Enciclopedia de Ciencias Politicas.

8/19/2019 Enciclopedia de Ciencias Politicas.

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Editorial Board

General Editors

Bertrand BadieInstitut d'études politiques (Sciences Po)

Paris, France

Dirk Berg-Schlosser

Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Leonardo MorlinoLUISS Guido Carli

Rome, Italy

Associate Editors

Nathaniel BeckNew York University

New York City, New York, United States

Walter CarlsnaesUppsala Universitet

Uppsala, Sweden

Takashi InoguchiUniversity of Niigata Prefecture

Tokyo, Japan

B. Guy PetersUniversity of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States


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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International encyclopedia of political science / edited by BertrandBadie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino.

8 v. cm.A SAGE Reference publication.Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6 (cloth)

1. Political science—Encyclopedias. I. Badie, Bertrand.II. Berg-Schlosser, Dirk. III. Morlino, Leonardo

JA61.I58 2011320.03—dc22 2011009801

11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


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List of Entries vii

Reader’s Guide xv

About the General Editors xxiii

Contributors xxv

Preface xlix

Introduction to Political Science li

Entries

A 1B 129C 183

IndexI-1

Contents

1


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vii

AccountabilityAccountability, ElectoralAccountability, InterinstitutionalAdministrationAdministration TheoryAdvocacyAdvocacy Coalition FrameworkAdvocacy Networks, TransnationalAfrican Political ThoughtAgenciesAgenda SettingAggregate Data AnalysisAlienationAlliancesAnalysis of VarianceAnalytic Narratives: ApplicationsAnalytic Narratives: The MethodAnarchismAnarcho-Syndicalism. See Anarchism; Anarchy

AnarchyAnomiaApathyArea StudiesArms RaceAttitude ConsistencyAttitudes, PoliticalAudit SocietyAuditingAuthoritarian RegimesAuthority. See LegitimacyAutonomy, AdministrativeAutonomy, SubnationalAutonomy and Sovereignty. See Sovereignty

Balance of PowerBargainingBayesian Analysis. See Statistical Inference,

Classical and BayesianBehavioralism

BeliefsBilateralismBiology and PoliticsBipolarity and MultipolarityBoolean AlgebraBootstrap. See Robust StatisticsBreakdown of Political SystemsBuddhismBudgeting, Rational ModelsBureaucracyBureaucracy, Rational Choice ModelsBureaucracy, Street-Level

CabinetsCapitalismCase StudiesCategorical Response DataCaudillismoCausal Heterogeneity. See Causality

CausalityCensored and Truncated DataCensorshipCentral BanksChange, InstitutionalCharismaChristian Democratic PartiesChristianityChurch–State RelationshipsCitizenshipCivic CultureCivic ParticipationCivil ServiceCivil SocietyCivil WarClass, SocialCleavages, Social and PoliticalClientelismCoalitionsCohort Analysis

List of Entries


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viii List of Entries

Cold War. See Balance of Power; Bipolarity andMultipolarity; Superpower; Totalitarian Regimes;Transatlantic Relations; War and Peace

CollaborationCollective SecurityColonialismCommon GoodsCommunismCommunist PartiesCommunist SystemsCommunitarianismComparative MethodsComparative PoliticsCompetition, PoliticalComplexityComplianceConcept Formation

ConditionalityConditions, Necessary and SufficientConfigurational Comparative MethodsConflict ResolutionConflict Theory. See Conflict ResolutionConflictsConfucianismConsensusConservatismConservative PartiesConstitutional EngineeringConstitutionalismConstructivismConstructivism in International RelationsContainmentContingency TheoryContract TheoryCooperationCoordinationCorporativismCorrelationCorrespondence AnalysisCorruptionCorruption, AdministrativeCost–Benefit Analysis

Credible CommitmentCrisisCrisis ManagementCritical TheoryCritical Theory in International RelationsCross-National SurveysCross-Tabular AnalysisCulturalism

Data, ArchivalData, MissingData, SpatialData, TextualData Analysis, ExploratoryData VisualizationDecentralizationDelegationDeliberative Policy MakingDemocracy, ConsociationalDemocracy, DirectDemocracy, QualityDemocracy, Theories of Democracy, Types of Democracy: Chinese PerspectivesDemocracy: Middle East PerspectivesDemocracy: Russian Perspectives

Democratic ConsolidationDemocratic PeaceDemocratizationDependency TheoryDeregulationDétenteDeterrence. See Arms RaceDeveloping World and International RelationsDevelopment, PoliticalDevelopment AdministrationDiasporaDictatorshipDiplomacyDisarmamentDiscipline of Political Science, The. See

Introduction to Political Science (Volume 1)Discontent. See Dissatisfaction, PoliticalDiscourse AnalysisDiscretionDiscriminant Analysis/Classification. See

Categorical Response DataDiscriminationDiscursive InstitutionalismDiscursive Policy AnalysisDissatisfaction, Political

Domestic Politics and International RelationsDurkheim, Émile

Economic PolicyEconomic StatecraftEconomic Theories of PoliticsEffectiveness, BureaucraticEfficacy, Political


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ixList of Entries

Election by LotElection ObservationElection ResearchElections, PrimaryElections, VolatilityElectoral BehaviorElectoral CampaignsElectoral GeographyElectoral SystemsElectoral TurnoutElitesElitismEmpireEmpowermentEnglish School in International Relations.

See International SocietyEnvironmental Issues

Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Security StudiesEpistemic CommunitiesEpistemological and Methodological

FoundationsEqualityEquality, PoliticalEquilibrium. See Game TheoryEthicsEthnicityEthnographic MethodsEurope as an International ActorEuropean IntegrationEuropeanization of PolicyEvaluation ResearchEvent CountsEvent History AnalysisEvidence-Based PolicyExecutiveExperiments, FieldExperiments, LaboratoryExperiments, Natural

Factor AnalysisFair Division

FascismFascist MovementsFederalismFeminismFeminist MovementsFeminist Theory in International RelationsForeign Aid and DevelopmentForeign Policy Analysis

Formal Theory. See Game Theory;Social Choice Theory

Freedom. See LibertyFunctionalismFundamentalismFundamentalist Movements, IslamicFuzzy-Set Analysis

Game TheoryGenderGeneralized Least Squares. See Weighted Least

SquaresGenocideGeopoliticsGlobalizationGovernanceGovernance, Administration Policies

Governance, GlobalGovernance, GoodGovernance, InformalGovernance, MultilevelGovernance, UrbanGovernance NetworksGovernmentGranger CausalityGraphics, StatisticalGreek PhilosophyGreen PartiesGrounded TheoryGroupthink

Health PolicyHegel, Georg Wilhelm FriedrichHegemonyHermeneuticsHierarchical/Multilevel Models.

See Multilevel AnalysisHinduismHistorical MemoryHistorical SociologyHistory of Political ScienceHobbes, Thomas

Human DevelopmentHuman Rights, Comparative PerspectivesHuman Rights in International RelationsHybrid RegimesHypothesis Testing

IdealismIdealism in International Relations


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x List of Entries

Identity, Social and PoliticalIdeologyImmigration PolicyImpacts, PolicyImperialismImplementationIndigenous Peoples’ RightsIndividualismInequality, EconomicInequality, PoliticalInference, Classical and Bayesian. See Statistical

Inference, Classical and BayesianInference, EcologicalInformation, Political. See Political

CommunicationInstitutional TheoryInstitutionalization

Institutions and InstitutionalismIntegration. See Political IntegrationIntellectualsIntelligenceInteraction EffectsInterdependenceInterest GroupsIntergovernmentalismInternational Institutions. See International

OrganizationsInternational Justice. See International LawInternational LawInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)International OrganizationsInternational Political EconomyInternational Public OpinionInternational RegimesInternational Relations, HistoryInternational Relations, TheoryInternational Relations as a Field of StudyInternational SocietyInternational SolidarityInternational SystemInternational TradeIntervention

Intervention, HumanitarianInterviewingInterviews, EliteInterviews, ExpertIrredentismIslamIslamist MovementsItem–Response (Rasch) Models

Joint-Decision Trap Judaism Judicial Decision Making Judicial Independence Judicial Review Judicial Systems Judicialization of International Relations Judiciary Justice

Kant, Immanuel

Labor MovementLanguage and Politics. See Political

Communication; Politics of LanguageLeadershipLegalization of Policy

LegitimacyLiberal PartiesLiberalismLiberalism in International RelationsLiberalizationLibertarianismLibertyLobbyingLocal GovernmentLocke, JohnLogic of AppropriatenessLogit and Probit AnalysesLongitudinal Data. See Panel Data Analysis;

Time-Series Cross-Section Data and MethodsLot, as a Selection Method.

