INTRODUCCIÓN A LA EXPLORACIÓN Y LA ... -...

Organizado por el Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME) y la Asociación Española de Investigación, Exploración yProducción de Hidrocarburos y Almacenamiento Subterráneo (ACIEP) como complemento a la exposición temporal del MuseoGeominero “LOS HIDROCARBUROS EN NUESTRA VIDA DIARIA” con el objetivo de construir un entorno de diálogo entre lacomunidad científico‐técnica y la sociedad.

2 marzo 2017

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA EXPLORACIÓN Y LA PRODUCCIÓN DE HIDROCARBUROS

Jorge Navarro Comet (CEPSA/AGGEP)

2 Marzo INTRODUCCIÓN A LA EXPLORACIÓN Y LA PRODUCCIÓN DE HIDROCARBUROSJorge Navarro Comet (CEPSA/AGGEP)

¿QUÉ SABES DE LOS HIDROCARBUROS?

ACERCA DEL CONFERENCIANTEJefe de Geología en CEPSA con más de 25 años de experiencia en exploración y producción de hidrocarburos. Responsable de la coordinación ysupervisión de las actividades geológicas y estudios llevados a cabo por CEPSA en España e internacionalmente. Miembro del comité interno devalidación técnica de proyectos de exploración y producción. Coordinador de un grupo de especialistas en geología de operaciones, petrofísica,geoquímica y sistemas petrolíferos. Profesor en el Máster propio en Ingeniería de Petróleo y Gas de la UPM. Presidente de la AGGEP (Asociaciónde Geólogos y Geofísicos Españoles del Petróleo) y miembro de la junta directiva de ACIEP. Miembro de la SGE (Sociedad Geológica de España) yde asociaciones internacionales del sector como AAPG, EAGE y PESGB..

Instituto Geológico y Minero de EspañaCalle Ríos Rosas 23, Madrid

Hora: 18:30, Sala Cristóbal BordiúEntrada libre, previa inscripción a través del correo [email protected], hasta completar aforo.

La sala permanecerá abierta desde las 18:10 con objeto de permitir el registro de entrada al edificio de los asistentes.

Instituto Geológico y Minero de EspañaCalle Ríos Rosas 23, Madrid

Hora: 18:30, Sala Cristóbal BordiúEntrada libre, previa inscripción a través del correo [email protected], hasta completar aforo.

La sala permanecerá abierta desde las 18:10 con objeto de permitir el registro de entrada al edificio de los asistentes.

CICLO DE CONFERENCIAS

Dirigido a todo tipo de público, se quiere dar a conocer de una manera sencilla y amena los factores necesarios para que seproduzca una acumulación de hidrocarburos en el subsuelo, así como revisar brevemente las diferentes disciplinas y técnicasinvolucradas en su búsqueda, su posterior producción y final abandono.

J. Navarro Abril 2013 3

An introduction to petroleum exploration & production March, 2017

RKF oil field (Algeria) [email protected]


Well head (X-mas tree) RKF oil field (Algeria)


DISNEYLAND PARIS, France

Paris @ 30 km

Ile du Gord

Oil field

CHESSY FRANCE


Oil fields Paris Basin (France)

Oil fields + 800 exploration wells + 50 oil fields + 250 million barrels oil produced 0 km 25

Wen

debo

urg

& L

amira

ux, 2

002

6


Los Angeles (Cailfornia, USA), circa 1930 Signal Hill –Atlantic & 28th Street

0 km 15

LOS ANGELES California (USA)

Los Angeles (California, USA) ‘La Brea Tar pits’ Fossil mammals (saber-toothed cat, mammoth, …) Pleistocene age(~ 40000 years) George C. Page Museum


LOS ANGELES (California, USA) A city has literally been built upon tens of oil fields

Oil fields

~ 55 oil fields > 30.000 oil wells > 9 billion barrels oil > 7 TCF gas

WILMINGTON

HUNTINGTON BEACH

8


Huntington beach California (USA)

August, 2009


0 km 5

Varadero (Cuba)

