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Lectura: Replicacin de Bases de Datos

Recopilo: Dra. Maria del Pilar Angeles

Lectura: ASE Replicator

Introduction

With the release of ASE 12.5.0.1 IR in March 2002, a new ASE feature called "ASE Replicator" has

become available to ASE users. This document covers some basic issues around ASE Replicator.

Because ASE Replicator is still a very new feature, this document is far from complete. More

information will be added over time; you can subscribe to the mailing list to stay informed of any

updates.

Contents

What is ASE Replicator ?

How does ASE Replicator work ?

Documentation

Configuration and administrationFeatures of ASE Replicator vs. RepServer

Architecture of ASE Replicator vs. RepServer

Performance of ASE Replicator vs. RepServer

Some things to be aware of

Tips & Troubleshooting

ASE Replicator on Linux

Example

What is ASE Replicator ?

"ASE Replicator" is a new ASE feature for implementing data replication. ASE Replicator was

introduced in ASE 12.5.0.1 IR (released 15 March 2002). ASE Replicator is available on most

platforms, but not currently on Linux (to use ASE Replicator on Linux anyway, go here). ASE

Replicator supports ASE-to-ASE, log-based,publish/subscribe replication of DML and stored

procedures.

The big advantage of ASE Replicator is that it's free: it is an ASE feature which comes with ASE at no

additional cost. Also, ASE Replicator is quite simple to use. For these reasons, ASE Replicator can be a

useful solution for relatively simple, low-volume data replication requirements.

Note that ASE Replicator is not intended as a replacement for RepServer. While the underlyingprinciples of ASE Replicator are very similar to those of Sybase Replication Server, they're aimed at

different types of replication systems: ASE Replicator is really a "light-weight" replication solution; in

contrast, RepServer is the product you need for doing enterprise-level replication. So when there's a

high volume of replicated transactions, or when performance is very important, you should probably

not try to do this with ASE Replicator (also see the section on performance below).

How does ASE Replicator work ?

In a nutshell, ASE Replicator works as follows:

The actual ASE Replicator engine is a Java application which runs as a separate program outside ASE,

and which must be started explicitly. This program is located in $SYBASE/RPL-12_5.


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(BTW: the letters "RPL" or "RL" appear in various places when you're working with ASE Replicator;

these come from the name "RepLite", which seems to be the name under which it was originally

developed).

When ASE Replicator is running, it will scan the transaction log of all primary databases and pick up

transactions which must be replicated. This is essentially the same as the way RepServer does it

(using dbcc logtransfer). The issues with the secondary truncation point are also similar.

Transactions which have been picked up are stored in the "Distribution Database" (an ASE user

database exclusively used by ASE Replicator), specifically, in the "shadow table" for the

corresponding primary object (this is a table with the same schema as the primary object, containing

all replicated columns; to find the name of the shadow table for a primary object, run

sp_helpprimaryart)

In the Distribution Database, a transaction is 'copied' to all replicate databases which have a

subscription for this transaction. This has been implemented by creating a proxy table for each

replicate table (=each subscription); a transaction is applied to the replicate table by inserting it into

the proxy table (to find the name of the proxy table for a replicated object, run sp_helpreplicateart).

Documentation

The ASE Replicator Users Guide is part of the 12.5.0.1 installation and is located in

$SYBASE/docs/rl125ug.pdf. The online version is located at

http://manuals.sybase.com/onlinebooks/group-as/asg1250e/rl125ug

Configuration and administration

ASE Replicator can either be configured manually using a set of stored procedures which are located

in the Distribution Database. This can also be done through Sybase Central; the Java version that

comes with 12.5.0.1 has a wizard-style plug-in for managing ASE Replicator (I personally prefer the

non-GUI method, but that's probably because I have a RepServer background...). When you wan to

use the GUI in Sybase Central, make sure you use the right ASE login (see the Tips & &

Troubleshooting section below for more information).

One of the attractions of ASE Replicator is that it's quite easy to set up and configure: starting from

scratch, I had a working replication system (albeit with very simple primary and replicate tables) in

less than 30 minutes. The setup procedure is described quite well in the ASE Replicator Users Guide

(see above). As always with replication, make sure you have a clear idea of the replication logic you

want to implement before you start...

Features of ASE Replicator vs. RepServer

Because ASE Replicator and RepServer are both replication products, there's quite a bit of similarity

between them. For example, both use log-based replication (ASE Replicator uses dbcc logtransfer,

like the good-old LTMs), and both have a publish/subscribe replication model.

