La política industrial actual: conocimiento e innovación empresarial(Es)/The present industrial...

8/2/2019 La poltica industrial actual: conocimiento e innovacin empresarial(Es)/The present industrial policy : knowledge an

1/14

iojustribf bjmptb df tipm jd ldjijbs ijdotiaihbjbs hm-lm odhdsbribs do auohio jd fms abffms jd ldrhbjmmnsdrvbjms. Dstbs ldjijbs pudjdo sdr jd jivdrsb o-jmfd, pmr dcdlpfm3 b) df dstlufm b fb bpbrihio jdldrhbjms jd sdrvihims bvbozbjms si sd bprdhib bu-sdohib m iosuaihidohib privbjb (iohunbjmrbs, amrlbhiothoihb, aiobohibhio, ioomvbhio...)5 n) fb pmtdohib-hio jd sdhtmrds dldr`dotds5 h) fb hmotrinuhio b fb ai-obohibhio jd fbs bhtivijbjds jd I+J+i jd fbs dl-prdsbs y tblnio bf jdsbrrmffm y fb trbosadrdohib jdhidohib y tdhomfm`b do df hmfdhtivm dlprdsbribf5 j) dfbpmym b fb ioomvbhio mr`boizbtivb5 d) abhifitbr fb rd-hmovdrsio y trbosamrlbhio jd dstruhturbs iojustribfdsy dlprdsbribfds mnsmfdtbs, y a), df bpmym b fb dxpbosioiotdrobhimobf jd fbs dlprdsbs.

Fb pmftihb iojustribf utifizb pbrb dffm jivdrsms iostru-ldotms3 iohdotivms aishbfds, sunsijims, hmlprbs pnfi-hbs, hmotrbtbhio jd sdrvihims, prstblms nfbojms,`brbotbs, brbohdfds, rdùfbhimods y bhmlpbb-lidotm pnfihm (mnsdrvbtmrims, hmlisimods). Zblnio

dstbnfdhd bhudrjms iotdrobhimobfds y mtrbs ldjijbsjd oudvm jisdm.

Fb pdrspdhtivb jd fb pmftihb iojustribf om smfbldotdbtbd b fbs bhtivijbjds lbouabhturdrbs, dxtrbhtivbs,dodr`tihbs y mtrbs rblbs jdotrm jdf sdhtmr sdhuo-jbrim. Tob pbrtd sunstbohibf jdf sdhtmr tdrhibrim bvbo-zbjm jdpdojd jirdhtb d iojirdhtbldotd jd fb iojus-trib (Jirdhhio @dodrbf jd Wmftihb jd Wdqudb yLdjibob Dlprdsb, >770). Fb iojustrib smpmrtb df rud-sm jd fb hmlpdtdohib luojibf, y ds df sdhtmr qudls kb bvbozbjm do su ilpfbotbhio iotdrobhimobfdo df si`fm [[, pdrm fbs bhtivijbjds jd sdrvihims tbl-nio hmlpitdo iotdrobhimobfldotd jd amrlb hrd-hidotd. Fb jiadrdohibhio dotrd sdhtmrds iojustribfds ysdhtmrds jd sdrvihims sd dst kbhidojm hbjb jb lsnmrrmsb, pbrtihufbrldotd hmo df jdsbrrmffm jd fbs tdh-omfm`bs jd fb ioamrlbhio y fb hmluoihbhio.

Wbrdhd yb dvijdotd qud tdrliob uob dtbpb jd rd-hkbzm om auojbldotbjm kbhib fb pmftihb iojustribf.

818?Di 88

FB WMFZIHBIOJTXZÎBF BHZTBF3

HMOMHILIDOZMD IOOMQBHIO

DLW^DXBÎBF

Df mncdtivm prilmrjibf jd fb pmftihb iojustribf ds bpmybr b dlprdsbs y sdhtmrds pbrb qud sdjmtdo jd hbpbhijbjds jiolihbs qud fds pdrlitb hmlpdtir fmnbfldotd y barmotbr fb dvm-fuhio jd fms ldrhbjms. Fb pmftihb iojustribf om hudotb hmo uob amrlufbhio dspdhaihb iob-lmvinfd do trlioms jd ldjijbs d iostruldotms. Do hbjb pdrmjm dhmolihm, fb pmftihb

JBQIJ BTJ^DXZHK

Iojibob Toivdrsity.

LB^B HBFFDCO

Jirdhtmrb @dodrbf jd Wmftihbjd fb Wdqudb y Ldjibob Dlprdsb

y Toivdrsijbj jd Nbrhdfmob.


2/14

J. BTJ^DZXHK / L. HBFFDCO

Df jdnbtd bhbjlihm jd fms bms mhkdotb do DstbjmsToijms y Durmpb, do su vdrsio ls supdraihibf, tdrliolbrìobojm fb pmftihb iojustribf hmlm prhtihb boti-ldrhbjm y, pmr tbotm, iodaihbz d iojdsdbnfd. Bhtubf-ldotd sd bprdhib fm bnsurjm jd tbf ijdb pmrqud fb pm-ftihb iojustribf hbrdhd jd uob amrlufbhio jbjb dioblmvinfd. Hmlm hubfquidr mtrb pmftihb pudjd bjmp-

tbr jivdrsbs mridotbhimods, y do hbjb tidlpm y fu`br fbpmftihb iojustribf ls bjdhubjb bjmptbr uob amr-lufbhio dspdhaihb y jiadrdotd. Fb pmftihb iojustribf ds,m jdnd sdr, hblnibotd d ioomvbjmrb pmr obturbfdzb.

Iostituhimods kbstb kbhd pmhms bms rdbhibs b pdo-sbr do trlioms jd pmftihb iojustribf dsto hblnibo-jm su jishursm. Fb Toio Durmpdb kb bprmnbjm uoprm`rblb jd pmftihb iojustribf (HD, >774) jiriìjm bldcmrbr fb hmlpdtitivijbj jd fms sdhtmrds ls il-pmrtbotds jd fms pbsds lidlnrms. Kmfbojb y mtrmspbsds, dotrd dffms Dspbb, rbtiaihbo fb ilpmrtbohib y fbodhdsijbj jd dlprdojdr prm`rblbs jd pmftihb io-

justribf bhtubfizbjms y auojbldotbjms do fb fìhbjd fb dhmomlb y fb hmlpdtdohib `fmnbf. Df NbohmLuojibf kb bjmptbjm fb ioihibtivb Oudvb Wmftihb Io-justribf y jd Ioomvbhio, huym mncdtivm ds dstilufbr fbrddstruhturbhio prmjuhtivb y df jioblislm tdhomf-ìhm.

Fbs pmftihbs lmodtbrib m aishbf sd dohudotrbo rdfbti-vbldotd nido jdfilitbjbs y sus mncdtivms d iostru-ldotms prdsdotbo uob dfdvbjb dstbnifijbj hmohdp-tubf y do fb prbxis. Do hblnim fb pmftihb iojustribfpudjd pbrdhdr hmohdptubfldotd ls blniùb,pudstm qud, hmlm sd kb sdbfbjm, su jisdm y bpfi-hbhio hmohrdtms, om smfbldotd jdndo bjbptbrsd b

fbs hbrbhtdrstihbs jd fb dhmomlb jdf pbs, siom qudhblnibo do df tidlpm cuotm hmo fb dvmfuhio tdhom-fìhb d iostituhimobf. Fb pmftihb iojustribf jdnd jisd-brsd do auohio jd bqudffbs hirhuostbohibs m arb-hbsms jd ldrhbjm qud dotmrpdhdo df jioblislmtdhomfìhm y fbs `bobohibs jd hmlpdtitivijbj jd fbsdlprdsbs y jd fbs bhtivijbjds prmjuhtivbs. (Wmrtdr yEdttdfs, >778).

Fb pmftihb iojustribf do df hmocuotm jd fms pbsds jdsb-rrmffbjms iohfuydojm b Cbpo kb hmomhijm dtbpbshmo odhdsijbjds jiadrdotds y hmo arbhbsms jd ldr-hbjm jiadrdotds. Wmr dcdlpfm, b aiobfds jdf si`fm [I[ ypriohipims jdf si`fm [[, dstbnb rdfbhimobjb hmo fb il-pmrtbohib jd fbs dhmomlbs jd dshbfb ilpfihbjbs dofb prmjuhhio y df dfdvbjm hmstd kuojijm jd fbs io-vdrsimods. Fms mnidroms jd fms pbsds mhhijdotbfds sdilpfihbrmo do df jdsbrrmffm jd fb iojustrib pdsbjb, fbqulihb iojustribf y fms sdrvihims pnfihms jd rdj hmlmadrrmhbrrifds, dfdhtrihijbj y tdfdhmluoihbhimods. Dfhmlprmlism pnfihm iohdotiv bslislm fb `dodrb-hio jd hmoaibozb d iovdrsio do df sdhtmr privbjm y dfjdspfidùd jd fb Xdùojb ^dvmfuhio Iojustribf.

Do luhkms pbsds durmpdms sd amrl uo sdhtmr p-nfihm dlprdsbribf qud kb pdrjurbjm kbstb df prm`rb-

lb `dodrbfizbjm jd privbtizbhimods jd fms bmsmhkdotb y omvdotb.

A^BHBXMX JD LD^HBJM

Df hudrpm jd bofisis dhmolihm qud bhtubfldotd

hudotb hmo df hmosdosm bhbjlihm smfbldotd bj-litd fb hmovdoidohib jd iotdrvdohio pnfihb do fmsldrhbjms hubojm sd jdtdhtbo arbhbsms jd ldrhb-jm. Do df rdb jd fb pmftihb iojustribf (Mom, >77>5Itmk, dt bf, 2992), y bjlitidojm qud kby jdsbhudrjmsbf bpfihbr df lmjdfm, dxistdo vbribs hirhuostbohibs qudpudjdo jbr fu`br b arbhbsms jd ldrhbjm. Fbs lsilpmrtbotds smo3

Dhmomlbs jd dshbfb do fb prmjuhhio.

Iotdosijbj do I+J.

Dhmomlbs dxtdrobs dotrd dlprdsbs. Dstruhturb prmjuhtivb iobjdhubjb.

Lidotrbs fb mpioio `dodrbfizbjb ds qud fms trds pri-ldrms hbsms custiaihbo bfò tipm jd pmftihb pnfihbhmrrdhtmrb, fb hubrtb situbhio `dodrb prmauojbs ji-visimods jd mpioimods. Qdblms nrdvdldotd hbjb hb-sm pbrb mhupbroms bf`m ls jdf hubrtm.

Fb prdsdohib jd dhmomlbs jd dshbfb ilpfihb qud dfpdsm jdf hmstd aicm ds dfdvbjm do fms hmstds ldjims yqud jihkm hmstd ldjim ds jdhrdhidotd, iohfusm pbrbvmfldods jd prmjuhhio dfdvbjms y hdrhboms bf

tblbm jdf ldrhbjm. Fb dstruhturb jd ldrhbjm sd-r jd lmompmfim obturbf u mfi`mpmfim, y om dstbr `b-rbotizbjb fb hmlpdtdohib. Do tbfds hirhuostbohibs fms`mnidroms sudfdo viìfbr df hmlpmrtblidotm jd fbsdlprdsbs y dstbnfdhdr rdùfbhimods (botitrust) m hmo-trmfds jd prdhims pbrb prmtd`dr b fms hmosulijmrds.

Do fb bhtubf absd jd hmlpdtdohib `fmnbf y jdsbrrm-ffm tdhomfìhm bhdfdrbjms hrdhd df tblbm jd fmsldrhbjms hbjb vdz ldoms obhimobfds y ls io-tdrobhimobfds y luhkbs dlprdsbs bjmptbo mncdti-vms jd hrdhilidotm, dspdhibfldotd pmr fb vb jd fbsbjquisihimods y fbs ausimods. B fbs b`dohibs pnfihbsb hbr`m jd fb pmftihb jd hmlpdtdohib hbjb vdz fdsrdsuftb ldoms ahif jdtdrliobr si uo hmlpmrtblidotmdlprdsbribf ds botihmlpdtitivm b pbrtir jd iojihbjm-rds trbjihimobfds hmlm oldrm jd dlprdsbs m ldr-hbjm rdfdvbotd. Fms ldrhbjms smo hrdhidotdldotdjiolihms. Hrdhd fb hmlpdtdohib pmtdohibf y df pd-rmjm do qud fbs dlprdsbs ioomvbjmrbs mzbo jd pm-jdr jd ldrhbjm sd rdjuhd.

Fb mnsdrvbhio oms sdbfb qud pmhms ldrhbjmsqudjbo yb bf bnri`m jd fb hmlpdtdohib pmtdohibfjdrivbjb jdf rpijm hblnim tdhomfìhm. Oi Lihrm-smat, pdsd b su hlmjb pmsihio jd jmlioim, pudjd

?Di8188:


3/14

FB WMFZIHB IOJTXZÎBF BHZTBF3 HMOMHILIDOZM D IOOMQBHIO DLW^DXBÎBF

nbcbr fb ùbrjib dstbnfdhidojm prdhims bfdcbjms jdsus hmstds. Wbrdhd pmr tbotm prdvisinfd fb hdrhbob lm-jiaihbhio jdf lmjdfm trbjihimobf jd pmftihb jd hml-pdtdohib, hmlm kmy sd prbhtihb do fb TD, jbjb fblbymr jishipfiob qud kmy dcdrhd fb hmlpdtdohib pm-tdohibf smnrd fbs dlprdsbs ls ilpmrtbotds. Tob lb-oiadstbhio jd dstbs audrzbs hmlpdtitivbs ds fb dfdvb-

jb rmtbhio dxistdotd dotrd fbs dlprdsbs qud mhupbofbs hfbsiaihbhimodsAmrtuod 477y silifbrds. Xd trbtb jduo adoldom oudvm y rdvdfbjmr qud iodvitbnfdldo-td dst hblnibojm fbs nbsds hmohdptubfd jd fb pm-ftihb jd hmlpdtdohib do fb ldjijb qud df pmjdr jdldrhbjm ds ls jiahif jd smstdodr do df tidlpm.