Oil fields

CHAPELIN

MARBELLA

MARBELLA MAR

LITORAL PIEDRA

VARADERO SUR

GUASIMAS

VARADERO

10


GEOLOGY

SURFACE FACILITIES

ECONOMIC EVALUATION GEOPHYSICS

DRILLING

CONTRACTS

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

water

gas

oil

PRODUCTION

Key disciplines in the E&P industry

HSSE

DATA Mng 11


All of the geologic elements and processes necessary to generate and accumulate hydrocarbons :

• Source Rock • Reservoir • Seal • Trap formation • Generation and Migration

Petroleum System

12

J. Navarro Abril 2013 13 13

Source Rock

Armancies Fm, Eocene (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)


Source rock

A source rock is a sedimentary rock that contains sufficient organic matter such that when it is buried and heated it will be generate hydrocarbons. Source rocks are formed by accumulation and preservation of significant quantities of organic matter (vegetal and animal).

Aquatic plants and animals

Land plants

Oxic

Anoxic

potential source rock

potential reservoir

14


high sea level

oceanic water circulation

nutrients influx mass mortalities

extinction anoxia

OCEANIC CHANGES

mountain building

greenhouse effect

biological productivity

increase

volcanic ash fall (source of SiO2 )

CO2 SO2

meteorization erosion

INTENSE VULCANISM SH2

ACTIVE TECTONISM

accommodation space High sedimentation rate

PLATE TECTONICS

oceanic crust generation

CLIMATIC CHANGE

Gases output

ECOLOGICAL CRISIS

‘cause-effect event loop’

Source rock and the earth system

15


North Africa Paleozoic source rocks distribution in subsurface

0 1000 km

Mediterranean Sea

Late Devonian

Early Silurian

modified from Lunning (2005)

LIBYA

ALGERIA MOROCCO

MALI MAURITANIA NIGER CHAD

EGIPT

SUDAN

SPAIN

Subsurface distribution

16


South America Upper Cretaceous source rock distribution

Subsurface distribution of Late Cretaceous source rocks

Oil fields 17


Villeta Fm (Upper Cretaceous) Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)

J. Navarro Abril 2013 19 Oil mine Riutort (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)

Generation and Migration

19


Generation: complex chemical and physical processes that a source rock requires to generate and expulse hydrocarbons. It is mainly a function of temperature (depth) and geological time (Ma). Migration: the journey from the source rock into the trap.

Generation & Migration

Source rock

Geological time

+

Temperature

+ =

Hydrocarbon

+

Pressure

Oil mine Riutort (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)


Generation vs temperature / depth

DRY

GAS

W

ET

GAS

O

IL Z

ON

E IM

MAT

UR

E

MET

AGEN

ESIS

C

ATAG

ENES

IS

DIA

GEN

ESIS

modified from Tissot & Welte (1984)

Tem

per

atu

re (

ºC)

Generation of hydrocarbons can be related to burial depths of source rocks, since temperature increases with increased depth

Gas window

Dep

th (k

m)

Biogenic Methane

Hydrocarbons generated

Oil window

4

3

2

1

0

Oil

Thermogenic gas

‘Golden Zone’


R

R

0 km 25

gas

oil

oil Top oil ‘window’

In-situ (0’s km) Top gas ‘window’

Vertical (1’s km) Lateral (10’s km)

Migration pathways

22


3D Petroleum System: hydrocarbon flow modeling

23


PG1.4 Basin Analysis & Petroleum Systems PG1

Jorge Navarro Comet

Reservoir

Triassic fluvial sandstones (Alcaraz, SE Spain)

24


Reservoir Water

Oil

Reservoir rock is a rock with a connected pore space or fracture system. Not all of the available pore space is filled with petroleum. A certain amount of formation water always remains.

