Curso Inglés Militar

-3-

PRLOGOLa mayor integracin de los Ejrcitos de las naciones de nuestro entorno

en estructuras supranacionales para, con la puesta en comn de lascapacidades conjuntas, poder responder a los nuevos desafos de seguridadque pudieran amenazar la estabilidad mundial, ha obligado a que el Ejrcitode Tierra espaol se adapte a las nuevas circunstancias en consonancia conlos cambios experimentados por la sociedad espaola, pasando de unEjrcito territorial de guarnicin, a otro de proyeccin, con una altadisponibilidad y en el que se ha profesionalizado la tropa.

Este operar conjunto con otros Ejrcitos exige, adems de contar conarmamento y materiales interoperables con los de nuestros aliados, eldisponer de unos procedimientos operativos comunes. No obstante, aunsiendo importante lo anterior, resultara de todas luces mposible el llevar abuen trmino este trabajo conjunto, si los componentes de cada uno de estosEjrcitos son incapaces de comunicarse en un lenguaje comn. Siendo elingls la lengua adoptada por la comunidad internacional como el idioma enel que se desarrollan normalmente las operaciones militares, se hacenecesario que los componentes del Ejrcito tengan una formacin adecuadaen este idioma.

Este libro de ingls ha sido concebido y diseado para responderfundamentalmente a las necesidades que en esta lengua tengan loscomponentes del ET., estando orientado a sus niveles bsicos, y sirviendocomo pilar en el que se asienten posteriores conocimientos y niveles msavanzados.

En consecuencia, considero que el Basic English Book for the Military esun libro pensado para los profesionales de las armas y que constituye unaherramienta muy til para iniciarse en los fundamentos de la lengua inglesa.

Juan Ramn Amat Gutirrez

TENIENTE GENERAL

Jefe del Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina del Ejercito de Tierra

-4-

IRRE-

UNIT GRAMMAR DAILY SPEAKING CIVILIAN VOCABULARY

1page9-15

Personal pronouns Verb "To Be"

-Affirmative form-Negative form-Question form

Greetings-Whats your name?-How old are you?-How are you?

Cardinal numbers I-(1-30)

Ordinal number I-(1st-5th)

2page17-26

Articles -Definite article The-Indefinite article A, An-Some-Any

Possession-Saxon genitive-Possessive adjectives-Possessive pronouns

Verb "To Have" Affirmative form Negative form Question form

Plurals-Regular plurals-Irregular plurals

IntroductionsGood morningGood afternoonThis is myNice to meet you

Colours Cardinal numbers II

-(30-100) Ordinal numbers II

-(6th-25th)

3page27-35

Demonstratives -This, That-These, Those

Infinitive, participle and gerund Simple present

-Affirmative form-Negative form

The time

The time-What time is it?-Its half past five

How are you?-How are you?-Im not fineIm very tired-Lately I don't sleep very well-Take some sleeping pills

Family and relationships Meals I

4page37-46

The adjective-Degrees of comparison-Superiorty comparatives andsuperlatives-Inferiority comparatives-Equality comparatives

Irregular forms of the comparativeand superlative How to make comparisons The adverb I

-Where to put the verb-Adverbs classification

On the phone-Who's calling?-This is-Do you want to leave a message?-I call you back later

Days of the week Seasons of the year Months of the year Dates Cardinal numbers III

-(101-2.000.000)

5page47-54

The adverb II-"-ly" ending adverbs

Adverb degrees Irregular forms of the adverbs Adverbial phrases

At the travel agency-Id like to know if there are anyseats on

On the plane-Is there still a long way to go?-The plane is landing now

Moods Weather phenomena and naturalcatastrophes

R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 T O U N I T 5

6page59-68

"There is" and "there are"sentences and partitives

-"There is" and "there are"sentences-The use of "Some"-The use of "Any"

Quantities-The use of "too", "too much", "toomany", "enough", "not enough"-"Some", "any" and "no" compounds

At the hotel-Ive booked two single rooms-How long are you going to stayat this hotel for?-Wed like to have half board-Could you change us poundsinto euros?

Parts of the house Rooms of the house Furniture The bathroom

7page69-77

Questions I-Auxiliary "To Do"-The verb "To Be"

Prepositions I

In the Restaurant-Where would you like to sit?-Could you bring me whateveryou think is best on the menu?-Which wine do you recommend?

Breakfast Fruit, cereals and vegetables-meat and fish Drinks, desserts, the table

8page79-88

Past Simple of the regular verbs-Affirmative form-Negative form-Question form-Negative question form

Past Simple of the irregular verbs Past Simple of the verb "To Be"

-Affirmative form-Negative form-Question form-Negative question form

In the train station-Were about to take a train-When does your train leave?-Do you know where the platform?

Countries and nationalities

CONTENTS

MAP

CONTENTS MAP

-5-

CONTENTS

MAP

READING COMPREHENSION MILITARY TERMS MILITARY CONVERSATION

"This is the description of Miguel andTeresa"

-He /She is a-He /She is years old-His /Her telephone number is

Ranks Various

Conversation between a Staff Sergeantand a Private

-May I come in, Sir?-This is. assigned to-Whats your post?

"Description of Miguel's little brother"-He has lots of-He likes-He plays football

In the barracks andgeneralities

Conversation between a Full Corporaland a Private

-Are you on duty?-Im the sentry-Did you clean your rifle?-There is an inspection parade in thebattery

"My family"-My mother's name is-I have one brother-My mother's parent's are my grandparents

Units and commandschelons

Conversation between a Private and aCorporal

-Whats that unit?-Whos the commander?

"Holidays"-Christmas-New Year's Eve-St. Valentine's Day-Easter

-Festival of Passover-Good Friday-Easter Day-Easter Monday

-Mother's Day-Father's Day-Fourth of July

Weapons, specialities andassignments

Conversation between a Full Corporaland a Corporal

-Whats your branch?-Im posted in-I don't have a driver license-I should apply for

"El Nio and La Nia"-El Nio takes place in-These effects occur around-These fires create-Opposite to El Nio-Climate historians speculate that

The uniform

Conversation between two Privates-These boots are very big for me-Whats your size?-I need size

R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 T O U N I T 5

"The History of Harrods"-This tale begins with-Init becomes-It is the best and the most well knowndepartment store in the world

Light weaponry

Conversation between two Privates-Im collecting ammunition for-What kind of exercise is it about?-Will it be carried out with live ammunition?

"British meals"-British people have three meals a day-Beakfast is usually between-The second meal of the day is-The last meal of the day is

Heavy weaponry

Conversation between a Sergeant and aPrivate

-Did you check the track of the tank?-Don't forget to install the machine on the turret-Did you already refuel the tank?

"Prejudices"-There are a lot of prejudices accordingto nationalities-German people are considered to-Danish people are thought to be-British people are believed to be

The Navy and the Air Force

Conversation between a Private and aFull Corporal

-Did you see that warjet?-I think that it is an F-18-Look at that helicopter

CONTENTS MAP

-6-

UNIT GRAMMAR DAILY SPEAKING CIVILIAN VOCABULARY

9page89-99

Questions II-Wh questions-How to form Wh questions

How to write a letter in English-Date and place of origin-Opening a letter-Closing a letter

Rent a car-Wed like to rent a car-Can I see your ID or passport?-I'm afraid you will have to pay anadditional fee for being under 25-Which car would you like to rent?-Is there an additional driver fee?-No, but there is limited mileage of

"Do" or "Make"?-When to use make-When to use do

10page

101-111

How to form the gerund Present Continuous

-Affirmative form-Negative form

Past Continuous-Affirmative form-Negative form

Present and Past Continuousquestion

-Question form-Negative question form

Wh questions with present andPast Continuous Questions with "How"

How to make an appointment tosee the doctor

-Could I make an appointment tosee the doctor?-Id like to see the doctor assoonas possible

Animals and plants Parts of the head Parts of the body

R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 6 T O U N I T 1 0

11page

117-129

-Future Tense-Affirmative form-Negative form and question form-Negative question form-Future with "going to"

First Type Conditional Sentences Present Perfect -Use of "Since" and "For"

Asking the Way-Is far from here?-You might need to take a bus to-The bus stop is quite near-Go straight on along this streetuntil-Take the third turning on-Could you show us in the map?

Means of transport Clothes The sizes and their equivalences The city

12page

131-138

The Conditional tense-Affirmative form-Negative form-Question form-Negative question form

The Imperative

Customs-Where are you from?-Do you have an entry permit?-Whats the purpose of yourjourney?

Sports and leisure time

13page

139-148

Modal Verbs Can Could Must Need May Might Should /Ought to

Shopping. Buying food-Could I have some of?-Which one do you want?-How much is it?-I'll have

Shopping. Buying clothes-It goes with-Try on.-I need a smaller size-To change for

Length Weight Capacity

14page

149-157

Passive voice Prepositions II

At the doctor's-Whats the matter?-My head hurts-How is the pain like?-Acute and constant pain-To be allergic to-To take pills

Diseases and pains

15page

159-171

Phrasal verbs-How to form phrasal verbs

So/Neither do I-So-Neither-Grammatical constructions todisagree with someone

Verb + -Ing (=Gerund)

Calling the insurance company-My cars broken down-To tow the car-Whats your insurance company?