See Election by Lot

Machiavelli, NiccolòMaoismMarket EconomyMarket FailureMarx, KarlMarxismMassesMatching

Maximum LikelihoodMeasurementMeasurement, LevelsMeasurement, ScalesMeasures of Association. See Cross-Tabular

AnalysisMedia, ElectronicMedia, Print


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xiList of Entries

Mediation in International RelationsMercantilismMeta-AnalysisMetagovernanceMethodologyMigrationMilitary RuleMilitiasMisspecificationMixed MethodsMobilization, PoliticalModel SpecificationModels, Computational/

Agent-BasedModernization TheoryMonarchyMonetary Relations

MonitoringMonte Carlo MethodsMulticollinearity. See RegressionMulticulturalismMultilateralismMultilevel AnalysisMultinational Corporations (MNCs)

Nash Equilibrium. See Game TheoryNation BuildingNational InterestNationalismNationalist MovementsNatural LawNatural ResourcesNegotiation. See DiplomacyNeo-CorporatismNeoliberal InstitutionalismNeoliberalismNeo-PatrimonalismNeo-Weberian StateNetwork AnalysisNetworksNeutralityNew Public Management

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)Nonlinear ModelsNonparametric MethodsNonstate ActorsNormative Political TheoryNormative Theory in

International RelationsNuclear Proliferation. See Arms Race

OligarchyOne-Party DominanceOppositionOrganization TheoryOrientalism

PacifismPanel. See Time-Series Cross-Section Data and

MethodsPanel Data AnalysisParadigms in Political ScienceParliamentary SystemsParliamentsParticipant ObservationParticipationParticipation, ContentiousParties

Party FinanceParty IdentificationParty LinkageParty ManifestoParty OrganizationParty System FragmentationParty SystemsPath DependencePatriotismPay for PerformancePeacePeace Research. See War and PeacePeacekeepingPeasants’ MovementsPerformancePerformance ManagementPersonalization of PoliticsPillarizationPlanningPluralismPluralist Interest IntermediationPolicePolicy, Constructivist ModelsPolicy, Discourse ModelsPolicy, Employment

Policy AdvicePolicy AnalysisPolicy CommunityPolicy CyclePolicy EvaluationPolicy FormulationPolicy FramingPolicy Instruments


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xii List of Entries

Policy LearningPolicy NetworkPolicy Process, Models of Political ClassPolitical CommunicationPolitical CulturePolitical EconomyPolitical IntegrationPolitical PhilosophyPolitical PsychologyPolitical Risk AnalysisPolitical Science. See Introduction to Political

Science (Volume 1)Political Science, International

InstitutionalizationPolitical SocializationPolitical Sociology as a Field of Study

Political Systems, TypesPolitical TheoryPoliticization of BureaucracyPoliticization of Civil ServicePolitics and Polity. See Introduction to Political

Science (Volume 1)Politics of LanguagePolity. See Political Systems, TypesPopular CulturePopulism. See Populist MovementsPopulist MovementsPositive PeacePositivismPostcolonialismPostcommunist RegimesPostmaterialismPostmodernism in International RelationsPowerPower and International PoliticsPrediction and ForecastingPreemptive WarPresidentialismPrincipal–Agent TheoryPrisoners’ DilemmaPrivatization

Process TracingPropertyProspect TheoryProtectionismProtest Movements. See Social MovementsPsychological Explanations of International

PoliticsPublic Budgeting

Public EmploymentPublic GoodsPublic Office, RewardsPublic Opinion

Qualitative Comparative AnalysisQuantitative Methods, Basic AssumptionsQuantitative Versus Qualitative MethodsQuasi-Experiments. See Experiments, Natural

RacismRadical AttitudesRandom Selection by Lot. See Election by LotRational ChoiceRationalism, CriticalRationality, BoundedRealism in International Relations

RedistributionReferendaReformRegime (Comparative Politics)Regimes. See International RegimesRegional Integration (Supranational)RegionalismRegionalizationRegressionRegulationReligionReligiosityReligious MovementsReorganizationRepresentationRepresentative BureaucracyRepublicRepublicanismResponsibilityResponsivenessResponsiveness of BureaucracyRevisionismRevolutionRightsRisk and Public Policy

RitualsRobust StatisticsRousseau, Jean-JacquesRule of Law

Sampling, Random and NonrandomSanctionsScaling


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xiiiList of Entries

Scaling Methods: A TaxonomySchemaScriptSecessionSecret ServicesSecularismSecurity and Defense PolicySecurity ApparatusSecurity CooperationSecurity DilemmaSelection BiasSelf-DeterminationSelf-RegulationSemipresidentialismSeparation of PowersSignaling Games. See Game TheorySimultaneous Equation Modeling

Social CapitalSocial Choice TheorySocial Cleavages. See Cleavages, Social and

PoliticalSocial CohesionSocial DemocracySocial Dominance OrientationSocial ExclusionSocial Identity. See Identity, Social and

PoliticalSocial MovementsSocial StratificationSocialismSocialist PartiesSocialist SystemsSoft LawSolidaritySortition. See Election by LotSovereigntySpatial Models of PoliticsStabilityStages Model of Policy MakingStalinismStateState, Virtual

State CollapseState FailureState FormationStatismStatistical Inference. See Statistical Inference,

Classical and BayesianStatistical Inference, Classical and BayesianStatistical Significance

Statistics: OverviewStrategic (Security) StudiesStructural Equation ModelingSubject CultureSuperpowerSupport, PoliticalSurvey ResearchSurvey Research ModesSustainable DevelopmentSymbols, PoliticalSystems Theory

Tax PolicyTerritoryTerrorism, InternationalTerrorist GroupsTheocracy

Thick DescriptionThink TanksTime-Series AnalysisTime-Series Cross-Section Data and MethodsTocqueville, Alexis deToleranceTotalitarian RegimesTotalitarianismTrade LiberalizationTraditional RuleTragedy of the CommonsTransaction CostsTransatlantic RelationsTransformation, EconomicTransitionTransitional JusticeTriangulationTrust, Social

UnilateralismUnion. See Labor MovementUnited NationsUtilitarianismUtopianism

Validity, Internal and External. See MeasurementValuesVariablesVariables, InstrumentalVariables, Latent. See Factor Analysis;

Logit and Probit AnalysesVeto PlayerViolence


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xiv List of Entries

Virtual State. See State, VirtualVirtue. See EthicsVote, Types. See Electoral SystemsVoting Rules, Electoral, Effects of Voting Rules, Legislative

War and PeaceWarlordsWeber, Max

Weighted Least SquaresWelfare PoliciesWelfare StateWestphalian Ideal StateWorld BankWorld Systems TheoryWorld Trade Organization (WTO)

Zionism


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xv

Reader’s Guide

Comparative Politics, Theory, and Methods

AnarchismAnarchyBreakdown of Political SystemsCabinetsCensorship

Central BanksChange, InstitutionalCharismaCitizenshipCollaborationComparative MethodsComparative PoliticsCompetition, PoliticalConditionalityConstitutional EngineeringCorporativismDecentralizationDemocracy, Types of Discursive InstitutionalismElitesEnvironmental IssuesExecutiveGovernmentHistorical SociologyHuman Rights, Comparative PerspectivesHybrid RegimesInstitutionalizationInstitutions and InstitutionalismInterest GroupsIrredentism

Labor MovementLeadershipLegitimacyMilitary RuleMonarchyNeo-PatrimonialismNeo-Weberian StateOligarchy

Path DependencePersonalization of PoliticsPillarizationPolitical IntegrationPolitical Science, International

InstitutionalizationPolitical Systems, TypesPolitics of LanguagePresidentialismProspect TheoryQualitative Comparative AnalysisReferendaReformRegime (Comparative Politics)RegionalismRegionalizationRepresentationRepublicRepublicanism

ResponsibilityResponsivenessRevolutionRule of LawSecessionSemipresidentialismSeparation of PowersSocial MovementsSocialist SystemsStabilityStateState, VirtualTerrorist GroupsTotalitarian RegimesWelfare PoliciesWelfare State

Case and Area Studies

Area StudiesAuthoritarian Regimes


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xvi Reader’s Guide

Case StudiesCaudillismoCommunist SystemsComparative MethodsComparative PoliticsCross-National SurveysDemocracy: Chinese PerspectivesDemocracy: Middle East PerspectivesDemocracy: Russian PerspectivesFascist MovementsMulticulturalismPopulist MovementsPostcommunist RegimesRegional Integration (Supranational)

Subnational Governments

Autonomy, SubnationalDecentralizationFederalismGovernanceGovernance, UrbanLocal GovernmentPeaceRegionalizationSelf-Determination

Democracy and Democratization

Accountability

Accountability, ElectoralAccountability, InterinstitutionalChange, InstitutionalCitizenshipCivil ServiceCoalitionsCollaborationColonialismCompetition, PoliticalConditionalityConstitutional EngineeringConstitutionalism

Corruption, AdministrativeCredible CommitmentDemocracy, DirectDemocracy, QualityDemocracy, Types of Democracy: Chinese PerspectivesDemocracy: Middle East PerspectivesDemocracy: Russian Perspectives

DemocratizationDeveloping World and

International RelationsDevelopment, PoliticalDevelopment AdministrationEmpowermentFederalismForeign Aid and DevelopmentGovernanceGovernance, GoodGroupthinkHuman DevelopmentLiberalizationModernization TheoryMonarchyNation BuildingOpposition

