Organizado por el Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME) y la Asociación Española de Investigación, Exploración yProducción de Hidrocarburos y Almacenamiento Subterráneo (ACIEP) como complemento a la exposición temporal del MuseoGeominero “LOS HIDROCARBUROS EN NUESTRA VIDA DIARIA” con el objetivo de construir un entorno de diálogo entre lacomunidad científico‐técnica y la sociedad.
2 marzo 2017
INTRODUCCIÓN A LA EXPLORACIÓN Y LA PRODUCCIÓN DE HIDROCARBUROS
Jorge Navarro Comet (CEPSA/AGGEP)
2 Marzo INTRODUCCIÓN A LA EXPLORACIÓN Y LA PRODUCCIÓN DE HIDROCARBUROSJorge Navarro Comet (CEPSA/AGGEP)
¿QUÉ SABES DE LOS HIDROCARBUROS?
ACERCA DEL CONFERENCIANTEJefe de Geología en CEPSA con más de 25 años de experiencia en exploración y producción de hidrocarburos. Responsable de la coordinación ysupervisión de las actividades geológicas y estudios llevados a cabo por CEPSA en España e internacionalmente. Miembro del comité interno devalidación técnica de proyectos de exploración y producción. Coordinador de un grupo de especialistas en geología de operaciones, petrofísica,geoquímica y sistemas petrolíferos. Profesor en el Máster propio en Ingeniería de Petróleo y Gas de la UPM. Presidente de la AGGEP (Asociaciónde Geólogos y Geofísicos Españoles del Petróleo) y miembro de la junta directiva de ACIEP. Miembro de la SGE (Sociedad Geológica de España) yde asociaciones internacionales del sector como AAPG, EAGE y PESGB..
Instituto Geológico y Minero de EspañaCalle Ríos Rosas 23, Madrid
Hora: 18:30, Sala Cristóbal BordiúEntrada libre, previa inscripción a través del correo [email protected], hasta completar aforo.
La sala permanecerá abierta desde las 18:10 con objeto de permitir el registro de entrada al edificio de los asistentes.
Instituto Geológico y Minero de EspañaCalle Ríos Rosas 23, Madrid
Hora: 18:30, Sala Cristóbal BordiúEntrada libre, previa inscripción a través del correo [email protected], hasta completar aforo.
La sala permanecerá abierta desde las 18:10 con objeto de permitir el registro de entrada al edificio de los asistentes.
CICLO DE CONFERENCIAS
Dirigido a todo tipo de público, se quiere dar a conocer de una manera sencilla y amena los factores necesarios para que seproduzca una acumulación de hidrocarburos en el subsuelo, así como revisar brevemente las diferentes disciplinas y técnicasinvolucradas en su búsqueda, su posterior producción y final abandono.
J. Navarro Abril 2013 3
An introduction to petroleum exploration & production March, 2017
RKF oil field (Algeria) [email protected]
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Well head (X-mas tree) RKF oil field (Algeria)
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DISNEYLAND PARIS, France
Paris @ 30 km
Ile du Gord
Oil field
CHESSY FRANCE
J. Navarro Abril 2013 6
Oil fields Paris Basin (France)
Oil fields + 800 exploration wells + 50 oil fields + 250 million barrels oil produced 0 km 25
Wen
debo
urg
& L
amira
ux, 2
002
6
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Los Angeles (Cailfornia, USA), circa 1930 Signal Hill –Atlantic & 28th Street
0 km 15
LOS ANGELES California (USA)
Los Angeles (California, USA) ‘La Brea Tar pits’ Fossil mammals (saber-toothed cat, mammoth, …) Pleistocene age(~ 40000 years) George C. Page Museum
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LOS ANGELES (California, USA) A city has literally been built upon tens of oil fields
Oil fields
~ 55 oil fields > 30.000 oil wells > 9 billion barrels oil > 7 TCF gas
WILMINGTON
HUNTINGTON BEACH
8
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Huntington beach California (USA)
August, 2009
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0 km 5
Varadero (Cuba)
Oil fields
CHAPELIN
MARBELLA
MARBELLA MAR
LITORAL PIEDRA
VARADERO SUR
GUASIMAS
VARADERO
10
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GEOLOGY
SURFACE FACILITIES
ECONOMIC EVALUATION GEOPHYSICS
DRILLING
CONTRACTS
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
water
gas
oil
PRODUCTION
Key disciplines in the E&P industry
HSSE
DATA Mng 11
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All of the geologic elements and processes necessary to generate and accumulate hydrocarbons :
• Source Rock • Reservoir • Seal • Trap formation • Generation and Migration
Petroleum System
12
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Source Rock
Armancies Fm, Eocene (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)
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Source rock
A source rock is a sedimentary rock that contains sufficient organic matter such that when it is buried and heated it will be generate hydrocarbons. Source rocks are formed by accumulation and preservation of significant quantities of organic matter (vegetal and animal).
