El sistema nacional de cuidados: una apuesta al bienestar, la igualdad y el desarrollo

8/13/2019 El sistema nacional de cuidados: una apuesta al bienestar, la igualdad y el desarrollo

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]W]J]F[

FDBKXKXDL3/7968

Mb skstm`f dfhkldfb cm hukcfcls?

udf fpumstf fb gkmdmstfr,

bf kjufbcfc y mb cmsfrrlbblFb`f Mspkdl, Xlbmcfc Xfbvfclr

O]BKLCM7968

Bfs tfrmfs cm rmprlcuhhkd gklbjkhf y slhkfb qum sumbmd hldskcmrfrsm

pfrtm cm bf dfturfbmzf cm bfs ùomrms qumcfd fb `frjmd cm bl mhld-

`khl. Mbbl dls hldcuhm f ckshutkr y f efhmr prlpumstfs md tlrdl f bf

rmbfhkd mdtrm bfs nlr`fs md qum sm rmfbkzf bf rmprlcuhhkd slhkfb y mbskstm`f mhld`khl.

Bfs prlpumstfs cm cmsfrrlbbl slstmdkgbm hld mqukcfc slhkfb y cm jdm-

rl tkmdmd qum pmdsfrsm f pfrtkr cm udf `krfcf cm bf mhldl`f qum kd-

hlrplrm bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf hl`l lgomtkvl prkdhkpfb,

fcvkrtkmdcl cm qu `lcl bfs plbtkhfs mhld`khfs pumcmd vlbvmrsm

md su hldtrf.

Bf fylr hfrjf cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl qum mdnrmdtfd bfs uomrms

mst md bf gfsm cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms slhkfbms y cm jdmrl. Mbbl tkmdm

ud fbtl hlstl cm lplrtudkcfc pfrf bfs ùomrms y, plr bl tfdtl, sm hld-

vkmrtm md ud nfhtlr cm mxhbuskd slhkfb.

Bf hldstruhhkd cm ud skstm`f cm hukcfcls hld pmrspmhtkvf cm j-

dmrl ms nudcf`mdtfb pfrf trfdsnlr`fr bf gfsm cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms

slhkfbms y cm jdmrl, y plr hldskjukmdtm, pfrf qum mb hrmhk`kmdtl smhldvkmrtf md cmsfrrlbbl.

Bf rmckstrkguhkd cm bfs tfrmfs cm hukcfcl, plr su pfrtm, pmr`ktkrf

hldtrfrrmstfr bfs hldckhkldms qum hldspkrfd hldtrf mb fprmdckzfom,

bf mspmhkfbkzfhkd y bf prlcuhtkvkcfc cm el`grms y ùomrms, cfcl

qum mb cmsfrrlbbl y bf kdsmrhkd kdtmrdfhkldfb cmpmdcmd cm fhuùbfr

fprmdckzfoms, mbmvfr hfbknhfhkldms y cmsfrrlbbfr kddlvfhkldms.


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dckhm

Yrmsmdtfhkd ......................................................................................................................8

Kdtrlcuhhkd .......................................................................................................................=

6. Cmsfrrlbbl, gkmdmstfr m kjufbcfc cm jdmrl ...........................................................=

6.6. Cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl y gkmdmstfr .....................................................................................>

6.7. Xlstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf ................................................................................:

6.8. Kjufbcfc cm jdmrl ..........................................................................................................5

7. Hukcfcls, slstmdkgkbkcfc, jdmrl .............................................................................;

8. Vu dls ckhm bf kdnlr`fhkd md ]rujufy< .........................................................68

3. Efhkf ud skstm`f cm hukcfcls qum prl`umvf mb cmsfrrlbbl y bf mqukcfc..... 65

Wmnmrmdhkfs gkgbkljrhfs...................................................................................................79


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8

Yrmsmdtfhkd

Mb prmsmdtm clhu`mdtl tkmdm su lrkjmd md ud trfgfol cm bfs futlrfs(`km`grls cmb rmf Cmsfrrlbbl y Jdmrl cmb Hmdtrl Kdtmrckshkpbkdf-

rkl cm Mstuckls slgrm Cmsfrrlbbl/]rujufy HKMC]W) slgrm fspmhtlsvkdhubfcls f bf mhldl`f cmb hukcfcl, f pfrtkr cm prlymhtls cm kd-vmstkjfhkd hl`l Hl`mrhkl, jdmrl y mqukcfc md F`rkhf Bftkdf?jmdmrfdcl hldlhk`kmdtl pfrf bf fhhkd plbtkhf (dfdhkfcl plr bfhllpmrfhkd hfdfckmdsm) y cmsfrrlbbfcl md smks pfsms cm bf rmjkd md mbpmrlcl 799>-799;.

Fqumb trfgfol gushfgf rmbmvfr bls plskgbms k`pfhtls cmb hl`mrhkl kd-tmrdfhkldfb md bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl y mb `frhl cm fdbksks cmbmstuckl hldskcmrfgf mb mdnlqum cm bf mhldl`f cmb hukcfcl pfrf hld-trkgukr f cfr vkskgkbkcfc fb mspfhkl cldcm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl

sm hldstruymd y sm rmprlcuhmd, sustmdtfcf md bf ckvkskd smxufb cmbtrfgfol.

Mb cmsfrrlbbl cm msf bdmf cm kdvmstkjfhkd prlcuhm k`plrtfdtms dumvlshldlhk`kmdtls slgrm mb vdhubl mdtrm mb trfgfol dl rm`udmrfcl qumsm rmfbkzf nudcf`mdtfb`mdtm md bls eljfrms y ms mb hl`pldmdtm hmdtrfbcm bf mhldl`f cmb hukcfcl y mb rmstl cmb skstm`f mhld`khl. Bfvfblrkzfhkd mhld`khf cmb trfgfol dl rm`udmrfcl sm hldstruy udkdckhfclr fbtmrdftkvl cmb gkmdmstfr mhld`khl, cmdl`kdfcl bf mhldl-`f cm bls eljfrms qum frrlof dumvf buz md mb cmgftm slgrm mb Xkstm`fDfhkldfb cm Hukcfcls.

Bf pugbkhfhkd cm mstm clhu`mdtl ms udf hldtrkguhkd f bf nudcf`md-tfhkd y cmgftm slgrm bf dmhmskcfc y hfrfhtmrstkhfs cm ud skstm`f cmmsm tkpl pfrf `molrfr mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmb skstm`f mhld`khl, y dlsbl pfrf cfr rmspumstf f udf cm`fdcf qum sm jmdmrf cmscm bf sktufhkdcm`ljrhf l slhkfb cm bls pfsms.

Nudcfhkd Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt md ]rujufy


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7/26

=

MB XKXSM@F DFHKLDFB CM H]KCFCLX?

]DF FY]MXSF FB GKMDMXSFW, BF KJ]FBCFC [ MB CMXFWWLBBL| Fb`f Mspkdl, Xlbmcfc Xfbvfclr

Kdtrlcuhhkd

Md bls btk`ls tkm`pls sm ef fvfdzfcl cmscmckvmrsfs pmrspmhtkvfs ckshkpbkdfrkfs md mb fdbk-sks cm bf prlgbm`tkhf cm bls hukcfcls. Md bffpfrkhkd y trftf`kmdtl hfcf vmz `s nrmhumdtmcm mstf dumvf tm`tkhf fdfbtkhf y cm bfs prmlhu-pfhkldms cm dclbm plbtkhf fslhkfcfs f mbbf efdkdukcl ckvmrsls nfhtlrms? bls hf`gkls md mb hld-tmxtl y bls prlhmsls cm hf`gkl slhkfb, bfs trfymh-tlrkfs plbtkhfs y mhld`khfs y su k`pfhtl mdbfs kdstktuhkldms cmb `mrhfcl cm trfgfol y cm bfprltmhhkd slhkfb, fs hl`l bfs `lckhfhkldmsslhklcm`ljrhfs, kdhbukcls mdtrm ltrls

hf`gkls md bfs mstruhturfs nf`kbkfrms prmcl`k-dfdtms y mb tf`fl cm bls eljfrms, bf mvlbuhkdcm bf nmhudckcfc, bf mstruhturf cm mcfcms y bfsprhtkhfs `ftrk`ldkfbms. Md pfrtkhubfr, bfs mhl-dl`kstfs nm`kdkstfs vkmdmd trfgfofdcl slgrm ck-nmrmdtms fspmhtls rmbfhkldfcls hld bl qum sm efcmdl`kdfcl bf mhldl`f cmb hukcfcl. Mbbl rmqukrkbf hldstruhhkd cm `frhls fdfbtkhls qum pmr`k-tkmrfd hl`prmdcmr msf ltrf mhldl`f mstlms, md bf qum bf prlcuhhkd ckrmhtf y mb `fdtmdk-`kmdtl cm bls smrms eu`fdls tkmdmd bujfr, fshl`l cm `mtlclbljfs pfrf su `mckhkd y vfbl-rfhkd. Bfs plbtkhfs slhkfbms y bf kdvmstkjfhkdrmbfhkldfcf hld mbbfs, plr su pfrtm, efd kdhlrpl-rfcl mstfs humstkldms fb fdbksks cm bls rmj`mdmscm gkmdmstfr.

Md ]rujufy mxkstmd ud hldoudtl cm rfzldmspfrf lhupfrsm cm bf prlgbm`tkhf cm bls huk-cfcls qum, pmsm f sus mspmhkhkcfcms, tkmdmsk`kbktucms hld bl qum lhurrm md mb rmstl cmbùdcl y, plr mdcm, mbfglrfr bfs plbtkhfs p-gbkhfs fcmhufcfs. Mstfs rfzldms dl efd skcl vk-sufbkzfcfs slbf`mdtm plr bfs lrjfdkzfhkldms cmùomrms y nm`kdkstfs l bfs cm bfs pmrsldfs qumsunrmd fbjd tkpl cm cmpmdcmdhkf qum bfs efhmùy vubdmrfgbms f bf `ftrkz cm frrmjbls slhkf-bms qum pumcmd cfr l dl slbuhkd f sus prl-gbm`fs. Yrmhksf`mdtm, mb pfrtkcl cm jlgkmrdlsm prlpusl mdnrmdtfr mstf humstkd `mckfdtmbf k`pbm`mdtfhkd cm bl qum sm bbf` Xkstm`fDfhkldfb Kdtmjrfcl cm Hukcfcls. Slcls mstlsnfhtlrms y bf dmhmskcfc cm fvfdzfr md hldhrmhkl-dms cm plbtkhf md mb nuturl kd`mckftl `ltkvfdbf mbfglrfhkd cm mstm clhu`mdtl qum prlhurf

fplrtfr mbm`mdtls slgrm bf prlgbm`tkhf cm blshukcfcls f pfrtkr cm ud rmhlrtm fdfbtkhl qumsm hmdtrf md bl mhld`khl y, md mspmhkfb, md mbcmsfrrlbbl mhld`khl y slhkfb. Mb pfs ef rmhl-rrkcl ud pmrlcl cm kdtmdsl hrmhk`kmdtl. Xkdm`gfrjl, mstm hrmhk`kmdtl plr s `ks`l dlrmsumbvm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl. Mbbl dlshldcuhm f ckshutkr y f efhmr prlpumstfs md tlr-dl f bf rmbfhkd mdtrm bfs nlr`fs md qum sm rmfbkzfbf rmprlcuhhkd slhkfb y mb skstm`f mhld`khl.Mdtmdcm`ls qum bf hldstruhhkd cm ud skstm`fcm hukcfcls hld pmrspmhtkvf cm jdmrl pumcmkdhkckr md bf gfsm cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms slhkfbms ycm jdmrl y, plr bl tfdtl, pumcm smr ud mbm`md-tl nudcf`mdtfb pfrf pfsfr cmb hrmhk`kmdtl fbcmsfrrlbbl. Md msm smdtkcl, pumcm fr`frsm qumtfb hldstruhhkd smrf ud bljrl rmvlbuhkldfrkl.

6. Cmsfrrlbbl, gkmdmstfr m kjufbcfccm jdmrl

]dl cm bls rmbftkvf`mdtm rmhkmdtmsekstrkhf-`mdtm efgbfdcly jmdmrfbkzfcls fcomtkvls cmbtr`kdl cmsfrrlbbl mhld`khl ms slstmdkgbm. Hld mstmtr`kdl sm efhm ekdhfpk md qum bf sftksnfhhkdcm bfs dmhmskcfcms fhtufbms cm bfs pmrsldfs dlcmgm hl`prl`mtmr bf hfpfhkcfc cm bfs nuturfsjmdmrfhkldms pfrf sftksnfhmr bfs suyfs. Bf slstmdk-gkbkcfcpbfdtmf mxkjmdhkfs bkjfcfs f bf jmstkd rf-hkldfb cm bls rmhursls ckspldkgbms md mb ùdcl.

