Human Anatomy Presentation

8/19/2019 Human Anatomy Presentation

1/49

HUMAN ANATOMY

Chapter 1

The Human Body and PhysiologyOrientation

SUBMITTED BY

!"OUP 1

#EO#IS$ %& !U""E$

'$'E#IT$ UY


2/49

I. DEFINITIONS $natomy is the study o( the stru)ture and

shape o( the *ody and *ody parts and their

relationships to one another&

!ross anatomy + e,amining large easilyo*ser-a*le *ody stru)tures&

Mi)ros)ope anatomy + e,amining )ells and

tissues using a mi)ros)ope&


3/49

I. DEFINITIONS (CON’T) Physiology is the study o( ho. the *ody and

its parts .or/ or (un)tion&

'europhysiology + e,plains ho. the ner-ous

system .or/s& Cardia) physiology studies the (un)tions o(

the heart&

Anatomy and physiology are always related.

FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION.


4/49

II. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Atoms + *uilding *lo)/s o( matter& They

)om*ine to (orm

Mole!les + .ater0 sugars0 and proteins&

Mole)ules asso)iate in spe)i(i) .ays to (orm)ells&


5/49

II. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION(CON’T) Cells are the smallest units o( all li-ing

things& Cells that are similar and ha-e a )ommon

(un)tion are )alled tiss!es. $n organ is a stru)ture0 )omposed o( t.o or

more tissue types0 that per(orms a spe)i(i)(un)tion (or the *ody&

$ group o( organs that )ooperate toa))omplish a )ommon purpose is )alled anorgan system.

$ll 11 organ systems ma/e up an organism&


6/49

II. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION


7/49

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM E,ternal )o-ering o( the *ody

aterproo(s0 )ushions and prote)ts

E,)retes salts and urea in s.eat and helps

regulate *ody temperature Sense organ + pain and pressure


8/49

SKELETAL SYSTEM Bone0 )artilage0 ligaments0 and 2oints

Support and prote)tion

$tta)hment o( the s/eletal mus)les

Hematopoiesis + the (ormation o( *lood )ells Store house o( minerals


9/49

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Only one (un)tion + )ontra)t

Mo-ement o))urs .hen mus)les )ontra)t

Three types o( mus)le tissueS/eletal mus)les 3 mo-ement

Cardial mus)les 3 heart )ontra)tion

Smooth mus)les + intestines0 internal organs


10/49

NERVOUS SYSTEM %ast3a)ting )ontrol system Consists o( the *rain0 spinal )ord0 ner-es0

and sensory re)eptors&

The *ody must *e a*le to respond to stimuli& The Central 'er-ous system assesses the

in(ormation re)ei-ed and responds&


11/49

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Slo. a)ting )ontrol system o( the *ody&

Produ)es and releases hormones into the

*lood&

In)ludes pituitary0 thyroid0 adrenals0 thymus0pan)reas0 pineal0 o-aries0 testes0 and

parathyroid glands&


12/49

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Made up o( the heart and *lood -essels& Blood is the transporting (luid Carries o,ygen0 nutrients0 hormones0 and

other su*stan)es to and (rom the )ells .here.aste is e,)hanged and remo-ed&


13/49

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Closely related to the )ardio-as)ular system&

In)ludes lymphati) -essels0 lymph nodes0 and

other organs li/e the spleen and tonsils&

%luid lea/s (rom the *lood -essels and thissystem returns the (luid *a)/ to the

)ir)ulatory system&

#ymph nodes help )leanse the *lood and

house the )ells in-ol-ed in immunity&


14/49

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 4eep the *ody )onstantly supplied .ith

o,ygen and remo-e )ar*on dio,ide& In)ludes nasal passages0 pharyn,0 laryn,0

tra)hea0 *ron)hi0 and lungs& #ungs ha-e tiny air sa)s in .hi)h gas

e,)hange o))urs


15/49

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Tu*e .ithin a tu*e system running (rom the

