Lorenzo Peña: Estudios republicanos (extractos)

7/30/2019 Lorenzo Pea: Estudios republicanos (extractos)

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GQVWFM@Q XG_WHLMAKN@Q5A@NVXMHWAMN K LK CML@Q@CK _@LVMAK ] EWXFMAK

p`x L`xgnu` _gk

Itma`/Ikfxmf5 _lkuk } Sklfq Gfmv`xgq, 8??=MQHN5 =24)46)=324?)71)4

dvvp5//l`xgnu`pgnk.gq/gqvwxgpw.dvi

gtvxkav`q

Qwikxm` _xl`b` Fgfmakv`xmk } qgihlknuk ??. Gl xgpwhlmaknmqi` aì` l`q`ck p`lvmak

Qgaamn M5 Lk Xgphlmak aì` skl`x vma` } ewxfma` ?;. Gl skl`x fg lk dgxiknfkf gn gl mfgkxm` xgpwhlmakn` xkfmakl ?8. Smbgnamk fg lk a`nqvmvwamn xgpwhlmaknk fg ;=1; ?1. Gl p`fgx i`fgxkf`x gn lk i`nkx{wk } gn lk xgphlmak ?6. Lk igi`xmk xgpwhlmaknk aì` glgignv` fg lk a`namgnamk nkam`nkl ?7. Wn nwgs` i`fgl` fg xgphlmak5 lk fgiàxkamk ewqvmakvmsk ?3. L`q skl`xgq xgpwhlmakn`q cxgnvg k lkq lg}gq fg lk ga`nìk p`lvmak

Qgaamn MM5 Fghgxgq } fgxgad`q dwikn`q ?2. Wn kagxakimgnv` xgpwhlmakn` k l`q fgxgad`q p`qmvms`q ?4. Lkq lmhgxvkfgq kqàmkvmsk g mfg`lbmak gn wn plknvgkimgnv` xgpwhlmakn` ?=. V`lgxknamk g mnqvxwaamn5 Gl fgxgad` k pgnqkx ikl

Qgaamn MMM5 Dkamk wnk Xgphlmak wnmsgxqkl ;?. _`x wnk l`q`ck fgl fgxgad` wnmsgxqkl ;;. Lk bwgxxk pwnmvmsk } gl fgxgad` k lk pku ;8. _`x wn xgpkxv` bl`hkl fg lk xm{wguk ;1. Lk fgwfk dmqvxmak fgl N`xvg a`n gl Qwx fgl _lkngvk


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_XL@B@Vgximnkhk lk fakfk fg l`q k`q amnawgnvk fgl pkqkf` qmbl` awknf`, kl `hvgngx im

hkadmllgxkv` gn lk xkik fg Lgvxkq, vwsg {wg fgamfmx awlgq qgxkn imq gqvwfm`q.

Im pxmigxk `pamn mhk gnakimnkfk kl fgxgad`, qmn fwfk wn pà` p`x mnalmnkamnpkvgxnk. Ikq, gn qgbwmfk, nwgskq mnwgnamkq ig dmamgx`n pxgcgxmx `vx`q fgxx`vgx`q5 pxmigx` lkl`l`bk alqmak } lwgb` iq p`fgx`qk }, gn pxmnampm`, fgnmvmskignvg lk l`q`ck.

_gqg k wn lkxb` pkxnvgqmq fg gtmlm` } alknfgqvmnmfkf, lk sàkamn l`qak s`lsm p`xqwq cwgx`q. K vxkhkekx gn akip`q cwnfkignvklgq fg lk l`q`ck dg fgfmakf` skxm`q fgagnm`q5lbmak, igvkcqmak, vg`xk fgl a`nàmimgnv`, l`q`ck fgl lgnbwkeg, dmqv`xmk fg lk l`q`ck$gqvwfm`q q`hxg _lkvn, Lgmhnmu, Nma`lq fg Awqk } `vx`q kwv`xgq-.

Fgnvx` fg gqg kiplm` khknma` fg vgikq, l` iq fmcaml } kpkqm`nknvg cwg lk pwgqvk gnpmg fg wn qmqvgik fg lbmak bxkfwklmqvk a`nvxkfmav xmkl, kq aì` qw wlvgxm x fgqkxx`ll`

xkimakf`, a`n kplmakam`ngq k wnk plwxklmfkf fg ihmv`q. Fg gq`q hxku`q gl {wg pkwlkvmnkignvgig cwg khq`xhmgnf` iq k pkxvmx fg nklgq fg l`q k`q àdgnvk cwg gl gqvwfm` fg lk lbmakfgl xku`nkimgnv` n`xikvms`, ` lbmak fgnvmak.

Awknf` n`q pxgbwnvki`q {w vgngi`q ` n` vgngi`q {wg dkagx, awknf` fki`q k l`qfgiq nwgqvxk `pmnmn fg ai` fghgn ` n` fghgn kavwkx, bgngxklignvg n`q hkqki`q gn wnkqxku`ngq, fg lkq awklgq fgfwami`q gqk `pmnmn. Gqk fgfwaamn gq wnk igxk qwagqmn pqma`lbmakfg pgnqkimgnv`q, wnk qgawgnamk kukx`qk fg kqgxv`q0 Gn gqg akq`, lk `pmnmn akxgag fg skl`x._kxk {wg qgk slmfk, gq igngqvgx {wg dk}k wn snawl xkam nkl gn smxvwf fgl awkl qgk`hegvmskignvg xku`nkhlg pkqkx fg lkq pxgimqkq k lk a`nalwqmn, gn wn vxnqmv` fgfwavmskignvga`xxgav`. Gq` gq l` {wg gqvwfmk lk lbmak fgnvmak ` lbmak fgl xku`nkimgnv` n`xikvms`.

A`n lkq lbmakq fgnvmakq gnv`nagq fmqp`nmhlgq $gn l`q k`q ;=4? } vknv`q- ig gna`nvxgn gqg pgx`f` fg im mnfkbkamn l`qak. _x`nv` fgqawhx {wg, qmgnf` v`vklignvg mnkfgawkfkqpkxk gl xku`nkimgnv` ewxfma`, n` p`fxkn nwnak vgngx lk iq inmik kplmakhmlmfkf k lkkxbwignvkamn c`xgnqg. Ig cwm pgxakvknf`, pà` k pà`, fg {wg lk xku fgl ikl gqvxmhkhk gn {wgvklgq lbmakq qg dkhkn a`nqvxwmf` fg gqpklfkq kl a`nvgnmf` fg lkq n`xikq, k l`q skl`xgqnì`lbma`q, k lk pxktmq lgbmqlkvmsk } ewxmqpxwfgnamkl, k lk gtpgxmgnamk fg l`q `pgxkf`xgqewxfma`q. Gxkn alawl`q fg pwxk c`xik, fg lpmu } pkpgl, aklakf`q a`n pg{wg`q xgv`{wgq fg`vx`q ihmv`q $knvg v`f` fgl alawl` i`fkl, gl fg l` p`qmhlg } l` ngagqkxm`, a`nagpv`qvxkqplknvkf`q p`x knkl`bk k lkq nàm`ngq nì`lbmakq fg l` lamv` } l` `hlmbkv`xm`-.

