ams cavams ej bmmbms irrfwfrsioafkfef

pmrm rfpaicmrsf y svs ivir m ams cavams bmmbms%

Am rfpmrmcie cfavamr cjkprfebf bjs prjcfsjs bisiejs =) am rfnfefrmciefe fa }vf sf svsivyfe ams cavams afsijembms pjr cavams bfa kiskj ipj!

}vf fe jcmsijefs ej bfhm rmsrj% ?) Am svsivcie }vf fs pjr fhibj cjefciwj

j giorjsis }vf bfhm vem cicmrix%

3% Am cava m


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Fa cjerja bf am rfpaicmcie cfavamr bfpfebf fe nrme pmrf bf gmcjrfs }vkicjs

bfa kicrjmkoifef }vf fsikvame j iediofe am prjaigfrmcie cfavamr% Ve ftcfsj

bf fsikvambjrfs j ve bgici bf iedioibjrfs bm avnmr m ve crfcikifej efj

y! fe fa cmsj bfa cecfr m ve crfcikifej iecjerjambj% Fa crfcikifej sf

pvfbf cjesfnvir mcjrmebj fa cicaj cfavamr! pfrj ajs gmcjrfs kms ikpjrmefs

sje m}vfaajs }vf rfcavme m ams cavams Nj ma cicaj cfavamr%

RFJ_M BFA J_INFE BFA CECF_

Sf smof fe am mcvmaibmb }vf am rmesgjrkmcie kmainem bf ams cavams ejr+

kmafs sf bfof m am mafrmcie bf bjs ipjs bf nfefs8 ajs prjjjecjnfefs y

ajs nfefs svprfsjrfs%

Ajs prjj+jecjnfefs sje cjkpjefefs cfavamrfs ejrkmafs }vf ifefe

gvecijefs ikpjrmefs fe fa crfcik ifej! bfsmrrjaaj y bigfrfecimcie cfavamr!

}vf pmrm cjewfrirsf fe jecjnfefs y prjbvcir ve cecfr bfofe bf mafrmr sv

fsrvcvrm ym sfm kfbimef kvmcijefs j m rmws bf rfmrrfnajs nfeicjs%

Ajs meijecjnfefs sje mkoie cjkpjefefs cfavamrfs ejrkmafs }vf

cjbigicme prjfems efcfsmrims pmrm }vf ams cavams prjnrfsfe m rmws bfa

cicaj cfavamr% Sf smof }vf sf rf}vifrfe bjs kvmcijefs j k s pmrm rmesgjrkmr

vem cavam ejrkma fe mejrkma% Am prikfrm kvmcie cjewifrf m am cavam feprfcmecfrjsm y pvfbf sfr mb}viribm fe gjrkm prfcinicm j sfm dfrfbmbj

pjr manvej bf ajs pmbrfs% Am sfnvebm kvmcie ej fs dfrfbmbm%



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Efcrjsis dfkjrrnicm cje cjmnvajpmm

Fsm afsie pvfbf jcvrrir fe gjrkm soim pjsfrijr m am mbkieisrmcie bf

bfriwmbjs bf am ~mrgmriem% Nfefrmakfef m pjcjs bms bf ieicimbj fa rmmkifej

ams pmcifefs prfsfeme bjajr y fbfkm bf am kmkm sfnvibj pjr dfkjrrmnim

bferj bf am pifa y efcrjsis fe fa fhibj svoymcfef% Fsj nfefrmakfef

svcfbf m pmcifefs cje bfgicifecim bf prjfem C%

Afsijefs msjcimbms cje mvkfej bf kmkm

Ajs mnfefs ks viaixmbj sje fa sdfaamc! pvy namxifr! spve! namss! rfsiem

fpjticm! offs~mt y sdrfbbfb sial% Am cfrm bf pmrmgiem vsmbm pmrm fsf

prjpsij m bmbj cjkj rfsvambj jafjnrmevajkms% Fa ai}vibj bikfiapjai+

siajtmej ma cvma sf dm mmbibj cibjs nrmsjs j wfnfmafs m iebvcibj giorjsis

y gjrkmcie bf nrmevajkms rfsvamebj fe kmsms bvrms bjajrjsms fe am

kmkm! pjr aj }vf am ieyfccie bf siaice dm wfeibj fe bfsvsj% K icrjscpi+

cmkfef sf josfrwme gjrkms rfbjebms! bjoafs rfgrmcmefs fe fspmcijs

rjbfmbjs pjr disijcijs% Grfcvfefk fef pinkfejs nrmevamrfs y crismafs

sje aj }vf sf wfe gmnjcimbjs y rfgrmcmefs% Cvmebj sf vsme ojasms bf

cjefeibj bf a}vibj j nfa bf siaice! marfbfbjr sf gjrkm vem fewjavrm

giorjsm aamkmbm cpsvam $Ginvrm ==)%

Ajs ikpamefs bf pjaivrfmej pvfbfe svgrir giorjsis fe fa fhibj mbymcfef!

fa kmfrima bf ajs crismafs bjoafs rfgrmcmefs cje cavams ninmefs kvaiev+

cafmbms bf ipj cvfrpj ftrmj ifefe vem gjrkm rimenvamr fe cje rmsf cje

am gjrkm rfbjebm v jwmambm bf am mpmrifecim bfa siaice $Ginvrm =?)%

Pvfbf jcvrrir aiegmbfejpmim fe msjcimcie cje ikpamefs j ieyfccie bf

siaice y nfefrmakfef sf ibfeigicm iecibfemakfef%

Ginvrm ==

Ieyfccie bf siaice% Naovajsbf siaice bjoafkfefrfgrmcmefs $gafcdm) sjefwibfefs fe mam rfsjavcie%


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?2

Afsijefs iegamkmjrims fe f a fkomrmxj y am amcmecim

Jcvrrf fe ve 6 & bf jbms ams kvhfrfs y sf prfsfem ks grfcvfefkfef

ferf am sfnvebm y frcfrm sfkmem bf amcmcie% Nfefrmakfef pjr am

mcvkvamcie bf afcdf gmciaim fa crfcikifej bf omcfrims cjkj fa fsmgiajcjcj%

Fe kvcdms jcmsijefs fsj prjwjcm ve moscfsj }vf nfefrmakfef cfbf cje

am mbkieisrmcie bf meioi icjs%

Am giorjsis y am rfmccie iegamkmjrim msjcimbm m ve moscfsj creicj rfsvam

fe bisjrsie bf ajs cjebvcjs mbymcfefs y pvfbf prjbvcir vem kmsm }vf

pvfbf sikvamr vem efjpamsim%

Iegmrj

Pjcj cjke! pfrj pvfbf cjegvebirsf cje ve cmrciejkm% Fsj pvfbf sfr

ks grfcvfef fe ajs pmpiajkms iermbvcmafs cjkj vem cjkpaicmcie bf

fkomrmxj j amcmecim% Fsj prjwjcm iegamkmcie y bisjrsie bf ajs cjebvcjs

fe ajs krnfefs bfa iegmrj! ms cjkj m am jcmsijema prfsfecim bf kfmpamsim

fscmkjsm% Am pmjnefsis fs iecifrm rmrmkfef sf fecvferm am jcavsie

rjk oicm bfa wmsj smenvefj fe fsms afsijefs%

Afsijefs iegamkmjrims ej fspfcgicms

+ K msiis ajovamr nrmevajkjmjsm

Bigfrfef m am kmsiis nrmevajkmjsm pfribvcma% Am fijajnm fs bfscjejcibm

am bisriovcie pfriajovamr y fa cmrcfr nrmevajkmjsj bf am iegamkmcie

svnifrf vem rfmccie kfbimbm pjr cavams! bf vem j ks svsmecims cjecfe+rmbms fe am sfcrfcie kmkmrim j cavams ajovamrfs pfrj ej sf dm ibfeigicmbj

ve menfej fspfcgicj% Am afsie jcvrrf ks fe fa pjspmrj }vf fe fa

Ginvrm =?

Kmsiis pjr kjbfamefs% Amikmnfe kvfs rm iegiarmbjiegamkmjrij aiegjpams+kjcimrij ypjaikjrgjevcafmr fe gjrk mikpjrmefs! cje manvems

cavams ninmefs kvaievcafmbmsbf ipj cvfrpj ftrmj%


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+ K msiis bf cavams pamskicms

Manvejs cjesibfrme }vf fs vem wmrimef bf vem kmsiis pfribvcma j bf vem

fcmsim bvcma kmkmrim% Sf prfsfem ferf ajs ?9 m 22 mjs bf fbmb! cje

bjajr! cjenfs ie y sfcrfcie bfa pfxe nfefrmakfef fspfsm% Bfspvs bf

ajs sejkms bf iegamkmcie pvfbf pfrsisir vem kmsm girkf bvrm bf wmrijs

cfekfrjs! am sfcrfcie pjr fa pfxe fs cje ievm y pvfbf dmofr rfrmccie

bf sf% Ajs nmenaijs mtiamrfs fse nfefrmakfef mvkfe mbjs bf mkmj%

K mcrjscpicmkmef fa rfm mgfcmbm fs iebvrmbm! ifef cjebvcjs biammbjs

cjefeifebj vem sfcrfcie crfkjsm fspfsm y manvejs pvfbfe sfr }vsicjs%

K icrjscpicmkfef sje bjs ajs rmsnjs }vf am bisienvfe bf jrms gjrkms

bf k msiis8 am dipfrpamsim bfa fpifaij bvcma y vem kmrcmbm iegiarmcie bigvsm

bf cavams pamskicm marfbfbjr bf ajs cjebvcjs y bf ajs aovajs%

Iegfccijefs fspfcgicms

+ Rvofrcvajsis8

Am vofrcvajsis pmrfcf fefr prfbiafccie pjr am kmkm amcmef pfrj pvfbf

jcvrrir fe cvma}vifr kjkfej% Fe ams kvhfrfs hwfefs fa cvmbrj caeicj sfkfhm

m am bf ve moscfsj y fe am kvhfrfs bf ks fbmb sikvam m ve cmrciejkm%

Nfefrmakfef veiamfrma% Sf mgfcme ajs nmenaijs ipsiamfrmafs mtiamrfs% Mve}vf

pvfbf dmofr am iegfccie fe gjrkm prikmrim nfefrmakfef fs sfcvebmrim% Sfpvfbf prfsfemr fe rfs gjrkms8 kmsiis ejbvamr! kmsiis vofrcvajsm bigvsm

y am wmrifbmb fscafrjsmef% K mcrjscpicmkfef fa fspcikfe fs ejbvamr!

iebvrmbj! nris j orjecfmbj cje gjcjs mkmriaajs m oamecjs bf efcrjsis cmsfjsm%

Ginvrm =2

Fcmsim bvcma% Sf josfrwmcjebvcj biammbj! fa fpifaij fsfsrmigicmbj sie cmkoijs mpicjs!josfrwf fa fenrjsmkifej bf amkfkormem omsma y fa iegiarmbj

iegamkmjrij%


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K mcrjscpicmkfef fa fspcikfe fs bf cjajr cmg jscvrj sie cmacigicmcijefs

ei xjems bf efcrjsis! bf bikfesijefs nfefrmakfef kfejrfs m 6 ck%

K icrjscpicmkfef sf josfrwme nrmevajkms fpifaimafs gjrkmebj ebvajs

ferf ajs aovajs y ajs cjebvcjs% Ams cavams ninmefs }vf mcjkpmme m ajs

nrmevajkms pvfbfe prfsfemr msfrjibfs j cvfrpjs bf Scdmvkmee%

Wmscvaiis

+ Mrfriis

Ams afsijefs k mkmrims cmvsmbms pjr wmscvaiis msfkfhme ma cmrciejkm caeicm+

kfef% Sf pvfbf prfsfemr fe gjrkm misambm j cjkj pmrf bf vem feibmbcaeicm $Ginvrm =6)% Fa bimnesicj sf dmcf fe omsf m ajs dmaamxnjs disjanicjs

y m am caeicm%

Ginvrm =6

Mrfriis% Iegamkmcieefcrjixmef rmeskvrma bfmrfrims bf mkmj kfbij fe amkmkm% Fasicm fs pmrcimakfefbfsrvibm $iecie bf wmeNifsje)

Ginvrm =7

Mrfriis bf cavams ninmefs%Fa avkfe bf fsms mrfrims fsmwirvmakfef joaifrmbj pjriegamkmcie svoieikma y kvrmaiecavyfebj cavams ninmefs$gafcdms) Ejf am cmacigicmciefe am pmrf omhm bf am mrfrim%

Mrfri is bf cavams ninmefs $Ginvrm =7)8 Sf prfsfem cjkj vem kmsm! girkf!

bvrm! bjajrjsm kfejs bf 2 ck bf bikfrj% K icrjscpicmkfef am iegamkmcie

nrmevajkmjsm fewvfawf m ams pf}vfms y kfbimems mrfrims m rmws bfa

fhibj mgfcmbj% Ams wfems y ams mrfrijams fse rfspfmbms%


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+ ]vikijfrmpim

Nfefrmakfef fsj sf wf bfspvs bf }vf sf m rfmaixmbj am cirvnm% Cvmebj

caeicmkfef ej ftisf fwibfecim bf vkjr rfsibvma ve 70& aj ifefe disjanicm+

kfef% Si pfrsisf! sf josfrwm biskievcie bf am cfavamribmb! xjems bf iegmrj

y efcrjsis< y si ym ej ftisf fe fa siij bjebf fsvwj fa vkjr sf josfrwm!

giorjsis! fbfkm bfa fsrjk m! iecrfkfej bf am wmscvamribmb y cavams bf ve

iegiarmbj iegamkmjrij creicj $Ginvrm ?=+?2)%

30

Ginvrm ?=Fgfcjs bf }vikijfrmpim%Cmrciejkm ajovamr iewmsjrprfwij m am }vikijfrmpim fe vepmcifef cje ve cmrciejkmiegamkmjrij f iegiarmciecmrciejkmjsm bigvsm bf amkmkm%

Ginvrm =9

Aovaj pjsrmbimcie kvfsrmfenrjsmkifej bf amskfkormems omsmafs%

Ginvrm ?0

Cmrciejkm ajovamr ie siv%Ejf cmkoijs fe ve aovaj

ejrkma fe am fs}viem svpfrijr%


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Ginvrm ??