Peasants’ MovementsPluralist Interest IntermediationPostcolonialismPostmaterialismRepresentationResponsibilityResponsivenessResponsiveness of BureaucracyRule of LawSelf-DeterminationSemipresidentialismState CollapseState FailureState FormationSustainable DevelopmentTraditional RuleTransitionTransitional Justice

Decision Making in Democracies

Cost–Benefit AnalysisDelegationDeliberative Policy MakingElection by Lot

Election ObservationElection ResearchElections, PrimaryElections, VolatilityElectoral BehaviorElectoral CampaignsElectoral GeographyElectoral Systems


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xviiReader’s Guide

Electoral TurnoutExecutive Judicial Independence Judicial SystemsLobbyingParliamentary SystemsParliamentsParticipationParticipation, ContentiousReferendaSeparation of PowersVoting Rules, Electoral, Effects of Voting Rules, Legislative

Epistemological Foundations

Behavioralism

Biology and PoliticsCausalityConcept FormationConditions, Necessary and SufficientConstructivismConstructivism in International RelationsCritical TheoryCritical Theory in International RelationsCulturalismDemocracy, Theories of Epistemic CommunitiesEpistemological and Methodological

Foundations

EthicsFeminist Theory in International RelationsFunctionalismHistorical SociologyIdealismIdeologyInstitutional TheoryInstitutions and InstitutionalismLogic of AppropriatenessMethodologyMulticulturalismNeoliberal Institutionalism

NeoliberalismParadigms in Political SciencePositivismQuantitative Versus Qualitative MethodsRationalism, CriticalRationality, BoundedSystems TheoryUtilitarianism

Gender and Race/Ethnicity

DiscriminationEqualityEquality, Political

EthnicityFeminismFeminist MovementsFeminist Theory in International RelationsGenderGeopoliticsGlobalizationIdentity, Social and PoliticalMulticulturalismNationalist Movements

International Relations

Balance of PowerColonialismConstructivism in International RelationsContainmentCritical TheoryCritical Theory in International RelationsDemocratic PeaceDependency TheoryDeveloping World and International RelationsDomestic Politics and International RelationsEmpireEurope as an International ActorForeign Aid and Development

Foreign Policy AnalysisGovernance, GlobalHuman Rights in International RelationsIndigenous Peoples’ RightsIntergovernmentalismInternational LawInternational OrganizationsInternational RegimesInternational Relations, TheoryInternational Relations as a Field of StudyInternational SystemInternational Trade

InterventionIntervention, Humanitarian Judicialization of International RelationsMediation in International RelationsMultilateralismNongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)Normative Theory in International

Relations


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xviii Reader’s Guide

Political Science, InternationalInstitutionalization

Postmodernism in International RelationsPsychological Explanations of International

PoliticsRealism in International RelationsSuperpower

Peace, War, and Conflict Resolution

AlliancesArms RaceBilateralismBipolarity and MultipolarityCivil WarCollective SecurityConflict Resolution

ConflictsDétenteDiplomacyDisarmamentDomestic Politics and International RelationsEmpireForeign Policy AnalysisGenocideImperialismInterventionIntervention, Humanitarian Judicial Decision Making Judicialization of International RelationsMediation in International RelationsMilitiasMultilateralismNational InterestNatural ResourcesNeutralityPacifismParticipation, ContentiousPeacePeacekeeping Positive PeacePower and International PoliticsPreemptive War

Psychological Explanations of InternationalPolitics

SanctionsSecessionSecurity and Defense PolicySecurity CooperationSecurity DilemmaSovereignty

Strategic (Security) StudiesSuperpowerTerritoryTerrorism, InternationalTransatlantic RelationsUnilateralismUnited NationsViolenceWar and PeaceWarlordsWestphalian Ideal StateWorld Systems Theory

Political Economy

CapitalismCentral Banks

Class, SocialCost–Benefit AnalysisEconomic PolicyEconomic StatecraftEconomic Theories of PoliticsForeign Aid and DevelopmentInequality, EconomicInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)International Political EconomyLabor MovementMarket EconomyMarket FailureMonetary RelationsMultilateralismMultinational Corporations (MNCs)Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)Policy, EmploymentPolitical EconomyPrivatizationPropertyProtectionismPublic BudgetingPublic EmploymentPublic GoodsRedistribution

Social StratificationSustainable DevelopmentTax PolicyTrade LiberalizationTraditional RuleTragedy of the CommonsTransaction CostsTransformation, Economic


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xixReader’s Guide

Welfare PoliciesWelfare StateWorld BankWorld Trade Organization (WTO)

Political Parties

Christian Democratic PartiesCleavages, Social and PoliticalCommunist PartiesConservative PartiesGreen PartiesLiberal PartiesOne-Party DominancePartiesParty FinanceParty Identification

Party LinkageParty ManifestoParty OrganizationParty System FragmentationParty SystemsSocial DemocracySocialist Parties

Political Philosophy/Theory

African Political ThoughtAnarchismCharismaCommunismCommunitarianismConservatismConstitutionalismContract TheoryDemocracy, Theories of Discursive InstitutionalismEthicsFascismFundamentalismGreek PhilosophyIdealism in International Relations

LiberalismLiberalism in International RelationsLibertarianismLibertyMaoismMarxismMercantilismNationalism

Neoliberal InstitutionalismNeoliberalismNormative Political TheoryNormative Theory in International RelationsPacifismPluralismPolitical ClassPolitical PhilosophyPolitical PsychologyPolitical TheoryPostmodernism in International RelationsRealism in International RelationsRevisionismRightsSecularismSocialismStalinism

StatismTheocracyUtilitarianismUtopianism

Equality and Inequality

Cost–Benefit AnalysisEqualityEquality, Political JusticeMarxismRacismSocialist Systems

Formal and Positive Theory

Bureaucracy, Rational Choice ModelsGame TheoryPrincipal–Agent TheoryPrisoners’ DilemmaRational ChoiceSocial Choice TheoryVeto Player

Theorists

Durkheim, ÉmileHegel, Georg Wilhelm FriedrichHobbes, ThomasKant, ImmanuelLocke, JohnMachiavelli, Niccolò


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xx Reader’s Guide

Marx, KarlRousseau, Jean-JacquesTocqueville, Alexis deWeber, Max

Political Sociology

AlienationAnomiaApathyAttitude ConsistencyBeliefsCivic CultureCivic ParticipationCorporativismCredible CommitmentDiaspora

Dissatisfaction, PoliticalElections, PrimaryElectoral BehaviorElitismEmpowermentHegemonyHistorical MemoryIntellectualsInternational Public OpinionInternational SocietyMedia, ElectronicMedia, PrintMigrationMobilization, PoliticalNeo-CorporatismNetworksNonstate ActorsParticipationParticipation, ContentiousParty IdentificationPatriotismPillarizationPolitical CommunicationPolitical CulturePolitical Socialization

Political Sociology as a Field of StudyPopular CulturePowerSchemaScriptSocial CapitalSocial CohesionSocial Dominance Orientation

SolidaritySubject CultureSupport, PoliticalToleranceTrust, Social

ValuesViolence

Public Policy and Public Administration

Public Policy

AdvocacyAdvocacy Coalition FrameworkAgenciesAgenda SettingBargainingCommon Goods

ComplexityComplianceContingency TheoryCooperationCoordinationCrisis ManagementDeregulationDiscretionDiscursive Policy AnalysisEnvironmental PolicyEnvironmental Security StudiesEuropeanization of PolicyEvidence-Based PolicyImmigration PolicyImpacts, PolicyImplementation Joint-Decision Trap Judicial Decision Making Judicial ReviewLegalization of PolicyMetagovernanceMonitoringNeo-Weberian StateNew Public ManagementOrganization Theory

Policy, Constructivist ModelsPolicy, Discourse ModelsPolicy, EmploymentPolicy AdvicePolicy AnalysisPolicy CommunityPolicy CyclePolicy Evaluation


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xxiReader’s Guide

Policy FormulationPolicy FramingPolicy InstrumentsPolicy LearningPolicy NetworkPolicy Process, Models of Prospect TheoryReorganizationRisk and Public PolicySelf-RegulationSoft LawStages Model of Policy MakingThink TanksTragedy of the CommonsTransaction Costs

Public Administration

AdministrationAdministration TheoryAudit SocietyAuditingAutonomy, AdministrativeBudgeting, Rational ModelsBureaucracyBureaucracy, Rational Choice ModelsBureaucracy, Street-LevelCivil ServiceCorruption, AdministrativeEffectiveness, BureaucraticGovernanceGovernance, Administration PoliciesGovernance, InformalGovernance, MultilevelGovernance, UrbanGovernance NetworksGroupthinkHealth PolicyIntelligencePay for PerformancePerformancePerformance Management

PlanningPolicePoliticization of BureaucracyPoliticization of Civil ServicePublic BudgetingPublic EmploymentPublic GoodsPublic Office, Rewards

RegulationRepresentative BureaucracyResponsiveness of BureaucracySecret ServicesSecurity Apparatus

Qualitative Methods

Analytic Narratives: ApplicationsAnalytic Narratives: The MethodConfigurational Comparative MethodsData, TextualDiscourse AnalysisEthnographic MethodsEvaluation ResearchFuzzy-Set AnalysisGrounded Theory