Differences between British andAmerican English

R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 1 T O U N I T 1 5

CONTENTS MAPCONTENTS

MAP

-7-

CONTENTS

MAP

READING COMPREHENSION MILITARY TERMS MILITARY CONVERSATION

Writing a Letter in British English In the office On the maneuvers Formed in parade

Conversation between two operators-Whats the position of?-Were deployed in-Move on up to-Over-Roger. Out

"Climatic Change"-People and environment areexperiencing the consequeces of-This change is mainly due to-There are extreme weather events-Climate impacts-Predictions for the future-To slow down global warming-To avoid climate catastrophe-Renewable energy sources-Clean energies

In the training

Conversation between a Private and aSergeant

-NBC attack-To put the mask on-To avoid being affected by the radiations

R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 6 T O U N I T 1 0

"The United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland"

-The United Kingdom is situated in-Its neighbours are-The United Kingdom consists of fournations-Great Britain is often incorrectly usedto refer to the United Kingdom

Parts of the rifle, machinegun & pistol

Conversation between a Private and aSergeant

-Show me your rifle-I have a cartridge in the chamber-Pull the charging handle down and take it out

"Terrorist Attack"-The terrorist attacks on-There is a great uncertainty about-An emergency communications plan-Meeting place-Disaster supplies kit-Seriously injured people

Communications First aid

Conversation between two Privates-Do you know what happened to?-He was wounded on-Shell explosion-Mortar shrapnel-A severe injury

"David Bowie"-David Jones was born on-David Jones started playing-In, he changed his name to-He married-He produced albums for-Bowie had no luck in

Operations, offensive

Conversation between a Captain and aLieutenant

-Cross the departure line at-My platoon will advance up to-Where is the enemy position?-The attack will be performed-To receive the order by radio-Fire support-Departure line

"The Euro"-European single currency-The euro has replaced-To join the euro-Faces of the coin-Strong currency

Operations, defensive

Conversation between a Sergeant and aPrivate

-Watch that cord-Take care-Come back to the trench-To report by radio

"Stonehenge"-The most famous monument of-To be built in several phases-Is Britain's greatest national icon-Its original purpose-Worship of-Astronomical observatory for-Sacred site-Burial of ancient

Peacekeeping missions

Conversation between a Corporal and aPrivate

-My unit is in a peacekeeping mission-To operate in-Hot spot-There are lots of snipers in-What Organization is leading?-To be in charge-To be in command

R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 1 T O U N I T 1 5EXERCISES

VERBS 183 - 198REGULAR VERBS: CONJUGATION . . . . . . . . . . 183 - 196IRREGULAR VERBS: LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 - 198

GLOSSARIES 199 - 225PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200CIVILIAN GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 - 219MILITARY GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 - 225

KEYS TO THE EXERCISES 227 - 235

CONTENTS MAP

1UNIT 1UNIT 1

-9-

1.-PERSONAL PRONOUNS(PRONOMBRES PERSONALES)

Ntese que en ingls, a diferencia de lo queocurre en espaol, hay tres gneros (masculino,femenino y neutro) para el pronombre personalde tercera persona del singular. La traduccinque ofrecemos para el pronombre personalneutro de tercera persona del singular (it) es*ello.

2.-THE VERB TO BE(EL VERBO TO BE)

A diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol,todas las formas verbales en ingls han de estaracompaadas por un sujeto explcito, ya seaun pronombre personal (I, you, etc.) o uno ovarios sustantivos (John, Paul and Ane, etc.)

TO BE (ser; estar)Simple present / Question form

English Spanish

1st S am I? soy (yo)?estoy (yo)?

2nd S are you?eres (t)?; ests (t)?es (usted)?; est (usted)?

3rd S is he/ she/ it?es (l/ ella/ *ello)?est (l/ ella/ *ello)?

1st P are we?somos (nosotros/ as)?estamos (nosotros/ as)?

2nd P are you?

sois (vosotros/ as)?estis (vosotros/ as)?son (ustedes)?estn (ustedes)?

3rd P are they?son (ellos/ as)?estn (ellos/ as)?

TO BE (ser; estar)Simple present / Negative form

English Spanish

1st SI am not I'm not

(yo) no soy(yo) no estoy

2nd Syou are notyou arent

(t) no eres; (t) no ests(usted) no es; (usted) no est

3rd S he/ she/ it is nothe/ she/ it isnt(l/ ella/ *ello) no es(l/ ella/ *ello) no est

1st Pwe are not we arent

(nosotros/ as) no somos(nosotros/ as) no estamos

2nd Pyou are notyou arent

(vosotros/ as) no sois(vosotros/ as) no estis(ustedes) no son(ustedes) no estn

3rd Pthey are notthey arent

(ellos/ as) no son(ellos/ as) no estn

TO BE (ser; estar)Simple present / Affirmative form

English Spanish

1st SI amI'm

(yo) soy(yo) estoy

2nd Syou areyou're

(t) eres; (t) ests(usted) es; (usted) est

3rd She/ she/ it ishe's/ she's/ it's

(l/ ella/ *ello) es(l/ ella/ *ello) est

1st Pwe arewe're

(nosotros/ as) somos(nosotros/ as) estamos

2nd Pyou areyou're

(vosotros/ as) sois(vosotros/ as) estis(ustedes) son(ustedes) estn

3rd Pthey arethey're

(ellos/ as) son(ellos/ as) estn

PLURALEnglish Spanish

1st we nosotros/ as

2nd youvosotros/ asustedes

3rd they ellos/ as

SINGULAREnglish Spanish

1st I yo

2nd you t/ usted

3rd he/ she/ it l/ ella/ *ello

G R A M M A R

1-10-

D A I L Y S P E A K I N G

1.-GREETINGS(SALUDOS)

Isabel: Hello! My names Isabel.Whats your name?

Isabel: Hola! Me llamo Isabel. Cmote llamas?

Nuria: My names Nuria.Nuria: Me llamo Nuria.

Isabel: How old are you?Isabel: Cuntos aos tienes?

Nuria: Im thirty-six years old. Andyou?

Nuria: Tengo treinta y seis aos. Y t?

Isabel: Im thirty-nine.Isabel: Tengo treinta y nueve.

Alicia: Hi!Alicia. Hola!

Isabel: Hi! How are you?Isabel: Hola! Cmo ests?

Alicia: Fine, thank you. And you?Alicia: Bien, gracias. Y t?

Isabel: Fine, thanks.Isabel: Bien, gracias.

Hello! My namesIsabel.

Whats your name?

My names Nuria

How old are you? Im thirty-six years old.And you?

Im thirty-nine

Hi!

Hi! How are you?

Fine, thank you.And you?

Fine, thanks

1-11-

1.-CARDINAL NUMBERS I (1-30)(NMEROS CARDINALES I [1-30])

C I V I L I A N V O C A B U L A R Y

1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten

11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen20 twenty

21 twenty-one22 twenty-two23 twenty-three24 twenty-four25 twenty-five26 twenty-six27 twenty-seven28 twenty-eight29 twenty-nine30 thirty

2.-ORDINAL NUMBERS I (1st-5th)(NMEROS ORDINALES I [1-5])

English Spanish

1st first primero/ a/ os/ as

2nd second segundo/ a/ os/ as

3rd third tercero/ a/ os/ as

4th fourth cuarto/ a/ os/ as

5th fifth quinto/ a/ os/ as

English Spanish

The Fourth of July is the American Independence Day. El cuatro de julio es el Da de la Independencia estadounidense.

The second day of the week is Tuesday. El segundo da de la semana es martes.

His first last name is Prez. Su primer apellido es Prez.

English Spanish

I have three cars. Tengo tres coches.

George is twenty-six years old. George tiene veintisis aos.

My brother spent eight days in London. Mi hermano estuvo ocho das en Londres.

Examples:

Examples:

1-12-

R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N

1.DESCRIPTION OF MIGUEL AND TERESA(DESCRIPCIN DE MIGUEL Y TERESA)

Miguel and Teresa are a couple. He istwenty-four years old and she is twenty-threeyears old. They are students. He is a biologistand she is an economist. His telephonenumber is 4-8-6-7-1-5 and her telephonenumber is 7-6-9-1-6-4. Miguel is a sportsmanbut she is not. They are in Granada, they liveat 13 Telephone Road. This is the first timethey live together.

M I L I T A R Y T E R M S1.-RANKS(EMPLEOS MILITARES)

Private Corporal Full Corporal Corporal Major

Sergeant Staff Sergeant Warrant Officer Sergeant Major

SecondLieutenant

First Lieutenant

Captain Major LieutenantColonel

Colonel

N.C.O.

all rank and file

officers

generals

Brigadier MajorGeneral

Three StarGeneral

Four StarGeneral

Five StarGeneral

2.-VARIOUS(VARIOS)

English Spanishrecruit reclutaall rank and file tropaN.C.O. suboficiales

English Spanishtemporary officer oficial de complementoconscript soldier soldado de reemplazoprofessional soldier soldado profesionalgenerals oficiales generales

2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)1) How old is Miguel?2) What are they?3) What is her telephone number?

1-13-

M I L I T A R Y C O N V E R S A T I O N

Private: May I come in, Sir?Soldado: Puedo entrar, mi Brigada?

Staff Sergeant: Yes, come in.Brigada: S, entre.

Private: This is the Private Juan RamrezMartnez, assigned to this RifleCompany, Sir.

Soldado: Mi Brigada, soy el Soldado JuanRamrez Martnez, destinado a laCompaa de Fusiles.

Staff Sergeant: Whats your post given to you by theSergeant?

Brigada: Cul es el encuadramiento que te hadado el Sargento?

Private: Second Rifle Platoon, first Squad.Soldado: Segunda Seccin de Fusiles, primer

Pelotn.

Staff Sergeant: OK, why did you join the Army?Brigada: De acuerdo, por qu entr en el Ejrcito?

Private: Because I always liked this kind oflife and I love serving my country inthe Army.

Soldado: Porque siempre me ha gustado estetipo de vida y me encanta servir a mipatria en el Ejrcito.

E X E R C I S E S

May I come in, Sir?

Yes, come in

This is the PrivateJuan Ramrez

Martnez, assigned tothis Rifle Company, Sir

Whats your postgiven to you by the

Sergeant?

Second Rifle Platoon,first SquadOK, why did you join

the Army?

Because I always likedthis kind of life and I

love serving my countryin the Army

1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTINGTHE CORRECT WORD.

a) Hello. My name is Cristina. What is your name?b) My _____ is Patricia.

c) Hello. I _____ Charles. What is _____ name?d) _____ _____ _____ Hellen.

e) I am twenty-two years old. How old _____ you?f) _____ _____ nineteen _____ old.

g) _____ old are _____?h) I am _____ years _____?

i) What is your telephone number?j) My _____ number is 5-6-2-8-4-5.

k) Is your telephone _____ 5-6-2-8-4-5l) Yes, it _____.

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THECORRECT FORM OF THE VERB TO BE.

a) Are you a student?b) _____ she Patricia?c) _____ they Spanish?d) _____ I nice?e) _____ we friends?

3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH ASUITABLE WORD.

a) Are you a student?b) No, I am not a _____.c) Are they Paul and Mary?d) _____, they are.e) _____ I your friend?f) Yes, you _____.g) Are you a soldier?h) No, I _____ _____ a soldier.

