EL PENSAMIENTO LIBERAL Y LA CULTURA POLÍTICA BOLIVANA (1899 - 1934)

7/25/2019 EL PENSAMIENTO LIBERAL Y LA CULTURA POLÍTICA BOLIVANA (1899 - 1934)

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N@_NKVGEBNKQD @BMN]G@ R @G F^@Q^]G _D@ÅQBFG MD@B\GKG (7822 -7261)

]dmnrtd \!" #n _r"$d

Bk thbs pgpnr wn try td stuay thn pd`btbfg` fu`turn bk thn `bmnrg` pnrbda dl thn md`bvbgkhbstdry: bk tnres dl begcbkgry fdeeukbtbns gka thn sgen tben thn prdfnss dl prdauftbdkgka rnprdauftbdk dl sdfbg` prgftbfns. Qhn pd`btbfg` fu`turns bs g prdfnss dl nstrufturgtbdk thgtbt mgsna bk thn rn`gtbdkshbps dl sdfbg` gftdrs gka strufturns. Qhbs pgpnr wgkts td mn stuay bk gadum`n wgy, thn lbrst td ukanrstgka hdw thn sdfbg` gftdrs anvn`dp g pd`btbfg` grnkg gka t hnsgen tben hdw thn pd`btbfg` grnkg bklùnkfn bk thn anvn`dp dl knw gftdrs.

Nk nstn trgmgjd sn nstuabg `g fu`turg pd`åtbfg nk n` pnrådad `bmnrg` an `g hbstdrbg md`bvbgkg,

nk târebkds an begcbkgrbds fd`nftbvds y prdfnsds an nstrufturgfbök, fded `g prdauffbök y

rnprdauffbök an `gs prçftbfgs sdfbg`ns. @g fu`turg pd`åtbfg ns tgembâk uk prdfnsd annstrufturgfbök mgsgad nk `g bktnrgffbök prdynftds - prdfnsds: prdynftds an `ds gftdrns, y

prdfnsds un dmnanfnk g rncu`grbagans !nstrufturgs". #dr nsd su nstuabd rnubnrn ukg

adm`n hnrenkâutbfg pgrg fdeprnkanr föed `ds gftdrns frngk n` fgepd pd`åtbfd, g` ebsedtbnepd un sdk frngads pdr â`.

@g fu`turg pd`åtbfg `gtd snksu gmgrfg n` snktbad fde$k an ukg âpdfg, `gs banktbagans

sdfbg`ns y sus rnspnftbvgs prçftbfgs% gukun nstd kd n&fùyn `g pdsbmb`baga an pnksgr `gfu turg fded `g frbstg`b'gfbök an uk pnksgebnktd fdkfrntd, un punan tdrkgrsn

hncneökbfd y grtbfu`gr bkstbtufbdkg` d sdfbgènktn g ukg (dregfbök sdfbg` !#gtb)d, *++".

@g fdeprnksbök an `gs bktnrgffbdkns nktrn n` Nstgad - gfbök y n` fdktn&td nk n` eukad

c`dmg`b'gad an kunstrg âpdfg, gså fded `gs trgks(dregfbdkns un an n``gs sn anrbvgk,

n&bcn - nktrn dtrgs fdsgs- n` nstuabd an `gs band`dcågs y `gs prçftbfgs pd`åtbfgs nk `g prbenrg (gsn an `g fdkstruffbök an `g kgfbök% nk tgktd `g enedrbg fd`nftbvg ns nk fbnrtd

edad `g rnfdkstruffbök an` pgsgad fdegkagag pdr `gs knfnsbagans an` prnsnktn.

N` `bmnrg`bsed nk unstrg eârbfg gadptö (dregs nspnfå(bfgs, tg`ns fded n` f`bnktn`bsed y

n` fguab` bsed. /gad un `gs trgks(dregfbdkns pd`åtbfgs kd dpnrgk nk n` vgfåd, ns

knfnsgrbd nstuabgr `g fdktbkubaga un n&bstn nktrn n` pnksgebnktd y `gs prçftbfgs

absfursbvgs an` sbc`d pgsgad, y `gs un fdrrnspdkank g `g âpdfg fdktnepdrçkng. Nstntrgmgjd bktnktg agr uk prbenr pgsd nk n` egrfd an uk prdynftd an bkvnstbcgfbök an egydr

g`fgkfn.

?unkg pgrtn an` anmgtn hbstdrbdcrç(bfd `gtbkdgenrbfgkd an `ds $`tbeds g)ds sn `bebtö g `ds

jubfbds an vg`dr un ukds y dtrds enrnfågk, pnrd - fded abfn 7denrd !*+==% 61" gfgsd sng

eçs bepdrtgktn fdeprnkanr un ju'cgr.

7% @G ED#N]KB#G# _N]B&']BFG%

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Fdk n` târebkd "edanrkbaga" sn gùan g `ds bang`ns an `g Bùstrgfbök, `g nvdùfbök!rgkfnsg y `g fdkstbtufbök kdrtngenrbfgkg, ns anfbr `g `bmnrtga an` bkabvbaud, `g bcugàganktrn `ds hdemrns y `g frnnkfbg nk n` ansgrrd``d hbstörbfd y n` prdcrnsd. ane#s tgembâknst#k fdeprnkabads, nk n` fgepd an` sbckblbfgad an nstn fdkfnptd, `g rnvdùfbök bkaustrbg`

y `g enfgkb$gfbök an `g prdauffbök.%nc&k 'g``nrstnbk ()***+ *)-, nk `gs fdkfnpfbdkns nurdfâktrbfgs an `g fu`turg,"edanrkbaga" ns fgsb nubvg`nktn g "fbvb`b$gfbök", gukun tgembâk nstn &`tbed târebkdsbckblbfgmg "uk fdepdrtgebnktd kd mrutg` nk `g vbag fdtbabgkg". /k n` pgsgad, /urdpg snfdksbanrgmg `g &kbfg rncbök fbvb b$gag d mbnk gun``g nspnfbgènktn fbvb`b'gag. /k nstgsncukag vnrtbnktn sne#ktbfg, `d fbvb`b$gad sn gsdfbg g ?sdfbnaga fbvb`7, fded g`cd un an=ggtr#s g `g sdfbnaga prbebtbvg y kgturg`. 6n gh1 pgrtn `g absyuktbvg nktrn fbvb`b'gfbök d

mgrmgrbn: `g trgksldregfbök an ukg sdfbnaga prbebtbvg nk ukg sdfbnaga fbvb`b$gag yedanrkg fgpg$ an agr lukfbdkg`baga g uk /stgad edanrkd.

/` prdynftd kgfbdkg` > `bmnrg` dmtbnkn su `ncbtbebaga, pdr uk `gad, gpn`gkad g` anrnfhdukbvnrsg` an `ds punm`ds g prdynftgrsn hgfbg an`gktn sbcubnkad ukg bang an prdcrnsd unanmn ?snr rng`b$gag7 nk kdemrn an `g huegkbaga. <dr n` dtrd, tdeg su `ncbtbebaga an `d unn` ?punm`d7 ns hdy+ y nstd kd punan an=gr an frngr ukg tnksbök nktrn `d un sn ns y `d un sn

anmn snr.

/k n` sbc`d 3B3 `gs n`btns `gtbkdgenrbfgkgs sn prdpusbnrdk `g frngfbök an kgfbdkns p`nkgenktn edanrkgs bksnrtgags nk n` eukad fgpbtg`bstg bktnrkgfbdkg`. /stn prdynftd nrgabl1fb an fdkfrntgr anmbad g `g hnrnkfbg fd`dkbg` fgrgftnrb$gag pdr uk nthds trgabfbdkg`fdrpdrgtbvbstg, y uk drank sn8drbg` =nr#rubfd, rgfbstg y fnktrg`b$gadr an` pdanr. Qgembâkfdkstbtu1gk bepdrtgktns dmst#fu`ds `g ansgrtbfu`gfbök an `gs bkstbtufbdkns fd`dkbg`ns y n`gbs`gebnktd fu`turg` y cndcr#lbfd an `g egydr1g an `g pdm`gfbök.

6nsan `ds prbenrds g8ds an `g Bkanpnkankfbg `gtbkdgenrbfgkg, n` punm`d kd lun vbstd fdedldregad pdr fbuagagkds gutökdeds, `bmrns n bcug`ns. %n trgtgmg an crupds grtbfu`gads pdr v1kfu`ds gktbcuds (fdrpdrgtbvds, lgeb`bgrns, eb`btgrns, ntf.-. /` begcbkgrbd sdfbg` an `gfu`turg adebkgktn nrg fdrpdrgtbvd.

" 2g fbuagagk1g prnedanrkg vg pgrn=g fdk ukg fdkfnpfbök fdrpdrgtbvgd fdeukbtgrbg an `d sdfbg`. 2g fbuaga ns ukd an `ds funrpds an `gsfdeukbagans, un fdkstbtuynk `g sdfbnaga. /` hdemrn sn anlbkn pdr su pnrtnknkfbg g uk crupd, yg sng âstn an fgr#ftnr nstgenktg`, tnrrbtdrbg` dfdrpdrgtbvd. d pnrtnknfnr g ukd an nstds crupds ns, nk `g pr#ftbfg,nstgr lunrg an `g sdfbnaga: vgcgmukads, enkabcds, egrcbkg`ns an tdadtbpd" (9unrrg, 000+ 5)-

%bk nemgrcd, `ds prdfnsds an bkfdrpdrgfbök an kunstrgs sdfbnagans g `g edanrkbaga dpnrgk prbkfbpgènktn nk `gs fbuagans. 2nacgra (00+ );*- rnvbsgkad n` fdkfnptd an"edanrkbaga" fdksbanrg un `g fdkabfbök edanrkg nk eârbfg 2gtbkg anmn snr fdksbanrgagfded fdkabfbök urmgkg, an=gkad an `gad `g bkaustrbg`b$gfbök y n` ansgrrd``d. 2g edanrkbaga

=



kd ns uk prdm`neg an trgftdrns sbkd an absfursd rgfbdkg` : ukg trgksldregfbök sdfbg` y prdauftbvg mg=d `g bkspbrgfbök an `g rg$ök.

"Fdk `g edanrkbaga ``ncg `g n4g`tgfbök an` bkabvbaug`bsed y an `gfrngtbvbaga, n` fu`td g `g sum=ntbvbaga, `g pgsbök pdr `d kdvnadsd"

(Ormgkd, 00+ 4-2gs fbuagans nk `ds pg1sns gkabkds sn rn`gfbdkgmgk fdk su hbktnr`gka fgepnsbkd g trgvâs an`g pnrfnpfbök an` n4fnanktn nk ldreg an rnktgs y trbmutds. /` gs nrgk fnktrdsgaebkbstrgtbvds an` pdanr pd`1tbfd y rn`bcbdsd, rnsbankfbg an tnrrgtnkbnktns, nspgfbds adkansn gcrupgmgk grtnsgkds, kdads an `ds fbrfubtds an bktnrfgembd, ntf. (9d`tn, )**+ *G M *0-.

2g fdkabfbök edanrkg nktnkabag fded fdkabfbök urmgkg ns uk tneg `bcgad g `gsebcrgfbdkns. /k `gs prbenrgs aâfgags an` sbc`d 33, guenktg `g nebcrgfbök an fgepnsbkdshgfbg `gs fbuagans fded fdksnfunkfbg an `g n4pgksbök an `gs hgfbnkags, y nstd sbckblbfö ukgegydr prdpdrfbök an enstb$ds grtnsgkds fdk fgpgfbaga an vdtd. 2g &kbfg v1g an gsfnksdsdfbg` pgrg `ds bka1cnkgs fdkstbtu1g `g nebcrgfbök g `gs fbuagans. ``1, gane#s an` babdegfgstn``gkd, gaubr1gk hgmb bagans pgrg `gs pr#ftbfgs fdenrfbg`ns y grtnsgkg`ns. /stdsbka1cnkgs rnnaufgads ldregmgk `ds rgkcds bklnrbdrns an` n=ârfbtd, nrgk grtnsgkds u dmrnrds,y pgrtbfbpgmgk an gffbdkns tueu`tudsgs g` snrvbfbd an `gs abstbktgs lgffbdkns pd`1tbfgs an `gn`btn (Brurd$ub, 000m+ ;; A`nbk, 0NG+ L-. /k nsg ebseg âpdfg, sn pusd nk pr#ftbfg uk p`gk an dmrgs p&m`bfgs un fd`dfö g `gs prbkfbpg`ns fbuagans an` pgCs nk n` egrfd an `gskdregs an urmgkb$gfbök n hbcbnkn prdpbgs an` sbc`d 33 y, g` ebsed tbnepd, sn nstgm`nfbönk `gs fbuagans uk sbstneg nlbfg$ an naufgfbök prbegrbg (A`nbk, 0NG+ N5-.

2g edanrkb$gfbök pd`1tbfg hgf1g bkabspnksgm`n `g n4bstnkfbg an murcuns1gs kgfbdkg`ns y anuk snftdr pdpu`gr sulbfbnktnenktn "edanrkb$gad". /s anfbr, uk snftdr fdk pnsd sulbfbnktn pgrg gfdepg8gr g `gs n`btns frbd``gs (tnrrgtnkbnktns- y rnstgr pdsbmb`bagans g dtrgs lunr$gs, nk pgrtbfu`gr `gs eb`btgrns. /stgs fdkabfbdkns vgk surcbnkad nk Hd`bvbg g fdebnk$ds an` sbc`d pgsgad.

/k fgsb tdad n` sbc`d 3B3, Hd`bvbg lun prnadebkgktnenktn rurg` y cdmnrkgag pdr fguab``ds."/k nsn pnr1dad `g pd`1tbfg nstuvd fdktrd`gag pdr g`bgk$gs rncbdkg`ns nktrn tnrrgtnkbnktns+g`bgk$gs un, g su vn$, nrgk abrbcbags pdr pdanrdsds bkabvbauds g ubnkns kdreg`enktn snfdkdfn fded fguab``ds" (g``dy, 0G0+ ;-. prbkfbpbds an` sbc`d 33, `g n`btn ``ncö g `gfdkf`usbök an un nrg knfnsgrbd n` nstgm`nfbebnktd an drcgkb$gfbdkns mg=d `g "ldreg pgrtbad" pgrg un puabnrgk ldregrsn cdmbnrkds fbvb`ns, an gfunrad fdk ukg fdkstbtufbök.

2g n`btn frbd``g sn anmgt1g gktn ukg adm`n n4bcnkfbg: <dr uk `gad, knfnsbtgmg un Hd`bvbglunrg rnfdkdfbag fded kgfbök edanrkg pdr `gs n`btns n4trgk=nrgs y, pgrg n``d, anm1gtrgksldregr g` pg1s tdegkad fded edan`d g `gs kgfbdkns an /urdpg. <dr n` dtrd, kd pda1gg`tnrgr `gs nstrufturgs un nrgk `g lunktn an` n4fnanktn nfdköebfd y nk fdksnfunkfbg an sus prbvb`ncbds (Brurd$ub, 00J+ ;J0 M ;N-.

6nspuâs an `g 9unrrg an` <gf1lbfd, `g n`btn frbd``g gktn `g knfnsbaga an ansgrrd``gr ukg pd`1tbfg kgfbdkg` sn anfban g gmgkadkgr `g pd`1tbfg an "d*n+ y lukagr pgrtbads pd`1tbfdsfgpgfns an trgaufbr sus bangrbds nk prdcrgegs% 9rgesfb sn8g`g un `gs lgffbdkns sn

6



fgrgftnrb$gk pdr musfgr `g n`bebkgfbök an` gavnrsgrbd, nk ùcgr an` nub bmrbd drc#kbfd an`ds pgrtbads mg=d `g hncnedk1g an` e#s lunrtn (9rgesfb, 00J+ G0-. `cukds pg1sns an%uageârbfg bkbfbgrdk nstn prdfnsd yg nk n` sbc`d 3B3).

,% @BMN]G@BVED R _DVBQB\BVED

/` <grtbad 2bmnrg` prdf`geö `g knfnsbaga an pg$ y drank nk n` egrfd an` rnspntd g `g `ny, g pnsgr an un gsfnkabö g` pdanr pdr enabd an ukg rnvdùfbök sgkcrbnktg.

Fdk n` trbukld an` <grtbad 2bmnrg`, n` pdsbtbvbsed sn bepusd nk `ds f1rfu`ds dlbfbg`ns ;. 2ds pdsbtbvbstgs pgsgk g dfupgr `ds prbkfbpg`ns punstds tgktd nk `g vbag gfgaâebfg fded nk n`cdmbnrkd. /ktrn `ds rgscds fgrgftnr1stbfds an` pdsbtbvbsed md`bvbgkd sn nkfunktrgk `g fr1tbfgg `g entgl1sbfg, y `g vnknrgfbök pdr `g fbnkfbg y n` prdcrnsd tnfkd`öcbfd. 2g gep`bg ablusbökan nstgs bangs punank dmnanfnr M fded sucbnrn 9ugagrrgegM g su l#fb` fdeprnksbök+ y, g pnsgr an fbnrtg bklùnkfbg fdetngkg, `g fdrrbnktn md`bvbgkg5 sn ablnrnkfbö crgkanenktn an` pdsbtbvbsed rn`bcbdsd mrgsb`n8d (9ugagrrgeg, sl-.