N` dkhk ai` a`nqvxwmx wnk pgxvmngnvg lbmak fgnvmak qmn gqvwfmkx lk px`pmk ikvgxmk

ewxfmak. N` qg p`fk glkh`xkx gn gl ska` lk c`xik pkxk lwgb` gihwvmxlg kxvmamklignvg wn` w`vx` a`nvgnmf`: dkak cklvk mnsgqvmbkx l`q px`pm`q a`nvgnmf`q nì`lbma`q gn qw fgsgnmx dmqvxma`} lk px`pmk nkvwxklguk fg lkq a`qkq ewxfmakq pkxk, mnfwavmskignvg, fgqawhxmx lkq lg}gq slmfkqfgl xku`nkimgnv` n`xikvms`. $K gqg gnc`{wg mnfwavms` ig mnalmnkhk }k im smqmn d`lmqvk gn lkvg`xk fgl a`nàmimgnv`, qwikignvg mnwmfk p`x [wmng.-

Cwg gq` l` {wg dkamk ;==6 ;==7 fgvgximn wn smxkeg vknv` gn imq gqvwfm`q awknv`gn im kfqaxmpamn kakfimak. Gipxgnf gl kpxgnfmukeg fgl fgxgad` fg khke` kxxmhk, fgqfg glqwhqwgl`: qmiwlvngkignvg `pv p`x kfqaxmhmxig kl xgk kakfimak fg lk l`q`ck fgl fgxgad`.K gq`q kckngq dg sgnmf` fgfmaknf` im kavmsmfkf px`cgqm`nkl fwxknvg l`q lvmi`q ;1 k`q,kpx`tmikfkignvg.

N` gxk v`vklignvg kegnk gqk `pamn k im pxgàwpkamn p`x l`q vgikq p`lvma`q. Qmgipxgdkhk pgnqkf` {wg gl lq`c` vmgng vkihmn wnk xgqp`nqkhmlmfkf, wnk vkxgk fg q`lmfkxmfkf pkxk


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_xl`b` 1

a`n qwq aìpkgx`q fg qàmgfkf. Qm q`hxg akfk wn` pgqk wn fghgx fg a`nvxmhwmx kl hmgn aìnkp`xvknf` k lk qàmgfkf l` {wg pwgfk gn kxkq fgl hmgngqvkx } fg lk px`qpgxmfkf a`lgavms`q }qm gqk `hlmbkamn gq a`xxglkvmsk fg qw fgxgad` k pkxvmampkx g{wmvkvmskignvg gn gqg hmgn aìn,

mnawihg gqpgaakignvg kl lq`c` dkagx wnk kp`xvkamn mnvglgavwkl, wn gqcwgxu` fg xggtmnl`qak xku`nkfk, kxbwignvkfk, ktm`lbmakignvg cwnfkignvkfk, q`hxg l`q px`hlgikq fg lkqàmgfkf } fg lk a`nsmsgnamk qàmkl: dkagx vkl a`nvxmhwamn fgqfg lkq hkqgq fg qw mnsgqvmbkamnq`hxg gl a`nàmimgnv`, lk sgxfkf, lk xkam`nklmfkf, lk gtmqvgnamk, lk smfk, l`q skl`xgq, lk nkvwxklgukfgl dìhxg } fg lk qàmgfkf dwiknk, gl vxknqawxq` vgip`xkl, l` cwbku } l` pgxikngnvg, l`ngagqkxm` } l` a`nvmnbgnvg.

Qmn wnkq hkqgq igvkcqmakq, lbmakq } gpmqvgi`lbmakq pà` cwnfkignv` l`qa` p`fxvgngx wnk fmqawqmn fg lk xkam`nklmfkf n`xikvmsk, fgl hmgn, fg lk ewqvmamk.

_`x `vx` lkf`, pkxk gl lq`c` dkagx kp`xvkam`ngq k l`q vgikq fgl fghkvg qàmkl } fg lk`xbknmukamn p`lvmak q`hxg lk hkqg fg qwq a`nagpam`ngq q`hxg gl qgx, gl a`nàmimgnv` } gl

dìhxg gq vkihmn qgx lgkl k qw px`pmk imqmn l`qak. N` gn skn` v`f`q l`q bxknfgqlq`c`q ewubkx`n mna`nalwqk qw lkh`x dkqvk {wg, gn gl fgqkxx`ll` fg qwq mfgkq l`qakq,fgqgihàkx`n gn lkq awgqvm`ngq fg lk l`q`ck p`lvmak. Vkl dk qmf` gl mvmngxkxm` l`qa` fg_lkvn, Kxmqvvglgq, _l`vmn`, Ksmagnk, Nma`lq fg Awqk, Lgmhnmu, Qpmnùk, Dgbgl, Xwqqgll $kwn{wggn vmgip`q xgamgnvgq n` dk}kn cklvkf` {wmgngq, aì` Cxgbg } Rmvvbgnqvgmn, iknvwsmgx`ngqvxmavkignvg qgpkxkfkq lkq gqcgxkq l`qak } p`lvmak-.

L`q lq`c`q n` i`n`p`lmukn lk a`nvxmhwamn k l`q fghkvgq fg qàmgfkf } k l`q vgikqfg lk `xbknmukamn p`lvmak. Mbwklignvg gqawadkhlgq q`n `vxkq kp`xvkam`ngq, fgqfg pgxqpgavmskqfmsgxqkq. _kxk {wmgngq axggi`q gn gl mipgxm` fg lk lg}, pkxk {wmgngq qkhgi`q {wg lk lwadk p`xgl fgxgad` gq wn` fg l`q bxknfgq aìhkvgq p`x gl hmgn qàmkl } {wg gl px`bxgq` fg lk dwiknmfkf

gq, gn hwgnk igfmfk, wn ksknag gn lk xgbwlkamn nì`lbmak, gq, fgqfg lwgb`, xglgsknvg gmipxgqamnfmhlg l` {wg qg kp`xvg fgqfg gl akip` px`pmk } gtalwqmskignvg ewxfma`. Ikq vkihmnigxgagn kvgnamn lk a`nvxmhwamn fgl ga`nìmqvk, lk fgl p`lmvl`b`, lk fgl fàgnvg, lk fgllwadkf`x xgmsmnfmakvms`, lk fg lk pgxq`nk {wg qg pxgàwpk p`x px`hlgikq fg xgfmqvxmhwamn,a`nsmsgnamk pkaak, xglkam`ngq mnvgxnkam`nklgq: } lk fgl p`lvma` $kwn{wg q`} gqapvma` dkamkawkl{wmgx fmqawxq` {wg sgnbk fgl p`lvma` px`cgqm`nkl ` fgl pkxvmvaxkvk, qgk fgl qmbn` {wg cwgxg-.

Vkihmn gn gq`q akip`q, fgqfg lk i`fgqvmk fg lk xggtmn fg wn imgihx` iq fg lkqàmgfkf, dg sgnmf` `cxgamgnf` kl phlma` imq a`nqmfgxkam`ngq $kwn{wg k imq lgav`xgq n` qg lgqàwlvkx {wg gn gllkq gqvn qwh}kagnvgq wnkq skl`xkam`ngq } wnkq mncgxgnamkq {wg qg fgxmskn fgimq a`nagpam`ngq l`qakq l` awkl n` qmbnmak {wg dk}k {wg aìpkxvmx vklgq a`nagpam`ngq

pkxk gqvkx fg kawgxf` a`n imq kxbwignv`q p`lvma`q-.N` gq caml, nm qmgipxg fgqgkhlg, fgqlmnfkx l` {wg gq wnk a`nvxmhwamn kl fghkvg p`lvma`

fg l` {wg gq wnk mnsgqvmbkamn fg l`q`ck qàmkl. Ikq q dk fg vgngx wn` alkx` {wg, gnpxmnampm`, q`n f`q ihmv q fmcgxgnvgq, kwn{wg lk cx`nvgxk qgk fmcwqk $aì` l` q`n akqm v`f`q l`qh`xfgq-. L`q iknmgqv`q p`lvma`q n` dkn fg a`ncwnfmxqg a`n l`q gnqk}`q fg l`q`ck ewxfma`)qàmkl. Mfgklignvg dk} {wg iknvgngx gqg gq{wgik fwkl. Nm a`mnamfgn l`q phlma`q xgqpgavms`qk l`q {wg skn fgqvmnkf`q wn`q } `vx`q gqaxmv`q nm vkipà` l`q axmvgxm`q fg skl`xkamn skn k qgxl`q imqi`q gn kih`q akq`q. Fgqfg lwgb`, wn bxkfwklmqvk aì` }` gq a`nqamgnvg fg lkq cxknekq,fg lkq vxknqmam`ngq fg l` wn` k l` `vx` } fg l`q vxkqskqgq p`qmhlgq k sgagq px`sgad`q`q } `vxkqsgagq fgqka`nqgekhlgq p`x l`q awklgq wn gqvwfm` l`qa` ` ewxfma` pwgfg fgqgihàkx gn wn

vgtv` fg `pmnmn kp`xvkhlg kl fghkvg qàmkl, imgnvxkq {wg, kd`nfknf` gn wn iknmgqv`, pwgfgwn` glkh`xkx wn gnqk}` fg skl`x amgnva`.