25


Thin section – Porous limestone

clasts

Porous space

cement

26


Siliciclastics (60%) e.g.: USA, South America, North Africa

Carbonates (39%) e.g.: Middle East

Triassic fluvial sandstones Alcaraz (Albacete, SE Spain)

Cretaceous marine limestones Riaza canyon (Segovia, Spain)

Main hydrocarbon reservoir rocks


Trias Argileux Greseux Inferiuer (TAGI) core sample ORD oil field (Berkine Basin, Algeria) depth 3229 m MD - QB-10 well

Triassic sandstones

28


Kirkuk oil field (Iraq) discovered on 1927 by surface geology

Trap

0 km 30

Baba Gurgur eternal fires

29


30

Trap types

ANTICLINE NORMAL FAULT

UNCONFORMITY STRATIGRAPHIC

pinch out

30


Simple normal fault trap (Llanos Basin, Colombia)

1000m ss

LEON

GUAYABO

1500

MIRADOR

CARBONERA

NW SE

0 1km PALEOZOIC

1000m ss

LEON

GUAYABO

1500

MIRADOR

CARBONERA

NW SE

0 1km0 1km PALEOZOIC

Oil is pooled in the upthrow fault block Llanos Basin (Colombia)

Sandstone

Shale

31


Complex structural trap (Magdalena Basin, Colombia)

NW SE

OOWC @ 3,000 ft

0 ft

2000

2000

4000

Footwall thrust trap

32


PG1.4 Basin Analysis & Petroleum Systems PG1

Jorge Navarro Comet

Eternal fires of Baba Gurgur ( Kirkuk, Iraq ) + 4000 years old

Seal

33


Seal and seal failure

Top seal is usually a fine-grained impervious rock that prevents the hydrocarbons migrating to the surface, which happens in many parts of the world - leading to natural oil and gas seeps.

top seal

gas oil

oil seep

submarine gas seep

mud volcano

34


Anhydrite as highly efficient top seal Ghawar oil field (Saudi Arabia)

Lindsay et al, 2006

ARAB petroleum system

Arab-D reservoir is the most prolific oil-producing interval in the world ¡¡¡

Upper Jurassic stratigraphy

R

RESERVOIR

SEAL S

SOURCE ROCK

35 Limestone

Anhydrite

V V

Argillaceous lime (organic-rich)

Dolomite V

J. Navarro Abril 2013 36 Eternal fires of Baba Gurgur ( Kirkuk, Iraq )

36


Asphalt flow Aqrah (Kurdistan, Iraq)

37


“Yanar Dag” (Fire mountain) Azerbaijan


Colombia

Venezuela Panama

Totumo mud volcano Galerazamba (Colombia)

39


Totumo mud volcano Galerazamba (Colombia)

40



Petroleum System

41


Petroleum System Berkine Basin (Algeria)

42

DEV

ON

IAN

C

ARB

. TR

IASS

IC

S

0 km 10

Top ‘oil window’ @ 2700 m bsl

3500

4000

3000

HERCYNIAN UNCONFORMITY

R

42

S

JUR

ASSI

C

Sandstone

Black shale

Limestone

Anhydrite & Salt

Shale

Unconformity MIGRATION PATHWAY

R RESERVOIR

SOURCE ROCK

SEAL S

SR

Dep

th m

bsl

2500

TAGI TRIAS ARGILEUX

GRESEUX INFERIEUR

J. Navarro Abril 2013 43 3D seismic line (Timimoun, Algeria)

Triassic Hercynian Unconformity Pa

leoz

oic

43


Telheiro beach (Algarve, south Portugal)

Triassic sandstones

Unconformity


source rock: Low. Jurassic black shales reservoirs: Low. Cret./ Dogger / Upp.Triassic + 800 exploration wells + 50 fields discovered + 250 MMBO produced

Petroleum System Paris Basin

45


No source rock identified but very little exploration wells, only 3 and dry ¡

NW SE

Sea level

+ 1000

+ 2000 m

- 2000

- 1000

Central System Madrid Basin Iberian Range

Madrid

Paleozoic Basement

Mesozoic

A A’

0 km 25

EL PRADILLO-1 (Shell, 1980) TIELMES-1

(Valdebro, 1965) TRIBALDOS-1

(Amospain, 1974)

IGME

0 km 50

46

Madrid Basin with no Petroleum System


Petroleum exploration techniques

What hell will be down there?