Df arbhbsm jd ldrhbjm qud ls prdmhupb kmy ds fbiosuaihidohib jdf dsaudrzm dlprdsbribf do I+J+i, si-tubhio qud pdrcujihb sdribldotd fb hbpbhijbjhmlpdtitivb jdf sistdlb prmjuhtivm do df auturm io-ldjibtm. Jdsjd qud Brrmw jdsbrrmff su dfd`botd ypmtdotd lmjdfm (Brrmw, 291>), dxpfihbojm qud fbs

dlprdsbs hbrdhdro jd iohdotivms b iovdrtir rdhursmsdo I+J+i si om pudjdo prmtd`dr bjdhubjbldotd suprmpidjbj iotdfdhtubf, y bprmpibrsd jd fms rdsuftbjmsjd fb iovdsti`bhio, dxistd blpfim hmosdosm smnrd fmsndodaihims jdf bpmym pnfihm bf dsaudrzm privbjm doI+J+i. Zbotm fb TD hmlm Dstbjms Toijms y df rdstm jdpbsds qud kbo dotrbjm do fb vb jdf hrdhilidotmprimrizbo fb ioomvbhio. Ls bjdfbotd vmfvdrdlms sm-nrd dstb pmftihb hruhibf.

Fb prdsdohib jd dhmomlbs dxtdrobs b fbs dlprdsbs,nido sdb pmrqud fbs dlprdsbs om hbr`bo hmo tmjmsfms hmstds qud `dodrbo (hmotbliobhio) m, hmotrb-ribldotd, pmrqud hmo sus iovdrsimods ldcmrbo fms rd-

suftbjms jd tdrhdrms (p.dc.5 fbs iovdrsimods do tdhomfm-`bs jd fb ioamrlbhio y fb hmluoihbhio, fmsspiffmvdrs jd hmomhilidotms) hmlpmrtb qud df oivdf jdprmjuhhio om sdb df smhibfldotd jdsdbnfd. Do df pri-ldr hbsm, si fbs dlprdsbs om hmotbnifizbo (iotdrobfi-zbo) tmjms sus hmstds, tdojdro b prmjuhir jdlbsib-jb hbotijbj jd uo nido. Xi sd trbtb jd uob bhtivijbjhmotbliobotd, pmr dcdlpfm, jbr fu`br b lbymr prm-juhhio y hmotbliobhio jd fb smhibfldotd jdsdb-nfd. Do df sdùojm hbsm, mhurrd fm hmotrbrim, fbs dl-prdsbs jdsbrrmffbo uo oivdf jd bhtivijbj, jdprmjuhhio ioadrimr b fm smhibfldotd jdsdbnfd, ybqud su hudotb jd ndodaihims om iohfuyd fms dadhtms

pmsitivms smnrd tdrhdrbs dlprdsbs.Fbs dxtdrobfijbjds od`btivbs dxi`do iotdrvdohio p-nfihb pbrb pbfibrfbs (rdùfbhimods, hmojihimods th-oihbs, luftbs pmr hmotbliobr, dth.). Fbs dxtdrobfijb-jds pmsitivbs rdsuftbo pbrtihufbrldotd rdfdvbotds pbrbfb pmftihb iojustribf hubojm sd lboiaidstbo do amrlbjd dhmomlbs jd b`fmldrbhio. Fbs pmftihbs jdbpmym b jistritms tdhomfìhms y hfustdrs ioomvbjmrdsdohudotrbo su auojbldotm do fbs dxtdrobfijbjds pm-sitivbs dotrd dlprdsbs (Zruffo, >7715 Hbffdco y Hms-tb,2991). Zdojrdlms mpmrtuoijbj jd vmfvdr smnrddffm.

Ouohb kbo abftbjm fms butmrds (Kbuslboo, Kwbo`,^mjrie, >7715 Mom, >77>) qud smstidodo qud df tipm jddstruhturb prmjuhtivb, ds jdhir, fb dspdhibfizbhio prm-juhtivb jd uo pbs, jdtdrliob su pmtdohibf tdhomf-ìhm y su hrdhilidotm. Hmo dstb prdlisb, fb dspdhib-fizbhio jdrivbjb jd fb vdotbcb hmlpbrbtivb jd uobdhmomlb do uo lmldotm jbjm su jmtbhio jd

rdhursms dspdhaihms3 hbpitbf asihm y kulbom, rdhursmsobturbfds y hbfijbj iostituhimobf om hmostituyd od-hdsbribldotd su mphio prmjuhtivb ptilb.

Zbf rdhmomhilidotm ilpfihb fb bjmphio jd uob pmf-tihb iojustribf bhtivb y prb`ltihb, ouohb doardotbjbb fbs audrzbs jd ldrhbjm jmliobotds b dshbfb iotdr-obhimobf, pdrm prmpmrhimobojm bpmyms y trbtbojmjd iohdotivbr bqudffbs dstrbtdìbs dlprdsbribfds lsiotdosivbs do hmomhilidotm y ls iotdrobhimobfds. Bhmotioubhio oms mhupblms jd dstd tdlb hmo lb-ymr jdtbffd.

FB DXZ^THZT^B Y FB DXWDHIBFISBHIO W^MJTHZIQB

Fms dhmomlistbs tblnio kbo ijdotiaihbjm uo tipm jdarbhbsm jd ldrhbjm rdfbhimobjm hmo df iohdsbotdhblnim tdhomfìhm y su jdsabsd hmo df hblnim jd fbdstruhturb prmjuhtivb jd uo pbs. Zbf jdsabsd mhurrdhubojm df ldrhbjm om jdsbrrmffb dspmotodbldotdoudvbs bhtivijbjds tdhomfìhbldotd bvbozbjbs,nido sdb yb bpbrdhijbs do mtrms pbsds, nido sdb hmopmtdohibf jd sdr jdsbrrmffbjbs. Xd pudjd jdshrinir hm-lm uob dstruhturb prmjuhtivb hmo iosuaihidotd pbrtihi-pbhio jd sdhtmrds bvbozbjms. Cbpo, Zbiwo y pms-

tdrimrldotd mtrms pbsds bsitihms kbo prbhtihbjm hmorbzmobnfd xitm pmftihbs pbrb hmlnbtir fb iodrhib jd fmssistdlbs prmjuhtivms y su mnsmfdshdohib.

Df bofisis ls dxtdosm smnrd dstd tdlb sd kb jdsb-rrmffbjm do Cbpo (Mom, >77>)3 Fbs dxpdridohibs jdpmftihb iojustribf jdf omrdstd bsitihm iojihbo qud fbjdomliobjb dhmomlb jd ldrhbjm om tidod pmr ssmfb fb hbpbhijbj jd dodrbr fbs iojustribs dstrbtì-hbs pbrb df jdsbrrmffm dhmolihm jd uo pbs, buoqudfb vdotbcb hmlpbrbtivb sd jdhijb tdrihbldotd bpbrtir jd fb jmtbhio jd abhtmrds (abhtmr dojmwldot).

Do mhbsimods sd kb brùldotbjm do Cbpo (hmlmtblnio do Hmrdb jdf Xur y Zbiwo) qud uob vdz bf-hbozbjbs fbs dhmomlbs iojustribfldotd bvbozbjbs,fb pmftihb iojustribf yb om ds odhdsbrib pmrqud fb io-justrib privbjb yb om quidrd m om odhdsitb byujb. Bsds do fb iojustrib privbjb hmo xitm (p.dc5 butmlvif,hmostruhhio obvbf, iojustribs jdf bhdrm y mtrbs pmr dfdstifm). Xio dlnbr`m, bhtubfldotd df LDZI dst byu-jbojm b sdhtmrds hmlm fbs tdhomfm`bs jd fb ioamr-lbhio, fb nimtdhomfm`b y fb obomtdhomfm`b, quddsto b fb vboùbrjib, y dst bpmrtbojm ioarbdstruh-turbs y ldjims pbrquds hidotaihms y tdhomfìhmsb dlprdsbs tdhomfìhbldotd iotdosivbs y b dlprd-

818 ?Di 84


4/14


sbs jd hbpitbf rids`m. stb ds uob tbrdb qud hmrrds-pmojd b fbs pmftihbs iojustribfds bhtubfds, sdò sdmpiob do Cbpo.

Fb dxpdridohib cbpmodsb oms hmrrmnmrb qud tmjm lm-jdfm jd pmftihb iojustribf dotrb do rdojilidotms jd-hrdhidotds hubojm vbrbo fbs hirhuostbohibs m hbl-

nib df mncdtivm, y do dsd lmldotm, si om sd hmrri`d fbmridotbhio jd fb pmftihb iojustribf, pudjd hmlpmrtbrdadhtms od`btivms. Do df hbsm jd Cbpo, df ì`botds-hm dsaudrzm jd lmjdroizbhio iojustribf trbs fb Xd-ùojb @udrrb Luojibf ffdv b dxhdsms jd prmjuh-hio do hidrtms sdhtmrds. Jd lbodrb silifbr, do Durmpby do Dspbb, fb rddstruhturbhio jd iojustribs jdhfi-obotds, pdsd bf domrld dsaudrzm jd fms bms mhkdo-tb, sd kb prmfmo`bjm dxhdsivbldotd do df tidlpm, rd-trbsbojm fb odhdsbrib bjbptbhio jd pbrtds jdfsistdlb prmjuhtivm b fbs oudvbs hmojihimods iotdrob-himobfds y tdhomfìhbs.

OTDQBX BHZIQIJBJDX, OTDQBX DLW^DXBX

Fb pmftihb iojustribf cbpmodsb kb tdoijm luhkm dohmlo hmo df hmohdptm jd iojustrib obhidotd prd-vbfdhidotd do fb Durmpb jdf [I[. Df brùldotm ds qudhubojm uo pbs sd dohudotrb tdhomfìhbldotd btrb-sbjm do bhtivijbjds qud dxi`do dxpdridohib y `rbo-jds rdhursms ioihibfds (hmlm mhurri do Dstbjms Toijms,Bfdlboib y Arbohib, ardotd bf ^diom Toijm), jiahifldo-td fm`rbr jdsbrrmffbr dsbs bhtivijbjds oihbldotdhmo iohdotivms jd ldrhbjm. Fb vdotbcb fm`rbjb pmrfms hmlpdtijmrds iotdrobhimobfds ds jdlbsibjm `rbo-jd pbrb iohdotivbr b dlprdsbs obhimobfds.

Xi dxistd df hmovdohilidotm arutm jd fb dvijdohib dl-prihb jd qud om tmjbs fbs dspdhibfizbhimods prm-juhtivbs hmlpmrtbo fbs lislbs mpmrtuoijbjds jd hrd-hilidotm dhmolihm y tdhomfìhm, fbs ilpfihbhimodspbrb fb pmftihb iojustribf smo luy jiadrdotds jd fb bns-tdohio qud jdaidojd fb tdmrb jdf ldrhbjm pdradhtm.Hubojm sd trbtb jd dstilufbr df jdsbrrmffm jd oudvbsbhtivijbjds pudjd kbhdr abftb ilpfihbhio pnfihb.

Df hmohdptm jd hmst jishmvdryprmpudstm pmr Kbus-lboo, Kwbo` y ^mjrie (>771) mardhd uob dxhdfdotdamrlufbhio jd hlm pudjd jbrsd arbhbsm jd ldr-hbjm pmr iosuaihidohib jd prmydhtms dlprdsbribfdsioomvbjmrds. Xi, hmlm pbrdhd, fms pbsds smo bqudffmqud prmjuhdo, tdojrdlms qud prdmhupbroms pmr fmsldhboislms qud jdtdrliobo fb dspdhibfizbhio prm-juhtivb. Hubojm uo dlprdojdjmr iotdotb prmjuhirbf`m pmr prildrb vdz, dxpdrildotb iohdrtijulnrd sm-nrd fms hmstds do qud iohurrir. Iohfusm hubojm bjmp-tb uob tdhomfm`b dstojbr, jdnd bjbptbrfb b fbshmojihimods fmhbfds. Df dlprdojdjmr dst dxpfmrbo-jm fb dstruhturb jd hmstds do sdotijm blpfim jdfb dhmomlb jmojd mpdrb pbrb dsb oudvb bhtivi-jbj, y su nsqudjb prdsdotb hmosijdrbnfds dhmom-lbs dxtdrobs pbrb quidods fd si`bo. Xi df dlprdojd-

jmr tidod xitm, mtrms fd dlufbo y dvitbo pbrtd jd fmshmstds jd dxpdrildotbhio. Xi arbhbsb, objid fd ili-tbr y df hmstd jdf arbhbsm pdrlbodhd privbjm.

Fb prdsdohib jd dhmomlbs dxtdrobs jd hmomhilido-tm ilpfihb qud fms oivdfds jd iovdrsio privbjb do jds-hunrilidotm jd hmstds ds sunptilb b dshbfb b`rd-

`bjb, si df mnidrom om hmosiùd dstilufbrfb. Wmr tbotm,df oldrm jd dlprdojdjmrds qud sd iovmfuhrbo dobhtivijbjds oudvbs qud ilpfihbo jdshunrilidotm jdhmstds pbsb b sdr uob vbribnfd ilpmrtbotd. Fbs pmfti-hbs jd dstlufm b fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb, b fbhrdbhio jd dlprdsbs ioomvbjmrbs, bf dlprdoji-lidotm jd prmydhtms ioomvbjmrds pmr pbrtd jd fbs dl-prdsbs dxistdotds, bjquidrdo pbrtihufbr ilpmrtbohib.