HermeneuticsInterviewingInterviews, EliteInterviews, ExpertMixed MethodsNetwork AnalysisParticipant ObservationProcess TracingQualitative Comparative AnalysisQuantitative Versus Qualitative MethodsThick DescriptionTriangulation

Quantitative Methods

Aggregate Data AnalysisAnalysis of VarianceBoolean AlgebraCategorical Response DataCensored and Truncated DataCohort AnalysisCorrelationCorrespondence AnalysisCross-National SurveysCross-Tabular Analysis

Data, ArchivalData, MissingData, SpatialData Analysis, ExploratoryData VisualizationEvent CountsEvent History AnalysisExperiments, Field


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xxii Reader’s Guide

Experiments, LaboratoryExperiments, NaturalFactor AnalysisFair DivisionFuzzy-Set AnalysisGranger CausalityGraphics, StatisticalHypothesis TestingInference, EcologicalInteraction EffectsItem–Response (Rasch) ModelsLogit and Probit AnalysesMatchingMaximum LikelihoodMeasurementMeasurement, LevelsMeasurement, Scales

Meta-AnalysisMisspecificationMixed MethodsModel SpecificationModels, Computational/Agent-BasedMonte Carlo MethodsMultilevel AnalysisNonlinear ModelsNonparametric MethodsPanel Data AnalysisPolitical Risk AnalysisPrediction and ForecastingQuantitative Methods, Basic AssumptionsQuantitative Versus Qualitative MethodsRegressionRobust StatisticsSampling, Random and NonrandomScaling

Scaling Methods: A TaxonomySelection BiasSimultaneous Equation ModelingStatistical Inference, Classical and BayesianStatistical SignificanceStatistics: OverviewStructural Equation ModelingSurvey ResearchSurvey Research ModesTime-Series AnalysisTime-Series Cross-Section Data and MethodsTriangulationVariablesVariables, InstrumentalWeighted Least Squares

Religion

BuddhismChristianityChurch–State RelationshipsConfucianismFundamentalismFundamentalist Movements, IslamicGenocideHinduismIslamIslamist Movements JudaismNatural LawReligionReligiosityReligious MovementsTheocracyZionism


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xxiv About the General Editors

He is currently a member of the Prize Committee ofthe Johan-Skytte Prize and a fellow at theStellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS).He obtained his first doctorate (Dr. oec. publ.) ineconomics at the University of Munich, a secondadvanced degree (Dr. phil. habil.) in political scienceat the University of Augsburg, and a Ph.D. in polit-ical science from the University of California atBerkeley.

Leonardo Morlino is Professor of Political Sciencein the School of Government and Director of theResearch Centre on Democracies and Democ-ratizations at Libera Università Internazionaledegli Studi Sociali (LUISS) Guido Carli, in Rome.In 2004, he was awarded the Jean Monnet Chairin European Studies by the European Commission.

He is currently President of the InternationalPolitical Science Association (IPSA) (2009–2012).He has been a visiting professor or fellow at YaleUniversity, Stanford University, Nuffield College(Oxford, UK), Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Paris),Hoover Institution, Center for Advanced Researchin Social Sciences (Madrid, Spain), and St.Anthony’s College, Oxford. His main researchinterests include the methodology of comparison,the processes of democratization, and the role ofparties, interest groups, and civil society in con-temporary European democracies. Since 2003, hehas been actively involved in research on the pro-motion of democracy and rule of law in the newneighbors of the European Union and on thequalities of democracy in Europe and LatinAmerica. He has mainly contributed to theory onregime change and democratizations, with specificattention to the so-called theory of anchoring, thequality of democracy and its empirical analysis.He has published more than 30 books and about200 chapters in books and articles in journals inItalian, French, English, Spanish, German, Hun-garian, and Japanese—mainly on the methodologyof comparison, authoritarianisms, the European

Union, democratic theory, and democratizationprocesses. His main books as author includeChanges for Democracy: Actors, Structures, Pro-cesses (2011); Democrazie e Democratizzazioni (Democracy and Democratization, 2003); Democ-racy Between Consolidation and Crisis: Parties,Groups, and Citizens in Southern Europe (1998);and Como Cambian los regimenes politicos (How

Political Regimes Change, 1985). Books that hehas coedited and/or coauthored include Democrat-ization and the European Union: ComparingCentral and Eastern European Post-CommunistCountries (2010); International Actors, Democra-tization and the Rule of Law: AnchoringDemocracy? (2008); Partiti e caso italiano (Partiesand the Italian Case; 2006); Europeizzazione erappresentanza territoriale: Il caso italiano(Europeanization and Territorial Representation:The Italian Case; 2006), Party Change in SouthernEurope (2007); and Assessing the Quality ofDemocracy (2005). Some of his most recent articlesin journals include “Are There Hybrid Regimes?Or Are They Just an Optical Illusion?” in EuropeanPolitical Science Review (2009); “Europeanizationand Territorial Representation in Italy” (coauthor)

in West European Politics (2006); “Anchors,Anchoring and Democratic Change” in Compara-tive Political Studies (2005); “What Is a ‘Good’Democracy?” in Democratization (2004); “‘Good’and ‘Bad’ Democracies: How to Conduct ResearchInto the Quality of Democracy” in CommunistStudies and Transition Politics (2004); “Consolida-tion Démocratique: La Théorie de l’Ancrage”(Democratic Consolidation: The Theory ofAnchorage) in Revue Internationale de PolitiqueComparée (2001); and “Architectures constitutio-nelles et politiques democratiques en Europe del’Est” (Architectures Constitutional and Demo-cratic Policies in Eastern Europe) in Revue Françaisede Science Politique (2000). Some of his mostrecent chapters in books include “Political Parties”in Democratization (2009); “What Changes inSouth European Parties: A Comparative Intro-duction” in Party Change in Southern Europe (2007); “Introduction” to Assessing the Quality ofDemocracy: Theory and Empirical Analysis (2005); “Problematizing the Links BetweenAuthoritarian Legacies and ‘Good’ Democracy”(coauthor) in Democracy and Authoritarian Lega-cies in Southern Europe and Latin America (2004);

“The Three Phases of Italian Parties” in PoliticalParties and Democracy (2001); “Democracy,Southern European Style?” (coauthor) in Parties,Politics, and Democracy in the New SouthernEurope (2001); and “Constitutional Design andProblems of Implementation in Southern andEastern Europe” in Democratic Consolidations inEastern Europe (2001).


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xxv

Contributors

Joel D. AberbachUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, California, United States

Attila ÁghCorvinus University of BudapestBudapest, Hungary

John AgnewUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, California, United States

Despina AlexiadouUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States

Lincoln AllisonUniversity of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom

Nicholas AlmendaresNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

Karen J. AlterNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, United States

David AltmanPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiago, Chile

Thomas AmbrosioNorth Dakota State UniversityFargo, North Dakota,

United States

Dag AnckarÅbo AkademiÅbo, Finland

Zehra F. Kabasakal AratPurchase College,

State University of New YorkPort Chester, New York, United States

Luz Marina AriasUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California, United States

Leslie Elliott ArmijoPortland State UniversityLake Oswego, Oregon, United States

Klaus ArmingeonUniversity of BernBern, Switzerland

Kai ArzheimerUniversity of Essex

Colchester, United KingdomRaul AtriaUniversity of ChileSantiago, Chile

Fulvio AttinàUniversity of CataniaCatania, Italy

Jun AyukawaKwansei Gakuin UniversityNishinomiya, Japan

Bertrand BadieInstitut d’études politiques (Sciences Po)Paris, France

Delia BaileyYouGovPalo Alto, California, United States


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xxvi Contributors

David A. BaldwinPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey, United States

Jinny Bang

New York UniversityNew York, New York, United States

Michael BantonUniversity of BristolBristol, United Kingdom

Daniel BarbuUniversity of BucharestBucharest, Romania

Jens BartelsonLund University

Lund, Sweden Jérémie BarthasUniversity of Johannesburg Johannesburg, South Africa

Viva Ona BartkusUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana,

United States

Stefano BartoliniEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Robert H. BatesHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts,

United States

Dario BattistellaSciences Po BordeauxPessac, France

Julien BauerUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, Canada

Andrea BaumeisterUniversity of Stirling Stirling, United Kingdom

Richard John BeardsworthAmerican University of ParisParis, France

Nathaniel BeckNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

David Beetham

University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom

Daniel BélandUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Richard BellamyUniversity College LondonLondon, United Kingdom

Ulises BeltránCentro de Investigación y Docencia

EconómicasMexico City, Mexico

Andrew BennettGeorgetown UniversityWashington, D.C., United States

Li Bennich-BjörkmanUppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden

Kenneth BenoitTrinity College

Dublin, Ireland

David BensonUniversity of East AngliaNorwich, United Kingdom

Arthur BenzTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany

Jacob BercovitchUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch, New Zealand

Dirk Berg-SchlosserPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Manfred Max BergmanUniversity of BaselBasel, Switzerland