Fspcikfe bf kmsfcjkmbfspvs bfa rmmkifej cjecijciem! mbrimkiciem y 6+gavjrmciaj cjefeifebj sjajkicrjscpicjs nrvpjs bf

cfavams bfa cmrciejkm fe fafsrjkm cjamnfejsj%

Ginvrm ?3

Fe fsf cmrciejkm bvcmabfspvs bf am }vikijfrmpimsje fwibfefs fa ecafjdipfrcrjkicj y wmcvjaixmciebfa cijpamskm%

Ginvrm ?2

Fgfcjs bf am }vikijfrmpim%K aipafs ecafjs mnrmebmbjsdipfrcrjkicjs fseprfsfefs fe vem cavam% Ejfam wmcvjaixmcie bfa cijpamskm%

+ Rrmmkifej djrkjema

Mefrijrkfef sf vsmome fsrnfejs y mebrnfejs! pfrj sf josfrw }vf fa

fgfcj bf prjaigfrmcie jcvrrm sjorf fsrvcvrms mejrkmafs pfrj ej kmainems%

Fa mbwfeikifej bf ajs meifsrnfejs wiej m cmkoimr fsj%


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Giorjsis gjcma

Fsm fe bvbm bf }vf sfm vem feibmb pmjanicm! kms oife fs ve rmsnj kms

bf am iewjavcie bf am kmkm% Jcvrrf ferf am cvmrm y }viem bcmbm bf am

wibm% Sf prfsfem cjkj vem kmsm fe fa CSF bf ams kmkms! ej sf msjcim

cje rfrmccie bf am pifa y pvfbfe sfr wmrijs ebvajs%

K icrjscpicmkfef sf josfrwme ftfesms rfms bf fhibj giorjcjefciwj

pmrwicfavamr sfpmrmebj cjebvcjs y aovajs mrgicjs rffkpamxmebj fa fhibj

cjefciwj ie rmajovamr% Fs cjke ve iegiarmbj aiegjcicj pfribvcma

Mbfejsis

+ Am mbfejsis

Ikpaicm ve mamrnmkifej bf ajs cjebvcjs frkiemafs bf ajs aovajs kmkmrijs%

Fsj fs ikpjrmef bmbj }vf sf pvfbf cjegvebir cje cmrciejkm% Fa prjjipj

bf am afsie fs am prjaigfrmcie bvcma ajovajcericm fe gjrkm circvescrim!

cjesisifebj fe cavams fpifaimafs y kijfpifaimafs msjcimbms cje cmeibmbfs

wmrimoafs bf g iorjsis% Cvmebj am giorjsis fs k eikm sf af cjejcf cjkj mbfejsis

gajribm y cvmebj prfbjkiem am giorjsis iefrbvcma sf af cjejcf cjkj

mbfejsis fscafrjsmef%

+ Wmrimefs bf am mbfejsis

Mbfejsis vkjrma8 Sf josfrwm vem giorjsis bfesm fe am cjegavfecim bf ajs

ebvajs bf mbfejsis y ajs cjebvcjs mrmpmbjs pvfbfe sikvamr ve

crfcikifej iewmsiwj%

Mbfejsis bvcma grmecm8 Fs cvmebj ve mnrfnmbj bf cjebvcjs mpmrfef+kfef giemaixme fe gjrkm orvscm sie gjrk mr ve aovaj $Ginvrm ?4)%

Ginvrm ?4

Mbfejsis bvcma grmecm8aovajs iebiwi+bvmafs fsekmrcmbmkfef mamrnmbjs y dmybiammcie y manj bfprjaigfrmcie cfavamr bfcjkpjefefs iebiwibvmafs%


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Mbfejsis fe giorjmbfejkms8 Am mbfejsis fscafrjsmef pvfbf jcvrrir gjcma+

kfef j cjkj pmre prfbjkiemef fe ajs giorjmbfejkms $Ginvrm ?9+3=)%

Ginvrm ?9

Mbfejsis fscafrjsmef%M% Wism cje omhj pjbfr% Amcjeginvrmcie ajovamr bf amafsie fs jowim%O%Riecijefs bfiekvejdisj}vkicm pmrmmciem kvfsrm vem rfmcciegvfrf fe fa cjkpjefefcfavamr kijfpifaima%

Ginvrm 30

Mbfejsis fscafrjsmeffewjawifebj fa fspmcijpfrievrma% Eibjs bf naebvamsoife bigfrfecimbms fseprfsfefs% Fsjs dmaamxnjs ejsje fwibfecims bf kmaineibmb%

Ginvrm 3=

Mbfejsis fscafrjsmef%Josfrwf am prjaigfrmcie ajovamry kijfpifaima


K icrjscpicmkfef fa fhibj cjesisf fe ve fsrjkm bf cjanfem cje ve

ainfrj iecrfkfej bf am bfesibmb bf g iorjoamsjs cvmebj sf cjk pmrm cje fa

fhibj k mkmrij bf marfbfbjr $Ginvrm 36)%

Ginvrm 36

Kmsjpmim bimoicm%Iegiarmbj aiegciicj ajcmaixmbjmarfbfbjr bf wmsjs smenvefjspf}vfjs fse amrnmkfefsfpmrmbjs bfa aovaj%

Ginvrm 37

Mbfejkm vovamr bf kmkm%Pf}vfjs cjebvcjsveigjrkfs fse prfsfefs cjekvy pjcj fsrjkm%

AFSIJEFS FPIRFAIMAFS OFEINEMS

Mbfejkm

+ Mbfejkm vovamr

Sf prfsfem fe mbvajs hwfefs! kicrjscpicmkfef fs ve pm}vff cjkpmcj

bf ovajs veigjrkfs! pf}vfjs maiefmbjs cje vem sjam cmpm bf cavams

fpifaimafs y vem cmpm bf cavams kijfpifaimafs< fa fsrjkm sf fecvferm

bispfrsj% Fe jcmsijefs sf msjcim ma giorjmbfejkm $Ginvrm 37)%

+ Mbfejkm bf am amcmecim

Sje vkjrfs oife circvescrijs cjkpvfsjs prfbjkiemefkfef pjr fsrvc+

vrms namebvamrfs cje fscmsj fsrjkm cje cmkoijs sfcrfjrfs prjk iefefs

fe ajs cjebvcjs $Ginvrm 3>)%


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+ Mbfejkm mpcriej

Fsm cjesivibj ftcavsiwmkfef pjr cavams mpcriems% Fs kvy rmrj y bfof

bf bisienvirsf bf am fegfrkfbmb giorj}vsicm cje cmkoijs mpcriejs prjki+

efefs y cje fa cmrciejkm mpcriej oife bigfrfecimbj%

+ Mbfejaipjkm

Fs vem kmsm bf fhibj mbipjsj kmbvrj! nfefrmakfef cjesibfrmbm cjkj

vem wmrimef bf ajs dmkmrjkms%

+ Mbfejkm Bvcma

Sf prfsfem cjkj vem kmsm oife circvescrim! cje biscrfm fscafrjsis! sjaimrim

j kaipaf! rmrmkfef ftcfbf ajs ? ck% Am fbmb kfbim fs bf 6= mjs% Am

afsie prfsfem vem kfxcam bf giorjsis dimaieixmef y fafkfejs pmrcimafs

bvcmafs mfevmbjs! fe ve pmre ejbvamr marfbfbjr bf am giorjsis% Fe am afsie

ajs bvcjs afsijembjs prfsfeme akiems veigjrkfs bf cavams fpifaimafs y

kijfpifaimafs y vem kfkormem omsma camrmkfef bfg ieibm bf cjanfem ipj IW%

+ Mbfejkm kit j j pafjkrgicj

Pjcj cjke! ifef rmsnjs }vf sfkfhme vkjr bf naebvam smaiwma% Gjrkme

vem biscrfm kmsm girkf< cmsi sifkprf sjaimrijs! kfejs bf ? ck% Fa rmsnj

cmrmcfrsicj fs am kfmpamsim cjebrjibf y sfm% Am cmacigicmcie fs grfcvfef

y pvfbf wfrsf camrmkfef fe am kmsjnrmgm%

Ginvrm 3>

Mbfejkm bf am amcmecim%Fa avkfe amrnj y fa cijpamskmmciwmkfef sfcrfjr%


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Pmpiajkm iermbvcma

Fs ve vkjr ofeinej fpifaima pmpiamr }vf sf jriniem bf ajs cjebvcjs kmkmrijs%

Mve}vf fs ks cjke fe ajs cjebvcjs nmamcgjrjs svomrfjamrfs pvfbf

jcvrrir fe cvma}vifr cjebvcj bf am kmkm% Jcmsijemakfef prfsfem biammcie

}visicm bf ajs cjebvcjs pjr aj }vf mkoie sf af dm cjejcibj cjkj

pmpiajkm ierm}vsicj%

Bfof bf bisienvirsf bf am pmpiajkmjsis ym }vf sf fs ve rkiej iefspfcgicj

}vf iecavyf vem wmrifbmb bf pmrjefs kicrjscpicjs% Prfsfeme bfscmrnm

bfa pfxe fa >0& bf ams pmcifefs%

K mcrjscpicmkfef sf josfrwm ve cjebvcj biammbj }vf pvfbf aafnmr m

sfr pmapmoaf! dmsm bf 2 ck bf bikfrj! pfrj kvcdj bf am afsie fs ks

fa cjebvcj biammbj }vf fa pmpiajkm% K icrjscpicmkfef cjesisf fe vem

jrbfembm prjaigfrmcie bf fpifaij bvcma sjorf ve oife bfgieibj pfbcvaj

wmscvamr% Fa fpifaij bisriovibj fe vem sjam cmpm ifef ve pf}vfj pafjkjrgiskj

cfavamr j dipfrcrjkmiskj evcafmr cje keikm mciwibmb kisicm< vem cmpm

kijfpifaima fsm prfsfef ferf fa pfbcvaj giorjwmscvamr y ams cavams

fpifaimafs% Nfefrmakfef ajs pmpiajkms ofeinejs ifefe rfms bf kfmpamsim

mpcriem% Cmrmcfrsicmkfef ftisf g iorjsis dimaieixmef fe ajs pmpiajkms%

Pmpiajkmjsis gajribm bfa pfxe

Sfne am camsigicmcie bf am JK S sf bfgief cjkj ve vk jr ofeinej }vf sf

jriniem fe ajs cjebvcjs bfa pfxe y kvfsrm vem prjaigfrmcie iermbvcma

}vf fe fsmbjs mwmexmbjs prfsfem mkoie ve pmre vovamr% Jcvrrf ferf

ajs 20 m 60 mjs! cmsi sifkprf veiamfrma% Sf prfsfem cje bfscmrnm dfkicm

pjr fa pfxe%

Sf mnrvpm fe cvmrj nrvpjs sfne sv pmre bf crfcik ifej8 Pmpiajkmjsisfscafrjsmef! pmpiajkmjsj! bf mbfejsis y prjaigfrmiwj k itj%

Fa =7%6& bf ams pmcifefs cje fsm afsie prfsfeme cmrciejkm bf kmkm%

Mbfejkm sirienjkmjsj

Pjcjs cmsj rfpjrmbjs fe fbmbfs bf == m 7> mjs% K msm bf = m 3 ck ! girkf!

bvrm nriscfm! orjecfmbm j oamecm% K icrjscpicmkfef cjesisf fe ovajs!cjebvcjs y vem omebm cjkpvfsm bf pf}vfms cavams omsgiams }vf iegiarme

am bfrkis bf am pifa y fa fsrjkm bfa pfxe%


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Cisjsmrcjkm Pdyaajbfs $giajibfs)

Am JKS aj bfgief cjk j vem efjpamsim kms j kfejs oife circvescrim }vf

ifef fsrvcvrm gjaimbm! cjkpvfsm bf fhibj cjefciwj y fafkfejs

fpifaimafs meajnjs ma giorjmbfejkm pfrj cmrmcfrixmbj pjr ve nrme fhibj

cjefciwj cfavamr%

Sje fa =& bf ajs vkjrfs bf kmkm y ? m 3 & bf ams efjpamsims giorjfpifaimafs%

Cje vem disjrim bf crfcikifej rpibj! bf cjesisfecim girkf nfefrmakfef!

ifebfe m fefr aovajs y fa mkmj wmrim bf = m =6 ck%

K icrjcpicmkfef fa pmre fe nfefrma fs vem ftmnfrmcie bf ve giorj+

mbfejkm iermcmemaicvamr $Ginvrm 22+27)% Fa cjkpjefef bvcma fs mamrnmbj

y akiems bf fsrvcvrms pjaipjibfs pmrfcfe iewmniemrsf bferj bfa gjrrj

fpifaima bf ajs }visfs y fsms fsrvcvrms af bme am mpmrifecim bfa cvma sf

jrinem fa ejkorf bfa vkjr%

Ginvrm 23

Giorjmbfejkm cjermesgjrkmcie kmainemkmeigfsmbm pjr cmrciejkmajovamr ie siv%

Ginvrm 22

Cisjsmrcjkm pdyaajbfsofeinej% Rvkjr cje kmrnfeoife bfgieibj% Fa cjkpjefref

fpifaima fsm fajenmbj ympmrfcf bf fsrvcvrm gjamcfm%


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Fe am mcvmaibmb fa pmajnj dm pmsmbj bf fa frrfej kjrgjanicj+ bfscripiwj!