Dstb ilpfihbhio om ds oudvb, pdrm fb bpmrtbhio jdKbuslboo, Kwbo` y ^mjrie rdprdsdotb uo rdaudrzm,jdsjd uob pdrspdhtivb jiadrdotd, b fb tdmrb qud jds-jd kbhd vbrims bms jdaidojd Jbvij Bujrdtshk smnrd

fb viohufbhio dotrd ioomvbhio y dotrdprdodurskip(Bhs y Bujrdtshk, >7745 Bujrdtshk, Bfjrij`d y Mdttf,>771). Do fb prxilb sdhhio sd hmldotb hlm fbpmftihb jd amldotm jd fb ioihibtivb dlprdsbribf dstsidojm hbjb vdz ls ilpmrtbotd do Dstbjms Toijmsy do mtrms pbsds.

Dotrd fms hmstds pbrtihufbrldotd dfdvbjms qud pbjd-hdo fbs oudvbs dlprdsbs ioomvbjmrbs sd dohudotrbfb aiobohibhio. Fb Hmlisio Durmpdb bjvidrtd qud dfdxhdsm jd bvdrsio bf rids`m do fms ldrhbjms aiobo-hidrms pudjd jbr fu`br b jdaihidohibs do aiobohib-hio, m hmstds jdf hbpitbf dxhdsivbldotd bftms, pbrbfb hrdbhio jd oudvbs dlprdsbs ioomvbjmrbs. Df prm-

`rblb lbrhm pbrb fb Hmlpdtitivijbj y fb Ioomvb-hio rdhidotdldotd bprmnbjm pmr fb HD sd mridotbauojbldotbfldotd bf bpmym jd dsqudlbs jd hbpi-tbf rids`m, prstblms pbrtihipbtivms y `brbotbs pbrboudvbs dlprdsbs ioomvbjmrbs y jd bftm pmtdohibf jdhrdhilidotm.

Bhtubfldotd, b priohipims jdf si`fm [[I, fbs hmojihim-ods do qud mpdrb fb hmlpdtdohib `fmnbf sd do-hudotrbo do absd jd hblnim bhdfdrbjm, y df tblbmjd oudvbs pmtdohibs dldr`dotds do Bsib, cuotm hmofbs dvmfuhimods mnsdrvbjbs, iojihbo qud fms pbsds jdfb TD, pdsd b su kdtdrm`dodijbj, sd doardotbo b uopdrmjm hrtihm hmo uob bftb iojdtdrliobhio rdspdh-tm b su pmsihio auturb do fb dhmomlb `fmnbf.

Do uo rdhidotd hmluoihbjm, fb Hmlisio Durmpdblboiaidstb bnidrtbldotd su ioquidtuj pmr fbs jiaihuf-tbjds do lbotdodr df hulpfilidotm jd fbs omrlbs jdhmlpdtdohib fdbf do pbrtihufbr, df rdspdtm b fb prm-pidjbj iotdfdhtubf do df oudvm hmotdxtm iotdrob-himobf. Wdrm, sidojm dvijdotd qud fb TD tblpmhm dsuo dcdlpfm jd hmlpdtdohib fdbf do lbtdrib b`rhm-fb, fb hudstio jd amojm ds si fms pbsds durmpdms vbob sdùir lbotdoidojm fijdrbz`m, hmo m sio hmlpd-tdohib fdbf, do sdhtmrds y bhtivijbjds smaistihbjbs, jd

?Di81881


5/14


818 ?Di 80

bftb tdhomfm`b, iotdosivbs do hmomhilidotms, quddlpfdbo pdrsmobf hubfiaihbjm.

Buoqud fb HD sd pfbotdd rdamrzbr fbs ldjijbs hfsihbsjd botijulpio`, jdadosb jd jdrdhkms jd prmpid-jbj iotdfdhtubf, dstojbrds pbrb fms nidods ilpmrtb-jms y silifbrds, ds nido sbnijm fm iosuaihidotd jd dsb

vb. Om smfbldotd pmrqud ds luy jiahif qud dsbs ld-jijbs sdbo dadhtivbs, siom pmrqud fb prmjuhhio prm-hdjdotd jd Hkiob, Iojib m usib, om smfbldotd ds jdnidods jd nbcb tdhomfm`b, siom qud vb dvmfuhimobo-jm hmo rbpijdz kbhib nidods smaistihbjms, jd hbfi-jbj, d ioomvbjmrds. Jdsjd >77: fb HD dst jbojm uoìrm rdspdhtm b su amrlb jd bnmrjbr fb pmftihb io-justribf, pbrb bjmptbr uo doamqud ls bhtivm y prb`-ltihm tbotm do bspdhtms kmrizmotbfds hmlm sdhtm-ribfds (HD, >774).

FB N^DHKB DOZ^D DT^MWB Y DXZBJMX TOIJMX

Objid hudstimob qud, pbrb lbotdodr su oivdf jd nid-odstbr, fb TD smfbldotd tidod fb mphio jd fm`rbr fi-jdrbz`m tdhomfìhm, hmldrhibf d ioomvbjmr do sd`-ldotms bvbozbjms jdf ldrhbjm fmnbf. Bf kifm jd tbfprdmhupbhio kbo prmfiadrbjm fms dstujims qud hml-pbrbo b Durmpb hmo Dstbjms Toijms. Wdsd b fbs jiad-rdohibs, fb nbsd smhibf y dhmolihb jd Durmpb dsls prxilb b Dstbjms Toijms qud b fms pbsds bsi-tihms. Om mnstbotd, Dstbjms Toijms bpbrdotb hmotbrhmo uo fijdrbz`m dhmolihm-tdhomfìhm ldcmr auo-jbldotbjm qud fms pbsds jd fb TD.

Kbstb qu puotm fb nrdhkb hmlpdtitivb jd Dstbjms

Toijms rdspdhtm jd Durmpb ds tbo blpfib hmlm b vd-hds pbrdhd=

Df kdhkm ds qud fb rdotb jdf hiujbjbom jd fb zmobdurm ds uo 87% ioadrimr b uo hiujbjbom jd DDTT, sioqud tbf jiadrdohib kbyb hblnibjm bpdobs do fms f-tilms 87 bms. Hubojm sd rdbfizb uo bofisis jdtbffb-jm jdf mri`do jd fb nrdhkb om ds ahif jbr hmo fb vb-ribnfd dxpfihbtivb. Jd bhudrjm hmo uo ioamrld do ZkdDhmomlist(>77:), do fms jidz bms botdrimrds b >778,df WON pmr kbnitbotd do Dstbjms Toijms hrdhi uo>,2% boubf, lidotrbs qud do fb zmob durm fm kizm uo2,;%. Tob jiadrdohib qud om pbrdhd iosbfvbnfd. Xi sddxhfuyd Bfdlboib, do pfdom dsaudrzm jd uoiaihbhiojurbotd dsms bms, df ritlm jd hrdhilidotm do fb zm-ob durm sdrb ijotihb bf jd Dstbjms Toijms.

Fb jiadrdohib ls bhusbjb dotrd blnbs zmobs sddohudotrb do df hrdhilidotm jd fb prmjuhtivijbj, pd-rm tblnio bqu kbnrb qud lbtizbr. Jd bhudrjm hmofbs audotds hitbjbs do Zkd Dhmomlist, fb prmjuhtivi-jbj pmr kmrb trbnbcbjb hrdhi df >% boubf do Dstb-jms Toijms jdsjd 299:, ardotd bf 2,0% do fb zmob du-rm. Xio dlnbr`m, tblnio kby qud smpdsbr qud dfdlpfdm hrdhi jdsjd 2990 uo ;% do fb zmob durm,dxhfuydojm b Bfdlboib, ardotd b uo 1% do Dstbjms

Toijms. Fb dhmomlb durmpdb kb sijm ldcmr dodrb-jmrb jd dlpfdm. Do hubfquidr hbsm, ds hidrtm qud Ds-tbjms Toijms prdsdotb ldcmrds rdsuftbjms do prmjuh-tivijbj y hmovidod dxbliobr fbs hbusbs.

Ardotd b fb dxpfihbhio jd qud Durmpb prdsdotb riì-jdhds jdf ldrhbjm fbnmrbf y aiobohidrm, Mfividr Nfbo-

hkbrj (>77:) mardhd uob visio jiadrdotd. Zrbs bobfizbrfms jbtms hmohfuyd qud fb rbzo ls ilpmrtbotd pb-rb qud fb nrdhkb jd rdotb om sd kbyb rdjuhijm dsqud fms durmpdms utifizbo sus iohrdldotms jd prmjuh-tivijbj pbrb bobr tidlpm finrd. Fms bldrihboms, hmo-trbribldotd, siùdo trbnbcbojm fbs lislbs kmrbs pb-rb `bobr ls jiodrm.

Jiadrdohibs do vbfmrds smhibfds y dstifms jd vijb dxpfi-hbrbo df hmlpmrtblidotm jivdr`dotd. Xi sd hmlpb-rbo fms prmjuhtivijbjds pmr kmrb trbnbcbjb, Durmpbsmfbldotd dstbrb uo 4% pmr jdnbcm jd Dstbjms Toi-jms, hubojm kbhd 87 bms sd dohmotrbnb uo 87%

pmr jdnbcm.Fb hmlpbrbhio om ds, pmr tbotm, tbo jdsabvmrbnfd,pdrm, buoqud bfùoms ioamrlds rdjuzhbo jrblbtislmb fb hmlpbrbhio hmo Dstbjms Toijms, do Durmpbprdmhupb fb dvmfuhio jd fb hmlpdtitivijbj y, dspd-hibfldotd, fbs tdojdohibs b fb fmhbfizbhio jd fbnm-rbtmrims y bhtivijbjds jd I+J. Tob dohudstb jd TOI-JM b uob ludstrb jd dlprdsbs hmo bftb iovdrsio doI+J bpuotbnb qud fms hdotrms jd iovdsti`bhio tdo-jdrbo b fmhbfizbrsd do Iojib, Hkiob, ûsib y tblnioDstbjms Toijms b fm fbr`m jd fms prxilms jdhdoims.

Wmr dsb rbzo, luhkms trbtbo jd bvdriùbr do qu ji-

aidrdo fms iohdotivms jd fbs dlprdsbs bldrihbobs y fbsdurmpdbs y do qu fbs pmftihbs iojustribfds do blnbszmobs.

WMFZIHB IOJTXZÎBF DO DXZBJMX TOIJMX Y DT^MWB

Dstbjms Toijms kb tdoijm sidlprd uob pmsturb vbhi-fbotd y blnivbfdotd kbhib fb pmftihb iojustribf. Hubo-jm fb dhmomlb vb nido, fb ijdb jd bjmptbr pmftihbsiojustribfds ds `dodrbfldotd jdsjdbjb. Fb ijdmfm-`b bldrihbob dst sfijbldotd nbsbjb do fb ijdbjd ldrhbjms finrds om rdstrioìjms pmr fb iotdrvdohioùndrobldotbf. Xio dlnbr`m, nbcm jiaihuftbjds dhm-olihbs, Blrihb sd mridotb rpijbldotd kbhib fbpmftihb iojustribf pbrb rdhtiaihbr fbs jdaihidohibs dhm-olihbs y rdstburbr fb hmlpdtitivijbj bldrihbob.

Jd kdhkm, b pdsbr jd fb rdtihdohib jd Dstbjms Toijmspbrb rdhmomhdr df pbpdf jd fb pmftihb iojustribf y tm-jbvb ldoms pbrb utifizbrfb, b fm fbr`m jd fms ftilms17 bms sd kb jdsbrrmffbjm uo hmocuotm jd pmftihbsjdstiobjbs b prmlmvdr fb hmlpdtitivijbj jd fb dhm-omlb bldrihbob. @rbo pbrtd jdf hmlpmrtblidotmdhmolihm bldrihbom, tbotm pmsitivm hmlm od`bti-


6/14


?Di8188;

vm, ds btrinuinfd b fm qud bfùoms hbfiaihbrbo hmlmsus pmftihbs iojustribfds.

Jdadojdr qud Dstbjms Toijms kb bjmptbjm sistdl-tihbldotd uob pmftihb iojustribf om siòiaihb qud df do-amqud jd fb pmftihb iojustribf bldrihbob kbyb pdr-lbodhijm hmostbotd do df tidlpm. Jd kdhkm, uob

rdvmfuhio sifdohimsb y prhtihbldotd jdsbpdrhinijbkb trbosamrlbjm fb pmftihb iojustribf bldrihbob.Hubojm botdrimrldotd fb pmftihb pbrb bsdùrbr dfhrdhilidotm dhmolihm y fb hrdbhio jd dlpfdm sdnbsbnb do df dstlufm aishbf y lmodtbrim y do fbs rbo-jds dlprdsbs, bhtubfldotd kb surìjm uo oudvm do-amqud hdotrbjm do fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb,. Fmqud pbrdhb hmotrbrim b fb daihidohib dhmolihb y bfb prmspdrijbj do fb pmsùdrrb fbs dlprdsbs oud-vbs y pdqudbs kb rdsuftbjm sdr df lmtmr jdf hrd-hilidotm dhmolihm y fb hrdbhio jd dlpfdm, omsfm do bfò sdhtmr, siom bnbrhbojm uo blpfim ds-pdhtrm jd hmotdxtms obhimobfds, rdìmobfds y fmhbfds.

Hmlm mnsdrvbo Nrdsobkbo y @blnbrjdffb (>77:, p.2), fms hfustdrs jd iojustribs iotdosivbs do tdhomfm`b,hmlm Xifihmo Qbffdy, kbo rdhinijm `rbo btdohio jddstujimsms y jd blnidotds pmftihms. Df hrdhilidotmdhmolihm obhimobf pudjd dstilufbrsd ldjibotd dfjdsbrrmffm jd dstd tipm jd hfustdrs. Df prmfmo`bjm bu-`d jd Dstbjms Toijms do fbs jhbjbs jd fms mhkdo-tb y fms omvdotb dstbnb nbsbjm auojbldotbfldotddo df hrdhilidotm jd fbs iojustribs jd tdhomfm`bs jdfb ioamrlbhio do bfùoms hfustdrs rdìmobfds. Fb io-omvbhio y fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb pudjdo sdrbpmybjms pmr ldhboislms qud mpdrdo jdotrm jdfhfustdr, tbfds hmlm abhifijbj jd bhhdsm bf hbpitbf, hm-

omhilidotm jd fb tdhomfm`b y fms ldrhbjms y fbs hm-fbnmrbhimods.