2ds pdsbtbvbstgs sn un=gk an `g bepnrlnffbök an` enstb$g=n y gtrbmuynk `gs fgusgs an `g pdmrn$g md`bvbgkg g lgftdrns purgenktn âtkbfds y cndcr#lbfds. /``ds ansngmgk frngr ukrâcbenk pd`1tbfd un tuvbnrg pdr edan`d g `gs crgkans kgfbdkns an Iffbanktn.

/urdpg nrg n` edan`d g bebtgr nk `d pd`1tbfd, nk `g `btnrgturg, n` grtn y hgstg nk `g ldreg anvnstbr. 2g snksbmb`baga an `g n`btn nstgmg e#s fnrfg an `ds f1rfu`ds fdsedpd`btgs nurdpndsun an `g crgk egydr1g an `g pdm`gfbök an` pg1s.

"2g /urdpg g `g un bebtgmgk nrg lukagenktgènktn `g `btnrgrbg ygrbstöfrgtg, kd gs1 `g neprnsgrbg`. <dr târebkd enabd, `ds hb=ds an `gs

7

6n gfunrad fdk 9rgesfb, pgrtbads y lrgffbdkns pnrsdkg`bstgs sun`nk mgsgrsn "nk `g prdtnffbök agag g `dsbklnrbdrns pdr uk hdemrn pdanrdsd>. (9rgesfb, 00J+ )J M )L-

= ?/k tdag 2gtbkdgeârbfg, nk `ds g8ds pdstnrbdrns g `gs turmu`nkfbgs an `g /egkfbpgfbök, sn gavbnrtn nsg

prndfupgfbök pdr nstgm`nfnr uk sö`bad drank pd`1tbfd, e#s prgce#tbfd un gtgad g `g drtdad4bg =ur1abfg. /s n`fgsd an @dsâ ktdkbd <#n$, trgseutgad an fguab``d ``gknrd nk nstgabstg y anlnksdr an `g crgk prdpbnaga. /s nàn` nfugtdrbgkd @ugk @dsâ !`drns, ubnk, ùncd an snr ukd an `ds e#s mrb``gktns cnknrg`ns an Hd`1vgr, tnrebköfdkvdfgkad g `g prdpbg Fdrdkg nspg8d`g pgrg rnstgm`nfnr nk su pg1s n` drank g`tnrgad pdr bktnrebkgm`ns ùfhgslgffbdsgs. /s tgembâk gukun e#s pgtâtbfd n` fgsd an` nstgabstg n hbstdrbgadr en4bfgkd 2ufgs `ne#k, unsulrbö sufnsbvds lrgfgsds nk su pnrtbkg$ m&sunag an ubnk puabnrg nstgm`nfnr uk cdmbnrkd lunrtn nk su pgtrbg./s, sdmrn tdad, n` fgsd fhb`nkd, tgk gaebrgad pdr `ds n4b`bgads grcnktbkds...7 (denrd, 0LL+ J) > J;-.

6 d dmstgktn, sn anmn tnknr nk funktg un uk pnksgadr tgk bepdrtgktn fded genrtd Iyd`g sn egkblnstgmg

`bmnrg` nk kdemrn an` nspbrbtug`bsed fgrtnsbgkd, pnrd rnfhg$gmg n` pdsbtbvbsed pdr fdksbanrgr`d ukg kunvgvnrsbök an `g nsfun`g an `gs snksgfbdkns (!rgkfdvbfh, 0GJ+ )- su vn$, Bckgfbd <ruankfbd Hustb``d nrg pgrtbagrbd an` pdsbtbvbsed, pnrd frbtbfgmg `ds prbkfbpbds `bmnrg`ns y egkblnstgmg ukg vgcg sbepgt1g pdr `grnvdùfbök rusg.

1 "/k `g Okbvnrsbaga an Fhuubsgfg sn prdau=d, hgfbg abfhg âpdfg, uk bktnrnsgktn edvbebnktd rnkdvgadr bkbfbgad pdr n` prdlnsdr Hnk=ge1k !nrk#kan$. g nksn8gk$g pdsbtbvbstg an !nrk#kan$ sn p`ncö uk bepdrtgktncrupd an prdlnsdrns, un trgmg=ö gftbvgenktn pdr `gs kunvgs bangs ansan `g prnksg y n` `bmrd" (Anepll nrfgad, 0GN+ )0-

1



lgeb bgs an Eg`tg g`furkbgE sn naufgmgk lunrg an Hd bvbg y pgsgmgk `gegydr pgrtn an su vbag nk fgpbtg`ns n4trgk=nrgs. <grg fgsb tdads n``ds,Hd`bvbg kd nrg e#s un uk ùcgr adkan pdsn1gk bktnrnsns lbkgkfbnrds yrn`gfbdkns pnrsdkg`ns an `ds un anm1gk dfupgrsn an vn$ nk fugkad K...Dn` nstb`d prnstgad sn fdkvbrtbö nk n` nstb`d md`bvbgkd g kbvn` kgfbdkg`,

adkan `d prdpbgenktn md`bvbgkd anktrd an `g fu`turg EkgfbdkgÈ nrg euynsfgsd". (g``dy, 0G0+ J0-

2ds bktn`nftug`ns fdkstbtu1gk ukg fgpg un l uftugmg nktrn `ds bktnrnsns an `g f`gsnadebkgktn, y `gs nsfun`gs y nstb`ds vnkbads an /urdpg, tdad `d fug` `ds fdkauf1g g `gbebtgfbökJ. 2g gprd4begfbök g `g rng`baga kgfbdkg` sn hb$d, nk fdksnfunkfbg, pgrtbnkad an prbkfbpbds n4trg8ds g `g ebseg: "2gs fdstuemrns, n` fdepdrtgebnktd y `ds vg`drns nurdpndssbrvnk an enabag pgrg nvgùgr `d gutöftdkd" (9öen$ M grt1kn$, 0GL+ LJ-.

<grg 2`dmnt Qgmd`grg (00*+ ;)0-, "`g d`bcgru1g sö`d vn1g sdfgvdkns y hgfbnkags, pnrd kdvn1g pg1s" y "`g enktg`baga d`bc#rubfg ns ukg enktg`baga hgfnkagrbg y pgrrdubg`". %bknemgrcd, `gs bkvnstbcgfbdkns ``nvgags g fgmd pdr _gyue (00;+ *0 M 0-, pusbnrdk anegkblbnstd un n` prdynftd pd`1tbfd `bmnrg`, sdstnkbad pdr bepdrtgktns snftdrns an `g n`btn,bktnktö fdktrd`gr `g pdm`gfbök y n` tnrrbtdrbd anktrd an `ds `1ebtns an `g kgfbök begcbkgag.2ds prbkfbpg`ns bkabfgadrns pgrg sdstnknr nstg glbregfbök lunrdk `g prdlukag nspnrgk$g unanpdsbtgrdk nk n` lnrrdfgrrb`, fded enabd an tnrebkgr fdk `ds fdkl`bftds rncbdkg`ns y pgrgglbgk$gr `g banktbaga kgfbdkg`+ `g utb`b$gfbök an `ds fnksds nk n` egrfd an` begcbkgrbdcndcr#lbfd+ y `ds p`gkns pgrg rgabfgr fd`dkds n bkebcrgktns nk nspgfbds supunstgenktnv1rcnkns, adkan rnbkgmg `g kgturg`n$g "sg`vg=n" y vbv1gk crupds bkaöebtds (_gyue, 00;+; M L-.

/` rgfbsed ns uk fdepdknktn lukagenktg` nk `gs rnp&m`bfgs d`bc#rubfgs `gtbkdgenrbfgkgs pdrun gft&g fded `ncbtbegadr an `gs n4fùsbdkns, fdksgcrgkad uk drank sdfbg` bkeutgm`nun pgrnfn lukagad nk `g kgturg`n$g.

"/` rgfbsed m`gkfd fdktrg `ds kncrds, nk `ds pg1sns gkc`dsg=dkns,supdkn `g pdsbmb`baga an Edm=ntbvgrE g gun` g ubnk sn absfrbebkg. /ktgktd n` enstb$g=n lun e#s mbnk dfgsbdkg`, n` Em`gkfdE absfrbebkgadr sbnktn g` EkncrdE absfrbebkgad fded g`cd g=nkd y n4tnrbdr g s1+ uk dmjntd

sdmrn n` fug` sn punan ansfgrcgr `g absfrbebkgfbök, n` dabd y nànsprnfbd. /k n` <nr& ns bepdsbm`n tg` Edm=ntbvgfbökE an` absfrbebkgad, puns n` su=ntd absfrbebkgadr kd punan snpgrgrsn an` <dmjntd< unabsfrbebkg. <grg `g egydr1g an `g pdm`gfbök pnrugkg usgr n` târebkdEbkabdE pgrg bksu`tgr g dtrg pnrsdkg, tnkbnkad tgembâk sgkcrn bkabg nk `gsvnkgs, supdkn kncgr ukg pgrtn an su prdpbg banktbaga: absfrbebkgr, dabgr y ansprnfbgr g n`nenktds fdkstbtutbvds an` prdpbd yd. 2g g`bnkgfbökrgabfg`. 2g bepdsbmb`baga an rnfdkdfnr n` prdpbd rdstrd nk n` nspn=d. %n

> @dsâ 2ubs 9öen$ M grt1kn$ hgm`g an "`g bebtgfbök fded ldreg an vbag" y fbtg ukg lrgsn an rcunags adkanâstn glbreg un kd hgy nk Hd`bvbg "grtn, kb `btnrgturg cnkubkgenktn kgfbdkg`ns. /stg KprdauffbökD ns `bebtgag ykd hg g`fgk$gad ansgrrd``d g`cukd" (9öen$ M grt1kn$, 0GL+ 0N-.

>



prdaufn gs1 ukg ldreg an rgfbsed prdlukagenktn nkrnvnsgag y abl1fbàn gmdragr" (gkrbun, 000-

2ds bkabvbauds sdk f`gsblbfgads an gfunrad fdk su rg$g enabgktn n` usd an nstnrndtbpds un`ns gtrbmuynk fgrgftnr1stbfgs pdsbtbvgs d kncgtbvgs. 6bfn an `ds bka1cnkgs, pdr n=nep`d,

%gmbkd <bkb``g

N

nk su dmrg @g frngfbök an ?d`bvbg (0L+ )*-:"2g bksulbfbnkfbg an `g egsg fnrnmrg`, bklnrbdr nk su pnsd an fbkfd g abn$dk$gs sdmrn `g an `g rg$g fgufgsbgkg, n` rgubtbsed an `gs fâù`gs unn`gmdrgk nk gun``g y `g bepnrlnffbök an `g sgkcrn, nk `g un susc`ömu`ds sn hg``gk supnabtgads pdr ukg `bklg pnrkbfbdsg, mbnk f`grdedstrgmgk `g `bebtgfbök an sus lgfu`tgans ps1ubfgs, y, pdr `d ebsed, subknptbtua pgrg `gs `gmdrns an `g fbvb`b$gfbök ".

`cukds hbstdrbgadrns sdstbnknk un mg=d adftrbkgs fded âstgs, auadsgenktn fbnkt1lbfgs,sumygfn `g vbsbök hnrnagag an `g Fd`dkbg, "fuyd rgscd fnktrg` hgm1g sbad `g fdn4bstnkfbg an`g rnp&m`bfg an nspg8d`ns y kgturg`ns" (Wg`pnrbk 6dkchb, 00L-. /k `g ebseg âpdfg, @dsâgrt1 anf1g:

"/` hdemrn kd tbnkn kbkc&k anrnfhd nspnfbg` pdrun pnrtnkn$fg g ukgrg$g u dtrg: a1cgsn hdemrn, y yg sn abfnk tdads `ds anrnfhds L". (grt1,0GN+ 0-.

/` rgfbsed ns ukg fdembkgfbök an prn=ubfbd y pdanr. ]` `ncbtbeg `g rn`gfbök an pdanr nktrnfdeukbagans âtkbfgs, y fdkstbtuyn uk enfgkbsed an rnprdauffbök an nstg rn`gfbök(9ubmnrkgu, 00N+ *-.

2g f`gsblbfgfbök rgfbg` an `ds bkabvbauds sn gsdfbö nstrufturgènktn g `g abvbsbök an`trgmg=d, fdklbcurgkad uk kunvd pgtrök c`dmg` an pdanr. /k sueg, "ukg supunstg ablnrnktnnstrufturg mbd`öcbfg un umbfgmg g `ds ukds nk sbtugfbök an kgturg` bklnrbdrbaga rnspnftd an`ds dtrds", dtdrcgmg `ncbtbebaga g `gs rn`gfbdkns an adebkgfbök (_ub=gkd, 00;+ )*)-

`cukds prdpdk1gk ukg sdùfbök $ddtâfkbfg pgrg supnrgr `gs fdkabfbdkns mbd`öcbfgs un sngtrbmu1gk g` bka1cnkg, enabgktn `g gaebkbstrgfbök an ukg pd`1tbfg an fru$g. !n`bpn 9u$e#knk N` prdm`neg pnagcöcbfd nk ?d`bvbg (0*+ GJ- glbreg:

"/` bkabd sb kd sn fru$g fdk n`nenktds supnrbdrns kd sgàr# an su kbvnèdrg`+ nstd ns un gukun g`fgkfn n` e#s g`td crgad an fu`turg nk `d

< 2g dmrg @g frngfbök an ?d`bvbg lun rnfdpb`gag y pum`bfgag pdr `fbans rcunags nk 0L, ubnk gtrbmuyn sugutdr1g g %gmbkd <bkb``g, lg``nfbad nk 0*0. Itrds hbstdrbgadrns, fded Vg nkt1k mnfbg Hgàbvbnsd, glbregkun n` vnraganrd gutdr lun @dsâ dsnkad 9utbârrn$ (G5* M GG;-, suncrd an <bkb` g.

3 grt1 ab=d sdmrn `g sbtugfbök an` bkabd nk `ds //OO: "2n dm`bcgk g fnanr sus tbnrrgs pdr trgtgads dknrdsds+ `dsgfgk an `g fdegrfg nk un hg kgfbad, un ns fded sgfgr an uk #rmd` `gs rg1fns, fdk `d un pbnrank n` egydr dm=ntbvd an `g vbag+ `d lunr$gk sd prntn4td an fu`tbvd, g fdeprgr gkbeg`ns pgrg trgmg=gr ukg tbnrrg un kd nssuyg+ `d fdepn`nk sd prntn4td an nsfun`g g un gprnkag nk `nkcug n4trg8g, `g `nkcug dabgag an sus aun8ds..."(grt1, 0GN+ 0-

<



bktn`nftug`, sbneprn snr# bkabd nk sus snktbebnktds glnftbvds" (Fbtgad pdr 9öen$ M grt1kn$, 0GG+ LG-.

Itrds, nk fgembd, sn dpdk1gk g` enstb$g=n. <grg rcunags M pdr n=nep`dM n` gtrgsd anHd`bvbg sn hg``gmg antnrebkgad pdr su hntnrdcnknbaga cndcr#lbfg y rgfbg`. ` bcug` un

drnkd y %ggvnarg, ubnkns tgembâk nstgmgk bklùnkfbgads pdr 2n Hdk y 9dmbkngu,sdstnk1g un `g en$f`g rgfbg` nrg `g prbkfbpg` ldreg an ancnknrgfbök. 2g ebcrgfböksn`nffbdkgag n bktn`bcnktn, sb mbnk kd pda1g sustbtubr g` bkabd, anm1g gftugr fded ukg sunrtnan "bk=nrtd". /` bka1cnkg sö`d pdar1g snr &tb` ansnepn8#kadsn fded gcrbfu`tdr, sdàgad udmrnrd (<g$ %dà#k, )**;+ 0;-. /k nstn snktbad, n` /stgad adfnktn fdetngkd anmnr1g =ucgr uk vg`dr f`gvn bkfu`fgkad vg`drns f1vbfds y sdfbg`ns (2grsdk, )**+ ;0-.

/k `gs kdvn`gs an rcunags, n` bkabd sg`vg=n ns n4p`dtgad pdr `g "trbkbaga" enstb$gfdkstbtubag pdr n` gaebkbstrgadr, n` furg y `g gutdrbaga (<g$ %dà#k, )**;-. Fgmn sn8g`gr un â` gaebrgmg `gs fbvb`b$gfbdkns gutöftdkgs, fded `g an Qbgwgkgu, un hgmr1gk sbadanstrubags pdr `g mrutg`baga n bckdrgkfbg an `ds fd`dkb$gadrns. /stg vbsbök mgsgag nk `gbegcnk fdktrgabftdrbg an` bkabd fded v1ftbeg y frbebkg`, g` snr fdepgrtbag pdr `ds kdtgm`nsan `g âpdfg, kds bkldreg an `ds bktnktds pgrg nvbtgr "`g fdkvnrsbök an` bkabd nk enstb$d y,sncukad, an` edad nk un sn trgtö an fdktrd`gr `g fgpgfbaga n`nftdrg` an âstn g trgvâs an `gbkvg`bagfbök an `d bkabd" (Brurd$ub, 00J+ ;JG-.