A`nàmgnf` im f`hlg vxk}gav`xmk gn lkq awgqvm`ngq qàmklgq lk fg lq`c` kakfima`


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L`xgnu` _gk, Gqvwfm`q Xgpwhlmakn`q 6

fgl fgxgad` } lk fg gqaxmv`x ` pwhlmamqvk, Ikxa`q fg Imbwgl, gn nìhxg fg lk Gfmv`xmkl _lkuk} Sklfq, smn` k sgxig kl Agnvx` fg Amgnamkq Dwiknkq } Qàmklgq fgl AQMA, gn lk akllgKlhkqknu fg Ikfxmf, gl imxa`lgq 8; fg ik}` fg 8??4. _x`pqìg ka`bgx, gn gqk Gfmv`xmkl, wnk

a`lgaamn fg gqaxmv`q i`q gn v`xn` k wnk px`pwgqvk xgpwhlmaknk pkxk Gqpkk.Fnf`lg swglvkq k vkn qwbgxgnvg mnmamkvmsk, ka`xfki`q ewnv`q gqvg vvwl`, Gqvwfm`q

xgpwhlmakn`q, {wg gq gl fgl lmhx` {wg vmgng gn qwq ikn`q gl lgav`x. Gq wnk xga`pmlkamn fggnqk}`q, akqm v`f`q mnfmv`q. Gl ihmv` {wg ka`xfki`q pkxk gqvk a`lgaamn fg vxkhke`q gq glkakfima`, kwn{wg l`q vxkhke`q qglgaam`nkf`q a`n gqg axmvgxm` pwgfgn xgqp`nfgx kl imqi` gnwn`q akq`q iq {wg gn `vx`q.

Gl dml` a`nfwav`x fg gqvk qgxmg fg gnqk}`q gq kxvmawlkx wn khknma` fg px`hlgikqaxwamklgq gn lk smfk ewxfmak } qàmkl gn Gqpkk } gn gl iwnf` fg d`}, fgqfg wnk smqmnl`qak fgl qgx dwikn` aì` qgx qàmkl } fg lk `xbknmukamn xgpwhlmaknk aì` lk ikngxk iqnkvwxkl } xku`nkhlg fg mnqvxwignvkx lk a`nsmsgnamk } lk a`lkh`xkamn pkxk gl hmgn aìn.

Lk l`q`ck ewxfma`)p`lvmak xgpwhlmaknk {wg k{w px`p`nb` vmgng p`{wqmi` {wg sgxa`n wnk lngk fg pgnqkimgnv` d`} iw} gn h`bk gn Gqpkk } gn `vx`q pkqgq dmqpkn`q, mnmamkfk,gnvxg `vx`q, p`x _dmlmp _gvvmv $fg {wmgn vwsg gl d`n`x fg qgx a`lgbk gn ;==8)=1 gn lk WnmsgxqmfkfNkam`nkl Kwqvxklmknk gn Aknhgxxk-. Gqk lngk dk amxawlkf` hke` gl xvwl` fg xgpwhlmaknmqi`,} ewqvkignvg p`x gq` lk ignam`n` k{w. Kavwklignvg, qmn gihkxb`, qwq kfgpv`q gqvn bmxknf`dkamk `vxk fgnìmnkamn iq kpx`pmkfk, lk fg amwfkfknmqi`.

Gq wnk a`xxmgnvg ${wg gqvwfm` qìgxkignvg gn gl akpvwl` mnvx`fwav`xm` fg gqvg lmhx`-pkxk lk awkl gl skl`x qwpxgi` gq lk lmhgxvkf aì` n` fìmnkamn, {wg miplmak, a`xxglkvmskignvg,

wnk smxvwf amwfkfknk gn gl gegxamam` fg lk pkxvmampkamn fgiàxvmak. Gqk a`nagpamn aìpkxvga`n gl mnfmsmfwklmqi` kwv`nìmqvk fg Xkrlq } lk mfg`l`bk lmhgxvkxmk fg Nùmaj lk a`nagpamnfg {wg gl gqpkam` phlma` gq gqgnamklignvg gl fg wnkq xgblkq fg q`lwamn fg a`nmav`q, imgnvxkq{wg lk xgklmukamn fg gqcwgxu`q gn p`q fgl hmgngqvkx } lk cglmamfkf gq a`qk fg akfk wn`, gn qwihmv` pxmskf`, n` wnk vkxgk a`lgavmsk.

Gl xgpwhlmaknmqi` {wg }` fggnf` dwnfg, gn akihm`, qwq xkagq gn lk vxkfmamnxgpwhlmaknk lkvmnk, gqgnamklignvg gn lk cxknagqk } gqpk`lk, fgnvx` fg lk awkl p`fgi`q qgklkxskxm`q ekl`ngq5

Lk A`nqvmvwamn eka`hmnk fg ;2=1.

Lk A`nqvmvwamn fg lk MM Xgphlmak cxknagqk $;464- } gn bgngxkl v`f` gl gqpxmvw fg k{wgllkxgs`lwamn } fg k{wgllk pxmiksgxk fg l`q pwghl`q, gn lk awkl q`hxgqklmgx`n dìhxgqaì` Ikuumnm,; Lgfxw)X`llmn } Lkignnkmq.

Gl xgpwhlmaknmqi` gqpk`l fgami`nnma`, a`n bwxkq aì` lk fg Cgxnknf` Bkxxmf` V`xv`qk$;48;);441-, mnvx`fwav`x fg lkq mfgkq qàmklmqvkq gn nwgqvxk _kvxmk } wn` fg l`qpxmigx`q gnwnamkf`xgq fg l`q fgxgad`q p`qmvms`q ` fg hmgngqvkx.

Gl xgpwhlmaknmqi` xgbgngxkam`nmqvk fg E`k{wn A`qvk k lk swglvk fg l`q qmbl`q TMT kl TT.

Gl a`nqvmvwam`nklmqi` fg nwgqvxkq f`q xgphlmakq $lk fg ;421 }, iwad` iq, lk fg ;=1;-.

Iq gn a`naxgv`, lkq mfgkq ewxfmakq fg mnqpmxkamn jxkwqmqvk, gn hwgnk igfmfk fg l`q

;. Bmwqgppg Ikuumnm, F`sgxm fgllwì`, dvvp5//rrr.akxh`ngxmk.mv/ikuumnmf`sgxm.dvi.


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_xl`b` 7

xgfkav`xgq fg lk A`nqvmvwamn xgpwhlmaknk fg ;=1;, aì` Cgxnknf` fg l`q X`q, Kf`lc`B`nulgu)_`qkfk } Lwmq Emingu fg Kqk.

Gl xgpwhlmaknmqi` xkfmakl } q`lmfkxmqvk {wg qg fgqkxx`ll gn Cxknamk a`n lk MMM Xgphlmak5 8

L`n H`wxbg`mq,1 L`n Fwbwmv,6 Bg`xbgq Qagllg,7 Klcxgf C`wmllg.3

Qmn c`xikx pkxvg fg gqk vxkfmamn fgl xgpwhlmaknmqi` lkvmn`, p`fgi`q, qmn gihkxb`,kqàmkx k lk imqik gl qàmklmqi` fg avgfxk, wnk mnvgxgqknvg a`xxmgnvg fgami`nnmak pxgawxq xkfgl Gqvkf` ga`nimakignvg mnvgxsgnam`nmqvk {wg fgqfg l`q k`q vxgmnvk fgl qmbl` TT sk kfgqkxx`llkx gl pkpgl fgl qgav`x phlma` gn lk ga`nìk } {wg kakhkx a`nsmxvmnf`qg fwxknvggl pgx`f` fg gtpknqmn ga`nimak fg lk qgbwnfk p`qbwgxxk iwnfmkl $;=63);=28- gn gl Gqvkf`plknmakf`x } fgl hmgngqvkx. K gqk a`xxmgnvg gq kqmimlkhlg, gn gl iwnf` knbl`qken, lk fglqàmklmqi` ckhmkn`.