Mb `frhl hldhmptufb pfrf udf mvfbufhkd

cm bf slstmdkgkbkcfc gfsfcf md mb dckhm cm

cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl kdstru`mdtl cm `mck-

hkd cm bf mvlbuhkd cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl

y cm hl`pfrfhkd mdtrm pfsms rmmof

mb hldhmptl cm mqukcfc kdtmrjmdmrfhkldfb

hl`l mbm`mdtl cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl gf-

sfcl md ud prkdhkpkl cm oustkhkf jblgfb y md-

rfkzfcf md bf prm`ksf cm qum bfs lphkldms

qum tl`f`ls ely dl cmgmrfd bk`ktfr bfs

lphkldms ckspldkgbms pfrf bfs pmrsldfs md

mb nuturl.


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Fb`f Mspkdl, Xlbmcfc Xfbvfclr| ]DF FY]MXSF FB GKMDMXSFW, BF KJ]FBCFC [ MB CMXFWWLBBL

>

Ylr bl rmjubfr, y cfcl su lrkjmd, hld mb tr`kdlslstmdkgkbkcfcsm pldm mspmhkfb dnfsks md bls rmhur-sls y plskgkbkcfcms cm bf dfturfbmzf, mstl mscm`lcl jmdmrfb, md bf hfdtkcfc y hfbkcfc cm blsrmhursls dfturfbms. Mbbl sm mxpbkhf plrqum hfcfcf sm efhm `s mvkcmdtm bf dmhmskcfc cm mdhld-trfr nlr`fs cm vkvkr md fr`ldf hld mb skstm`fdfturfb fdtm prlgbm`fs tfbms hl`l bf supmrpl-gbfhkd y bfs cmskjufbcfcms, mb kdhrm`mdtl cmbmnmhtl kdvmrdfcmrl, bf cmstruhhkd cm bf hfpf cmlzldl, bf prmsmrvfhkd cm bf gklckvmrskcfc, bfmrlskd, bf cmsmrtkzfhkd y bf cmstruhhkd cm bfsmbvf.

Mstf slstmdkgkbkcfc k`pbkhf dmhmsfrkf`mdtmfsmjurfr bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf.Mbbl bbmvf f hldskcmrfr, ckshutkr y rmhldstrukrbf nlr`f cm nudhkldf`kmdtl cm mspfhkls l cmcknmrmdtms msbfgldms bjkhf m ekstrkhf`mdtmlrcmdfcls? bls skstm`fs dfturfbms, mb mspfhkl cl-`stkhl cmb hukcfcl, bfs hlùdkcfcms, mb Mstf-cl y bls `mrhfcls (Hfrrfshl y Smbbl, 7967). [sm usf bf pfbfgrf rmhldstrukrplrqum bf bjkhf cmb`mrhfcl cmgkbktf mb nudhkldf`kmdtl fr`dkhlcm mstls msbfgldms, kdhbusl mstkùbfdcl ud nud-hkldf`kmdtl hldtrfckhtlrkl. Xm lbvkcfd l dl smtl`fd md humdtf bfs gfsms cm bf slstmdkgkbkcfcmd nudhkd cm bf bjkhf cm nudhkldf`kmdtl cmbls `mrhfcls, tl`fdcl md humdtf dkhf`mdtmbf prlcuhhkd y mb hldsu`l md bls cls btk`lsmsbfgldms. Bf bbf`fcf mhldl`f rmfb cm `mr-hfcl nudhkldf lbvkcfdcl bf ltrf mhldl`f rmfb-rmfb cmb hukcfcl cl`stkhl y bf dfturfbmzf qumbf slstkmdm (Hfrrfshl y Smbbl, 7967? 3;), pmrlmb `mrhfcl cm trfgfol lpmrf md bf kdtmrsmhhkdmdtrm bf mhldl`f `mrhfdtkb (prlcuhtkvf cmscmmb pudtl cm vkstf cm bf mhldl`f hldvmdhkldfb)y bf dl rmùdmrfcf (rmprlcuhtkvf). Xm trftf cm bfkdtmrsmhhkd mdtrm bfs nlr`fs md qum bfs pmrsldfssm jfdfd bf vkcf y hukcfd cm s `ks`fs y cm blscm`s (Mbsld, 6;;;).

Bfs prlpumstfs cm ud cmsfrrlbbl slstmdkgbm hldmqukcfc slhkfb y cm jdmrl tkmdmd qum pmdsfr-sm dmhmsfrkf`mdtm f pfrtkr cm udf `krfcf cm bfmhldl`f qum kdhlrplrm bf vkcf eu`fdf y sugkmdmstfr hl`l mb lgomtkvl prkdhkpfb, fcvkrtkmd-cl cm qu `lcl bfs plbtkhfs mhld`khfs y suslgomtkvls pumcmd vlbvmrsm md su hldtrf.

6.6. Cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl y gkmdmstfr

Mb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl6smjd mb kdnlr`m cmb Yrl-jrf`f cm bfs Dfhkldms ]dkcfs pfrf mb Cmsfrrlbbl(YD]C, 7969) sm cmdm hl`l mb prlhmsl cm mx-pfdskd cm bfs bkgmrtfcms cm bls kdckvkculs pfrfbbmvfr udf vkcf prlbldjfcf, sfbucfgbm y hrmftkvf,hldsmjukr bfs `mtfs qum hldskcmrfd vfbklsfs ypfrtkhkpfr fhtkvf`mdtm md mb bljrl cm ud lcmblcm cmsfrrlbbl mquktftkvl y slstmdkgbm md ud pbf-dmtf hl`pfrtkcl. Bfs pmrsldfs sld f bf vmz gmdm-hkfrkfs y fjmdtms cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl, tfdtlkdckvkcufb hl`l hlbmhtkvf`mdtm.

Md msm `frhl, bls trms hl`pldmdtms cmb cmsf-rrlbbl eu`fdl sld mb gkmdmstfr, mb m`plcmrf`kmdtl ybf fjmdhkf, y bfoustkhkf. Mb gkmdmstfr supldm bf f`-pbkfhkd cm bfs bkgmrtfcms rmfbms cm bf jmdtm, pfrfqum pumcf prlspmrfr1 mb m`plcmrf`kmdtl y bffjmdhkf pmr`ktmd bf fhhkd cm pmrsldfs y jrupls

6. Yfrfckj`f k`pubsfcl plr mb Kdnlr`m cmb Yrljrf`fcm bfs Dfhkldms ]dkcfs pfrf mb Cmsfrrlbbl (YD]C) cm6;;6 (YD]C, 6;;6). Bls hrmfclrms kdkhkfbms, @fegugub-Efq y F`frtyf Xmd, cksmfrld mb dckhm cm cmsfrrlbbleu`fdl hl`l ud kdstru`mdtl pfrf bf mvfbufhkd cmb

prljrmsl, gfsfcl md bfs pmrsldfs, hlblhfdcl bf sfbuc ybf mcuhfhkd md ud pbfdl cm kjufbcfc hld mb hrmhk`kmd-tl mhld`khl.

Bf kcmf cmb cmsfrrlbbl ef mstfcl fslhkf-

cf md nlr`f prmcl`kdfdtm fb hrmhk`kmd-

tl mhld`khl rmmofcl md bf mvlbuhkd

cmb prlcuhtl kdtmrdl grutl. Mb `lcmbl cm

cmsfrrlbbl qum ef smrvkcl cm gfsm f bfs

plbtkhfs mhld`khfs sm ef hmdtrfcl md mb

k`pubsl f bf fhuùbfhkd cm hfpktfb y bf

kdcustrkfbkzfhkd hl`l `mckls pfrf lgtm-

dmr mb gkmdmstfr. Xm ef pfrtkcl cmb supums-

tl cm qum mb hrmhk`kmdtl y bf `lcmrdkzf-

hkd hldcuhkrfd f `molrms hldckhkldms

cm trfgfol, `fylrms sfbfrkls, mcuhfhkd y

gkmdmstfr (Ougmtl Wukz, 7967).


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pfrf fbhfdzfr rmsubtfcls vfblrfgbms. Bf oustkhkff`pbf bf mqukcfc y bf prmsmrvfhkd cm bls rmsub-tfcls md mb tkm`pl, y efhm rmspmtfr bls cmrmhelseu`fdls y ltrls lgomtkvls pbfdtmfcls plr bf sl-hkmcfc (YD]C, 7969).

Md msf pmrspmhtkvf cmb cmsfrrlbbl mhld`khly slhkfb, bf mqukcfc slhkfb y cm jdmrl ms udfgfsm nudcf`mdtfb pfrf qum tlcfs bfs pmrsldfs,skd ckstkdhkd dk mxhbuskd fbjudf, pumcfd lg-tmdmr msfs hfpfhkcfcms y bkgmrtfcms cmb cmsfrrl-bbl eu`fdl. Mb hrmhk`kmdtl mhld`khl, plr supfrtm, dl fsmjurf bf plskgkbkcfc cm hldtrkgukr fjmdmrfr tlcfs bfs hfpfhkcfcms, dk dmhmsfrkf`md-tm bf `molrf pfrf tlcls(fs). Ylr mb hldtrfrkl,pumcm kdhbusl mdsfdhefr bfs grmhefs slhkfbms.Bls kdckhfclrms cm hrmhk`kmdtl utkbkzfcls hld`fylr nrmhumdhkf dl pmr`ktmd vksufbkzfr h`lsm ckstrkguymd mb kdjrmsl y bf rkqumzf. Msf cks-trkguhkd cmtmr`kdf md jrfd mckcf mb fhhmsl fbls gkmdms y smrvkhkls prlcuhkcls cmdtrl cm udfslhkmcfc. Bls gmdmhkls cmb hrmhk`kmdtl dlsm ckstrkguymd cm `lcl udknlr`m. Mb kdjrmslprl`mckl pumcm mstfr fu`mdtfdcl y, fb ks`ltkm`pl, pumcmd mstfr hrmhkmdcl bfs cmskjufbcf-cms. Xmjukdl (7999) ùmstrf udf rmbfhkd pl-sktkvf mdtrm cmskjufbcfc y hrmhk`kmdtl, y pfrfud hldoudtl cm pfsms sm`kkdcustrkfbkzfcls bfgrmhef cm kdjrmsls plr jdmrl ef pmr`ktkcl`fylrms tfsfs cm hrmhk`kmdtl, fb ftrfmr kdvmr-skldms pfrf mxplrtfr prlcuhtls gfsfcls md mbprmcl`kdkl cm `fdl cm lgrf nm`mdkdf (plrmom`pbl, `fqukbf tmxtkb y `khrlmbmhtrdkhf).Mstm tkpl cm pftrd sustmdtfcl md bf suglrck-dfhkd mhld`khf cm bfs ùomrms pumcm rmhrmfrvmdtfofs hl`pfrftkvfs md mb hlrtl pbfzl, pmrlbk`ktfhkldms mstruhturfbms md sus plskgkbkcfcmscm cmsfrrlbbl md mb bfrjl pbfzl (Jklsf _ufzf yWlcrjumz Mdrqumz, 7969).