dmcim ve fspmcij fe am jk m bf bfcisijefs fe fa rmmkifej bf fa cecfr bf

naebvam kmkmrim! bfoibj m }vf ifef ve pmpfa ikpjrmef fe am bffrkiemcie

bf gmcjrfs prjesicjs y prfbiciwjs%

Ajs gmcjrfs prjesicjs sje cvma}vifr cmrmcfrsicm bf a vkjr j fa pmcifef}vf pvfbf vsmrsf pmrm prfbfcir am disjrim emvrma bf am efjpamsim y pjr febf

fa pfrijbj aiorf bf fegfrkfbmb! rfcibiwm y sjorfwibm bf ams pmcifefs% Ajs

gmcjrfs prfbiciwjs iebicme am rfspvfsm m vem frmpim fe fspfcima $=)%

Fe fa kmevscrij bf fa cjesfesj bf =999 bf fa Cjafnij Mkfricmej bf Pmajnjs

$?) ajs gmcjrfs prjesicjs ajs biwibfe fe rfs cmfnjrms! am cmfnjrm I

iecavyf m}vfaajs gmcjrfs }vf prjwffe bf omsmef iegjrk mcie fe fa k mefhj

bf fa pmcifef y }vf bfofe sfr vsmbjs bf kmefrm rviemrim! am cmfnjrm II

sje gmcjrfs oijanicjs y caeicjs }vf dme sibj omsmef fsvbimbjs! pfrj}vf jbmwm sf efcfsim iegjrkmcie fsmbsicm ks saibm pmrm sfr

wmaibmbjs y pvfbfe sfr jpcijemafs! am cmfnjrm III sje jbjs m}vfaajs

gmcjrfs }vf ej dme sibj jmakfef fsvbimbjs y }vf bfofe iecavirsf sjaj

fe cmsj bf prjjcjajs% Am camsigicmcie bf gmcjrfs prjes icjs bf mcvfrbj

m a Cjafnij Mkfricmej bf Pmajnjs sf kvfsrm fe am moam =%

Fe fsf cmpivaj sfr bfscrij fa mspfcj kjrgjanicj bf fa cecfr bf naebvam

kmkmrim fe cjrrfamcie birfcm cje ajs gmcjrfs prjesicjs y prfbiciwjs

ks cjkvefs%

RMK MJ BFA RVK J_

Fa mkmj bfa vkjr fs ve gmcjr prjesicj ikpjrmef ym }vf ifef vem

msjcimcie birfc m cje am sjorfwibm y fa fsmbj nmenaijemr fe am pmcifef $3)%

Fa cmrciejkm keikj bf naebvam kmkmrim sf dm bfgieibj cjkj m}vfa cmrciejkm

bvcma ie siv! ajovaiaamr ie siv j cmrciejkm iewmsjr }vf kibf kfejs bf 0%6

ck% bf bikfrj $2)% Sf dm rfpjrmbj fe manvejs rmomhjs }vf fa ?4& bf

fsjs cmrciejkms ifefe kfsmsis ejbmafs $6)% Sie fkomrnj! Siawfrsfie y

cjas% _fpjrmrje vem iecibfecim bf kfsmsis ejbmafs bf saj 3 m 6& y

6% Dis jpmjajnm! gmc jrfs prjes icjs yprfbici wjs fe cecfr ieg i a rme f bf a m

naebvam k mkmrim


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josfrwmrje }vf cvmebj fa mkmj bf fa vkjr mvkfemom bf 0%7 dm = ck%

mkoie am iecibfecim bf kfsmsis ejbmafs mvkfemom dmsm fa =7 & $7!>)%

_jsfe y cjas% Fecjermrje sjorfwibm aiorf bf fegfrkfbmb bf 9=& m ajs =0

mjs y 4>& m ajs ?0 mjs pmrm pmcifefs cje cmrciejkm bvcma j ajovaiaamr

iegiarmef cje mkmj bf fa vkjr kfejr j invma m = ck%! pjr jrj ambj m}vfaajs

pmcifefs cje vkjrfs kmyjrfs bf = ck% vwifrje ve pfrijbj bf sjorfwibm

aiorf bf fegfrkfbmb bf >3& y 74& m ajs =0 y ?0 mjs rfspfciwmkfef $4)%

Fs ikpjrmef rfpjr mr fa mkmj bfa vkjr bf am gjrkm ks ftmcm pjsioaf

pjr aj }vf sf pvfbfe sfnvir ams sinvifefs rfcjkfebmcijefs $?)8

m) Fa vkjr sf bfof kfbir cvmebj kfejs fe bjs bikfesijefs y fa bikfrj

kmyjr fs fa }vf sf jkm cjkj rfgfrfecim pmrm am fsmbigicmcie%

o) Fa mkmj kmcrjscpicj bfof cjrrfamcijemrsf cje fa mkmj kicrjs+

cpicj% Fe vkjrfs cje mkpaij cjkpjefef ie siv! saj sf jkmrm

cjkj mkmj bfa cjkpjefef iewmsjr! fa cvma sf bfof kfbir bvrmef

fa ftmkfe kicrjscpicj%

c) Cvmebj sf fecvferme bjs j ks vkjrfs! fsjs sf bfofe rfpjrmr

pjr sfpmrmbj y cmbm vej cje sv kfbibm%

FSRMBJ NMENAIJEM_

Fe fa prfsfef fa kfhjr iebicmbjr prjesicj fe pmcifefs cje cecfr fkprmej

bf naebvam kmkmrim fs am prfsfecim j mvsfecim bf kfsmsis fe ajs

nmenaijs aiegicjs mtiamrfs% Fa ?0 m 30& bf ajs pmcifefs cje nmenaijs

efnmiwjs prfsfeme rfcvrrfecim bferj bf ajs prikfrjs =0 mjs! kiferms

}vf rfcvrrfe fa >0& bf ajs pmcifefs cje nmenaijs mtiamrfs pjsiiwjs% Fa

ekfrj bf nmenaijs mgfcmbjs mkoie fs ikpjrmef! m}vfaajs pmcifefs

cje 2 j k s nmenaijs mgfcmbjs ifefe ve pfjr prjes icj $?)%

Am bisfccie bf am mtiam sf pvfbf dmcfr bf am kmefrm cjewfecijema% Fa

kjbj bf mcamrmkifej cje ceicms fspfcimafs mvkfem fa ekfrj bf

nmenaijs bffcmbjs fe ve 30 m 20 &! sie fkomrnj ej sf dm josfrwmbj

cmkoij ma kjkfej bf fsmbigicmr cje ajs kjbjs dmoivmafs bf bisfccie

bf nmenaijs $9)% Mcvmakfef sf cjesibfrm }vf vem bisfccie bf mtiam fs

mbfcvmbm cvmebj iecavyf =6 m ?0 nmenaijs%

Fa rfpjrf bf pmjajnm bfof iecavir am cmeibmb jma bf nmenaijs! fspfcig icmebjfa ekfrj bf mgfcmbjs pjr kfsmsis! fa fsmbj bf sv cpsvam y am

prfsfecim bf efjpamsim fe fa fhibj mbipjsj pfrigricj% Rmkoie sf bfof

kfecijemr am prfsfecim bf cjenajkfrmbjs kfmssicjs%


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Am kicrjkfsmsis fs m}vfaam }vf kibf j fs invma m ? kk bf bikfrj fe

fa nmenaij aiegicj% Fe 9 m =3 & bf ams pmcifefs cje nmenaijs efnmiwjs sf

pvfbfe fecjermr pf}vfjs gjcjs kicrjscpicjs kfsmsicjs fe

kaipafs rfomhfs fibjs cje dfkmjtiaiem+fsiem y fa pjrcfemhf mvkfem

dmsm fe ve =6 m ?0& cvmebj sf viaixm iekvejdisj}vkicm pmrm bffcmr

cavams efjpasicms kfmssicms fe ajs nmenaijs $ =0!==)% Fa sineigicmbj bf

ams kicrjkfsmsis pjr iekvejdisj}vkicm mve ej dm sibj bfgieibj%

N_MBJ DISRJANICJ

Fa nrmbj disjanicj fs ve gmcjr prjes icj ikpjrmef ym }vf dm kjsrmbj fefr

wmajr pmrm prfbfcir am sjorfwibm fe pmcifefs cje cecfr bf naebvam kmkmrim%

Fa kjbj bf nrmbigicmcie disjanicm }vf sf viaixm mcvmakfef! fs fa sisfkm

kjbigicmbj bf Scmrgg+Oajjk+_icdmrbsje $=?) }vf cjesm bf ajs sinvifefs

pmrkfrjs m cjesibfrmr8

m) Gjrkmcie bf ovajs% Cvmebj fa >6& j ks bf fa vkjr prfsfem

ovajs sf af msinem ve pvej! fe rf fa =0 m >6& bf fa vkjr cje

gjrkmcie bf ovajs sf af msineme bjs pvejs y fa vkjr cje kfejs

bf fa a0& cje gjrkmcie bf ovajs sf af msineme rfs pvejs%

o) Nrmbj evcafmr% Cvmebj fa ecafj bf ams cavams efjpasicms fs

rfamiwmkfef pf}vfj! veigjrkf fe mkmj y pmre bf crjkmiem

cje fscmsm wmrimcie cje rfspfcj m ve ecafj ejrkma sf af msinem ve

pvej $nrmbj evcafmr =)% Fa ecafj kmyjr }vf vej ejrk ma! cje crjkmiem

wfsicvamr! evcajaj mpmrfef! wmrimcijefs ikpjrmefs fe mkmj y

pmre bf crjkmiem sf af msineme bjs pvejs $nrmbj evcafmr ?)% Fa

ecafj cje kmrcmbm wmrimcie fe gjrkm! mkmj y pmre bf am crjkmiem

cje bjs j ks evcajajs mpmrfefs sf af msineme rfs pvejs $nrmbj

evcafmr 3)%

c) Ekfrj bf kijsis% Saj sf bfofe cje mr ams ginvrms ki icms fe

kfmgmsf! fajgmsf! memgmsf y ej cavams dipfrcrjkicms j mpjpsicms!

sifkprf jkmebj ams rfms ks cfavamrfs y bf kmyjr mciwibmb kiicm%

Ajs pvejs sje msinembjs bf mcvfrbj ma rfm bfa cmkpj bf nrme

mvkfej viaixmbj pmrm cmbm kicrjscjpij y sifkprf cjemebj fa ekfrj

bf k ijsis pjr =0 cmkpjs bf nrme mvkfej% Pjr fhfkpaj pmrm fa rfm

bf 0%?>2 kk cvmbrmbjs sf msinem ve pvej pmrm 0 dm 9 kijsis pjr

=0 cmkpjs bf nrme mvkfej! bjs pvejs pmrm =0 dm =9 kijsis pjr =0cmkpjs bf nrme mvkfej y rfs pvejs pmrm ?0 j ks kijsis pjr

=0 cmkpjs bf nrme mvkfej% Fa rfm bfa cmkpj bf nrme mvkfej sf

bfof bffrkiemr pmrm cmbm kicrjscjpij%


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Fe omsf m aj mefrijr am cmaigicmcie kfejr fs bf rfs y am kmyjr bf evfwf%

Ajs vkjrfs cje cmaigicmcie bf 3 dmsm 6 sje oife bigfrfecimbjs $N_VPJ =)!

m}vfaajs cje cmaigicmcie bf 7 y > sje kjbfrmbmkfef bigfrfecimbjs

$N_VPJ ?) Y ajs }vf joifefe cmaigicmcie 4 y 9 sje pjcj bigfrfecimbjs

$N_VPJ 3)% Fa maj nrmbj disjanicj sf dm rfamcijembj cje kmyjr grfcvfecim

bf kfsmsis m nmenaijs mtiamrfs! rfcvrrfecims vkjrmafs! kvfrf pjr

fegfrkfbmb kfsmsicm! kfejr iefrwmaj aiorf bf fegfrkfbmb y sjorfwibm

najoma ks cjrm $=3!=2)% Fe am ginvrm 2>sf kvfsrm gjjnrmgm kicrjscpicm

bf cmrciejkm cmemaicvamr iegiarmef sie pmre fspfcgicj%

Ginvrm 2>

Cmrciejkm cmemaicvamr iegiarmefsie pmre fspfcgicj $ t =00dfkmjtiaiem+fsiem)%

PF_K FMCIE AIE GRICM

Ajs kojajs vkjrmafs bferj bf ajs wmsjs aiegicjs prfbicfe rfcvrrfecim

ajcma y sjorfwibm najoma ks cjrm% Ajs kojajs vkjrmafs aiegicjs sf

fecvferme fe =0 m =6& bf ams pmcifefs cje nmenaijs efnmiwjs! manvejs

fsvbijs dme bfkjsrmbj prjesicj bfsgmwjrmoaf fe fsms pmcifefs!

fspfcimakfef fe m}vfaams camsigicmbms cjkj R=E0K 0 $=6!=7)% Ajs fspmcijs

aiegicjs bfofe bisienvirsf bf ajs fspmcijs wmcjs }vf sf josfrwme marfbfbjr

bf ams cavams efjpasicms y }vf sje mrfgmcjs bf cjermccie bfa fhibj

giorjcjefciwj% Ajs kojajs vkjrmafs bfofe josfrwmrsf bferj j mbjsmbjs

m cmemafs wmscvamrfs bfaiefmbjs pjr vem sjam cmpm bf cavams febjfaimafs ysie prfsfecim bf kscvaj aisj j fasicm%