Gqvkxk cwgxk fg lwbkx hwqakx wn fgnìmnkf`x aìn fg gqkq fmsgxqkq a`xxmgnvgq._`fgi`q mnfmakx f`q mfgkq {wg vmgnfgn k pgxlkxqg gn gqk vxkfmamn5 gl qgxsmam` phlma` aìàìgvmf` fgl Gqvkf` gn kxkq fgl hmgn aìn } gl fghgx fg akfk wn` fg a`nvxmhwmx kl hmgngqvkxbgngxkl } k lk xm{wguk a`lgavmsk. Lk `xbknmukamn xgpwhlmaknk, lk kwqgnamk fg v`fk gqvmxpgfmnqvmak, gq wn a`x`lkxm` fg gqk a`nbwxkamn fgl Gqvkf` aì` wnk ikqk fg mnfmsmfw`q }bxwp`q {wg, àwpknf` wn vgxxmv`xm` a`lgavmskignvg, qg gipgkn a`newnvkignvg gn gl hmgnaìn.

Fg v`fk gqk vxkfmamn, klbwnkq ckagvkq ig gxkn, nkvwxklignvg, kpx`tmikfkignvga`nàmfkq fgqfg vmgip` kvxq $kwn{wg k ignwf` gl kaagq` gqvkhk iq gipkkf` {wg ckamlmvkf`p`x lkq igfmkam`ngq, a`n qwq almadq fgc`xiknvgq-. K `vx`q fg gq`q ekl`ngq {wg dg gnwigxkf`l`q dg mf` fgqawhxmgnf` gn k`q xgamgnvgq, kl aìpq fg im mnvgxq p`x l` ewxfma`.

Iq gn gl vxknqc`nf` fg im gs`lwamn mfg`lbmak dk pgxikngamf` gl xkam`nklmqi`l`qa` fg Lgmhnmu kq aì` f`q a`nqvknvgq mnwgnamkq5 lk fg _lkvn } $p`x iq fmcwimnkfk

8. S. Xkfmaklmqig gv xpwhlm{wg5 lgq vgipq dx`{wgq, ;43=);=;6, p`x Bxkxf Fglckw, Gfq. Hkllknf, 8??;: Lvkv, q`n kwv`xmv,q`n p`ws`mx $;44?);=38- p`x Imadgl Dklhga{, Lmhxkmxmg bnxklg fg fx`mv gv fg ewxmqpxwfgnag, ;=37: Lmfg fg qgxsmag pwhlma fknqlg fx`mv fgq vkvq fg lWnm`n Gwx`pgnngp`x Cxknaj I`fgxng, Gfq. LDkxikvvkn, A`ll. L`bm{wgq Ewxmfm{wgq, 8??;: Fmavm`nnkmxgaxmvm{wg fg lk Xpwhlm{wgp`x Smnagnv Fwalgxv } `vx`q, Clkiikxm`n, 8??8: Lmnsgnvm`n fw qàmkl5 Gqqkm qwx lg falmn fgq pkqqm`nqp`lmvm{wgqp`x Eka{wgq F`nugl`v, Qgwml, ;==6

1. Fg L`n H wxbg`mq s. Q`lmfkxmv xgamgnvgignvg xggfmvkf` $_kxq5 Lg H`xf fg lgkw Gfq, 8??4, A`llgavm`n Hmhlm`vd{wgXpwhlmakmng, MQHN 8=;737;4=8-: lk gf. xmbmnkl fg Lk q`lmfkxmvgxk fg lkq gfq. Clmt Klakn, ;=?8. @vxkq hxkq qw}kq pgxvmngnvgq

q`n5 Gq{wmqqg fwng pdml`q`pdmg fg lk q`lmfkxmv, Klakn, ;=?8: Kpplmakvm`nq qàmklgq fg lk q`lmfkxmv, Klakn, ;=?8. S. vkihmn Lkq`lmfkxmv5 dmqv`mxg fwng mfg, fg Ikxmg)AlkwfgHlkmq $_kxq5 Bkllmikxf, 8??2-:Qgxbg Kwfmgx, L`nH`wxbg`mq5 C`nfgx lk q`lmfkxmv,_kxq5 Gfmvm`nq Imadkl`n, a`llgavm`n Lg Hmgn aìiwn, 8??2: L`n H`wxbg`mq gv lg q`lmfkxmqig p`x Ikbnkjk, 8??6)?;)84$dvvp5//swlbwi.`xb/-.

6. S. E`q Lwmq I`ngxg` _xgu } E`q Akls` B`nulgu, L`n Fwbwmv $;47=);=84-5 Ewxmqvk fg wnk qàmgfkf gn vxknqc`xikamn,dvvp5//rrr.wbx.gq/~xgfag/XGFAG6/kxvmawl`q/;2fwbwmv.dvi. S. fg L`n Fwbwmv, Lvkv, lg fx`mv hegavmc gv lk l`m p`qmvmsg, _kxq, ;=?;$a`n wnk cwgxvg axvmak k lk vg`xk fg Egllmngj } kl mnfmsmfwklmqi` fg l`q fgxgad`q qwhegvms`q: s. vkihmn Mbnkam` Kxk _mnmllk, Glcwnfkignv` fg l`q limvgq kl p`fgx gn lk vg`xk fgl fgxgad` fg L`n Fwbwmv, Ikfxmf5 F}jmnq`n, 8??3.

7. Bg`xbgq Qagllg q`qvmgng {wg gtmqvg wn mipxkvmc qàmkl vxkfwmqknv wnk naqqmv ng fg lk q`lmfkxmv nkvwxgllg $Iknwgl fgfx`mv mnvgxnkvm`nkl pwhlma, _kxq5 Fìkv)I`nvadxgqvmgn, ;=64, p. 3-: qmgnf` wn ngt` hm`lbma`, wnk aìwnmfkf fg gqpgamg, lmbk

k v`f`q l`q dìhxgq, l` awkl cwnfk lk qàmgfkf mnvgxnkam`nkl aì` wnk wnmn fg mnfmsmfw`q } n` ql` fg Gqvkf`q. $S. Nbw}gn[wà Fmnd, Fx`mv mnvgxnkvm`nkl pwhlma, _kxq5 LBFE, ;==6, 7 gf., pp. ;?7)3.-

3. Klhgxv C`wmllg, Lk Fiàxkvmg p`lmvm{wg gv qàmklg gn Cxknag, _kxq5 Clmt Klakn, ;=;?.


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` fgqskngamfk {wg qg dk}k mf` {wgfknf` a`n gl pkq` fg l`q k`q- lk fg Dgbgl gl {wg iggnqg k kxikx, qmn imgf`, lk a`nvxkfmav xmklmfkf fg l` xgkl, kpkxvnfìg fg lk lbmakkxmqv`vlmak.

V`f` gll`, alkx`, pkqkf` p`x gl vkimu fg lkq gtpgxmgnamkq a`lgavmskq fg lk dwiknmfkf} p`x gl p`q` fg lkq mfg`l`bkq fgami`nnmakq fg xgfgnamn qàmkl $k lkq {wg cwm cgxs`x`qkignvgkfmav` gn im ewsgnvwf } k wnk pkxvg fg aw}k `xmgnvkamn nwnak dg xgnwnamkf`: gq iq, gl lgav`xqg pgxakvkx fg {wg, gn gl c`nf` } pgqg k im fmqvknamkimgnv` gn iwad`q kqpgav`q, klikxtmqi`, ` k wn amgxv` ikxtmqi`, qmb` fghmgnf` iwadqmi` v`fksk d`}-.