Xio jujb rdsuftb smrprdojdotd qud tbf hmosdosm pu-jidrb dldr`dr do pmftihb dhmolihb hmo rdspdhtmb fbs ldjijbs bprmpibjb pbrb `dodrbr hrdhilidotmdhmolihm y dlpfdm, om sfm jdotrm jd fbs armotdrbsobhimobfds siom tblnio do uo blpfim dspdhtrm jdobhimods y rdìmods. Wdrm fm qud rdsuftb iohfusm lsbsmlnrmsm ds fb btdohio pudstb do dstd doamquddldr`dotd jd pmftihb pnfihb fb ioihibtivb dlprdo-jdjmrb (dotrdprdodurskip). Zbo smfm bfùoms bmsbtrs, fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb, y do pbrtihufbr fbsdlprdsbs oudvbs y pdqudbs, drbo hmosijdrbjbsuob hbr`b pbrb fb dhmomlb. Wmr dcdlpfm, fb Bjli-oistrbhio jd fb Wdqudb Dlprdsb (Xlbff Nusiodss Bj-lioistrbtimo) jd Dstbjms Toijms sd hrd hmo df hfbrm dilpdrimsm mncdtivm jd byujbr b jihkbs dlprdsbs, hbr-`bjbs jd iodaihidohibs iokdrdotds b su tblbm, qudfbs kbhbo pmhm hmlpdtitivbs.

Kbhib fms bms mhkdotb y do fms bms omvdotb hm-ldoz b bpbrdhdr uo oudvm doamqud jd pmftihbdhmolihb, hmo lbymr iotdrs do fb I+J, fb iovdsti-`bhio uoivdrsitbrib y fb iovdrsio do hbpitbf kulbom.Buoqud dsms iostruldotms om drbo rdbfldotd oudvms,

fb btdohio y prdmhupbhio qud prmvmhbrmo do fmsjdnbtds pmftihms pbrb ilpufsbr df hrdhilidotm y dfdlpfdm hmostituy rdbfldotd uob jiadrdohib rdspdh-tm jdf jdnbtd lbhrmdhmolihm jd fb `dodrbhiobotdrimr.

Ls rdhidotdldotd, fb pmftihb pnfihb sd kb rdamhb-fizbjm5 dstb vdz, kbhib fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrbhmlm lmtmr jd hrdhilidotm. Xfm uoms bms botdskbnrb sijm ilpdosbnfd iotdotbr prmlmvdr fb ioihibti-vb dlprdojdjmrb hmo df aio jd ilpufsbr df hrdhi-lidotm dhmolihm.

Jurbotd fb sdùojb litbj jd si`fm, df pbpdf jd fb ioi-hibtivb dlprdojdjmrb do fb dhmomlb hblni jrs-tihbldotd. Zrbs fb Xdùojb @udrrb Luojibf, fb il-pmrtbohib jd fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb y jd fbspdqudbs dlprdsbs pbrdhi irsd liti`bojm pmhm bpmhm. Xd bfdrt bhdrhb jd fb odhdsijbj jd prmtd`dry hmosdrvbr fbs dlprdsbs pdqudbs pmr lmtivms sm-

hibfds y pmftihms, buoqud pmhms fm auojbldotbnbodo fb daihidohib dhmolihb. Do fms ftilms bms sd kbiovdrtijm jrstihbldotd dstb pmsturb. Fb ioihibtivb dl-prdojdjmrb kb ffd`bjm b pdrhinirsd do tmjm df luo-jm hmlm uo lmtmr jdf jdsbrrmffm dhmolihm y smhibf.Wmr dcdlpfm, fb visio jd fb dhmomlb hbrbhtdrizbjbpmr df lmjdfm jd Xmfmw dohubjr df jdnbtd pmftihmhdotrbjm do df hrdhilidotm dhmolihm. Do fb dhm-omlb jd fb pmsùdrrb, hbrbhtdrizbjb pmr df lmjd-fm jd Xmfmw, sd hmosijdrbnb qud fbs iovdrsimods dohbpitbf asihm drbo df priohipbf ldhboislm jd iojuh-hio jd lbymrds tbsbs jd hrdhilidotm. Xd trbtbnb jduo lmjdfm jd hrdhilidotm jmliobjm pmr df hbpitbf.Buldotbr fb hbotijbj jd trbnbcm pmjb buldotbr df

oivdf jd prmjuhhio pdrm om fb tbsb jd hrdhilidotm.

Buoqud sd sbnb qud df hblnim tdhomfìhm jds-pfbzbnb fb auohio jd prmjuhhio, do df lmjdfm jdXmfmw sd hmosijdrbnb dx`dom, y pmr tbotm audrb jdfbfhbohd jd fb pmftihb dhmolihb. Jd dstd lmjm,jurbotd fb pmsùdrrb, df jdnbtd do pmftihb dhmo-lihb om jishutb df ldhboislm jd hrdhilidotm, dfhbpitbf asihm, siom ls nido fms iostruldotms. Zbotm dofb fitdrbturb dhmolihb hmlm dotrd fms mnidroms sur-ì uob adrmz y vi`mrmsb jisputb smnrd qu iostru-ldotms hmohrdtms drbo ls bprmpibjms pbrb iojuhiriovdrsimods do hbpitbf asihm.

Fb btdohio kbhib df hbpitbf hmlm ioputhmojuhtmrjdf hrdhilidotm dhmolihm trbs fb Xdùojb @udrrbLuojibf `dodr uob prdmhupbhio pbrbfdfb smnrd fbmr`boizbhio jd jihkm hbpitbf, tbotm b oivdf iojustribfhmlm dlprdsbribf. Do pbrtihufbr, b fb tdmrb dldr-`dotd jd fb mr`boizbhio iojustribf sd fd bsiò fb tb-rdb jd ijdotiaihbr hlm fb mr`boizbhio jdf hbpitbf mfb dstruhturb jd uob iojustrib ioafubo do su jdsdl-pdm dhmolihm. Tob `dodrbhio jd dstujimsms prm-jucm dvijdohib tdrihb y dlprihb suìridojm qud dfhbpitbf asihm jdtdrliobnb do luhkms hbsms, buoqudom do tmjms, uob hmohdotrbhio jd prmjuhhio qud


7/14


818 ?Di 89

rdsuftbnb do uob dstruhturb jd ldrhbjm mfi`mpmfsti-hb, hbrbhtdrizbjb pmr uob hmohdotrbhio jd fb prm-pidjbj do rdfbtivbldotd pmhms prmjuhtmrds.

Df blpfim dspdhtrm jd hblpms bhbjlihms y jishi-pfiobs qud bnbrhbrmo fms dstujimsms `dodr uob ni-nfim`rbab lbsivb, qud trbtbnb jd mrjdobr df trbjd-maa

pdrhinijm dotrd, pmr uo fbjm, fb daihidohib dhmoli-hb y, pmr mtrm, fb jdshdotrbfizbhio pmftihb y dhmo-lihb. Fb `rbo dlprdsb om dstbnb pdosbjb sfm pb-rb hmotbr hmo uob daihidohib prmjuhtivb supdrimr, siomqud tblnio sd bsulb qud sdrvb hmlm lmtmr jdfb ioomvbhio tdhomfìhb. Iroihbldotd, fb mnsdsiojd fb fitdrbturb hmo df mfi`mpmfim sd hmlnio hmo uobofisis qud drb nsihbldotd dsttihm. Kbnb uobprdmhupbhio hmosijdrbnfd smnrd qu kbhdr hmo fbdstruhturb iojustribf bhtubf, pdrm sd prdstbnb pmhbbtdohio b jd jojd vdob y b jmojd inb.

Df brthufm hfsihm jd Mfivdr Piffiblsmo, Dhmomlbs

hmlm uob jdadosb botilmompmfim3 fms dquifinrims jdfnidodstbr, punfihbjm do 291; do Bldrihbo Dhmom-lih dvidw, sd hmovirti do uob dspdhid jd sdotdohibaiobf, jdlmstrbojm qud fbs `bobohibs do daihidohibprmjuhtivb pmjrbo mntdodrsd ldjibotd uob lbymrhmohdotrbhio, y qud fbs `bobohibs do trlioms jdhmlpdtdohib, d ilpfhitbldotd jdlmhrbhib, pmjrbomntdodrsd jdshdotrbfizbojm fbs pmftihbs. Xio dlnbr`m,om pbrdhb pmsinfd hmlniobr blnbs hmsbs, smnrd tm-jm do df lmjdfm hmlpfdtbldotd dsttihm jd Pi-ffiblsmo.

Do dstd pdrmjm, fb pmftihb pnfihb dlprdsbribf ìrb-nb do tmrom b dohmotrbr smfuhimods bf dquifinrim pdrhi-

nijm dotrd dshbfb y daihidohib pmr uo fbjm, y jdshdo-trbfizbhio d iodaihidohib, pmr mtrm. Fms trds priohipbfdsiostruldotms pmftihms jdspfd`bjms pbrb bfhbozbr dfdquifinrim rdqudrijm do fms pbsds iojustribfizbjms aud-rmo fb pmftihb botitrust (m pmftihb jd hmlpdtdohib,hmlm sd ffbl do Durmpb), fb rdùfbhio y fb prmpid-jbj pnfihb jd dlprdsbs.

Fb prdùotb hfbvd qud sd kbhbo fms pmjdrds pnfihmsjd fb pmhb drb Hlm pudjd kbhdrsd fb smhidjbjhmo fms ndodaihims jd uob dlprdsb rbojd do uo ds-hdobrim mfi`mpmfstihm y b fb vdz dvitbr, m bf ldoms li-oilizbr, fms hmstds ilpudstms pmr fb hmohdotrbhio jdf

pmjdr dhmolihm=. Fb rdspudstb pmftihb hmosisti brdstrioìr fb findrtbj jd hmotrbtbhio jd fbs dlprdsbs.Jihkbs rdstrihhimods tmlbrmo fb amrlb jd iostruldotmsqud iohfubo fb prmpidjbj pnfihb, fb rdùfbhio y fbpmftihb jd hmlpdtdohib m botitrust.

Buoqud surì uo jdnbtd bhbfmrbjm smnrd qu do-amqud prmlmvb ldcmr fb prmjuhhio b `rbo dshbfblidotrbs qud rdstrio`b fb hbpbhijbj jd fbs dlprd-sbs rbojds pbrb dcdhutbr su pmjdr jd ldrhbjm, ku-nm luhkm ldoms jdnbtd smnrd fb pmftihb pnfihb ji-riìjb b fbs dlprdsbs pdqudbs y b fb ioihibtivbdlprdojdjmrb. Fb oihb hudstio bf rdspdhtm hmo-

sistb do si fms jdhismrds pnfihms jdnbo jdcbr qud fbsdlprdsbs pdqudbs silpfdldotd jdsbpbrdhidrbohmlm rdsuftbjm jd su iodaihidohib, m si jdnbo iotdr-vdoir pbrb prdsdrvbrfbs, do nbsd b lmtivms smhibfds mpmftihms. Drbo luy pmhms fms qud hmosijdrbnbo qudfbs dlprdsbs pdqudbs hmotrinubo siòiaihbtivb-ldotd bf hrdhilidotm, fb `dodrbhio jd dlpfdm y fb

hmlpdtitivijbj.

Bs, do fb pmsùdrrb, fbs dlprdsbs pdqudbs y fbioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb drbo hmosijdrbjbs uo fu-cm, quiz odhdsbr im do Mhhijdotd pbrb bsdùrbr fbjdshdotrbfizbhio jd fb tmlb jd jdhisimods, pdrmdo hubfquidr hbsm b hmstb jd fb daihidohib. Y dshidrtm qud fb dvijdohib dlprihb kb lmstrbjm uobaudrtd tdojdohib kbhib fb jisliouhio jdf pbpdfjd fbs pdqudbs dlprdsbs jurbotd df pdrmjm jdfb pmsùdrrb.

Fb pmftihb pnfihb kbhib fbs pdqudbs dlprdsbs rd-

afdcbnb dodrbfldotd fb visio jd dhmomlistbs y mtrmsdstujimsms, qud fbs hmosijdrbnbo uo fbstrd pbrb fb dai-hidohib dhmolihb y df hrdhilidotm, `dodrbjmrbs jddlpfdm jd nbcb hbfijbj, do trlioms jd hmlpdosb-himods jirdhtbs d iojirdhtbs, y do hbliom jd pdrjdrilpmrtbohib pbrb fb dhmomlb, si om jd dxtioùirsd bfbr`m pfbzm.

Fb pmsturb pmftihb jd Dstbjms Toijms rdafdcb fb vbfmrb-hio smhibf y pmftihb b fbr`m pfbzm jd fbs dlprdsbspdqudbs, qud pbrdhd vmfvdr b fbs trbjihimods Cdaadr-smoibobs jdf pbs. Jdspus jd tmjm, df sdobjmr Xkdr-lbo prmldti do df jdnbtd jd 2;97 do df hmo`rdsmsi om vblms b tmfdrbr b uo ^dy hmlm pmjdr pmftihm,

om jdndrblms tmfdrbr tblpmhm b uo rdy jd fb prm-juhhio, trbospmrtd y vdotb jd fm odhdsbrim pbrb vivir.Xi om vblms b smldtdroms b uo dlpdrbjmr, tblpm-hm jdndrblms smldtdroms b uo buthrbtb jdf hm-ldrhim hmo pmjdr pbrb ilpdjir fb hmlpdtdohib y ai-cbr prdhims b hubfquidr brthufm.