27/489

xxviiContributors

Nancy BermeoNuffield College, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom

Rajeev Bhargava

Centre for the Study ofDeveloping Societies

Delhi, India

Chris J. BickertonUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands

Pierre BirnbaumUniversité Paris 1Paris, France

James Warner BjörkmanInstitute of Social StudiesThe Hague, Netherlands

Jörg BlasiusUniversity of Bonn, Institute for Political Science

and SociologyBonn, Germany

Jens Blom-HansenAarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark

Jean BlondelEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Mark BlythBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island,

United States

Frederick J. BoehmkeUniversity of IowaIowa City, Iowa, United States

Matthijs Bogaards Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany

Arjen BoinLouisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, Louisiana,

United States

Maitseo BolaaneUniversity of BotswanaGaborone, Botswana

Chris W. Bonneau

University of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States

Tanja A. BörzelFreie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany

Mathias BösPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Chiara BotticiThe New School for Social Research

New York City, New York,United States

Mark BovensUtrecht University School of GovernanceUtrecht, Netherlands

Bidhya BowornwathanaChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand

Janet M. Box-SteffensmeierOhio State University

Columbus, Ohio, United StatesAndrás BozókiCentral European UniversityBudapest, Hungary

Steven J. BramsNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

Patrick T. BrandtUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardson, Texas, United States

Reinhard BrandtPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Michael BrattonMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, United States


28/489

xxviii Contributors

Philippe BraudSciences PoParis, France

Karl Braun


David R. BrillingerUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

Malena BritzSwedish National Defence CollegeStockholm, Sweden

Stephen G. Brooks

Dartmouth CollegeHanover, New Hampshire, United States

Alison BryskUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, California, United States

Hubertus BuchsteinUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany

Ian BudgeUniversity of Essex

Colchester, United Kingdom

Xymena BukowskaInstitute of Political Studies, University of

WarsawWarsaw, Poland

François BurgatIFPO CNRS (Damascus)Aix-en-Provence, France

Craig CalhounNew York University

New York City, New York, United States

Mauro CaliseUniversity of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy

John Thomas CallaghanUniversity of SalfordGreater Manchester, United Kingdom

Randall CalvertWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States

Jean-Yves Calvez (Deceased)

Jesuit Faculties of Philosophy and TheologyParis, France

James A. CaporasoUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States

Edward G. CarminesIndiana University, BloomingtonBloomington, Indiana, United States

Roberto Cartocci

University of BolognaBologna, Italy

Brunella CasaliniUniversity of FlorenceFlorence, Italy

Bruno CautrèsCEVIPOF/Sciences PoParis, France

Frédéric CharillonUniversité d’Auvergne–Clermont Ferrand 1

Paris, France

Simon ChestermanNew York University School of Law/National

University of SingaporeSingapore

Anthony B. L. CheungHong Kong Institute of EducationTai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong

Peter T. Y. CheungUniversity of Hong Kong

Pokfulam, Hong Kong

Wendy K. Tam ChoUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, Illinois, United States

Geeta ChowdhryNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, Arizona, United States


29/489

Contributors xxix

Tom ChristensenUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway

Dino P. Christenson

Boston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, United States

Dag Harald ClaesUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway

William Roberts ClarkUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States

Harold D. Clarke

University of Texas at DallasRichardson, Texas, United States

Kevin A. ClarkeUniversity of RochesterRochester, New York, United States

Sara ClaveroQueen’s University BelfastBelfast, United Kingdom

Jean-Marc CoicaudUnited Nations University

New York City, New York, United StatesDominique ColasInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris

(Sciences Po)Paris, France

H. K. ColebatchUniversity of New South WalesSydney, Australia

Josep M. ColomerInstitute for Economic Analysis,

Higher Council for Scientific ResearchBarcelona, Spain

Ariel ColonomosCERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France

Maurizio CottaUniversity of SienaSiena, Italy

Michael CoxLondon School of EconomicsLondon, United Kingdom

Bruce Cronin

City College of New YorkNew York City, New York, United States

Lasse CronqvistUniversität TrierTrier, Germany

Jane CurrySanta Clara UniversitySanta Clara, California, United States

Roland Czada

University of OsnabrueckOsnabrueck, Germany

Carl Johan DahlströmUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden

Jean-Pascal DalozSt. Anthony’s College,

University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom

David Darmofal

University of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina, United States

Charles-Philippe DavidUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, Canada

James W. DavisUniversity of St. GallenSt. Gallen, Switzerland

Gjalt de Graaf Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Miguel De LucaUniversidad de Buenos Aires / CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina

Gisèle De MeurUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium


30/489

xxx Contributors

Liliana De RizUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina

Jaap de Wilde

University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands

Henk DekkerLeiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands

Donatella della PortaEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Yves Déloye

Université Paris 1 Panthéon-SorbonneParis, France

Bruno DentePolitecnico di MilanoMilan, Italy

Guillaume DevinInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris


Ilvo Diamanti

Università di Urbino“Carlo Bo”Urbino, Italy

Alain Dieckhoff CERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France

Elias DinasEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Michel Dobry

Université Paris 1 Panthéon-SorbonneParis, France

Mattei Dogan (Deceased)National Center for Scientific

Research (CNRS)Paris, France

Lex DonaldsonUniversity of New South WalesSydney, New South Wales, Australia

Jean-Yves Dormagen

University of MontpellierMontpellier, France

Michael DoyleColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

Jaap DronkersEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Frédérick Guillaume Dufour

Université du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, Canada

Andreas DuitStockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden

Craig Malcolm DuncanIthaca CollegeIthaca, New York, United States

Carl W. DundasDundas and Associates Ltd.

Furzton, Milton Keynes, United KingdomThad DunningYale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States

Francis Dupuis-DériUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, Canada

Andreas DürUniversity of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria

Burkard EberleinYork UniversityToronto, Ontario, Canada

S. N. Eisenstadt (Deceased)The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute Jerusalem, Israel


31/489

xxxiContributors

Rainer EisfeldUniversity of OsnabrueckOsnabrueck, Germany

Zachary Elkins

University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, United States

Andrew EllisInternational Institute for Democracy and

Electoral Assistance (IDEA)Stockholm, Sweden

Kjell EngelbrektSwedish National Defense CollegeStockholm, Sweden

Diane EthierUniversity of MontréalMontréal, Quebec, Canada

Amitai EtzioniThe Institute for Communitarian

Policy StudiesWashington, D.C., United States

Sergio FabbriniTrento UniversityTrento, Italy

Jürgen W. Falter Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz, Germany

Harvey B. FeigenbaumThe George Washington UniversityWashington, D.C., United States

Yale H. FergusonRutgers University–NewarkNewark, New Jersey,

United States

Maurizio FerreraUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy

Mónica FerrínEuropean University InstituteFlorence, Italy

Louis FisherLibrary of CongressWashington, D.C., United States

Matthew Flinders

University of SheffieldSheffield, United Kingdom

Tuomas ForsbergUniversity of TampereTampere, Finland

Laurent FourchardInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de BordeauxPessac, France

Mark N. Franklin

European University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Oscar W. GabrielUniversität StuttgartStuttgart, Germany

Sean GailmardUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

Yvonne GalliganQueen’s University Belfast

Belfast, United KingdomSteffen Ganghof University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany

Philipp Genschel Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany

Emilio GentileSapienza–Università di RomaRome, Italy

Alan S. GerberYale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States

John GerringBoston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, United States


32/489

xxxii Contributors

Julie GervaisTriangle Centre for Political Research, CNRSLyon, France

Jeff Gill

Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States

Garrett GlasgowUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, California, United States

Kristian Skrede GleditschUniversity of EssexColchester, United Kingdom

Giampietro Gobo

Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy

Laurent GoetschelUniversity of BaselBasel, Switzerland

Leslie Friedman GoldsteinUniversity of DelawareNewark, Delaware, United States

Wyn GrantUniversity of Warwick

Coventry, United Kingdom

Davide GrassiUniversità degli studi di TorinoTurin, Italy

Matthew GratiasUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California, United States

Simon GreenAston UniversityBirmingham, United Kingdom

Michael GreenacreUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain

Robert GregoryVictoria University of WellingtonWellington, New Zealand

Michael Th. GrevenUniversität Hamburg Hamburg, Germany

Bernard Grofman

University of California, IrvineIrvine, California, United States

A. J. R. GroomUniversity of KentCanterbury, United Kingdom

Jürgen R. GroteCharles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic

Siba N. Grovogui

Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland,United States

Gérard GrunbergCNRS/Sciences Po ParisParis, France

Carlo GuarnieriUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy

John G. Gunnell

State University of New YorkAlbany, New York, United Statesand University of California, DavisDavis, California, United States

Jeroen GunningAberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, United Kingdom

Dingping GuoFudan UniversityShanghai, China

Asha GuptaUniversity of DelhiDelhi, India

Stefano GuzziniDanish Institute for International Studies &

Uppsala UniversityCopenhagen, Denmark


33/489

xxxiiiContributors

Peter M. HaasUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst, Massachusetts, United States

Christian W. Haerpfer

University of AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom

Stephan HaggardUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California, United States