There are also some major differences with RepServer, however. These are some RepServer features

for which ASE Replicator has no direct equivalent:

Probably most importantly, ASE Replicator is not only free, but also relatively easy to use. This is a

difference with RepServer, which is known to be.... well, a beast.ASE Replicator does not support a "warm standby" (i.e. replicating all activity in an entire database).
http://manuals.sybase.com/onlinebooks/group-as/asg1250e/rl125ughttp://manuals.sybase.com/onlinebooks/group-as/asg1250e/rl125ughttp://manuals.sybase.com/onlinebooks/group-as/asg1250e/rl125ug


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ASE Replicator does not support DDL replication, and also does not replicate truncate table.

ASE Replicator does not have function strings or error classes.

ASE Replicator only supports ASE-to-ASE replication (having said that, as the interface to a replicate

table is a proxy table, it should technically be possible to replicate to a table in, for example, an

Oracle database; however, this would require DirectConnect for Oracle, which is a separate (and not

free) Sybase product).

ASE Replicator does not support routes like RepServer.

ASE Replicator does not support parallel DSIs.

Architecture of ASE Replicator vs. RepServer

Although ASE Replicator and RepServer are implemented rather differently from a technical point of

view, there are some similarities in the overall architecture:

The replication "engine" itself: ASE Replicator is a Java application located in $SYBASE/RPL-12_5;

RepServer is an OpenServer application located in $SYBASE/REP-12_x.

Picking up replicated transactions is done via dbcc logtransfer by both (actually, the internal ASERepAgent threads don't use this dbcc command, but something very similar; the old-style external

LTMs indeed use dbcc logtransfer). However, while RepServer uses a separate Replication Agent

inside ASE to perform this function, the ASE Replicator process performs this function directly itself.

RepServer stores its transactions in stable queues; ASE Replicator stores this in various tables

(among others, a table called tran_log, plus one table (the "shadow table") for each primary object,

in the Distribution Database).

The ASE Replicator equivalent of the RepServer DSI (dataserver interface) is a proxy table in the

Distribution Database (there's one proxy table for each subscribed replicate table).

The ASE Replicator equivalent of the RepServer RSSD is a set of tables in the Distribution Database

(DDB). Each ASE Replicator instance requires its own DDB.

ASE Replicator uses a table called rl_lastcommit in each replicate database to keep track of

replicated transactions. RepServer uses a table called rs_lastcommit for the same purpose. Because

these tables are different, a database can be a replicate database for both ASE Replicator and

RepServer at the same time (in contrast, a database can be primary for only ASE Replicator or

RepServer, because there is only one seondary truncation point in a database).

Performance of ASE Replicator vs. Replication Server

ASE Replicator is a free utility that comes with ASE 12.5. Given its architecture (an external Java

application, and using CIS for connectivity), it seems unreasonable to expect screaming performancefrom ASE Replicator. However, ASE Replicator is very new, and there isn't much performance-related

information from practical applications yet.

Out of curiosity, I have therefore conducted a performance test myself, comparing ASE Replicator

and RepServer under identical circumstances. This comparison should not be seen as a full-blown

benchmark, but only as a rough indication of the relative capabilities of both products:

The setup was as follows: on one ASE server, two primary databases were created, each containing

the same table (with a fixed row size of 118 bytes). These tables were then replicated to a third

database; for one table, replication was done by Replication Server, and for the other by ASE

Replicator. The maximum sustained throughput was then measured for each of these replication

systems (during which the other replication system was shut down).


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The results: with RepServer, a maximum of 150 rows per second (end to end) could be replicated

before latency started to increase; ASE Replicator was capable of replicating a maximum of 4 rows

per second. While these absolute numbers are meaningless, it clearly indicates that there is a

difference in capability between RepServer and ASE Replicator, because all other components

(hardware, network, OS and ASE server) were exactly identical for both tests.

During the tests, there also appeared to be a strong difference in the minimum latency: when using

Replication Server, the latency was never more than 2-3 seconds; with ASE Replicator, the latency

was always 2-3 minutes at least, even during tests where only very few rows were inserted in the

primary table. This may be related to the behaviour of ASE Replicator, which seems to "wake up"

only every now and then to processes replicated transactions (although setting the parameter

scan_sleep_max to 5 (default=60) did not seem to make a difference), while Replication Server

processes transactions in a more continuous fashion; this suggests that the scalability of ASE

Replicator is significantly less than that of Replication Server.