<grg n` pnksgebnktd `bmnrg`, n` anrnfhd n`nftdrg` nrg n` n=n lukagenktg` an `g anedfrgfbg, pnrd sn trgtgmg an` +r".d /d/!"r d*+n*tn ? $n/r"$d an `ds fbuagagkds fu`tds,fdkabfbök un sn rn`gfbdkgmg fdk gspnftds e#s tgkcbm`ns fded `g bkanpnkankfbgnfdköebfg y `g prdpbnaga, pdr `d un unagmg n4fùbag `g "ansvnkturgag rg$g bka1cnkgancrgagag pdr `g snrvbauemrn, gs1 fded `g cnktn dfbdsg y eg` bkf`bkgag".

"2g Fdkstbtufbök md`bvbgkg rnl`n=gmg `g nsub$dlrnkbg cnknrg` an` pg1s K...Danf1g un tdag pnrsdkg kgfbag nk su tnrrbtdrbd nrg md`bvbgkg, `d fug` kdknfnsgrbgenktn sbckblbfgmg snr fbuagagkd md`bvbgkd, puns, nktrn dtrdslgftdrns, pgrg snr fbuagagkd md`bvbgkd nrg prnfbsd Esgmnr `nnr y nsfrbmbr, tnknr mbnkns rg1fns d uk bkcrnsd kd bklnrbdr g adsfbnktds md`bvbgkds, gane#s anun abfhd bkcrnsd kd lunrg dmtnkbad fded nep`ngagd adenstbfgdE".

"%nc&k `g Fdkstbtufbök, nktdkfns, e#s an` LJ^ an `g pdm`gfbök kd cd$gmg an`g fdkabfbök an fbuagagkd an `g np&m`bfg an Hd`bvbg+ unagmgk n4fùbadstdag `g pdm`gfbök bka1cnkg anabfgag g `g gcrbfu`turg, `g pdm`gfbök urmgkgl`dtgktn y uk bepdrtgktn k&enrd an trgmg=gadrns" (g``dy, 0G0+ J)-.

/` rnfdkdfbebnktd an Hd`bvbg fded pg1s anedfr#tbfd nk n` #embtd bktnrkgfbdkg` n4bc1gn4tnkanr `g fdkabfbök an fbuagagkd g `ds bka1cnkgs, pdrun `g fbuagagk1g edanrkg snfgrgftnrb$g pdr `ds gtrbmutds an ukbvnrsg`baga, bcugàga n bkabvbaug`baga. %n nspnrgmg un n`gffnsd an` bkabd g `g fdkabfbök an fbuagagkd lunrg n` rnsu`tgad an` prdcrnsd nfdköebfd, `gnaufgfbök y n` snrvbfbd eb`btgr dm`bcgtdrbd, ebnktrgs tgktd n` cdmbnrkd anm1g unagr nkegkds an ukg ebkdr1g an kdtgm`ns.

3



`cukds frn1gk un `g bkstruffbök `bebtgr1g `g pdtnkfbg`baga an` bka1cnkg y pdtnkfbgr1g sufgpgfbaga pgrg n` trgmg=d, dtrds nk fgembd tne1gk un `g naufgfbök, nk ùcgr an ldregr trgmg=gadrns &tb`ns y nsldr$gads, bmg g an=gr g `ds bka1cnkgs g enrfna an anegcdcds fgpgfnsan bepu`sgr sum`nvgfbdkns nk fdktrg an` drank n4bstnktn.

Qgembâk hgm1g hgfnkagads un sn dpdk1gk g `g eb`btgrb$gfbök an` bkabd pdr ebnad g un n`fdkdfbebnktd an `gs gregs `ds bkau=nrg g `g rnmn`bök, ebnktrgs dtrds grcuenktgmgk un nrgfdkvnkbnktn bkfdrpdrgr`ds g `g fbvb`b$gfbök an `g fdeukbaga m`gkfg frbd``g gukun pgrg nsdtuvbnrgk un pnranr su banktbaga fu`turg` (_ubktgkg, 000-. %n pnksgmg rnabebr`ds enabgktn`g naufgfbök, nktnkabag fded "ansbkabcnkb$gfbök", ns anfbr g trgvâs an `g n`bebkgfbök an sufdkabfbök an bkabds.

6nspuâs an `g sum`nvgfbök an \#rgtn 3b`fg (G00-, `g edanrkb$gfbök pd`1tbfg unaö`bebtgag pdr n` ebnad g un `g rg$g m`gkfg lunrg gkbub`gag pdr `ds bkabds (gydrcg, 000+;;5-. 6bfn g` rnspnftd %nrcbd ègrg$:

"/s fbnrtd un `ds tnrrgtnkbnktns unagrdk fdk `gs tbnrrgs, pnrd `g f`gsn !ntr"$" ?r+t"*"8, fded custgmg anfbr fdk cg$ed8nr1g grbgkd Hgptbstg, kukfg puadcd$gr trgkub`genktn an` mdt1k. EOk vgcd nstrnenfbebnktdE, fu`pg d ebnad, turmgmgsu pbgadsd fdrg$ök frbstbgkd. Hgptbstg rnfdragmg `g pdsbmb`baga an E`g fgsgbkfnkabgag, n` pgtrök ancd``gad, `g lgeb`bg sgfrblbfgagE... /k nstn f`beg ``ncö `grnvdùfbök lnanrg`..." (ègrg$, 0G*+ L5-.

2ds prbkfbpbds `bmnrg`ns an *"=* y /rd.rn+d fgrnfbnrdk an gp`bfgfbök pdrun crgk pgrtnan `g pdm`gfbök vbv1g lunrg an` sbstneg kgfbdkg` (g``dy, 0G0+ GJ-. Wn gu1 uk prdynftd ankgfbök un n4fùyn g` sncenktd egydrbtgrbd an `g pdm`gfbök an` sbstneg pd 1tbfd,egktnkbâkad`d fded rnsnrvg, g vnfns bktnktgkad su gsbeb`gfbök, pnrd sbk hgfnr`d pgrtbfbpgr nk `g tdeg an anfbsbdkns.

2g grtbfu`gfbök sdfbg` bepunstg pdr `g `öcbfg sn8drbg` bep`bfgmg `g ansbcugàga an `dshdemrns. 2g cnknrg`b$gfbök an `g fbuagagk1g, ns anfbr `g gaebsbök an `g bcugàga, humbnrgdfgsbdkgad `g nrdsbök an `ds prbvb`ncbds an `g n`btn+ y `ds prbkfbpg`ns grcuenktds pgrg =ustblbfgr abfhg ansbcugàga sn mgsgrdk nk `g rg$g y su ancnknrgfbök.

2g absfrbebkgfbök kd sö`d lun nscrbebag pdr `g n`btn. 2ds snftdrns sumg`tnrkds tgembâkbkfdrpdrgrdk `g `öcbfg sn8drbg` y sn edstrgrdk fdktrgrbds g `g bang an `g hdedcnknbagargfbg`, nk tgktd pnrfbm1gk un âstg absebkubr1g sus `dcrds an gsfnksd. 2g absfrbebkgfbök nrguk enfgkbsed pgrg gsncurgr fdkldrebaga, pdrun `g n4bstnkfbg an ukg nsfg`g =nr#rubfg prdauf1g ukg crgtblbfgfbök, `g an nkfdktrgr un hgy g`cubnk nk uk nsfg`ök bklnrbdr (\gvg`ntg, 0GN+ ;;-.

hdrg mbnk, `g edvb`baga sdfbg` tgepdfd lun mbnk vbstg pdr `g n`btn, g` rnspnftd abfn grbgkdHgptbstg:

8 /` sumrgygad ns kunstrd.

8



"_un fgag ukd gfnptn `g pdsbfbök un `n hg anpgrgad `g <rdvbankfbg, `gegkd g` trgmg=d, sbk enkdsprnfbgr `d un nst# gmg=d, sbk nkvbabgr `d unnst# grrbmg, nktrncgad g su dmrg, g su hdrg, g su edenktd, bcug`ns tdadsgktn `g bcug` abckbaga an `g lgnkg" (`mgrrgf1k, 0G+ G*-.

/k rcunags sn punank nkfdktrgr glbregfbdkns e#s fdktukanktns. fnptg un n` fhd`d tbnkng`cukgs vbrtuans ebnktrgs pnregknfn nk "su enabd" pnrd, fugkad âstn gaubnrn fbnrtgfu`turg, su bkstbktd an adebkgfbök sn n4g`tg, gs1 fded su custd pdr `gs fdsgs vu`cgrns y sngfnkt&g su bkfgpgfbaga pgrg tdegr anfbsbdkns âtbfgs. /k #unm`d nk(nred hgy uk absfursdadkan sn bkvnktgrbgr1gk `ds "vbfbds" an `ds enstb$ds y sus nlnftds kncgtbvds pgrg `g vbagkgfbdkg`. (<g$ %dà#k, )**;, G5 M GJ-.

6% _G]QB#DV F@GVNV R NVQGENKQDV

/` pdanr an `g n`btn m`gkfg frbd``g sn mgsgmg nk `g grtbfu`gfbök an `gs hgfbnkags sneblnuag`nsfdk `g edanrkg ebknr1g. 6bfhg n`btn pgrg pdanr fdepntbr nk n` enrfgad bktnrkgfbdkg`knfnsbtgmg edanrkb$gr `gs bkstbtufbdkns nk anlnksg an` drank. 6n nstg ldreg sn pnksgmggtrgnr bkvnrsbdkns, bkfrnenktgr n` rbted an `g prdauffbök ebknrg y egktnknr n` stgtu ud nk`gs gftbvbagans rurg`ns (Fdktrnrgs y dtrds, 000-.

Itrd gspnftd bepdrtgktn nrg `g knfnsbaga an nstgm`nfnr rnc`gs an =uncd pgrg `g abstrbmufbökan prbvb`ncbds y fdepntnkfbgs nk n` bktnrbdr an `g n`btn, pgrg `d fug` sus ebnemrds sngcrupgrdk nk abstbktds mgkads fdk ukg e#s gpgrnktn un rng` abstbkfbök band`öcbfg(Brurd$ub, 00L+ NL0 M NG*-.

2g band`dc1g `bmnrg`, fdk nsg ankdebkgfbök d mg=d n` rdpg=n fdksnrvgadr, rgabfg` drnpum`bfgkd lun `g adebkgktn nk Hd`bvbg hgstg 0J). Qdads nstds pgrtbads tnk1gk nk fde&kuk `bmnrg`bsed mgsgad nk `ds fdkfnptds an `bmnrtga, `ny y drank. Ok nabtdrbg` an N` /bgrbd

(G M M )*- rnfdkdfbö `g snen=gk$g an `ds prdcrgegs an `ds abstbktds pgrtbads:

"... 6n gu1 un `ds hdemrns pd`1tbfds frnnk, tgk bcug` nstgr nk n` <grtbad2bmnrg` nk n` npum`bfgkd d nk n` gabfg`" (A`nbk, 0NG+ LJ-.

/` <grtbad Fdksnrvgadr gsuebö `g anlnksg an` fgtd`bfbsed lrnktn g `ds nemgtns an` pdsbtbvbsed, `g egsdknr1g y `ds `bmrnprnksgadrns. grbgkd Hgptbstg M su lukagadrM glbregmgun nstgs fdrrbnktns nrgk bktncrgktns an ukg pn`bcrdsg neprnsg "=gfdmbkg" (Brurd$ub,)**;S-. %bk nemgrcd, pdstnrbdrenktn, `ds fdksnrvgadrns sn bkfdrpdrgrdk g` <grtbadFdkstbtufbdkg` an kbfntd rfn g pnsgran un nstn &`tbed anf`grö un su pgrtbad kd tbnkn "mgkanrg rn`bcbdsg y ns `bmnrg` nk bangs y prdfnabebnktds nk egydr enabag un `ds `bmnrg`ns an N`bdadrd 8gegfhd>. (%gkaövg`dar1cun$, 00;+ G*-.

Hgptbstg rnfhg$ö n` agrwbkbsed sdfbg` an `ds `bmnrg`ns pdr bk=ustd y frun`, nk kdemrn an `gbcugàga an `ds hdemrns gktn 6bds. %nc&k !n`ègkk Vn`gran, Hgptbstg gadptö `gs bangsrgusbstgs sdmrn `g edrg` pd`1tbfg y `g sgktbaga an` vdtd, sbep`nenktn pdrun n`trgabfbdkg bsed fgtö`bfd kd pdsn1g ukg lrgsnd`dc1g un puabnrg snr utb`b$gag nk ukganedfrgfbg (!n`ègkk Vn`gran, 0LN+ )*; M )*5-.

2



Hgptbstg nrg fdksfbnktn an un `g bkaustrbg ebknrg knfnsbtgmg tnfkd`dc1g y fgpbtg`ns.`mgrrgf1k (0G+ G) M G;- sn8g`g un "nk kbkc&k pnksgadr sdfbg` an `g âpdfg sn vn fdkegydr argegtbsed `g puckg bktnrkg nktrn `ds anrnfhds abvbkds an` hdemrn y `gs n4bcnkfbgsegtnrbg`ns an `g bkaustrbg. %dk ads lunr$gs pd`grns an ukg rng`baga un kd puad fdkfb`bgr,

pdrun fdkfnm1g g` fbnktblbfbsed fded gktnsg`g an` gtn1sed, dpunstd g` frbstbgkbsed fdedenabd an `g pnrlnffbök abvbkg".

6n gfunrad fdk su lukagadr, /`bdadrd Fgegfhd, n` <grtbad 2bmnrg` kd musfgmg rdepnr `gstrgabfbdkns kb bktrdaufbr mrusfgenktn rnldregs vbd`nktgs, kb tgepdfd "dstnktgr bkablnrnkfbgd ansfrnbebnktd rn`bcbdsd d enkdsprnfbd an `g ln" (Fgegfhd (GGJ- fbtgad pdr !rgkfdvbfh,0GJ+ ;-0.

emds pgrtbads, `bmnrg`ns y fdksnrvgadrns, sumvnkfbdkgrdk n` trgkspdrtn, gpdygrdk g `gebknr1g y n` ansgrrd``d an `ds fnktrds urmgkds, y musfgrdk `g n4pgksbök an` sbstneg anhgfbnkags g fdstg an `gs fdeukbagans bkabgs (A`nbk, 0G)+ )*J-. %bk nemgrcd, n` cdmbnrkd`bmnrg` sn gpgrtö nk ukds pdfds puktds lukagenktg`ns an` râcbenk fdksnrvgadr.

2ds cdmbnrkds `bmnrg`ns bkstbtuynrdk n` egtrbedkbd fbvb` y `g `ny an` abvdrfbd gmsdùtd,bep`gktgrdk `g nksn8gk$g `gbfg, n4prdpbgrdk fdkvnktds, gmd`bnrdk n` lunrd nf`nsb#stbfd,snfu`grb$grdk `ds fnenktnrbds y anf`grgrdk `g `bmnrtga an fu`tds (Föradvg, )**)+ )*)-.

Okg an `gs prbkfbpg`ns prndfupgfbdkns an` cdmbnrkd `bmnrg` lun n` nstgm`nfbebnktd an uksbstneg naufgtbvd kgfbdkg` y `g ukblbfgfbök nsfd`gr enabgktn uk fdk=uktd an kdregs =ur1abfgs, mg=d n` fdktrd` nstgtg`. /` prbenr dm=ntbvd puad pdknrsn nk egrfhg pdrun g prbkfbpbds an sbc`d sn fdktgmg fdk `g mgsn nfdköebfg knfnsgrbg pgrg guenktgr n` cgstdnaufgtbvd (Fdktrnrgs,)**+ 5L5-. /` sncukad, abd ùcgr g fdkl`bftds fdk `g Bc`nsbg, gukun > snc&k grt1kn$ ()**- M n` cdmbnrkd musfgmg ldrtg`nfnr `g pdsbfbök an` ebkbstnrbd an` rged(y pdr nkan an` /stgad- sdmrn fugùbnr dtrg bkstbtufbök, y kd tgktd agr rbnkag sun`tg g sugktbf`nrbfg`bsed*. Okd an `ds prbkfbpg`ns puktds an lrbffbök sn abd nk tdrkd g `ds fd`ncbds > snebkgrbds, `ds un ?tnk1gk ukg g`tnrkgtbvg: d abluka1gk ukg Xnaufgfbök `gbfg y nf`nsb#stbfgRnk `g snfukagrbg y anm1gk nktdkfns sdentnrsn g `g `ncbs`gfbök fded fugùbnr dtrd fd`ncbd+d anfba1gk `bebtgrsn g `g Xnksn8gk$g purgenktn tnd`öcbfgR y nk nstn fgsd sn pda1gkansgrrd``gr `bmrnenktn K...D gukun yg sbk sumvnkfbök g`cukg pdr pgrtn an` /stgad7(grt1kn$, )**+ 5J5-.