1-14-

4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING CARDINAL NUMBERSBY USING WORDS.

a) 14a) Fourteen

b) 30b) __________________

c) 28c) __________________

d) 16d) __________________

e) 13e) __________________

f) 11f) __________________

g) 25g) __________________

h) 3h) __________________

5) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USINGCONTRACTIONS.

a) What is your name?a) What's your name?

b) My name is Michael.b) ______________________________.

c) What is your telephone number?c) ______________________________?

d) My telephone number is 4-5-6-3-7-5.d) ______________________________.

e) I am thirty years old.e) ______________________________.

f) She is twenty-four years old.f) ______________________________.

6) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING ORDINAL NUMBERS BYUSING WORDS.

a) 1sta) First

b) 2ndb) __________________

c) 3rdc) __________________

d) 4thd) __________________

e) 5the) __________________

7) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP?WRITE THE SOLUTIONS WITH THE CORRECT WORD.

a) six + tena) Sixteen

b) five + nineb) __________________

c) one + threec) __________________

d) thirteen + nined) __________________

e) two + eighte) __________________

f) three + threef) __________________

g) four + teng) __________________

h) eleven + twelveh) __________________

i) twenty + teni) __________________

j) twenty-four + onej) __________________

English terms Spanish terms

1) Recruit a) General de Brigada

2) First Lieutenant b) Teniente

3) Conscript c) Cabo Primero

4) Non-commissioned officer d) Coronel

5) Staff Sergeant e) Recluta

6) Full Corporal f) Suboficial

7) Brigadier g) Soldado de reemplazo

8) Colonel h) Sargento Primero/ Brigada

1

-15-

8) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO H).

9) PUT THE RANKS IN THE RIGHT DECREASING ORDER.

a) ____________ Three Star Generalb) ____________ Lieutenant Colonelc) ____________ Warrant Officerd) ____________ Corporale) ____________ Sergeantf) ____________ Major Generalg) ____________ Second Lieutenanth) ____________ Captaini) 1 Five Star Generalj) ____________ Private

2UNIT 2UNIT 2

-17-

1.-ARTICLES(ARTCULOS)

El artculo determinado "the" es invariable,esta nica forma se usa para el masculino, elfemenino, el singular y el plural:

Examples:

El artculo indefinido para las formas delmasculino, del femenino y del neutro singular es"a", pero se cambia por "an" delante de "h"muda y de vocal cuyo sonido no sea [ju:]:

Examples:

El artculo indefinido no tiene plural, y en sulugar se usan adjetivos indefinidos, la forma"some" para oraciones afirmativas y "any" paraoraciones negativas e interrogativas:

Examples:

2.-POSSESSION(POSESIN)

2.1.-SAXON GENITIVE(GENITIVO SAJN)

En ingls para expresar posesin opertenencia se puede emplear el genitivo sajn.Se forma aadiendo al nombre del poseedor una"s" precedida de un apstrofo. Para expresarposesin tambin puede utilizarse la preposicin"of" (de), como ocurre en espaol. Cuando seusa el genitivo sajn, el orden de las palabras enla oracin se altera y se coloca el poseedor enprimer lugar seguido del apstrofo y la "s", y acontinuacin el objeto posedo sin artculo.

Examples:

La "s" del genitivo, en los siguientes casos, seomite aunque se conserva el apstrofo :

a) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo en pluralacabado en "s":

b) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo singularacabado en "s":

English Spanish

Moses law la ley de Moiss

Jess friend el amigo de Jess

English Spanish

these girls' mother la madre de estas nias

these boys' pens los bolgrafos de estos nios

English Spanish

the mother of the girlla madre de la nia

the girl's mother

the hats of these menlos sombreros de estos hombres

these men's hats

English Spanish

I have some questions. Tengo algunas preguntas.

Is there any question? Hay alguna pregunta?

I don't have any question. No tengo ninguna pregunta.

He has a question. (l) tiene una pregunta.

There are some students. Hay algunos estudiantes.

There is a student. Hay un estudiante.

English Spanisha girl una chicaa boy un chicoa dog un perroan arm un brazoan hour una horaa human being un ser humano

English Spanish

the girl la chica

the boy el chico

the girls las chicas

the boys los chicos

G R A M M A R

2-18-

Ntese que el adjetivo posesivo en inglsconcuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente delgnero y nmero del objeto posedo:

Examples:

2.3.-POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS(PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS)

Ntese que el pronombre posesivo en inglsconcuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente delgnero y nmero del objeto posedo:

Examples:

English Spanish

This car is mine. Este coche es mo.

These oranges are mine. Estas naranjas son mas.

The cat is hers. El gato es suyo (de ella).

The tables are hers. Las mesasson suyas (de ella).

PLURAL

English Spanish

1st ours nuestro/ a/ os/ as

2nd yours vuestro/ a/ os/ assuyo/ a/ os/ as (de ustedes)

3rd theirs suyo/ a/ os/ as


1st mine mo/ a/ os/ as

2nd yours tuyo/ a/ os/ assuyo/ a/ os/ as (de usted)

3rd his, hers, its suyo/ a/ os/ as

English Spanish

her house su casa (de ella)

her houses sus casas (de ella)

their house su casa (de ellos/ as)

their houses sus casas (de ellos/ as)

our car nuestro coche

our apples nuestras manzanas

Sin embargo, si el poseedor es un sustantivomonoslabo terminado en "s", se conserva la "s"del genitivo:

Examples:

El genitivo sajn se emplea con nombrespropios, sustantivos que denotan persona,sustantivos que denotan seres animados, etc.:

Examples:

Si el poseedor es un sustantivo compuesto obien son varios poseedores, el genitivo seforma con el ltimo sustantivo:

Examples:

2.2.-POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES(ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS)

PLURAL

English Spanish

1st our nuestro/ a/ os/ as

2nd your vuestro/ a/ os/ assu/ sus (de ustedes)

3rd their su/ sus

SINGULAR

English Spanish

1st my mi

2nd your tu/ su (de usted)

3rd his, her, its su/ sus

English Spanish

my sister-in-law's car el coche de mi cuada

Mary and Peter's house la casa de Mary y Peter

English Spanish

Mary's cat el gato de Mary

my sister's book el libro de mi hermana

the dog's tail el rabo del perro

English Spanish

Bess's table la mesa de Bess

2-19-

3.-THE VERB TO HAVE(EL VERBO TO HAVE)

4.-PLURALS(PLURALES)

4.1.-REGULAR PLURALS(PLURALES REGULARES)

El plural de los nombres en ingls se formaaadiendo una "s" al singular:

Examples:

Los nombres que terminan en "s", "ss", "sh","x" o "z" forman el plural aadiendo la slaba"es":

Examples:English Spanish

class/ classes clase/ clases

box/ boxes caja/ cajas

watch/ watches reloj/ relojes

English Spanish

plate/ plates plato/ platos

roof/ roofs tejado/ tejados

TO HAVE (tener)Simple present / Question form

English Spanish

1st S have I? tengo yo?

2nd S have you?(t) tienes?(usted) tiene?

3rd S has he/ she/ it? tiene (l/ ella/ *ello)?

1st P have we? tenemos (nosotros/ as)?

2nd P have you ?tenis (vosotros/ as)?tienen (ustedes)?

3rd P have they? tienen (ellos/ as)?

TO HAVE (tener)Simple present / Negative form

English Spanish

1st SI have notI havent (yo) no tengo

2nd Syou have notyou havent

(t) no tienes(usted) no tiene

3rd She /she /it has nothe /she /it hasnt (l/ ella/ *ello) no tiene

1st Pwe have notwe havent (nosotros/ as) no tenemos

2nd Pyou have notyou havent

(vosotros/ as) no tenis(ustedes) no tienen

3rd Pthey have notthey havent (ellos/ as) no tienen

TO HAVE (tener)Simple present / Affirmative form

English Spanish

1st S I have (yo) tengo

2nd S you have (t) tienes(usted) tiene

3rd S he /she /it has (l/ ella/ *ello) tiene

1st P we have (nosotros/ as) tenemos

2nd P you have (vosotros/ as) tenis(ustedes) tienen

3rd P they have (ellos/ as) tienen

2-20-

Los nombres terminados en "o" precedida deconsonante tambin forman el plural aadiendola slaba "es". Sin embargo, si la "o" estprecedida por una vocal forman el pluralaadiendo solamente "s":

Examples:

Algunos nombres de origen sajn terminadosen "f" o en "fe" cambian la "f" en "v" antes deaadir la terminacin "es":

Examples:

Los nombres terminados en "y" precedida deconsonante al formar el plural cambian aqullaen "i" antes de aadir la terminacin "es".Cuando la "y" est precedida por vocal al paraformar el plural simplemente hay que aadir "s":

Examples:

4.2.-IRREGULAR PLURALS(PLURALES IRREGULARES)

Existen algunos nombres en ingls cuyoplural es irregular:

Examples:

Hay nombres que siempre se empleanen plural:

Examples:English Spanish

trousers pantalones

sweets caramelos

thanks gracias

scissors tijeras

English Spanish

ox/ oxen buey/ bueyes

child/ children nio/ nios

man/ men hombre/ hombres

woman/ women mujer/ mujeres

tooth/ teeth diente/ dientes

foot/ feet pie/ pies

mouse/ mice ratn/ ratones

goose/ geese ganso/ gansos

person/ people persona/ personas

English Spanish

sky/ skies cielo/ cielo

body/ bodies cuerpo/ cuerpos

boy/ boys nio/ nios

day/ days da/ das

English Spanish

calf/ calves ternera/ terneras

elf/ elves duende/ duendes

leaf/ leaves hoja/ hojas

English Spanish

potato/ potatoes patata/ patatas

hero/ heroes hroe/ hroes

duo/ duos do/ dos

2-21-


1.-INTRODUCTIONS(PRESENTACIONES)

Good afternoon!! It's one o'clock

Good morning!

Nice to meet you

Nuria, this is myfriend MiguelHi, Miguel!

Alicia: Good morning!Alicia: Buenos das!

Nuria: Good afternoon!!Its one oclock.

Nuria: Buenas tardes!!Es la una de la tarde.

Alicia: Nuria, this is my friend Miguel.Alicia: Nuria, ste es mi amigo Miguel.

Nuria: Hi, Miguel!Nuria: Hola, Miguel!

Miguel: Nice to meet you.Miguel: Encantado de conocerte.