IE WMSIE WMSCVAM_

Fs am pfefrmcie bf cavams efjpasicms fe am avx bf ve wmsj mrfrima j wfejsj%

Fsms fsrvcvrms wmscvamrfs sf pvfbfe bisienvir pjr am prfsfecim bf vem

pmrfb bf kscvaj aisj cje sjpjrf bf g iorms fasicms! fe manvems jcmsijefs sf

bfofe viaixmr iecijefs bf disj}vkicm pmrm giorms fasicms! ym }vf fsikpjrmef bfg ieir am prfsfecim bf vem wfrbmbfrm pfrkfmcie wmscvamr%


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Ams kfsmsis wiscfrmafs bf cecfr bf kmkm sf dme josfrwmbj fe 7>& bf

ajs pmcifefs cje iewmsie wmscvamr fe cjk pmrmcie cje sjaj fa 36 & bf ajs

pmcifefs sie iewmsie wmscvamr% Ms mkoie ams rfcvrrfecims sje ks grfcvfefs

fe pmcifefs }vf ifefe iewmsie wmscvamr $=7)%

IE GIAR_MBJ AIE GJ+PAMSK JCIRM_IJ

Am prfsfecim bf iegiarmbj aiegj+pamskjcimrij fe am pfrigfrim bf a vkjr fs

ve dfcdj iefrfsmef y cjerjwfrsima% Fa cmrciejkm kfbvamr! fa cvma fs bf

ovfe prjes icj! sf cmrmcfrixm pjr prjkiefef iegiarmbj aiegj+pamskjcimrij!

sie fkomrnj fsf dmaamxnj fe cmrciejkms bvcmafs sie pmre fspfcgicj! sf

dm rfamcijembj m k ma prjes icj $=>)%

Am cmrmcfrixmcie bf ajs aiegjcijs dm kjsrmbj cavams CB+2 Y CB+4 cje

prfbjkieij bf fs ms aikms $=4!=9)%

CM_MCRF_SRICMS BF FA FSR_JK M

Sf dme josfrwmbj cifrms cmrmcfrsicms bf a vkjr }vf sf rfamcijeme cje

fa fsrjkm% Ajs vkjrfs }vf cjeifefe keikm rfmccie fsrjkma sje oife

circvescrijs! nrmbj evcafmr f disjanicj maj! rfmccie aiegj+pamskjcimrimprjkiefef! sje rfcfpjrfs bf fsrnfej efnmiwjs% Pjr jrj ambj! ajs

cmrciejkms cje fsrjkm gioricj! fscirrjs! cje mspfcj fsfamr sje

kjbfrmbmkfef bigfrfecimbjs cje fscmsm rfmccie aiegj+pamskjcimrim y

sje rfcfpjrfs bf fsrnfej pjsiiwjs $?0! ?=!??)%

RIPJS FSPFCIMAFS BF CM_CIEJK M BF NAE BVAM K MK M_IM

Cmrciejkm AjovaiaamrFa cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr jcvpm 0%> dm =6& bf jbjs ajs cmrciejkms iewmsjrfs

bf am naebvam kmkmrim cje ve rmenj bf fbmb bf prfsfemcie bf 26 m 6>

mjs% Fe =2 & dm 3=& bf ajs cmsjs fs kva icericj! oiamfrma fe 2 dm ?4&

bf ajs cmsjs y fe 9 dm =2& sf josfrwm cmrciejkm cjerm amfrma svosfcvfef%

Fa pmre casicj bf cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr sf cmrmcfrixm pjr cavams pf}vfms

cje ve rioff bf cijpamskm! ecafj jwma cje ve jcmsijema avkfe iermcij+

pamskicj% Ams cavams ieg iarme fe cjrbjefs! giams iebims y fe manvemsxjems mb}vifrf fa pmre bf irj ma oamecj% Ams cavams fe meiaaj bf sfaaj

sf pvfbfe josfrwmr cjkj vem bigfrfecimcie fe cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr% Sf dme

bfscrij jrjs pmrjefs bf cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr mafs cjkj pmre saibj!


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mawfjamr! vovaj+ajovamr! pafjkrgicj! kitj $?3!?2)% Fa pmre saibj sf

cmrmcfrixm pjr eibjs cjdfsiwjs! fkpm}vfmbjs bf cavams j rmofcvams

sfpmrmbms pjr vem cmeibmb keikm bf fsrjkm cje bfaicmbjs cmemafs

wmscvamrfs% Fa pmre mawfjamr gjrkm eibjs rfbjebjs f isams bf ?0 cavams j

ks sfpmrmbms pjr fsrjkm fscmsj% Fe fa pmre vovaj+ajovamr ams cavams

efjpasicms gjrkme kicrjovajs% Fe fa pmre kitj sf josfrwme bjs j

ks pmrjefs bf am efjpamsim% Fe fa cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr pafjkrgicj sf

josfrwm mipim cfavamr y pafjkjrgiskj evcafmr kmrcmbj Rji y cjas% $?2)

memaixmrje =>= pmcifefs cje cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr! fecjermebj }vf am kfhjr

sjorfwibm cjrrfspjebi m ams pmcifefs cje cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr wmrimef

vovaj+ajovamr cje ve pjrcfemhf bf rfcvrrfecims bf =3& cjerm 2> dm 6>&

bf rfcvrrfecims bf ajs jrjs ipjs bf cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr% Mbfks josfrwmrje

}vf ams pmcifefs cje fa svoipj casicj ifefe ainfrmkfef ve kfhjr

prjesicj }vf am wmrimef mawfjamr y saibm% Fe am ginvrm 24 sf kvfsrmgjjnrmgm kicrjscpicm bf cmrciejkm ajoviaamr iegiarmef cje pmre casicj

y saibj% Fa ipj pafjkrgicj pmrfcf sfr vem wmrimef mnrfsiwm! fa 70& bf ams

kvhfrfs kvfrfe bferj bf ajs 2? kfsfs pjsfrijrfs m fa bimnesicj $?6)%

Ginvrm 24

Cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr iegiarmefcje pmre casicj y saibj%

Ajs rfcfpjrfs bf fsrnfej sje pjsi iwjs fe >0 dm 9?& bf ajs cmrciejkms

ajovaiaamrfs! ajs rfcfpjrfs bf prjnfsfrjem sje pjsiiwjs fe 33 m 73& bf

ajs cmsjs $?7)%

_fcifefkfef sf dme bfscrij k vy grfcvfefkfef kvmcijefs fe fa nfe

bf am F+cmbfriem fe fa cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr iegiarmef $?>)! pjr aj }vf fe

iekvejdisj}vkicm fa cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr fs pjsiiwj m am F+cmbfriem%

Ajs gmcjrfs ks ikpjrmefs fe fa prjesicj y rmmkifej sje fa mkmj

bfa vkjr y fa smvs bf ajs nmenaijs aiegicjs%

Fs ovfej kfecijemr }vf fa bfejkiembj cmrciejkm disijcijibf mcvmakfef

sf cjesibfrm cjkj vem wmrimef mpjcriem bf cmrciejkm ajovaiaamr% Fe am ginvrm 29

sf kvfsrm gjjnrmgm kicrjscpicm bf cmrciejkm disijcijibf%


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Cmrciejkm kvciejsj

Am JKS $7=) bfgief m fa cmrciejkm kvciejsj cjkj m}vfa cmrciejkm }vf

cjeifef nrmebfs cmeibmbfs bf kvciem ftrmcfavamr svgicifef pmrm sfr

wisioaf kmcrjscpicmkfef y rfcjejcioaf kicrjscpicmkfef fe am pfrigfrim

y bferj bf ams cavams vkjrmafs% Cvmebj fa bimnesicj bf Cmrciejkm

kvciejsj sf rfsrienf! saj ve ?& bf ajs cmrciejkms bf naebvam kmkmrim

cmf bferj bf fsms cmrmcfrsicms%

Am kfbim bf fbmb bf kvhfrfs cje cmrciejkm kvciejsj fs kmyjr }vf pmrm

m}vfaams cje cmrciejkm ej kvciejsj! cjesivyf fa >& bf cmrciejkms fe

kvhfrfs bf >6 mjs j kmyjrfs y sjamkfef ve =& fe kvhfrfs kfejrfs bf

36 mjs $?9)%

Fa rkiej bf cmrciejkm kvciejsj pvrj bfof mpaicmrsf ftcavsiwmkfef m

m}vfaajs vkjrfs }vf fenme ve >6& bf pmre bf crfcikifej k vciejsj $30)%

Fe am ginvrm 66sf kvfsrm gjjnrmgm kicrjscpicm bf cmrciejkm kvciejsj

pvrj% Fa rkiej bf cmrciejkm bvcma iegiarmef cje bigfrfecimcie kvciejsm

sf bfof vsmr pmrm vkjrfs cje pmrjefs disjanicjs kitjs kfecijemebj

fa pjrcfemhf bf cmbm vej bf ajs pmrjefs%

Cmpfaam C% y cjas% $3=) svnirifrje biwibir ams gjrkms pvrms fe bjs nrvpjs

priecipmafs M y O! fa nrvpj M cmrmcfrixmbj pjr movebmef kvciem

ftrmcfavamr cje pjcms cavams vkjrmafs y kfejs kvciem iermcfavamr sie

prfsfecim bf nrevajs mrnirjgiajs% Fa nrvpj O cmrmcfrixmbj pjr vkjrfs ks

cfavamrfs cje kmyjr cmeibmb bf kvciem iermcfavamr! jcmsijemafs cavams fe

meiaaj bf sfaaj y cje nrevajs mrnirjgiajs% Mbfks ve pf}vfj nrvpj

iefrkfbij MO cje cmrmcfrsicms ferfkfxcambms% Sie fkomrnj! ej sf dme

fecjermbj bigfrfecims sineigicmiwms bf sjorfwibm fe fsjs nrvpjs y*j cje

am prfsfecim bf nrevajs mrnirjgiajs%

Ginvrm 29

Cmrciejkm disijcijibf! fa cvmasf cjesibfrm cjkj vem wmrimefmpjcriem bf cmrciejk m ajovaiaamr%


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Ljkmli L% Y cjas% $3?) rfpjrmrje sjorfwibm bf 90%2& m ajs =0 mjs pmrm ams

gjrkms pvrms bf cmrciejkm kvciejsj y bf 77& pmrm ams gjrkms kitms% Ma

pmrfcfr fe cvmej kmyjr fs fa pjrcfemhf bf cmrciejkm cmemaicvamr fe fa

vkjr! fsf fs ks mnrfsiwj%

Fa cmrciejkm kvciejsj fs pjsiiwj m rfcfpjrfs bf fsrnfej fe 23 dm

>6& bf ajs cmsjs y fe =2& fs pjsiiwj m rfcfpjrfs bf prjnfsfrjem $33)%

Fa 90& bf ajs cmsjs bf cmrciejkms kvciejsjs pvrjs sje bipajibfs! fa 60&

bf ajs cmrciejkms k itjs sje mefvpajibfs $32)%

Fe am ginvrm 60sf josfrwm gjjnrmgim kicrjscpicm bf cmrciejkm kvciejsj pvrj%

Ginvrm 60

Cmrciejkm kvciejsj pvrj%

Cmrciejkm vovamr

Fa cmrciejkm vovamr fs ve ipj pjcj cjk e bf cmrciejkm oife bigfrfecimbj

bf naebvam kmkmrim! cjkpvfsj pjr cmemacvajs oife gjrk mbjs sikiamrfs m

ovajs y }vf ifef ftcfafef prjesicj%

Fa cmrciejkm vovamr ifef iecibfecim bf 0%2 m 4& ferf jbjs ajs

cmrciejkms bf naebvam kmkmrim cje fbmb prjkfbij bf prfsfe mcie bf 60

mjs! fs kvaicericj fe ?4 & bf ajs cmsjs y oiamfrma fe =? m 34 & bf ajscmsjs $36!37)%