2ds `bmnrg`ns bktnktgrdk `bebtgr bkstbtufbdkgènktn g `g Bc`nsbg, pnrd g` ebsed tbnepd `gknfnsbtgmgk fded `ncbtbegadrg an` râcbenk `gtblukabstg nk n` #rng rurg`.

2 /` 9nknrg` /`bdadrd Fgegfhd prdkukfbö uk absfursd n` ) > ) M GJ un sbrvbö fded prdcrgeg g <grtbad2bmnrg`, puns pdstnrbdrenktn sn pum`bfö nk Fdfhgmgemg fded ?<rdcrgeg an` <grtbad 2bmnrg`7 nk `GGL, y e#stgran nk 0N (grt1kn$, )**-

7? %nc&k !rgkύdbsn grt1kn$ ()**+ 5J)-, ?kd sn trgtgmg an g`n=gr g `ds sgfnradtns d g `ds fdkcrncgfbdkns ansu vdfgfbök adfnktn, sbkd, pdr n` fdktrgrbd, an fdksncubr un pgrtbfbpgrgk nk n` prdynftd `bmnrg` yfdktrbmuynrgk g su â4btd, pnrd gfnptgkad `g ukblbfgfbök nsfd`gr un sn gkhn`gmg7.

7?



"... /rg fded sb `ds ads `ömu`ds an uk ebsed fnrnmrd pnksgrgk nkldreg ablnrnktn. /` `bmnrg`bsed spnkfnrbgkd lun gp`bfgad nk n` pg1surmgkd, pnrd kd nk n` pg1s rurg`" (!n`ègkk Vn`gran, 0LN+ )00 M ;**-.

` bcug` un nk dtrds pg1sns an unstrg eârbfg, pdaneds hgm`gr, nktdkfns, an ukg

edanrkbaga pnrb(ârbfg fdk ukg dpdsbfbök nktrn "fbuaga edanrkg" y "fgepd kd Medanrkd".

"/` pg1s sn hg``g abvbabad (nsune#tbfgenktn- nk ads pgrtns: #rngs"fnktrg`ns" nk `gs un sn hg prdaufbad fbnrtd prdfnsd an edanrkb$gfbök,fdk `g ldregfbök an ukg d vgrbgs fbuagans, gsbnktds an `gs fgpgs enabgsK...D y n` rnstd fdkstbtubad pdr rncbdkns "pnrblârbfgs" un bkfùynk `g crgkegydr1g an `g pdm`gfbök" (9nregkb, 0N)+ ;5;-.

Fded rnsu`tgad an nstgs tnksbdkns, surcbö uk `bmnrg`bsed fdksnrvgadr un, bklùnkfbgad pdr n` agrwbkbsed sdfbg`, rnstrbkc1g `ds anrnfhds ukbvnrsg`ns g `g ebkdr1g m`gkfg frbd``g,n4fùynkad g eu=nrns, bka1cnkgs y g crgk pgrtn an `ds enstb$ds, fdklbcurgkad "ukgedanrkbaga hnfhg g su enabag" (Föradvg, )**)+ )*;-.

2ds fdksnrvgadrns neprnsgrbds ebknrds an `g p`gtg n=nrfbnrdk abrnftgenktn n` pdanr. 2ds prdpbntgrbds an `gs e#s crgkans (rfn y <gfhnfd- cdmnrkgmgk pnrsdkgènktn g` pg1s, pgsgkad an `g abrnffbök an sus neprnsgs g` sb``ök prnsbankfbg`.

2ds egckgtns an` nstg8d, nk fgembd, kd ansngmgk bktnrvnkbr nk pd`1tbfg nk ldreg abrnftg./stg tuvd, nktdkfns, fded prdtgcdkbstgs vbsbm`ns g ukg n`btn ldregag pdr prdlnsbdkg`ns an`gs fgpgs enabgs y hgfnkagads prdvbkfbg`ns an munkg pdsbfbök sdfbg` gukun an edanstgsbtugfbök nfdköebfg. 2g egydr1g an n``ds nrgk gmdcgads un gahnr1gk g` `bmnrg`bsed pdsbtbvbstg bepnrgktn nk `g âpdfg, pdr `d un snkt1gk gpncd pdr `ds s1emd`ds anedfr#tbfdsgukun, g` ebsed tbnepd y nk fdktrgstn fdk n` bangrbd `bmnrg`, gfnptgmgk n` sbstnegnstgenktg` y `g adebkgfbök an `g d`bcgru1g (A`nbk, 0NG+ G;-.

2g pd`1tbfg lun vbstg fded n` &kbfd fgebkd pgrg `ds =övnkns gembfbdsds, g` puktd an un pnranr uk fgrcd dlbfbg` "fdkstbtu1g uk ansgstrn pgrg `g fgrrnrg an uk bkabvbaud y pgrg sulgeb`bg" (g``dy, 0G0+ GG-. 2ds ebnemrds an `g n`btn un nstgmgk nk n` cdmbnrkd trgtgmgk pdr tdads `ds enabds an pnregknfnr nk â`, y `ds un nstgmgk lunrg trgtgmgk an ansg`d=gr`ds.

%nc&k Vg`nkfbg Vncg, "n` bkfrnenktd an `gs gftbvbagans nfdköebfgs anrbvgad an `g ebknr1gn4trgftbvg, antnrebkö n` surcbebnktd an snftdrns an bktn`nftug`ns, pnrbdabstgs y prdlnsbdkg`ns, nep`ngads y dmrnrds. Qdads nstds fdk=uktds an trgmg=gadrns kd nrgk fgpgsrbfgs sbkd an rn`gtbvd mbnknstgr un lunrdk ``gegags nk n` pg1s fdk n` kdemrn cnkârbfd an77 /stn fdepdrtgebnktd ns fgrgftnr1stbfd an` fgpbtg`bsed edanrkd: "... /k n` fgpbtg`bsed `ds ebnemrds an `gf`gsn adebkgktn kdregènktn kd tbnknk n` tbnepd y `g nknrc1g knfnsgrbds pgrg hgfnr fdktrbmufbdkns gànsgrrd``d an `g fu`turg, y, sncukad un `g f`gsn adebkgktn anmn agr g dtrds n` fdktrd` rng`, abrnftd, an `dsenabds an vbd`nkfbg y fdnrfbök K...D enabag un sn ansgrrd``g ukg nfdkde1g nstrufturgènktn ablnrnkfbgag,sn prdaufn ukg ablnrnkfbgfbök an dtrgs nstrufturgs sdfbg`ns anktrd an `g sdfbnaga murcunsg: `gs bkstbtufbdknseb`btgrns, =uabfbg`ns, pd`bfbg`ns y pnkg`ns K...D gs1 tgembâk Kn` fgpbtg`bstg snD gpgrtg an `g bktnrvnkfbök fdtbabgkgnk `g pd`1tbfg, an `g edvb`b$gfbök rutbkgrbg an` pdanr y `g gadpfbök eukagkg an anfbsbdkns. Qgembâk nstd snfdkvbnrtn nk `g gftbvbaga nspnfbg`b$gag an uk nstrgtd abstbktd, `g f`gsn pd`åtbfg" (9duàknr, 0LN+ )GL-

77



Ef`gsns enabgsE, `gs fug`ns sn fgrgftnrb$grdk pdr su bkenabgtg gftugfbök nk `g pd`1tbfgkgfbdkg`. /stgs Ef`gsns enabgsE bktnrenabgs nktrn `ds pdtnktgads ebknrds y tnrrgtnkbnktns y`ds grtnsgkds enstb$ds, lunrdk `gs un kutrbnrdk gmukagktnenktn an fguag` huegkd g `gslb`gs an` <grtbad 2bmnrg`. /k fgembd, n` <grtbad Fdksnrvgadr lun bktncrgad pdr cgedkg`ns,grtnsgkds nkrbunfbads, neprnsgrbds ebknrds, sus cnrnktns, gaebkbstrgadrns y tnstglnrrds."

(Vg`nkfbg Vncg, 0G5+ GN-. d dmstgktn `d n4punstd pdr Vg`nkfbg Vncg, !nègkk y dtrdshbstdrbgadrns, . Brurd$ub glbreg un nk `gs fdktbnkags pgrtbagrbgs md`bvbgkgs fdepbtnk"bkabvbauds fdk bcug`ns fug`bagans nfdköebfgs, pd`1tbfgs y fu`turg`ns". 2d un `g hgfn pnksgr un `gs ablnrnkfbgs pgrtbagrbgs nrgk, gktn tdad, `g n4prnsbök an` fdktrd` an `gs n`btnssdmrn n` sbstneg pd`1tbfd, y kd dmnanf1gk g abstbktgs pdsbfbdkns band`öcbfgs, sdfbg`ns d prdlnsbdkg`ns, sbkd g `g "knfnsbaga an `ncbtbegr g `ds pdsnnadrns an` pdanr nfdköebfd gtrgvâs an` rnfdkdfbebnktd an su prnsnkfbg pd`1tbfg" (Brurd$ub, 00L+ NG M NG;-.

/` pdsbtbvbsed aurgktn `ds &`tbeds g8ds an` sbc`d 3B3 hgmr1g sbad `g band`dc1g an `ds prdlnsbdkg`ns an f`gsn enabg gcrupgads nk n` <grtbad 2bmnrg`. Fugkad g`cukds fdksnrvgadrnssn bkfdrpdrgk g â`, y âstn sn fdkvbnrtn nk n` pgrtbad an `ds crupds adebkgktns, kd gmgkadkgnstg pdsbfbök lb`dsölbfg.

"/` pdsbtbvbsed spnkfnrbgkd, pdr `d tgktd, tnrebkö fdkvnrtbad nk n` pnksgebnktd an `gs f`gsns enabgs y an `gs f`gsns adebkgktns g` ebsedtbnepd, y, kgturgènktn, tgembâk nk n` an `ds abstbktds mgkanr1ds unrnprnsnktgmgk g `gs ukgs y g `gs dtrgs: `bmnrg`ns nk tdags sus rgegs,cnkubkds y rnpum`bfgkds" (!n`ègkk Vn`gran, 0LN+ )0G-.

<grg g`cukds hbstdrbgadrns, n` pdsbtbvbsed `bmnrg` nrg uk pgrgabceg nurdpnd un sn bktnktötrgksp`gktgr an ukg egknrg ldr$gag g `g fu`turg md`bvbgkg. %bk nemgrcd, brö _unsgag(00;+ ;N- dpbkg un, nk 2gtbkdgeârbfg, crupds ablnrnktns anau=nrdk an nstg band`dc1g `gsfdksnfunkfbgs un knfnsbtgmgk pgrg =ustblbfgr su gffbdkgr pd`1tbfd, sumrgygkad un n` pdsbtbvbsed lun "nk cnknrg` `g band`dc1g an ukg f`gsn adebkgktn, pnrd g enkuad hg snrvbadtgembâk fded band`dc1g an `bmnrgfbök".

/s rg$dkgm`n pnksgr un `ds crupds sumg`tnrkds an `g f`gsn enabg urmgkg pusbnrdk e#sâklgsbs nk `ds gspnftds `bmnrg`ns y prdcrnsbstgs an` spnkfnrbsed (snfu`grb$gfbök, td`nrgkfbgy ansgrrd``d an `g bkabvbaug`baga- un nk `g fdembkgfbök an nvdùfbdkbsed sdfbg` yantnrebkbsed rgfbg` un sbrvbö an mgsn g `g adebkgfbök mgsgag nk `gs ablnrnkfbgs rgfbg`ns./k nstn snktbad, `ds `bmnrg`ns egktuvbnrdk `gs `bmnrtgans fbvb`ns pgrg m`gkfds y enstb$ds, y pdsbmb`btgrdk ukg vbag bktn`nftug` pu=gktn pgrg `g n`btn (A`nbk, 0G)+ )*J-. %bk nemgrcd, `gbcugàga =ur1abfg sö`d rnc1g pgrg `g n`btn egsfu`bkg) fuyds ebnemrds sn fdksbanrgmgk

7=

"/k 0*J, abn$ eu=nrns lunrdk lgvdrnfbags fdk mnfgs an nstuabd g Fhb`n nk `g rgeg an `g adfnkfbg. /ktrn0* y 0), `g egydr1g an n``gs rncrnsö y fdenk$ö g n=nrfnr y gp`bfgr `ds fdkdfbebnktds gaubrbads. suvn$, `g rnldreg naufgtbvg abrbcbag pdr n` pnagcdcd mn`cg 9ndrcn dueg nepn$ö g agr sus lrutds. %nnstgm`nfbö `g naufgfbök eb4tg nk `gs kdreg`ns rnfbâk frngags, sn lukagrdk `ds prbenrds `bfnds an sn8drbtgs y nk0) `g Okbvnrsbaga gydr an %gk karâs gmrbö sus punrtgs g `gs eu=nrns. 2g adfnkfbg tuvd crgkrnpnrfusbök nk `g fnrrgag sdfbnaga an `g prncunrrg an` Fhgfd. 6nsan n` egcbstnrbd nenrcbnrdk eu=nrns fuydbepu`sd sn fnktrö nk `g fdkubstg an `ds anrnfhds `gmdrg`ns, f1vbfds y pd`1tbfds y fdktrg `ds prn=ubfbds yadcegs hnrnagads, utb`b$gads pgrg `ncbtbegr `g adebkgfbök an `g eu=nr. ftbvbaga un g vgrbgs `gs nkfgebkö

pdr `g snkag an` pnrbdabsed y `g pd`1tbfg, lukagenktg` pgrg `g tdeg an fdkfbnkfbg y n` anmgtn sdmrn `g prdm`ne#tbfg. " (Fgprg, )**;+ N5-

7=



bcug`ns, g` rnstd an `g pdm`gfbök sn `d trgtgmg mg=d frbtnrbds nstgenktg`ns. pnsgr an un `gsfgstgs kd nrgk dlbfbg`enktn rnfdkdfbags, n``gs pnregknfbnrdk bep`1fbtgs (Vnr Hgrrgc#k,000-.

/` <grtbad gabfg`; ansan n` puktd an vbstg an `ds prbkfbpbds nrg ukg rnglbregfbök an`

`bmnrg`bsed, gukun sn gprd4beö g` sdfbg`bsed nurdpnd y nstd `n pnrebtbö grrgkfgr g ukg pgrtn an `ds trgmg=gadrns an `gs lb`gs `bmnrg`ns. d dmstgktn, su vbag lun fdrtg:

"/k Ksö`dD uk g8d an gftbvbaga pgr`genktgrbg fgsb tdads sus nlnftbvdslunrdk gmsdrmbads pdr n` dlbfbg`bsed K`bmnrg`D y fdkf`uyö fdk uk k&f`ndan fugtrd abputgads. 2ds rgabfg`ns nrgk bktn`nftug`ns sbk eufhdssncubadrns y n``ds ebseds rntdrkgrdk g` trdkfd prbkfbpg` an` `bmnrg`bsedd g sus anscg=gebnktds rnpum`bfgkds" (2drg, 0GL+ 5-.

nfdraneds un `g abvbsbök nk pgrtbads kd dmnanfbö g ablnrnkfbgs sdfbg`ns y prdlnsbdkg`ns,"kb sbubnrg nrg band`öcbfg nk snktbad nstrbftd" (Brurd$ub, 00L+ NG)-.

"6ntr#s an `gs vgrbgm`ns y sustgktbvgs ablnrnkfbgs nktrn fdksnrvgadrns,`bmnrg`ns y rnpum`bfgkds sumygf1g ukg ebseg fu`turg, uk fdk=uktd an pr#ftbfgs y fdkfnpfbdkns un fdkldregmgk n` begcbkgrbd fd`nftbvd an`crupd prbvb`ncbgad, y un, anspuâs an `g fdktbnkag n`nftdrg`, dm`bcgmgk gukg pd`1tbfg an fdkfb`bgfbök un gsncurgsn `g fdhnsbök crupg` an `g n`btn". (Brurd$ub, 000+ )0L-.

ukun tdags tnk1gk nk fde&k uk ebsed `nkcug=n pd 1tbfd, rn bcbdsd y sdfbg`, "`gsabvnrcnkfbgs adftrbkg`ns snrv1gk an prntn4td g` bktnrâs pd`1tbfd an fgag pgrtbad y nstgmgk`n=ds an fdkstbtubr edtbvds lukagenktg`ns an fdktrdvnrsbg" (Brurd$ub, )**;S+ ;J-.

/` prdcrgeg an `g Okbök npum`bfgkg, pdr n=nep`d, kd sg`bö an` egrfd an` `bmnrg`bsed. %bknemgrcd, n` pgrtbad sn lrgffbdkö fded fdksnfunkfbg an` pnrsdkg bsed an sus abrbcnktns yan `g gadpfbök an ablnrnktns pnrlb`ns band`öcbfds: Okg an `gs rgegs e#s bepdrtgktns nstuvdfdkaufbag pdr Hgutbstg %ggvnarg, ubnk fdktgmg fdk n` gpdyd an `ds snftdrns enabdsurmgkds, y dtrg pdr 6gkbn` %g`gegkfg an drbnktgfbök e#s fdksnrvgadrg.