Maarten HajerUniversiteit van AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands

Mark HallerbergHertie School of GovernanceBerlin, Germany

Amr HamzawyCarnegie Endowment for International PeaceBeirut, Lebanon

Dominik HangartnerUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

Russell HardinNew York University

New York City, New York, United StatesErin HartmanUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

Andreas HasencleverUniversität TübingenTübingen, Germany

Pierre HassnerSciences PoParis, France

Jeffrey HaynesLondon Metropolitan UniversityLondon, United Kingdom

Reuven Y. HazanHebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel

Jens HeibachPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Eva G. Heidbreder

Hertie School of GovernanceBerlin, Germany

Jorge HeineCentre for International Governance

InnovationWaterloo, Ontario, Canada

Wilhelm HeitmeyerBielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany

Gunther Hellmann

Goethe-University Frankfurt / MainFrankfurt am Main, Germany

Guy HermetSciences PoParis, France

Johannes Herrmann Justus-Liebig-Universität GießenGießen, Germany

F. Daniel HidalgoUniversity of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, California, United States John HigleyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, United States

Christopher HillUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom

Jonas HinnforsUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden

Katherine HiteVassar CollegePoughkeepsie, New York, United States

Stephen HobdenUniversity of East LondonLondon, United Kingdom


34/489

xxxiv Contributors

Brian HockingLoughborough UniversityLeicestershire, United Kingdom

Bert Hoffmann

German Institute of Global and Area StudiesHamburg, Germany

Ursula Hoffmann-LangeUniversity of Bamberg Bamberg, Germany

James F. HollifieldSMU Dallas, Texas, United States

James Hollyer

New York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

John A. HoornbeekKent State UniversityKent, Ohio, United States

Adrienne HosekUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

David Patrick HoughtonUniversity of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida, United States

Michael HowlettSimon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, British Columbia, Canada

Wei HuShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China

Merlijn van HulstUniversiteit van Tilburg Tilburg, Netherlands

Carlos HuneeusUniversidad de ChileSantiago, Chile

Christian HunoldDrexel UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Peter L. HupeErasmus University RotterdamRotterdam, Netherlands

Andrew Hurrell

University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom

Serge HurtigInternational Political Science AssociationParis, France

Adrian Hyde-PriceUniversity of BathBath, United Kingdom

Goran Hyden

University of FloridaGainesville, Florida, United States

Piero IgnaziUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy

Mikhail IlyinMGIMO UniversityMoscow, Russian Federation

Ellen M. ImmergutHumboldt University Berlin

Berlin, Germany

Takashi InoguchiUniversity of Niigata PrefectureTokyo, Japan

Tatsuo InoueUniversity of TokyoKokubunji, Tokyo, Japan

Sebastian JäckleUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany

Simon JackmanStanford UniversityStanford, California, United States

John E. JacksonUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States


35/489

xxxvContributors

William G. JacobyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, United States

Christophe Jaffrelot

CERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France

Patrick JamesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California, United States

Laura JanikUniversity of Northern IowaCedar Falls, Iowa, United States

Ben JannETH Zurich

Zurich, SwitzerlandLucien JaumeSciences PoParis, France

Kanishka JayasuriyaMurdoch UniversityMurdoch, Western Australia, Australia

Fabien JobardCentre de Recherche Sociologique sur le Droit et

les Institutions Pénales, CNRS

Guyancourt, FranceLoch K. JohnsonUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, United States

Rebecca E. JohnsonAcronym Institute for Disarmament

DiplomacyLondon, United Kingdom

Michael JohnstonColgate UniversityHamilton, New York, United States

Andrew JordanUniversity of East AngliaNorwich, United Kingdom

Grant JordanUniversity of AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom

Knud Erik JørgensenUniversity of AarhusAarhus, Denmark

Dirk Jörke

University of GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany

Dirk JungeUniversity of MannheimMannheim, Germany

Max Kaase Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany

Lutz Kaelber

University of VermontBurlington, Vermont, United States

Dirk KaeslerPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Ben KamisUniversität TübingenTübingen, Germany

Devesh KapurUniversity of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Lauri KarvonenÅbo AkademiÅbo, Finland

Riva KastoryanoCERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France

Michael KeatingEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Luke KeeleOhio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio, United States

Hans KemanVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands


36/489

xxxvi Contributors

Norbert KerstingStellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa

Mark Kesselman

Columbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

Pekka KettunenUniversity of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland

Sun-Chul KimBarnard CollegeNew York City, New York, United States

Leo Kissler


Markus KleinLeibniz Universität HannoverHannover, Germany

Oddbjørn KnutsenUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway

Torbjørn L. KnutsenNorwegian University of Science and Technology

(NTNU)Trondheim, Norway

Ken KollmanUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States

Serge-Christophe KolmÉcole des Hautes Études en Sciences SocialesParis, France

Thomas KönigUniversity of MannheimMannheim, Germany

Petr KopeckýLeiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands

Hennie KotzéStellenbosch UniversityMatieland, South Africa

Mark KramerHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, United States

Matthew H. Kramer

Cambridge UniversityCambridge, United Kingdom

Algis KrupavičiusKaunas University of TechnologyKaunas, Lithuania

Milja KurkiAberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, United Kingdom

Guy Lachapelle

Concordia UniversityMontréal, Québec, Canada

Justine LacroixUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium

Stella LadiPanteion UniversityAthens, Greece

Per LægreidUniversity of Bergen

Bergen, Norway

David A. LakeUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California, United States

Wai Fung LamUniversity of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong

Todd LandmanUniversity of EssexColchester, United Kingdom

Jan-Erik LaneUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany

Victor LapuenteUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden


37/489

xxxviiContributors

Henry LaurensCollège de FranceParis, France

Sébastien Laurent

University of BordeauxBordeaux, France

Michael LaverNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

David S. LawWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States

Kay Lawson

San Francisco State UniversitySan Francisco, California,United States

Marc LazarSciences PoParis, France

Jacques Le CacheuxUniversity of Pau and Sciences Po ParisParis, France

Richard Ned Lebow

Dartmouth CollegeHanover, New Hampshire, United States

Jean LecaInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris


Donna LeeUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, United

Kingdom

Beth L. LeechRutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, New Jersey,

United States

Brett Ashley LeedsRice UniversityHouston, Texas, United States

Lucas LeemannColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

Cristina Leston-Bandeira

University of HullHull, United Kingdom

Thierry LeterreMiami University John E. Dolibois CenterLuxembourg

David Levi-FaurHebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel

Gang LinShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China

Beate LittigInstitute for Advanced StudiesVienna, Austria

Richard LittleUniversity of BristolBristol, United Kingdom

Steven LivingstonThe George Washington UniversityWashington, D.C., United States

Francisco J. LleraUniversity of the Basque CountryBilbao, Spain

Martin LodgeLondon School of Economics and Political

ScienceLondon, United Kingdom

George A. LopezUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana, United States

Hartmut LüdtkePhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Samantha LuksYouGovPalo Alto, California, United States


38/489

xxxviii Contributors

Cora J. M. Maas (Deceased)Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands

Muiris MacCarthaigh

Institute of Public AdministrationDublin, Ireland

Jason A. MacDonaldWest Virginia UniversityMorgantown, West Virginia, United States

Bogdan W. MachPolish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland

Mary Anne Madeira

University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States

Lars MagnussonUppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden

Martín A. MaldonadoUniversidad Católica de CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina

Paolo ManciniUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaPerugia, Italy

Patrik MarierConcordia UniversityMontréal, Québec, Canada

Radoslaw MarkowskiPolish Academy of Sciences and Warsaw School

of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsaw, Poland

Emanuele MarottaMinistry of InteriorRome, Italy

Paolo MartelliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy

Danilo MartuccelliUniversity of Lille 3Lille, France

Martin E. MartyUniversity of ChicagoChicago, Illinois, United States

Alfio Mastropaolo

University of TurinTurin, Italy

Pierre MathiotInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de LilleLille, France

Irmina MatonyteInstitute for Social ResearchVilnius, Lithuania

Heinrich Matthee

Black Hall CollegeLondon, United Kingdom

Felicity MatthewsUniversity of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom

Liborio MattinaUniversity of TriesteTrieste, Italy

Gianpietro MazzoleniUniversità degli Studi di Milano

Milan, Italy

Rose McDermottBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island, United States

Anthony McGannUniversity of EssexColchester, United Kingdom

Timothy J. McKeownUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina, United States

Philip McMichaelCornell UniversityIthaca, New York, United States

David E. McNabbPacific Lutheran UniversityTacoma, Washington, United States


39/489

xxxixContributors

Mariana MedinaWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States

Andreas Mehler

German Institute of Global and Area StudiesHamburg, Germany

Andrei Y. MelvilleMoscow State Institute of International

RelationsMoscow, Russian Federation

Ines MergelSyracuse UniversitySyracuse, New York, United States

Wolfgang Merkel

Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB)Berlin, Germany

Peter H. MerklUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, California, United States