Sf dme bfscrij bjs wmrimefs! fa cmrciejkm vovamr pvrj cje ftcfafef

prjesicj y sjorfwibm bf dmsm =00& fe ve sfnvikifej bf =6 mjs y fa

cmrciejkm vovamr kitj cvyj prjesicj bfpfebf bf a ipj bf cmrciejkm

msjcimbj $3>)% Pjr aj mefrijr! cjesibfrmkjs ikpjrmef cmfnjrixmr fa

bimnesicj bf cmrciejkm vovamr pvrj cjkj m}vfa }vf rfvef ams sinvifefs

cmrmcfrsicms disjanicms8

m) Fsrvcvrms vovamrfs fajenmbms! jwjibfs! menvambms y biammbms

o) _fwfsikifej pjr vem sjam cmpm bf cavams cje mvsfecim bf mipims


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c) Cavams cje cijpamskm cibjgiaj y sfcrfcie dmcim am avx $djcicjs

sfcrfjrijs)%

b) Ecafjs veigjrkfs $nrmbj =)

f) Sf pvfbf josfrwmr evcajaj pfrj ej fs prjkiefefg) K ijsis ej ftisfe j sje fspjrbicms

n) Sf pvfbf josfrwmr fsrjkm giorjsj

M}vfaams efjpamsims }vf ej rfeme fe fa a00& ams cmrmcfrsicms mefs

kfecijembms bfofre sfr cjesibfrmbms cjkj Cmrciejkm vovamr kitj y

ams efjpamsims }vf ks grfcvfefkfef sf af msjcime sje cmrciejkm

cmemaicvamr sie pmre fspfcgicj! cmrciejkm pmpiamr! crioigjrkf! cmrciejkm

iermbvcma bf ipj saibj y cjkfbjcmrciejkm! cmrciejkm kvciejsj yajovaiaamr $34)% Fe am ginvrm 6= sf kvfsrm gjjnrmgim kicrjscpicm bf

cmrciejkm vovamr casicj pvrj%

Ginvrm 6=

Cmrciejkm vovamr casicj%

Fa cmrciejkm vovamr pvrj prfsfem fe fa = m 4& bf ajs cmsjs kfsmsis

nmenaijemrfs! dmoivmakfef fe fa eiwfa ks omhj% Fa cmrciejkm vovamr kitj

prfsfem ve pjrcfemhf kmyjr bf kfsmsis! dmoivmakfef bf a cmrciejkm

ks mnrfsiwj msjcimbj $36!3>)%

Fa cmrciejkm vovamr sf pvfbf msjcimr m cjebicijefs ofeinems cjkj cmkoijs

giorj}vsicjs y afsijefs prfefjpasicms cjkj dipfrpamsim bvcma y ajovaiaamr

$36)% Sf dm josfrwmbj }vf fa mkmj bfa vkjr fs iewfrsmkfef

prjpjrcijema ma pjrcfemhf bfa cjkpjefef vovamr! pjr aj }vf sf rfcjkifebm

kvfsrfmr mbfcvmbmkfef am efjpamsim%

Cmrciejkm crioigjrkf

Fs ve ipj rmrj bf cecfr bf naebvam kmkmrim cje grfcvfecim bf =%> dmsm

3%6& }vf kvfsrm ftcfafef prjes icj $34)% Sf prfsfem bfsbf ajs =9 mjs

dmsm ajs 47 mjs $30)%


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K icrjscpicmkfef bfof prfsfemr pmre crioigjrkf fe kms bf fa 60& bf

fa vk jr pmrm bfejkiemrsf cmrciejkm crioigjrkf pvrj! ams kmsms menvamrfs

y rfbjebms bf cavams oife bigfrfecimbms sf fecvferme ferfk fxcambms cje

movebmef fsrjkm bf cjanfem% Sf josfrwm sfcrfcie bf kvciem bferj

bf ams avcfs% Fe jcmsijefs fs bigcia fsmoafcfr fa bimnesicj bigfrfecima cje

cmrciejkm crioigjrkf iermbvcma% Fe manvems efjpamsims sf pvfbf josfrwmr

cjkpjefef bf cmrciejkm vovamr dmsm fe ve 60& bf a vkjr $34!39)% Fa

bimnesicj bigfrfecima fs cje cmrciejkm mbfejibfj+}vsicj! sie fkomrnj

fe fsf aikj dmy cjkpjefef ciaiebrjkmjsj! kiferms }vf fsm mvsfef

fe cmrciejkm crioigjrkf% Ajs cmrciejkms crioigjrkfs kitjs $kfejs bf fa

60& bf a vkjr cje pmre crioigjrkf) pvfbfe prfsfemr cjkoiemcie cje

cmrciejkms bvcmafs sie pmre fspfcgicj! fa cjkpjrmkifej fs bigfrfef%

Fa 79& bf ajs cmsjs sje rfcfpjrfs bf fsrnfej y prjnfsfrjem pjsiiwjs $39)%

Fe manvejs fsvbijs sf dm rfpjrmbj sjorfwibm bf =00 & cje sfnvikifejs

bf =0 dm ?= mjs% Mbfks sf dm rfpjrmbj }vf ams pmcifefs cje cmrciejkm

crioigjrkf casicj fs ks bigcia }vf bfsmrrjaafe kfmssis }vf m}vfaams

cje cmrciejkm crioigjrkf kitj $34)%

Cmrciejkm kfbvamr

Fs vem efjpamsim bf prjesicj rfamiwmkfef gmwjrmoaf }vf sf bfg ief cjkj

cmrciejkm oife circvescrij cjkpvfsj bf cavams pjorfkfef bigfrfecimbms

cje fs rjkm fscmsj y prjkiefef iegiarmbj aiegjibf%

Fa cmrciejkm kfbvamr cjesivyf ve 6 dm >& bf jbjs ajs vk jrfs fe

manvems sfrifs $20!2=)% Ams pmcifefs sje rfamiwmkfef hwfefs! ma kfejs

=0& bf ajs cmrciejkms bimnejsicmbjs fe kvhfrfs bf 36 mjs j kfejs sje

cmrciejkms kfbvamrfs% Fa prjkfbij bf fbmb fs bf 27 m 62 mjs $2=!2?)% Fa

3 dm =4& sje oiamfrmafs y fe =0& bf ajs cmsjs fs kvaicericj $2=)%

K mcrjscpicmkfef am svpfrgicif bf cjrf kvfsrm mspfcj ajovambj j

ejbvamr! am giorjsis bf am pfrigfrim svnifrf ve mspfcj fecmpsvambj! ifef

cjajr cmg+nris! am dfkjrrmnim y efcrjsis sje pjcj g rfcvfefs%

Ams cmrmcfrsicms kicrjscpicms bf fsm efjpamsim bfofe rfcjejcfrsf

oife y jmakfef ym }vf fa bimnesicj cjrrfcj fs prikjrbima! bfoibj m fa

prjesicj rfamiwmkfef gmwjrmoaf bf fa cmrciejkm kfbvamr% Fa bimnesicj

cjrrfcj bf cmrciejkm kfbvamr bfof iecavir ams sinvifefs cmrmcfrsicms8


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=) Pmre bf crfcik ifej sieciima $fe ks bf a >6& bf am efjpamsim)

?) K rnfefs ej iegiarmefs

3) Movebmef m kjbfrmbj iegiarmbj aiegjpamskjcimrij

2) Mvsfecim bf mrrfnaj namebvamr

6) Pafjkjrgiskj evcafmr $maj nrmbj evcafmr)

7) Mvsfecim bf cmrciejkm bvcma ie siv

Fe fa pmsmbj sf vsj fa frkiej bf Cmrciejkm kfbvamr mpicj pmrm

m}vfaajs cmrciejkms }vf prfsfemome sikiaivb cje fa cmrciejkm kfbvamr

casicj pfrj ej rfveme jbms ams cmrmcfrsicms! sie fkomrnj mcvmakfef

fsms efjpamsims sf bfofe camsigicmr cjkj cmrciejkms bvcmafs bf maj

nrmbj disjanicj%

Fa 90& bf ajs cmrciejkms kfbvamrfs sje efnmiwjs m rfcfpjrfs bf fsrnfej

y prjnfsfrjem $23!22)% Fa cmrciejkm kfbvamr ifef vej bf ajs ks majs

ebicfs bf crfcik ifej y ajs vk jrfs sje mefvpajibfs y pjaipajibfs $30)%

Fa cmrciejkm kfbvamr fs bf ovfe prjesicj% Am sjorfwibm m 6 mjs mprjti+

kmbmkfef fs bf >4& cje vem kjr maibmb bf =0& dm ==%6& % $2=! 2?!26)%

Cmrciejkm pmpiamr

Fa cmrciejkm pmpiamr jcvpm fa = m ?& bf ajs cmrciejkms bf naebvam kmkmrim

fe am kvhfr $27!2>)% Am fbmb bf prfsfe mcie fs bf 73 m 7> mjs% Fa 60& bf

ajs cmrciejkms pmpiamrfs sf jrinieme fe am pjrcie cferma bf am naebvam

kmkmrim cjkj cjesfcvfecim sf prfsfem smenrmbj y bfscmrnm pjr fa pfxe

fe ?? dm 32& bf ajs pmcifefs! fa smenrmbj y bfscmrnm pjr fa pfxe sf

josfrwm fe ks pmcifefs cje cmrciejkm pmpiamr }vf cje pmpiajkm $27)%

Fe manvejs cmrciejkms pmpiamrfs sf josfrwme rfms }vsicms kiferms }vf fe

jrjs sf josfrwm pmre pmpiamr saibj% Fa cmrciejkm pmpiamr sf cmrmcfrixm pjr

vem rmkm bf cavams mrrfnambms fe wmrijs pmrjefs iecavyfebj k icrj pmpiamr!

giaigjrkf! crioigjrkf! rmofcvamr y saibj% Sf josfrwm fsrjkm giorjwmscvamr

iecjespicvj% Ams cavams ej fse jrbfembms! prfsfeme mipim evcafmr y sf

josfrwme movebmefs kisis% Ams cavams kijfpifaimafs sje fscmsms y si sf

josfrwm kfmpamsim mpjcriem fsm prfsfem movebmefs mipims% Fs bf kfecijemr

}vf pmrm ajs pmajnjs rfprfsfem ve prjoafkm fa bimnesicj bigfrfecima

ferf cmrciejkm pmpiamr y pmpiajkm pjr aj }vf fs ikpjrmef sifkprf fefr

fe kfef ajs crifrijs bf Lrmvs y Efvofclfr $24) cvmebj sf feg rfem m fsf

ipj bf afsijefs% Fe am moam ?sf kvfsrme bicdjs crifrijs% Fe am ginvrm 6?

sf kvfsrm gjjnrmgm kicrjscpicm bf cmrciejkm pmpiamr%


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_j y cjas% $7=) prjpvsifrje camsigicmraj fe rfs nrmbjs bf mcvfrbj m facjkpjefef saibj }vf prfsfeme< =) fafkfejs ej saibjs! ?) kfejs bf fa30& saibjs! 3) ks bf fa 30& saibjs% Josfrwmrje }vf ajs nrmbjs ? y 3 sjevkjrfs ks nrmebfs y ifefe ks rfcvrrfecims }vf ajs vkjrfs nrmbj =%

Ajs rfcfpjrfs djrkjemafs sje wmrimoafs fe cmrciejkm mbfejibfj+}vsicj!}vixs pjr}vf fe am aifrmvrm dmy pjcjs cmsjs rfpjrmbjs cje rfcfpjrfsdjrkjemafs $30)%

Am kmsfcjkm fs wirvmakfef cvrmiwm! pjcjs cmsjs sf dm rfpjrmbj cjekfmssis siskicms! fspfcimakfef m pvakjefs% Am rfcibiwm ajcma fsftcfpcijema $30)%

Cmrciejkm sfcrfjr

Fs ve cmrciejkm cje cavams }vf sf ife paibms cje prjkiefef sfcrfcie!bfa ipj }vf sf josfrwm fe fa fkomrmxj j amcmecim% Fa kmfrima fs PMS pjsiiwjy sf josfrwm fe fa cijpamskm bf ams cavams y fspmcijs mciemrfs%

Rmkoie sf af bfejk iem cmrciejkm hvwfeia bfoibj m }vf ajs prikfrjs gvfrjebfscrijs fe hwfefs y eims $7?)! sie fkomrnj fe ajs aikjs mjs am kmyjrmbf ajs cmsjs sf dme rfpjrmbj fe mbvajs%

Sf dme rfpjrmbj cmsjs bfsbf ajs 9 dmsm ajs 79 mjs bf fbmb cje vemkfbimem bf fbmb bf ?6 mjs%

Prfsfem pmre pmpiamr! kicrj}vsicj! crioigjrkf ams cavams ifefe cijpamskmmovebmef! megjgiaicj cje mpmrifecim fe ovrovhm fa ecafj fs pf}vfj yrfbjebj% Sf josfrwm sfcrfcie PMS pjsiiwm bimsmsm rfsisfef! kvcicmrkiepjsiiwm% Fe iekvejdisj}vkicm am sfcrfcie fs pjsiiwm pmrm magm+amcmaovkiem$73)! ams cavams sje pjsiiwms pmrm meinfej cmrciejfkorijemrij y prjfem S+=00$76)% Sf pvfbf josfrwmr cjkpjefef ie siv bf ipj pmpiamr j crioigjrkf y bf

kmefrm iegrfcvfef ipj saibj y cjkfbjefcrjsis% Fe am ginvrm 66sf kvfsrmgjjnrmgm kicrjscpicm bf cmrciejkm sfcrfjr cje sfcrfcie PMS pjsiiwm%

Ginvrm 66

Sfcrfcie PMS pjsiiwm fecmrciejkm sfcrfjr bf naebvamkmkmrim%


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Am kmyjr pmrf bf ajs cmsjs rfpjrmbjs y fwmavmbjs pmrm pajibim dme sibj

bipajibfs% Ajs rfcfpjrfs djrkjemafs sje efnmiwjs fe am kmyjrm bf ajs

cmsjs $72)%

Am kmyjrm bf ajs pmcifefs cje cmrciejkm sfcrfjr ifefe ve cvrsj caeicjbf omhj nrmbj y prjesicj gmwjrmoaf! sf rfcjkifebm cjkj rmmkifej