6.7. Xlstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf

Bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf mbm`md-tl kdckspmdsfgbm cmb cmsfrrlbbl eu`fdl sumbmvmrsm cm `fdmrf pfrhkfb y rmhlrtfcf. Vukz plr-qum, utkbkzfdcl bf mxprmskd cm Hfrrfshl y Smbbl(7967), sl`ls dfturfbmzf y hubturf f bf vmz.Mstl ms, bfs pmrsldfs sl`ls `s l `mdls pfrtm

cm bf dfturfbmzf, s l mdls rmspldsfgbms cm bfvkcf prlpkf y fomdf. Fb `ks`l tkm`pl, sm pfrtmcmb supumstl cm qum dumstrf hfpfhkcfc cm hukcfry fsmjurfr hukcfcls ms kdfjltfgbm. Bf hfpfhkcfccm hukcfr y hldtrkgukr f bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bfvkcf sm tl`f hl`l ud cftl, hl`l ud rmhurslkdfjltfgbm cm bf dfturfbmzf pmrsldkhfcf md bfsùomrms. Ylr tlcl mbbl, mstf tm`tkhf ms udf mspm-hkfb prmlhupfhkd f bf elrf cm ckshutkr fbjudlshldhmptls hmdtrfbms cm bf ckshkpbkdf mhld`khfy cm bfs plbtkhfs qum cm mbbf cmrkvfd. Ylr mom`-pbl, md mb dumvl pfrfckj`f f`gkmdtfb sm efgbfcm hlrrmspldsfgkbkcfc nf`kbkfr, slhkfb y mhlbjk-hf. Mstl supldm rmhldlhmr bls b`ktms, kdhbukclsbls cmb humrpl eu`fdl y bls cmb f`gkmdtm. Bfslstmdkgkbkcfc, plr bl tfdtl, cmpmdcm cm qum smfsu`f mb hukcfcl hl`l udf fhtkvkcfc qum kd-hbuym tlcl fqumbbl qum efhm`ls pfrf `fdtmdmr,hldtkdufr y rmpfrfr dumstrl ùdcl cm nlr`fcm plcmr vkvkr md b bl `molr plskgbm (Srldtl).7

... bf `frjkdfhkd cmb hukcfcl lgmcmhm f bf

hrmmdhkf md bf hrmfhkd kbk`ktfcf cm rkqum-

zf y jfdfdhkfs hldstfdtms md mhkmdhkf,

kcmfs mstfs prlnudcf`mdtm frrfkjfcfs md

mb pmdsf`kmdtl mhld`khl hldtm`plr-

dml. QP Md ud ùdcl skd b`ktms, mb hukcf-

cl pfcmhm bf bbf`fcf mdnmr`mcfc cm bls

hlstls cmgkcl f su rmskstmdhkf fb fu`mdtl

cm bf prlcuhtkvkcfc, y prlvlhf mb ckbm`f

cm bf pmrsldf f`fgbm, smjd mb hufb bls

prlvmmclrms cm bls hukcfcls qumcfd mx-

hbukcls cm udf mstruhturf mhld`khf qum

prm`kf bf pfrtkhkpfhkd md bf mhldl`f rm-

ùdmrfcf pmrl qum lnrmhm plhf l dkdjudf

hl`pmdsfhkd plr mb hukcfcl (Srldtl).8

7.Hktfcl md ]DWKXC, 799;.8.Hktfcl md ]DWKXC,799;.


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5

6.8. Kjufbcfc cm jdmrl

Mb nm`kdks`l ef smfbfcl ud hldoudtl cm smsjlsmd mb pmdsf`kmdtl mhld`khl qum efd hldckhkl-dfcl bf `fdmrf cm cmdkr hftmjlrfs fdfbtkhfsgskhfs tfbms hl`l mb hldhmptl cm trfgfol vkdhu-bfcl mxhbuskvf`mdtm fb m`pbml, mb cm fhtkvkcfcmhld`khf fsk`kbfcl f bf pfrtkhkpfhkd md mb mr-hfcl, mb cm bf udkcfc cl`stkhf vkstf hl`l udmspfhkl md fr`ldf y mb cm gkmdmstfr y cmsfrrlbblvkdhubfcls f bf `fxk`kzfhkd cm bf utkbkcfc y fbhrmhk`kmdtl (kdckhfcl plr bf mvlbuhkd cmb prl-cuhtl kdtmrdl grutl).

Ylr su pfrtm, bf ckshkpbkdf mhld`khf fsu`kudf vkskd `s l `mdls mxpbhktf cmb pfpmb cmbls el`grms y bfs ùomrms md bf slhkmcfc. Blsel`grms tmdcrfd `s y `molrms lplrtudkcfcmscm trfgfofr md mb `mrhfcl, hld bl qum fu`mdtf-rf su fplrtm fb hrmhk`kmdtl. Mbbfs sm gmdmhkf-rfd cmb prljrmsl (bf `lcmrdkzfhkd) fb fgrkrsm

`fylrms plskgkbkcfcms cm fhhmsl fb `mrhfcl bf-glrfb cfcl qum bls prlhmsls cm hf`gkl tmhdl-bjkhl bms pmr`ktkrfd cmckhfr `mdls tkm`pl fbtrfgfol cl`stkhl y f bfs fhtkvkcfcms cm hukcfclcm bls `km`grls cm bf nf`kbkf y bf hlùdkcfc.Yumstl qum bf prltmhhkd slhkfb sm mdhumdtrf vkd-hubfcf plr bl jmdmrfb f bf ugkhfhkd md mb `mr-hfcl bfglrfb, bfs ùomrms ekstrkhf`mdtm efdskcl hkucfcfdfs cm smjudcf md mb jlhm cm mstfprltmhhkd, pmsm f qum mb trfgfol qum bms ef skclfskjdfcl mst md bf gfsm cm hufbqukmr prlpumstfcm nudhkldf`kmdtl cm bfs mhldl`fs.

Bfs ùomrms qumcfd fs fb `frjmd cm bl mhl-d`khl, fudqum sld mbbfs qukmdms rmfbkzfdprkdhkpfb`mdtm mb trfgfol qum fplyf bf rmprl-cuhhkd gklbjkhf y slhkfb. Mb gkmdmstfr cm blssmrms eu`fdls dl cmpmdcm mxhbuskvf`mdtm dkùhel `mdls cm bls kdjrmsls `ldmtfrkls cmqum sm ckspldm pfrf fcqukrkr gkmdms y smrvkhklsmd mb `mrhfcl, skdl tf`gkd cm ltrls mbm`mdtlsvkdhubfcls fb fhhmsl f smrvkhkls pgbkhls, fbk-`mdtls y trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl md bls eljfrms.Cm emhel, bf fylr pfrtm cm bfs tfrmfs qum ftkmd-cmd bfs dmhmskcfcms cm rmprlcuhhkd cm bf vkcfsm cfd numrf cm bls `mrhfcls. Fbjl qum pfrmhmtfd lgvkl ef cmgkcl, skd m`gfrjl, cmstfhfrsm ms-pmhkfb`mdtm pfrf pldmr md mvkcmdhkf udf pfrtmcm bf prlcuhhkd y bf rmprlcuhhkd mhld`k-hf, slhkfb y gklbjkhf qum sm cmo fb `frjmd cmbfdbksks mhld`khl, mstl ms, numrf cm bfs nrldtm-rfs cm bf mhldl`f. Bfs ùomrms, plr bl tfdtl,tf`gkd qumcfrld fb `frjmd cm bf mhldl`f yrmbmjfcfs fb `gktl cm bls eljfrms. Md msm smdtk-cl, udl cm bls prkdhkpfbms tm`fs fglrcfcls plrmb nm`kdks`l ms bf ckvkskd smxufb cmb trfgfol,prmcl`kdfdtm tfdtl md bls eljfrms hl`l md bls`mrhfcls bfglrfbms. Mstf ckvkskd rmbfhkldf f bfsùomrms y bl nm`mdkdl hld mb hukcfcl cm bf vkcf,gfsfcl tfdtl md mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl md blseljfrms (trfgfol cl`stkhl y hukcfcls) hl`l mdmb rmùdmrfcl (`mrhfcl), y hldtrkguym f cmtmr-`kdfr numrtms cknmrmdhkfs cm jdmrl md ckvmrsls`gktls y, md mspmhkfb, md bf pfrtkhkpfhkd mhl-d`khf y md bf vksufbkzfhkd cmb fplrtm nm`m-dkdl fb hrmhk`kmdtl y fb cmsfrrlbbl mhld`khl.

Mb pmsl cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl cmb qum smefhm rmspldsfgbms f bfs ùomrms sm mdhumdtrf md

Bf Hldnmrmdhkf cm bf LD] pfrf bf @uomr

md Gmkokdj (6;;=) ckl jrfd k`pubsl f bf

mxkjmdhkf cm `mckr y vfblrfr mb trfgfol dl

rmùdmrfcl. Bf rmvkskd cmb Xkstm`f cm

Humdtfs Dfhkldfbms (XHD) cm 6;;8, mbf-

glrfcl plr bf Hl`kskd cm Mstfcstkhfs cm

bf LD], fgrk bf plskgkbkcfc cm kdhlrplrfr

humdtfs sftbktms qum f`pbkfrfd bls b`ktms

cm bf hldtfgkbkcfc trfckhkldfb (kdhlrplrfr

mb vfblr cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl cm bls

eljfrms). Md bf U Hldnmrmdhkf Wmjkldfb cm

bf @uomr cm bf Hmpfb, rmfbkzfcf md Vuktl md

799:, bls jlgkmrdls cm bf rmjkd sm hl`-

prl`mtkmrld f rmfbkzfr msf vfblrkzfhkd.

Md mb Yrk`mr Ybfd Dfhkldfb cm Kjufbcfc

cm Lplrtudkcfcms y Cmrmhels 799:-7966

(Kdùomrms-@kcms, 799:) mb jlgkmrdl uru-

jufyl sm hl`prl`mtk f prl`lvmr mstu-

ckls qum hufdtkqumd y vkskgkbkhmd mb fplrtm

cmb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl cm bfs ùomrms

(Bkdmf`kmdtl Mstrftjkhl cm Kjufbcfc, BMK69, fhhkd 69.6).


11/26

;



bf gfsm cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl. Bf slgrm-hfrjf cm rmspldsfgkbkcfcms cm slstmdk`kmdtl cmbf vkcf prlvlhf ud jrfd cmsmqukbkgrkl md mb uslcmb tkm`pl. Mbbl tkmdm ud fbtl hlstl cm lplrtu-dkcfc pfrf bfs ùomrms y, plr bl tfdtl, bbmjf fhldvmrtkrsm md ud nfhtlr cm mxhbuskd slhkfb cm-gkcl f su `mdlr fhhmsl f bls rmhursls mhld`k-hls y f su hldtrlb, y f su cmskjufb pfrtkhkpfhkdmd bls `gktls bfglrfbms, skdckhfbms y plbtkhls.Mb emhel cm qum mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl dl smkdhbuyf md bfs mstfcstkhfs hldtrkguym f su kdvksk-gkbkzfhkd y su cmshldlhk`kmdtl md bls fdbkskscm bfs plbtkhfs pgbkhfs.

Bf mhldl`f tkmdcm f dl vksufbkzfr msfs fhtkvk-cfcms cm trfgfol cl`stkhl y hukcfcls hl`ltrfgfol cmgkcl f qum bf k`fjmd prmcl`kdfdtmcmb trfgfol rmspldcm f ud `lcmbl md mb qum smcf prklrkcfc f bf msnmrf mhld`khf slgrm hufb-qukmr ltrl fspmhtl slhkfb, f ud `lcmbl gfsfclmd udf bjkhf `mrhfdtkb qum k`pldm bf lrjfdkzf-hkd cm bls tkm`pls y cm bf vkcf cm bfs pmrsldfs.

F cknmrmdhkf cm bl qum lhurrm md bf tmlrf mhld-`khf hldvmdhkldfb, mb nlhl cm ftmdhkd cm bf mhl-dl`f nm`kdkstf ms bf slstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf(Dmbsld, 6;;8 y 6;;>). Mbbl bbmvf f humstkldfrùhels cm bls supumstls cm bfs mshumbfs cm pmd-sf`kmdtl mhld`khl `s kduymdtms, md bf `m-ckcf md qum, fcm`s cm bf mxkstmdhkf cm suomtlshld `ltkvfhkldms y rfhkldfbkcfcms cknmrmdtms,kdhlrplrf fjmdtms hld humrpl (y ud ùdclhld dfturfbmzf). Ylr bl tfdtl, sm pldm md mvkcmd-hkf bf dmhmsfrkf cmpmdcmdhkf y rmspldsfgkbkcfccm bls smrms eu`fdls hld rmspmhtl f bfs dmhmsk-cfcms prlpkfs y cm tmrhmrls cm hfrhtmr slhkfb, n-skhl y m`lhkldfb. Dl pumcm pmdsfrsm qum md rmf-bkcfc bls mhldl`kstfs cmshldlhmd mstls fspmhtls(hl`l pmrsldfs y/l prlnmskldfbms), skdl qum bftrftfd hl`l udf prlgbm`tkhf md tlcl hfsl prl-sfkhf, fomdf f bfs prmlhupfhkldms cm bf mhldl`f,pfrtm cm bfs tfrmfs qum sld rmspldsfgkbkcfc cm bfsùomrms cm `fdmrf dfturfb (Dmbsld).3

3.Hktfcl md F. Mspkdl, 7969.