47


Rub Al Khali Yemen

Seismic acquisition


Onshore vibro-seismic acquisition

49


Photo: J.A. Botillo

Vibro

50


Mine clearance pre-3D seismic survey

South Alamein (Western Desert, Egypt) Alamein battleground (II World War)

51


Onshore 2D seismic acquisition

2D Bituima seismic – drilling crew (Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia)


Offshore seismic acquisition

53


Offshore 3D seismic acquisition

54


3D seismic cube

1

Two

way

tim

e TW

T (s

eg)

2

3

4

55


RKF-A RKF-B

3D seismic line RKF oil field (Algeria)

NW SE

2.5

2.0 Triassic

Carboniferous

Devonian

Hercynian Unconformity

TWT

(seg

)


Seismic interpretation

1

2

3

4

Two

way

tim

e TW

T (s

eg)

producing oil field dry hole

NRZ-98-1200 Rio Zulia (Colombia)

exploration well proposal

0 km 2

A A’


GS-2

GS-1RIO ZULIA

CENTRALPRODUCTION FACILITIES

101

83-C

-83-

10

110.096

150.01

160.116

200.035

250.057

300.076

350.101

390.015

400.121

440.04

490.061

540.081

580

83-C

-83-

10

101

83-C-83-03

110.

096

150.

02

200.

056

250.

086

28983-C-83-03

101

83-C-83-04

130.

102

150.

01

200.

041

250.

072

29583-C-83-04

101

83-C-83-05

130.0

05

160.

03

190.

051

220.

077

250.

102

27383-C-83-05

101

83-C-83-06

110.

065

180.

07

24083-C-83-06

101

83-C-83-07

110.07

170.025

180.1

240.055

300.01

310.085

36583-C-83-07

101

83-C-83-08

110.

096

150.

01

160.

116

200.

03

250.

051

29383-C-83-08

101

83-C-83-09

110.045

120.101

200.015

210.07

220.121

300.035

310.09

390.005

400.055

410.111

485

83-C

-83-

09

600

610

619

87-CAR-87-1260

930932.5

90-CAR-90-1250

950

960

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950

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L-99

-138

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50998-NRZ-98-1000

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Z-78

-04

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-04

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-06

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-06

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-08

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-08

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-02

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-02

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LA VICTORIA-1

RZ-01

RZ-1E

RZ-1W

RZ-02

RZ-02W

RZ-03

RZ-04RZ-04ST

RZ-05

RZ-06

RZ-07

RZ-08

RZ-09

RZ-10

RZ-11

RZ-12

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RZ-14

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RZ-19

RZ-20

RZ-21

RZ-22

RZ-23

RZ-24

RZ-25

RZ-26

RZ-27

RZ-28

RZ-29

RZ-30

RZ-31

RZ-32

RZ-33

RZ-34

RZ-35RZ-35A

8° 12' 0" N

8° 12' 0" N

8° 18' 0" N

8° 18' 0" N

72° 30' 0" W

72° 30' 0" W

72° 24' 0" W

72° 24' 0" W

1396000 1396000

1400000 1400000

1404000 1404000

1408000 1408000

1176000

1176000

1180000

1180000

1184000

1184000

Depth contours are in feet below sea level (1ft = 0.3048 meters) Cartographic Datum: Bogota Observatory (Colombia)

0 km 2

Top reservoir depth map

exploration prospect

exploration well proposal

producing oil field

dry hole


Three basic questions :

1) How much recoverable oil and gas could deliver the possible accumulation ?

2) How much is the geological risk ?

3) In case of success, will be the project commercial ?