}virrnicj am kmsfcjkm% Sf dme bfscrij kfmssis mtiamrfs! pfrj bf

gjrkm rmrm iewjavcrme sjaj rfs nmenaijs aiegicjs $97)%

Cmrciejkm dipfrsfcrfjrij }vsicj

Fs vem wmrimef rmrm bf cmrciejkm bf naebvam kmkmrim! sf prfsfem bfsbf

32 dmsm >9 mjs bf fbmb cje prjkfbij bf fbmb bf prfsfemcie bf 67mjs $76)%

K mcrjscpicmkfef fa vk jr pvfbf kfbir bf = dm =0 ck% y fs vem kmsm

cmg+nris cje kaipafs }visfs bf =%6 ck% }vf prfsfeme sfcrfcie nfamiejsm

sfkfhmef m cjajibf bf am irjibfs%

K icrjscpicmkfef sf josfrwme kaipafs }visfs cje sfcrfcie fsiejgiam

}vf sfkfhm cjajibf% Am sfcrfcie fs djkjnefm y mcfavamr! cjebicijem

rfrmccie bf fa fpifaij bf am pfrigfrim bmebj vem ikmnfe gfsjefmbm% Am

rvpvrm bf ajs }visfs cjebicijem fe am pfrigfrim iefesj iegiarmbj bf

disijcijs y aiegjcijs% Fa fpifaij bf ajs }visfs prfsfem ve mspfcj bf

cmrciejkm iermbvcma kicrjpmpiamr! sf josfrwme pfemcdjs y grjebms cjkpafhms

bf cavams cje ecafjs dipfrcrkicjs! mbfks sf josfrwm cjkpjefef

iewmsjr cje pmre saibj pjcj bigfrfecimbj% Fa cjefeibj bf ajs }visfs fs

PMS pjsiiwj! mkoie if pmrm rfmciwjs bf kvciem% Fe iekvejdisj+

}vkicm fs pjsiiwm pmrm MCF y magm+amcmaovkiem $30)%

Fa bimnesicj bigfrfecima fs cje dipfrpamsim dipfrsfcrfjrim }vsicm! fe fsm

feibmb ams cavams }vf rfwisfe ajs }visfs dmoivmakfef sf bispjefe fevem sjam cmpm! sje bf mkmj veigjrkf! manvems wfcfs pamems cje ecafjs

oamebjs y cijpamskm fjsiegiaj%

Fe =0 vk jrfs }vf sf fsvbimrje oij}vk icmkfef 4 g vfrje efnmiwjs

m rfcfpjrfs djrkjemafs! saj bjs gvfrje pjsiiwjs dm fsrnfejs y

prjnfsfrjem $30)%

Cmrciejkm ricj fe navcnfejSf dme bfscrij 3= cmsjs bf cmrciejkm ricj fe navcnfej! ams pmcifefs

ifefe ve rmenj bf fbmb bf 2= m >4 mjs $30)%


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Fa vkjr prfsfem pmre saibj! cjrbjefs! pmpiamr bf cavams cje ojrbfs

oife bfgieibjs y gjrkm pjainjema% Am ftrmccie bf navcnfej sjavoaf fe

mnvm bvrmef fa prjcfsmkifej disjanicj prjwjcm }vf fa cijpamskm bf ams

cavams mpmrfxcm wmcvjambj y jpicmkfef camrj% Fe manvems jcmsijefs fa

cijpamskm fs giemkfef nrmevamr j fspvkjsj% Fa ecafj fs cferma j

ftcericj dipfrcrkicj! manvems wfcfs kvfsrm evcajaj% Sf pvfbf josfrwmr

cjkpjefef ie siv bf ipj saibj! cjkfbj j pmpiamr% Sf dme rfpjrmbj

kojajs vk jrmafs f iewmsie pfriefvrma%

Am iecie bf PMS fs pjsiiwm ej rfsisfef m am bimsmsm! fa mxva+macime!

kvcicmrkie gjcmakfef pjsiiwjs! fa rjhj jafjsj fs efnmiwj% Sf dme

rfpjr mbj cmsjs pjsi iwjs pmrm MCF! }vfrmiem y FK M $77!7>)%

Ajs rfcfpjrfs bf fsrnfej sje pjsiiwjs fe manvejs cmsjs y ajs rfcfpjrfsbf prjnfsfrjem sifkprf dme sibj efnmiwjs $74!79)%

Fe cijkfrim bf g avhj ifefe grmccie S mam y ej sje bipajibfs $74)%

Cmrciejkm ricj fe a pibjs

Fsm fs vem rmrm wmrimef bf cmrciejkm bf naebvam kmkmrim }vf fsm

cjk pvfsj bf cavams }vf cjeifefe movebmefs apibjs% Ams cavams ifefecijpamskm camrj! wmcvjambj cje ecafj pf}vfj! rfbjebj y veigjrkf!

bicdms cavams sje sikiamrfs m ams cavams camrms bf fa cmrciejkm rfema% Ajs

apibjs sf pvfbfe bfkjsrmr fe cjrfs cjenfambjs fe grfscj% Sf dme

rfpjrmbj pjcjs cmsjs fe am aifrmvrm pjr aj }vf sv cjkpjrmkifej

oijanicj ej fs oife cjejcibj $79)%

Cmrciejkm cje cavams ninmefs ipj jsfjcamsj

Saj sf dme rfpjrmbj =00 cmsjs fe am aifrmvrm }vf cjesivyfe fa 0%6 dm

=%? & bf ajs cmrciejkms bf naebvam kmkmrim% Ams pmcifefs ifefe ve rmenj

bf fbmb bf prfsfemcie bf ?4 dm 44 mjs% Fe am kmsjnrmgm bfoibj ma

kmrnfe oife circvescrij bfa vkjr! sf pvfbf cjegvebir cje giorjmbfejkm

j }visf $>0)%

Ajs vkjrfs sje cmrciejkms bvcmafs iewmsjrfs kjbfrmbmkfef m pjcj

bigfrfecimbjs! dmy pjcjs fhfkpajs bf cmrciejkm vovamr! ajovaiaamr! pmpiamr!

kvciejsj y kfmpasicj cje cavams ninmefs ipj jsfjcamsj% Ams cavamsninmefs sf ajcmaixme fe ajs krnfefs y avcfs bf ams naebvams bfa cmrciejkm%

Fa fsrjkm vkjrma fs mamkfef wmscvamrixmbj cje movebmefs frirjcijs

ftrmwmsmbjs y dfkjsibfriem }vf af cjegifrf ve mspfcj kmcrjscpicj bf


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Am prfsfecim bf mrnirjgiaim fe cmrciejkms bf naebvam kmkmrim fs bf 3 dm

?= & $>3)! fsj sf josfrwm fe cmrciejkms ajovaiaamrfs! cmrciejkms bvcmafs!

kvciejsjs! vovamrfs y pmpiamrfs! ms cjkj mkoie fe cmrciejkms ie siv

cmemaicvamrfs y ajovaiaamrfs%

Ajs cmrciejkms bfofe sfr pjsiiwjs m nrikfaivs pjr disj}vkicm y

crjkjnrmeiem! fejamsm efvrje+fspfcigicm pjsiiwms pjr iekvejdisj}vkicm%

Ajs rfpjrfs fe cvmej m prjesicj sje cjerjwfribjs! sie fkomrnj ma

pmrfcfr fa prjesicj sf rfamcijem cje fa fsmbij fe fa }vf sf fecvferm am

efjpamsim ma kjkfej bfa bimnesicj $>9)%

Mcvmakfef sf cjesibfrm }vf ajs cmrciejkms cje cmrmcfrsicms febjcriems

ej gjrkme ve ipj fspfcima bf cmrciejkm bf naebvam kmkmrim! siej }vf fsmbigfrfecimcie sf pvfbf prfsfemr fe biwfrsjs ipjs bf cmrciejkm%

Cmrciejkm kfmpasicj

Fs ve nrvpj dffrjnefj bf efjpamsims }vf sf cmrmcfrixm pjr am prfsfecim

bf mbfejcmrciejkm ferfkfxcambj cje xjems bf bigfrfecimcie dmcim cavams

gvsigjrkfs! fscmkjsms! sfms! cjebrjibfs% Am camsigicmcie bf Cmrciejkm

kfmpasicj prjpvfsm pjr am Brm% Rmwmssjai sf prfsfem fe am moam 3$40)%

Sf bfof dmcfr am bigfrfecim cje cmrciejsmrcjkm! fa cvma fsm cjesivibj pjr

ve cmrciejkm y ve smrcjkm%

Cmrciejkm fscmkjsj% Fs ve cmrciejkm cjesivibj ftcavsiwmkfef pjr

cavams fscmkjsms y pmrm sfr cjesibfrmbj cjkj prikmrij bf naebvam

kmkmrim! ej bfof fefr cjeftie cje am fpibfrkis svprmymcfef% Jcvpm

kfejs bfa = & bf ajs cmrciejkms bf naebvam kmkmrim% Fa prjkfbij bf fbmb

bf prfsfemcie fs bf 62 mjs cje ve rmenj bf ?0 dm 40 mjs $4=)%

K icrjscpicmkfef sf rfcjejcfe rfs wmrimefs! fa cmrciejkm fscmkjsj

}vfrmieixmef bf cavams nrmebfs! mcmejaicj y bf cavams gvsigjrkfs%

Fsms aikms sf pvfbfe prfsfemr fe bigfrfefs prjpjrcijefs fe fa vkjr%

Am wmrimef mcmejaicm $4=!4?) sf cmrmcfrixm pjr vem pjoamcie kitm bf

cavams gvsigjrkfs y gjcjs bf mspfcj fbfkmjsj fspjenijicj cje vem

ie riecmbm rfb bf cmemafs }vf sfkfhme ve vkjr wmscvamr% Ajs cmemafs fse

rfwfsibjs pjr cavams cjavkemrfs y sf josfrwm kmfrima mkjrgj kvcjibf%

Ajs cmemafs sje pjsiiwjs m }vfrmiem y efnmiwjs m kmrcmbjrfs wmscvamrfs%

Ajs rfcfpjrfs djrkjemafs fe manvejs cmsjs ftcfpcijemafs sf dme

rfpjrmbj pjsiiwjs%


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Fa prjesicj manvejs crffe }vf fs invma dm fa cmrciejkm cmemaicvamr sie

pmre fspfcgicj! kiferms }vf j rjs rfpjrme cmsjs mnrfsiwjs $43)%

Fa cmrciejkm fpibfrkjibf mcmejaicj fs bf kma prjesicj $4=!4?)%

Cmrciejkm mbfejfscmkjsj%Rmkoie sf bfejkiem cmrciejkm cje bigfrfe+

cimcie fscmkjsm! mbfejmcmejkm smrcjkmjibfs y fe fsf nrvpj sf iecavyfe

ajs aamkmbjs cmrciejkms kvcjfpibfrkjibfs% Am fbmb bf prfsfemcie fs

bf 6> mjs $>3)%

K icrjscpicmkfef sf josfrwm efjpamsim cjesivibm pjr mbfejcmrciejkm

priecipmakfef bf fa ipj bvcma sie pmre fspfcgicj $pvfbf wfrsf cvma}vifr

ipj bf mbfejcmrciejkm ) ferfkfxcambj cje cmrciejkm bf cavams fscmkjsms!

dmoivmakfef bf cavams nrmebfs oife bigfrfecimbj! pfrj pvfbf wfrsf cjk+pjefef bf cavams gvsigjrkfs% Rmkoie pvfbf wfrsf kjrgjajnm sikiamr m

cmrciejkm kvcjfpibfrkjibf%

Fe manvejs mrcvajs sf dm rfpjrmbj pjsiiwibmb m rfcfpjrfs djrkjemafs $42)%

Fa prjesicj bfpfebf bf a nrmbj bf bigfrfecimcie bf ajs cjkpjefefs%

Fa cmrciejkm kvcjfpibfrkjibf bf maj nrmbj fs mnrfsiwj $>3!43)%

Mbfejcmrciejkm cje kfmpamsim bf cavams gvsigjrkfs% Fsms efjpamsims

kvfsrme vem pjoamcie kitm bf mbfejcmrciejkm y cavams gvsigjrkfs% Fabimnesicj iebvbmoafkfef bfof iecavir iekvejdisj}vkicm! ajs meicvfrpjs

rfcjkfebmbjs sje am cij}vfrmiem+> y CMK 6%?! bfoibj m }vf bicdjs

meicvfrpjs fe am fegfrkfbmb bf Pmnf rfmccijeme cje ams cavams bfa

mbfejcmrciejkm! pfrj sje efnmiwms pmrm ams cavams fscmkjsms bf am

fpibrkis% Fe varmfsrvcvrm fa mbfejcmrciejkm cje cavams gvsigjrkfs

ifef bfskjsjkms! pfrj ej jejgiamkfejs! mbfks ifef avcfs iermcij+

pamskicms% Am oijajnm y cjkpjrmkifej bf fsm efjpamsim me ej fsm

fsmoafcibj $46)% Fe am ginvrm 67 sf kvfsrm gjjnrmgm kicrjscpicm bf

cmrciejkm cje k fmpamsim bf cavams gvsigjrkfs%

Ginvrm 67

Cmrciejkm cje kfmpamsim bfcavams gvsigjrkfs%


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Cmrciejkm cje bigfrfecimcie cjebrjibf% Fsms efjpamsims prfsfeme ve

mbfejcmrciejkm cje xjems bf bigfrfecimcie cjebrjibf $40! 47! 4>)% Fsms

afsijefs sf pvfbfe josfrwmr cje ve rmenj bf fbmb bf 30 m 40 mjs%

K icrjscpicmkfef sf josfrwm cmrciejkm dmoivmakfef bvc ma iegiarmef

$sf pvfbfe josfrwmr jrjs ipjs bf cmrciejkm) cje xjems bf bigfrfecimcie

cjebrjibf ofeinem% Am iekvejdisj}vkicm fs pjsi iwm pmrm prjfiem S+=00 fe

ams xjems bf bigfrfecimcie cjebrjibf y pjsiiwm pmrm }vfrmiem fe ams xjems bf

mbfejcmrciejkm y bigfrfecimcie cjebrjibf% Ajs rfcfpjrfs djrkjemafs

dmoivmakfef sje efnmiwjs $4>)% Fe am Ginvrm 6> sf kvfsrm gjjnrmgm

kicrjscpicm bf cmrciejkm prjbvcjr bf kmrit cjebrjibf%

Ginvrm 6>

Cmrciejkm kfmpasicjprjbvcjr bf kmrit k itjibf%

Fa prjesicj fe ve fsvbij sf fecje r }vf sf cjrrfamcijemom cje fa mkmj

bf a vkjr y fa ifkpj bfa bimnesicj $43)% Sf dm rfpjrmbj sjorfwibm m 6mjs bf 70 m 74& fe manvejs fsvbijs% Ams kfsmsis m nmenaijs aiegicjs sf

josfrwme fe ?3& bf ajs cmsjs $44) y saj ftcfpcijemakfef sf dm rfpjrmbj

fa cjkpjefef cjebrjibf fe bicdms kfsmsis $>3)%

Cmrciejkm cje bigfrfecimcie sfm% Fsf vkjr fsm cjkpvfsj pjr ve

cmrciejk m dmoivmakfef bf ipj cmemaicvamr iegiarmef $sf pvfbfe wfr jrj

ipj bf cmrciejkms! iecavsj kvciejsj)% Sf josfrwm vem xjem rfmciwm bf

cavams fsrjkmafs fe am pfrigfrim bf fa cmrciejkm f iekfbimmkfef am

bigfrfecimcie sfm }vf bfof sfr kmbvrm% Ajs jsfjoamsjs sf josfrwmeks grfcvfefkfef }vf ajs jsfjcamsjs% Fsms cavams sje efnmiwms m