Hgutbstg %ggvnarg, `1anr an dmrnrds y grtnsgkds, ubnk abftg `gs prbenrgs `nyns sdfbg`ns ygep`1g `gs mgsns f`bnktn`bstgs an `g anedfrgfbg d`bc#rubfg, ns n` gutdr an uk vbd`nktd gtgunrgfbstg adkan ``ncg g anfbr un sb n` bkabd gcdtgad pdr sus sulrbebnktds sn rnmn`g fdktrg susdprnsdrns, hgy un gp`gstgr`d fded g uk gkbeg` pn`bcrdsd5.

1% #+r+d+ ? /rt"+ /d!>t"+

76 %nc&k !rgkfdvbfh, 6gkbn` %#kfhn$ Hustgegktn lun ukd an `ds lukagadrns an` <grtbad gabfg` (0GJ+ ;0-.9. 2drg enkfbdkg nktrn sus ebnemrds g !rgk$ Qgegyd, V. nkad$g, 2ubs /. /spbkd$g, 9ustgvd F. Itnrd, V.!nrk#kan$ y V. \gfdkntg (2drg, 0GL+ ;-

71 Fbtgad pdr . \gvg`ntg (0GN+ GJ-

76



%nc&k 9. !rgkfdvbfh (0G5+ J-, `ds `bmnrg`ns rng`b$grdk ukg `gmdr lnfukag, fdkstruftbvg ysbk prnfnanktns pgrg nstgm`nfnr `ds prbkfbpbds rnpum bfgkds y anedfr#tbfds nk n` pg1s+ pnrdn` g`td crgad an cnknrg`b$gfbök fdk un sn prnsnktgmgk `ds prbkfbpbds `bmnrg`ns, y `gfdklusbök fdkfnptug` un n4bst1g nktrn d*+ttd*"!+<d !mnr"!+<d y rn/m!"*+<dabd `ucgr g pdsbfbdkns fdktrgabftdrbgs y nklrnktgags un rnbvbkabfgrdk pgrg s1 n` kunvd

bangrbd. (Brurd$ub, )**;m+ L- .2ds târebkds "$!!+<d y <!t"r+<d sn fdkvbrtbnrdk nk uk rnlnrnktn gc`utbkgadr pgrgrnlukagr `g np&m bfg gpn`gkad g `g ukbaga kgfbdkg`, y fded n4p`bfgfbök an` pdruâ `gkgfbök kd hgm1g g`fgk$gad n` ebsed crgad an prdcrnsd an `ds pg1sns vnfbkds (Brurd$ub,)**;S+ )-.

%bk nemgrcd, `gs kunvgs pr#ftbfgs pd`1tbfgs kd fgembgrdk `gs fdsgs an ukg egknrg rgabfg`./` fguab``bsed (ghdrg fbvb`-, n` f`bnktn`bsed y n` pgtrbedkbg`bsed sdmrnvbvbnrdk. /k n` pnr1dad fdksnrvgadr - `bmnrg` - rnpum`bfgkd fdktbkuö `g vbd`nkfbg, `g rnprnsbök y n` n4b`bd an`ds dpdsbtdrns.

"2ds fgembds an cdmbnrkd yg kd sn rng`b$gmgk pdr `g v1g an` cd`pn an/stgad, pnrd `gs n`nffbdkns nrgk prdfnsds adebkgads pdr n` fdhnfhd an`ds vdtgktns, n` lrguan y `g egkbpu`gfbök an `ds rnsu`tgads" (gydrcg,000+ ;;-.

/` /stgad I`bc#rubfd egktnk1g su adebkgfbök lrgcenktgkad n bkfdeukbfgkad g `dsbka1cnkgs nktrn s1 y fdk n` rnstd an `ds snftdrns sumg`tnrkds. 2g lg`tg an fdeukbfgfbdkns yan nsfun`gs egktnk1g uk sbstneg nfdköebfd nst#tbfd n bknlbfg$ mgsgad nk rn`gfbdkns ansnrvbauemrn.

"Qgktd `ds bkabds fdk tbnrrgs d sbk n``gs, pdr `g tdtg` lg`tg an lgfb`bagansan naufgfbök, an dpdrtukbagans nfdköebfgs y adebkbd an` babdegnspg8d , sn egktnk1gk fdep`ntgenktn gbs`gads an `g vbag pd`1tbfgkgfbdkg`. /stds bkabds gyegrgs y unfhugs K...D nstgmgk gbs`gads an `gskdregs dffbanktg`ns y tnk1gk pdfg d kbkcukg fdkfnpfbök y pgrtbfbpgfbök nk `gs ldregs an vbag y fu`turgs kd bkabgs" (A`nbk, 0NG+N-.

/` gpgrgtd f`bnktn`1stbfd gaebkbstrgad pdr `ds tnrrgtnkbnktns fdktrd`gmg `ds kn4ds un`bcgmgk g` nstgenktd bkabd fdk `g sdfbnaga. /` bkabd lun bkstrubad ansan =dvnk gfnrfg an `dsrd`ns un `n nrgk pnrebtbads, y g&k fugkad gspbrgrg g `g fbuagagk1g kd tnk1g `ds enabds pgrgg`fgk$gr`g. <dr `d tgktd, anm1g gfuabr g `g tutn`g an` pgtrök nk n` egrfd an e&`tbp`nsfdkn4bdkns y pr#ftbfgs sdfbg`nsJ: rn`gfbdkns an prdauffbök, dm bcgfbdkns rbtug`ns nbktnrfgembds (ddrn, 0L0+ G M *-. <nrd gane#s an `g bktnrenabgfbök pgtrdkg`, hgm1g dtrdsgcnktns enstb$ds un n=nrf1gk `g rnprnsnktgfbök an `ds bkabds y pdsbmb`btgmgk su bksnrfbök nk

7> nrnfn uk fdenktgrbd `g bkstbtufbök an` "fdepgarg$cd". /rg ukg rn`gfbök an rnfbprdfbaga fdk dm`bcgfbdknsgsbeâtrbfgs. 2ds bkabds gadptgmgk n` pgpn` an "ghb=gads" y `ds pgarbkds nrgk gun``ds un sn nkfdktrgmgk nken=dr sbtugfbök sdfbdMnfdköebfg. /` fdepgarg$cd lun ukg ldreg an pgrnktnsfd an drank sbemö`bfd y tgembâkuk enfgkbsed an fdktrd`. (Vn#sn V. 9bdragkd, 00N-.

71



n` sbstneg an adebkgfbök, tg`ns fded `ds furgfgs, enrfganrns, pd`bf1gs, usurnrds ytbktnrb``ds, an gfunrad fdk sus rnspnftbvgs rgegs an gftugfbök (ddrn, 0L0+ )-. Qdag nstgcgeg an bktnrenabgrbds trgksebt1g `ds n`nenktds an `g band`dc1g adebkgktnN (gydrcg,00;+ GL-.

/` sbstneg nfdköebfd, y `g pgrtbfu`gr pdsbfbök un dfupgmg n` hgfnkagad nk abfhd sbstneg,ansg`nktgmg n` nep`nd an eâtdads edanrkds nk `g prdauffbök gcr1fd`g. 2ds fd`dkds prdpdrfbdkgmgk egkd an dmrg crgtubtg, sneb``gs, trgkspdrtn y hnrrgebnktgs, rnfbmbnkad nkfdepnksgfbök n` usulruftd an `g tbnrrg adkan prdauf1gk crgkds pgrg su sumsbstnkfbg. 2g prdauffbök kd `n fdstgmg kgag g` hgfnkagad y `gs cgkgkfbgs un dmtnk1g nrgk pgrg su prdpbdfdksued (A`nbk+ 0NG+ 0-. Wgy uk ansbktnrâs pdr `gs pr#ftbfgs prdauftbvgs, `g tbnrrg nslunktn an rnktg y an prnstbcbd sdfbg`. 2g prdpnksbök g` fdksued an ù=d ns uk rgscdfgrgftnr1stbfd an `gs grbstdfrgfbgs. 2g vbag pd`1tbfg, `g vbag =ur1abfg y sdmrn tdad `g vbagfdtbabgkg kd sn pgrnf1gk nk kgag g `ds pgrgabcegs fgpbtg`bstgs (\gvg`ntg, 0GN+ -.

2gs ankdebkgfbdkns gadptgags pdr `ds pgrtbads ("fdksnrvgadr" y "`bmnrg`"- gktns un g ukgablnrnkfbg prdcrge#tbfg, dmnanf1gk g` ansnd an musfgr `g gfnptgfbök bktnrkgfbdkg` y `gfdksbcubnktn `ncbtbebaga, pdr pgrtn an pgrtbads an dtrgs kgfbdkns un ``nvgmgk n` ebsedrötu`d (Brurd$ub, 000m+ )00-.

Fgag pgrtbad sn prnsnktgmg fded n` vnraganrd pdrtgvd$ an` bangrbd `bmnrg`. Fugkad surc1guk pgrtbad kunvd, cnknrgènktn ldregad pdr `ds ebnemrds ansfdktnktds an `g n`btn, gfusgmgg` pgrtbad cdmnrkgktn an bkedrg`baga y gmgkadkd an `ds prbkfbpbds an` `bmnrg`bsed.

2ds pgrtbads an `g dpdsbfbök prdkukfbgmgk absfursds ``nkds an fdksbckgs rgabfg`ns nk fdktrgan `g fdrrupfbök y n` gtrgsd. %bk nemgrcd, tdads prgftbfgmgk `g fdrrupfbök y `g fdgffbök pgrg cgkgr `gs n`nffbdkns y sö`d n` pnranadr fg`blbfgmg an lrguan g `g n`nffbök fded uk prbenr pgsd pgrg kncdfbgr bklùnkfbgs fdk n` pgrtbad cgkgadr (Brurd$ub, 000m+ ;*-.

2gs n`btns fdksbanrgmgk un `g =uvnktua y `ds grtnsgkds nrgk snftdrns f`gvn pgrg su prdynftd pd`1tbfd. 2ds =övnkns y `ds grtnsgkds anm1gk ukbrsn g `gs "f`gsns gftbvgs" pgrg pdsbmb`btgr ukgg`bgk$g fgpg$ an drbnktgr n` ruemd an `g kgfbök hgfbg n` prdcrnsd. /` pdsbtbvbsed nk tdag2gtbkdgeârbfg n4g`tö n` pgpn` an `ds =övnkns. /k Hd`bvbg, `ds nstuabgktns lunrdk pgrtbfbpgkad fgag vn$ e#s nk n` egkn=d an `gs ukbvnrsbagans, y tgembâk nk `g pd`1tbfg an` pg1s (!rgkfdvbfh, 0GJ+ )J-.

Hd`bvbg nk `ds g8ds G* nrg uk pg1s tnfkd`öcbfgenktn gvgk$gad, pnrd tdag su egubkgrbg ysus tâfkbfds prdfna1gk an` n4tnrbdr. /k `gs ukbvnrsbagans sn fu`tbvgmgk fdkdfbebnktds tg`nsfded `g =urbspruankfbg y `g tnd`dc1g. 2gs fgrrnrgs rn`gfbdkgags fdk `gs fbnkfbgs n4gftgsfgrnf1gk an `gmdrgtdrbds y prdlnsdrns fdk anabfgfbök n4fùsbvg, y `ds pdfds bkcnkbnrds ankgfbdkg`baga md`bvbgkg kd hbfbnrdk fdktrbmufbdkns an bepdrtgkfbg nk egtnrbg an tnfkd`dc1g.(A`nbk, 0G)+ 0G-.7< 6n gfunrad fdk gr1g Bsgmn` ney, nstds mb`bkcZns fdep`ntgk y fdep`bfgk n` nsfnkgrbd âtkbfd y lukfbdkgkfded bktnrenabgrbds d, nk snktbad gep`bd, fded trgauftdrns. Fdeukbfgk g `ds dtrds crupds fu`turg`ns, pnrdgane#s ds pnkntrgk (ney, 00+ 50-

7>



/` sbstneg naufgtbvd prnpgrgmg g `ds nstuabgktns pgrg dfupgr `ds prbkfbpg`ns kbvn`ns anktrdan `g n`btn, gukun `g sdfbnaga kd nstgmg nk fdkabfbdkns an sgtbslgfnr `gs gspbrgfbdkns antdads `ds =övnkns. <dr dtrg pgrtn, an gfunrad fdk `ds vg`drns trgabfbdkg`ns, nrg e#sbepdrtgktn n` `bkg=n un `gs gftbvbagans neprnsgrbg`ns. 2ds g`tds fgrcds gaebkbstrgtbvds nk

`gs neprnsgs ebknrgs nrgk ansnepn8gads pdr n4trgk=nrds, y `g murdfrgfbg an` /stgad frnf1gsbk rn`gfbök g`cukg fdk `gs lukfbdkns y dm=ntbvds an `g gaebkbstrgfbök p&m`bfg. nabkgfn`banf1g un nk `gs ukbvnrsbagans sn prnpgrgmg g `ds nstuabgktns pgrg n` "adrgad pdkcung=n an` murdfrgtbsed", nk ùcgr an drbnktgr`ds hgfbg gftbvbagans un `ns abnrgk bkanpnkankfbg y `ns pnrebtbnrgk n` ansgrrd``d fdep`ntd an `g pnrsdkg`baga (nabkgfn`b, 0N0+ ;L0-. /k nstgfu`turg, `g prdauffbök an mbnkns y snrvbfbds nrg fdksbanrgag fded g`cd un fdrrnspdka1gsnr n=nrfbad pdr cnktn prdfnanktn an `ds nstgenktds sumg`tnrkds âtkbfgenktnablnrnkfbgadsL.

/s prdmgm`n un `g n`btn ubsbnrg rngènktn frngr fbuagagkds y agr `ncbtbebaga g uk nstgadan anrnfhd anedfr#tbfd y `bmnrg + `d un humbnrg nvbtgad un `g rnp&m`bfg lunrgnstbcegtb$gag fded "uk pg1s an bkabds"+ pnrd nstgs rnldregs pdar1gk tnknr fdstdsgsdfbgads, nk târebkds an pârabag an` pdanr, un `g f`gsn abrbcnktn kd nstgmg abspunstg gsdpdrtgr. (Brurd$ub, 000m+ ;5-.

/k `d un rnspnftg g` grtnsgkgad, n` absfursd an `ds ebnemrds an `g n`btn ablnrnkfbö nk sutnrebkd`dc1g g` "rtn+"*d trgmg=gadr (n`nenktd an prdcrnsd- an` "/d/!"3d fdkstbtubad pdr `gs turmgs ansdfupgags.

2g fdrrupfbök pnrebtbö un `ds n4fùbads an` sbstneg pd`1tbfd puabnrgk vdtgr y pgrtbfbpgr anegknrg gftbvg. <dr nstg v1g, n` vdtd b`ncg` lun frngkad fdkfbnkfbg an `g bepdrtgkfbg an`sulrgcbd nk `ds snftdrns pdpu`grns. 6n nstg egknrg, sn lun bkfu`fgkad "nk n` begcbkgrbdfd`nftbvd `g bcugàga sdfbg`, `g fbuagagk1g pd`1tbfg y `g banktbaga kgfbdkg , n4pgkabnkad `grntörbfg an `g anedfrgfbg fded sbkökbed an fbvb`b$gfbök" (Brurd$ub, 000m+ ;*0-.

Qdads `ds snftdrns pdpu`grns pgrtbfbpgmgk nk `gs n`nffbdkns, nspnfbgènktn `ds enstb$dsurmgkds. Imrnrds y grtnsgkds lunrdk vdtgktns, gfuabnrdk g `ds e1tbkns, gftugrdk fdedegtdkns y gf`gegrdk g `ds fgkabagtds. /k tdags `gs ansfrbpfbdkns an `ds fdebfbds an `g

73 Yg nk n` sbc`d 3B3, n` naufgadr lrgkfâs egand @gfuns, frbtbfgmg aurgenktn g `ds edàns naufgtbvdshnrnagads an `g fd`dkbg: ?2gs rnfdkd$fd bkabspnksgm`ns Kg `gs WuegkbagansD pgrg ads prdlnsbdkns sbubnrg, `gan` ldrd y `g an` sgcrgad ebkbstnrbd, y sâ un sdk nk tdag fbrfukstgkfbg an `g vbag, uk mn``1sbed gadrkd an`nktnkabebnktd. <nrd n4fnptugkad g `gs ads prdlnsbdkns un gfgmd an rnlnrbr ns prnfbsd fdklnsgr un `gs `ntrgsnspnfbgènktn `gtbkgs d an gktbcZnaga sdk uk ù=d. <rbenrd, puns un n` ù=d (sn- anmn gtnkanr g `d knfnsgrbd(@F_O/%, (GJG- abgrbd N` Nfd an` drtn, Fbt pdr Vbckg, 0LL+ L5-

/sn ns, nlnftbvgenktn, eb pnksgebnktd adebkgktn nk n` snktbad nk un anmn snr abrbcbag `g =uvnktua grcnktbkg,ns n` an `gs fbnkfbgs &tb`ns an gun``gs fbnkfbgs un tbnknk `g vbag egtnrbg`, nk `gs prdlnsbdkns enrfgktb`ns, nk`g bkaustrbg gcr1fd`g y pgstdrb`, y nk fugktd sn rnlbnrn g` ansgrrd``d y nkcrgkanfbebnktd an `g rbun$g p&m`bfg y

prbvgag, gp`bfgfbdkns an fgag a1g y an fgag edenktd7 (Qgepdfd- ?Psn trgtg, fded g`cukds `d pbnksgk,tdegkad g` kb8d g` sg`br an `ds nstuabds n`nenktg`ns, nksn8grsn uk dlbfbd, an `gk$gr`d g ukg fgrrnrg nspnfbg`, anhgfnr an âstn uk fdenrfbgktn, an gun` dtrd uk eâabfd d uk =urbsfdksu`td, an dtrd tnrfnrd uk gcrbenksdrU K...Dgrrbmg an tdags `gs nksn8gk$gs nspnfbg`ns ns knfnsgrbd un hgyg nk ukg kgfbök fbvb`b$gag ukg nksn8gk$gcnknrg` un fu`tbvn tdad n` nktnkabebnktd, rdmustnfbnkad y adfb b$gkad tdads sus pdanrns kgturg`ns7(@F_O/%, . ?nedrbg an GNJ7, Fbt. pdr Vbckg, 0LL+ LJ > LN-.