Lk glkh`xkamn fg gqvg lmhx` gq gl cxwv` fg wnk xggtmn l`qak q`hxg px`hlgikqcwnfkignvklgq fgl qgx qàmkl fgl dìhxg. Gq wnk lkh`x {wg nwnak ig dk qmf` kegnk, kwn{wgfwxknvg iwad`q k`q im kvgnamn qg a`nagnvxkxk iq gn `vx`q akip`q iq hqma`q fg lkxggtmn l`qak, qgbn l` dg xga`xfkf` wn`q pxxkc`q iq kvxq.

Qmn gihkxb`, l` {wg dk fkf` qw `xmgnvkamn kavwkl k imq gqvwfm`q fg l`q`ck qàmkl} p`lvmak dk qmf` gl }k ignam`nkf` smxkeg dkamk l` ewxfma` {wg ikxak im akxxgxk px`cgqm`nklg mnsgqvmbkvmsk fgqfg ;==7.

Awknf` wn kwv`x gnwigxk lkq mnwgnamkq {wg axgg dkhgx xgamhmf` qmgipxg mnawxxg gngxx`xgq, }k qgkn ìmqm`ngq, qwhgqvmikam`ngq ` nckqmq gtagqms`q. Gl klik n` gq wn kfgawkf`gqpge` fg q imqik: nwgqvxk akpkamfkf fg xgigi xkamn } kwv`pgxagpamn gq hkqvknvg lmimvkfk.@vx`q, fgqfg cwgxk, pwgfgn k{wmlkvkx ige`x l`q sgxfkfgx`q snawl`q fg pkxgnvgqa` mnvglgavwkl.

Fg wnk a`qk gqv`} qgbwx`5 iq {wg lkq fàvxmnkq fg wn`q w `vx`q lq`c`q, ewxmqvkq,p`lvma`q } p`lmvl`b`q {wg }` pwfmgxk amvkx aì` k{wgll`q fg {wmgngq qgxk mnbxkv` p`x im pkxvgn` xga`nàgxig fgwf , iq {wg v`f` gq`, l` {wg dk `xmgnvkf` fgamqmskignvg imq a`nsmaam`ngqkavwklgq gq gl gqvwfm fg lk xgklmfkf ewxfmak, fg lk dmqv xmk fg l`q `xfgnkimgnv`q n`xikvms`q, qwvgnfgnamkl xkam`nklmfkf mnvxnqgak, lkq gtmbgnamkq {wg qg skn pgxlknf` gn qw gs`lwamn, wnxg{wgxmimgnv` fg kxvmawlkamn qgbn pxmnampm`q } skl`xgq {wg xgalkik lk px`pmk pxktmq ewxfmak,fg l` awkl qg qmbwg wnk mngt`xkhlg } axgamgnvg xgmsmnfmakamn fg hwgnk p`lvmak lgbmqlkvmsk {wgfgqvmgxxg lk kxhmvxkxmgfkf } dkbk pxgsklgagx gl skl`x fgl hmgn aìn.

_kxk Ikxt gl aìwnmqi` {wg l px`p`nk hx`vkhk fg lk px`pmk ikxadk kqagnfgnvg fglk dmqv`xmk, fg lk fmklavmak fg lkq cwgxukq px`fwavmskq } lkq xglkam`ngq fg px`fwaamn, fg lk lwadkfg alkqgq xgkl {wg l kqpmxkhk k xggekx gn qw pgnqkimgnv` $mbwkl {wg pkxk Dgbgl lk l`q`ck fglk dmqv`xmk smgng fgqpwq fg lk dmqv`xmk pkxk glgskxlk kl nmsgl fg lk mfgk-.

Gn pgxcgavk qmigvxk a`n gq`q mlwqvxgq pgnqkf`xgq $k l`q {wg fgh` vknv`, p`x iwad` {wgig dk}k mf` fmqvknamknf` fg gll`q a`n gl pkq` fgl vmgip`-, pkxk i lk xkam`nklmfkf ewxfmak, {wgllgsk k wnk qàmgfkf xgpwhlmaknk } {wg a`lkh`xk xggtmskignvg pkxk a`nqgbwmx gl hmgnaìn, giknk fg wnk ikxadk xgkl fg l`q dgad`q a`lgavms`q dwikn`q, {wg n` dkag cklvkmnsgnvkx nm qkakxqg fg lk iknbk, {wg gqv `hegvmskignvg llgsnf`qg k akh` gn wn fmqawxxmxpkwlkvmn` fg lk dmqv`xmk.

Im qgpkxkamn fg Ikxt, gn gqvg pwnv`, gqvxmhk gn fnfg qmv` }` gqg pxàgq` dmqvxma`{wg vgngi`q {wg xggekx } igfmknvg vkl xggtmn a`nvxmhwmx k glgskx k wn plkn` qwpgxm`x }kwvà`nqamgnvg5 vkl pxàgq` n` vmgng lwbkx gn gl vgxxgn` fg lk ga`nìk $qmn ign`qpxgamkx pkxk

nkfk lk mip`xvknamk fg qvk-, qmn` gn gl fg lk xgbwlkamn ewxfmak. Lkq xgs`lwam`ngq $mnalwq`k{wgllkq {wg dkn kp`xvkf` iq qklwfkhlgq mnn`skam`ngq } c`xikf` lk awlvwxk p`lvmak gn lk {wgd`} kc`xvwnkfkignvg smsmi`q- dkn qmf` qmgipxg ign`q xwpvwxkq a`n gl pkqkf` {wg cxwv` fg wnk


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_xl`b` 2

lkxbwqmik } lgnvk ikfwxkamn fg lkq mnqvmvwam`ngq } lkq ignvklmfkfgq ewxfmakq, xgqp`nfmgnf`k l`q xg{wgxmimgnv`q fg lk pxktmq lgbmqlkvmsk, ewxmqpxwfgnamkl, kfimnmqvxkvmsk } c`xgnqg, {wg k qwsgu pxàgfgn fg lkq ngagqmfkfgq fg lk a`nsmsgnamk qàmkl } fgl mnqvmnv` nkvwxkl fg l`q dìhxgq

pkxk smsmx ewnv`q ige`x.Fg v`f` gll` qg dk fgxmskf` vkihmn im a`nsgnamimgnv` fg {wg lk Xgphlmak {wg dk}

{wg gqc`xukxqg p`x a`nqvxwmx n` dk fg miplmakx nmnbwnk mnvgxxwpamn fgl px`bxgq` ewxfma`, qmn`qw a`nvmnwkamn, gtvxk}gnf` qw qgnvmf` } qwq igvkq fg lk px`pmk dmqv`xmk $fmnimakignvggnvgnfmfk, alkx` gqv, lge`q fg v`f` vxkfmam`nklmqi` ` pkqkfmqi`-.

Khwqknf` kakq` fgl vximn`, p`fxki`q fgamx kq {wg im smqmn gq lk fg wnikvgxmklmqi` ewxfma`, f`nfg ikvgxmklmqi` qmbnmak wn nckqmq gn lk ikvgxmk, gn gl a`nvgnmf`.Im `xmgnvkamn ewql`qak qg kpkxvk kq fg lk sgxvmgnvg c`xiklmqvk {wg pxgsklgag gnvxg lkl`q`ck fgl fgxgad` dmqpknk fg `xmgnvkamn knklvmak,2 k qkhgx5 wnk a`nqmfgxkamn fgl fgxgad`fgqfg gl q`l` pwnv` fg smqvk fg lk c`xik } fg lk gtpxgqmn lmnbqvmak, ` qgk, wnk kvgnamn k l`q

pxgagpv`q gnvgnfmf`q aì` gnwnamkf`q, khqvxk}gnf` fg qw a`nvgnmf`. Fgqfg vkl kh`xfkeg, gllq`c` fgl fgxgad` n` vmgng nkfk {wg fgamx q`hxg l` {wg lkq n`xikq ewxfmakq iknfgn `pgximvkn, qmgnf` mnfgpgnfmgnvg qw vg`xk ewql`qak fg ai` gs`lwam`ng gl fgxgad` xgkl,pwgqv` {wg l l`q`ck a`n xgqpgav` k l`q `xfgnkimgnv`q ewxfma`q xgklgq ` mikbmnkxm`q } kwngq` ql` fgqfg gl nbwl` fg lk c`xik.4

N` ig akhg fwfk fg {wg gqg kh`xfkeg gq vml: pgx` l` ewub` mnqwamgnvg. Gl lq`c`fgl fgxgad` vmgng {wg mx iq lge`q, px`p`nmgnf` wn knlmqmq l`qa` fgl fgxgad` xgkl, gn qwgs`lwamn, q`hxg v`f` qm axgg {wg vkl gs`lwamn xgqp`nfg k wnk d`nfk ngagqmfkf dwiknk, gnlwbkx fg fghgxqg kl kukx.