Patrick A. MesserlinGroupe d’Economie Mondiale at Sciences PoParis, France

Louis MeulemanNyenrode Business UniversityBreukelen, Netherlands

Jean-Baptiste MeyerInstitut de Recherche pour

le DéveloppementMontpellier, France

Hugh MiallUniversity of KentCanterbury, United Kingdom

Katja MichalakAmerican University in BulgariaBlagoevgrad, Bulgaria

Carlos R. S. MilaniUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvador, Bahia, Brazil

Gary J. MillerWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States

Helen V. MilnerPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey, United States

José Álvaro Moisés

University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil

Patrick Dibere MolutsiTertiary Education CouncilGaborone, Botswana

Paolo MoncagattaUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain

James E. Monogan III

Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States

Manuel Mora y AraujoUniversidad Torcuato Di TellaBuenos Aires, Argentina

Laurence MorelUniversity of Lille IILille, France

Alejandro MorenoInstituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México

Mexico City, Mexico

Anri MorimotoInternational Christian UniversityTokyo, Japan

Leonardo MorlinoLUISS Guido CarliRome, Italy

Ulrika MörthStockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden

Rebecca B. MortonNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

Jonathon W. MosesNorwegian University of Science & TechnologyTrondheim, Norway


40/489


41/489

xliContributors

Rachid OuaissaPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Joyce Outshoorn

Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands

Henk OverbeekVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands

Walter Ouma OyugiUniversity of NairobiNairobi, Kenya

Ergun Özbudun

Bilkent UniversityAnakara, Turkey

Leslie A. PalCarleton UniversityOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Angelo PanebiancoUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy

Franz Urban PappiMannheim UniversityMannheim, Germany

Stéphane PaquinÉcole nationale d’administration publiqueMontréal, Quebec, Canada

María del Carmen PardoEl Colegio de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico

Charles F. ParkerUppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden

Salvador ParradoUniversidad Nacional Educación a

DistanciaMadrid, Spain

Misagh ParsaDartmouth CollegeHanover, New Hampshire, United States

Gianfranco PasquinoUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy

Werner J. Patzelt

Technical University of DresdenDresden, Germany

Ove K. PedersenCopenhagen Business SchoolFrederiksberg, Denmark

John PeelerBucknell UniversityLewisburg, Pennsylvania,

United States

Anthony W. PereiraKing’s College LondonStrand, United Kingdom

Sam Perlo-FreemanStockholm International Peace Research

InstituteSolna, Sweden

B. Guy PetersUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania,

United States

Daniela PianaUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy

Jon PierreUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden

Michael Pinto-DuschinskyBrunel UniversityUxbridge, United Kingdom

Delphine PlacidiInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de Toulouse

(Sciences Po)Toulouse, France

Thomas PlümperUniversity of EssexColchester, United Kingdom


42/489

xlii Contributors

Gianfranco PoggiUniversity of TrentoTrento, Italy

Keith T. Poole

University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California, United States

Vincent PouliotMcGill UniversityMontréal, Quebec, Canada

Michael PowerLondon School of Economics and

Political ScienceLondon, United Kingdom

Elisabeth PrüglFlorida International UniversityMiami, Florida, United States

Jerry PubantzUniversity of North Carolina at

GreensboroGreensboro, North Carolina, United States

Michael PyePhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Kevin M. QuinnUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

Claudio M. RadaelliUniversity of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom

Charles C. RaginUniversity of ArizonaTucson, Arizona, United States

Frédéric Ramel

Université Paris 11 and Centre forStudies and Research of theEcole Militaire

Paris, France

Luis RamiroUniversity of MurciaMurcia, Spain

Tiina Randma-LiivTallinn University of TechnologyTallinn, Estonia

Brian Rathbun

University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California, United States

John RavenhillAustralian National UniversityCanberra, Australia

James Lee RayVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee, United States

Philippe Raynaud

Université Panthéon-Assas (Paris 2)Paris, France

Stefano RecchiaColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

Marino ReginiUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy

Jeremy John RichardsonUniversity of Oxford

Oxford, United Kingdom

Benoît RihouxUniversité Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Jean-Jacques RocheUniversité Panthéon-AssasParis, France

Bert A. RockmanPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, United States

Asbjørn RøiselandBodø University CollegeBodø, Norway

Edeltraud Roller Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz, Germany


43/489

xliiiContributors

Paul G. RonessUniversity of BergenBergen, Norway

Richard Rosecrance

Harvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, United States

William RosenauRAND CorporationArlington, Virginia, United States

Bo RothsteinUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden

Claude Rubinson

University of ArizonaTucson, Arizona, United States

Dietrich RueschemeyerBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island, United States

Andrzej RychardGraduate School for Social ResearchWarsaw, Poland

Ralf RytlewskiFreie Universität Berlin

Berlin, Germany

Paul A. SabatierUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California, United States

Kurt SalentinBielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany

Ari SalminenUniversity of VaasaVaasa, Sweden

Nicholas SambanisYale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States

Cyrus SamiiColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States

Ulrich SarcinelliUniversity Koblenz-LandauLandau, Germany

Zeki Sarigil

Bilkent UniversityBilkent, Ankara, Turkey

Anne E. SartoriNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, United States

Sidsel SaugestadUniversity of TromsøTromsø, Norway

Donald J. Savoie

Université de MonctonMoncton, New Brunswick,Canada

Andreas SchedlerCentro de Investigación y Docencia

Económicas (CIDE)Mexico City, Mexico

Alexandra ScheeleUniversity of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany

Yves SchemeilInstitut d’Etudes Politiques deGrenoble

Grenoble, France

Theo SchillerPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Antonio SchizzerottoUniversity of TrentoTrento, Italy

Peter SchmidtNational Research University Higher School of

Economics (HSE)Moscow, Russian Federation

Vivien A. SchmidtBoston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, United States


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xliv Contributors

Philippe C. SchmitterEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Ulrich Schneckener

University of OsnabrückOsnabrück, Germany

Anne SchneiderArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, United States

Gerald SchneiderUniversity of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany

Saundra K. SchneiderMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, United States

Helmar SchoeneUniversity of Education Schwaebisch GmuendSchwaebisch Gmuend, Germany

Jan Aart ScholteUniversity of Warwick and London School of

EconomicsCoventry and London, United Kingdom

Lorna SchreflerUniversity of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom

Philip A. SchrodtPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania, United States

Tobias Schulze-ClevenUniversity of Bamberg Bamberg, Germany

Shirley V. ScottUniversity of New South WalesSydney, New South Wales, Australia

Jason SeawrightNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, United States

David SebudubuduUniversity of BotswanaGaborone, Botswana

Daniel-Louis SeilerAix-Marseille UniversitéAix-en-Provence, France

Jasjeet S. Sekhon

University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

Sally C. SeldenLynchburg CollegeLynchburg, Virginia, United States

Mitchell A. SeligsonVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee, United States

Susan K. SellThe George Washington University

Washington, D.C., United States

Martin ShapiroUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

Doh Chull ShinUniversity of MissouriColumbia, Missouri, United States

Alan Siaroff University of LethbridgeLethbridge, Alberta, Canada

Perrine Simon-NahumCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ École des Hautes Études en Sciences SocialesParis, France

Luc SindjounUniversity of Yaoundé IIYaoundé, Cameroon

Perri 6Nottingham Trent UniversityNottingham, United Kingdom

Chris SkelcherUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom

Gabriella SlompUniversity of St. AndrewsSt. Andrews, United Kingdom


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xlvContributors

Roger W. SmithCollege of William and MaryWilliamsburg, Virginia, United States

Steven Rathgeb Smith

Georgetown UniversityWashington, D.C., United States

Fredrik SöderbaumUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden

Lourdes SolaInternational Political Science Association andUniversity of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil

Eugenio SomainiUniversità degli Studi di ParmaParma, Italy

Albert SomitSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, United States

Eva SørensenRoskilde UniversityRoskilde, Denmark

Georg SörensenAarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark

Bernardo SorjFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Arthur SpirlingHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, United States

Harvey StarrUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina, United States

Brent J. SteeleUniversity of KansasLawrence, Kansas, United States

Cindy Lee SteenekampStellenbosch UniversityMatieland, South Africa

Janice Gross SteinUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Michael B. Stein

University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Jennifer Sterling-FolkerUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut, United States

Rudolf StichwehUniversity of LucerneLucerne, Switzerland

Edward H. Stiglitz

Stanford UniversityStanford, California, United States

Laura StokerUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States

Tara W. StrickoKennesaw State UniversityKennesaw, Georgia, United States

Jörg StrübingUniversität Tübingen

Tübingen, Germany

Patrycja J. SuwajBialystok UniversityBialystok, Poland

Hiroki TakeuchiSMU Dallas, Texas, United States

Finn TarpUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark

Daniel TarschysUniversity of StockholmStockholm, Sweden

Markku TemmesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland


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xlvi Contributors

Jan TeorellLund UniversityLund, Sweden

Benno Teschke

University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom

Henry TeuneUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania,

United States

Mark ThatcherLondon School of Economics and

Political ScienceLondon, United Kingdom

Cameron G. ThiesUniversity of IowaIowa City, Iowa, United States

Victor ThiessenDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Clive S. ThomasUniversity of Alaska Southeast Juneau, Alaska, United States