7. Hukcfcls, slstmdkgkbkcfc, jdmrl

Mb tr`kdl hukcfclsmd su usl hltkckfdl tkmdm udskjdkhfcl qum slbl sm fhmrhf pfrhkfb`mdtm fbhldhmptl qum ef skcl mbfglrfcl pfrf hl`prmd-cmr mb hldoudtl cm fhtkvkcfcms qum rmfbkzf`lsbfs pmrsldfs hld mb d cm rmprlcuhkrdls gklb-jkhf y slhkfb`mdtm. Md prk`mr bujfr, sld fhtk-vkcfcms cmckhfcfs f dlsltrls `ks`ls, l smf cmfutlhukcfcly, md smjudcl bujfr, cmckhfcfs f blssmrms qum dls rlcmfd (prkdhkpfb`mdtm dkls yfcubtls, yf smfd sfdls, mdnmr`ls l nrjkbms), mdmspmhkfb nf`kbkfrms y `km`grls cm dumstrls el-jfrms, qum sm mstruhturfd hld gfsm md bfs rmbf-hkldms cm pfrmdtmshl y hlùdkcfc. Md ùhelshfsls, msm trfgfol cmstkdfcl f bls ltrls rmsubtfk`prmshkdckgbm l, `molr fd? kdmvktfgbm (pmrsl-dfs qum dl pumcmd fbk`mdtfrsm plr s `ks`fs lpfrtkhkpfr md ltrfs fhtkvkcfcms cm bf vkcf ckfrkfy rmqukmrmd cm bf fskstmdhkf cm ltrf).=

Yfrf bls jrupls slhkfbms `s nfvlrmhkcls mxkstmdsmrvkhkls cmckhfcls f sftksnfhmr bfs dmhmskcfcmscm bls fcubtls sfdls plr tmrhmrls md nlr`f rm-ùdmrfcf. Ymrl md bls eljfrms cm `mdlrms kd-jrmsls msfs dmhmskcfcms sld hugkmrtfs plr blsprlpkls `km`grls cm bf nf`kbkf, md mspmhkfb plrbfs ùomrms. Mb hukcfcl qum sm grkdcf md bls el-jfrms k`pbkhf udf hfdtkcfc cm tfrmfs hl`l bf

=.Mb prlhmsl cm cmsfrrlbbl mhld`khl f `mducl hld-

cuhm fb kdhrm`mdtl cmb plrhmdtfom cm pmrsldfs qum vk-vmd slbfs y hld mbbl sm f`pbf bf k`plrtfdhkf rmbftkvfcmb futlhukcfcl.

Bls hukcfcls? tlcl bl qum efhm`ls pfrf

`fdtmdmr, hldtkdufr y rmpfrfr dumstrl ùd-cl, cm `fdmrf qum plcf`ls vkvkr md b tfd

gkmd hl`l smf plskgbm1 kdhbuym dumstrls

humrpls, dumstrl smr y dumstrl f`gkmdtm,

tlcl bl hufb gushf`ls pfrf mdtrmtmomr udf

hl`pbmof rmc cm slstmdk`kmdtl cm bf vkcf

(Hmpfb, 7969).


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69

prmpfrfhkd cm bls fbk`mdtls y bf bk`pkmzf cmbf hfsf, bf rlpf y bls utmdskbkls qum hldsu`mdtkm`pl. Hufdtl `s sm hfrmhm cm kdnrfmstruhtu-rf l tmhdlbljf fpbkhfcf f bfs emrrf`kmdtfs pfrfsu usl md bfs tfrmfs cmb eljfr (hl`l mbmhtrlcl-`stkhls, plr mom`pbl), `fylr ms bf hfdtkcfc cmtkm`pl qum hldsu`md msfs tfrmfs. F pfrtkr cmmstm hldhmptl f`pbkl, fb efgbfr cm hukcfcls dlsrmnmrk`ls, plr bl tfdtl, fb hldoudtl cm fhtkvkcf-cms lrkmdtfcfs f sftksnfhmr dmhmskcfcms `ftmrkf-bms qum prlhurfd sftksnfhtlrms dmhmsfrkls pfrfbf vkcf md fspmhtls qum vfd cmscm bls `s prk`k-tkvls l hmrhfdls f bf dfturfbmzf eu`fdf efstfltrls qum skrvmd pfrf sftksnfhmr bfs dmhmskcfcmshldstrukcfs f trfvs cmb tkm`pl y bls `lcmblsmhld`khls y dmhmskcfcms kd`ftmrkfbmsfnmhtl, trfds`kskd cm vfblrms y hldtmdkclsy hubturfbms, hlstu`grms, mth.. Mb hukcfcl, rm-ùdmrfcl y dl rmùdmrfcl, y bf slstmdkgkbkcfccm bf vkcf eu`fdf efd skcl trftfcls hl`l udfmxtmrdfbkcfc cmb skstm`f mhld`khl (Hfrrfshl,79981 Ykhhekl, 6;;;). Md bfs slhkmcfcms `mrhfd-tkbms sm ef sugvfblrfcl mb trfgfol md fhtkvkcfcmsqum dl smfd rmùdmrfcfs. Ms prmhksf`mdtm blqum lhurrm hld bls hukcfcls hufdcl sm rmfbkzfdmd bls eljfrms md mstf hftmjlrf cmb dl trfgfol. Fsu vmz, hufdcl mstfs fhtkvkcfcms sm rmfbkzfd pfrfmb `mrhfcl, numrf cmb `gktl nf`kbkfr, y sm pmr-hkgm plr mbbfs udf rmùdmrfhkd hl`l m`pbmlmd mb Mstfcl l md mb mrhfcl, plr fdfbljf hldbl qum lhurrm md bls eljfrms l plr mxtmdskd cmmbbl, sm ftrkguymd msls m`pbmls f bfs ùomrms ytf`gkd md mbbls sld sugvfblrfcfs. Mstl sm rmm-

of md sfbfrkls `mdlrms y md prmhfrkfs hldckhkl-dms bfglrfbms.

Yfrf bfs plbtkhfs pgbkhfs mb hukcfcl mst gsk-hf`mdtm fslhkfcl f bfs hldckhkldms cm cmpmd-cmdhkf y vubdmrfgkbkcfc cm bfs pmrsldfs dklspmqumls, fdhkfdls, ckshfpfhktfcls qum dlpumcmd efhmrsm hfrjl cm su hukcfcl pmrsldfb.Mb Clhu`mdtl cm bkdmf`kmdtls, fplrtms hldhmptufbms y pbfdcm trfgfol pfrf mb cksml cm ud Xkstm f Dfhkldfb Kdtmjrfcl

cm Hukcfcls (Jrupl cm Srfgfol, 7969) cmshrkgm bfstrms jrfdcms plgbfhkldms f bfs qum mb skstm`f cmhukcfcls md ]rujufy mstfr ckrkjkcl? bls dklsy bfs dkfs (9 f 67 fls, md prk`mrf kdstfdhkfhld mspmhkfb ftmdhkd md bls dkls cm 9 f 8), bfspmrsldfs hld ckshfpfhkcfc y bls fcubtls `fyl-

rms md sktufhkd cm cmpmdcmdhkf. @s fbb cm bfk`plrtfdhkf qum, f tlcls bls mnmhtls, rmvkstm bfftmdhkd cm mstfs plgbfhkldms, vfbm bf pmdf sm-fbfr bf dmhmskcfc cm tmdmr md humdtf qum tlclsbls smrms eu`fdls dl slbf`mdtm bls nrjkbms yvubdmrfgbms dmhmsktf`ls hldtkduls hukcfcls.Mb rmhldlhk`kmdtl cm bf kdtmrcmpmdcmdhkf dlsgrkdcf `fylrms plskgkbkcfcms cm pmrhkgkr mb huk-cfcl hl`l udf fhtkvkcfc nudcf`mdtfb y dl`frjkdfb pfrf dumstrfs vkcfs, bf slhkmcfc y mbnudhkldf`kmdtl cm bf mhldl`f.

Mb tr`kdl mhldl`f cmb hukcfcl(hfrm mhldl`y) prlhu-rf cfr humdtf cmb mspfhkl cm gkmdms, smrvkhkls,fhtkvkcfcms, rmbfhkldms y vfblrms rmbftkvls f bfsdmhmskcfcms `s gskhfs y rmbmvfdtms pfrf bfmxkstmdhkf y bf rmprlcuhhkd cm bfs pmrsldfs mdbfs slhkmcfcms md qum vkvmd (Wlcrjumz Mdr-qumz, 799=). Fb fslhkfr mb tr`kdl hukcfclfb hld-hmptl cm mhldl`f, sm trftf cm hmdtrfrsm mdfqumbbls fspmhtls qum jmdmrfd l hldtrkguymd f

Cmdkhkd cm hukcfcls

Xm trftf cm udf nudhkd slhkfb qum k`pbkhf

tfdtl bf prl`lhkd cm bf futldl`f pmrsl-

dfb hl`l bf ftmdhkd y bf fskstmdhkf f bfs

pmrsldfs cmpmdckmdtms. Mstf cmpmdcmdhkf

pumcm smr trfdsktlrkf, pmr`fdmdtm l hrdk-

hf, l fslhkfcf fb hkhbl cm vkcf cm bfs pmr-

sldfs.

Xld fhhkldms qum bf slhkmcfc bbmvf f hfgl

pfrf jfrfdtkzfr bf supmrvkvmdhkf slhkfb y

lrjdkhf cm qukmdms efd pmrckcl bf futl-

dl`f pmrsldfb l hfrmhmd cm mbbf y dmhmsk-

tfd bf fyucf cm ltrls pfrf rmfbkzfr bls fh-

tls msmdhkfbms cm bf vkcf ckfrkf.Mb hukcfcl

ms ud hl`pldmdtm hmdtrfb md mb `fdtmdk-

`kmdtl y mb cmsfrrlbbl cmb tmokcl slhkfb, tfd-

tl pfrf bf nlr`fhkd cm hfpfhkcfcms hl`l

pfrf su rmprlcuhhkd (Hldsmol Dfhkldfb

cm Ylbtkhfs Xlhkfbms. Clhu`mdtl cm trf-

gfol, 7967).


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67

fhtkvkcfc nm`mdkdf, mb fu`mdtl cmb dkvmb mcu-hftkvl nlr`fb, y bfs dmhmskcfcms cm fhhmsl fkdjrmsls pfrf bljrfr `s fbtls dkvmbms cm futl-dl`f mhld`khf. Bf `fylr tfsf cm fhtkvkcfcnm`mdkdf, sk gkmd sm hldckhm hld bls msnumrzls cm`molrf cm bfs hfpfhkcfcms cm cmsfrrlbbl cmb pfs`mckfdtm mb fprlvmhef`kmdtl cm `fylr hfdtk-cfc cm pmrsldfs md bf prlcuhhkd, hlblhf f bfsùomrms md ud hldkhtl? bf hldhkbkfhkd mdtrm bfvkcf md mb `gktl cmb eljfr y bfs fhtkvkcfcms mdmb m`pbml y bf nlr`fhkd. Mb fu`mdtl cmb dkvmbmcuhftkvl sm vkdhubf hld bls pkbfrms cmb cmsf-rrlbbl mhld`khl cm bfrjl pbfzl slgrm bf gfsmcm `molrfr bls dkvmbms cm mcuhfhkd cm tlcf bfplgbfhkd, hl`mdzfdcl plr bfs dumvfs jmdmrf-hkldms. Ylr btk`l, bf prlvkskd cm hukcfcls mdmb `mrhfcl prmsmdtf prlgbm`fs qum oustkhfd bfkdtmrvmdhkd mstftfb, cmgkcl f qum qukmd hldtrf-tf bls smrvkhkls cm hukcfcls pfrf ltrf pmrsldf dlpumcm hldlhmr cm fdtm`fdl su hfbkcfc.

Mnmhtkvf`mdtm, y hl`l sm ef fdfbkzfcl, mxkstmdsbkcls frju`mdtls pfrf vmr bf k`plrtfdhkf mhl-d`khf cm bfs fhtkvkcfcms cm hukcfcl cm vfrkfs`fdmrfs, y bf nlr`f md qum sm fglrcm mb hukcfcltkmdm k`pbkhfhkldms trfshmdcmdtms pfrf bfs rmbf-hkldms y bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl y pfrf blsprlhmsls cm cmsfrrlbbl.