Im `xmgnvkamn fg ikvgxmklmqi` ewxfma` ig kpx`tmik, gn akihm`, k lk a`xxmgnvgngà`nqvmvwam`nklmqvk, lk awkl, pkxvmgnf` fgl p`qmvmsmqi`, dk fgqawhmgxv` {wg gl fgxgad` xgkl,qgbn qg a`naxgvk gn lkq a`nqvmvwam`ngq fg nwgqvx` vmgip`, n` gq wn fgxgad` {wg {wgpkakxkavgxmukx fgqfg wn pwnv` fg smqvk igxkignvg c`xikl, kl ikxbgn fg l`q skl`xgq, qmn` {wg gql` {wg gq p`x xgimvmx k wn`q skl`xgq qwpgxm`xgq {wg l mna`xp`xk } xga`nàg. =

Mbwkl {wg xgadkukx`n lk vmak c`xikl jknvmknk k cks`x fg wnk vmak ikvgxmkl fg l`qskl`xgq k{wgll`q f`q bxknfgq ktml`b`q {wg cwgx`n Ikt Qadglgx } Nma`lkm Dkxviknn $bwxknf`lkq kp`xvkam`ngq fgl qgbwnf` gnvxg lkq {wg dkn ikxakf` px`cwnfkignvg lk `xmgnvkamn fg imqgqvwfm`q l`qa`q fgqfg im lgeknk ewsgnvwf-, qmimlkxignvg kh`b` }` p`x wn vxkvkimgnv` fg lkl`q`ck p`lvma`)qàmkl {wg khknf`ng v`f` c`xiklmqi`, v`fk a`nqvxwaamn fmqgkfk kl ikxbgnfg l`q skl`xgq ewxfma`q qgbn qg skn pgxbgknf`, a`nbwxknf` } xgklmuknf` mipgxcgavkignvg,

2. Qmn {wg gll` mipmfk im whmakamn gn gl akip` fgl cml`q`ckx knklvma`. Fgqfg igfmkf`q fg l`q k`q qgvgnvk gqv`} kfdgxmf` kgqg pkxkfmbik cml`qcma`, akxkavgxmukhlg p`x gl f`hlg akn`n fg fgi`qvxkx } fg fgcmnmx $}, gn lk igfmfk gn {wg n` qg pwgfk,kpx`tmikxqg, kxbwignvknf` } fmlwamfknf` l`q a`nagpv`q {wg wn` wqg-.

4. Wn pxgqwpwgqv` p`qmvmsmqvk gq {wg n` dk} nmnbn a`nvgnmf` ngagqkxmkignvg aìpkxvmf p`x v`f`q l`q qmqvgikq n`xikvms`q.

=. Fg vkl gnc`{wg q`n xgpxgqgnvknvgq Fr`xjmn, Klgt}, Nmn` } Ukbxghglqj}: } gn Gqpkk Iknwgl Kvmgnuk. Wnk axvmak k gqggnc`{wg lk pxgqgnvk Ewkn Knv`nm` Bkxak Kikf` gn wn qw gnqk}` Q`hxg gl ngà`nqvmvwam`nklmqi` } qwq pxgawxq`xgq gnskq fg pwhlmakamn. Wnk `hegamn fmxmbmfk kl ngà`nqvmvwam`nklmqi` } {wg vkihmn kcgavk k lk a`nagpamn {wg }` fgcmgnf`

gq lk fg {wg wnk smqmn ewqcml`qcmak {wg fgpgnfk fg ai` gq } gs`lwam`nk gl fgxgad` gqv aìpxìgvmfk k xgnwnamkx awknf`gl fgxgad` gs`lwam`ng fg `vx` i`f` ` awknf` qg mip`nbkn `vx`q pkxkfmbikq. Xgqp`nf` {wg $iq gn im akq`, ign`q alkxk` x`vwnfkignvg gn gl akq` fg l`q ngà`nqvmvwam`nklmqvkq- dgi`q mna`xp`xkf` wn glgignv` fàvxmnkl ewqnkvwxklmqvk, l` awkl miplmak{wg, pkxk n`q`vx`q, lk gs`lwamn fgl fgxgad` n` gq akqwkl, qmn` {wg `hgfgag k wnk ngagqmfkf dwiknk.


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gq` q gn lk gs`lwamn fg lk smfk xgkl fgl fgxgad` fg l`q pwghl`q } fg lk aìwnmfkfmnvgxnkam`nkl.

Fg kd {wg n` ig kfdmgxk, nm pà` nm iwad`, k wnk smqmn aì` lk fgl p`qmvmsmqi`

ewxfma` fg Jglqgn, qw vg`xk pwxk fgl fgxgad`, {wg gqvkhlgag wn fms`xam` gnvxg l` cavma` } l`fgnvma`. _x`cgq`, p`x gl a`nvxkxm`, wnk vg`xk fgl fgxgad` nkvwxkl ${wg ig dk llgskf` k xgvìkxklbwnkq mfgkq fgl hmgn aìn } fg lk lg} aì` `xfgnkamn mnvglgavwkl, } n` s`lmvmsk, fg Qknv`Vìq fg K{wmn` } fg `vx`q lq`c`q gqa`lqvma`q, gqpgamklignvg lkq sklm`qkq kp`xvkam`ngq fgl`q alqma`q gqpk`lgq fgl qmbl` fg `x`, aì` Smv`xmk } Ikxmknk-.

Dg qgklkf` iq kxxmhk {wg im vxkhke` qg mnqaxmhg qmn skamlkamn klbwnk gn lk vxkfmamnknklvmak. Kd`xk hmgn, l`q gnqk}`q l`qa`q mnqpmxkf`q p`x gqg pkxkfmbik qwglgn iq kll fgl` {wg pwgfkn px`hkx ` fgnmx mnsàkx lk mnvwmamn, aì` wnk pxgqwnvk kwv`xmfkf, {wgpx`nwnamkxk wnk lvmik pklkhxk kll f`nfg n` llgbk lk kxbwignvkamn.

L`q gnqk}`q fg l`q`ck p`lvmak px`fwamf`q p`x lkq gqawglkq knklvmakq qwglgn xgimvmxk lkq gsmfgnamkq mnvwmvmskq {wg gl kwv`x xgqpgavms` gqpgxk aìpkxvmx a`n qwq lgav`xgq. Gn sgu fgvklgq mnsàkam`ngq gn lkq {wg n` axg`, kawf` }` k lk sk fg lk mnfwaamn. N` fgqa`nùa` {wglk mnfwaamn gq cxbml } pkxamkl, pgx` gq mnvgxqwhegvmskignvg iq slmfk {wg lk mnvwmamn. Ewnvà`n lk vgqmq fàvxmnkl fg l` {wg dg llkikf` ikvgxmklmqi` ewxfma`, gll` gtplmak {wg gqvg lmhx`mna`xp`xg wn ikvgxmkl dmqvxma` {wg pwgfg xgqwlvkx gtvxk` gn lk plwik fg wn knklvma`. Vkl sgua`n gll` pgxfki`q wn pà` gn lk pxgvgnqmn fg gfmakx wnk l`q`ck ewxfma`)p`lvmak slmfk pkxkawkl{wmgx iwnf` p`qmhlg, }k {wg qì`q fgwf`xgq fg wn a`nvgnmf` gipxma` {wg gq fg gqvgiwnf`. ] k l` ige`x gn klbwn`q kqpgav`q a`n ngq fg alkxmakamn a`nagpvwkl n` gqv iklkhqvxkgxqg fg vkl a`nvgnmf`, vxkvknf` fg gnvgnfgx ai` qgxkn lkq xglkam`ngq qàmklgq hke` `vx`qqwpwgqv`q. _gx` pmgnq` {wg klb` dgi`q ksknukf` qm pgxbgki`q wn kagxakimgnv` xku`nkhlg k

{w p`lvmak a`nqvmvwam`nkl } lgbmqlkvmsk qgxk xgaìgnfkhlg gn nwgqvx` iwnf` } pkxk k{wgllkqqàmgfkfgq gn lkq {wg smsmi`q.