Aquatic plants and animals
Land plants
Oxic
Anoxic
potential source rock
potential reservoir
14
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high sea level
oceanic water circulation
nutrients influx mass mortalities
extinction anoxia
OCEANIC CHANGES
mountain building
greenhouse effect
biological productivity
increase
volcanic ash fall (source of SiO2 )
CO2 SO2
meteorization erosion
INTENSE VULCANISM SH2
ACTIVE TECTONISM
accommodation space High sedimentation rate
PLATE TECTONICS
oceanic crust generation
CLIMATIC CHANGE
Gases output
ECOLOGICAL CRISIS
‘cause-effect event loop’
Source rock and the earth system
15
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North Africa Paleozoic source rocks distribution in subsurface
0 1000 km
Mediterranean Sea
Late Devonian
Early Silurian
modified from Lunning (2005)
LIBYA
ALGERIA MOROCCO
MALI MAURITANIA NIGER CHAD
EGIPT
SUDAN
SPAIN
Subsurface distribution
16
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South America Upper Cretaceous source rock distribution
Subsurface distribution of Late Cretaceous source rocks
Oil fields 17
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Villeta Fm (Upper Cretaceous) Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)
J. Navarro Abril 2013 19 Oil mine Riutort (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)
Generation and Migration
19
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Generation: complex chemical and physical processes that a source rock requires to generate and expulse hydrocarbons. It is mainly a function of temperature (depth) and geological time (Ma). Migration: the journey from the source rock into the trap.
Generation & Migration
Source rock
Geological time
+
Temperature
+ =
Hydrocarbon
+
Pressure
Oil mine Riutort (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)
J. Navarro Abril 2013 21
Generation vs temperature / depth
DRY
GAS
W
ET
GAS
O
IL Z
ON
E IM
MAT
UR
E
MET
AGEN
ESIS
C
ATAG
ENES
IS
DIA
GEN
ESIS
modified from Tissot & Welte (1984)
Tem
per
atu
re (
ºC)
Generation of hydrocarbons can be related to burial depths of source rocks, since temperature increases with increased depth
Gas window
Dep
th (k
m)
Biogenic Methane
Hydrocarbons generated
Oil window
4
3
2
1
0
Oil
Thermogenic gas
‘Golden Zone’
J. Navarro Abril 2013 22
R
R
0 km 25
gas
oil
oil Top oil ‘window’
In-situ (0’s km) Top gas ‘window’
Vertical (1’s km) Lateral (10’s km)
Migration pathways
22
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3D Petroleum System: hydrocarbon flow modeling
23
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PG1.4 Basin Analysis & Petroleum Systems PG1
Jorge Navarro Comet
Reservoir
Triassic fluvial sandstones (Alcaraz, SE Spain)
24
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Reservoir Water
Oil
Reservoir rock is a rock with a connected pore space or fracture system. Not all of the available pore space is filled with petroleum. A certain amount of formation water always remains.
25
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Thin section – Porous limestone
clasts
Porous space
cement
26
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Siliciclastics (60%) e.g.: USA, South America, North Africa
Carbonates (39%) e.g.: Middle East
Triassic fluvial sandstones Alcaraz (Albacete, SE Spain)
Cretaceous marine limestones Riaza canyon (Segovia, Spain)
Main hydrocarbon reservoir rocks
J. Navarro Abril 2013 28
Trias Argileux Greseux Inferiuer (TAGI) core sample ORD oil field (Berkine Basin, Algeria) depth 3229 m MD - QB-10 well
Triassic sandstones
28
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Kirkuk oil field (Iraq) discovered on 1927 by surface geology
Trap
0 km 30
Baba Gurgur eternal fires
29
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30
Trap types
ANTICLINE NORMAL FAULT
UNCONFORMITY STRATIGRAPHIC
pinch out
30
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Simple normal fault trap (Llanos Basin, Colombia)
1000m ss
LEON
GUAYABO
1500
MIRADOR
CARBONERA
NW SE
0 1km PALEOZOIC
1000m ss
LEON
GUAYABO
1500
MIRADOR
CARBONERA
NW SE
0 1km0 1km PALEOZOIC
Oil is pooled in the upthrow fault block Llanos Basin (Colombia)
Sandstone
Shale
31
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Complex structural trap (Magdalena Basin, Colombia)
NW SE
OOWC @ 3,000 ft
0 ft
2000
2000
4000
Footwall thrust trap
32
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PG1.4 Basin Analysis & Petroleum Systems PG1
Jorge Navarro Comet
Eternal fires of Baba Gurgur ( Kirkuk, Iraq ) + 4000 years old
Seal
33
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Seal and seal failure
Top seal is usually a fine-grained impervious rock that prevents the hydrocarbons migrating to the surface, which happens in many parts of the world - leading to natural oil and gas seeps.