Mb Mstfcl cmgmrf, pfrf hldtrfrrmstfr mb prm-cl`kdkl cmb gmdmhkl mhld`khl prkvfcl, fpfrtkr cm sus dlr`fs y fhtufhkldms, hlblhfr mdprk`mr bujfr bf dmhmskcfc cm hukcfr f bf jmdtm yfb `mckl dfturfb. Md udf mhldl`f slstmdkgbmqum trfgfom pfrf bf sftksnfhhkd cm bfs dmhmskcf-cms cm tlcls bls smrms eu`fdls, `fdtmdkmdclbf hfpfhkcfc cm rmprlcuhhkd cm su ùdcl sl-hkfb y dfturfb, dl slbf`mdtm dl sm cmgmd kjdl-rfr bls hukcfcls, skdl qum mb Mstfcl cmgm mstfrf su smrvkhkl tfdtl md bf hlùdkcfc hl`l md mb`gktl cl`stkhl. Bfs kdmqukcfcms slhkfbms smlrkjkdfd tfdtl md bf ckstrkguhkd cmb hukcfclrmhkgkcl hl`l md bls rmhursls hld qum humd-tfd bfs pmrsldfs pfrf efhmrsm hfrjl cmb hukcfclcm s `ks`fs y cm bls cm`s. Bf ckspldkgkbkcfccm kdjrmsls cm bfs pmrsldfs md bfs mhldl`fs`mrhfdtkbms cmtmr`kdf bf plskgkbkcfc cm rmhkgkrhukcfcl y su hfbkcfc1 bfs prhtkhfs slhkfbms pfrfbf prlvkskd cm hukcfcls tf`gkd hldtrkguymd

f msfs kdmqukcfcms. Ylr tfdtl, sm trftf cm nlr-ùbfr m k`pbm`mdtfr plbtkhfs qum dl slbl smlpldjfd f udf plbtkhf mhld`khf gfsfcf mdbf kcmf cm ud hrmhk`kmdtl kbk`ktfcl, skdl qumfcm`s sm hfrfhtmrkhmd plr su numrtm hl`prl-`ksl hld bf kjufbcfc, kdhbukcl mb fhhmsl kjufbf gumdf ftmdhkd pfrf tlcls bls smrms eu`fdls(]DWKXC, 799;).

Mb Mstfcl pumcm jfrfdtkzfr qum sm mvktm bf mxhbu-skd slhkfb fsu`kmdcl mstm hl`prl`ksl hl`lprmstfclr cm smrvkhkls l tf`gkd lrkmdtfdcl, bk-cmrfdcl y rmjubfdcl bls qum sm kdtmrhf`gkfd mdmb `mrhfcl. Bf cmskjufbcfc cm bf qum sm pfrtm,md bf mckcf md qum bls vfhls sld lhupfcls plrprlvmmclrms prkvfcls cm hfbkcfc ckvmrsf y, cmscmbumjl, lrkmdtfcls f bls cknmrmdtms smj`mdtls sl-hklmhld`khls y hfpfhkcfcms cm pfjl, hldcuhmkdmvktfgbm`mdtm f `fdtmdmr hufdcl dl f mxf-hmrgfr bfs cmskjufbcfcms slhkfbms y mhld`khfs(]DWKXC, 799;).

Mb Mstfcl, md btk`f kdstfdhkf, ms mb rmspldsf-gbm cm bf slstmdkgkbkcfc hld mqukcfc1 y mbbl cmgmhldhrmtfrsm md plbtkhfs pgbkhfs qum hldtrkgu-yfd f cks`kdukr cmskjufbcfcms y f fsmjurfr cmrm-hels. Msfs plbtkhfs pumcmd lpmrfr hl`l nfhtlrcm kjufbcfc l mstrftmjkf pfrf bf mqukcfc m kdhkckrmd mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmb skstm`f mhld`khlftmdckmdcl fb cmsfrrlbbl mhld`khl y slhkfb.

]rujufy sm mdhumdtrf fdtm mb cmsfnl qum jmdm-rfd bls bljrls mhld`khls vmrsus su hldtkdukcfcy su fplrtm fb cmsfrrlbbl. Xm mdnrmdtf f rmstrkh-hkldms cm lnmrtf bfglrfb y f bf dmhmskcfc cm `m-

olrfr y fcmhufr bfs hfpfhkcfcms cm su `fdl cm

Cmskjufb ckstrkguhkd cmb hukcfcl + bfs

cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl 0 hrhubl vkhkl-

sl cm bf prkvftkzfhkd cmb hukcfcl. Mstmprlhmsl pmrpmtf bf cmskjufb ckstrkguhkd

cmb hukcfcl m k`pkcm qum mstm smf fsu`kcl

hl`l udf rmspldsfgkbkcfc slhkfb (Srldtl,

799>).


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lgrf, cm slstmdmr mb hrmhk`kmdtl y cm cks`kdukrbfs cmskjufbcfcms slhkfbms qum dl slbf`mdtm smmxprmsfd md bfs grmhefs mhld`khfs.

8. Vu dls ckhm bf kdnlr`fhkd md]rujufy % (Mdhums-tf Hldtkduf cm Eljfrms, Kdstktutl Dfhkldfb cmMstfcstkhf, 7967), uy fbtf tfdtl cmscm mb pudtlcm vkstf ekstrkhl hl`l md bf hl`pfrfhkd kd-tmrdfhkldfb1 fud fs y pmsm f su tmdcmdhkf f bfcks`kduhkd, bf grmhef mdtrm el`grms y uomrmsms fd mxtmdsf. Bfs ùomrms hfsfcfs sld bfs qum`s efd kdhkckcl md mstm fu`mdtl md bfs btk`fschfcfs, `kmdtrfs qum bfs ùomrms ovmdms sldqukmdms prmsmdtfd bfs tfsfs cm fhtkvkcfc `s fb-tfs (Mspkdl, Ksfgmbbf, Bmktms y @fhefcl, 7967).

Mstf mvlbuhkd ef rmcuhkcl mb tkm`pl efstf fel-rf cmstkdfcl fb hukcfcl dl rmùdmrfcl cm bfnf`kbkf. Fudqum bf tfsf cm nmhudckcfc, md prl-`mckl, sm ef `fdtmdkcl rmbftkvf`mdtm gfof, mbmdvmomhk`kmdtl cm bf plgbfhkd ef kdtmdskhfclbf dmhmskcfc cm hldtfr hld smrvkhkls cm prmstf-hkd cm hukcfcls.

Md 799:, mb tkm`pl tltfb cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrf-cl pfrf tlcl mb pfs hlrrmspldcf f bf `ktfc cmbtkm`pl cm trfgfol tltfb (3; % dl rmùdmrfcly =6 % rmùdmrfcl) pfrf tlcf bf plgbfhkd, ybfs ùomrms rmfbkzfgfd `s cmb clgbm cm tkm`plcm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl qum bls vfrldms (8>,8y 6=,: elrfs sm`fdfbms, rmspmhtkvf`mdtm). Mbblbk`ktf hbfrf`mdtm bfs plskgkbkcfcms cm kdsmrhkdcm bfs ùomrms md mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb, qukmdmsrmprmsmdtfd slbl mb 8= % cmb tkm`pl cmstkdfclfb trfgfol rmùdmrfcl. Mstl cmrkvf md udf prl-plrhkd `fylr cm ùomrms qum cm el`grms skdkdjrmsls prlpkls y, plr bl tfdtl, `fylr cmpmd-cmdhkf, fs hl`l `fylr vubdmrfgkbkcfc fdtm bfplgrmzf. Md bfs mhldl`fs fhtufbms mb m`pbmlms bf prkdhkpfb (y hfsk dkhf) numdtm cm kdjrmsls,

cmrmhels slhkfbms y rmhldlhk`kmdtl slhkfb cmbtrfgfol cm bfs pmrsldfs.

Bls cmtmr`kdfdtms cm bf lnmrtf bfglrfb nm`m-dkdf, hl`l ef skcl cm`lstrfcl md du`mrlslstrfgfols m`prkhls, mstd rmbfhkldfcls hld bfprmsmdhkf l dl cm plgbfhkd cmpmdckmdtm md mbeljfr, gskhf`mdtm dkls, y mb mnmhtl ms `fylrhufdcl bls dkls sld `mdlrms (Mspkdl, Bmktms y@fhefcl, 799;).>Bls `ks`ls rmsubtfcls sm md-humdtrfd pfrf bfs ùomrms hld rmspmhtl f bf prl-gfgkbkcfc cm mstfr m`pbmfcfs (Xfbvfclr, Hlbfhhmy Yrfcmrm, 7967).

Bf mdlr pfrtkhkpfhkd cm bfs uomrms hldtrkgu-ym fb nmd`mdl cm sugutkbkzfhkd cm numrzf cmtrfgfol, `kmdtrfs qum prhtkhf`mdtm dl mxkstmdplskgkbkcfcms cm kdhrm`mdtfr bf lnmrtf `fshubk-df. Mstf sugutkbkzfhkd sm mxprmsf hl`l prckcfcm prlcuhtkvkcfc md mb dkvmb khrlmhld`khl, ytkmdm hldsmhumdhkfs dmjftkvfs md bf ckd`khf cmhrmhk`kmdtl.

Md bls eljfrms cm bls prk`mrls qukdtkbms cmkdjrmsls, mb fplrtm cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl(SDW) md tr`kdls `ldmtfrkls ms ùy supmrklrfb cmb rmstl? 3: % md mb prk`mr qukdtkb, 8; % md mbsmjudcl y 88 % md mb tmrhmrl (Mspkdl, Xfbvfclry Vumrmomtf, 7969).

>.Xmjd Mspkdl, Bmktms y @fhefcl (799;) mb d`m-rl cm ekols y bf prmsmdhkf cm ekols pmqumls rmsubtfdrmbmvfdtms hl`l nfhtlr qum tkmdcm f cks`kdukr bf cm-ckhfhkd cm bfs ùomrms f trfgfofr `s elrfs numrf cmbeljfr. Ymrl su mnmhtl ms cmhrmhkmdtm md bf `mckcf md qumfu`mdtf bf mcfc cm bls dkls. Ylr su pfrtm, bls el`grmstkmdmd udf `fylr prlpmdskd f cmstkdfr `s elrfs fbtrfgfol numrf cmb eljfr, pfrf jmdmrfr bls kdjrmsls qumhl`pmdsmd bfs dmhmskcfcms cm ud `fylr d`mrl cmekols. Bfs ùomrms `s mcuhfcfs prmsmdtfd ud hl`plr-tf`kmdtl sk`kbfr fb cm bls el`grms. Bf mbfstkhkcfc fbkdjrmsl prlpkl ms gfof y hmrhfdf f bf `fshubkdf y, hl`l

mrf cm mspmrfr, mstm jrupl cm ùomrms ms mb qum `s prkl-rkzf su hfrrmrf bfglrfb y tkmdm udf `fylr prlpmdskd fcmstkdfr elrfs fb trfgfol rmùdmrfcl numrf cmb eljfr.


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Bf mtfpf rmprlcuhtkvf md bfs uomrms hlkdhkcm mdgumdf pfrtm hld bl qum sm hldlhm hl`d`mdtmhl`l bf vkcf prlcuhtkvf, l smf bls fls md qum smpumcm trfgfofr md `molrms hldckhkldms md nlr`frmùdmrfcf. Fudqum bf mcfc cm bf prk`mrf `f-tmrdkcfc sm ef plspumstl, fd sld ovmdms qukm-dms tkmdmd ekols y, plr bl tfdtl, tkmdmd f su hfrjldkls pmqumls. Bf `fdmrf md qum sm mdnrmdtfbf `ftmrdkcfc md hfcf slhkmcfc mst rmbfhkldf-cf hld bfs cmskjufbcfcms mhld`khfs y slhkfbmspfrf bfs pmrsldfs y pfrf bls eljfrms, pfrf mb prm-smdtm y pfrf mb nuturl.

Mb tkm`pl cmstkdfcl fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfclms `fylr hufdcl efy prmsmdhkf cm plgbfhkdcmpmdckmdtm md mb eljfr, y `s sk sm trftf cm dk-ls ùy pmqumls (9 f 8 fls cm mcfc). Cfclqum bf kdnlr`fhkd ckspldkgbm ckhubtf cmtmhtfrbf plgbfhkd fcubtf cmpmdckmdtm md bls eljfrms,bls fdbksks jmdmrfb`mdtm qumcfd smsjfcls f bfprmsmdhkf cm plgbfhkd kdnfdtkb (9 f 67 fls)(Gftteydy, 799;).

Bfs ùomrms hld molrms prlymhhkldms md mb mr-hfcl bfglrfb tkmdcmd f udf `ftmrdkcfc tfrcf

(^frmbf Ymtktl, Nlstka y Nmrddcmz Xltl, 7967).Mbbl cf bujfr f cls `lcmbls ckvmrjmdtms cm rm-prlcuhhkd gklbjkhf md bf slhkmcfc, qum tkmdmdk`pbkhfdhkfs pfrf mb `lcmbl cm hrmhk`kmdtl ycmsfrrlbbl, yf qum fnmhtfd dl slbl bf hfbkcfc cmbf kdsmrhkd bfglrfb cm bfs uomrms cm mdlrms rm-hursls fb hldckhkldfr bfs plskgkbkcfcms cm supm-rfhkd cm sktufhkldms cm plgrmzf, skdl tf`gkdbf mxpfdskd cm bf cm`fdcf yf qum bls eljfrmshld molrms plskgkbkcfcms mhld`khfs bljrfd tm-dmr mb d`mrl cm ekols qum cmsmfd y cmckhfrbmsmb tkm`pl qum hldskcmrmd fcmhufcl.