Gqpgx`, a`n gqvg lmhx`, dkhgx a`nvxmhwmf` klb` k gqk gipxgqk, kxbwignvknf` k cks`x fglkq mfgkq fg wn xgpwhlmaknmqi` xkfmakl5 dwiknmqvk, cxkvgxnklmqvk, q`lmfkxmqvk, wnmsgxqklmqvk,mbwklmvkxmqvk } xkam`nklmqvk.

L` {wg `cxgua` gn gqvg lmhx` n` gq ql` wnk a`nqmfgxkamn vg`xvmak, qmn` vkihmnpxavmak. Kl hxmnfkxlk, gqpgx` gqvkx kp`xvknf` wnk a`lkh`xkamn iq n` lk nmak kl bxknmipwlq` a`lgavms` fg xgsmb`xmukx gn Gqpkk gl pgnqkimgnv` xgpwhlmakn`, gn qwq fmsgxqkq ckagvkq5

a`nagpv` ewxfma )p`lvma` fgl Gqvkf`, smqmn fg lk dmqv`xmk wnmsgxqkl } fg lk fg Gqpkk,xgawpgxkamn fg lk igi`xmk fg lk Xgphlmak Gqpk`lk, xgqakvg fg qwq pxgvgxmf`q qih`l`q,xgigi`xkamn fgl ;6 fg khxml, fmqvknamkimgnv` axvma` xgqpgav` fg lk `hxk fg lk Vxknqmamn$;=27)4;-.

Q`n, qmn fwfk, iwadkq lkq pkxvmawlkxmfkfgq fg im px`pm` gnc`{wg {wg, fgqfg `vxkqpgxqpgavmskq, p`fxn sgxqg a`n xgagl`. Gn lk igfmfk gn {wg qgk slmfk wnk imxkfk xggtmsk klpx`pm` a`nvgnmf` a`n l` fglmakfk {wg gq awkl{wmgx xggtmsmfkf p`fgi`q fgqvkakx vxgq xkqb`q5

;- Xga`xfkx {wg l` gqgnamkl } iq sklm`q` fgl xgs`lwam`nkxm` akihm` fgl ;6 fg khxml fg ;=1;cwg fgqgihkxkukx kl pwghl` gqpk`l fg lk gtmqvgnamk fg wnk p`vgqvkf fmnqvmak, ` qgk5dgxgfmvkxmkignvg ik}gqvvmak.

8- A`naghmx lk vkxgk fg xgqvkwxkamn xgpwhlmaknk gn Gqpkk fgqfg lk smqmn dmqvxmak nkam`nkl,a`n wn a`nagpv` fg nkamn gqpk`lk aì` gnvmfkf gqvkhlg fg nkvwxklguk awlvwxkl: lk


10/60

_xl`b` =

nkvwxklguk awlvwxkl, ` qgbwnfk nkvwxklguk, gq cxwv` fg wn fgsgnmx dmqvxma` fg lkxbwqmiìfwl` vgip`xkl, qg c`xek k vxksq fg imlgnm`q } qg gnxkuk gn snawl`q fwxkfgx`q, gnckav`xgq `hegvms`q dì`bgngmuknvgq, aì` q`n5 lk bg`bxkck fg l`q vgxxmv`xm`q, lk

px`tmimfkf lmnbqvmak $n` c`xu`qkignvg imqimfkf-, wnk a`namgnamk } wnk igi`xmka`lgavmskq, wn`q plkngq fg cwvwx` mnvgxbgngxkam`nklgq {wg igxgagn qgx vxknqimvmf`q }a`nvmnwkf`q p`x {wmgngq sgnbkn fgqpwq: gn gqg vxknqc`nf` lk Xgphlmak gn Gqpkk gqsmqvk aì` wnk vkxgk fg px`qgawamn } ksknag fg gqk bgqvk nkam`nkl $`, qm qg {wmgxg,fg gqk qkbk a`lgavmsk-.;?

1- Smnawlkx gqk vkxgk k wn px`}gav` xkfmaklignvg cxkvgxnklmqvk } dwiknmqvk, a`n lk igvk fg wnkXgphlmak wnmsgxqkl } fg wn g{wmvkvms` xgpkxv` bl`hkl fg lk xm{wguk.

Gl lmhx` khkxak vxgq qgaam`ngq. Lk pxmigxk smgng fgfmakfk kl gqvwfm` fg lk Xgphlmakaì` skl`x vma` } ewxfma`: gn gllk xggtm`n`5 q`hxg gl skl`x fg lk dgxiknfkf gn gl mfgkxm`xgpwhlmakn` xkfmakl: q`hxg lk smbgnamk fg lk A`nqvmvwamn xgpwhlmaknk fg ;=1; $aìpkxkfk a`nlk A`nqvmvwamn i`nx{wmak fg ;=24-: q`hxg gl p`fgx i`fgxkf`x gn lk i`nkx{wk } gn lkxgphlmak $wn knlmqmq axvma` fgl Vvwl` MM fg lk A`nqvmvwamn kavwkl-: q`hxg lk igi`xmkxgpwhlmaknk aì` glgignv` fg lk a`namgnamk nkam`nkl: q`hxg wn nwgs` i`fgl fg xgphlmak, lkfgiàxkamk ewqvmakvmsk: } q`hxg l`q skl`xgq xgpwhlmakn`q cxgnvg k lkq lg}gq fg lk ga`nìkp`lvmak $wnk xgqpwgqvk k lkq axvmakq {wg, a`nvxk gl mfgkl xgpwhlmakn` fg wnk ga`nìkplknmakfk fg qgxsmam` phlma`, qg c`xiwlkn gn nìhxg fg l`q mipgxkvms`q fgl igxakf`-.

Lk qgbwnfk Qgaamn fgl lmhx` sgxqk q`hxg lk a`xxglkamn gnvxg fghgxgq } fgxgad`qdwikn`q, a`n vxgq akpvwl`q q`hxg5 wn kagxakimgnv` xgpwhlmakn` k l`q fgxgad`q p`qmvms`q: lkqlmhgxvkfgq kqàmkvmsk g mfg`lbmak gn wn plknvgkimgnv` xgpwhlmakn`: } V`lgxknamk g mnqvxwaamn5gl fgxgad` k pgnqkx ikl.