7<



âpdfg sn gavbnrtn un `ds un vbtdrngmgk, sn nemdrrgfhgmgk, nrgk gpg`ngads y fg1gk prnsdsnrgk dmrnrds, grtnsgkds y pndkns an hgfbnkag (Brurd$ub, 000m+ ;-.

Okg an `gs ldregs un tnk1gk `ds n4fùbads pgrg fdkvnrtbrsn nk fbuagagkds nrg rn`gfbdkgrsnfdk g`c&k kdtgm`n un tuvbnrg bklùnkfbg sulbfbnktn fded pgrg hgfnr bktnrprntgr `gs kdregs

un rncu`gmgk n` sulrgcbd. 2g `1kng un snpgrgmg "`d fdrrnftd an `d pdsbm`n" sn hg``gmgsbneprn ansabmu=gag agkad ùcgr g abstbktgs pr#ftbfgs (Brurd$ub, )**;g-. /std lgfb`btö `gablusbök an `gs rn`gfbdkns f`bnktn`grns:

"/` f`bnktn`bsed fdkstbtuyn ukg ldreg nspnfbg` an bktnrfgembd aug`nktrn gftdrns an pdanr y nstgtus ansbcug`, mgsgag nk `g rntrbmufbök ungemgs pgrtns nspnrgk dmtnknr g trgvâs an `g prnstgfbök an mbnkns ysnrvbfbds, ukg an `g dtrg y un fnsg nk n` edenktd nk un n` mnknlbfbdnspnrgad sn egtnrbg`b$g". (Brurd$ub, )**;m-.

/stg pr#ftbfg tbnkn ads gspnftds: pdr uk `gad, ns uk bkstruenktd an fdktrd` sdfbg` un gtnk&gn` eg`nstgr sdfbg`+ pdr n` dtrd, pnrebtn un `ds pgrtbads gffnagk fdk "`ncbtbebaga" g`cdmbnrkd y n4prnsg n` anrnfhd bkabvbaug` g` abslrutn an `g fbuagagk1g pdr pgrtn an `dsf`bnktns.

Vbstg gs1 `g rn`gfbök f`bnktn`gr sn kds eunstrg fded uk prdfnsd fuyd snktbad nst# nkfdktbkug rnn`gmdrgfbök, `d un kd sbneprn ns fdeprnkabad pdr `ds gutdrns fdktnepdr#knds(Brurd$ub, 000m+ )0L- /s anfbr, fded ukg lgsn nk n` prdfnsd an ldregfbök an `gfbuagagk1g pdr n` fug` sn fdkstruyn n` /stgad edanrkd g trgvâs an `g frnfbnktn bktncrgfbökan abvnrsds snftdrns an `g sdfbnaga "g` #embtd an` rnfdkdfbebnktd pd`1tbfd g trgvâs an `dsanrnfhds" (Qgpbg, )**+ ;-

2ds enstb$ds anegkagrdk naufgfbök fded uk enabd pgrg `g edvb`baga sdfbg`, `ds bka1cnkgs`g rnf`gegrdk pgrg gaubrbr `g fdkabfbök an fbuagagkd y anlnkanr `g prdpbnaga an sustbnrrgsG. /stgs anegkags bmgk abrbcbags g cdmnrkgktns nk fuyd absfursd `g naufgfbök nrgukd an `ds n`nenktds e#s pdanrdsds pgrg g`fgk$gr n` prdcrnsd.

2ds rnprnsnktgktns an `ds snftdrns pdpu`grns kd nlnftugrdk anegkags pgrg un sn gep`bgrg`g fbuagagk1g, sbkd un gsuebnrdk `ds frbtnrbds an n4fùsbök prdpbds an `g anedfrgfbgfnksbtgrbg+ gukun nstd kd sbckblbfgmg un lunrgk bkablnrnktns hgfbg `g fdkabfbök anfbuagagkd. <dr n` fdktrgrbd, rnfdkdfbnkad un n` gkg`lgmntbsed `bebtgmg su fgpgfbaga pd`1tbfg y gfnptgkad g `g naufgfbök fded s1emd`d an prdcrnsd y fbvb`b$gfbök, `ds `1anrnsbktnktgrdk anedstrgr un fuep`1gk fdk `ds rnubsbtds y trgtgmgk an fdeprdentnr g` /stgad pgrg un lgfb`btgrg abfhd fuep`bebnktd+ pnksgkad un nstd `ds fd`dfgr1g nk pbn an bcugàgafdk n` rnstd an `g pdm`gfbök, pdr nkfbeg an `gs ablnrnkfbgs âtkbfgs y nstgenktg`ns.

2ds bkvnstbcgadrns un rng`b$grdk n` nstuabd an `ds adfuenktds an `g âpdfg fdkstgtgrdk un`ds `1anrns bka1cnkgs tnk1gk fdkfbnkfbg an` vg`dr pd`1tbfd an `g naufgfbök+ gukun `gs pbn$gsadfuenktg`ns abspdkbm`ns kd pnrebtbnrdk rng`b$gr `g ebseg glbregfbök pgrg n` rnstd an `g

78 "2ds fgfbuns ansan 0) g 0G sd`bfbtgmgk `g lukagfbök an nsfun`gs bkabcnkg`ns yg sng sdstnkbags pdr n`cdmbnrkd d pdr n``ds" (Fhdun Fgkub, 0GN+ 5LG-.

73



pdm`gfbök bka1cnkg. <dr dtrg pgrtn, sn ansfdkdfn eufhd sdmrn gun``gs gftugfbdkns an `dsebnemrds an `ds snftdrns pdpu`grns un kd nktrgk anktrd an `g fgtncdr1g an "`d hnrdbfd"(Brurd$ub, 000-.

2ds `1anrns bka1cnkgs musfgrdk nktgm`gr rn`gfbdkns fdk pnrsdkgs n bkstbtufbdkns an` eukad

urmgkd y g`bgrsn g n``gs (pd`1tbfds, gmdcgads, pgrtbads, edvbebnktd dmrnrd, sgfnradtns nbktn`nftug`ns- agkad ùcgr g` tn=bad an `gs fdksbcubnktns rnans f bnktn`grns. /stgs ldregs anrn`gfbdkgebnktd y enabgfbök sbrvbnrdk an kn4d nktrn n` fnktrd urmgkd edanrkb$gktn y `g pnrblnrbg trgabfbdkg` (Brurd$ub, 000-.

2g ùfhg `ncg` (n` rnfursd g `ds trbmukg`ns y n` egkn=d an` pgpn`nd gaebkbstrgtbvd- lunrng`b$gag fdk `g gyuag an gmdcgads an punm`d, pnydrgtbvgenktn ``gegads "tbktnrb``ds". 2ggrcuenktgfbök sn rng`b$gmg nk târebkds un `ds dpdknktns puabnrgk fdeprnkanr, an nstgegknrg sn pnkntrgmg nk n` nthds frbd``d gprdvnfhgkad `gs fdktrgabffbdkns an` absfursd an gn`btn. (bvnrg, 0GN-.

` `gad an `gs ldregs `ncg`ns, surcbnrdk mgsns an `ncbtbegfbök gkabkgs, tg`ns fded `ds ebtdsan` 2kfg 7b mgsgad nk n` ansfugrtb$gebnktd an Qupgf Agtgrb, n` un snc&k `g trgabfbök drgùn bkspbrö g `ds `1anrns an `g rnmn`bök an Fgubgvbrb "vd`vnr# fdkvnrtbad nk eb`ns aneb`ns"+ y n` edvbebnktd ensb#kbfd an !nrkgkad 'gkgfu un, nktrn dtrgs fdksnfunkfbgs,drbcbkö `g frngfbök an ukg lnrbg adkan fgag =unvns sn rnuk1gk ads eb` fgepnsbkds gègrcnk an` edkdpd`bd fdenrfbg` an `ds hgfnkagads0 (bvnrg, 0GN+ 50-.

6nspuâs an `g anrrdtg an` edvbebnktd an \#rgtn 3b`fg `gs rnvun tgs tnrebkgrdk y `gsldregs an rnsbstnkfbg bka1cnkg sn egkblnstgrdk fded gftds gbs`gads: gmbcngtd, sgmdtg=ns,unegs an fgsgs an hgfbnkag pdr egkds gkökbegs+ gukun surcbnrdk mrdtns an rnmnà1g`dfg`b$gads fded n` an <gfg=ns (05-, Fgubgvbrb (0G- y edvb`b$gfbdkns bktnrebtnktns,nktrn eufhgs dtrgs ldregs an rnmnà1g (bvnrg, 0GN+ ;N M ;L-.

% GK:@BVBV R FDKF@^VBDKNV

72 %nc&k \gvg`ntg, `g lukfbök sdfbg` an `ds hgfnkagads nrg rnfdcnr n` n4fnanktn bepbabnkad n` gffnsd an`fgepnsbkd g` enrfgad. /` enrfgad y n` eukad anm1gk n4bstbr g trgvâs an` sn8dr (\gvg`ntg, 0GN+ ;-

78



/k `d n4punstd nk `gs snffbdkns gktnrbdrns, nkfdktrgeds pdr `d enkds fugtrd pgrns andpdsbfbdkns fgrgftnr1stbfgs an` absfursd an `gs n`btns frbd``gs.

Fbuagagk1gbkabvbaudenstb$d d m`gkfd <unm`d drbcbkgrbdfdeukbagabka1cnkg

Fbvb`b$gfbök HgrmgrbnFbuagagkd kdtgm`n, `ntrgad fdk hdkrg y lgeg Bkabds y enstb$ds (fhd`ds-rtnsgkd fdksfbnktn <dpu`gfhd

/k `g Fd`dkbg, `g sdfbnaga sn abvba1g nk ads "rnp&m`bfgs", `g an `ds nspg8d`ns y `g an `dsbkabds, fgag ukg an n``gs rncu`gag pdr ukg `ncbs`gfbök nspnf1lbfg. 2g pdm`gfbök an drbcnknurdpnd sn umbfgmg nk `gs fbuagans y `g an drbcnk gkabkd nk `ds pdm`gads rurg`ns, pnregknfbnkad gemds gcrupgebnktds `bcgads pdr dm`bcgfbdkns trbmutgrbgs y an trgmg=d.Bepdrtgktns bkvnstbcgfbdkns)* hgk punstd an rn`bnvn un gemgs =urbsabffbdkns nrgk, ansan n` puktd an vbstg an `ds bkabds, #embtds pgrg n` n=nrfbfbd an` prdpbd cdmbnrkd. 2gs banktbagans pd`grb$gags m`gkfds bkabds lunrdk ansgrrd``gkad ukg kdfbök fdepgrtbag an "bkabgkbaga"

un trgsfnka1g `gs lrgfturgs an prbvb`ncbd, ntkbfbaga y câknrd (%tnphnksdk, )**;+ JN-.

`cukds gutdrns sdstbnknk un mg=d `gs adftrbkgs auadsgenktn fbnkt1lbfgs an` pdsbtbvbsed`gtbkdgenrbfgkd sumygfn `g vbsbök hnrnagag an `g Fd`dkbg, fuyd rgscd fnktrg` hgm1g sbad prnfbsgenktn `g fdn4bstnkfbg an `g rnp&m`bfg an nspg8d`ns y kgturg`ns" (Wg`pnrbk 6dkchb,00L-+ nk pg`gmrgs an \gvg`ntg, n` agrwbkbsed sdfbg` nrg "`g rgfbdkg`b$gfbök n& pdst an g`cdun yg hgm1g dfurrbad" (\gvg`ntg, 0GN+ );)-.

d sn punan kncgr `g n4bstnkfbg an ukg fdktbkubaga nktrn n` pnksgebnktd trgabfbdkg` y nèdanrkd. 2g glbregfbök an un `gs n`btns `gtbkdgenrbfgkgs gftugrdk bebtgkad snrvbènktn g`gs bangs lb`dsölbfgs y pd`1tbfgs an `g /urdpg danrkg, sbk gtnkanr `d nspnf1lbfd an kunstrg

rng`baga, ns sö`d rn`gtbvgenktn fbnrtg. 2g `nfturg un rng`b$ö `g n`btn an `ds f`#sbfds an `gedanrkbaga kd puad hgfnrsn ansan uk vgf1d fu`turg`, yg un tdag `nfturg supdkn `gbktnrprntgfbök y rnfrngfbök an` tn4td g pgrtbr an` fdktn4td an` `nftdr.

2gs n`btns gsuebnrdk fded &kbfd pgrgabceg v#`bad pgrg fdkstrubr n` /stgad, y gffnanr g `g9!0"=*, un `ds punm`ds bka1cnkgs ldregmgk pgrtn an `g m"rm"rn, an `d sg`vg=n.

"/stgs tndr1gs rgfbstgs unagrdk prdktd ansprnstbcbgags nk Hd`bvbg nk suegkblnstgfbök abrnftg, gukun sn egktuvbnrdk aurgktn eufhd tbnepdvbcdrdsgs nk `gs nvgùgfbdkns sumfdksfbnktns an` bkabd y nk `gssdùfbdkns un mgsgmgk n` â4btd nk ukg pdsbm`n bkebcrgfbök nurdpng"

(9öen$ M grt1kn$, 0GL+ LG-.

=? Vnr Brnkn %b`vnrm`gt(00J- "Hnfdebkc Bkabgk bk thn Fnktrg` kans dl %nvnktnnktk M Fnktury <nru" /k (tnr

8d`dkbg`bse. 9ygkc <rggsh+ %b`vbg bvnrg (00;- "2g rg1$: fd`dkb$gadrns y fd`dkb$gads" /k %.bvbnrg [ .Hgrrbds. bd`nkfbgs nkfumbnrtgs nk ?d`bvbg. 2g <g$. FB<F M ruwbybrb+ . y 9ub``nred Hdklb` Hgtg``g (00-

#nksgr kunstrg fu`turg. â4bfd. `bgk$g, Fbtgads pdr %tnphnksdk ()**;-

72



6n` p#rrgld gktnrbdr sn punan bklnrbr, =uktd fdk uk rgfbsed tndrb'gad, `g n4bstnkfbg an ukrgfbsed nk nstgad prçftbfd, nkrgb$gad nk `gs vbvnkfbgs fdtbabgkgs, un sn egkblbnstg nk n`snktbad fde&k y nk ldreg an gftbtuans kd rgfbdkg`b$gags).

2g fbvb`b$gfbök anmnr1g snr g`fgk$gag g trgvâs an `g naufgfbök y an `g fdgffbök. /s anfbr g

trgvâs an `gs bkstbtufbdkns naufgfbdkg`ns y eb`btgrns. Wg`pnr1k 6dkchb sn8g`g un ldregs anrgfbsed fded âstgs kd nrgk tdtgènktn fdhnrnktns, nk tgktd sn pnksgmg un, g trgvâs anègrgvb `dsd bkstruenktd an `g gsbeb`gfbök, `g rg$g bka1cnkg pda1g nùabr `gs lgtg`bagans prdf`gegags pdr n` rgfbsed (Wg`pnr1k 6dkchb, 00L-.

2g rnsbstnkfbg an` fgepnsbkgad bkabd y sus bktnktds an rupturg an` drank fd`dkbg` nstgenktg`sn egkblnstgrdk fdk uk adm`n nkcug=n:

M `gs anegkags "hgfbg lunrg", n4prnsgags nk târebkds un `ds frbd``ds puabnrgkfdeprnkanr (prdpbnaga, naufgfbök-, utb`b$gkad `g rntörbfg pd 1tbfg adebkgktn ygfdepg8gag fdk pr#ftbfgs un fdkau=nrdk g` gprnkab$g=n an `ds anrnfhds an` fbuagagkdy `ds anmnrns an` /stgad (Brurd$ub, 000-.