Bs, do Dstbjms Toijms, fb pmftihb pnfihb kbhib fbpdqudb dlprdsb dstbnb mridotbjb kbhib fb prd-sdrvbhio jd fm qud sd hmosijdrbnb dlprdsbs iodai-hidotds, qud, si sd jdcbnbo jdsprmtdìjbs, hmrrbo dfrids`m jd dxtioùirsd. To dcdlpfm jd dstbs pmftihbshmosdrvbhimoistbs kbhib fbs pdqudbs dlprdsbs ds fb

prmluf`bhio y dotrbjb do vi`mr jd fb Fdy mniosmo-Wbtlbo. Iohfusm fms bnm`bjms jd fbs pdqudbs dl-prdsbs dstbnbo jd bhudrjm do qud stbs drbo ld-oms daihidotds qud fbs hmlpbbs `rbojds. Dstmsbnm`bjms dstbnbo jispudstms b sbhriaihbr pbrtd jd fbdaihidohib pmr fbs mtrbs bpmrtbhimods lmrbfds, pmf-tihbs y jd mtrb hfbsd qud kbhbo fbs pdqudbs dl-prdsbs b fb smhidjbj. Fb pmftihb jd fb pdqudb dl-prdsb drb pmr tbotm jd hbrhtdr hmosdrvbhimoistb.

Fbs pmftihbs hmosdrvbhimoistbs dstbnbo hfbrbldotdprdsdotds do fb hrdbhio jd fb T.X. Xlbff Nusiodss Bj-lioistrbtimo. Do fb Fdy jd Wdqudb Dlprdsb, jd 27 jd


8/14


?Di818:7

cufim jd 2948, df Hmo`rdsm butmriz fb hrdbhio jd fbBjlioistrbhio jd fb Wdqudb Dlprdsb, hmo df lbo-jbtm dxpfhitm jd byujbr, bhmosdcbr, bsistir y prmtd`dr... fms iotdrdsds jd fms od`mhims jd fbs pdqudbs dl-prdsbs. Fb Fdy jd Wdqudb Dlprdsb aud hfbrbldo-td uo iotdotm jdf Hmo`rdsm jd jdtdodr fb jdsbpbri-hio hmotioubjb jd pdqudbs dlprdsbs y jd

hmosdrvbr su pbpdf do fb dhmomlb omrtdbldrihbob.

Xi df hbpitbf asihm drb df hmrbzo jd fb dhmomlb jdXmfmw, df hmomhilidotm (eomwfdj`d hbpitbf) fm rddl-pfbz do fb dhmomlb jd ^mldr. Buoqud fms mncdti-vms pmftihms pdrlbodhidrmo rdfbtivbldotd iobftdrb-jms, df hrdhilidotm dhmolihm, df lmjdfm jd ^mldrrdafdc df surìlidotm jd uo oudvm oabsis do uo ld-hboislm jd pmftihb tmtbfldotd jiadrdotd, df hmomhi-lidotm, fm qud ilpfihbnb uoms iostruldotms pmftihmsluy jistiotms.

Fms oudvms iostruldotms pmftihms hmrrdspmojidotds b

fb dhmomlb nbsbjb do df hmomhilidotm, m df lm-jdfm jd mldr, ilpfihbnbo dodrbfldotd iohdotivmsb fbs iovdrsimods, om odhdsbribldotd do hbpitbf asihm,pdrm s do hmomhilidotm. Buoqud df hmohdptm jd hm-omhilidotm pbrdhd ls vb`m y ldoms prmpihim b fbldjihio qud df abhtmr trbjihimobf jd hbpitbf asihm,ilpfihb hfbrbldotd lbymrds iovdrsimods do hbpitbfkulbom y do iovdsti`bhio y jdsbrrmffm. Dstms iostru-ldotms drbo smrprdojdotdldotd jiadrdotds b sus km-lfm`ms hmrrdspmojidotds b fb dhmomlb jd Xmfmw.Iohfubo, buoqud om sd filitbnbo b fb djuhbhio b tm-jms fms oivdfds, priohipbfldotd uoivdrsitbrim, df bpmymb fb iovdsti`bhio pnfihb y df bpmym b fb I+J dl-prdsbribf b trbvs jd iohdotivms aishbfds y lmodtbrims.

Wmr dcdlpfm, fb iovdrsio do uoivdrsijbjds om sd hmo-tdlpfbnb odhdsbribldotd hmlm uo iostruldotm jdamldotm jdf hrdhilidotm dhmolihm do fb dhmom-lb nbsbjb do df hbpitbf. Jdspus jd tmjm, om ds-tbnb pbrb objb hfbrm hlm fb prmjuhhio jd uoi-vdrsijbjds, dstujibotds d iovdsti`bjmrds hmotrinubbf buldotm jd fbs iovdrsimods do hbpitbf. Buoqudpmr rbzmods pmftihbs, smhibfds d iohfusm lmrbfds kb-nb uo brùldotm ilpmrtbotd pbrb iovdrtir do uoivdr-sijbjds, df brùldotm pmr rbzmods dhmolihbs, ypbrtihufbrldotd hrdhilidotm dhmolihm, drb ldomshmoviohdotd. Do dadhtm, fbs iovdrsimods do uoivdrsi-

jbjds pmjbo hmotdlpfbrsd hmlm hmotrbribs bf hrd-hilidotm dhmolihm, yb qud jdsvibnbo fms rdhursmsjdf hbpitbf asihm. Wdrm objid pudjd jishutir fb prilb-hb jd fb iovdrsio do uoivdrsijbjds do df lmjdfm jd^mldr.

Hmo df surìlidotm jdf hmomhilidotm hmlm uo rdhm-omhijm abhtmr dodrbjmr jd hrdhilidotm, fb ioihibtivbdlprdojdjmrb pbrdhb iohfusm ldoms rdfdvbotd. Hm-lm suìdrd fb auohio jd prmjuhhio jd hmomhi-lidotm jdf lmjdfm jd @rifihkds, fb ioomvbhio y dfoudvm hmomhilidotm smo df rdsuftbjm jd `rbojds io-vdrsimods do I+J, qud pbrdhdo hmoadrir b fb rbo dl-

prdsb uob vdotbcb hmlpdtitivb iohfusm lbymr qud dodf hbsm jd fbs dhmomlbs jd dshbfb do fb prmjuh-hio. Jdspus jd tmjm, Xhkulpdtdr jim b hmomhdr fbrutioizbhio.

Fb rutioizbhio jd fb I+J rdafdcb quizs uob amhbfi-zbhio do df pbpdf jdf hmomhilidotm jd fbs dlprd-

sbs d iojustribs `rbojds, rdbfldotd dstbnfdhijbs ylbjurbs, qud jmliobrmo df kmrizmotd iojustribf jd fbpmsùdrrb, hmlm ds df hbsm jd fms butmlvifds, dfbhdrm, fms tdxtifds d iohfusm fms mrjdobjmrds. Dstb I+Jrutioizbjb pmjrb sdr ls bprmpibjb pbrb fbs ioomvb-himods iohrdldotbfds qud ldcmrbo prmjuhtms dxis-tdotds qud pbrb hrdbr oudvbs iojustribs.

Wmjrb sdr qud fb `fmnbfizbhio kbyb dfiliobjm fb vdo-tbcb hmlpbrbtivb, jd lbodrb qud fb prmjuhhio nb-sbjb do uob I+J rutioizbjb pudjb sdr hrdhidotd-ldotd jdsfmhbfizbjb kbhib fmhbfizbhimods hmoldomrds hmstds, hmlm prdjihd df lmjdfm jd Qdromo

(2911). Xio dlnbr`m, fm qud om prdjicm do su lmjdfmaudrmo fbs rdvmfuhimods tbotm do fb tdhomfm`b hmlmdo fbs pmftihbs, qud bhdfdrbo y dxtidojdo df oivdf bfqud fb bhtivijbj dstbojbrizbjb pudjd sdr jdsfmhbfi-zbjb. Dstm pmjrb su`drir qud, do fb dhmomlb fmnbfhmotdlpmrodb, fb vdotbcb hmlpbrbtivb tbf vdz omsd dst iohfiobojm sfm kbhib df hmomhilidotm, siomtblnio kbhib tipms jd ijdbs y hmomhilidotm hbjbvdz ls hdotrbjms do fbs absds ioihibfds jd fb bhtivi-jbj ioomvbjmrb.

Om mnstbotd, hmlm sdbf Brrmw (291>), fb bsiòbhiojd iovdrsimods b fbs oudvbs ijdbs om ds tbo sdohiffb.Hbr`bjm jd bftbs jmsis jd iohdrtijulnrd, ilpmodotds

bsildtrbs y siòiaihbtivms hmstds jd trbosbhhio, df vb-fmr dhmolihm pmtdohibf jd uob ijdb oudvb om sidl-prd ds mnvim y hfbrbldotd om ds uooild dotrd fmsb`dotds dhmolihms. Bs, fb prmjuhhio m silpfd-ldotd fb dxistdohib jd oudvbs ijdbs pudjd rdsuftbr douob jivdr`dohib jd su vbfmrbhio, om sfm dotrd b`do-tds dhmolihms, siom tblnio dotrd fms trbnbcbjmrdsjdf hmomhilidotm m hrdbjmrds y fb cdrbrqub jd tmlbjd jdhisimods jd fbs mr`boizbhimods iohulndotds.

Tob vbfmrbhio jivdr`dotd jd fbs oudvbs ijdbs jiai-huftb y vudfvd prmkinitivbldotd hmstmsm pbrb fb dl-prdsb iohulndotd fuhkbr pmr tmjbs m fb lbymrb jd

oudvbs ijdbs qud dsto b su jispmsihio. Ru mhu-rrd hmo bqudffbs ijdbs qud fb dlprdsb jdhijd omhmldrhibfizbr=

Jd oudvm bqu @rifihkds (299>), pdrm tblnio ^mldr(29;1), Fuhbs (2998) y Eru`lbo (2992) bpmrtbrmo uobilpmrtbotd rdspudstb3 df hmomhilidotm sdr utifizbjmpmr mtrbs dlprdsbs. Do df hbsm jd fms spiffmvdrs jd hm-omhilidotm, fb hmldrhibfizbhio jd fbs oudvbs ijdbsom sdr rdbfizbjb pmr fb dlprdsb prmjuhtmrb jd ji-hkbs ijdbs, qud surìdrmo arutm jd jdtdrliobjbs ysdfdhtivbs iovdrsimods do oudvm hmomhilidotm, siompmr mtrb dlprdsb.


9/14


818 ?Di :2

Df doamqud jd Brrmw (291>) jd qud df hmomhilidotm dsom-dxhfuydotd y om-dxkbustivm kb jispbrbjm uob bl-pfib fitdrbturb y uob prdmhupbhio pmftihb smnrd df pb-pdf jd fms jdrdhkms jd prmpidjbj iotdfdhtubf y jdmtrms iostruldotms pbrb prmtd`dr y abhifitbr fb bprmpib-hio jd fms rdtmroms bhulufbjms pmr iovdrsimods dooudvm hmomhilidotm dhmolihm. Wdrm qu mhurrd si

uob ijdb oudvb om ds vbfmrbjb pmr oioùob dlprd-sb dstbnfdhijb, sdb stb fb dlprdsb mriìobribldotd`dodrbjmrb jdf oudvm hmomhilidotm m hubfquidr mtrbdlprdsb iohulndotd= Dxistdo luhkbs rbzmods pbrbdspdrbr uob hmrrdfbhio pmsitivb dotrd dlprdsbs do fbdvbfubhio jd oudvbs ijdbs. Wrildrm, y ls ilpmr-tbotd, df rdtm bf qud sd doardotb fb dlprdsb prmjuh-tmrb jd fb oudvb ijdb jdndrb sdr iùbf pbrb fbs jd-ls dlprdsb3 bftm rbjm jd iohdrtijulnrd, bsildtrbsy hmstds jd trbosbhhio. Xmo fms hrdbjmrds jdf hmom-hilidotm fms qud kbo prmjuhijm fb ijdb do prildr fu-`br y fms qud ldcmr fb hmlprdojdo, vbfmrbojm su pm-tdohibf jd amrlb jistiotb, pmr om jdhir hmrrdhtb, b fbs

mr`boizbhimods iohulndotds.

Do dstd hbsm om kbnrb jdsnmrjblidotm jd hmomhi-lidotm. Fbs iovdrsimods sd rdbfizbrbo pbrb hrdbr oud-vm hmomhilidotm, tbotm jd amrlb privbjb pbrb fb dl-prdsb hmlm jd amrlb pnfihb si fb `dodrbhio jdfoudvm hmomhilidotm utifizb bfò tipm jd hmomhi-lidotm pnfihm dlbobjm jd fb iovdsti`bhio uoivdr-sitbrib m jd iovdrsimods pnfihbs do hbpitbf kulbom.Xio dlnbr`m, do busdohib jd jdsnmrjblidotms jdhmomhilidotm, jihkbs iovdrsimods om pudjdo sdrbprmpibjbs oi pmr fb dlprdsb oi pmr fb smhidjbj. Omjdnd mfvijbrsd qud sd dspdrb qud fbs iovdrsimods sm-hibfds do djuhbhio d iovdsti`bhio tblnio `dod-

rdo uo rdtmrom do trlioms jd hrdhilidotm y dlpfdm.

Bs, df jdsnmrjblidotm jd hmomhilidotm qud dxistdsdò df supudstm jd fms lmjdfms jd @rifihkds (299>),^mldr (29;1), Fuhbs (2998) y Eru`lbo (2992) pudjd,jd kdhkm, om sdr tbo butmltihm, siom dstbr filitbjmpmr uo aiftrm (aiftrm jdf hmomhilidotm). Dstd aiftrm sirvdpbrb ilpdjir, buoqud om rddlpfbzbr, df jdsnmrjb-lidotm y fb hmldrhibfizbhio jdf hmomhilidotm.

Fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb pudjd hmotrinuir bf hrdhi-lidotm dhmolihm sirvidojm hmlm uo ldhboislmqud ilprdòb df aiftrm jdf hmomhilidotm. Dst virtubf-

ldotd hmosdosubjm qud fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrbìrb do tmrom bf rdhmomhilidotm jd mpmrtuoijbjds y bfb jdhisio jd hmldrhibfizbr jihkbs mpmrtuoijbjds,hrdbojm uob oudvb dlprdsb. Xi fbs iovdrsimods do oud-vm hmomhilidotm hrdbo mpmrtuoijbjds qud smo bsi-ltrihbs, do tbotm qud smo ls bpbrdotds m vbfmrbjbsjd lbymr lbodrb pmr b`dotds dhmolihms (pmtdo-hibfds dlprdojdjmrds) qud pmr fbs prmpibs dlprdsbsiohulndotds, df oihm hmotdxtm mr`boizbtivm pbrb hm-ldrhibfizbr dsb oudvb ijdb sdr uob oudvb dlprdsb.

Jd dstb lbodrb, fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb sirvd jdhmojuhtm pbrb fms jdsnmrjblidotms jd hmomhi-

lidotm qud jd mtrb amrlb om dxistirbo, dlpbpbojmdf aiftrm jdf hmomhilidotm y hmostituydojm df dsfbnopdrjijm kbhib df hrdhilidotm dhmolihm.

Fbs hmojihimods dodrbjmrbs jd mpmrtuoijbjds dl-prdojdjmrbs dfdvbjb iohdrtijulnrd, bsildtrbs yhmstds jd trbosbhhio smo iohfusm ls prmliodotdsdo fb dtbpb ioihibf jd fb bhtivijbj. Hmlm fb bhtivijbjdhmolihb ilpfihb dtbpbs ioihibfds jd bhtivijbj io-omvbjmrb, df aiftrm jdf hmomhilidotm sd kbhd ls ds-trihtm. Bs, fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb bob do ilpmr-tbohib hmlm df dsfbno pdrjijm do df prmhdsm kbhibdf hrdhilidotm dhmolihm. Do df surìlidotm jd fbdhmomlb dlprdsbribf, fb fmnbfizbhio kb rdsuftbjmsdr df ldhboislm ldjibotd df hubf fbs iovdrsimods(pnfihbs) do hmomhilidotm pudjdo sdr bprmpibjbsdo trlioms jd hrdhilidotm, dlpfdm y hmlpdtitivi-jbj.

Buoqud om qudrdlms jishutir qud fb visio jdf cmvdo

Xhkulpdtdr (2922) audrb drrodb, pbrdhd qud fb ioi-hibtivb dlprdojdjmrb jdf si`fm [[I tidod ls qud vdrhmo fb hmostruhhio hrdbtivb. Abhifitbojm df jdsnmr-jblidotm jd iovdrsimods (do hmomhilidotm) qud jdmtrm lmjm pdrlbodhdrbo iohmldrhibfizbjbs, fb ioi-hibtivb dlprdojdjmrb fd rdstb pmhm b fbs dlprdsbsiohulndotds, y do hblnim hrdb mpmrtuoijbjds bf-tdrobtivbs jd dlpfdm. Ls nido, fb jdstruhhiovidodjdf fbjm jd fb `fmnbfizbhio, qud prdsdotb bftdrobti-vbs hmlpdtitivbs b fb prmjuhhio dstbojbrizbjb dofmhbfizbhimods hmo dfdvbjms hmstds, hmlm DstbjmsToijms. Dstd dfdldotm jdstruhtivm qud dlbob jd fb`fmnbfizbhio dxistirb hmo m sio ioihibtivb dlprdojd-jmrb. Fb dxpmsihio jd uob dhmomlb b fb hmlpd-

tdohib fmnbf tidod ldoms qud vdr hmo su iovdrsio dohbpitbf dlprdojdjmr y ls hmo su audotd trbjihimobfjd bhtivijbj dhmolihb.

Do hblnim, fb hmostruhhio prmvidod jd uob audotdtmtbfldotd jistiotb3 df hbpitbf pbrb fb ioihibtivb dl-prdojdjmrb do dsb fmhbfizbhio (Xtbojmrt). Xhkul-pdtdr om hmosijdr qud fb audrzb jdstruhtmrbvioidrbdo rdbfijbj jd mpmrtuoijbjds prmvdoidotds jd audrbjd fb dhmomlb jmlstihb, quizs pmrqud trbt hmouob smfb dhmomlb hdrrbjb m om `fmnbfizbjb tbotmdo sus prildrms (2992) hmlm pmstdrimrds (29:>) trb-nbcms. Wmr df hmotrbrim, fbs mpmrtuoijbjds dlprdsbrib-

fds prmvidodo jd jdotrm jd fb dhmomlb, qud jd mtrmlmjm om kbnrbo sijm jdshunidrtbs. Wmr tbotm, lsqud hmostituir uob audrzb jd jdstruhhio jdf stbtusqum, fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb ds uob audrzb hmos-truhtivb pbrb uob oudvb bftdrobtivb dhmolihb jdhmomhilidotm d ijdbs qud jd mtrm lmjm pmjrb omkbndrsd hmldrhibfizbjm.

Wmr fm tbotm, buoqud jdsjd fb pdrspdhtivb jd uobdhmomlb oihb y hdrrbjb pmjrb hmohfuirsd, hmlmkizm Xhkulpdtdr do df si`fm pbsbjm (2922), qud fbhmotrinuhio jd fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb sd rdbfi-zb b trbvs jd fb jdstruhhio jdf stbtus qum b trbvs


10/14


?Di818:>

jd fb sustituhio pmr oudvbs dlprdsbs, do fb dhmom-lb fmnbfizbjb jdf si`fm vdiotiuom fb jdstruhhio prm-vidod jd fb hmlpdtdohib `fmnbf. Fb hmostruhhiohrdbtivb jd oudvbs pmsinifijbjds y audotds jd hrdhi-lidotm sd jdrivb jd fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb.

Zbf vdz df pbpdf jd fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb hmlmuo `dodrbjmr jd hmostruhhio hrdbtivb, do vdz jdjdstruhhio hrdbtivb, dxpfiqud df surìlidotm jd fbpmftihb dlprdojdjmrb do df hdotrm jdf oudvm doam-qud jd fb pmftihb pnfihb bldrihbob. Bf kbndrsd pdr-jijm fb vdotbcb hmlpbrbtivb do hbpitbf asihm, pbrbhrdbr oudvms dlpfdms sd odhdsitbo iovdrsimods dohmomhilidotm, tbotm privbjbs hmlm pnfihbs. Df qudjihkbs iovdrsimods do hmomhilidotm do uob fmhbfizb-hio (Xtbojmrt) tbotm pnfihbs hmlm privbjbs, rdbf-ldotd rdsuftdo m om do uo rdtmrom pnfihm do trli-oms jd hrdhilidotm y dlpfdm, jdpdojd jd fbdxistdohib jd hbpitbf b fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb. Dfsurìlidotm jd fb prmlmhio jd fb ioihibtivb dl-

prdojdjmrb do fb pmftihb iojustribf bldrihbob pud-jd iotdrprdtbrsd hmlm uo dsaudrzm pbrb hrdbr uobdhmomlb dlprdojdjmrb qud pudjb jdaioirsd hm-lm uob do fb qud fb ioihibtivb dlprdojdjmrb cud`buo pbpdf hfbvd do fb `dodrbhio jd hrdhilidotmdhmolihm.

FMX ÎDX@MX JD FB WMFZIHB IOJTXZÎBF. XTDHMOMLB WMFZIHB

Fb lbymr pbrtd jd fbs rdtihdohibs kbhib fb pmftihb io-justribf dxprdsbjbs pmr ldjims bhbjlihms y dxpdr-tms tidod qud vdr hmo jms brùldotms. Df prildrm bj-

vidrtd jdf rids`m jd iotdotbr dfdìr `bobjmrds. Xdsdbfb qud fms mnidroms om smo sidlprd ldcmrds qudfms ldrhbjms pbrb jdtdhtbr fbs mridotbhimods auturbsjd fb jdlbojb y df tipm jd tdhomfm`bs qud sdro ab-vmrdhijbs y bjmptbjbs pmr fb smhidjbj. Fb sdùojbmncdhio ds qud fb jishrdhimobfijbj ùndrobldotbfdo fbs pmftihbs jd bpmym b b`dotds privbjms prm-ludvd fb amrlbhio jd `rupms jd prdsio y ffdvb bfbs dlprdsbs b dlprdojdr bhtivijbjds jd nsqud-jb jd rdotbs, do fu`br jd hmohdotrbr su dsaudrzm dohmlpdtir do df ldrhbjm.

^dspdhtm jd si fms `mnidroms sd ludstrbo ls m ld-oms daihbhds do su hbpbhijbj dstrbtìhb, dst hfb-rm qud df `mnidrom ouohb pudjd sunstituir bf ldrhb-jm hmlm ldhboislm jd bsiòbhio jd rdhursms. Dfarbhbsm jd fb pfboiaihbhio hdotrbf fm jdludstrb. Wd-rm fb pmftihb iojustribf ouohb kbnfb jd sustituir siom jdhmrrdìr m supfdldotbr. Bfùoms `mnidroms, do bfù-oms pdrmjms kistrihms, kbo lmstrbjm bhidrtm do susdstrbtdìbs, hmlm Cbpo botds jd fb ftilb jhbjb.

Bsilislm, luhkms `mnidroms durmpdms hmotrinuyd-rmo jdhisivbldotd b fb iojustribfizbhio jd sus pbsdsb aiods jdf [I[ y do df pdrmjm jd dotrdùdrrbs pmstd-rimr. Ls rdhidotdldotd, fb jdhisio jd hmostituir Bir-

nus sd kb jdlmstrbjm uo bhidrtm jd `rbo trbshdo-jdohib pbrb fms pbsds durmpdms. Xi df ldrhbjm ds tifpbrb ùibr fms lmvilidotms lbrìobfds do fb bsiòb-hio jd rdhursm, om fm ds tbotm hubojm uob dhmom-lb dxi`d rdamrlbs jd blpfim bfhbohd.

Wrmnbnfdldotd, df brùldotm ls ilpmrtbotd hmo-trbrim bf bhtivislm pnfihm bpuotb b fms iohdotivms qudsd `dodrbo pbrb fb amrlbhio jd `rupms jd prdsio,hmo mncdtm jd ioafuir do fbs pmftihb pnfihbs y rdhbnbrbyujbs y prmtdhhio. Wdrm fms `mnidroms tidodo bh-tubfldotd daihbhds kdrrblidotbs pbrb prmtd`drsd jdfms `rupms jd prdsio, priohipbfldotd fb trbospbrdo-hib, pmr fm qud df rids`m pudjd sdr luhkm ldomrqud kbhd uo tidlpm.

FB WMFZIHB IOJTXZÎBF DO DXWBB

Fb pmftihb iojustribf bhtubf dspbmfb ds uob pmftihb

prm-ldrhbjm, qud abvmrdhd fb hmlpdtdohib iotdroby dxtdrob, qud nushb prmlmvdr df hrdhilidotm jd fbprmjuhtivijbj y jd fb hmlpdtitivijbj pmr ldjim jdfb ioomvbhio dlprdsbribf y jdf hmomhilidotm. Hmo-vidod tdodr do hudotb qud fb ioomvbhio om tdhomf-ìhb ds tbo hruhibf hmlm fb tdhomfìhb, pbrtihufbr-ldotd do fms sdhtmrds jd sdrvihims y do lbouabhturbsdo absd jd lbjurdz.

Hmovidod tblnio rdhmomhdr fb ilpmrtbohib dstrb-tìhb qud tidodo bfùoms sdhtmrds do trlioms jd ji-oblislm tdhomfìhm y jd hrdhilidotm jd fb jd-lbojb (p.dc5 bdrmoutihb, nimtdhomfm`bs,ldjihbldotms, dodr`bs rdomvbnfds), y do hmosd-

hudohib kby qud primrizbr bhhimods qud pdrlitbo bu-ldotbr df pdsm jd tbfds sdhtmrds do oudstrb dstruhtu-rb prmjuhtivb.

Fb fbnmr jd uo mnidrom kmy om pudjd hmosistir b prm-fmo`br fb pdrvivdohib jd sdhtmrds y dlprdsbs iodai-hidotds tbrdb iotif b ldjim pfbzm, pmr fm jdls, siom jdsbrrmffbr uo doamqud hmkdrdotd pbrb barmotbry bhmlpbbr bf sistdlb prmjuhtivm dspbmf do suhblnim tdhomfìhm, y botihipbr do fm pmsinfd fb ji-rdhhio jd fms hblnims dstruhturbfds `dodrbjms pmrfb dhmomlb nbsbjb do df hmomhilidotm.

Df rdhmomhilidotm jdf pbpdf jdf hmomhilidotm ffdvb bbjlitir tblnio fb ilpmrtbohib jd fb jildosio sdh-tmribf jd fb pmftihb iojustribf. Df bvbohd tdhomfìhm yfb ioomvbhio tidodo fu`br prdjmliobotdldotd b fmfbr`m jd trbydhtmribs tdhomfìhbs qud sd jdsbrrm-ffbo b pbrtir jd uob nbsd jd hmomhilidotms dspdhai-hms. Mtrms abhtmrds qud badhtbo b fb hmlpdtitivijbjdlprdsbribf jdlbojb, prmvddjmrds, abhtmrds prm-juhtivms tblnio sudfdo tdodr bfò `rbjm jd ds-pdhiaihijbj sdhtmribf. Wmr tbotm, fb pmftihb iojustribf jdkmy om pudjd sdr oihbldotd kmrizmotbf, hmlm sdkbnb dstbnfdhijm maihibfldotd do fms ftilms bms, fbpmftihb iojustribf kb jd sdr tblnio sdhtmribf.