59


How much recoverable oil is there? Gross Rock Volume

% Hydrocarbon Saturation

% Net reservoir

% Recovery Factor

Formation Volumetric Factor

+

GRV N/G

FVF

Φ

RF

Shc

% Porosity

1 oil barrel = 159 liters

Formulae to calculate recoverable volume of oil

GRV

INPUT PARAMETERS

net sand


Resources versus Reserves

*SPE: Society of Petroleum Engineers AAPG: American Association of Petroleum Geologists WPC: World Petroleum Council SPEE: Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers

61 Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS)

2007 SPE / AAPG / WPC / SPEE *

COM

MERCIAL

SUB-COM

MERCIAL

UNDISCOVERED

Production

RESERVES

CONTINGENT RESOURCES

Unrecoverable

Unrecoverable

1P Proved

2P Proved + Probable

3P Proved + Probable

+ Possible

Low Best High Low

High

PROSPECTIVE RESOURCES

Inc

reasing

chanc

e

of C

ommerc

iality

Range of Uncertainty

90%

50% 10%

not to scale

TOTAL P

ETROLEUM

INITIALLY-IN P

LACE (PIIP)

1C 2C 3C

DISCOVERED

P90 P10 P50 / PMean


Probability of Geologic Success (%) is the result from the multiplication of the different geological chance factors associated with the elements and processes necessary to generate and accumulate hydrocarbons

Probability of Geologic Success (Pg %) = P (source rock) x P (generation & migration) x P (reservoir) x P (trap) x P (seal rock)

How much is the geological risk?

62


Geological Risk & Resources Uncertainty

63

10

20

Ran

ge o

f Pr

ospe

ctiv

e R

esou

rces

(M

MB

O)

30

0 P90 P50 P10

12

Probability of value or more 100 % 0

8

23

Un

cert

ain

ty

Probability of Geologic Success (Pg)

DRY HOLE DISCOVERY

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

70% 30%

Probability of Geologic Success (Pg) estimates the probability of discovery prior to drilling a prospect

Uncertainty is the probabilistic assessment of prospective resources, or ‘the range of possible outcomes’, or ‘the size of the price’


Is it a commercial project?

A typical E&P cash-flow project based upon the Brazil Fiscal System (Suslick, 2009)

Time

64


Drilling

65


Generating unit BOP

Rotary table

Mud engineer

Shale shakers & degasser

Swivel

Surface casing

Travelling block & hook

Bit

Bottom hole assembly (stabilizers, drill collars)

Monkey board

Drillpipe Mud pit

Company man

Fuel tank

Drawworks

Mud pump

Kelly Cementing unit

Drilling rig

Mud logging unit

Casing

66


Wellsite geology

Cuttings Binocular

Disolvents

67


LCN-1ST MASTER LOG

68


Neutron

Resistivity

Wire line logging measurements

S

D

D

D

D

S

S

Natural

Induced

S: Source D: Detector Measurements

69


Truck and logging tools

70


Electrical logs showing oil saturation

Sandstone

Oil

Shale Water

100 % 0

Dep

th (m

eter

s)

2000

2025

POROSITY

Rt > Ro

71


oil

water

Production testing

Testing provides basic information: - fluid identification - reservoir properties - flow rates - accumulation size

casing

perforations

tubing

packer

Reservoir

72


Ayoluengo-5 (Burgos)

Production

73


Oil

Water

Well production mechanisms

Artificial gas lift

Mechanical pumping

Natural flow

Electro submersible Pump (ESP)

74

J. Navarro Abril 2013 75 Ourhoud (Argelia)

Production facilities

75


2D seismic

relinquishment 50%

Relinquishment 50%

Exploration Permit Exploitation Concession

0 km 10

plataform

Dismantling & abandonment

1

2

5

6

7

4

3

8

D

D

D

D D

Oil field life-cycle (I)

Prospect Oil field Dry hole Oil well


EXPLORATION LICENSE

AWARDING DEVELOPMENT APPRAISAL

Agua Petróleo

EXPLORATION ABANDONMENT PRODUCTION

Oil field life cycle

time 77


Video on Exploration and Production

78

PaulaFCanteli

Nota adhesiva

Marked definida por PaulaFCanteli

https://youtu.be/vIjiFwGbl6U


What’s key to remember from this lecture 5 elements and processes of the Petroleum System


79


Where are the hydrocarbons in Spain?

80


Asociación de Geólogos y Geofísicos Españoles del Petróleo

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AGGEP was founded in October 1980 Our main activities are:

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Oil Museum in Ayoluengo (Burgos, Spain)

Jurassic carbonate platforms, Sierra de Albarracín (Teruel, Spain) – June 2016

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