My conclusion: the performance which can be achieved with Replication Server is at least one, and

possible two, orders of magnitude larger what is possible with ASE Replicator.Summarising, it seems that when you have a significant volume of transactions, many primary

and/or replicate databases, or high performance requirements, ASE Replicator is probably not the

appropriate replication solution, and Replication Server should be considered instead.

Another way of looking at this is that ASE Replicator is free (and RepServer certainly is not), so you

should probably adjust your expectations with this in mind...

Some things to be aware of

Here are some things you should keep in mind; some of these points are not described clearly, or

not at all, in the ASE Replicator documentation:

All stored procedures needed to manage ASE Replicator from the command line (such as

sp_configrep and sp_addprimaryart) exist in the Distribution Database only, so all these procedures

must be executed from within the Distribution Database.

A step is missing from the setup procedure described in the ASE Replicator Users Guide: in the

section "Setting up the sp_helpddb system procedure" (page 26/27), it is assumed that the

'rep_user' login has been added to the sybsystemprocs database, but this is not described explicitly.

Therefore, execute "sp_adduser rep_user" in the sybsystemprocs database before executing the

actions described in this section of the user guide.

In the "Setup" chapter, the ASE Replicator Users Guide regularly specifies queries which are invalid

T-SQL syntax. For example, it often mentions things like this:use DDB_name

sp_adduser rep_login, rep_user

Obviously, this wouldn't work when executed literally. You'll need to stick in a few go commands like

this:

use DDB_name

go

sp_adduser rep_login, rep_user

go


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In the "Setup" chapter, the ASE Replicator Users Guide does not mention that you need to grant

create procedure permission to the ASE Replicator user in each primary database -- if you don't

grant this permission, there will be an error as soon as you execute sp_addprimaryconn to add a

primary database.

In chapter "Administering ASE Replicator", the ASE Replicator Users Guide specifies incorrect syntax

for specifying connections, because essential quotes are omitted. For example, the docs seem to

suggest the proper syntax should be sp_addprimaryconn MY_SERVER.my_db, but this should really

be sp_addprimaryconn 'MY_SERVER.my_db" instead.

When you create your replicate objects before creating the replicate articles (which is

recommended, see below), you must grant select permission to the ASE Replicator user on the

syspartitions table in the replicate database; otherwise sp_addreplicateart will fail (this is not in the

documentation).

Important (BIG gotcha!): When creating the replicate articles for a table publication, and the

replicate table does not yet exist, it will be created as part of sp_addreplicateart. While this seems

very convenient, it's actually also very dangerous: if you ever (most likely, *much* later) drop thereplicate article, the replicate table will be dropped as well!. This is probably not what you expected

-- and it will probably cause trouble because other applications expect that just-dropped table to

exist (not to mention the data in the table that's gone as well).

Even though this behaviour is documented, do yourself and your company a favor and avoid all

possible confusion here: first create your replicate tables, then create the replicate articles.

On NT, ASE Replicator is currently not installed as an NT service (like RepServer), so it will always run

in the foreground in a DOS box. This means that you cannot log out the NT user, because all its

foreground processses, including ASE Replicator, will then be terminated!

Tips & Troubleshooting

When you're in trouble (or when trying to avoid getting there), try these tips:

Get the latest patch for ASE 12.5.x. You'll need the latest bugfixes for ASE Replicator problems.

Before running ASE Replicator, make sure you have installed the most recent EBF for jConnect EBF

(EBF 10000 is recommended in the cover letter of ASE 12.5.0.1). Installing this EBF may save you

some problems.

ASE Replicator does not start, and prints the following error messages:

ASE Replicator requesting Java Virtual Machine exit

with message: ASE Replicator initialization error incomponent . Component message: Failed

to re-set the database context to original catalog

of . Current catalog is .

ASE Replicator initialization error in component

. Component message: Failed to

re-set the database context to original catalog

of . Current catalog is .

In this case, you need to run the script $SYBASE/jConnect-5_5/sp/sql_server12.5.sql against yourASE server (using isql, for example). This will (re)create jConnect metadata objects in the master and


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sybsystemprocs databases, which fixes problems resulting from an incomplete jConnect installation

(thanks to Amer Khan for reporting this).

When creating the Distribution Database (DDB), make it big: there will be a lot of activity in this

database, and there should be sufficient space for both the data and the log.