}vfrmiem $40!49)%

Fa prjesicj bf fsm efjpamsim ej fsm oife fsvbimbj! sie fkomrnj fe

manvejs fsvbijs sf dm rfpjrmbj sjorfwibm bf 70& dm 6 mjs $44)%

Fe fsf cmpivaj dfkjs memaixmbj y sief ixmbj ajs ipjs ks grfcvfefs bf

cmrciejkm bf naebvam kmkmrim! gmcjrfs prjesicjs y prfbiciwjs priecipmafs

}vf pvfbfe sfr bf myvbm pmrm fa kbicj caeicj y pmajnj fe am jkm bfbfcisijefs% Evfsrj johfiwj ej gvf dmcfr ve rmmbj bf pmjajnm bf

naebvam kmkmrim%


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Ej sf josfrwm iecie j am

iecie fe am kfkormem fs

fe kfejs bfa =0& bf ams

cavams bfa vkjr%

Riecie afwf mpfems

pfrcfpioaf fe ks bfa =0&

bf cavams% Sjaj sf if pmrf

bf am Kfkormem cfavamr%

Riecie afwf m kjbfrmbm bf

am kfkormem cjkpafm fe

ks bfa =0& bf ams cavams

bfa vkjr%

Riecie iefesm fe am

kfkormem cjkpafm fe

ks bfa =0& bf ams cavams

bfa vkjr%

Efnmiwj

Efnmiwj

Pjsiiwj

Pjsiiwj

0

=

?

3

Pvevmhf

pmrm

rfpjrf

Wmajrmcie bf am

sjorf+ftprfsie

bf DF_+?

Pmre bf iecie

RMOAM ?NVM PM_M FA _FPJ_RF BF AM RIECIE CJE BMLJ

DF_CFPRFSR


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Fa cmrciejkm bf am kmkm fs vem fegfrkfbmb dffrjnefm! fa 20 ma 60& bf

ams pmcifefs kvfrfe pjr am fegfrkfbmb% Fa prjspfcj bf wibm pjbrm kfhjrmr

cje frmpim mbyvwmef! bicdm frmpim bf kmefrm ibfma bfofrm rfsrienirsf m

pmcifefs cje gmcjrfs bf rifsnj pmrm rfcvrrfecim j kvfrf bf am fegfrkfbmb%

Mcvmakfef fa kfhjr iebicmbjr prjesicj fe pmcifefs cje cmrciejkm bf

kmkm fe fsmbijs fkprmejs fs am prfsfecim j mvsfecim bf vkjr kfmssicjfe nmenaijs aiegicjs mtiamrfs% Fa mkmj vkjrma sf dm msjcimbj cje sjorfwibm

y fs ve gmcjr iebfpfebifef bfa fsmbj bf ajs nmenaijs$=)< mkojs sje ajs

pmrkfrjs }vf sfmame m nrvpjs pmrm rmmkifej mbyvwmef! pfrj ej prfcisme

}vf pmcifefs prfsfemre rfcvrrfecim! fs pjr fsf kjiwj am ikpjr mecim f

iefrs fe am os}vfbm bf cmrmcfrsicms oijanicms bfa vkjr }vf ibfe igi}vfe

m bicdjs nrvpjs% Ajs mspfcjs bf cjkpjrmkifej bf ve vkjr sf dme

biwibibj fe Gmcjrfs Prjesicjs! }vf sje bf mspfcj caeicj! pmjanicj y

oijanicj rfamcijembjs cje am prjomoiaibmb bf fegfrkfbmb rfcvrrfef j

sjorfwibm< rfgafhme am dmoiaibmb bfa vkjr prikmrij bf prjaigfrmr! iewmbir y*jbisfkiemrsf% Gmcjrfs Prfbiciwjs! sje mkoie mspfcjs caeicjs!

pmjanicjs y oijanicjs }vf sf viaixme pmrm fsikmr am prjomoiaibmb bf vem

rfspvfsm m ve ipj pmricvamr bf frmpim mbyvwmef $?!3!2)%

Dmsm am gfcdm bfsmgjrvembmkfef ej cjemkjs cje gmcjrfs oijanicjs

prjesicjs y*j prfbiciwjs }vf ibfeigi}vfe! cje prfcisie }vifefs kjrire

j rfspjebfre m am frmpim! am aifrmvrm rfpjrm ks bf =00 gmcjrfs prjesicjs!

sf pvoaicme nvms pmrm camsigicmr! fwmavmr y vsmr evfwjs gmcjrfs prjes icjs

y prfbiciwjs% Ftisf mcvfrbj fe }vf pmrm }vf ve gmcjr sfm ia bfof fs mrwmaibmbj ceicmkfef! sfr sfesioaf! fspfcgicj y rfprjbvcioaf! }vf pfrkim

vem iefrprfmcie veigjrkf bf ve amojrmjrij m jrj y }vf caeicmkfef

ibfeigi}vf nrvpjs bf pmcifefs cje rifsnjs bigfrfefs pmrm rfcvrrfecim!

sjorfwibm j rfspvfsm m rmmkifej sifebj iebfpfebifef bf jrjs gmcjrfs!

ms mkoie ibfmakfef ajs rfsvambjs sf bfofre wfrigicmr cje kaipafs

fsvbijs mafmjrixmbjs! fe ajs }vf sf dmym viaixmbj am kiskm fcejajnm y

kfjbjajnm $?!3!2)%

Iecavibjs fe am mkpaim y ftpmesiwm cmfnjrm bf gmcjrfs oijanicjsrfamcijembjs cje prjejsicj j prfbiciwibmb! fe cecfr bf kmkm sf iewfsinme

ferf jrjs8 Prjfems y Fexikms prjfjaiicms< cmfpsiem B $CB)! mciwmbjr

pamskiejnfej vrj}viemsm $vPM)8 Mciwibmb prjaigfrmiwm y rikj bf crfcikifej

7% Mwmecfs y kmrcmbjrfs oijanicjs !prjes icjs y prfbic iwjs fe cecfr

bf kmkm


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fe kvhfrfs cje nmenaijs efnmiwjs! am mkpaigicmcie gvf ve gmcjr prjes icj

iebfpfebifef pmrm rfcvrrfecim% Fa rifsnj rfamiwj pmrm pmcifefs cje mkpaigicmcie

bfa nfe gvf bf ?%== fe fa nrvpj ej rmmbj y cjermbicjrimkfef bf 7%??

pmrm fa nrvpj }vf rfcioi }vikijfrmpim! fsj svnifrf }vf am sjorftprfsie

bf DF_+? efv pvfbf cjegfrir rfsisfecim rfamiwm m }vikijfrmpim ?3%

Ve kfcmeiskj pjfecima pmrm wmrimcijefs fe }vikijsfesioiaibmb msjcimbj m

DF_+? efv! gvf prjpvfsj fe fa Sikpjsivk bf Sme Mejeij sjorf cecfr bf

kmkm% Am mciwmcie bfa rfcfpjr bf DF_+? efv cjebvcf m vem mam rfnvamcie

bf prjfem jpjisjkfrmsm+? y m am gjsgjriamcie bf rfsibvjs bf irjsiem! fsm

mciwibmb cmmaicm mvkfembm bf jpjisjkfrmsm ?! aafwm m ve mvkfej bf am

sfesioiaibmb bf bjtjrvoiciem $iedioibjr bf jpjisjkfrmsm ?) y rfsisfecim m

cicajgjsgmkibm $?3)% Vejs pjcjs fsvbijs rmebjkixmbjs rfwfame vem cjrrf+

amcie birfcm ferf ftprfsie bf c+frO+? y am rfsisfecim m cijtme*kfdj+rftmf! fa cvma fs ve ipj bf }vikijfrmpim mbyvwmef pmrm cecfr bf kmkm%

Dmy pjcjs fsvbijs }vf svnifrfe rfsisfecim m mkjtigfe$?2)%

Fe vem rfwisie rfcifef$9) sf cjecavyf }vf fa fsmbj bf DF_+? efv fe frmpim

mbyvwmef ej bfof sfr fkpafmbj pmrm bffrk iemr si vem kvhfr bfof rfcioir

frmpim sisk icm mbyvwmef! mkpjcj pmrm bffrk iemr si vem pmcifef bfof

rfcioir frmpim febcriem% Cvmebj }vikijfrmpim mbyvwmef sfm fsmoafcibm!

frmpim omsmbm fe mermcicaiem bfof sfr fa rfnikfe prfgfribj pmrm pmcifefs

pjsiiwms m DF_+? efv! cvmebj mermcicaiems fsme cjermiebicmbms mnfefsma}viamefs pvfbfe sfr am jpcie% C+fro+O? fs ve gvfrf gmcjr prfbiciwj pmrm

rfspvfsm m rmsvxvkmo% Ajs bmjs cjee rfamcie m rfspvfsm m mtmefs j

rmbijfrmpim ej sje svgicifefs pmrm sv rfcjkfebmcie fe am bfcisie bf

rmmkifej 9%

Fe am mcvmaibmb am prvfom ym sfm mkpaigicmcie bf DF_+? efv cje GISD j am

sjorftprfsie bf DF_+? cje ID] fs ym bf rviem fe manvejs Cferjs

Djspimamrijs y manvejs jecajnjs! am jrbfeme pmrm myvbmr m bfcibir fa ipj

bf frmpim mbyvwmef y pmrm sfmamr pmcifefs riovmrims m rmmkifej cjeDfrcfpie $rmsvxvkmo)%

Rfrmpim cjerm DF_+? cjkj evfwm kjbmaibmb fe rmmkifej pmrmcecfr bf kmkm

Sf bfsmrrjaa ve meicvfrpj kjejcajema kvriej cjerm fa bjkieij ftrmcfavamr

DF_+?! sv mbkieisrmcie fe dvkmejs gv aikimbm pjr am rfspvfsm iekvef

m ams prjfems ej dvkmems% Pjsfrijrkfef sf nfefr ve meicvfrpj dvkmejrdvK Mo DF_+? $rmesxvkmo)! }vf sf vef fspfcgicmkfef m DF_+?! fa

meicvfrpj fs mamkfef djkajnj m am iekvejnajovaiem dvkmem emiwm y

msi fs rfgfribj cjkj dvkmeixmbj $?6!?7)%


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Oca+?

Fa prjj+jecjnfe Oca+? cjbigicm pmrm vem prjfem bf ?2 liajbmajefs msjcimbm

m kfkormem iermcfavamr! am cvma dm sibj ajcmaixmbm fe am fewjavrm evcafmr!

rficvaj febjpaskicj y pjr gvfrm bf am kfkormem kijcjebrima bf cavams

aiegjibfs y dfkmjpjyicms! efvrjems y fpifaij namebvamr cje iegavfecim

febjcriem cjkj fs fa bf irjibfs! prsmm! febjkfrij y kmkm$3>)% Oca+?

fs ve k ifkorj bf vem gmkiaim bf prjfems cijpaskicms $am gmkiaim OA+?)