top seal
gas oil
oil seep
submarine gas seep
mud volcano
34
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Anhydrite as highly efficient top seal Ghawar oil field (Saudi Arabia)
Lindsay et al, 2006
ARAB petroleum system
Arab-D reservoir is the most prolific oil-producing interval in the world ¡¡¡
Upper Jurassic stratigraphy
R
RESERVOIR
SEAL S
SOURCE ROCK
35 Limestone
Anhydrite
V V
Argillaceous lime (organic-rich)
Dolomite V
J. Navarro Abril 2013 36 Eternal fires of Baba Gurgur ( Kirkuk, Iraq )
36
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Asphalt flow Aqrah (Kurdistan, Iraq)
37
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“Yanar Dag” (Fire mountain) Azerbaijan
J. Navarro Abril 2013 39
Colombia
Venezuela Panama
Totumo mud volcano Galerazamba (Colombia)
39
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Totumo mud volcano Galerazamba (Colombia)
40
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• Source Rock • Reservoir • Seal • Trap formation • Generation and Migration
Petroleum System
41
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Petroleum System Berkine Basin (Algeria)
42
DEV
ON
IAN
C
ARB
. TR
IASS
IC
S
0 km 10
Top ‘oil window’ @ 2700 m bsl
3500
4000
3000
HERCYNIAN UNCONFORMITY
R
42
S
JUR
ASSI
C
Sandstone
Black shale
Limestone
Anhydrite & Salt
Shale
Unconformity MIGRATION PATHWAY
R RESERVOIR
SOURCE ROCK
SEAL S
SR
Dep
th m
bsl
2500
TAGI TRIAS ARGILEUX
GRESEUX INFERIEUR
J. Navarro Abril 2013 43 3D seismic line (Timimoun, Algeria)
Triassic Hercynian Unconformity Pa
leoz
oic
43
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Telheiro beach (Algarve, south Portugal)
Triassic sandstones
Unconformity
J. Navarro Abril 2013 45
source rock: Low. Jurassic black shales reservoirs: Low. Cret./ Dogger / Upp.Triassic + 800 exploration wells + 50 fields discovered + 250 MMBO produced
Petroleum System Paris Basin
45
J. Navarro Abril 2013 46
No source rock identified but very little exploration wells, only 3 and dry ¡
NW SE
Sea level
+ 1000
+ 2000 m
- 2000
- 1000
Central System Madrid Basin Iberian Range
Madrid
Paleozoic Basement
Mesozoic
A A’
0 km 25
EL PRADILLO-1 (Shell, 1980) TIELMES-1
(Valdebro, 1965) TRIBALDOS-1
(Amospain, 1974)
IGME
0 km 50
46
Madrid Basin with no Petroleum System
J. Navarro Abril 2013 47
Petroleum exploration techniques
What hell will be down there?
47
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Rub Al Khali Yemen
Seismic acquisition
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Onshore vibro-seismic acquisition
49
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Photo: J.A. Botillo
Vibro
50
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Mine clearance pre-3D seismic survey
South Alamein (Western Desert, Egypt) Alamein battleground (II World War)
51
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Onshore 2D seismic acquisition
2D Bituima seismic – drilling crew (Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia)
J. Navarro Abril 2013 53
Offshore seismic acquisition
53
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Offshore 3D seismic acquisition
54
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3D seismic cube
1
Two
way
tim
e TW
T (s
eg)
2
3
4
55
J. Navarro Abril 2013 56
RKF-A RKF-B
3D seismic line RKF oil field (Algeria)
NW SE
2.5
2.0 Triassic
Carboniferous
Devonian
Hercynian Unconformity
TWT
(seg
)
J. Navarro Abril 2013 57
Seismic interpretation
1
2
3
4
Two
way
tim
e TW
T (s
eg)
producing oil field dry hole
NRZ-98-1200 Rio Zulia (Colombia)
exploration well proposal
0 km 2
A A’
J. Navarro Abril 2013 58
GS-2
GS-1RIO ZULIA
CENTRALPRODUCTION FACILITIES
101
83-C
-83-
10
110.096
150.01
160.116
200.035
250.057
300.076
350.101
390.015
400.121
440.04
490.061
540.081
580
83-C
-83-
10
101
83-C-83-03
110.