mouth to the anus& In)ludes the oral )a-ity 5mouth60 esophagus0

stoma)h0 small and large intestines0 and there)tum&

Brea/ do.n (ood into usa*lema)romole)ules&

#arge intestines 2o* is to re)laim .ater&


16/49

URINARY SYSTEM The *ody produ)es .aste .hi)h must *e

remo-ed& 'itrogenous .astes 5urea and uri) a)id6 must

*e remo-ed& Sometimes )alled the e,)retory system In)ludes /idneys0 ureters0 *ladder0 and

urethra&

Maintains *ody7s .ater and salt *alan)e


17/49

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Produ)e o((spring

Sperm produ)ed *y testes

Eggs produ)ed *y o-aries

%ertili8ation o))urs .hen sperm is depositedinto the (emale *y the penis&


18/49

HOMEOSTASIS The /ey to understanding the intera)tions o(

the *ody systems as .ell as disease and

.ellness is understanding homeostasis&

Homeostasis is the *ody7s a*ility to maintainrelati-ely sta*le internal )onditions e-en

though the outside .orld is )ontinuously

)hanging&


19/49

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY To a))urately des)ri*e *ody parts and

position .e ha-e to ha-e a re(eren)e pointthat is a))epted uni-ersally& This is help(ul.hen the )oroner (inds a *ody and must

des)ri*e the *ody& $natomi)al position + The assumption that

the *ody is ere)t .ith the (eet parallel andthe arms hanging at the sides .ith the palms

(a)ing (or.ard&


20/49

DIRECTIONAL TERMSSuperior/cranial/cephalad Toward the head or upper part

of the body or structure; above

Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or toward

the lower part of a body or

structure; below

Anterior (ventral) Toward the front of the body

(belly)

Posterior (dorsal) Toward the back of the body;

behind

edial Toward or at the midline of the

body; on the inner side of

!ateral Away from the midline of the body;

on the outer side of

Intermediate "etween a medial and lateralstructure


21/49

DIRECTIONAL TERMSPro#imal $lose to the ori%in of the body part

or the point of attachment of a limb

to the body trunk

&istal 'arther from the ori%in of a body

part or the point of attachment of a

lumb to the body truck

Superficial Toward or at the body surface

&eep Away from the body surface; more

internal


22/49

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

Abdominal Anterior body trunk inferior to the

ribs

Antecubital Anterior surface of the elbow

A#illary Armpit

"rachial Arm"uccal $heek area

$arpal rist

$ervical eck re%ion


23/49

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS(PG 13)

&i%ital 'in%ers and toes

'emoral Thi%h

In%uinal Area where thi%h meets the trunk

asal ose area

*ral outh

*rbital +ye area

Patellar Anterior knee


24/49

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

Peroneal !ateral part of the le%

Pubic ,enital re%ion

Sternal "reasbone area

Tarsal Ankle re%ion

Thoracic $hest

-mbilical avel


25/49

POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

$ephalic .ead

&eltoid $urve of the shoulder

,luteal "utt

!umbar !ower back

*ccipital Posterior surface of the head

Popliteal Posterior knee area

Scapular Shoulder blade re%ion

Sural The area of the calf muscle

ertebral Area of the spine


26/49

BODY PLANES Body planes and se)tions )an *e used to

des)ri*e either the entire *ody or anypart o( the *ody su)h as an organ&

There are se-eral .ays to 9)ut: *ody& Sagittal se)tion + )ut do.n the middle to )reate

le(t and right sides& 5a/a midsagittal or medianse)tion i( the )ut ma/es e;ual sides6

%rontal or )oronal se)tion + a )ut that di-ides the*ody into anterior and posterior sides&

Trans-erse or )ross se)tions + $ )ut is made alongthe hori8ontal plane di-iding the *ody intosuperior and in(erior parts&