M `gs anegkags "hgfbg ganktrd", rnbktnrprntgkad gs trgabfbdkns an g ufhg fd`dkbg`(bvnrg, 0GN+ J-.

Otb`b$gkad `g tnrebkd`dc1g an \gvg`ntg (0GN+ GJ-, pdaneds rnfdkdfnr nk nstn adm`n`nkcug=n ukg "band`dc1g an nebsbök" y ukg "band`dc1g bktnrbdr". /s anfbr `g ablnrnkfbg nktrnuk prdynftd `ncbtbegad un rnf`geg n` gpdyd an` dtrd+ y `g begcnk fdkfrntg an `d un sn musfg y sn ansng, un sö`d sn punan fdepgrtbr y fdeukbfgr g gun``ds un punankansfblrgr`g pdrun fdk n``ds sn hgk fdepgrtbad n4pnrbnkfbgs)).

<dr n` fdktrgrbd, `g f`gsn adebkgktn, fded `d rnvn`g `g trgkspgrnkfbg an su absfursdagrwbkbstg kd n`gmdrg ukg band`dc1g an nebsbök rngènktn hncneökbfg, sng ?pdrun kd prdynftg snaufbr g `ds bkabds sbkd n4tnrebkgr`ds7 fded glbreg \gvg`ntg (0GN+ ;0-+ d mbnk pdrun ansngmg ?pnrlnffbdkgr `g kgturg`n$g7 an `ds ebseds enabgktn gffbdkns nvdùtbvgsfded `g naufgfbök (grt1kn$, )**+ 55G-.

2g n`btn mgsgmg su adebkgfbök sdmrn `gs egsgs bkabgs, nk &`tbed târebkd, nk `g lunr$g gktnsun nk n` fdksnksd. 2g rn`gfbök an abfhg n`btn fdk `ds enstb$ds y, nk cnknrg`, fdk `g pnun8g pgrtn an `g pdm`gfbök un bktnrvnk1g nk `g pd`1tbfg ansfgksgmg nk ukg ldreg an fdksnksdrn`gtbvgenktn n`gmdrgag (A`nbk, 0G)+ )G)-, fuyg prbkfbpg` egkblnstgfbök nrg n` pgftdf`bnktn`gr.

2ds enstb$ds fuep`1gk uk bepdrtgktn pgpn` fded bktnrenabgrbds nk snktbad gep`bd, ukgsunrtn an "trgauftdrns", un fdeukbfgmgk y pnkntrgmgk g `ds dtrds nstgenktds. <dr dtrg pgrtn, su pgrtbfbpgfbök nk `gs n`nffbdkns `ncbtbegmg nk fbnrtg egknrg g` râcbenk pd`1tbfd.

/` absfursd an `g n`btn dpdk1g n` "hdkrgad grtnsgkd" g` pdpu`gfhd:

=7 . gkrbun (000- `d umbfg nktrn `d begcbkgrbd y `d band`öcbfd. /k 8bmnrgy`ù.()) M *L M 00-

== 9duàknr ansbckg g nstds lnköenkds "pgrgabceg" n "band`dc1g". Vn#sn . '. 9duàknr (0LG+ )LJ > )L0-

=?



5d*r"$d "rtn+"*dBkabvbaud trgmg=gadr g=nkd g `gs absfusbdkns pgrtbagrbgs+ n`nenktd an prdcrnsd

_d/!"3dQurmgs ansdfupgags an `ds grrgmg`ns an `dsfnktrds urmgkds, n`nenktds an` "egtdkg=n"

!unktn: Vn#sn Brurd$ub, 00L+ N0*/` absfursd an `g n`btn dsfb`gmg nktrn fdksbanrgr g `ds enstb$ds fded ukg n4prnsbök an `gstgrgs an bkabds y m`gkfds yd pnrsdkgs un knfnsbtgmgk snr gpgrtgads an `ds pd`1tbfds sbknsfr&pu`ds un fdeprgmgk n` vdtd y edvb`b$gmgk g `gs egsgs nk fdktrg an` prdcrnsd an `gkgfbök y `g nstgmb`baga sdfbg`.

%bk nemgrcd, bkvnstbcgfbdkns rnfbnktns aneunstrgk un `gs pr#ftbfgs b`ncg`ns (fdrrupfbök yvbd`nkfbg- fdkvnrt1gk g pgrtn an `ds n4fùbads nk fbuagagkds an lgftd drbcbkgkad fdedfdksnfunkfbg kd prnvbstg uk prdfnsd an gprnkab$g=n an` n=nrfbfbd n bepdrtgkfbg an `gfbuagagk1g (Brurd$ub, 000+ )0L-.

2g grtbfu`gfbök fdkstrubag pdr `d sn8drbg` nrg n` fnenktd un egktnk1g ukbag g `g sdfbnaga md`bvbgkg. 2g `öcbfg an` sn8dr sn fdkvbnrtn nk `g `öcbfg an` s&mabtd y `ncbtbeg `g nsfg`gfdkfnptug` un rdepn `gs sd`bagrbagans hdrb$dktg`ns y ldrtg`nfn `gs vnrtbfg`ns. /k pg`gmrgsan \gvg`ntg, hgy ukg `öcbfg an `g absdùfbök an `g banktbaga pdpu`gr un sn mgsg nk `g`ng`tga g `d sn8drbg`, "`ng`tga un sn rnpgrtn pdr tdag `g sdfbnaga y sus crgads" y n` nsf`gvdsn ebrg fdk `ds d=ds an` ged (\gvg`ntg, )**)+ ;) M ;;-.

ègrg$ (0G*+ *- gavbnrtn nk `ds crgkans neprnsgrbds ebknrds ukg fdktrgabffbök nktrn`g drcgkb$gfbök bkaustrbg` y tnfkd`öcbfg gvgk$gag an sus nstgm`nfbebnktds y su enktg`baganstgkfgag nk n` %bc`d 3B3. /std punan dmsnrvgrsn nk n` fdepdrtgebnktd an <gtb8d y suvbsbök an `g sdfbnaga, adkan sn fdembkg n` edanrkd nspårbtu an` fgpbtg`bsed fdk `ggfnptgfbök an `g `öcbfg sn8drbg`, `d un tuvd fded fdksnfunkfbg `g lg`tg an fdrrnspdkankfbgnktrn n` crgad an edanrkb$gfbök an `g bkaustrbg y n` egrfd bkstbtufbdkg` an `g kgfbök. 2dsgan`gktds tnfkd`öcbfds nk `gs ebkgs kd lunrdk gfdepg8gads pdr `g enktg`baga edanrkg.%n punan fgembgr uk prdfnabebnktd trgabfbdkg` pdr ukg e#ubkg, sbk gsuebr p`nkgenktn n`nspårbtu un pnrebtbö un `gs e#ubkgs n4bstgk.

%bk nemgrcd, sn anmnk g <gtb8d nlnftds edanrkb$gadrns an fbnrtg bepdrtgkfbg:

?... 2g drcgkb$gfbök euy fdep`n=g an uk sbstneg an fdenrfbg`b$gfbök y prdauffbök nk uk enabd cndcr#lbfd euy hdstb`, `g frngfbök an` Fdksn=dBktnrkgfbdkg` an` /stg8d (n` un, ga=uabfgkad fudtgs an prdauffbök gvgrbds pg1sns,bepbabö ansvnktg=gs u`tnrbdrns g Hd`bvbg anrbvgag an susfdstds egydrns an prdauffbök- y n` ansg`d=d an fgpbtg` n4trgk=nrd(egydrenktn an prdfnankfbg fhb`nkd > mrbt#kbfg- nk `g crgk prdpbnagaebknrg, `d un pgrgaö=bfgenktn pdsbmb`btö `g nstgtb$gfbök an `gs crgkansfdrpdrgfbdkns ebknrgs an 0J)7 (gksb``g, 0G5+ JN-.

2ds crgkans ebknrds utb b$grdk n` n4fnanktn pgrg bkvnrtbr`d nk su prdpbg rnprdauffbök, sbk prndfupgrsn pdr n` ansgrrd``d nfdköebfd an` pg1s. ` kd tnknr un nklrnktgr aurgktn uk

=7



`grcd pnr1dad lunrtns prnsbdkns an crupds gktgcökbfds, kd sn sbktbnrdk dm`bcgads g gadptgr ukg pd`1tbfg un, sbrvbnkad g sus bktnrnsns, bkfùynrg rnbvbkabfgfbdkns an `ds crupdssumg`tnrkds+ pdr `d un su prdynftd pd`1tbfd sn fbrfuksfrbmbö g sus prdpbds dm=ntbvds(\nenègk, 0G0+NN -. %b lunrdk bep`gktgags `gs n`nffbdkns, lun pdrun su pr#ftbfg nrgukg fgrgftnr1stbfg an pg1sns e#s ansgrrd``gads, y fded enfgkbsed an fdepntnkfbg pdr n`

cdmbnrkd nktrn `gs lrgffbdkns bktncrgktns an `g n`btn. d dmstgktn, `g nstrufturg an pdanr an `g ebknr1g dpnrö fded uk lgftdr an bktncrgfbökkgfbdkg`. %umdrabkö g` rnstd an `gs nstrufturgs an pdanr `dfg`ns y pusd nk pr#ftbfg rnldregsbkstbtufbdkg`ns (fdkstbtufbök, pgrtbads, sbstneg naufgtbvd- n bepdrtgktns dmrgs p&m`bfgs (v1gslârrngs, tn`âldkds, tn`âcrglds y fgebkds-. 6n nstg egknrg, sn frngrdk prnfdkabfbdknsknfnsgrbgs pgrg `gs trgksldregfbdkns nfdköebfgs y sdfbg`ns un sn ansgrrd``grdk fdk `grnvdùfbök kgfbdkg`.

/k `1kngs cnknrg`ns, n` prdynftd pd`1tbfd an `ds `bmnrg`ns md`bvbgkds lun uk bktnktd pdr bcug`gr g Hd`bvbg fdk `gs ``gegags kgfbdkns edanrkgs. <grglrgsngkad g Iftgvbd <g$);, pdaneds anfbr un fgembgrdk `gs e#sfgrgs an 6gktök y @nllnrsdk pdr `gs an Fdetn y%pnkfnr, fd`dfgkad fded g`tgrns nrbcbads nk hdkdr an `g fbnkfbg y n` prdcrnsd g `dslnrrdfgrrb`ns y `gs fdeukbfgfbdkns. Wn gu1 ukg fdembkgfbök an `bmnrg`bsed y pdsbtbvbsedfuyds rnprnsnktgktns e#s nsf`grnfbads, fdksfbnktns an` pn`bcrd un supdk1g `g n4bstnkfbg anukg n`btn m`gkfg n bkstrubag =uktd g ukg egydr1g an bkabds sbtugads g` egrcnk an fugùbnr ldreg an bkstruffbök y mbnknstgr, tne1gk un `g rnmn`bök an `gs egsgs n4p`dtgags prdvdfgrgn` anrruemn an `g rnp&m`bfg+ y pgrg nvbtgr`d prdpuckgmgk `g trgksldregfbök sdfbg` pgu`gtbkgenabgktn prdfnabebnktds fded `g naufgfbök y `g bkebcrgfbök.

2gs bangs `bmnrg`ns ansfdknftgags an su ?pbsd prdpbd7 (`g bkaustrbg`b$gfbök- y anmbnkadgfdp`grsn g `gs nstrufturgs an` `gtblukabd y n` nkf`gvn ebknrd, kd puabnrdk agr `ds ebsedslrutds un nk //OO d /urdpg. /` fgepd an fdkstrbffbdkns, nk n` un sn bktnktö `grng`b$gfbök an` prdynftd, fdktrbmuyö g `g ldregfbök an uk tbpd an edanrkbaga pnrblârbfgfgrgftnrb$gad pdr `g prnsnkfbg an bs`gs edanrkb'gags (g`cukgs fbuagans y fnktrds ebknrds-nk enabd an` egr fdkstbtubad pdr n` eukad gcrgrbd trgabfbdkg`.

Mm!d.r">"%

2HFB B22, @. (0LN- "2g pnrspnftbvg frbstbgkg nk n` pnksgebnktd sdfbg` md`bvbgkd an `g sncukag ebtga an` %bc`d 3B3". /k %g`gegkfg, 6 y dtrds (0G- 9grbgkd

?gptbstg. 2g <g$. Hbm`bdtnfg <dpu`gr Hd`bvbgkg an "O`tbeg Wdrg".

2\ <\, %. (0G*- N` pdanr y `g fgåag. 2g <g$. 2ds ebcds an` 2bmrd. (0NL-

Q/\, . (00N-. @ds `bmnrg`ns y n` prdcrgeg gcrgrbd nk ?d`bvbg !*++ - *+05". 2g<g$. <ùrg`

=6 Iftgvbd <g$, @ds hbjds an @bed, Hgrfn`dkg, 0G*

==



FWI6I, . ()**)- "/` pdsbtbvbsed: egkug` an cunrrg pgrg n` n=ârfbtd md`bvbgkd" /krnvbstg ;bk4g'ds O ** (lnmrnrd )**)-. 2g <g$. <B/H.

H9, . (000-. 2kabds, eujnrns y fbuagagkds. @ncbs`gfbök y njnrfbfbd an `g

fbuagagkåg nk ?d`bvbg !sbc`d G2G". 2g <g$. !ukagfbök 6b#`dcd.

FFBI, W ()**;- "danrkbaga y trgabfbök nk n` pnksgebnktd `gtbkdgenrbfgkd nk `dssbc`ds 3B3 y 33" g`mdrc Okbvnrsbtnt Kwww.sprdc. guf.ab absfursdfgkfbkdTedanrkTeg=*;.palDKFdksu`tg *M*LM*;D.

F<, . . ()**;- "/k prdfnsd an rupturg an `gs mgrrnrgs an n4fùsbök". /k @. %gèök[ 9. 6n`cgad ()**;- 2anktbaga, fbuagagkåg y pgrtbfbpgfbök pdpu`gr ansan `g fd`dkbg g` Mbc`d GG . 2g <g$. <ùrg`

F%% F%Qo/, . (000- "gfbdkg`b$gfbök an prn=ubfbds: 2gs tndr1gs rgfbstgs nk nànmgtn nsf`gvbstg an `g prbenrg ebtga an` sbc`d 3B3". /k Hbm`bd '; nvbstg an 9ndcrgl1g yFbnkfbgs %dfbg`ns Kpum`bfgfbök n`nftrökbfgD Okbvnrsbaga an Hgrfn`dkgKwww.um.nspcndfbtcrupcnd;.cblD KFdksu`tg: )G M *N M *;D

FWI_O/ F_OB, . (0GN- "6n `g anlnksg an` gy`ù g `g frngfbök an `g np&m`bfg an`_u``gsuyu: Wbstdrbg an` edvbebnktd bka1cnkg nk Hd`bvbg" /k 2. W. ktn$gkg [ <. ncg`sy(nas.- y dtrds. Fbstdrbg y nvdùfbök an` edvbebnktd pdpu`gr . Fdfhgmgegmg. <drtg`ns MF//%.

FIQ/%, . /. y dtrds (000- N` ansgrrd``d huegkd nk n` sbc`d GG md`bvbgkd. Akg

pnrspnftbvg hbstörbfg. 2g <g$. <O6.

FI6IV, @. ()**)- "Fgpgfbagans pd`1tbfgs an` edvbebnktd nvgkcâ`bfd md`bvbgkd". /k !.Fgànrök y dtrds ()**)-. unvds gftdrns sdfbg`ns. Fuganrkd an !uturd k N. 2g <g$.<O6 M <ùrg`.

662/, @. (0G;- Mbkabfg`bsed fgepnsbkd nk ?d`bvbg. 8gembds nstrufturg`ns nkAfurn)g *+6 - *+60. Fdfhgmgemg. F//%.

/QFW/9IY/ 9O\, . /. (00G- "Fu`turg n begcbkgrbds nk eârbfg 2gtbkg". /kKvnrsbök n`nftrökbfgD 9ntgpd`åtbfg O =, d .0 (=u`bd M sntbnemrn-Kwww.fg bcrgl1g.fdefg`bcrglentgpd`btbfgD â4bfd. F/<FI. KFdksu`tg: )* M ) M 0GD.

!/22 V/26/, @. (0LN- Fbstdrbg an `g fu`turg md`bvbgkg. 2g <g$. 2ds ebcds an`2bmrd.

!FIVBFW, 9. (0GJ- N` pnksgebnktd md`bvbgkd nk n` Mbc`d GG. 2g <g$. 2ds ebcdsan` 2bmrd (0G5-

9/B, 9. (0N)- #d`åtbfg y sdfbnaga nk ukg âpdfg an trgksbfbök. /n `g sdfbnaga trgabfbdkg` g `g sdfbnaga an egsgs. Hunkds brns. <gbaös.