096
150.
02
200.
056
250.
086
28983-C-83-03
101
83-C-83-04
130.
102
150.
01
200.
041
250.
072
29583-C-83-04
101
83-C-83-05
130.0
05
160.
03
190.
051
220.
077
250.
102
27383-C-83-05
101
83-C-83-06
110.
065
180.
07
24083-C-83-06
101
83-C-83-07
110.07
170.025
180.1
240.055
300.01
310.085
36583-C-83-07
101
83-C-83-08
110.
096
150.
01
160.
116
200.
03
250.
051
29383-C-83-08
101
83-C-83-09
110.045
120.101
200.015
210.07
220.121
300.035
310.09
390.005
400.055
410.111
485
83-C
-83-
09
600
610
619
87-CAR-87-1260
930932.5
90-CAR-90-1250
950
960
970
980
990
999
90-CAR-90-1270
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
999.5
90-CAR-90-1280
150
160
170
180
190
200
210 220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490 500
504.5
99-NL-99-1230
90 100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
472.
599-NL-99-1270
64
99-N
L-99
-138
0
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
98-NRZ-98-1310
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
50998-NRZ-98-1000
104
78-RZ-78-09
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
216.
578-RZ-78-09
104
78-RZ-78-03
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
21678-RZ-78-03
101
78-R
Z-78
-04
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
229
78-R
Z-78
-04
105
78-RZ-78-05
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
23178-RZ-78-05
105
78-R
Z-78
-06
110
120
130
140
150
160
163
78-R
Z-78
-06
102
78-RZ-78-07
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
22078-RZ-78-07
104
78-R
Z-78
-08
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
185
78-R
Z-78
-08
102
78-R
Z-78
-02
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
244
78-R
Z-78
-02
102
83-RZ-83-02
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
26083-RZ-83-02
102
83-RZ-83-01
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
19283-RZ-83-01
LA VICTORIA-1
RZ-01
RZ-1E
RZ-1W
RZ-02
RZ-02W
RZ-03
RZ-04RZ-04ST
RZ-05
RZ-06
RZ-07
RZ-08
RZ-09
RZ-10
RZ-11
RZ-12
RZ-13
RZ-14
RZ-15
RZ-16
RZ-17
RZ-18
RZ-19
RZ-20
RZ-21
RZ-22
RZ-23
RZ-24
RZ-25
RZ-26
RZ-27
RZ-28
RZ-29
RZ-30
RZ-31
RZ-32
RZ-33
RZ-34
RZ-35RZ-35A
8° 12' 0" N
8° 12' 0" N
8° 18' 0" N
8° 18' 0" N
72° 30' 0" W
72° 30' 0" W
72° 24' 0" W
72° 24' 0" W
1396000 1396000
1400000 1400000
1404000 1404000
1408000 1408000
1176000
1176000
1180000
1180000
1184000
1184000
Depth contours are in feet below sea level (1ft = 0.3048 meters) Cartographic Datum: Bogota Observatory (Colombia)
0 km 2
Top reservoir depth map
exploration prospect
exploration well proposal
producing oil field
dry hole
J. Navarro Abril 2013 59
Three basic questions :
1) How much recoverable oil and gas could deliver the possible accumulation ?
2) How much is the geological risk ?
3) In case of success, will be the project commercial ?
59
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How much recoverable oil is there? Gross Rock Volume
% Hydrocarbon Saturation
% Net reservoir
% Recovery Factor
Formation Volumetric Factor
+
GRV N/G
FVF
Φ
RF
Shc
% Porosity
1 oil barrel = 159 liters
Formulae to calculate recoverable volume of oil
GRV
INPUT PARAMETERS
net sand
J. Navarro Abril 2013 61
Resources versus Reserves
*SPE: Society of Petroleum Engineers AAPG: American Association of Petroleum Geologists WPC: World Petroleum Council SPEE: Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers
61 Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS)
2007 SPE / AAPG / WPC / SPEE *
COM
MERCIAL
SUB-COM
MERCIAL
UNDISCOVERED
Production
RESERVES
CONTINGENT RESOURCES
Unrecoverable
Unrecoverable
1P Proved
2P Proved + Probable
3P Proved + Probable
+ Possible
Low Best High Low
High
PROSPECTIVE RESOURCES
Inc
reasing
chanc
e
of C
ommerc
iality
Range of Uncertainty
90%
50% 10%
not to scale
TOTAL P
ETROLEUM
INITIALLY-IN P
LACE (PIIP)
1C 2C 3C
DISCOVERED
P90 P10 P50 / PMean
J. Navarro Abril 2013 62
Probability of Geologic Success (%) is the result from the multiplication of the different geological chance factors associated with the elements and processes necessary to generate and accumulate hydrocarbons
Probability of Geologic Success (Pg %) = P (source rock) x P (generation & migration) x P (reservoir) x P (trap) x P (seal rock)
How much is the geological risk?