1.-COLOURS(COLORES)

English Spanish

black negro

wwhhiittee bbllaannccoo

red rojo

blue azul

yellowyellow amarilloamarillo

English Spanish

green verde

pink rosa

purple violeta

grey gris

orange naranja

brown marrn

2-22-


La mayora de los colores son susceptiblesde aparecer junto con adjetivos que denoten suluminosidad (un color claro, un color oscuro). Eningls estos adjetivos son "light" (claro) y"dark" (oscuro):

Examples:

2.-CARDINAL NUMBERS II (30-100)(NMEROS CARDINALES II [30-100])

30 thirty35 thirty-five40 forty45 forty-five50 fifty55 fifty-five60 sixty65 sixty-five70 seventy75 seventy-five80 eighty85 eighty-five90 ninety95 ninety-five100 one hundred

English Spanish

light red rojo claro

dark pink rosa oscuro

3.-ORDINAL NUMBERS II (6th-25th)(NMEROS ORDINALES II [6-25])

English Spanish

6th sixth sexto

7th seventh sptimo

8th eighth octavo

9th ninth noveno

10th tenth dcimo

11th eleventh undcimo

12th twelfth duodcimo

13th thirteenth dcimo tercero

14th fourteenth dcimo cuarto

15th fifteenth dcimo quinto

16th sixteenth dcimo sexto

17th seventeenth dcimo sptimo

18th eighteenth dcimo octavo

19th nineteenth dcimo noveno

20th twentieth vigsimo

21st twenty-first vigsimo primero

22nd twenty-second vigsimo segundo

23rd twenty-third vigsimo tercero

24th twenty-fourth vigsimo cuarto

25th twenty-fifth vigsimo quinto

This is Miguel's little brother, hisname is Pedro and he is eight yearsold. He has lots of toys: a football,some tennis balls, a yellow bicycle, apair of skates and a blue radio-controlled car. He likes some sportsbut his favourite sport is football. Hisidol is David Beckham, a Real Madridfootball player. He plays football withhis friends Antonio, Carlos, Juan andRubn. Their idol is also Beckham.Pedro has a football T-shirt but hehasn't any trainers.

2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)

1.-DESCRIPTION(DESCRIPCIN)

1) How old is Pedro?2) What is Pedro's favourite sport?3) Who is Beckham?4) Who are Antonio, Carlos, Juan and Rubn?

2-23-

M I L I T A R Y T E R M S

1.-IN THE BARRACKS AND GENERALITIES(EN EL CUARTEL Y GENERALIDADES)

English Spanish

barracks cuartel

main gate puerta principal

mess mesn, cantina

weapon support company compaa de armas de apoyo

headquarters battery batera de plana mayor

armour squadron escuadrn acorazado

courtyard patio de armas

crest metopa [de una unidad]

boot camp campamento de reclutas

sleeping bag saco de dormir

rucksack mochila

lorry camin

on duty de servicio

on leave de permiso

promotion ascenso

outpost puesto avanzado

military parade formacin

march past desfile

inspection parade revista

drill parade ejercicios de orden cerrado

sentry centinela

base base

flagpole mstil de la bandera

dormitory nave de dormitorio

Navy Armada

Air Force Ejrcito del Aire

equipment equipo

salute saludar; saludo

salary sueldo

rucksack

lorry

military parade

march past

inspection parade

drill parade sentry

Navy

Air Force

salute

2-24-


Full Corporal: Are you on duty this weekend?Cabo Primero: Ests de servicio este fin de semana?

Private: Yes, Im the sentry in the main gatenext Saturday.

Soldado: S, soy el centinela de la puertaprincipal el prximo sbado.

Full Corporal: Did you already clean your rifle?Cabo Primero: Has limpiado ya tu fusil?

Private: Yes, tomorrow theres an inspectionparade in the battery.

Soldado: S, maana hay una revista en labatera.

E X E R C I S E S

Yes, Im the sentryin the main gatenext Saturday

Are you on dutythis weekend?

Did you alreadyclean your rifle?

Yes, tomorrowtheres an

inspection paradein the battery

1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTINGTHE CORRECT WORD.

a) Anna: Hello. Good morning!

b) Paul: Good _____!

c) Anna: _____ are you?

d) Paul: Fine, thank _____. And you?

e) Anna: _____. Paul, this _____ my boyfriend, John.

f) Paul: Nice to _____ you, John!

g) John: _____ to _____ _____, Paul!

h) Anna: John is twenty-five _____ old, he _____a student.

i) Paul: That is right! I _____ a student too.

2) WRITE THE SUITABLE GREETING ACCORDING TO THEWATCHES.

a) 10:00a) Good morning

b) 15:00b) ______________________________

c) 20:00c) ______________________________

d) 23:45 (bed time)d) ______________________________

2-25-

3) WHAT ARE THE COLOURS OF THE FOLLOWINGNUMBERS?

a) 6a) Number six is blue.

b) 17b) __________________.

c) 7c) __________________.

d) 1d) __________________.

e) 3e) __________________.

f) 20f) __________________.

g) 29g) __________________.

h) 1133h) __________________.

i) 9i) __________________.

j) 11j) __________________.

k) 15k) __________________.

d) 13 + 54

d) ______________________________

e) 12 + 15

e) ______________________________

f) 17 + 10

f) ______________________________

g) 9 + 57

g) ______________________________

h) 25 + 8

h) ______________________________

4) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP?WRITE THE SOLUTIONS BY USING WORDS.

a) 45 + 23

a) Sixty-eight

b) 13 + 8

b) ______________________________

c) 24 + 10

c) ______________________________

5) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BYUSING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

a) Mary's book

a) The book is hers.

b) Peter and Paul's dog

b) ______________________________.

c) Laura's house

c) ______________________________.

d) My car

d) ______________________________.

e) Your note book

e) ______________________________.

f) Michael's ball

f) ______________________________.

g) Anna's doll

g) ______________________________.

2-26-

6) WRITE SENTENCES BY USING THE NEGATIVEFORM OF THE VERB TO HAVE: (1) HAVE NOT /HAS NOT (FULL FORM) (2) HAVENT / HASNT(ABBREVIATED FORM).

a) Peter / computer.a) Peter has not a computer.a) Peter hasnt a computer.

b) Hellen and Michael / newspaper.b) ______________________________b) ______________________________

c) Julian / house.c) ______________________________c) ______________________________

d) Andrew / girlfriend.d) ______________________________d) ______________________________

e) My mother / dog.e) ______________________________e) ______________________________

f) I / bagf) ______________________________f) ______________________________

g) Louise / a pair of shoes.g) ______________________________g) ______________________________

7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THESUITABLE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.

a) These are (1 sg) my keys.b) That is (3 pl) _______ housec) This is (3 sg fem) _______ boyfriend, and this

is (3 sg mas.) father.d) Those are (1 pl) _______ teachers.e) Those are (1 sg) _______ pencils.f) That was (2 sg) _______ girlfriend.g) That was (2 pl) _______ class.

8) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.a) What is the colour of your tie?a) My tie es red.

b) What is the colour of the sky?b) ______________________________

c) What is the colour of the sun?c) ______________________________

d) What is the colour of your dog?d) ______________________________

e) What is the colour of your mothers hair?e) ______________________________

f) What is the colour of your hair?f) ______________________________

g) What is the colour of the snow?g) ______________________________

9) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH ANINDEFINITE ARTICLE (A OR AN FORM).

a) My neighbour is a photographer.b) I have _____ very bad night.

c) _____ travel agent gives you informationabout hotels.

d) Mr Smith is _____ old man.

e) You are not _____ worker, you are _____capitalist.

f) He goes to _____ concert.

g) I have _____ day off.

h) I had _____ amazing experience last night,I saw _____ dinosaur.


1) on leave a) cuartel

2) drill parade b) escuadrn acorazado

3) dormitory c) de permiso

4) salute d) ascenso

5) on duty e) ejercicios de orden cerrado

6) armour squadron f) saludar o saludo

7) barracks g) nave de dormitorio colectivo

8) promotion h) de servicio


3UNIT 3UNIT 3

- 27 -

1.-DEMONSTRATIVES(DEMOSTRATIVOS)

2.-INFINITIVE, PAST PARTICIPLE AND GERUND(FORMAS IMPERSONALES DEL VERBO)

3.-SIMPLE PRESENT(PRESENTE SIMPLE)3.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM(FORMA AFIRMATIVA DEL VERBO)

La forma del presente simple se forma quitando lapartcula "to" al infinitivo (to walk, andar; I walk, yoando). Es invariable para todas las personas exceptopara la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it)que aade una "-s" o la slaba "-es" (se aplica la reglade ortografa del plural de los sustantivos).

3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM(FORMA NEGATIVA DEL VERBO)

En ingls la forma negativa del verbo se forma conel auxiliar "to do" en forma negativa, "do not" (dont).Esto ocurre con todas las personas, salvo en el casode la tercera persona del singular, que se forma con"does not" (doesnt.)

TO WALK (andar)Simple present / Negative form

English Spanish

1st S I do not walkI dont walk (yo) no ando

2nd S you do not walkyou dont walk(t) no andas

(usted) no anda

3rd S he/she/it does not walkhe/she/it doesnt walk (l/ ella/ *ello) no anda

1st P we do not walkwe dont walk (nosotros/ as)no andamos

2nd P you do not walkyou dont walk(vosotros/ as) no andis

(ustedes) no andan

3rd P they do not walkthey dont walk (ellos/ as) no andan

TO WALK (andar)Simple present / Affirmative form

English Spanish

1st S I walk (yo) ando

2nd S you walk(t) andas

(usted) anda

3rd S he/she/it walks (l/ ella/ *ello) anda

1st P we walk (nosotros/ as) andamos

2nd P you walk(vosotros/ as) andis

(ustedes) andan

3rd P they walk (ellos/ as) andan

English Spanish

INFINITIVE to walk andar

PASTPARTICIPLE walked andado

GERUND walking andando

PLURALEnglish Spanish

these estos/ as

thoseesos/ asaquellos/ as


this este/ a/ o

thatese/ a/ o

aquel/ aquella/ o

G R A M M A R

THAT

THIS

3- 28 -

Examples:

NEGATIVEEnglish Spanish

I dont eat (yo) no como

you do not walk

(t) no andas(vosotros/ as) no andis(usted) no anda(ustedes) no andan

he does not drink (l) no bebeshe doesnt love (ella) no amait does not rain no lluevewe dont drive (nosotros/ as)noconducimosthey do not swim (ellos/as) nadan

AFFIRMATIVEEnglish Spanish

I eat (yo) como

you walk

(t) andas(vosotros/ as) andis(usted) anda(ustedes) andan

he drinks (l) bebeshe loves (ella) amait rains lluevewe drive (nosotros/ as) conducimosthey swim (ellos/ as) nadan

Como se ve en el cuadro, en ingls para decirla hora se utilizan las expresiones:

"o'clock" (en punto);"half past" (y media);

"to" (menos);"past" (y);

"noon" (medioda);"midnight" (medianoche).