Craig W. ThomasUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States

Mark R. ThompsonFriedrich-Alexander University

Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany

Bassam TibiUniversity of GoettingenGoettingen, Germany

Guido TiemannInstitute for Advanced Studies,

ViennaVienna, Austria

Keith TopperUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, California, United States

Mariano TorcalUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain

Jacob Torfing

Roskilde UniversityRoskilde, Denmark

Shawn TreierUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota, United States

Carlo TrigiliaUniversity of FlorenceFlorence, Italy

Vera E. Troeger

University of EssexColchester, United Kingdom

Peter F. TrumboreOakland UniversityRochester, Michigan, United States

Ilter TuranIstanbul Bilgi UniversityIstanbul, Turkey

Colin TylerUniversity of Hull

Hull, United Kingdom

Arild UnderdalUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway

Camil UngureanuUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain

Bjørn Olav UtvikUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway

Jan W. van DethUniversity of MannheimMannheim, Germany

Carolien Van HamEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy


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xlviiContributors

Frans K. M. van NispenErasmus University RotterdamRotterdam, Netherlands

Dana R. Vashdi

University of HaifaHaifa, Israel

Pascal VennessonUniversity Paris II, European University

InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy

Bram VerschuereUniversity College Ghent & Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium

Wytske VersteegUniversiteit van AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands

Luca VerzichelliUniversity of SienaSiena, Italy

Eran Vigoda-GadotUniversity of HaifaHaifa, Israel

Ulrich von AlemannUniversity of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany

Klaus von BeymeUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany

Marisa von BülowUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasília – DF, Brazil

Astrid von BusekistSciences PoParis, France

Patrick von MaravicZeppelin UniversityFriedrichshafen, Germany

Thomas von WinterUniversity of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany

Claudius WagemannIstituto Italiano di Scienze UmaneFlorence, Italy

Pieter Wagenaar

Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands

Uwe WagschalUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany

Lee Demetrius WalkerUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina, United States

Christopher M. Weible

University of Colorado DenverDenver, Colorado, United States

Barry R. WeingastStanford UniversityStanford, California, United States

Jutta WeldesUniversity of BristolBristol, United Kingdom

Jennifer M. WelshUniversity of Oxford

Oxford, United Kingdom

Christian Welzel Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany

Bettina WestlePhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany

Guy D. WhittenTexas A & M UniversityCollege Station, Texas, United States

Jerzy J. WiatrEuropean School of Law and AdministrationWarsaw, Poland

Catherine Wihtol de WendenCERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France


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xlviii Contributors

Ulrich WillemsUniversity of MünsterMünster, Germany

Peter Willetts

City University, LondonLondon, United Kingdom

Kenneth C. WilliamsMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, United States

Søren C. WinterDanish National Centre for Social ResearchCopenhagen, Denmark

Anders WivelUniversity of Copenhagen

Copenhagen, Denmark

Edmund Wnuk-LipinskiInstitute of Political Studies, University of

WarsawWarsaw, Poland

Hellmut WollmannHumboldt-Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany

Byungwon WooOakland University

Rochester, Michigan, United States

James WoodsAdministrative Office of the U.S. CourtsWashington, D.C., United States

Mikhaïl Dorel XifarasSciences PoParis, France

Kutsal Yesilkagit

Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands

Brigitte YoungUniversity of MünsterMünster, Germany

I. William Zartman Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Richard O. Zerbe Jr.

University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States

Jan ZielonkaUniversity of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom

Ekkart ZimmermannDresden University of TechnologyDresden, Germany

Andrei ZinovyevInstitut Curie

Paris, France

Anthony R. ZitoNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom


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xlix

Preface

Politics has always been a key dimension ofhuman life. Politics affects everyone, just as theweather does, and since the time of the Greek clas-sics, humankind has attempted to come to gripswith its empirical and normative implications.Politics and political science have changed overtime and have been even more deeply transformedduring the past decades in every part of an ever-smaller world. Empirical research and theoreticalreflections on politics and its multiple connectionswith all other aspects of human life have devel-oped enormously during the second half of thepast century and now cover virtually all parts ofthe world, with their growing interdependence.These studies concern, for example, basic issuessuch as war and peace, prosperity, welfare, and asustainable environment, as well as issues of free-dom, justice, gender, and democracy under chang-ing cultural perspectives.

At this point, one feels the need for anexhaustive overview of the empirical findingsand the reflections on politics. The InternationalEncyclopedia of Political Science caters to thatneed in many different kinds of readers, includ-ing undergraduate or graduate students wholike to be informed effectively and quickly ontheir field of study; scholars who seek informa-tion on the relevant empirical findings in theirarea of specialization or in related fields; andlay readers, who may not have a formal back-ground in political science but are attracted to,and interested in, politics. Thus, the encyclope-dia can serve both the diffusion of knowledgeabout politics and the further development ofthe field.

The encyclopedia is the result of collaborativework by leading international scholars from allover the world. This team ensured the widest pos-sible coverage of key areas, both regionally and

globally. In this sense, this is the first truly interna-tional encyclopedia of its kind. It aims to give acomprehensive picture of all aspects of politicallife, recognizing the theoretical and cultural plural-ism of the approaches and including findings fromall parts of the world. The eight volumes of theencyclopedia cover every field of politics, frompolitical theory and methodology to political soci-ology, comparative politics, public policies, andinternational relations.

The entries are arranged in alphabetical order,and a list of entries by subject area appears in thefront of each volume. The entries are organized inthree major categories, according to their substan-tive relevance, of roughly 1,800, 3,600, and 8,000words. In addition, longer entries of 12,000 wordscover the major subdisciplines and the state of theart in each field. The encyclopedia contains adetailed index as well as extensive bibliographical

references. Thus, it can provide an essential andauthoritative guide to the state of political scienceat the beginning of the 21st century for decades tocome. It will be an invaluable resource for a globalreadership, including researchers, students, andpolicymakers.

The editors wish to acknowledge the invalu-able assistance and advice of many colleaguesand friends, including the members of theExecutive Committee of the InternationalPolitical Science Association (IPSA) and its presi-dents during this period, Max Kaase and LourdesSola. Bertrand Badie wishes to thank Sciences Po,Paris, and particularly Delphine Placidi, whoassisted him in the first steps of the work. DirkBerg-Schlosser gladly acknowledges the assis-tance from Diana Mai and Joris-Johann Krapp atthe Institute of Political Science, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany, in the initialphases of the project. Leonardo Morlino would


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like to warmly thank Dr. Claudius Wagemann forhis invaluable help in the starting phase of theencyclopedia.

Bertrand Badie

Professor of International Relations,Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po)

Paris, France

Dirk Berg-SchlosserEmeritus Professor of Political Science,

University of Marburg Marburg, Germany

Leonardo MorlinoProfessor of Political Science, LUISS

Rome, Italy


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which a central institution or a legitimate author-ity exercises power. The next section of the intro-duction examines the epistemological foundationsof the discipline of political science. The third sec-tion traces the growth of political science duringthe 20th century and examines its evolving rela-tionships to other social sciences and to otherfields, most notably law and philosophy. The finalsection of the introduction describes more recentdevelopments and perspectives in political science,as it has become a dynamic discipline with its ownidentity and with participation from political sci-entists around the globe.

Politics

Politics as a Special Sphere

The concept of politics carries different mean-ings. It can be considered to be an art (scholars are“studying politics”); an activity (one can “playpolitics” in one’s office, in one’s club, even in one’sfamily); a profession (some “go into politics”); ora function (“local politics,” “national politics”).Most political scientists consider the first meaningsas derived from the last one, even as metaphoric,while some others have a wider and more abstractconception that is broader than that of function.Politics also has been understood as both to polity,which refers to an organization (a state, a regimeand its constitution) and to policy, which refers toa system of political decisions and specific sub-

fields (like health, education, foreign relations)through organizations act to carry out their func-tions. In a comprehensive perspective, politics isthus considered to be linked to a function, asystem, an action, and a behavior.

All of them are, however, connected to a specialdimension of the history of humankind. Even ifsome scholars object that some societies ignored

Introduction to Political Science

Cet ouvrage produira sûrement avec letemps une révolution dans les esprits, et j’espère que les tyrans, les oppresseurs,les fanatiques et les intolérants n’y gagneront pas. Nous aurons servil’humanité. [Over time, this work will

surely produce an intellectual revolution,and I hope that the tyrants, oppressors,fanatics, and those without tolerancewill not benefit from it. We will haveserved humanity.]

—Letter from Diderot to SophieVolland, September 26, 1762

Political science, paradoxically, is both a very oldand relatively recent discipline. Its origins go backto antiquity in classic European or Asian thoughtas far as recorded history goes. As an independentand respected academic field, however, it cameinto being in most countries only after World WarII. This is due in part to the fact that its subjectmatter had been addressed by neighboring disci-plin

Enciclopedia de Ciencias Politicas.

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Transcript of Enciclopedia de Ciencias Politicas.