62
J. Navarro Abril 2013 63
Geological Risk & Resources Uncertainty
63
10
20
Ran
ge o
f Pr
ospe
ctiv
e R
esou
rces
(M
MB
O)
30
0 P90 P50 P10
12
Probability of value or more 100 % 0
8
23
Un
cert
ain
ty
Probability of Geologic Success (Pg)
DRY HOLE DISCOVERY
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
70% 30%
Probability of Geologic Success (Pg) estimates the probability of discovery prior to drilling a prospect
Uncertainty is the probabilistic assessment of prospective resources, or ‘the range of possible outcomes’, or ‘the size of the price’
J. Navarro Abril 2013 64
Is it a commercial project?
A typical E&P cash-flow project based upon the Brazil Fiscal System (Suslick, 2009)
Time
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Drilling
65
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Generating unit BOP
Rotary table
Mud engineer
Shale shakers & degasser
Swivel
Surface casing
Travelling block & hook
Bit
Bottom hole assembly (stabilizers, drill collars)
Monkey board
Drillpipe Mud pit
Company man
Fuel tank
Drawworks
Mud pump
Kelly Cementing unit
Drilling rig
Mud logging unit
Casing
66
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Wellsite geology
Cuttings Binocular
Disolvents
67
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LCN-1ST MASTER LOG
68
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Neutron
Resistivity
Wire line logging measurements
S
D
D
D
D
S
S
Natural
Induced
S: Source D: Detector Measurements
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J. Navarro Abril 2013 70
Truck and logging tools
70
J. Navarro Abril 2013 71
Electrical logs showing oil saturation
Sandstone
Oil
Shale Water
100 % 0
Dep
th (m
eter
s)
2000
2025
POROSITY
Rt > Ro
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J. Navarro Abril 2013 72
oil
water
Production testing
Testing provides basic information: - fluid identification - reservoir properties - flow rates - accumulation size
casing
perforations
tubing
packer
Reservoir
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J. Navarro Abril 2013 73
Ayoluengo-5 (Burgos)
Production
73
J. Navarro Abril 2013 74
Oil
Water
Well production mechanisms
Artificial gas lift
Mechanical pumping
Natural flow
Electro submersible Pump (ESP)
74
J. Navarro Abril 2013 75 Ourhoud (Argelia)
Production facilities
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J. Navarro Abril 2013 76
2D seismic
relinquishment 50%
Relinquishment 50%
Exploration Permit Exploitation Concession
0 km 10
plataform
Dismantling & abandonment
1
2
5
6
7
4
3
8
D
D
D
D D
Oil field life-cycle (I)
Prospect Oil field Dry hole Oil well
J. Navarro Abril 2013 77
EXPLORATION LICENSE
AWARDING DEVELOPMENT APPRAISAL
Agua Petróleo
EXPLORATION ABANDONMENT PRODUCTION
Oil field life cycle
time 77
J. Navarro Abril 2013 78
Video on Exploration and Production
78
J. Navarro Abril 2013 79
What’s key to remember from this lecture 5 elements and processes of the Petroleum System
• Source Rock • Reservoir • Seal • Trap formation • Generation and Migration
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J. Navarro Abril 2013 80
Where are the hydrocarbons in Spain?
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J. Navarro Abril 2013 81
Asociación de Geólogos y Geofísicos Españoles del Petróleo
Follow us on
http://www.aggep.org
AGGEP was founded in October 1980 Our main activities are:
• Lectures • Geological field trips • Geoscience training courses • Publications • Promote collaboration with academia
+ 270 members: geoscience professionals, researchers and University professors
81
Oil Museum in Ayoluengo (Burgos, Spain)
Jurassic carbonate platforms, Sierra de Albarracín (Teruel, Spain) – June 2016
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