There is much more activity in the DDB than in the RSSD in a RepServer system: the equivalent of the

RepServer stable queues is tran_log table plus the shadow tables in the DDB, so the full volume of

replicated transactions passes through the DDB. At some point, the rows in these tables are deleted

again, causing more load on the DDB. As part of all this processing, there will also be a lot of

transaction log activity in the DDB, so I'd recommend using as much space for the log as for the data.

How much space you'll need depends on the volume of your replicated data, but I'd stay on the safe

side: 100Mb data + 100Mb log would be a good starting point.

A common problem is the following: in the Distribution Database, you execute an ASE Replicator

stored procedure (for example sp_shutdownrep or sp_configrep), and you get an error message like

this:

1> sp_configrep2> go

Msg 11216, Level 16, State 1

Server 'S125', Line 1

Internal Ct-Lib/Cs-Lib error 67175468:

'ct_connect(): protocol specific layer:

external error: The attempt to connect

to the server failed.'.



Unable to connect to server 'ASEREP'.

(return status = -6)

When this error occurs, this is because the ASE Replicator stored procedure is not executed by the

dedicated ASE Replicator login: this ASE login, and its password, is specified (with the "-u" and "-p"

command-line parameters at the ASE Replicator startup) when the ASE Replicator process is started.

ASE Replicator will only accept RPCs originating from this login (all those ASE Replicator stored procs

issue an RPC), and the above error will result for all other logins, including the "sa" login.

Therefore: remember to execute all ASE Replicator activities as the ASE Replicator login. Note that

logging in as "sa" and using set proxy will not work.(NB: the docs always use the name "rep_user" for this login, but I personally prefer "rpl", as this is

much quicker to type)

When using Sybase Central (Java version) to manage ASE Replicator, you must connect to the ASE

server containing the Distribution Database, not to ASE Replicator itself. When trying to connect to

ASE Replicator, you'll get an error like:

Metadata accessor information was not found

in this database.

[...]


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Also, it is important that you connect to ASE using the ASE Replicator login (also see the previous

point). When you connect to ASE with a different login, you won't be able to use the ASE Replicator

plug-in, as you'll get an error box with a message like

The ASE Replicator is not responding. Check the state of

the server and the external login permissions.

It's unfortunate that this error message doesn't mention the possibility of using the wrong ASE login,

because this seems a more likely reason for this error (at least, this was the case for me).

After ASE Replicator is started, the first time an ASE Replicator stored proc is executed, there may be

an error message like this:

1> sp_configrep

2> go



Internal Ct-Lib/Cs-Lib error 84083972:'ct_connect(): network packet layer:

internal net library error: Net-Lib

protocol driver call to connect two endpoints failed'.



Unable to connect to server 'ASEREP'.

(return status = -6)

This often seems to happen for the first execution of an ASE Replicator stored proc only; subsequent

executions work fine.

I don't know why this error occurs, but I presume it's a bug (which will hopefully be fixed at some

point).

When starting ASE Replicator, you may get the following error message:

ASE Replicator requesting Java Virtual Machine exit with

message: ASE Replicator initialization error in

component . Component message: Could not connect

to Distribution Database at ASE server

on host and port with

user .

This error message is related to a character set mismatch. Solution: add the option -c charset to the

startup command line of ASE Replicator (in $SYBASE/RPL-12_5/ASEREP/RUN_ASEREP). Here, charset

should be the name of the character set used by the ASE server (for example, cp850).

(thanks to Leigh Kennedy for contributing this information)

When ASE Replicator is replicating data, this will cause activity in the sybsystemdb database (due to

the fact that ASE Replicator uses CIS). This can lead to weird problems once sybsystemdb gets full: all

ASE Replicator activity will come to a mysterious-looking standstill for which there seems to be no

solution.


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I found that the default sybsystemdb (2Mb) can actually fill up quite quickly. Because most of the

space used in sybsystemdb seems to be transaction log activity, it's a good idea to enable "trunc. log

on chkpt" for sybsystemdb. Also, making sybsystemdb a bit larger than the default 2Mb may be a

good idea if your sybsystemdb keeps filling up.

In any case, always check whether sybsystemdb is full when ASE Replicator doesn't seem to proceed

anymore.

When modifying replicated data (or executing a replicated stored procedure) in the primary

database, this must NOT be done with the "maintenance user" login for that database, because any

transactions by that login will not be replicated.

The maintenance user login can be specified explicitly when creating the primary connection, but

when this is omitted, the ASE Replicator login will be used as the maintenance user login by default.