Bfs `fcrms cm dkls md bls qukdtkbms `s fbtlscm kdjrmsls prmsmdtfd udf fbtf pfrtkhkpfhkdmd mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb fud hufdcl bls dklssld pmqumls. Mst cm`lstrfcl f bl bfrjl cmvfrkfs jmdmrfhkldms qum bfs ùomrms qum tkmdmd`s fbtl dkvmb mcuhftkvl sld bfs qum tkmdmd udf`fylr pfrtkhkpfhkd bfglrfb md mb pfs (Mspkdl,Ksfgmbbf, Bmktms y @fhefcl, 7967). Xkd m`gfrjl,dl tlcfs bfs ùomrms qum trfgfofd y qum bl efdemhel cmscm prkdhkpkls cmb skjbl UU prlvkmdmdcm eljfrms cm fbtls l `mckls kdjrmsls dk plsmmdmstuckls fvfdzfcls.

Jrhl 6

Mstruhturf cm kdjrmsls, SDWy trfdsnmrmdhkfs plr qukdtkbms

Numdtm? Mspkdl, Xfbvfclr y Vumrmomtf, 7969.


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Md mstf vfrkmcfc bl qum s mstf`ls md hldckhkl-dms cm fr`fr ms qum bf prmsmdhkf cm dkls(fs)cm 8 fls y `mdls md bls eljfrms rmstrkdjm bfscmhkskldms cm pfrtkhkpfhkd cm bfs ùomrms, fshl`l bf hfdtkcfc cm elrfs trfgfofcfs md mb `mr-hfcl. F`gls nfhtlrms kdhkcmd md bf plgrmzf ybf cmskjufbcfc cm kdjrmsls mdtrm eljfrms y pmr-sldfs y, plr bl tfdtl, md bf cmskjufbcfc slhkfb.Bfs cknmrmdtms plskgkbkcfcms qum mdnrmdtfd bfsùomrms cmgkcl f sus rmspldsfgkbkcfcms md mb el-jfr sld udf prk`mrf numdtm cm kdoustkhkf md bfckstrkguhkd cmb kdjrmsl.

Bf kdsmrhkd bfglrfb cm bls kdckvkculs mst hld-ckhkldfcf plr cmskjufbcfcms prmvkfs f bf mdtrf-cf fb `mrhfcl cm trfgfol, cmgkcfs md pfrtm fbfs nlr`fs prmvfbmhkmdtms cm lrjfdkzfhkd cm bfrmprlcuhhkd slhkfb. Bf ckstrkguhkd smhtlrkfbcm bf numrzf cm trfgfol, sk gkmd lgmcmhm f cmtmr-`kdfdtms cm cm`fdcf, tf`gkd cmpmdcm cm bfshldckhkldms cm lnmrtf, cm su kdtmrrmbfhkd hldbfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl f`pfrfcfs md dlr-`fs, hlstu`grms y nfhtlrms cm ckshrk`kdfhkd(pmrhmphkldms slgrm bl nm`mdkdl, rmjubfhkldmsmd ckvmrsls `gktls y, md pfrtkhubfr, cknmrmdhkfscm plcmr md ckvmrsls tmrrmdls), pmrl tf`gkd mdmsfs nlr`fs cm lrjfdkzfhkd (Mspkdl, 7966).

Curfdtm uhel tkm`pl, slgrm tlcl md bfs slhkm-cfcms kdcustrkfbkzfcfs, bfs ùomrms mstuvkmrldtltfb l pfrhkfb`mdtm mxhbukcfs cmb trfgfol md mb`mrhfcl1 sm cmckhfrld f bfs fhtkvkcfcms cm hukcf-cl y cl`stkhfs. Bf mxhbuskd tltfb skjdkhfgfpfrf bfs ùomrms bf cmpmdcmdhkf cm bls el`grms(pfcrms, msplsls, emr`fdls m ekols) md cknmrmdtmstkpls cm cmhkskldms, ms cmhkr, mdlr futldl`f yplskgkbkcfcms cm kdcmpmdckzfrsm. Yfrf bf slhkm-cfc plcrfd mstfr pmrckdclsm, fcm`s, efgkbk-cfcms y rmhursls dmhmsfrkls pfrf bf hlùdkcfcy mb gkmdmstfr. Ymsm f bf mvlbuhkd hrmhkmdtm, bfsùomrms fhtkvfs y qum rmfbkzfd trfgfols rmùdm-rfcls fd mdnrmdtfd rmstrkhhkldms, dl slbl md bfscmhkskldms cm pfrtkhkpfhkd bfglrfb, skdl tf`-gkd md bf hfdtkcfc cm elrfs trfgfofcfs.

Md prl`mckl, bfs ùomrms lhupfcfs rmfbkzfd69 elrfs `mdls cm trfgfol rmùdmrfcl qum blsel`grms y 6; elrfs `s cm trfgfol dl rmùdm-rfcl (83,8 elrfs sm`fdfbms bfs ùomrms y 6=,8

elrfs bls el`grms). Msf cknmrmdhkf ms tf`gkdskjdkhftkvf mdtrm trfgfofclrms y trfgfofclrfshld olrdfcfs bfglrfbms cm sk`kbfr mxtmdskd. Xkgkmd bls prl mckls cm elrfs cm trfgfol rmùdm-rfcl md bf sm`fdf sld sk`kbfrms, f kjufb mxtmd-skd cmb trfgfol rmùdmrfcl, mb tkm`pl cmstkdf-cl fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl ms sustfdhkfb`mdtmckstkdtl. Hld olrdfcfs rmcuhkcfs cm efstf 79elrfs sm`fdfbms, bls el`grms cmstkdfd hmrhf cm6= elrfs sm`fdfbms fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl,y bfs ùomrms 36 elrfs. Hld olrdfcfs ùy mx-tmdsfs (`s cm =9 elrfs sm`fdfbms) bls el`grmscmstkdfd 67 elrfs fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl ybfs ùomrms 7; elrfs sm`fdfbms (Hkmcur, 7967).L smf, bf `fylr kdsmrhkd bfglrfb cm bfs ùomrmsdl jmdmr udf rmckstrkguhkd cmb trfgfol tltfb,hld udf hlrrmbftkvf udf `fylr kdsmrhkd cm blsel`grms md mb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl. Mbbl dlslbl mst hldckhkldfcl plr pftrldms hubturfbmsy tfb vmz cm mstùbls mhld`khls, hl`l pbfd-tmfd fbjudfs nm`kdkstfs (hl`l Jkubbfrk y Bmwks,799=) qum hldskcmrfd qum sk dl sm rmùdmrf mbtrfgfol md bls eljfrms dl efy mstùbls pfrf qumbls el`grms cmomd cm trfgfofr md mb mrhfcl y smcmckqumd f msfs tfrmfs, skdl qum md mb `mrhfclbfglrfb prk`f bf dlr`f cmb trfgfofclr kcmfb,qum ms fqumb qum cmstkdf tkm`pl kbk`ktfcl f sutrfgfol, gfsfcl md mb supumstl cm qum ckhel(f)trfgfofclr(f) dl tkmdm rmspldsfgkbkcfcms nf`k-bkfrms y tkmdm pbmdf ckspldkgkbkcfc cm su tkm`pl(udf dlhkd qum sm ef prlnudckzfcl oudtl hldbls prlhmsls cm mxkgkbkzfhkd bfglrfb).:

:.Frrkfjfcf (799=) pbfdtmf qum bf fhtufb tmdcmdhkf mdF`rkhf Bftkdf f bf mxkgkbkcfc md bfs olrdfcfs bfglrf -bms ef fnmhtfcl f trfgfofclrms y trfgfofclrfs. Bf tmdcmd-hkf f trfgfofr md turdls, mspmhkfb`mdtm md kdcustrkfs ymd mb smhtlr hl`mrhkl, md trfgfols cl`khkbkfrkls, md trf-gfols cm olrdfcfs pfrhkfbms y md olrdfcfs ftpkhfs k`pl-dm tmdskldms md bf vkcf nf`kbkfr, plrqum bls elrfrkls smlrjfdkzfd slbl md nudhkd cm bls kdtmrmsms cmb `mrhfcl.Mstf lplskhkd mdtrm mxkgkbkcfc bfglrfb y vkcf nf`k-bkfr sm prlcuhm cmgkcl f qum bf vkcf bfglrfb y nf`kbkfrckshurrm md ckstkdtls bujfrms y hld elrfrkls cknmrmdtms?

elrfrkl bfglrfb cmb `frkcl, cm bf msplsf, cm mshumbf, cmjufrcmrfs, cm smrvkhkls pgbkhls y hmdtrls hl`mrhkfbmsy ltrfs lrjfdkzfhkldms numrf cmb eljfr.


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6>

F su vmz, bf `fylrf cm bfs ùomrms qum sm m`-pbmfd hld `mdls cm 39 elrfs sm`fdfbms y fbtfhfrjf cm trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl md mb eljfr tkm-dmd m`pbmls prmhfrkls (skd rmjkstrl md bf smjurk-cfc slhkfb). [ bfs qum plsmmd fbtf hfrjf cm trf-gfol dl rmùdmrfcl y sm m`pbmfd hld olrdfcfsbfglrfbms mxtmdsfs (77 % cm bfs ùomrms `fylrmscm 63 fls) mdnrmdtfd udf fbtf hfrjf jblgfb cmtrfgfol, l smf, sunrmd bl qum sm ef cfcl md bbf`frplgrmzf cm tkm`pl.

Mb prl`mckl cm elrfs cmckhfcfs plr bfs ùom-rms fb trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl (SDW) md bls el-jfrms hld dkls(fs) cm efstf 8 fls cm mcfc mdmb prk`mr (>:) y smjudcl qukdtkb (>5) ms sk`kbfr,pmrl tkmdmd cknmrmdhkfs md mb tkm`pl cmckhfcl fbtrfgfol rmùdmrfcl (SW), 5 y 76 elrfs, rmspmhtk-vf`mdtm. Bf hfrjf jblgfb cm bfs ùomrms ms ùysupmrklr md bls qukdtkbms 7 y 8, md bls qum fbhfdzff 5= y 5> elrfs tltfbms.

Jrhl 7

Skm`pl cm SWy SDWmd bls eljfrms hld dkls cm efstf 8 fls, plr smxl y qukdtkb cm kdjrmsl(prl`mckl cm elrfs sm`fdfbms)

Numdtm? Mbfglrfhkd prlpkf hld gfsm md bls `khrlcftls cmb @cubl slgrm ]sl cmb Skm`pl y Srfgfol Dl Wmùdmrfcl cm bf MdhumstfHldtkduf cm Eljfrms, smtkm`grm 799:, KDM .

Bfs rmstrkhhkldms pfrf mb m`pbml qum mdnrmdtfdbfs ùomrms cmgkcl f bfs rmspldsfgkbkcfcms mdbls eljfrms sm rmnumrzfd hld bfs cmskjufbcfcmsmd mb `mrhfcl bfglrfb (grmhef sfbfrkfb y smjrm-jfhkd lhupfhkldfb). Bf grmhef sfbfrkfb ms `sk`plrtfdtm mdtrm qukmdms tkmdmd dkvmb mcuhftkvl`s fbtl, bl qum rmmof bls prlgbm`fs cm smjrmjf-hkd lhupfhkldfb elrkzldtfb y vmrtkhfb (Mspkdl,7967). Bf smjrmjfhkd lhupfhkldfb tf`gkd cf

bujfr f bf slgrmrrmprmsmdtfhkd md bf vubdmrfgkbk-cfc y prmhfrkmcfc bfglrfb? sugm`pbml plr elrfs,nfbtf cm hlgmrturf cm smjurkcfc slhkfb, gfof prl-cuhtkvkcfc m kdjrmsls, `fbfs hldckhkldms y `fbf`gkmdtm cm trfgfol.

Bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm kdjrmsls lrkjkdfcfs md bfsckvmrjmdhkfs md bfs rmùdmrfhkldms plr trfgfoldl sm mxpbkhfd slbf`mdtm plr bfs cknmrmdhkfs cm


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prlcuhtkvkcfc. Md mbbfs kdhkcmd ltrls nfhtlrms cmckshrk`kdfhkd y smjrmjfhkd, hl`l bls tdkhlsy rfhkfbms, qum md tlcls bls hfsls sm vmd rmnlrzf-cls plr bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl. Bf grmhefplr smxl md bls kdjrmsls bfglrfbms plr elrf mssupmrklr mdtrm qukmdms plsmmd mcuhfhkd smhud-cfrkf y mcuhfhkd udkvmrsktfrkf l sk`kbfr. Mstlbtk`l plcrf mxpbkhfrsm plr bf mxkstmdhkf cm ud

tmhel cm hrkstfb qum k`pbkhf qum bfs ùomrms, fpmsfr cm plsmmr dkvmbms mcuhftkvls mbmvfcls, dlfhhmcmd f pumstls jmrmdhkfbms y momhutkvls fbtlsmd bf `ks`f `mckcf md qum bl efhmd bls el`-grms (Hkmcur, 7967). Mbbl hbfrf`mdtm dl hldtrk-guym fb cmsfrrlbbl mhld`khl y slhkfb plrqumskjdkhf ud hbfrl cmsfprlvmhef`kmdtl cm blsrmhursls eu`fdls.

Jrhl 8

Wmbfhkd cm rmùdmrfhkldms plr elrf smjd smxl y dkvmb mcuhftkvl. Sltfb cmb pfs. Fl 7966

* Cfcf bf gfof prlplrhkd cm pmrsldfs md mstm jrupl, su vfblr tkmdcm f smr ùy vlbtkb.

Numdtm? Hkmcur, 7967.

F su vmz, hufdcl sm m`pbmfd md pumstls cm fbtfrmspldsfgkbkcfc, hl`l hfrjls ckrmhtkvls md m`-prmsfs l md bf fc`kdkstrfhkd pgbkhf (kdhbukcfsbfs bmjksbfclrfs l bfs `kdkstrfs), fd tkmdmd olr-dfcfs cm trfgfol rmùdmrfcl y dl rmùdmrfclmbmvfcfs (=7 elrfs sm`fdfbms md prl`mckl cmtrfgfol rmùdmrfcl y 87 elrfs cm trfgfol dl rm-ùdmrfcl, bl qum tltfbkzf 53 elrfs sm`fdfbms, lsmf, 67 elrfs ckfrkfs) (Hkmcur, 7967).

]df plrhkd k`plrtfdtm cm bfs ùomrms mstdhldhmdtrfcfs md m`pbmls vkdhubfcls fb hukcf-cl. Bf mvkcmdhkf cmùmstrf qum md msls smhtlrmstfdtl mb hukcfcl cm dkls y cm fdhkfdls hl`l

mb smrvkhkl cl`stkhl tkmdmd uy gfof hlgmrturfcm smjurkcfc slhkfb y gfols sfbfrkls (F`frfdtm yMspkdl, 7995).

Hbfrf`mdtm, mb dkvmb cm prmhfrkmcfc cmb m`pbmlmd eljfrms pfrtkhubfrms (smrvkhkl cl`stkhl) msùy supmrklr fb qum sm rmjkstrf md bfs kdstktuhkl-dms. Ymrl cm tlcfs `fdmrfs ms ùy mbmvfcl hldrmbfhkd f bf hfbkcfc cmb m`pbml cmb prl`mckl cmbfs lhupfcfs.

]d skstm`f cm hukcfcls plcrf `molrfr sustfdtk-vf`mdtm bf hfbkcfc cmb m`pbml cm qukmdms hukcfdmd nlr`f rmùdmrfcf. Mbbl tf`gkd hldtrkgukrf


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fb cmsfrrlbbl mhld`khl y slhkfb, fs hl`l fb gkmd-mstfr cm qukmdms hukcfd y sld hukcfcls.

Bfs hldckhkldms bfglrfbms cm bf numrzf cm trfgfolnm`mdkdf dl pumcmd cmpmdcmr cmb hrmhk`kmd-tl cm bf mhldl`f mxhbuskvf`mdtm. ]d mstucklrmnmrkcl fb `lcmbl cm kdsmrhkd kdtmrdfhkldfbcm dumstrf mhldl`f y bfs lplrtudkcfcms qumsm jmdmrfd pfrf mb m`pbml nm`mdkdl mvkcmdhkfqum mb hrmhk`kmdtl mhld`khl hld fu`mdtl cmbm`pbml dl ms suhkmdtm pfrf rmcuhkr bf smjrmjf-hkd, yf qum md bls btk`ls 6= fls (6;;9-799=)mb m`pbml nm`mdkdl hrmhk `s rpkcf`mdtm mdbfs rf`fs y lhupfhkldms `s nm`kdkzfcfs (bfsvkdhubfcfs hld bls smrvkhkls), y mbbl jmdmrf udfprmskd f bf gfof slgrm bls sfbfrkls y rmcuhm bfslplrtudkcfcms cm m`pbml fb rmstrkdjkrbfs f udfrmcuhkcf jf`f cm lhupfhkldms (Gkcmjfkd Yld-tm, 799;).

Cfcl mb sustrftl hubturfb m ekstrkhl, mb pfpmbfskjdfcl f bfs ùomrms y bfs nf`kbkfs y, md jm-dmrfb, bfs cmskjufbcfcms mstruhturfbms mxkstmdtmsmd bf slhkmcfc, dl pumcm supldmrsm dl lhu-rrm qum bls prlhmsls cm hrmhk`kmdtl mhld-`khl trfkjfd hldskjl cm `fdmrf futl`tkhf mb`molrf`kmdtl cm bf prlvkskd cmb hukcfcl y mbgkmdmstfr eu`fdl (]DWKXC, 799;).

Bf kdnlr`fhkd prmsmdtfcf lnrmhm kdckhkls cm bfdmhmskcfc cm k`pbm`mdtfr plbtkhfs pgbkhfs mdmb rmf cm bls hukcfcls qum plcrfd lpmrfr hl`lnfhtlr cm kjufbcfc, cm mstrftmjkf pfrf bf mqukcfc,

y `molrfr fs mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmb skstm`f mhl-d`khl fb ftmdcmr fb cmsfrrlbbl mhld`khl yslhkfb cmb pfs.

3. Efhkf ud skstm`f cm hukcfcls qumprlùmvf mb cmsfrrlbbl y bf mqukcfc

Md bf `mckcf md qum mb hrmhk`kmdtl cm bf mhl-dl`f plr s `ks`l dl ef bljrfcl mbk`kdfr bfscmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl dk ltrfs cmskjufbcfcmsslhkfbms, sm fcvkmrtm bf k`plrtfdhkf cm bfs plb-tkhfs pgbkhfs md mstf `ftmrkf, bl hufb yf rmhljmjrfdcms hldsmdsls. Md pfrtkhubfr, md tr`kdlsprhtkhls, bf hfrjf cm trfgfol rmùdmrfcl oudtlhld bls mstmrmltkpls cm bl nm`mdkdl y bl `fs-hubkdl, y udf kdstktuhkldfbkcfc k`prmjdfcfplr bfs rmbfhkldms cm jdmrl efd skcl y skjumdskmdcl mb lrkjmd cm bfs cmskjufbcfcms cm jdmrl.Mdtrm bls rmtls f bls qum sm mdnrmdtf ud nuturljlgkmrdl md mb pfs, sm mdhumdtrf bf plskgkbkcfccm fvfdzfr efhkf ud `frhl dlr`ftkvl qum efjfcm bf mqukcfc cm jdmrl udf plbtkhf cm Mstfcl,pfrf bl hufb ud skstm`f dfhkldfb cm hukcfclspumcm smr nudcf`mdtfb. Hl`l sm ef `lstrfcl,bf nlr`f md qum sm lrjfdkzfd bls hukcfcls mstfslhkfcf f bf kjufbcfc cm lplrtudkcfcms y mbm`pbml cm hfbkcfc, f bf futldl`f mhld`khfcm bfs ùomrms, fb gkmdmstfr y f bf f`pbkfhkd cmbmomrhkhkl y jlhm cm cmrmhels, f `fylrms plskgk-bkcfcms cm mbmhhkd m kjufbcfc cm lplrtudkcfcms(Msqukvmb, 7966). ]d rmpfrtl `s mquktftkvl cmbtrfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl cl`stkhl y cmb hukcf-cl md bls eljfrms, y mb rmspfbcl cm ud skstm`fdfhkldfb cm hukcfcls sld nfhtlrms qum hldtrk-guymd f bf kjufbcfc md cknmrmdtms `gktls cm bfvkcf y f bf mxpfdskd cm bfs bkgmrtfcms, fb f`-pbkfr bfs lplrtudkcfcms cm bls kdckvkculs y, plrbl tfdtl, sus lphkldms.

Bf nlr`f cm lrjfdkzfhkd cm bls hukcfcls msttf`gkd rmbfhkldfcf hld bf prlcuhtkvkcfc cmbskstm`f mhld`khl y bfs trfymhtlrkfs cm hrm-hk`kmdtl mhld`khl. Bf rmprlcuhhkd cm bfnumrzf cm trfgfol y cm bfs jmdmrfhkldms md nlr-`f fcmhufcf hldstktuym, skd cucf, udl cm blsmbm`mdtls `s k`plrtfdtms cmb nudhkldf`kmd-tl cm bf mhldl`f. Bf lnmrtf bfglrfb suhkmdtmmd hfdtkcfc y fcmhufcf md hfbkcfc ms ud nfhtlr

Jrhl 3

Yrlplrhkd cm lhupfcfs skd rmjkstrl md bfsmjurkcfc slhkfb. Fl 7966, md plrhmdtfoms

Eljfrms Kdstktuhkldms

Hukcfclrfs cm dkls :;,7 3;,7

Hukcfclrfs cm fdhkfdls :;,8 33,8

Xmrvkhkl cl`stkhl =7,: -

Sfsf prl`mckl cm lhupfclsskd rmjkstrl md bf smjurkcfc

slhkfb7:,7

Numdtm? Mbfglrfhkd prlpkf hld gfsm md bls `khrlcftls cm bfMdhumstf Hldtkduf cm Eljfrms 7966, KDM .


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k`prmshkdckgbm pfrf fsmjurfr bf hldtkdukcfc cmbhrmhk`kmdtl, pmrl tf`gkd bf ckstrkguhkd cmbkdjrmsl md bfs `molrms hldckhkldms (Jklsf _uf-zf y Wlcrjumz Mdrqumz, 7969).

Bfs ckhubtfcms pfrf hldhkbkfr bf vkcf bfglrfbhld bfs rmspldsfgkbkcfcms cl`stkhfs bbmvfd,md mb hfsl cm bfs ùomrms, f ud foustm cm supfrtkhkpfhkd bfglrfb plr mb bfcl cm bfs elrfstrfgfofcfs y bf hfbkcfc cmb m`pbml (lptfdclplr m`pbmls `s mxkgbms, bls hufbms ùhefsvmhms fcqukmrmd ud hfrhtmr `s kdnlr`fb). Bftmdskd mdtrm prlcuhkr `mrhfdhfs y rmprlcu-hkr pmrsldfs mst nudcfcf md bf dfturfbmzf cmb`mrhfcl cm trfgfol kdtmrhf`gkl cm trfgfol y`mckls cm sugskstmdhkf, plrqum pfrf qum bfcltfhkd cm trfgfol fsfbfrkfcl sm mdhumdtrm cks-pldkgbm ms dmhmsfrkf udf cltfhkd cm trfgfol cmrmprlcuhhkd slhkfb cm bfs pmrsldfs qum dl smhldskcmrf md mb fdbksks mhld`khl hldvmdhkl-dfb (Ykhhekl, 799=).

Bf kdmstfgkbkcfc md mb m`pbml, bfs fbtfs tfsfs cmcmsm`pbml y bf prmhfrkmcfc bfglrfb qum prmsmdtfbf `fdl cm lgrf nm`mdkdf hldspkrfd hldtrf mbfprmdckzfom y bf mspmhkfbkzfhkd, bf prlcuhtkvk-cfc, bf hl`pmtktkvkcfc y mb hrmhk`kmdtl, `kmd-trfs qum mb cmsfrrlbbl y bf kdsmrhkd kdtmrdfhkldfbcmpmdcmd oustf`mdtm cm fhuùbfr fprmdckzfoms,mbmvfr bf hfbkhfhkd cm bfs tfrmfs y cmsfrrlbbfrkddlvfhkldms. Mstfs sld bfs hldckhkldms pfrf pf-sfr cm mxpbltfr vmdtfofs msttkhfs (md mstm hfslgfol hlstl cm bf `fdl cm lgrf) f gmdmhkfrsm cmvmdtfofs ckd`khfs (Jklsf _ufzf y WlcrjumzMdrqumz, 7969). Ymrl fcm`s, hldskcmrfdcl blsdkvmbms mcuhftkvls fbhfdzfcls plr bfs ùomrms,msfs hldckhkldms bfglrfbms supldmd cmspmrckhkfr

bf kdvmrskd md hfpktfb eu`fdl qum ef emhel bfslhkmcfc.