A excepcin de la expresin "It is ... o'clock"(son las/ es la ... en punto) la cifra que indica lashoras se pospone a la cifra o expresin queindica los minutos:

English Spanish

It is half past one. Es la una y media.

It is twenty to ten. Son las diez menos veinte.

It is nine oclock. Son las nueve en punto.

oclock

to

past

4.-THE TIME(LA HORA)

What time is it?(Qu hora es?)

It is...Its...(Son las...)(Es la...)

five oclock(cinco en punto)

ten to five(cinco menos diez)

ten past five(cinco y diez)

a quarter to five(cinco menos cuarto)

a quarter past five(cinco y cuarto)

half past five(las cinco y media)

noon(medioda)

midnight(medianoche)

3- 29 -


What time is it?

Its half past fiveAre you sure?

Yes, I am

Oh! My watch doesntwork! Thank you very

much

You are welcome

Nuria: What time is it?Nuria: Qu hora es?

Alicia: Its half past five.Alicia: Son las cinco y media.

Nuria: Are you sure?Nuria: Ests segura?

Alicia: Yes, Im.Alicia: S, lo estoy.

Nuria: Oh! My watch doesnt work!Thank you very much.

Nuria: Vaya! No me funciona el reloj!Muchas gracias.

Alicia: You are welcome.Alicia: De nada.

Alicia: Hi, Nuria!Alicia: Hola, Nuria!

Nuria: Hi, Alicia! How are you?Nuria: Hola, Alicia! Cmo ests?

Alicia: Im not fine Im very tired.Alicia: No estoy bien Estoy muy cansada.

Nuria: Why?Nuria: Por qu?

Alicia: I usually get up at seven oclock, buttoday I got up at half past five.

Alicia: Me suelo levantar a siete en punto, pero hoyme he levantado a las cinco y media.

Nuria: Really?Nuria: De veras?

Alicia: Lately I dont sleep very wellAlicia: ltimamente no duermo muy bien

Nuria: Take some sleeping pills.Nuria: Toma somnferos.

Alicia: Maybe Oh, it is too late! I have to gohome! Bye, see you soon!

Alicia: Tal vez Vaya, es muy tarde! Me tengoque ir a casa! Adis, hasta luego!

Nuria: Bye!Nuria: Adis!

2.-HOW ARE YOU?(CMO ESTS?)

1.-THE TIME(LA HORA)

Hi, Nuria! Hi, Alicia! How are you?

Lately I dont sleepvery well...

... Im not fine...Im very tired

I usually get up atseven oclock, but todayI got up at half past five

Why?

Really?

Maybe... Oh, its toolate! I have to go home!

Bye, see you soon!

Bye!

Take somesleeping pills

3- 30 -


1.-FAMILY AND RELATIONSHIP(LA FAMILIA Y PARENTESCOS)

English Spanishhusband marido, esposowife mujer, esposafather padremother madreparents padres [padre y madre]son hijodaughter hijachildren hijos [hijos e hijas]brother hermanosister hermanaaunt tauncle tocousin primo/ agrandmother abuelagrandfather abuelograndparents abuelos [abuelo y abuela]granddaughter nietagrandson nietograndchildren nietos/ asnephew sobrinoniece sobrinabrother-in-law cuadosister-in-law cuadadaugther-in-law nuerason-in-law yernomother-in-law suegrafather-in-law suegro

husband and wife

mothers and children

grandfather and grandson

English Spanish

My grandmother is my mothers mother. Mi abuela es la madre de mi madre.

My cousin got married last year. Mi primo se cas el ao pasado.

My brother is very kind. Mi hermano es muy agradable.

I do not get along with my mother-in-law. No me llevo bien con mi suegra.

Examples:

3- 31 -

2.-MEALS I(LAS COMIDAS I)


1.-MY FAMILY(MI FAMILIA)

2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)

1) What are my parents' names?2) How old is my brother?3) Who are my aunt's sons and daughters?

I am Sarah. My mothers name is Anne. Myfather's name is Paul. I have one brother. Hisname is Richard and he is seven years old. Mymother's parents are my grandparents. Mygrandmother likes singing and my grandfatherlikes painting. I am my grandparentsgranddaughter. My parent's brothers and sistersare my uncles and aunts. I have four uncles andfive aunts and I am their niece. Their sons anddaughters are my cousins. One day I hope I getmarried to a nice man (my husband) and havelots of children.

lemond(limn)

vegetable(verdura)

milk(leche)

eggs(huevos)

dessert(postre)

fish(pescado)

meat(carne)

orange(naranja)

potato(patata)

fruit(fruta)breakfast

(desayuno)to have breakfast

(desayunar)

lunch(almuerzo)

to have lunch(almorzar)

tea time(hora del t)

to have a cup of tea(tomar una taza de t)

dinner(cena)

to have dinner(cenar)

GRANDFATHERGRANDMOTHER

MOTHER

BROTHER

FATHER

SARAH

UNCLEAUNT

COUSIN

English SpanishI usually have eggs for breakfast. Normalmente tomo huevos para desayunar.

In Great Britain people have lunch at midday. En Gran Bretaa la gente almuerza a medioda.

I invited some friends for dinner. Invit a algunos amigos a cenar.

Examples:

3- 32 -



1.-UNITS AND COMMAND SCHELONS(UNIDADES Y ESCALONES DE MANDO)

English Spanish

fire team escuadra

task force agrupacin tctica

battalion task groupgrupo tctico

battalion group

company task forcesubgrupo tcticocompany/ squadron

team

branch rama; arma

brigade headquarters cuartel general de brigada

chain of command cadena de mando

commander jefe

company commander jefe de compaa

deputy officer oficial segundo en el mando

leader lder

squad section platoon

company battalion regiment

brigade division corps

army

Private: Whats that unit?Soldado: Cul es esa unidad?

Corporal: Its the second Rifle Company ofthe 3rd battalion.

Cabo: Es la segunda Compaa deFusiles del tercer Batalln.

Private: Whos the commander?Soldado: Quin es el jefe?

Corporal: Captain Mayoral.Cabo: El Capitn Mayoral.

Private: Thats right, and the deputy?Soldado: Bien, y el oficial segundo en el

mando?

Corporal: Lieutenant Glvez. Hes justarrived. Hes commanding the2nd Rifle Platoon.

Cabo: El Teniente Glvez. Se acaba deincorporar. Va a mandar la segundaSeccin de Fusiles.

Private: He looks very young.Soldado: Parece muy joven.

Whats that unit?

Its the secondRifle Company ofthe 3rd battalion

Whos thecommander?

Captain Mayoral

Lieutenant Glvez.Hes just arrived.

Hes commandingthe 2nd Rifle Platoon

Thats right, and thedeputy?

He looks very young

3- 33 -

E X E R C I S E S

FAMILY TREE(RBOL GENEALGICO)

Alfred Joan William Hannah

Joshua Bob Caroline Peter Mary

Susanne John PaulAlex Emily

1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDINGTO THE FAMILY TREE.

a) (JOHN) Alex and Emily are my...a) Alex and Emily are my cousins.

b) (PETER) Mary is myb) ____________________________.

c) (MARY) Peter is myc) ____________________________.

d) (JOHN) Paul is myd) ____________________________.

e) (HANNAH) Peter is mye) ____________________________.

f) (WILLIAM) John is myf) ____________________________.

g) (JOAN) Mary is myg) ____________________________.

h) (ALFRED) Emily is myh) ____________________________.

i) (PAUL) Joan and Hannah are myi) ____________________________.

j) (CAROLINE) Paul is myj) ____________________________.

k) (PETER) Emily is myk) ____________________________.

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDINGTO THE FAMILY TREE.

a) Caroline is Joshua and Peter'sa) Caroline is Joshua and Peter's sister.

b) Joan and Alfred are Joshua'sb) ____________________________.

c) Mary is Alex and Emily'sc) ____________________________.

d) Alex and Emily are John'sd) ____________________________.

e) Susanne is Caroline'se) ____________________________.

f) Susanne is Mary'sf) ____________________________.

g) Peter is Alex and Emily'sg) ____________________________.

h) Joan is Paul'sh) ____________________________.

i) Bob is Peter'si) ____________________________.

j) Alex is Peter'sj) ____________________________.

k) Hannah is Peter'sk) ____________________________.


1) It is seven oclock in the morning a) I have lunch

2) It is midnight b) I have dinner

3) It is a quarter past two in the afternoon c) I wake up

4) It is ten to ten in the evening d) I go to bed

5) It is nine oclock in the morning e) I go to work

3

- 34 -

3) MATCH TIMES 1) TO 5) SENTENCES A) TO E).

4) LOOK AT THE WATCHES AND WRITE THE TIME. 5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTINGTHIS, THESE, THAT OR THOSE.

a) (Aquellos) Those boys are my friends.

b) I live with (estos) _____ boys.

c) (Esa) _____ woman is her mother.

d) I love (ese) _____ car.

e) (Esos) _____ cats are wild.

f) My father says (estas) _____ words.

g) They go to (aquella) _____ city.

h) You smell (aquellas) _____ flowers.

6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH ASUITABLE WORD OF THE BOX.

a) I wake up at seven oclock. For breakfast Ihave toast, one glass of _____ and an orangejuice. At half _____ seven I go to work by_____.

b) Vegetarian people do not eat _____. They eat_____ and _____.

c) Spanish omelette is made of _____ and _____.

d) _____ and _____ are rich in vitamin C.

e) I go to bed at _____ and I watch _____.

eggs vegetable car milk past

oranges midnight wake up fruit lemons

o'clock meat potatoes television

a) 12:00a) It is twelve oclock/

It is midday/ It is noon

b) 13:45b) ______________________

c) 02:15c) ______________________

d) 19:40d) ______________________

e) 09:35e) ______________________

f) 17:10f) ______________________

g) 20:05g) ______________________

h) 00:00h) ______________________

English terms Spanish Terms1) Army a) Cuarter General de Brigada

2) Task Force b) Regimiento

3) NATO c) Agrupacin Tctica

4) Brigade Headquarters d) Ejrcito

5) Squad e) Seccin

6) Regiment f) Escuadra

7) Branch g) OTAN

8) Platoon h) Arma, Rama (Inf., Art., Cab., etc.)