This behaviour is mentioned in the ASE Replicator documentation, but it's not described very clearly,

so this may easily escape your attention. sp_helpconn displays the maintenance user login for each

database. (thanks to Juan C. Avila for reporting this)

Note the -probably unexpected- behaviour when using set proxy or set session authorization (let's

assume the maintenance user login is rpl):

primary transaction executed by the maintenance user login rpl : transaction is not replicated.

primary transaction executed by a login other than rpl : transaction is replicated.

primary transaction executed by a login who performed set proxy rpl first : transaction is replicated

(!).

A common problem: you've set up a publication and subscription, added the articles, and

validated/materialised the subscription. Everything looks fine, yet no replication is taking place.

In this case, always check first if any connections are down by running sp_helpconn (from within the

DDB); to resume all suspended connections, run sp_resumerep (see... it's just like RepServer...).

If connections keep going down, check the log files system.log and trace.log in the $SYBASE/RPL-

12_5/XXX/log directory (XXX = name of your ASE Replicator); these log files may contain messages

indicating what's going wrong.

ASE Replicator on Linux

For reasons unknown to me, ASE Replicator is not included with the Linux version of ASE 12.5.0.1.

Still, with some manual intervention you can still use ASE Replicator on Linux (it's a Java application,

after all). Note that this requires you have a 12.5.0.1 installation available for a platform which doesinclude ASE Replicator.

Follow these steps (your mileage may vary...):

Download the JRE (Java Runtime Environment) for Linux from http://www.javasoft.com

Copy the RPL-12_5 directory from an ASE installation on another platform to your Linux installation

Copy the .jar files in the Java subdirectory of the Sybase Central environment from an ASE

installation on another platform to your Linux installation

This should get you going. It has been demonstrated to work when using the ASE Replicator files

from an NT installation (you'll have to edit the .bat files and turn 'm into a format that can be used

by your Linux command shell). Copying ASE Replicator from Unix platforms to Linux should work as

well, but AFAIK this has not yet been tried (if you do, please share your experience!).


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(thanks to Joop Bruggink for contributing this information)

Example

Here's an example of how to set up replication for a table named PDS.primdb..my_tab to

RDS.repdb..my_tab via ASE Replicator. Prerequisites: the tables are expected to exist in both

databases, and ASE Replicator has been installed as described in the documentation. The replication

can then be set up as follows (all commands below must be executed within the Distribution

Database for this ASE Replicator instance, and by the ASE login used by ASE Replicator):

-- primary database

sp_addprimaryconn "PDS.primdb"

go

-- replicate database

sp_addreplicateconn "RDS.repdb"

go

-- create publication

sp_addpub pub1, "PDS.primdb"

go

-- create subscription

sp_addsub sub1, pub1, "RDS.repdb"

go

-- add articles to publication

sp_addprimaryart pub1, my_tab

go

-- add articles to subscription

sp_addreplicateart sub1, my_tab

go

-- also possible: sp_materializesub

sp_validatesub sub1

go

-- activate publication & subscription

sp_resumerep

go

sp_helpconn -- check status

go

sp_helprep -- check status

go


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-- ready !

http://www.sypron.nl/aserep.html#perf

Lectura complementaria opcional: ASE REplicators Users Guide

http://manuals.sybase.com/onlinebooks/group-

as/asg1252e/rl1252ug/@Generic__BookTextView/51;pt=4

About This Book

The ASE Replicator User's Guide describes how to use the ASE Replicator feature of

Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise to implement basic replication from a primary

Adaptive Server to one or more remote Adaptive Servers.

Audience

This book is intended for System Administrators and Database Administrators who want to

implement simple Adaptive Server replication with ASE Replicator.

How to use thi s book

This book contains the following chapters:

Chapter 1, "Introduction to ASE Replicator,"provides an introduction to replication system

concepts and an overview of the ASE Replicator. This chapter describes the major ASE

Replicator components and explains how they work.

Chapter 2, "Setting Up and Starting ASE Replicator," describes the initial setup and

configuration procedure for ASE Replicator. The setup procedures in this chapter must beperformed after installing the software, and before replication can begin.

Chapter 3, "Administering ASE Replicator," describes administrative operations, including

managing and monitoring ASE Replicator and the replication system.

Chapter 4, "ASE Replicator Procedures,"describes the ASE Replicator command procedures

in detail, including syntax, options, usage, and examples.

Chapter 5, "Troubleshooting ASE Replicator,"describes basic troubleshooting and recovery

procedures for ASE Replicator.

Appendix A, "Distribution Database Schema," describes the schema of the Distribution

Database.
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