Bf `fylr kdhlrplrfhkd cm bf numrzf cm trfgfolnm`mdkdf, md pfrtkhubfr md bls dkvmbms slhklmhl-d`khls `s plgrms, hldtrkguym f cltfr cmkdjrmsls y hfpfhkcfc cm hldsu`l f ùomrms yeljfrms y f cks`kdukr bf vubdmrfgkbkcfc fdtm bfplgrmzf. Ylr su pfrtm, mb kdhrm`mdtl cmb kdjrmsljblgfb k`pfhtf md bls `mrhfcls fb fu`mdtfr bfcm`fdcf, udl cm bls pkbfrms cmb hrmhk`kmdtl ybf kdvmrskd.

Mb hldoudtl cm mbm`mdtls fdfbkzfcls pmr`ktmfr`fr qum bf k`pbm`mdtfhkd cm ud skstm`fdfhkldfb cm hukcfcls qum kdhlrplrm udf pmrs-pmhtkvf cm jdmrl fpudtf, ckrmhtf`mdtm, f `mol-rfr bfs hldckhkldms md udf smdcf cm cmsfrrlbbl ybf ckstrkguhkd cmb kdjrmsl fbb cldcm ùhefs cmbfs cmskjufbcfcms sm lrkjkdfd.

Xk mb ùdcl cm bf prlcuhhkd cm `mrhfcl, blhldskcmrfcl mhld`khl, mb nudhkldf`kmdtl cmbskstm`f mhld`khl, cmgm pmdsfrsm f pfrtkr cm bfslstmdkgkbkcfc cm bf vkcf eu`fdf, mdtldhms smrmqukmrmd hf`gkls md mb `gktl prlcuhtkvl. Xkbfs plbtkhfs slhkfbms sld mb mspfhkl cm bf rmckstrk-guhkd y bf mhldl`f ms mb mspfhkl cm bf ckstrk-guhkd, mb rkmsjl qum sm hlrrm mdnlhdclsm slblmd bfs plbtkhfs slhkfbms (pfrf ftmdcmr bfs humstkl-dms cmb hukcfcl) ms cmofr kdtfhtl (kdmxpbkhfcl mkdhumstkldfcl) mb prlhmsl plr mb hufb sm bbmjf f bffhtufb ckstrkguhkd cm bls kdjrmsls, bls tkm`plsy bls rmhursls, fdtms cm qum bfs plbtkhfs slhkfbmsskrvfd pfrf hldtrfrrmstfr bls mnmhtls hlbftmrfbmscmb nudhkldf`kmdtl mhld`khl (Msqukvmb, 7966).

Bfs plbtkhfs pumcmd hldtrkgukr f rmcmdkr bfrmbfhkd mxkstmdtm mdtrm mb trfgfol cm `mrhfcly mb cm hukcfcls pfrf qum ùomrms y el`grms

oumjumd ud pfpmb prltfjdkhl md f`gfs msnmrfs.Mbbl supldm cm-hldstrukr bf kcmf cm qum tlcfpmrsldf trfgfofclrf tkmdm qum rmspldcmr f udfdkhf dlr`f bf `fshubkdf, skd tl`fr mdhumdtf rmspldsfgkbkcfcms nf`kbkfrms pmrl, slgrmtlcl, skd rmhldlhmr mb hukcfcl hl`l udf dmhmsk-cfc hmdtrfb cm bf eu`fdkcfc.

Bf fhuùbfhkd cm hfpktfb nfhkbktf bf prl-

vkskd cm hukcfcls y `molrf mb gkmdmstfr

eu`fdl, l bl prk`mrl lhurrm f mxpmdsfs

cm bl smjudcl< (]DWKXC, 799;).


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F`frfdtm, ^. y F. Mspkdl, 7995. Bf sktufhkd cmbsmrvkhkl cl`stkhl md ]rujufy. Md ]rujufy? f`pbkfd-cl bfs lplrtudkcfcms bfglrfbms cm bfs ùomrms. @ldtmvkcml?Kdùomrms y Gfdhl @udckfb.

Frrkfjfcf, K., 799=. Bls b`ktms cmb usl cmb tkm`pl? cknhub-tfcms pfrf bfs plbtkhfs cm hldhkbkfhkd nf`kbkf y trfgfol. s. b.,Xfdtkfjl cm Hekbm? Hmpfb.

Gftteydy, A., 799;. Mb hukcfcl cm bfs pmrsldfs cm-pmdckmdtms y jdmrl. Md W. FJ]KWWM(mc.), Bfs gfsmskdvkskgbms cmb gkmdmstfr slhkfb. @ldtmvkcml? ]dknm`.

Gkcmjfkd Yldtm, D., 799;. Hl`mrhkl y hukcfcls md ]ru-jufy? prlpumstfs cm plbtkhfs pgbkhfs.Hkmcur-KJDS. @ldtm-vkcml? KCWH.

Hfrrfshl, H., 7998. Hldhkbkfhkd. @ldtmvkcml? Xmrkm Clhu`mdtlscm Srfgfol CS98/9;, Kdstktutl cm mhldl`f, Nfhub-

tfc cm Hkmdhkfs Mhld`khfs y cm Fc`kdkstrfhkd cmbf ]cmbfr.

Msqukvmb, ^., 7966. Bf mhldl`f cmb hukcfcl md F`rkhfBftkdf? pldkmdcl f bls hukcfcls md mb hmdtrl cm bf fjmdcf, s. b.?Hufcmrdls cm YD]C, Xmrkm Ftfdcl hfgls, cmsefhkmd-cl ducls.

Nfhubtfc cm Hkmdhkfs Xlhkfbms - Kdstktutl Dfhkldfb cmMstfcstkhf, 7995. ]sl cmb tkm`pl y trfgfol dl rmùdmrfcl mdmb ]rujufy. @cubl cm bf Mdhumstf Hldtkduf cm Eljfrms 799:.

@ldtmvkcml? s. d.

Jklsf _ufzf, D. y H. Wlcrjumz Mdrqumz, 7969.Mstrftmjkfs cm cmsfrrlbbl y mqukcfc cm jdmrl? udf prlpumstf cm

fglrcfom y su fpbkhfhkd fb hfsl cm bfs kdcustrkfs `fdunfhturmrfs

cm mxplrtfhkd md @xkhl y Hmdtrlf`rkhf. Xfdtkfjl cm Hek-bm? Ckvkskd cm Fsudtls cm Jdmrl, Hmpfb.

Jkubbfrk, X. y O. Bmwks, 799=. Sem fcubt wlramr `lcmb nf-`kby, jmdcmr mqufbkty fdc hfrm? tem smfrhe nlr tem dmw plbkhy prkdhk-

pbms fdc tem plsskgkbktkms fdc prlgbm`s ln f hfpfgkbktkms fpprlfhe.

s. b.? Wlutbmcjm, Sfyblr & Nrfdhks Jrlup Btc.

Jrupl cm Srfgfol Kdtmrkdstktuhkldfb, Hldsmol Dfhkl-dfb cm Ylbtkhfs Xlhkfbms, Jfgkdmtm Xlhkfb, 7967. Efhkf

Wmnmrmdhkfs gkgbkljrhfs


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ud lcmbl slbkcfrkl cm hukcfcls? prlpumstf pfrf bf hldstruhhkd cmb

Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb cm Hukcfcls. @ldtmvkcml? s. d.

7969. Clhu`mdtl cm bkdmf`kmdtls, fplrtms hldhmptufbms y pbfdcm trfgfol pfrf mb cksml cm ud Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb Kdtmjrfcl cm

Hukcfcls. @ldtmvkcml? s. d.

Kd`uomrms-@kcms, 799:. Yrk`mr Ybfd Dfhkldfb cm Kjufbcfccm Lplrtudkcfcms y Cmrmhels 799:-7966. @ldtmvkcml? s. d.

Kdstktutl Dfhkldfb cm Mstfcstkhf, 7967.Mdhumstf Hld-tkduf cm Eljfrms 7967. @ldtmvkcml? s. d.

Ougmtl Wukz, [., 7967. Wmvkstf Yumgbls. Ckspldkgbm mdwww.rmvkstfpumgbls.lrj/lbc/spkp.pep. Nm`kdks`, Lgomhtkvkty fdc Mhldl`khs.Bldcrms? Wlutbmcjm.

6;;8. Sem Xtucy ln Helkhm lr tem Xtucy ln Yrl-vkskldkdj, d. >.


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Nudcfhkd Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt (NMX)

Bf Nudcfhkd Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt (NMX) num hrmfcf md 6;7=, y ms bf nudcfhkd plbtkhf `s fdtkjuf

cm Fbm`fdkf. Ms udf kdstktuhkd prkvfcf y cm utkbkcfc pgbkhf, hl`prl`mtkcf hld mb kcmfrkl cm bf

cm`lhrfhkf slhkfb. Bf nudcfhkd cmgm su dl`grm f Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt, prk`mr prmskcmdtm fbm`d

cm`lhrtkhf`mdtm mbmjkcl, y cf hldtkdukcfc f su bmjfcl cm efhmr mnmhtkvf bf bkgmrtfc, bf slbkcf-

rkcfc y bf oustkhkf slhkfb. Hu`pbm msf tfrmf md Fbm`fdkf y md mb mxtmrklr md sus prljrf`fs cm

nlr`fhkd plbtkhf y cm hllpmrfhkd kdtmrdfhkldfb, fs hl`l md mb fplyl f gmhfrkls y mb nl`mdtl

cm bf kdvmstkjfhkd.

Ykm cm k`prmdtfNrkmcrkhe-Mgmrt-Xtkntudj ]rujufyYbfzf Hfjfdhef 663= pksl 5 66699 @ldtmvkcml]rujufy

Wmspldsfgbm?

Xk`ldm Wmpmrjmr, rmprmsmdtfdtm cm bf Nudcfhkd

Nrkmcrkhe Mgmrt (NMX) md ]rujufy y ckrmhtlrf cmbYrlymhtl Xkdckhfb md F`rkhf Bftkdf cm bf NMX

Smb.? ++=;5-7;97-7;-85 Nfx? ++=;5-7;97-7;-36ettp?//www.nmsur.lrj.uy | nmsurInmsur.lrj.uy

Hlrrmhhkd | @frf Bkbf Btfkn |

Ckfjrf`fhkd | jbkpelsxp |Cmpsktl Bmjfb | 8>7.;:;/68

Fhmrhf cm bfs futlrfs

Fb`f Mspkdlms mhldl`kstf, kdvmstkjfclrf cm

Hkmcur y clhmdtm cm bf Nfhubtfc cm HkmdhkfsMhld`khfs y cm Fc`kdkstrfhkd, ]cmbfr.

Xlbmcfc Xfbvfclrms `stmr md Mhldl`f m

kdvmstkjfclrf cm Hkmcur.

Mstm clhu`mdtl nlr`f pfrtm cm bfs fhtkvkcfcms cmb

prlymhtl Efhkf ud Xkstm`f Dfhkldfb cm Hukcfcls

hld pmrspmhtkvf cm jdmrl md mb ]rujufy,fplyfcl

plr bf ]dkd Murlpmf. Hfrkdf Jlggkhlbfglrmd bf hlrrmhhkd cm mstkbl y @frf Xfuvfb, md bfs

tfrmfs dfbms cm mckhkd.

Yfrf slbkhktfr pugbkhfhkldms?

Mb usl hl`mrhkfb cm tlcls bls ftmrkfbms mcktfcls y

pugbkhfcls plr bf Nrkmcrkhe-Mgmrt-Xtkntudj (NMX) mst

prlekgkcl skd prmvkf futlrkzfhkd mshrktf cm bf NMX.

Bfs lpkdkldms mxprmsfcfs md mstf pugbkhfhkd dl

rmprmsmdtfd dmhmsfrkf`mdtm bfs cm bf Nrkmcrkhe-

Mgmrt-Xtkntudj.

(l cm bf lrjfdkzfhkd pfrf bf qum trfgfof mb futlr.)Mstf pugbkhfhkd ef skcl k`prmsf md pfpmb nfgrkhfcl

gfol bls hrktmrkls cm udf jmstkd nlrmstfb slstmdkgbm. KXGD? ;:5-;;:3-::>6-:-8

El sistema nacional de cuidados: una apuesta al bienestar, la igualdad y el desarrollo

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