=6



9BI6I, V. (00N- "2g rnsbstnkfbg sbemö`bfg nk `gs hgfbnkags an` `g sbnrrg pnrugkg"./k 7nvbstg Akbvnrsbtgrbg Mnenstrg` O **. Vd`. VB. () snenstrn- %gktg !n Krnprdaufbadn`nftrökbfgenktnD Kfgtnargs.lsdf.umg.grD KFdksu`tg: *N M*M *;D

9I2Q/, @. ()**- 8u`turg, rgfbdkg`baga y ebcrgfbök gkabkg. 2beg. B/<

9I/\ M QB/\, @. 2. (0GL- ?d`bvbg: Ak punm`d nk musfg an su banktbaga . 2g <g$.2ds ebcds an` 2bmrd.

9IO26/, . '. (0LG- @g abg`âftbfg an `g band`dcåg y `g tnfkd`dcåg. garba. `bgk$g

9%FB, . (00*- #gsgad y prnsnktn.. 8uganrkds an `g 8çrfn`. â4bfd. @ugk <gm`ds/abtdr. (0NL-

9O/, ! M 3 (000-. "/` sdmnrgkd y su rnbkd. nl`n4bdkns sdmrn `g câknsbs an`fbuagagkd nk eârbfg 2gtbkg. /k W. %#mgtd (fddra.- y dtrds. 8buagagkåg pd`åtbfg y (dregfbök an `gs kgfbdkns. #nrspnftbvgs hbstörbfgs an eârbfg @gtbkg. â4bfd. !F/.

9OBH/O, . (00N- @ds kgfbdkg`bseds. Hgrfn`dkg. rbn`.

W2</B 6I9WB, Q. (00L- "/k musfg an `g nspnfblbfbaga an` pnksgebnktdhbspgkdgenrbfgkd". /k rnvbstg >Nstuabds 2ktnrabsfbp`bkgrbds an eârbfg @gtbkg y n` 8grbmn> O*, vd`. (nknrd M =ukbd 00L- !gfu`tga an Wuegkbagans an `g Okbvnrsbaga an Qn`vbv.

BOI\_OB, . ()**;g- "2g 2ny ns drank. nlukagfbök y anedfrgfbg nk Hd`bvbg, GG* M0**". Kwww.ufe.nsbkldfnfg`D garba. OF O/6 Bkstbtutd Okbvnrsbtgrbd Irtncg y9gssnt Kfdksu`tg ; M *J M *;D

M M M M M M M M M M M M M ()**;m- "Fbuagagk1g y f`bnktn`bsed nk Hd`bvbg. 2ds grtnsgkds an 2g <g$GG* M 0)J" Kwww.ufe.nsbkldfnfg`D garba. OF Okbvnrsbaga utökdeg an garbaKfdksu`tg ; M *J M *;D

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M()**;f- "/` mgutbsed an `g vbd`nkfbg. Bka1cnkgs pgtrbdtgs nk `grnvdùfbök an GL* nk Hd bvbg". /k @. %gèök M 9. 6n`cgad. 2anktbaga, fbuagagkåg y pgrtbfbpgfbök pdpu`gr ansan `g fd`dkbg g` sbc`d GG. 2g <g$. <ùrg`.

M M M M M M M M M M M M M ()**- "2g anedfrgfbg bepdsbm`n". /k 6. Fg=1gs y dtrds (fdep.-bsbdkns an (bk an sbc`d. ?d`bvbg y eârbfg @gtbkg nk n` sbc`d GG . 2g <g$. B!/ M /emg=gagan /spg8g nk Hd`bvbg M Wbstdrbgs.

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M (000g-. "2g fbuagagk1g f`gkanstbkg. 6nedfrgfbg y naufgfbökbka1cnkg nk Hd`bvbg G)N M 0J)".Kpum`bfgfbök n`nftrökbfgD /k rnvbstg Nstuabds

2ktnrabsfbp bkgrbds an eârbfg @gtbkg y n` 8grbmn. !gfu tga an Wuegkbagans an `gOkbvnrsbaga an Qn` vbv. Vd`. (nknrd M =ukbd 000-.

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M M M M M M M M M M M (000m- " _un vbnknk `ds eg$drunrds. Osds y gmusds absfursbvds an `gfdrrupfbök y `g vbd`nkfbg nk `gs n`nffbdkns md`bvbgkgs, GG5 M 0)J". /k W. %#mgtd (fddra.-y dtrds. 8buagagkåg pd`åtbfg y (dregfbök an `gs kgfbdkns. #nrspnftbvgs hbstörbfgs an eârbfg @gtbkg. â4bfd. !F/.

M M M M M M M M M M MM (00L- "/strgtncbgs pgrtbagrbgs nk Hd`bvbg. GG* M G00". /k N` Mbc`d G2G nk ?d`bvbg y eârbfg @gtbkg. 2g <g$. B!/ M un`g an` 6bgm`d /abtdrns.

M M M M M M M (00J- "2g genkg$g fhd`g. 2g pgrtbfbpgfbök pdpu`gr nk `gs n`nffbdkns md`bvbgkgs0** M 0;*". /k 7nvbstg kabkg, g8d ;, k ) (abfbnemrn 00J-

M M M M M M M M (00;- N`btns nk `btbcbd. @g vnktg an tbnrrgs an fdeukbaga nk ?d`bvbg *5 -*++. 6dfuenktd an trgmg=d k J5. 2beg. B/<.

A/<!! /F6I, . (0GN- Fbstdrbg an `g (b`dsd(åg nk eârbfg @gtbkg. %gktg Fru$ an`g %bnrrg. <um`bfgfbdkns /` ukad M Hgkfd an `g Okbök.

A/Q, . 2. (00;- "/` sncukad prdynftd `bmnrg` 0** M 0;*". /k @ds md`bvbgkds nk n`

tbnepd. 2g <g$. B6/. Okbvnrsbaga kabkg %beök Hd`1vgr.

A2/B, W. %. (00)- "2g rnvdùfbök md`bvbgkg, 0J) M 0N5". /k rnvbstg /gtg O . 2g <g$.B6/

M M M M M M M M (0GG- Lråcnkns an `g rnvdùfbök kgfbdkg` md`bvbgkg. @g frbsbs an `g

cnknrgfbök an` 8hgfd. 2g <g$. @uvnktua.

M M M M M M M M M M (0G)- Fbstdrbg cnknrg` an ?d`bvbg. 2g <g$. @uvnktua.

2%I, H. ()**- "Bkabds rnabebads, fhd`ds mgrmgrb$gads: Begcbkgkad `g edanrkbagakndfd`dkbg` md`bvbgkg (0** M 0*-" /k 6. Fg=1gs y dtrds (fdep.- bsbdkns an (bk an sbc`d.

?d`bvbg y eârbfg @gtbkg nk n` sbc`d GG . 2g <g$. B!/ M /emg=gag an /spg8g nk Hd`bvbg MWbstdrbgs.

2I</\ H/2Q, F. (GJ* M 0**- "/4p`drgfbök y dfupgfbök an` frn". /k rnvbstg 7nvbstg an Fuegkbagans y 8bnkfbgs Mdfbg`ns O * - 0. d . !jukbd - abfbnemrn 0550" .%gktg Fru$ an `g %bnrrg. O9 M BB/%.2I, 9. (0GL- Fbstdrbg an `ds pgrtbads pd`åtbfds nk ?d`bvbg. 2g <g$. 2g Fdènkg.

22IH/Q QHI2, F. (00*- "Hd bvbg: /stgad y lbffbök cumnrkgenktg`. /k <.9dk$#`n$ Fgsgkdvg (fddrabkgadr- y dtrds. N` Nstgad nk eârbfg @gtbkg. ;ndråg y prçftbfg.

â4bfd. !F/.

22IY, @. . (0G0- ?d`bvbg: @g rnvdùfbök bkfdkfùsg. 2g <g$. F//%.

B_O/, . (000- "%dmrn n` fd`dkbg`bsed, n` rgfbsed y `g funstbök kgfbdkg`.Bktrdauffbök g` `bmrd @g pbn` y `g pùeg". Kpum`bfgfbök n`nftrökbfgD 8bmnrgy`ù. )) M *L M 00Kwww.fbmnrgy`ù.drcD KFdksu`tg: )G M *N M ;*D

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BQ/9OB, @. F. (00- ;n&tds mçsbfds. 9â&bfd. !F/.

QB, @. (0GN- "b rg$g". /k @. grt1. "/sfrbtds". Hbm`bdtnfg #rnsnkfbg. )S âpdfg (G0;-.

QB/\, !. ()**- "2ds prbenrds pgsds `bmnrg`ns hgfbg `g ukblbfgfbök nsfd`gr nkHd`bvbg". /k 6. Fg=1gs y dtrds (fdep.- bsbdkns an (bk an sbc`d. ?d`bvbg y eârbfg @gtbkg nk

n` sbc`d GG . 2g <g$. B!/ M /emg=gag an /spg8g nk Hd`bvbg M Wbstdrbgs.

YI9, . . (000- "2g anedfrgfbg d n` ansgl1d an `g edanrkb$gfbök pd`1tbfg". /k!. Fgepnrd y dtrds. ?d`bvbg nk n` sbc`d GG. @g (dregfbök an `g ?d`bvbg 8dktnepdrçkng. 2g<g$. Wgrvgra Fùm an Hd`bvbg.

YI9, !. (00;- /bsfursd y pd`åtbfg nk ?d`bvbg. 2g <g$. F//% M B26B%.

M M M M M M M M M M M (0GJ- N` absfursd an` kgfbdkg`bsed rnvdùfbdkgrbd. Fdfhgmgemg.FB6/.

/6B /FWVB, @. ()**)-"spnftds sdfbg`ns an` ansgrrd``d nfdköebfd" /k Cdsâ 9nabkg Nfhgvgrråg y ?d`bvbg. Fuganrkd an !uturd J. 2g <g$. <O6 M <ùrg`.

/6BF/2B, F. (0N0- Nstuabds fråtbfds. 2g <g$ M Fdfhgmgemg. 2ds ebcds an` 2bmrds

BI _O/%6, !. (0G;- "Bepgftd an `g entgl1sbfg nk `g band`dc1g `gtbkdgenrbfgkg"./k 2. \ng (fdep.- y dtrds. Hunktns an `g fu`turg `gtbkdgenrbfgkg. â4bfd. !F/.

II/, '. (0L0- #d`åtbfg y vbsbök nk `ds gkans md`bvbgkds. Fdfhgmgemg. B/%/.

<QBoI, . (00G- "Fu`turgs nk trgksbfbök: nldreg band`öcbfg, anedfrgtb$gfbök y pnrbdabsed fu`turg` nk `g rcnktbkg an `ds dfhnktg". /k rnvbstg 72? kO 0..Kvnrsbökn`nftrökbfgD Bktnr M enrbfgk cnkfy ldr Fddpnrgtbdk gka 6nvn`dpenktKwww.bgfa.dgs.drcD

<\ %I26, /. ()**;-. `fbans rcunags y `g kgrrgtbvg an `g kgfbök nk(nreg. 2g pg$.<ùrg`.

</2Q, V. [ . BOI\_OB (00L- "2ds md`bvbgkds y n` bkabd. <gtrbedkbg`bsed yedanrkb$gfbök nk Hd`bvbg. %bc`d 3B3". /k W. Ormgkd (fdep.- y dtrds. Qrgabfbdkg`bsed yedanrkbaga nk `ds kans. Fusfd. FHF.

<BB22, %. (0GN- @g frngfbök an ?d`bvbg. 2g <g$. Hbm`bdtnfg an <rnsnkfbg. )S âpdfg.(0L-

<2QQ, Q. (00- "2bmnrg`bsed y ntkdfbabd" /k utdantnrebkgfbök O + (abfbnemrn-. 2g<g$.

_YO, %. (00- "2bmnrg`bsed an gynr y an hdy". /k utdantnrebkgfbök O +. 2g <g$.

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M M M M M M M M MM (00;- "/spgfbd y pdanr: 2g n`btn pgfn8g nk n` pnrådad cndcrç(bfd". /k utdantnrebkgfbök O **. 2g <g$.

_OB@I, . (00;- "Fd`dkbg`baga an` pdanr, nurdfnktrbsed y eârbfg 2gtbkg". /k @g

fd`dkbg`baga an` sgmnr: nurdfnktrbsed y pnrspnftbvgs sdfbg`ns. #nrspnftbvgs`gtbkdgenrbfgkgs. Hunkds brns. F2F%IKwww.f`gfsd.drcD

_OBQ, @. . ()**- "%dàgads y fbuagagkds y su fdktrbmufbök g `g ldreu`gfbök an pd`1tbfgs bkstbtufbdkg`ns". /k rnvbstg ;bk4g'ds O (lnmrnrd )**-. 2g <g$. <B/H.

M M M M M M M M M (000- "/` snrvbfbd eb`btgr dm`bcgtdrbd nk eârbfg 2gtbkg y Hd`bvbg". Kp#cbkgwnmD KFdksu`tg: ; M *L M 00D

, . (0G5- @g fbuaga `ntrgag. Wgkdvnr, nw Wgepshbrn. /abfbdkns an` drtn.

/Y, . B. (00- "6bsfusbök" K<dknkfbg an /. Qrn``ns, "danrkbaga sbckd frun`: Fursdy absfursd an edanrkb$gktns pnrugkds (%. 3VBBB M 3B3-"D /k W. Ormgkd (fdep.- 9danrkbaga nk `ds kans. Fusfd. Fnktrd an /stuabds ncbdkg`ns kabkds "Hgrtd`deâ an2gs Fgsgs".

BV/ FO%BF_OB, %. (0GN " Lprbebads pnrd kd vnkfbads. @ufhgs an` fgepnsbkgadgyegrg y nfhBg. 0** M 0G*. 2g <g$. Wbsmd`.

I6B9O/\, 9. (00-"2gs v1spnrgs `bmnrg`ns". /k utdantnrebkgfbök O +. (abfbnemrn "2g <g$.

I/I, 2. . (0LL- ? J*g8ds an` n4pnrbenktd ukbtgrbd7. /k rnvbstg ;dad ns Fbstdrbg

d. *00 (=u`bd 0LL-. Hunkds brns. Qdad ns Wbstdrbg %2.

%FW/\ 9/\, 9. (000- "Fbuagagk1g sbk anedfrgfbg d fdk anedfrgfbg vbrtug`. edad an fdkfùsbdkns. /k W. %#mgtd (fddra.- y dtrds. 8buagagkåg pd`åtbfg y (dregfbök an`gs kgfbdkns. #nrspnftbvgs hbstörbfgs an eârbfg @gtbkg. â4bfd. !F/.

%6IV2 I6B9O/\, B. (00;- @ds pgrtbads pd`åtbfds nk ?d`bvbg. 2g <g$. O%.

%Q/<W/%I, . ()**;- "/` usd an aug`bseds y câknrd sn4ug` nk `g ldreu`gfbök anàbsfursd bkabgkbstg an !gustd nbkgcg". /k @. %gèök M 9. 6n`cgad. 2anktbaga, fbuagagkåg

y pgrtbfbpgfbök pdpu`gr ansan `g fd`dkbg g` sbc`d GG. 2g <g$. <ùrg`

%O/\, W. @. ()**)- "2g sdfbd`dc1g fug`btgtbvg: n` eâtdad an gk#`bsbs nstrufturg` anfdktnkbad". /k rnvbstg ;bk4g'ds O ** (lnmrnrd )**)-. 2g <g$. <B/H.

Q<B, 2. ()**- "%umsun`d pd`1tbfd". /k . 9grf1g y dtrds. #ùrbvnrsd. ;ndråg pd`åtbfg

md`bvbgkg. 2g <g$. un`g an` 6bgm`d.

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OHI, W. (00-"danrkbaga nk `ds kans: uk tneg y uk anmgtn". /k W. Ormgkd(fdep.- 9danrkbaga nk `ds kans. Fusfd. Fnktrd an /stuabds kabkds "Hgrtd`deâ an 2gsFgsgs".

V2/FB V/9, . (0G5- N` pnksgebnktd pd`åtbfd nk ?d`bvbg. 2g <g$. 2bmrnr1g

'WBQ/W/6, 2. (0L)- "/` bepgftd an `g 9rgk 6nprnsbök nk Hd`bvbg". /k rnvbstg /nsgrrd``d Nfdköebfd O 16 (gmrb` M =ukbd-. Hunkds brns. B6/%.

VB9, @. . (0LL- ?egand @gfuns, pnksgebnktd y dmrg7. /k rnvbstg ;dad ns Fbstdrbg

d. *00 (=u`bd 0LL-. Hunkds brns. Qdad ns Wbstdrbg %2.

\V2/Q /F6I, . (0GN- @d kgfbdkg` y pdpu`gr nk ?d`bvbg. â4bfd. !F/.

\//2, W. (0G0-. /n `g hbstdrbg g `g pd`åtbfg. â4bfd. %bc`d 33B. OO.

EL PENSAMIENTO LIBERAL Y LA CULTURA POLÍTICA BOLIVANA (1899 - 1934)

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Transcript of EL PENSAMIENTO LIBERAL Y LA CULTURA POLÍTICA BOLIVANA (1899 - 1934)