3

- 35 -


8) MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

a) mother's /My / my/ aunt/ sister /isa) My mother's sister is my aunt.

b) wake up /I /past /seven /at /halfb) ______________________________.

c) soup /dinner /take / for/I /takec) ______________________________.

d) mine /books /are /Thesed) ______________________________.

e) expensive /car /Julian's/ very /ise) ______________________________.

f) with /whisky /drink /I /sodaf) ______________________________.

4UNIT 4UNIT 4

-37-

1.-THE ADJECTIVE(EL ADJETIVO)

El adjetivo calificativo en ingls es invariable(es decir, tiene la misma forma para el singularmasculino y femenino y para el plural masculinoy femenino) y precede al sustantivo:

Examples:

2.-DEGREES OF COMPARISON(GRADOS DE COMPARACIN)

2.1.-SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES(GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD Y SUPERLATIVO RELATIVO)

El grado comparativo de superioridad (ms +adjetivo) y el grado superlativo relativo (el/ la/ los/las ms + adjetivo) de los adjetivos en ingls seforma:

a) Aadiendo al adjetivo positivo la terminacin"er" para el comparativo de superioridad, y laterminacin "est" para el superlativo relativo. Estoocurre con los adjetivos monoslabos, con losbsilabos y con los trislabos terminados en "ow","er", "y", "e", "l":

Examples:

Para aadir las terminaciones propias delcomparativo y superlativo se siguen las reglasusuales de ortografa que se han vistoanteriormente, por ejemplo, las palabrasterminadas en "y" precedida de consonantecambian la "y" por "i" antes de tomar laterminacin correspondiente.

b) Los adjetivos calificativos monoslabos(aquellos compuestos por unas sola slaba)acabados en consonante precedida de vocalcorta*, duplican dicha consonante final.

Examples:

*Se entiende por vocal corta la existencia deuna nica vocal (hot, thin), por el contrario,ntese que cheap tambin es un adjetivocalificativo monoslabo, sin embargo, estcompuesto por dos vocales.

Recuerde que, por ejemplo, cold o richtampoco duplican dicha consonante final ya quela consonante final est precedida de otraconsonante.

c) El resto de adjetivos de dos o msslabas forman el comparativo aadiendo"more" y el superlativo aadiendo "the most":

Examples:

SpanishPositive Comparative Superlative

terrible ms terrible el ms terrible

sensato ms sensato el ms sensato

cndido ms cndido el ms cndido

EnglishPositive Comparative Superlative

terrible more terrible the most terrible

sensible more sensible the most sensible

candid more candid the most candid

English Spanish

hot / hotter clido / ms clido

thin / thinner delgado / ms delgado


feliz ms feliz el ms felizsabio ms sabio el ms sabiofcil ms fcil el ms fcilfro ms fro el ms froamarillo ms amarillo el ms amarillo


happy happier happiestwise wiser wisesteasy easier easiestcold colder coldestyellow yellower yellowest

English Spanishthe good boy el nio buenoa slim girl una nia delgadathe bad cats los gatos malossome white flags algunas banderas blancas

G R A M M A R

4-38-

2.2.-INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES(GRADO DE INFERIORIDAD DEL ADJETIVO)

Para formar el grado de inferioridad deladjetivo ("menos + adjetivo, el /la /los /lasmenos + adjetivo") siempre se utiliza la forma"less" en el comparativo, y "the least" en elsuperlativo, antepuesto al adjetivo (ya sea unadjetivo de una o ms slabas):

Examples:

2.3.-EQUALITY COMPARATIVES(GRADO DE IGUALDAD DEL ADJETIVO)

La comparacin de igualdad en ingls se formacon "as + adjetivo en grado positivo +as" (tan +adjetivo + como) para las oraciones afirmativas.Para las oraciones negativas se emplea "so +adjetivo en grado positivo + as.

Examples:

* Ntese que en la segunda parte dela estructura comparativa la construccinshe is se puede sustituir por elpronombre personal her.

** Ntese que en la segunda parte dela estructura comparativa la construccinyou are se puede sustituir por elpronombre personal you.

Spanish

Joan es tan guapa como Mary, pero no es tanbuena como ella.

No soy tan perezoso como t.

English

Joan is as beautiful as Mary, but she is not so goodas she is/ as her. *

I am not so lazy as you are/ as you. **


terrible menos terrible el menos terrible

feliz menos feliz el menos feliz


terrible less terrible the least terrible

happy less happy the least happy

3.-IRREGULARFORMS OF THECOMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVE(FORMAS IRREGULARES DEL ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO)

Varios adjetivos en ingls tienen la forma delcomparativo y superlativo irregulares, y/oderivadas de otras races.

4.-HOW TO MAKE COMPARISONS(FORMACIN DE COMPARACIONES)

Para realizar comparaciones entre dossustantivos en ingls se utiliza la siguienteestructura:

Examples:

Spanish

(T) eres ms fuerte que yo.

Mi hermana es ms alta que tu madre.

(T) lo quieres (a l) ms que yo, y menos que ella.

English

You are stronger than me.

My sister is taller than your mother.

You love him more than me, and less than her.

How to make comparisons

SUST + VERBO +adjetivo en

gradocomparativo

+ THAN + SUST


bueno mejor el ptimo

malo peor el psimo

pequeo menos el mnimo

viejo ms viejomayorel ms viejo

el mayor


good better the best

bad worse the worst

little less the least

old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest

4-39-

5.-THE ADVERB I(EL ADVERBIO I)

5.1.-WHERE TO PUT THE VERB(COLOCACIN DEL ADVERBIO)

A la hora de colocar los adverbios en inglshay que tener en cuenta una serie deconsideraciones:

a) si el verbo no tiene complemento, el adver-bio sigue inmediatamente al verbo;

b) si tiene complemento y ste es corto,puede intercalarse entre el verbo y el adverbio;

Examples:

Examples:

c) los adverbios de tiempo indefinido yalgunos de modo preceden generalmente alverbo;

Examples:

English Spanish

I always read the newspaper. Siempre leo el peridico.

He briefly told the news. (l) dijo las noticiasbrevemente.

English Spanish

I shall read your letter now. Leer su carta ahora.

Put your hat on, please. Pngase el sombrero, por favor.

English Spanish

He reads well. (l) lee bien.

She walks quickly. (Ella) anda deprisa.

d) sin embargo, los adverbios siguen al verbo"to be" y a los verbos anmalos;

Examples:

5.2.-ADVERBS CLASSIFICATION(CLASIFICACIN DE LOS ADVERBIOS)

Los adverbios en ingls segn su significadose dividen en:

Examples:

English Spanish

My sister is so nice! Mi hermana es tan simptica!

Your house is very far fromhere.

Tu casa est muy lejos deaqu.

SpanishPlace Time Manner Quantity

aqu pronto as slo

all tarde deprisa bastante

en antes ciertamente casi

fuera despus as mucho

cerca hasta

lejos pronto

EnglishPlace Time Manner Quantity

here early so only

there late quickly rather

in before certainly almost

out after thus much

near still

far soon

English Spanish

He is never in time. Nunca llega a tiempo.

I could hardly read it. Apenas pude leerlo.

4-40-

Nuria: Is that Teresa?Nuria: Es usted Teresa?

Alicia: Who's calling?Alicia: Quin llama?

Nuria: This is Nuria.Nuria: Soy Nuria.

Alicia: She isnt here at the moment.Do you want to leave a message?

Alicia: No se encuentra aqu en estos momentos.Quiere dejar un mensaje?

Nuria: Yes, please. Could you tell herthat I called?

Nuria: S, por favor. Podra decirle que lahe llamado?

Alicia: Does she have your phone number?Alicia: Tiene su nmero de telfono?

Yes, I think she does. Imgoing to give you my

number just in case. Do youhave a pen and a piece of

paper with you?My phone number is:

0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6

Thank youvery much

Nuria: Yes, I think she does. Im going togive you my number just in case.Do you have a pen and a piece ofpaper with you?

Nuria: S, creo que lo tiene. De todas manerasle voy a dar mi nmero de telfono.Tiene bolgrafo y papel?

Alicia: Yes, I do.Alicia: S.

Nuria: My phone number is: 0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6.Nuria: Mi nmero de telfono es: 098 23 47 96.

Alicia: OK, shell call you back later.Alicia: Vale, ya la llamar ella ms tarde.

Nuria: Thank you very much.Nuria: Muchas gracias.

Alicia: You are welcome.Alicia: De nada.

Is that Teresa?

This is Nuria

Yes, please. Couldyou tell her that I

called?

1.-ON THE PHONE(AL TELFONO)


Whos calling?

She isnt here atmoment. Do youwant to leave a

message?

Does she have yourphone number?

Yes, I do

OK, shell call youback later

You are welcome

4-41-

1.-DAYS OF THE WEEK(DAS DE LA SEMANA)

2.-SEASONS OF THE YEAR(ESTACIONES DEL AO)

3.-MONTHS OF THE YEAR(MESES DEL AO)

English Spanish

January enero

February febrero

March marzo

April abril

May mayo

June junio

July julio

August agosto

September septiembre

October octubre

November noviembre

December diciembre

spring summer

autumn/ fall winter

English Spanish

Monday lunes

Tuesday martes

Wednesday mircoles

Thursday jueves

Friday viernes

Saturday sbado

Sunday domingo


En ingls, a diferencia de lo que ocurre enespaol, los das de la semana y los meses delao reciben el tratamiento que se da a losnombres propios, es decir, la inicial de cada unode ellos siempre aparece en mayscula:

Examples:

4.-DATES(FECHAS)

What is the date today?Whats the date today?

5.-CARDINAL NUMBERS III (101-2.000.000)(NMEROS CARDINALES III [101-2.000.000])

101 one hundred and one102 one hundred and two103 one hundred and three110 one hundred and ten125 one hundred and twenty-five130 one hundred and thirty

Today is theTodays the

(AmE)

January

the

first

of

2000

Febrary second 2001

March third 2002

April fourth 2003

... ... ...

Today is theTodays the

(BrE)

first

of

January

of

2000

second Febrary 2001

third March 2002

fourth April 2003

... ... ...