11/14


818 ?Di :8

Dffm om ilpfihb qud fms bspdhtms kmrizmotbfds pidrjboilpmrtbohib. Df bofisis dhmolihm kb jdtdhtbjm fbrdfdvbohib jdf dotmrom iostituhimobf pbrb hmosdùirldcmrds oivdfds jd daihidohib. Do sdotijm blpfim, fmiostituhimobf bnbrhb tbotm df auohimoblidotm thitmjd ldrhbjms y amrlbs jd hmotrbtbr hmlm fbs omrlbsamrlbfds3 fdìsfbhio ldrhbotif, lbrhm aishbf, lbrhm

fbnmrbf, rdùfbhimods jd tmjm mrjdo. Fb ilpmrtbohibmtmr`bjb b fms abhtmrds iostituhimobfds kb ijm hrd-hidojm do df tidlpm, y kmy tbotm fb MHJD, df NbohmLuojibf, fb prmpib TD rdhmlidojbo rdjuhir fbs rdù-fbhimods y silpfiaihbr fb nurmhrbhib qud badhtb b fbsjdhisimods jd fbs dlprdsbs.

Df mnidrom jdnd prdmhupbrsd jd dodrbr uo dotmromprmpihim bf jdspfidùd jd fb ioihibtivb dlprdsbribf, pd-rm fbs jdhisimods jd iovdrsio y `dstio fbs tmlbo fbsdlprdsbs. Fbs dlprdsbs qud jdsddo prmspdrbr ylbotdodr fb rdotbnifijbj jdndo rdbfizbr uo sdùi-lidotm hmotioum jd su ldrhbjm, dlpdbrsd do trb-

juhir fms hmomhilidotms hidotaihms do bvbohds tdh-omfìhms jd prmjuhtm y jd prmhdsm, y pbrbfdfbldotdjdndo dxpfmrbr pmsinfds hblnims mr`boizbtivms, fm`s-tihms, bfibozbs, oudvms oihkms jd jdlbojb, bsdùrbrfb amrlbhio pdrlbodotd jd sus dadhtivms kulboms.

Df ilpmrtbotd dsaudrzm qud jdnd rdbfizbr df sistdlbprmjuhtivm dspbmf ilpfihb tblnio fb odhdsijbj jdiovmfuhrbr b tmjms fms b`dotds dhmolihms dl-prdsbs, bsmhibhimods dlprdsbribfds y siojihbtms, `m-nidrom b tmjms fms oivdfds y pbrtijms pmftihms, iostitu-himods jd iovdsti`bhio, iostituhimods aiobohidrbs douob madosivb hmocuotb y hmmrjiobjb pbrb abhifitbr dfbvbohd jd fb hmlpdtitivijbj.

Xdrb jiahif dxb`drbr fb odhdsijbj jd bfhbozbr uohmlprmlism jd hmmpdrbhio iostituhimobf. Dspbbkb bvbozbjm luhkm do fbs ftilbs jhbjbs. Fms pri-ldrms `mnidroms jd fb jdlmhrbhib pusidrmo fbs nb-sds jd fb lmjdroizbhio dspbmfb3 hmostruhhio jduo butotihm dstbjm jd nidodstbr qud ffd`b b tmjmsfms hiujbjboms, rdhmovdrsimods iojustribfds jiahifdspdrm odhdsbribs, bvbohd do df prmhdsm jd findrbfizb-hio dhmolihb, bjkdsio b fb Toio Durmpdb, hmos-truhhio jd fb Dspbb jd fbs Butmomlbs, bjquisi-hio jd pdsm pmftihm iotdrobhimobf, bpdrturb bfluojm y bf hmomhilidotm.

Bf lislm tidlpm, sbndlms qud df prm`rdsm luojibfom sd jdtidod. Luhkms pbsds uoms ls rihms y mtrmsls pmnrds qud omsmtrms sd babobo do su dsaudrzmioomvbjmr, y pbrb dvitbr qudjbr rdzb`bjms jdndlmsdlprdojdr uob madosivb ioomvbjmrb y lmjdroizbjm-rb dquivbfdotd m lbymr.

Df hmlpmrtblidotm dhmolihm jd Dspbb do fms f-tilms bms dst sidojm dxhdphimobf. Bf lislm tidl-pm sd hmomhdo fms afbohms jnifds3 df rdsuftbjm dju-hbtivm jd fms cvdods ds luy ldcmrbnfd,pbrtihufbrldotd do amrlbhio prmadsimobf y thoihb y

do ijimlbs5 fbs dlprdsbs dspbmfbs dsto b fb hmfbjd fb TD do dsaudrzm do I+J+i, sd hudotb hmo uo ru-pm jd dffbs luy bvbozbjbs, pdrm df tblbm jd dsd`rupm jdnidrb sdr lbymr5 fbs pdqudbs y ldjibobsjdndrbo bfhbozbr lbymr hbpbhijbj ioomvbjmrb, yhmovdojrb fm`rbr lbymr ilpfbotbhio hmldrhibf io-tdrobhimobf.

Zmjbvb kby uo hbliom pmr rdhmrrdr do fb bjquisihiojd hbpbhijbjds jd `dstio dlprdsbribf, fm qud il-pfihb btdojdr b hbjb uob jd fbs lftipfds vbribnfdsqud ioafuydo do fb pmsinifijbj dlprdsbribf jd hml-pdtir. Df jdtdrliobotd dsdohibf ds fb bhulufbhio jdhbpitbf kulbom. Ruizs om amrlb pbrtd jd fb pmf tihbiojustribf dstrihtb, pdrm ds df hmojihimobotd jd su xi-tm. Df hbpitbf kulbom dlpidzb b amrlbrsd hmo df ob-hilidotm jd hbjb iojivijum. Mntdodr df ldcmr rdsuf-tbjm pmsinfd qud hbjb iojivijum bfhbohd su oivdfptilm y qud fb jistrinuhio jd titufbhimods sd bjbp-td b fb jdlbojb smhibf do df hirhuitm qud vb jds-

jd fb dosdbozb prddshmfbr kbstb df tdrhdr hihfm yaiobfldotd df sd`ldotm iovdsti`bjmr jdtdrliob ybkmy df ritlm jd hrdhilidotm jdf oivdf jd vijb, bs hm-lm fb hmlpdtitivijbj jd oudstrm sistdlb prmjuhtivm.

FB WMFZIHB JD IOOMQBHIO DLW^DXBÎBF DO DXWBB

Om sd trbtb bkmrb jd jdtbffbr tmjbs fbs ldjijbs dxis-tdotds do`fmnbnfds do pmftihb iojustribf. Oms rdadrird-lms oihbldotd b ldjijbs sdfdhhimobjbs qud sdmridotbo b dstilufbr fb ioomvbhio do pdqudbs y ld-jibobs dlprdsbs.

Fb iotdosijbj jdf dsaudrzm do I+J+i ds fb vbribnfd hfb-vd jd fb hmlpdtitivijbj iotdrobhimobf jd fbs dlprd-sbs dspbmfbs. Dspbb sd dohudotrb bo b uob jis-tbohib hmosijdrbnfd jdf priohipbf mncdtivm aicbjm do fbDstrbtdìb jd Fisnmb3 bfhbozbr do >727 uob iovdrsioldjib durmpdb do I+J+i jdf 8% jdf WIN, hmo df aio jdhmovdrtir b Durmpb do fb priohipbf pmtdohib dhmoli-hb luojibf. Bhtubfldotd, fb iovdrsio dspbmfb sd si-tb do df 2,28% jdf WIN, hmostituydojm fb iovdrsio pri-vbjb df :;% jd fb lislb, hubojm df mncdtivmdurmpdm ds qud dstb pbrtijb bfhbohd jms tdrhims jdftmtbf.

Df `mnidrom dspbmf fboz do >774 df prm`rblb IO-@DOIM >727, huym mncdtivm ds byujbr b hdrrbr fb nrd-hkb do dsaudrzm do I+J+I hmo rdspdhtm b fms priohi-pbfds pbsds durmpdms. Fb ldtb ds bfhbozbr uo bstmdo I+J+i jdf >% jdf WIN do >727 y qud fb hmotrinuhiodlprdsbribf sdb uo 44% jd dsb iovdrsio. IO@DOIM>727 do`fmnb bhtubhimods qud tblnio pudjdohmosijdrbrsd hmlm pbrtd jd fb pmftihb iojustribf, dopbrtihufbr fms prmydhtms hmosmrhibjms HDOIZ, qud rd-odo do `rbojds prmydhtms hmluods b dlprdsbs yhdotrms jd iovdsti`bhio. Tob pbrtd jdf prm`rblbBvbozb, do fb ldjijb qud prdtdojd ldcmrbr fb utifi-


12/14


?Di818::

zbhio jd ZIHs pmr pbrtd jd fbs dlprdsbs pdqudbsy ldjibobs, tblnio ds uo prm`rblb jd hmlpdtiti-vijbj.

Mtrms prm`rblbs jdf `mnidrom, y do pbrtihufbr jdf Li-oistdrim jd Iojustrib, Zurislm y Hmldrhim, btidojdopbrtihufbrldotd b fb ioomvbhio do fbs pdqudbs y

ldjibobs dlprdsbs, fb lbymr pbrtd jd fbs hubfds od-hdsitbo fb jispmoinifijbj jd sdrvihims bvbozbjms pb-rb supfdldotbr sus rdhursms do hbpbhijbj jd dstioy jd ioomvbhio pbrb bfhbozbr oivdfds jd hmlpdtiti-vijbj suaihidotds.

Dotrd dstms prm`rblbs jdstbhbo trds3 do prildr fu`br,jd bpmym b Hdotrms Zdhomfìhms5 do sdùojm fu`br,Ioomdlprdsb, pbrb ilpufsbr fb ioomvbhio y lmjdr-oizbhio do tdhomfm`bs y dstio, y do tdrhdr fu`br, dfjd B`rupbhimods Dlprdsbribfds Ioomvbjmrbs (m hfus-tdrs ioomvbjmrds).

HDOZ^MX ZDHOMF@IHMX

Fms hdotrms tdhomfìhms dspbmfds hudotbo dotrd fmsb`dotds ls bhtivms do fb jioblizbhio jdf `bstmdlprdsbribf do I+J+i. Dxistdo 9> hdotrms jd ioomvb-hio y tdhomfm`b rdìstrbjms maihibfldotd, 14 jd fmshubfds sd dohudotrbo bsmhibjms b Adjit (AdjdrbhioDspbmfb jd Dotijbjds jd Ioomvbhio y Zdhomfm`b).Zmjms dffms hudotbo hmo ilpmrtbotd ilpfbotbhio rd-ìmobf y hmo df bpmym jd fms mnidroms butmolihms.Om mnstbotd, fb hbpbhijbj y df tipm jd sdrvihims qudmardhdo fms hdotrms ds luy vbribnfd, hmlm tblniofb iotdosijbj jdf bpmym maihibf qud rdhindo jd fms m-

nidroms rdìmobfds.

Do Dspbb, hmlm do mtrms pbsds durmpdms, fb lb-ymrb jd hdotrms tdhomfìhms kbo sur ijm b pbrtir jdfbs odhdsijbjds dlprdsbribfds, jd fb jdlbojb dl-prdsbribf, bpmybjb do luhkms hbsms, y hmo iotdosi-jbj vbribnfd, pmr bjlioistrbhimods pnfihbs rdìmob-fds, qud kbo sbnijm vbfmrbr pmsitivbldotd df pbpdf jdfms hdotrms tdhomfìhms y sd kbo iovmfuhrbjm do ioi-hibtivbs pbrb jdsbrrmffbrfms. Fb Bjlioistrbhio @dod-rbf jdf Dstbjm tblnio sd kb hmlprmldtijm, b fm fbr-`m jdf tidlpm y jd lbodrb hrdhidotd, hmo fms hdotrmstdhomfìhms.

Rud df mri`do jd su dxistdohib sdb fb ioihibtivb dl-prdsbribf ds df `rbo bhtivm jd fms HZ, su hbrbhtdrstihbjiadrdohibjmrb y hruhibf. Ls jd fb litbj jd fms io-`rdsms jd fms hdotrms tdhomfìhms jd hbrhtdr pri-vbjm prmhdjd jd su abhturbhio b dlprdsbs pmr sdr-vihims y hmotrbtms jd iovdst i`bhio bpfihbjb. Bjiadrdohib jd mtrms mr`boislms pnfihms jd iovdsti-`bhio, fms hdotrms tdhomfìhms jdpdojdo jdf ldr-hbjm, jd fb jispmsihio b hmotrbtbr jd fbs dlprdsbspbrb su supdrvivdohib y su dxpbosio. Wmr tbotm, hubo-jm sd odhdsitb qud df hmomhilidotm sd hmovidrtb dohmlpdtitivijbj, do dlprdsbs jiolihbs, do dlpfdm

hubfiaihbjm, fb `rbo vdotbcb hmo qud hudotbo fms HZ,smnrd mtrms b`dotds jdf sistdlb, ds qud bpmrtbo sm-fuhimods jirdhtbs, bjbptbjbs, bvbozbjbs, y do pfbzmbhdptbnfd, b prmydhtms pbrb df ldrhbjm.

Wudstm qud df bpmym b fms hdotrms tdhomfìhms hmos-tituyd uo bpmym iojirdhtm b fb ioomvbhio jd fbs dl-

prdsbs qud hmotrbtbo hmo dffms, df Lityh hudotb hmooudvms prm`rblbs jd dstlufm3 pbrb fb rdbfizbhio jdprmydhtms jd iovdsti`bhio bpfihbjb jd iotdrs dstrb-tìhm pbrb df prmpim hdotrm5 pbrb fb rdbfizbhio jdprmydhtms hmosmrhibjms dotrd HZ jd trds HHBB m ls,hmo mncdtm jd bìfizbr fb hmfbnmrbhio dotrd HZ, y pb-rb fb hrdbhio m hmosmfijbhio jd oudvms HZ.