cvym rmescripcie fs rfnvambm pjr gjrgjriamcie bf irjsiems ciemsms% Manvejs

kifkorjs bf am gmkiaim prjkvfwfe mpjpjsis $Omt!Omb) kiferms }vf j rjs

am iediofe $OCA?!OCA+T=)% Oca+? iediof am mpjpjsis! iedioifebj am aiofrmcie

bf cijcrjkj+c y pjr prfwfeir am mciwmcie bf cmspmsm 3% OCA+? fs casicm+

kfef sjorftprfsmbj fe msjcimcie cje aiegjk m gjaicvamr! ve vkjr bf omhj

nrmbj y crfcik ifej afej% Fs kfejs cjejcibj mcfrcm bf Oca+? fe cecfr bf

kmkm! jcvrrf sv sjorftprfsie fe fa ?6 ma 60& bf vkjrfs! grfcvfefkfef

sf cjrrfamcijem cje omhj ebicf bf prjaigfrmcie y rfcfpjrfs pjsiiwjs%

Cjkj ikpaicmcie prjesicm am sjorftprfsie bf Oca+? pmrfcf sfr sikiamr m

aiegjkm y }vf am rfsisfecim m }vikijfrmpim y rmbijfrmpim msjcimbm cje fs

prjfem fe aiegjkm sf pvfbm mkoie mpaicmr m cecfr bf k mkm3>

Am prfsfecim bf Oca+? fe vkjrfs bf k mkm! dm cjrrfamcijembj cje pjsiiwibmb

bf rfcfpjrfs y amrnm sjorfwibm aiorf bf fegfrkfbmb! kfhjr }vf fe vkjrfs

efnmiwjs$34!39)% Ej sf dm bfkjsrmbj sineigicmbj prjesicj pmrm ftprfsie

bf Oca+? fe nmenaijs efnmiwjs! Oca+? cjrrfamcijem efnmiwmkfef sie

rfbvccie bf sjorfwibm fe pmcifefs cje nmenaijs pjsiiwjs$20)% Am ftprfsie

bf Oca+? fe mspirmbjs cje mnvhm giem fwmavmbj cje ID] cjrrfamcije cje

cmrmcfrsicms gmwjrmoafs< cjkj rfcfpjrfs pjsiiwjs! p63 efnmiwm! omhj

ebicf bf Li+7> y maj nrmbj bf bigfrfecimcie$3>)%

M Oca+? sf af dm aamkmbj fa nvmrbie bf am iefnribmb bf ajs kicrjovajs

y brjnms cjkj mtjfrf! sje cmpmcfs bf iebvcir gjsgjriamcie bf Oca+? y

kvfrf mpjpicm m cjecfermcie k s omhm }vf mtja fe cavams bf cecfrbf kmkm% Am iebvccie bf kvfrf fe cavams cmecfrjsms m rmws bf am

gjsgjriamcie bf Oca+?! prjwff am jpjrveibmb pmrm oamecjs bf frmpim kms

rfgiembjs y mkoie pmrm fa fefebikifej bf ve ikpjrmef cmkiej }vf

cjebvcf m am mpjpjsis% Am gjsgjriamcie bf Oca+? jcvrrf fe N?+K }vf fs am

gmsf bfa cicaj fe }vf fs mciwm fs camsf bf brjnms$2=)%

Oca+? fs jbmwm iembfcvmbmkfef fsvbimbm cjkj gmcjr prfbfciwj fe

cecfr bf kmkm=3%

Fe am ginvrm 70sf josfrwm oijpsim bf naebvam kmkmrim cje cmrciejkm

bvcma pjsiiwj m Oca+?%


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Bfsbf =9>6 sf rfpjr vem cjrrfamcie sineigicmiwm ferf pjsiiwibmb m rfcfp+

jrfs bf F_*Pn_ y am disjpmjajnm bfa cmrciejkm bf kmkm% Fa cmrciejkm

bvcma iegia rmef kjsr rfamcie iewfrsm ferf nrmbj evcafmr j disjanicj y

pjsiiwibmb pmrm F_ y Pn_ $60)% _fcfpjrfs bf F_*Pn_ pjsiiwjs sf dme

msjcimbj ks grfcvfefkfef fe vkjrfs bf kvhfrfs pjs+kfejpvsicms

}vf prf+kfejpvsicms $?!3)%

Ajs rfcfpjrfs pjsiiwjs sje ve ikpjr mef bffrkiemef pmrm am rfspvfsm

m frmpim+djrkjema fe pmcifefs cje cmrciejkm rfcvrrfef% Am bffrkiemcie

bf ajs rfcfpjrfs fe afsijefs rfcvrrfefs bfof dmcfrsf fe fa vkjr

prikmrij y fe ams kfsmsis! ym }vf sf dme josfrwmbj wmrimcijefs fe am

bffrk iemcie fe fa ?6& bf ajs cmsjs% Am pjsioiaibmb pmrm fecjermr

bigfrfecims fs kfejr cvmebj fa vkjr prikmrij y vem kfsmsis gvfrje F_

efnmiwjs% Am pjsioiaibmb bf biscrfpmecim mvkfem cvmebj fa vkjr prikmrijgvf F_ pjsiiwj y fa iefrwmaj ferf am rfcvrrfecim j am kfsmsis gvf

mkpaij$?!3!2>!6=)%

Am bigfrfecim mosjavm fe sjorfwibm ferf kvhfrfs cje rfcfpjrfs pjsiiwjs

y efnmiwjs cje nmenaijs efnmiwjs fs sjamkfef bf 4 m =0& y manvejs

fsvbijs dme kjsrmbj }vf cvma}vifr wfemhm fe sjorfwibm bf F_ y Pn_ $,)

sf pifrbf bfspvs bf 6 mjs% Ej dmy bvbm bf }vf aj ks ikpjrmef pmrm

ajs pmcifefs cje vkjrfs }vf sje rfcfpjrfs pjsi iwjs fs fa dfcdj bf }vf

pvfbfe rfcioir kmeipvamcie djrkjema! mprjtikmbmkfef >>& bf pmcifefscje F_ y Pn_ pjsiiwjs rfspjebfe m frmpim djrkjema cjerm sjaj ?>& bf

pmcifefs cje vkjrfs F_ y Pn_ efnmiwjs% Fa 33& bf ajs pmcifefs cje

vkjrfs rfcfpjrfs pjsiiwjs ej rfspjebfe m am frmpim djrkjema

$?!3!2>!6=)%

Am fwmavmcie bfa ekfrj bf cavams cje am sfma pjsiiwm iermevcafmr cje

fa kjbj bf ID]! sf omsm fe am prjpjrcie bf ecafjs fibjs y fe am

iefesibmb bf ma pjsiiwibmb! DISRJSCJ_F $ kjbj) DSCJ_F ? ^iaovr y

Cja%! y Liesfa y Cja% iegjrkme ve kjbj sfki+cvmeimiwj pmrm fa iegjrkfbf rfsvambjs Kjbj DSCJ_F $?)%

DSCJ_F; $3& bf ecafj fibjs iefesmkfef) , $?& bf ecafjs fibjs

kjbfrmbmkfef) , $=& bf ecafjs fibjs boiakfef)%

Am gjrkvam prjwff ve rfsvambj bf 0 m 300! pjr fhfkpaj si fe fa vkjr

wfkjs ve pjrcfemhf bf cavams bf 20& cje iefesibmb bf 3! 30& cje

iefesibmb bf ? y saj =0& cje iefesibmb bf =% Am fcvmcie }vfbmrm bf am

sinvifef k mefrm8

3$20& ),?$30& ),=$=0& )! fa rfsvambj sfrm =?0,70,=0 DSCJ_F; =90


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4?

CIRJK FR_M BF GAVHJ Y _MENJ BF P_JAIGF_MCIE CFAVAM_

Ftisfe evkfrjsms pvoaicmcijefs }vf rfamcijeme fe vkjrfs kmainejs fa

wmajr bf am pajibm bf gavhj y meaisis bf gavhj bf am gmsf S pmrm prfbiccie bf

sjorfwibm 62% Fe cecfr bf kmkm am mefvpajibim bf gavhj nfefrmakfef sf

msjcim cje nrmbj disjanicj maj! grmccie mam bf gmsf S! mvkfej bf ebicf

kiicj y mvsfecim bf F_ Pn_! pjr fa cje rmrij am bipajibm sf dm msjcimbj

cje ipjs fspfcimafs bf cecfr }vf ifefe kfhjr prjesicj! omhj nrmbj

disjanicj! omhm grmccie S! omhj ebicf kiicj y F_+Pn_ pjsiiwjs 66% Ams

pmcifefs cje vkjrfs mefvpajibfs ifefe kma prjesicj 62% Fe fa pmefa

bf kmrcmbjrfs vkjrmafs bf am MSCJ fe =997 jpiemrje }vf fa ebicf bf

pajibm bfa BEM pjr cijkfrm bf gavhj ej fem bmjs svgicifefs pmrm

rfcjkfebmr sv vsj bf rviem 67%

Am fwmavmcie bf cavams bf mbfejcmrciejkm bf kmkm! kfbimef meaisis bf

cijkfrm! fe }vf sf fsvbime sikvaefmkfef pajibim bfa BEM y bisriovcie

fe fa cicaj cfavamr bfa pmre bf ftprfsie bf ams cicaiems! kjsr ftprfsie

mam bf cicaiems fe mefvpajibim y vem rfamcie pjsiiwm ferf cicaiems M y B= f

ebicf bf ikibiem D67% Mbfks sf fecjer }vf ftism bfsrfnvamcie bf

ftprfsie bf cicaiems fe ams cavams rmesgjrkmbms bf mbfejcmrciejkm bf

kmkm $K CG+>) $67!6>)%

Fe cavams fe kvfsrms bf k icrjbisfccie pjr cmpvrm bf amssfr $ACK ) sf

bfkjsr }vf ajs ecafjs kicrjbisfcmbjs pvfbfe sfr vsmbjs pmrm meaisis

bf pajibm y cicaj cfavamr pjr cijkfrm bf gavhj% Fa mbfwfeikifej bf am

kicrjbisfccie pjr cmpvrm bf amsfr jgrfcf kaipafs wfemhms pmrm memaixmr

kjrgjanicmkfef pjoamcijefs cfavamrfs bfgieibms! kfhjrm am fspfcigicibmb

y sikpaigicm am iefrprfmcie bf pajibm y cicaj cfavamr$64)% Am cijkfrm bf

gavhj! sf pfrgiam fe fa gvvrj cjkj vem dfrrmkifem pmrm fa fsvbij bf bisiejs

pmrmkfrjs fe vkjrfs cjkj sje8 ftprfsijefs bf prjfems iedfrfefs m

jecjnfefs! fsvbijs bf cajemnfeicibmb! ftprfsie bf cicaiem y pjr svpvfsjpajibim y cicaj cfavamr%

P_JAIGF_MCIE CFAVAM_

Am grmccie bf cavams vkjrmafs sief ixmebj BEM $grmccie gmsf+S) cjrrfamcijem

cje fa prjesicj fe cifrjs vkjrfs y fspfcimakfef fe cmrciejkm bf

kmkm% Am grmccie bf gmsf+S mam sf cjrrfamcijem cje kma prjesicj% Am

gmsf+S pvfbf sfr fsikmbm bf bigfrfefs kmefrms cjkj sje< am kfbicie bfam iecjrpjrmcie bf prfcvrsjrfs bfa BEM fe fa BEM evfwmkfef siefixmbj!

cijkfrm bf gavhj y bffrkiemcie iekvejdisj}vkicm fe menfejs evcafmrfs

msjcimbjs m prjaigfrmcie% Am iecjrpjrmcie bf prfcvrsjrfs bf BEM bvrmef


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am gmsf+S sf cjesibfrm fa fsebmr bf jrj pmrm fa meaisis bfa cicaj cfavamr!

ikibiem $D3) fs fkpafmbm pmrm bffrkiemr fa ebicf bf kmrcmhf bf ikibiem%

_fcifefkfef orjkjbfjtivribiem+O_BV dm kjsrmbj rfsvambjs f}viwmafefs%

Rjbms ams kfbicijefs ifefe aikimcijefs $69)%

Manvejs iewfsinmbjrfs sfmame }vf fa sikpaf cjefj bfa ebicf kiicj ma

ifkpj bfa bimnesicj ieicima! pjr ve pmajnj oife ferfembj! cje iecie

bf D y F! ifef vem ftcfafef cjrrfamcie cje fa ebicf bf prjaigfrmcie

cfavamr% Bicdj kjbj fs sikpaf! omrmj y vej bf ajs kfhjrfs iebicmbjrfs

prjesicjs! sie fkomrnj ifef manvems aiki mcijefs cjkj rfprjbvciwiaibmb

ferf pmajnjs! cmeibmb bf fsrjkm bfa vkjr y jrjs% Fsjs pjrkfejrfs

pvfbfe rfbvcirsf ftprfsmebj fa cjefj bf kijsis cjkj ve pjrcfemhf pjr

fhfkpaj fa cjefj bf g invrms k i icms pjr = 000 cavams efjpasicms $ebicf

ki icj) aj cvma fs me rfprfsfemiwj cjkj ajs kmrcmbjrfs bf prjaigfrmciecfavamr $?!3!2!70)%

Li+7>

Li+7>! LiS=*jpjisjk frmsm II! disjef D3 y k ijsiem sje menfejs evcafmrfs

bf prjaigfrmcie cfavamr% Fa ks fsvbimbj fs Li+7>% Nfrbfs y Cja bfsmrrjaamrje

ve meicvfrpj kjejcajema Li+7> }vf rfmccijem cje ve meinfej evcafmr

prfsfef fe jbms ams cavams }vf ej fse fe N+0% Li+7> ibfeigicm amscavams prjaigfrmebj bferj bf ve vkjr! am bffrkiemcie bf am grmccie Li+7>

pvfbf rfgafhmr iegjrkmcie sineigicmef mcfrcm bfa cjkpjefef bf cavams

prjaigfrmebj fe ve vk jr% Am sfma pjsi iwm cje ID] bf Li+7> rfg afhm /grmccie

bf crfcikifej/! grmccie bf crfcik ifej k s mam sf cjrrfamcijem cje kmyjr

mnrfsiwibmb bfa vkjr% Ma kfejs dmy =2 rmomhjs }vf iewjavcrme ks bf 2

kia pmcifefs bf cecfr bf kmkm }vf rmme bf fwmavmr ams ikpaicmcijefs

prjesicms bf Li+7> pjr ID]! jbjs fsjs fsvbijs rfpjrme mane ipj bf

rfamcie sineigicmiwm ferf svs rfsvambjs y fa prjesicj! fe meaisis

veiwmrimbjs% K vcdjs fsvbijs fwmame Li+7> fe cjrfs cjenfambjs vsmebjmeicvfrpjs bf nfefrmcie fkprmem! ajs cvmafs aikime am viaibmb! fa meicvfrpj

K IO+= fa cvma rfcjejcf fa menfej Li+7> sf bfsmrrjaa fspfcgicmkfef pmrm

vsj fe fhibj gihmbj% Sf cjejcfe 2 fsvbijs prjesicjs cje cfrcm bf =!600

pmcifefs vsmebj KIO+= y jbjs rfpjr me ovfem cjrrfamcie cje fa prjesicj%

Sie fkomrnj! am kmyjrm bf fsvbijs }vf fwmame am rfamcie ferf Li+7> y

prjesicj sje fe pjoamcijefs

Compredio de Anatomia Patologica de La Glandula Mamaria

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