27/49

REGIONS

$ *ody that is lying do.n is des)ri*ed as

either pr!" or #$p%!"& Prone des)ri*es a(a)e3do.n orientation0 and supine des)ri*es

a (a)e up orientation& These terms are

sometimes used in des)ri*ing the position o(

the *ody during spe)i(i) physi)al

e,aminations or surgi)al pro)edures&


28/49

REGIONS

The human *ody7s numerous regions ha-e

spe)i(i) terms to help in)rease pre)ision&

'oti)e that the term 9*ra)hium: or 9arm: is

reser-ed (or the 9upper arm: and

9ante*ra)hium: or 9(orearm: is used rather

than 9lo.er arm&: Similarly0 9(emur: or

9thigh: is )orre)t0 and 9leg: or 9)rus: is

reser-ed (or the portion o( the lo.er lim*

*et.een the /nee and the an/le&


29/49

REGIONS


30/49

LANDMARKS

hen des)ri*ing the position o( anatomi)al

stru)tures0 landmar/s may *e used to

des)ri*e lo)ation& These landmar/s may

in)lude stru)tures0 su)h as the um*ili)us or

sternum0 or anatomi)al lines0 su)h as the

midla"i!lar line (rom the )entre o( the

)la-i)le&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navel


31/49

LANDMARKS

The )ephalon or )ephali) region re(ers to the

head& This area is (urther di((erentiated into

the )ranium 5s/ull60 (a)ies 5(a)e60 (rons

5(orehead60 o)ulus 5eye area60 auris 5ear60

*u))a 5)hee/60 nausus 5nose60 oris 5mouth60

and mentis 5)hin6& The ne)/ area is )alled

the )er-i)is or )er-i)al region&


32/49

BODY CAVITIES

$natomi)al stru)tures are o(ten des)ri*ed in

terms o( the )a-ity in .hi)h they reside& The

*ody maintains its internal organi8ation *y

means o( mem*ranes0 sheaths0 and other

stru)tures that separate )ompartments&

The &r#' 5posterior6 )a-ity and the "!*r' 5anterior6 )a-ity are the largest *ody

)ompartments&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavity


33/49

BODY CAVITIES

These )a-ities )ontain and prote)t deli)ate

internal organs0 and the -entral )a-ity allo.s

(or signi(i)ant )hanges in the si8e and shape

o( the organs as they per(orm their

(un)tions& The lungs0 heart0 stoma)h0 and

intestines0 (or e,ample0 )an e,pand and

)ontra)t .ithout distorting other tissues or

disrupting the a)ti-ity o( near*y organs&


34/49

BODY CAVITIES

The -entral )a-ity in)ludes the *+r',%, and'-&%!p"%, )a-ities and theirsu*di-isions& The dorsal )a-ity in)ludes the

,r'!%' and #p%!' )a-ities& This illustrationsho.s a lateral and anterior -ie. o( the *ody

and highlights the *ody )a-ities .ith

di((erent )olors&


35/49

BODY CAVITIES

The )ranial )a-ity is a large0 *ean3shaped

)a-ity (illing most o( the upper s/ull .here

the *rain is lo)ated&

The -erte*ral )a-ity is a -ery narro.0 thread3li/e )a-ity running (rom the )ranial )a-ity