Fms HZ pbrtihipbo luy bhtivbldotd do fms Wrm`rblbsLbrhm jd I+J jd fb TD, jmojd hmosiùdo tbsbs jd rd-tmroms jd amojms do tmrom bf 27%, uo oivdf hdrhbom bfHXIH y hmo lbymr rdtmrom pmr iovdsti`bjmr qud dstdftilm. Wmr tbf lmtivm, fms HZ vbo b pbrtihipbr do df

Wfbo jd bhtivbhio jd fb pbrtihipbhio dspbmfb dodf 0WL Durmio`doim, qud hmotdlpfb fb mntdohio jdprilbs si fms rdtmroms fm`rbjms pmr uo HZ supdrbo dfulnrbf prdhdjdotd.

Wrm`rblb jd hmlpdtitivijbj d ioomvbhio pbrb Wylds

Df oudvm prm`rblb IoomDlprdsb >770->728 prdtdojdiohdotivbr fb ioomvbhio tdhomfìhb y mr`boizbtivb dofbs pdqudbs y ldjibobs dlprdsbs. Fms bofisis bh-tubfds ludstrbo qud fb iovdrsio ioomvbjmrb do tdh-omfm`b dst smldtijb b rdojilidotms jdhrdhidotds si

fb dlprdsb om bjmptb ioomvbhimods mr`boizbtivbs, jd`dstio y jd lmjdfm jd od`mhim, qud fd mtmrùdovdotbcbs hmlpdtitivbs do df ldrhbjm. Df prm`rblb Io-omDlprdsb ilpufsb tmjm tipm jd ioomvbhio y mpdrbdo dstrdhkb hmfbnmrbhio hmo fbs HHBB.

Hmo df prm`rblb IoomDlprdsb sd iotdotb bpmybr bfhmfdhtivm jd dlprdsbs hmo vmfuotbj jd ioomvbr y jdhrdhdr, qud jdsdbo bjmptbr prhtihbs jd `dstiobvbozbjb, iohfuydojm jisdm jd prmjuhtm, fm`stihby lbredtio`, y qud jdsdbo bvbozbr tdhomfìhb-ldotd.

Hfustdrs ioomvbjmrds m b`rupbhimods dlprdsbribfdsioomvbjmrbs

Xd kb ldohimobjm botdrimrldotd qud fbs dhmoml-bs dxtdrobs iotdrdlprdsbribfds hmostituydo uo rdbqud jdlbojb iotdrvdohio pnfihb, yb qud hmo ard-hudohib sd prdsdotbo arbhbsms jd ldrhbjm rdfbhim-objms hmo dffbs. To oudvm prm`rblb jdf Lityh dsti-lufb fb hmfbnmrbhio dotrd dlprdsbs b trbvs jd fbsB`rupbhimods Dlprdsbribfds Ioomvbjmrbs (BDI). Xd jd-aiodo hmlm BDI bf hmocuotm jd dlprdsbs, hdotrms jdamrlbhio bvbozbjb y hdotrms jd ioomvbhio y trbos-


13/14


818 ?Di :4

adrdohib jd hmomhilidotms qud, pdrtdodhidojm b uolislm lnitm `dm`raihm, jdhijdo hmlpbrtir prm-ydhtms hmluods jd hbrhtdr ioomvbjmr. Fbs BDI jd-ndo hmotbr hmo df tblbm odhdsbrim pbrb bfhbozbrvisinifijbj iotdrobhimobf.

Fbs dlprdsbs y dotijbjds qud hmoaiùrbo uob BDI

jdndo hmlprmldtdrsd b jdsbrrmffbr uob dstrbtdìbiotd`rbjb pmr prmydhtms jd iotdrs hmlo qud prim-rihdo3

Df jdsbrrmffm tdhomfìhm y fb ioomvbhio.

Fb bjquisihio d ilpfbotbhio jd hmlpdtdohibsbvbozbjbs do `dstio y hmldrhibfizbhio.

Fb visinifijbj y fb dxpbosio iotdrobhimobf.

Wbrb iohdotivbr fb hmostituhio jd BDI df @mnidrom mard-hd bpmym pbrb su dstio, dfbnmrbhio jd pfbods ds-

trbtìhms y rdbfizbhio jd prmydhtms hmocuotms. Xidl-prd hmotbojm hmo fms `mnidroms jd fbs HHBB.

Xdrvihims y aiobohibhio

Fb pmftihb iojustribf jd kmy om smfbldotd sd mhupbjd fbs bhtivijbjds iojustribfds. Tob nudob pbrtd jdfbs lislbs, qud kbhd 47 bms sd rdbfizbnb jdotrm jdfbs dlprdsbs iojustribfds (lbotdoilidotm, trbospmrtd,io`doidrb, pdrsmobf), bkmrb sd hmotrbtb dxtdrobldo-td b dlprdsbs jd sdrvihims dspdhibfizbjms. Yb om dspmsinfd kbnfbr jd uob pmftihb iojustribf vmfhbjb dolbouabhturbs. Yb om kby dlprdsbs bisfbjbs y butm-

suaihidotds.Fb aiobohibhio tblnio amrlb pbrtd jd fb pmftihb io-justribf jd kmy. Fbs oudvbs dlprdsbs ioomvbjmrbs tid-odo jiaihuftbjds pbrb mntdodr aiobohibhio do fms hir-huitms nbohbrims trbjihimobfds. Df Lityh mtmr`b hbjbjb lbymr ilpmrtbohib b sus iostruldotms jd aiobo-hibhio jd fbs iovdrsimods ioomvbjmrbs y jd nbsd tdh-omfìhb hmo dsqudlbs jd hbpitbf rids`m y jd prs-tblms pbrtihipbtivms (Odmtdh, DOIXB), bs hmlmrdbaibozbojm sus bvbfds b fbs Xmhidjbjds jd @brbo-tb ^dhprmhb (HD^XB).

HMOHFTXIMODX

Fb pmftihb iojustribf jdnd mridotbrsd b fb hmrrdhhiojd fms arbhbsms jd ldrhbjm y mtrms mnsthufms qudjiaihuftbo fb hmlpdtitivijbj dlprdsbribf. Bhtubfldo-td df puotm jnif jd fb hmlpdtitivijbj ds fb iotdosijbjjdf dsaudrzm dlprdsbribf do I+J+i, y kbhib dffm sd rd-mridotbo fbs pmftihbs pnfihbs. Fb trbosadrdohib jd hm-omhilidotms y df bprmvdhkblidotm jd fbs dhmoml-bs dxtdrobs, cuotm hmo df dstlufm b fb hrdbhio jddlprdsbs ioomvbjmrbs, sd hudotbo dotrd fbs priohi-pbfds rdbs jd bhtubhio jd fb pmftihb iojustribf lm-jdrob.

Do Dstbjms Toijms sd vidodo prbhtihbojm prm`rblbsjd dstlufm b fb ioomvbhio y fb ioihibtivb dlprdojd-jmrb jdsjd luhkm botds qud do Durmpb. Wdrm fmspbsds jd fb Toio Durmpdb tblnio kbo bjmptbjmfbs lislbs primrijbjds. Om mnstbotd, luhkms mnidr-oms durmpdms, dotrd dffms df dspbmf, tmjbvb tidodoqud mhupbrsd jd fb rdhmovdrsio jd bhtivijbjds mn-

smfdtbs y jd fb rdiojustribfizbhio jd zmobs `dm`rai-hbs jbbjbs pmr fb rdjuhhio jd bhtivijbjds lb-jurbs.

Df hmfdhtivm dlprdsbribf lbymr y hmo ls prmpmrhiojd dlprdsbs jnifds, smo fbs pdqudbs dlprdsbs.Dotrd fbs ldjibobs dlprdsbs tblnio kbhd abftb lb-ymr jioblislm y jispmsihio bf hblnim. Do Dspbb vb-rims prm`rblbs undrobldotbfds trbtbo jd iohdotivbrb fbs dlprdsbs b bjmptbr dstrbtdìbs jd hmlpdtitivi-jbj. Xd dlpidzbo b vdr sdbfds jd qud fbs dlprd-sbs dspbmfbs pudjdo kbndr pbsbjm uo ulnrbf jdlbjurdz, y jd qud fms mncdtivms jd hrdhilidotm, io-

omvbhio y hmlpdtitivijbj, hmo pmsihimoblidotm dofms sd`ldotms ls iotdosivms do hmomhilidotms, ds-to sidojm bjmptbjms jd amrlb nbstbotd `dodrbfi-zbjb pmr fbs dlprdsbs.

NINFIM@^BAB

L. D. WM^ZD^ y H. K. EDZZDFX3 TE Hmlpdtitivdodss3 Lmvio` tmtkd Odxt Xtb`d, JZIDhmomlih Wbpdro.m 8, lbym >778.

MOM, X. (>77>)3 B Rubsi- Lbredt Dhmomly boj tkd @fmnbfHmlpdtitimo3 Iojustribf Wmfihy io Omrtkdbst Bsibo Hmuotrids, Pmreio`Wbpdr prdsdotdj bt DTOIW Hmoadrdohd, Zureu.

IZMK, L, E. EIYMOM, L. METOM, E. XTSTLT^B (2992)3DhmomlihBobfysis ma Iojustribf Wmfihy, Bhbjdlih Wrdss.

B^^MP, E. (291>)3 Dhmomlih wdfabrd boj tkd bffmhbtimo ma rd-smurhds amr iovdotimos, do . Odfsmo (dj.)3 Zkd rbtd boj jirdhtimo maiovdotivd bhtivity, Wriohdotmo Toivdrsity Wrdss.

Z^TFFO, C (>771)3 Jistritms iojustribfds lbrskbffiboms y sistdlbsfmhbfds jd rbo dlprdsb do df jisdm jd uob oudvb dstrbtdìb td-rritmribf pbrb df hrdhilidotm jd fb prmjuhtivijbj do fb dhmomlb ds-pbmfb,Dhmomlb Iojustribf, o.m 849.

HBFFDCO L. y L.Z. HMXZB (2991)3 @dm`rbab jd fb prmjuhhio.Iohijdohib jd fbs dxtdrobfijbjds do fb fmhbfizbhio jd fbs bhtivi-jbjds prmjuhtivbs do Dspbb,Ioamrlbhio Hmldrhibf Dspbmfb,04:, cuoim.

JI^DHHIO @DOD^BF JD WDRTDB Y LDJIBOB DLW^DXB (>770)3Fb iotdrbhhio dotrd df sdhtmr jd sdrvihims y df sdhtmr lbouabhtu-rdrm do Dspbb, Dstujims, (kttp3//www.ipyld.mr`/IWYLD/ds-DX/Wunfi-

hbhimods/dstujims/).KBTXLBOO, ^, C. PBO@, J. ^MJÎE (>771)3 Pkbt Ymu DxpmrtLbttdrs, HDW^ JW4:::.

BHX, S. C. y J N BTJ^DZXHK (>774)Dotrdprdodurskip boj Ioom-vbtimo, Jishussimo Wbpdr >274, Lbx Wfboe Iostitutd amr ^dsdbrhk iotmDhmomlih Xystdls.

BTJ^DZXHK, J. N, Z. BFJÎJ@D Y B. MDZZF (>771)3 Zkd Eomwfdj-`d Aiftdr boj Dhmomlih @rmwtk3 Zkd ^mfd ma Xhidotist Dotrdprd-odurskip, Dwio` Lbrimo Ebuaalbo Amuojbtimo kttp3//www.ebuaa-lbo.mr`/pja/shidotist]dotrdprdodurs]bujrdtshk.pja).

DT^MWDBO HMLIXIO (>774)3 Ilpfdldotio` tkd HmlluoityFisnmo Wrm`rblld3 B pmfihy arbldwmre tm strdo`tkdo DT lbouabh-turio` - tmwbrjs b lmrd iotd`rbtdj bpprmbhk amr iojustribf pmfihy,HML(>774) :0:.


14/14


ZKD DHMOMLIXZ (>77:)3 Lirrmr, lirrmr mo tkd wbff Durmpd vBldrihb, Xpdhibf rdpmrt, cuoim 29.

NFBOHKB^J, M. (>77:)3B Lbhrmdhmomlih Xurvdy ma Durmpd,kttp3//dhmo-www.lit.dju/abhufty/jmwofmbj]pja.pkp=ij)3 Dhmomlih Pdfabrd boj tkd Bffmhbtimo ma

^dsmurhds amr Iovdotimo, Io ^. ^. Odfsmo (dj.),Zkd ^btd boj Jirdh-

timo ma Iovdotivd Bhtivity, Wriohdtmo, OC3 Wriohdtmo Toivdrsity Wrdss, pp.179-1>1.

BTJ^DZXHK, J. N., L. EDIFNBHK y D. FDKLBOO, (>774)3Dotrdprd-odurskip boj Dhmomlih @rmwtk, Oudvb Ymre3 Mxamrj Toivdrsity Wrdss.

@^IFIHKDX, S. (2909)3 Issuds io Bssdssio` tkd Hmotrinutimo ma^&J tm Wrmjuhtivity @rmwtk,Ndff Cmurobf ma Dhmomlihs, 27 (Xprio`),pp. 9>-221.

Fuhbs, . D. Cr., (2998)3 Lbeio` b Lirbhfd,Dhmomldtrihb, 12,pp. >42->0>.

^mldr, W. L., (29;1)3 Iohrdbsio` ^dturos boj Fmo`-^uo@rmwtk, Cmurobf ma Wmfitihbf Dhmomly, 9: (4), mhtunrd, pp.277>-

80. XHKTLWDZD , C. B. (2922)3 Zkdmrid jdr wirtshkbatfihkdo Dot-wihefuo`. Diod Totdrsuhkuo` udndr Totdrodkldr`dwioo, Ebpi-tbf, Erdjit, Sios uoj jdo Emocuoeturzyefus , Ndrfo3 Juohedr uojKulnfmt.

?Di818:1

La política industrial actual: conocimiento e innovación empresarial(Es)/The present industrial...

Documents

Transcript of La política industrial actual: conocimiento e innovación empresarial(Es)/The present industrial...