Spanish

El tercer da de la semana es mircoles.

El ltimo mes del ao es diciembre.

English

The third day of the week is Wednesday.

The last month of the year is December.

4-42-

145 one hundred and forty-five150 one hundred and fifty165 one hundred and sixty-five170 one hundred and seventy185 one hundred and eighty-five190 one hundred and ninety200 two hundred

1 000 one thousand1 100 one thousand and a hundred1 101 one thousand one hundred and one10 000 ten thousand100 000 one hundred thousand1 000 000 one million2 000 000 two million

Ntese que en ingls entre la decena y launidad (forty-five, cuarenta y cinco) no seemplea la conjuncin "and" (y) como ocurre enespaol. Tambin hay que tener en cuenta quedespus de million, "thousand" y "hundred"los nmeros inferiores a cien deben irprecedidos por la conjuncin "and" (1 304, "onethousand three hundred and four").

"Million", "thousand" y "hundred" soninvariables, es decir, aparecen siempre en singularaunque su traduccin en espaol pueda ser plural.Sin embargo, s que tienen forma de plural cuandose utilizan como sustantivos:

R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N1.-HOLIDAYS(VACACIONES)

In Great Britain, Ireland and the United Statesof America there are quite a few importantholidays. Families get together to celebrate theseimportant holidays. The 25th of December isChristmas and the 31st of the same month NewYear's Eve. On St. Valentine's Day (14th ofFebruary) some men give roses and presents totheir girlfriends or wifes

In Ireland people celebrate St. Patrick's Day onthe 17th of March, for Irish people it is the biggestparty.

People don't work in bank holidays, Easter andMother's and Father's Day. The date of theseholidays changes every year. The most importantdates in Easter are: Festival of Passover, GoodFriday, Easter Day and Easter Monday.

In the United States of America peoplecelebrate the Independence Day on the 4th ofJuly and Thanksgiving Day in November.


English Spanish

Are there many books here? Hay muchos libros aqu?

Yes, there are several hundreds. S, hay varios centenares.

Examples:

1) What do people celebrate on the 25th of

December?

2) What is the biggest party for Irish people?

3) What are the most important dates at Easter?

4-43-


1.-WEAPONS, SPECIALITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS(ARMAS, ESPECIALIDADES Y DESTINOS)

English Spanish

light infantry infantera ligera

field artillery artillera de campaa

antiaircraft artillery artillera antiarea

cavalry caballera

engineers ingenieros

sappers zapadores

signals/ communications transmisiones

recognisance reconocimiento

logistics logstica

transportation transporte

electronic warfare guerra electrnica

army aviation FAMET (helicpteros del E.T.)

technical branch especialidad tcnica

maintenance team equipo de mantenimiento

supply unit unidad de abastecimiento

special operations operaciones especiales

parachutist paracaidista

Spanish Legion Legin Espaola

airborne operation operacin aerotransportada

combat diver buceador de combate

APC(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier)

BMR(transporte de personal)

mechanised infantry infantera mecanizada

motorised unit unidad motorizada

armoured acorazado

military police polica militar

bugle corneta [objeto]

bugler corneta [persona]

vehicle vehculo

light infantry

field artillery

cavalry

engineers

communications

army aviation

APC

parachutists

vehicle

special operations

Spanish Legion

4-44-


Full Corporal: Whats your branch, Ramrez?Cabo Primero Cul es tu especialidad, Ramrez?

Corporal: Light Infantry, Sir. Im posted inthe 3rd Rifle Company.

Cabo: Infantera Ligera, mi Primero. Estoydestinado en la 3 Compaa de Fusiles.

Full Corporal: I need a driver for this recoverytruck.

Cabo Primero: Necesito un conductor para estecamin gra.

Corporal: Im sorry, Sir, I dont have thedriving license.

Cabo: Lo siento, mi Primero, no tengo elcarnet de conducir.

Full Corporal: Dont worry, Ill look for a driver inthe Headquarters Company.

Cabo Primero: No te preocupes, buscar a un conductoren la Compaa del Cuartel General.

Corporal: Certainly, I should apply for thedriving course.

Cabo: La verdad es que debera solicitar elcurso de conduccin.

Light Infantry, Sir.Im posted in the

3rd Rifle Company

E X E R C I S E S

1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USINGSUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES.

a) (tall) Peter is taller than John.

b) (happy) Sally is _____ than her sister.

c) (difficult) This exam is _____ than the previous one.

d) (good) My teacher is _____ than yours.

e) (easy) This exercise is _____ than last one.

f) (cheap) In this shop this book is _____.

g) (bad) This year my grades are _____ than theyear before.

h) (old) I am four years _____ than you.

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THESUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES.

a) (good) Only you is the best song in the historyof music.

b) (old) My ______ brother is already married.

c) (intelligent) William is the ______ person in his class.

d) (strong) Peter is the ______ person in thisbase.

e) (pretty) Sally is the ______ girl in this town.

f) (brilliant) Shakespeare is the ______ writer ofEnglish literature.

g) (rich) Bill Gates is the ______ on earth.

h) (thin) Anna is the ______ girl in her class.

i) hot) August is the ______ month of the year.

Whats yourbranch, Ramrez?

I need a driver forthis recovery truck

Im sorry, Sir, I donthave the driving license

Dont worry, Ill look for adriver in the

Headquarters Company

Certainly, I shouldapply for the driving

course

4-45-

3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USINGINFERIORITY COMPARATIVES.

a) (clever) Julian is less clever than you.

b) (happy) I am sure Judith is ______ than Mary.

c) (angry) This morning I am ______ than yesterday.

d) (beautiful) Pekin is ______ than Tokyo.

e) (blue) The sky in England is ______ than in Spain.

f) (cold) April is ______ than January.

g) (clear) Things seem to be ______ with this book.

h) (clean) Jodie is ________than Mary.

4) FILL THE BOXES WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THEFOLLOWING ADJECTIVES.

5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN ADVERB.

a) (aqu) The prices here are very expensive.

b) (despus) We'll go to the party ______ the cinema.

c) (temprano) We have to get up ______ in themorning to go to work.

d) (casi) It is ______ two o'clock.

e) (lejos) Don't go too ______! We are havinglunch in half an hour.

f) (fuera) There were lots of people ______ of the building!

g) (tarde) Last night I went to bed very ______.

Positive Comparative Superlative

hot hotter hottest

good

least

older

beautiful

worst

green greenest

dirtier

small

6) FILL EACH OF THE BOXES OF COLUMN B BYINSERTING THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. ANSWERTHE QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATIONSHOWN IN COLUMN C.

a) When is Peter's wedding?a) Peters wedding is in September.

b) When is your birthday? b) ____________________________.

c) When is Julian's birthday?c) ____________________________.

d) When does Spring begin? d) ____________________________.

e) When is William's interview?e) ____________________________.

f) When does summer begin? f) ____________________________.

g) When are Sally's holidays?g) ____________________________.

A B C

1st month of the year January

5th month of the year William's interview

11th month of the year

3rd month of the year Spring begins


4th month of the year Sally's holidays

2nd month of the year

6th month of the year Summer begins

9th month of the year Peter's wedding



7th month of the year Julian's birthday

4-46-

7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BOXES WITH THE CORRESPONDING NAME OFMONTH AND/OR SEASON.

8) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 10) WITH WORDS A) TO J).


1) technical branch a) equipo de mantenimiento

2) APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) b) Logstica

3) maintenance team c) operaciones especiales

4) cavalry d) unidad motorizada

5) special operations e) FAMET (helicpteros del ET)

6) parachutist f) especialidad tcnica

7) logistics g) acorazado

8) motorised unit h) caballera

9) armoured i) transporte de personal (BMR)

10) army aviation j) paracaidista

SPRINGMarch

September

November

SUMMERJune

December

5UNIT 5UNIT 5

-47-

G R A M M A R

1.-THE ADVERB II(EL ADVERBIO II)

1.1.--LY ENDING ADVERBS(ADVERBIOS TERMINADOS EN -LY)

La mayor parte de los adverbios de modo yde cantidad derivan de los adjetivoscalificativos y participios pasados. La mayorade estos adverbios terminan en -ly,equivalente a la terminacin espaola -mente.Para formar adverbios, se aade -y a losadjetivos que terminan en -ll; los adjetivos queterminan en -le cambian la e por una y, ascomo los que terminan en -ue pierden la eantes de tomar la terminacin -ly.

Sin embargo hay adjetivos que no tienen quesufrir modificacin alguna para funcionar comoadverbios:

Examples:

*Ntese que el adverbio hard, parareferirse a duramente no aade la terminacin-ly, ya que cambiara su significado por el deapenas.

2.-ADVERB DEGREES(GRADOS DEL ADVERBIO)

Los adverbios en ingls, al igual que losadjetivos calificativos, admiten los grados decomparacin. Los monoslabos y algunosbislabos forman el comparativo aadiendo laterminacin -er, y el superlativo, aadiendo laterminacin -est.

Los polislabos, categora donde se incluyencasi todos los adverbios terminados en -ly,forman el comparativo anteponiendo eladverbio de cantidad more al adverbiocomparado y colocando inmediatamentedespus de ste la conjuncin than. El gradosuperlativo se consigue anteponiendo themost al adverbio.

Examples:

English

I believe most honestly and strongly that...

Spanish

Creo de la manera ms honesta y firme que...

English

He works harder than Mary.

Spanish

Trabaja ms duro que Mary.

English

Yesterday I ate sooner than last week.

Spanish

Ayer com ms temprano que la semana pasada.

English Spanish

proud/ proudly orgulloso/ orgullosamente

full/ fully completo/ completamente

noble/ nobly noble/ noblemente

true/ truly verdad/ verdaderamente

friendly/ friendly amistoso/ amistosamente

daily/ daily diario/ diariamente

hard/ hard* duro/ duramente

5-48-

3.-IRREGULAR FORMS(FORMAS IRREGULARES)

Algunos adverbios forman el comparativo yel superlativo de manera irregular:

Examples:

Ntese que far puede ser tanto adjetivocalificativo como adverbio. En el primersupuesto (adjetivo), forma el comparativo enfarther y el superlativo en farthest. En elsegundo supuesto (adverbio), forma elcomparativo y superlativo como se muestra enlos ejemplos.