do.n the entire length o( the spinal )ord&


36/49

BODY CAVITIES

Together the )ranial )a-ity and -erte*ral )a-ity

)an *e re(erred to as the dorsal *ody )a-ity& In

the posterior 5dorsal6 )a-ity0 the )ranial )a-ity

houses the *rain0 and the spinal )a-ity 5or

-erte*ral )a-ity6 en)loses the spinal )ord&


37/49

BODY CAVITIES

The thora)i) )a-ity )onsists o( three )a-ities

that (ill the interior area o( the )hest&

The t.o pleural )a-ities are situated on *oth

sides o( the *ody0 anterior to the spine and

lateral to the *reast*one&

The superior mediastinum is a .edge3shaped

)a-ity lo)ated *et.een the superior regions o(

the t.o thora)i) )a-ities&

The peri)ardial )a-ity .ithin the mediastinum is

lo)ated at the )enter o( the )hest *elo. the

superior mediastinum& The peri)ardial )a-ity

roughly outlines the shape o( the heart&


38/49

BODY CAVITIES


39/49

ABDOMEN

To promote )lear )ommuni)ation0 (or

instan)e a*out the lo)ation o( a patient7s

a*dominal pain or a suspi)ious mass0 health

)are pro-iders typi)ally di-ide up the )a-ity

into either nine regions or (our ;uadrants&


40/49

ABDOMEN


41/49

/UADRANTS

The a*domen may *e di-ided into (our

;uadrants0 more )ommonly used in

medi)ine0 su*di-ides the )a-ity .ith one

hori8ontal and one -erti)al line that

interse)t at the patient7s um*ili)us 5na-el6&&

The right upper ;uadrant 5"U=6 in)ludes the

lo.er right ri*s0 right side o( the li-er0 and

right side o( the trans-erse )olon&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib


42/49

/UADRANTS

The le(t upper ;uadrant 5#U=6 in)ludes the

lo.er le(t ri*s0 stoma)h0 spleen0 and upper

le(t area o( the trans-erse )olon& The right

lo.er ;uadrant 5"#=6 in)ludes the right hal(

o( the small intestines0 as)ending )olon0

right pel-i) *one and upper right area o( the

*ladder& The le(t lo.er ;uadrant 5##=6

)ontains the le(t hal( o( the small intestine

and le(t pel-i) *one

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach


43/49

REGIONS

The more detailed regional approa)h

su*di-ides the )a-ity .ith one hori8ontal line

immediately in(erior to the ri*s and one

immediately superior to the pel-is0 and t.o

-erti)al lines dra.n as i( dropped (rom the

midpoint o( ea)h )la-i)le0 resulting in nine

regions& The upper right s;uare is the right

hypo)hondria) region and )ontains the *ase

o( the right ri*s& The upper le(t s;uare is the

le(t hypo)hondria) region and )ontains the

*ase o( the le(t ri*s&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicle


44/49

REGIONS

The epigastri) region is the upper )entral

s;uare and )ontains the *ottom edge o( the

li-er as .ell as the upper areas o( the

stoma)h& The diaphragm )ur-es li/e an

upside do.n U o-er these three regions& The

)entral right region is )alled the right lum*ar

region and )ontains the as)ending )olon and

the right edge o( the small intestines&


45/49

REGIONS

The )entral s;uare )ontains the trans-erse

)olon and the upper regions o( the small

intestines& The le(t lum*ar region )ontains

the le(t edge o( the trans-erse )olon and the

le(t edge o( the small intestine& The lo.er

right s;uare is the right ilia) region and

)ontains the right pel-i) *ones and the

as)ending )olon&


46/49

REGIONS

The lo.er le(t s;uare is the le(t ilia) region

and )ontains the le(t pel-i) *one and the

lo.er le(t regions o( the small intestine& The

lo.er )entral s;uare )ontains the *ottom o(

the pu*i) *ones0 upper regions o( the

*ladder and the lo.er region o( the small

intestine&


47/49

MEMBRANES

$ serous mem*rane 5also re(erred to as a

serosa6 is a thin mem*rane that )o-ers the

.alls o( organs in the thora)i) and

a*dominal )a-ities& The serous mem*ranes

ha-e t.o layers> parietal and "iseral0

surrounding a (luid (illed spa)e&

The -is)eral layer o( the mem*rane )o-ers

the organ 5the -is)era60 and the parietal

layer lines the .alls o( the *ody )a-ity

5pariet3 re(ers to a )a-ity .all6&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane


48/49

MEMBRANES

Bet.een the parietal and -is)eral layers is a

-ery thin0 (luid3(illed serous spa)e0 or )a-ity&?

$n e,ample o( a serous )a-ities in)lude the

peri)ardium0 .hi)h surrounds the heart&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardium


49/49

REFERENCES http@@...&slideshare&net@)oa)hhuey@*asi)

3intro3AF

http@@

en&.i/ipedia&[email protected]/i@$natomi)alGterminology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology

Human Anatomy Presentation

Documents

Transcript of Human Anatomy Presentation