4.-ADVERBIAL PHRASES(LOCUCIONES ADVERBIALES)

Algunas de las locuciones adverbiales mscomunes en ingls son:

English Spanish

last night anoche, ayer noche

at nightin the night

por la nochede noche

a week ago hace una semana

two days ago hace dos das

in the day timeby day

de dadurante el da

at noon a mediodaal medioda

English Spanish

this

morning esta maana

afternoon esta tarde

evening esta noche

in the

morning por la maana

afternoon por la tarde

evening por la noche

tomorrow

morning maana por la maana

afternoon maana por la tarde

evening maana por la noche

yesterday

morning ayer por la maana

afternoon ayer por la tarde

evening ayer por la noche

ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR)Spanish


bien mejor lo mejorptimamente

mal peor lo peorpsimamente

poco menos lo menoslo mnimo

mucho ms lo mslo mximo

lejos ms lejos lo ms lejos

ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR)English


well better the best

badly worse the worst

little less the least

much more the most

far further the furthest

ADVERB DEGREESSpanish


prudentemente msprudentementelo msprudentemente

fcilmente ms fcilmente lo msfcilmente

tarde ms tarde lo ms tarde

cerca ms cerca lo ms cerca

ADVERB DEGREESEnglish


wisely more wisely the most wisely

easily more easily the most easily

late later the latest

near nearer the nearest

-49-

5


Travel agent: Good morning! Can I help you?Agente: Buenos das! Puedo ayudarle?Customer: Yes, please. Id like to know if

there are any seats on the firstplane tomorrow to London.

Cliente: S, por favor. Me gustara saber sihay alguna plaza en el primer avinde maana a Londres.

Travel agent: Let me check on the computer, thereare seats available. Would you likesmoking or non-smoking?

Agente: Djeme comprobarlo en el ordenador,hay plazas disponibles. Prefierefumador o no fumador?

Customer: I prefer non-smoking and, if itspossible, a window.

Cliente: Prefiero no fumador, y, si es posible,ventana.

Travel agent: Im afraid there are no windowsavailable.

Agente: Me temo que no hay ventanas disponibles.Customer: OK, an aisle will do.Cliente: Bueno, me conformar con el pasillo.

Travel agent: Can you give me your forenameand surname?

Agente: Me puede dar su nombre y apellido?Customer: Teresa Smith. At what time does

the plane leave?Cliente: Teresa Smith. A qu hora sale el

avin?Travel agent: At nine a.m., but you should be at the

airport at least one hour before take-off.Agente: Alas nueve de la maana, pero tiene que

estar en el aeropuerto al menos una horaantes del despegue.

Customer: Thank you very much.Cliente: Muchas gracias.Travel agent: You are welcome.Agente: De nada.

Customer: Is there still a long way to go?Cliente: Falta mucho para llegar?

Air hostess: No, just ten minutes. Are you feeling OK?Azafata: No, tan slo diez minutos. Se siente bien?

Customer: Im feeling a bit sick.Cliente: Me siento un poco mareado.

Air hostess: Do you want a sick bag?Azafata: Quiere una bolsa para el mareo?

Customer: No, thank you.Cliente: No, gracias.

Air hostess: The plane is landing now, you willfeel better in a few minutes.

Azafata: El avin esta aterrizando ahora, sesentir mejor en unos minutos.

2..-ON THE PLANE(EN EL AVIN)

1.-AT THE TRAVEL AGENCY(EN LA AGENCIA DE VIAJES)

Good morning!Can I help you?

Yes, please. Id like toknow if there are any

seats on the first planetomorrow to London

Let me check on the computer,there are seats available. Would

you like smoking or non smoking?

I prefer non-smoking and,if its possible, a window

Im afraid there are nowindows available

OK, an aisle will do

Can you give me yourforename and surname? Teresa Smith. At whattime does the plane

leave?

At nine a.m., but you shouldbe at the airport at least one

hour before take-off

Thank you very much

You are welcome

Is there still a longway to go? No, just ten minutes.Are you feeling OK?

Im feeling a bit sick Do you want asick bag?

No, thank you The plane is landing now,you will feel better in a

few minutes

5-50-

2.-WEATHER PHENOMENA AND NATURAL CATASTROPHES(FENMENOS METEOROLGICOS Y CATSTROFES NATURALES)

English Spanish

What is the weather like? qu tiempo hace?

rain lluvia

snow nieve

fog niebla

storm tormenta

wind viento

cloud nube

sun sol

tornado tornado

hurricane huracn

drought sequa

seaquake maremoto

earthquake terremoto

fire incendio


happy sad angry

English Spanishhappy contentosad tristetired cansadoexhausted exhaustohungry hambrientothirsty sedientoawake despiertoasleep dormidonervous nerviososurprised sorprendidointerested interesadoangry enfadadoscared asustadorelaxed relajadocalm calmadoterrified aterrorizado

1.-MOODS(ESTADOS DE NIMO)

nervous scared surprised

snowy

cloudy

English Spanish

He makes me feel happy when Im sad. (l) me hace feliz cuando estoy triste.

Im usually nervous before an exam. Normalmente me pongo nervioso antes de un examen.

She gets scared when she sees a big dog. (Ella) se asusta cuando ve un perro grande.

Examples:

-51-

5R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N1.-EL NIO AND LA NIA(EL NIO Y LA NIA)

El Nio takes place in 1997-98. Peruvianfishermen call this phenomenon El Nio -theSpanish name for Christ child- because theseeffects on the Pacific Ocean occur aroundChristmas.

It is considered* extremely severe when itcauses drought in one country and rampantfloodings, in another.

Other phenomena** observed with El Niosappearance include forest fires in Indonesia. Thesefires create a cloud of smoke that chokes 20 millionpeople and affect Southeast Asian cities. InAustralia it causes droughts and bush fires.

In the late 1998, an episode of La Nia -acooling of those same tropical Pacific waters-changes the weather conditions. Opposite toEl Nio, droughts occur in areas drenched byEl Nio***.

Climate historians speculate that manysignificant events are linked**** to El Nio.

* Se considera.** Phenomena es la forma de plural de phenomenon.*** En zonas inundadas por El Nio.**** Estn relacionados.


English Spanish

rain lloversnow nevarfreeze helarshine brillarits rainy/ its raining est lluvioso/ lloviendoit rains llueveits snowy/ its snowing est nevado/ nevandoit snows nievaits foggy hay nieblaits stormy hay tormentaits windy hace vientoits cloudy est nubladoits frozen/ freezing est helado/ helandoits sunny hace solits cold hace froits hot hace calor

foggy

freezing

English SpanishWhen it rains I always bring my umbrella. Cuando llueve siempre llevo mi paraguas.Lots of people died in the earthquake. Mucha gente muri en el terremoto.

Examples:

1) Why do Peruvian fishermen call thisphenomenon El Nio?

2) What are the consequences of forest fires?

3) What is the name of the oppositephenomenon to El Nio?

4) What does La Nia consist of?

5-52-


1.-THE UNIFORM(EL UNIFORME)


English Spanishgarrison cap gorra cuarteleraservice cap gorra (tb gorro) de bonitotab hombrerabadge parche, emblemafatigue uniform uniforme de faenaboots botascombat harness correaje de combatebelt cinturnbuckle hebilla del cinturndress uniform uniforme de paseohelmet cascoberet boinaholster pistolerachinstrap barbuquejoflak jacket chaleco antifragmentacinmat esterillacombat pack mochila de combatecompass brjulamagazine pouch cartuchera del correajecanteen cantimploraponcho ponchoname tag tirilla del nombreoverall monojumper jerseyfield jacket

chaquetnparka

Private: These boots are very big for me.Soldado: Estas botas son muy grandes para m.

Private: Tell the Full Corporal about it, hellchange them for you.

Soldado: Dselo al Cabo Primero, te las cambiar.

Private: Whats your size?Soldado: Qu nmero calzas?

Private: Normally, 8 .Soldado: Normalmente, el 42.

Private: I need a size 10. Im going to tell theFull Corporal about it.

Soldado: Necesito el nmero 44. Voy a decrselo alCabo Primero.

Private: Thats OK, he may solve yourproblem.

Soldado: Muy bien, el Cabo Primero te puedesolucionar el problema.

These boots arevery big for me

Tell the Full Corporalabout it, hell change

them for you

Whats yoursize?

Normally,8 1/2

I need a size 10. Imgoing to tell the Full

Corporal about it

Thats OK,He may solveyour problem

beret

canteen

tabs

garrison cap

combat pack

-53-

5

E X E R C I S E S

1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTINGTHE SUITABLE ADVERB IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.

a) (unfortunate) Unfortunately this year we donthave holidays.

b) (former) Do you know him ______?c) (frequent) Lebanon is more ______

associated with civil war.d) (perfect) I understand the book ______ well.e) (cheap) The trip is done ______.f) (easy) These exercises are ______ done.g) (serious) I am ______ telling you that you

must stay here.h) (real) He is ______ a good doctor.

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THECOMPARATIVE FORM OF THE ADVERBS IN BRACKETS.

a) (far) I went as far as the house, not further.

b) (late) Six years ______ he got married.

c) (long) Today the palace is no ______ a royalinstitution.

d) (near) Madrid is ______ Barcelona than London.

e) (wise) Nowadays things are done ______ thanyears before.

f) (well) Today she is well but tomorrow shewill be ______.

g) (little) No ______ than 50 people came to the party.

3) FILL THE BOX BY INSERTING THE SUITABLE FORMSOF THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS.


a) late later latest

b) far

c) recently

d) near

e) well

f) easily

g) little

h) badly

i) early

j) soon

4) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 9) WITH WORDS A) TO I).


1) in the morning(s) / afternoon/ evening a) ayer noche / anoche

2) this morning / afternoon / evening b) ayer por la maana / tarde / noche

3) yesterday morning / afternoon / evening c) a /al medioda

4) tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening d) de da / durante el da

5) last night e) esta maana / tarde / noche

6) in the night / at night f) por la(s) maana(s) / tarde / noche

7) a week ago / last week g) por la noche

8) in the day time / by day h) maana por la maana / tarde / noche

9) at noon i) hace una semana

5-54-

5) FILL THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THETRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF THE ADVERBS INBRACKETS.

a) (ayer noche) I could not sleep last night.

b) (esta maana) _______ I got up at 8 oclock.

c) (medioda) In Gr

Curso Inglés Militar

Documents

Transcript of Curso Inglés Militar