Lk vgxagxk } lvmik Qgaamn fgl lmhx` gqhùk wn plknvgkimgnv` vgnfgnvg k wnk Xgphlmakwnmsgxqkl $` wn iwnf` qmn cx`nvgxkq-, a`n xggtm`ngq q`hxg wnk l`q`ck fgl fgxgad` wnmsgxqkl,q`hxg lk bwgxxk pwnmvmsk } gl fgxgad` k lk pku, q`hxg wn xgpkxv` bl`hkl fg lk xm{wguk } q`hxg lk

;?. Gl lgav`x qkbku akpvkx pgxcgavkignvg ai` im px`}gav` xgpwhlmakn` pkxk Gqpkk n` qg hkqk ql` gn a`nqmfgxkam ngqkhqvxkavkq ` bgngxklgq fg cml`q`ck p`lvma`)ewxfmak $aì` pwgfgn qgxl` lkq fg l`q akpvwl`q ;, 7, 3 } 2-, qmn` vkihmn gn wnhklknag fg l`q px`hlgikq fg lk a`nqvmvwamn i`nx{wmak kavwkl $ap. 1- }, v`fksk iq, gn lk gtpgxmgnamk dmqvxmak } gl lgbkf`fg lk bgngxkamn knvgxm`x, lk awkl n`q dk vxknqimvmf` lk bxknfm`qk `hxk fg lk Qgbwnfk Xgphlmak ${wg gqvwfm` gn gl ap. 8- kqaì` gn lk xgawpgxkamn fg lk igi`xmk dmqvxmak nkam`nkl $ap. 6-, mnqgxvnf`qg gqk igi`xmk xgpwhlmaknk gn lk iq kiplmk fg

lk lwadk fgl pwghl` gqpk`l p`x lk lmhgxvkf fgqfg ;4?4 $}k {wg nwgqvx` xgpwhlmaknmqi` fg ;=1; cwg lk fgqgihàkfwxk fglakwfkl`q` x` lmhgxkl fgami`nnma`, aw}`q f`q pxmnampklgq gpmq`fm`q q`n lk bwgxxk fg lk mnfgpgnfgnamk } gl qgtgnm` fgiàxvma`fg ;434)26 kih`q gn kwqgnamk fg l`q fmnkqvkq- g mnalwq` kd`nfknf` iq gn nwgqvx` pkqkf` gn lk lwadk a`nvxk glkhq`lwvmqi` gn ;2?;);2;6 $pglgk fg l`q kxkb`ngqgq, akvklkngq } sklgnamkn`q p`x lkq lmhgxvkfgq } xgmsmnfmakam`ngq p`pwlkxgqhke` gl gqvknfkxvg fgl kxadmfw{wg Akxl`q fg Kwqvxmk- } gn lk dgxgnamk mfg`lbmak fg nwgqvx` qmbl` fg `x` $fgpwxkfk fg qwqgqa`xmkq-. $N` dkb` qmn` a`nvmnwkx lk `hxk fg nwgqvx`q lmhgxklgq xìnvma`q {wg xgdkhmlmvkx`n iwad`q vgikq fg l`q qmbl`q TSM} TSMM, aì` l` dkxk Akqvglkx fwxknvg lk M Xgphlmak kl pxàlkikx wn gqpk`lmqi` mipxgbnkf fgl gqpxmvw {wg qg pkvgnvmuk gnnwgqvx`q bxknfgq lmvgxkv`q } pmnv`xgq fgl qgmqamgnv`q.- Im `pamn sk k qgx vmlfkfk fgnkam`nklmqi` gqgnamklmqvk }k l` dk qmf`}, kl kf`pvkxlk, ig klmng` $gn gqg px`hlgik, n` c`xu`qkignvg gn `vx`q- a`n gl pwnv` fg smqvk fg Knv`nm` Gl`xuk cxgnvg kl {wgdk fgcgnfmf` E`q lskxgu Ewna` $s. Lk nkamn gqpk`lk fg Knv`nm` Gl`xuk, Gl pkq, 8;);;)8??7: Akxvk kl fmxgav`x fg E`qlskxgu Ewna`, Gl pkq, 81);;)8??7: Amvkq iknmpwlkfkq0 p`x Knv`nm` Gl`xuk, Gl pkq, 86);;)8??7: Xgqpwgqvk fg lskxguEwna`, Gl pkq, 84);;)8??7: lkq vgqmq dmqv`xm`bxcmakq fg F. E`q lskxgu Ewna` l` {wg p`fxki`q akxkavgxmukx aì` qw

fgqa`nqvxwaam`nmqi` p`qi`fgxn` fg lk mfgk fg lk nkamn gqpk`lk pwgfg dkllkxlkq gl lgav`x gn qw kxvawl` Vdg C`xikvm`n`c Qpknmqd Mfgnvmv} knf Mvq Kfkpvkvm`n v` vdg Kbg `c Nkvm`nq, Dmqv`x} # Igi`x}, S`l. ;6, N ;/8, `v`` fg 8??8, MQQN?=17)73?T.- _kxk gsmvkx awkl{wmgx a`ncwqmn fg lkq {wg pwlwlkn dg fg kalkxkx {wg vkl klmngkimgnv` n` sk gn a`nvxk fg imkqwnamn fg wn akvklknmqi` gn amgxv` i`f` iq xkfmakl {wg gl fg l`q nkam`nklmqvkq akvklkngq: s. mncxk ;1 fgl ap. 8 fg gqvg lmhx`.


11/60

L`xgnu` _gk, Gqvwfm`q Xgpwhlmakn`q ;?

fgwfk dmqvxmak fgl N`xvg a`n gl Qwx fgl _lkngvk.

A`n {w axmvgxm` dg qglgaam`nkf` gq`q vxgag vgikq0 _`x {w n` dg fgfmakf` akpvwl`klbwn` k `vxkq awgqvm`ngq fmqawvmfkq d`} gn lk l`q`ck p`lvmak, aì` gl pkngwx`pgqi` ` lkq

pxgqwnvkq kignkukq {wg qg agxnmxkn q`hxg nwgqvxk amsmlmukamn vgxx`xmqi`, akihm` almivma`,we q imbxkv xm`q, fgxmskq fgi`bxakq, p`fgx fg lk vganàmgnamk, iwlvmawlvwxklmqi`0 Lkxgqpwgqvk a`xvk gq {wg gqvg lmhx` gq wnk a`lgaamn fg xggtm`ngq q`hxg wn xkimllgvg fg px`hlgikqgq` q, a`n wn dml` a`nfwav`x. Wnk xgqpwgqvk iq lkxbk {wg n` s`} k fkx ewqvmakxk lkqmnalwqm`ngq } lkq gtalwqm`ngq gn smxvwf fg xku`ngq fg pxm`xmfkf vgivmak ` fg amxawnqvknamkq.;;

K nkfmg qg lg àwlvk {wg lkq fmsgxbgnamkq mfg`lbmakq } fàvxmnklgq n` gqvxmhkn ql` gn {wxgqpwgqvkq qg px`p`ngn qmn` vkihmn gn {w px`hlgikq qg gqa`bgn ` {w gqaklk qg gqvkhlgaggnvxg gll`q. ] k lkq `pam`ngq {wg, k gqvg xgqpgav`, gqvn pxgsklgamgnf` gn gl fghkvg qàmkl n` lggq pxgagpvms` kfdgxmxqg k wn kwv`x {wg qg kpkxvg fg l`q pkxkfmbikq pxgfìmnknvgq.

Fg l`q ;1 akpvwl`q fgl lmhx` $;6 mnalw}gnf` gl mnvx`fwav`xm`-, wn` fg gll`q dkhk qmf`

pxgsmkignvg pwhlmakf` gn wnk sgxqmn fmcgxgnvg: gn gcgav`, gl ap. 2 pxàgfg fg im a`lkh`xkamnWn kagxakimgnv` lbma`)l`qa` k l`q fgxgad`q p`qmvms`q, pwhl. gn Cml`q`ck, vmak } qàmg)fkf d`}5 MS Gnawgnvx` Gawkv`xmkn` fg Cml`q`ck $Wnmsgxqmfkf fg Awgnak ZGawkf`xY, ;==4, pp.1?=)182-. Vkihmn klbwn`q kpkxvkf`q fgl ap. 1, Gl p`fgx i`fgxkf`x gn lk i`nkx{wk } gn lkxgphlmak, }k dkhkn qmf` pwhlmakf`q wn`q lwqvx`q kvxq pgx` gn wnk sgxqmn {wg dk qmf`xkfmaklignvg i`fmakfk kl xgcwnfmxqg gn gqvg lmhx`. Nmnbwn` fg l`q fgiq vxkhke`q mnvgbxkf`qgn gqvk aìpmlkamn dkhk qmf` pxgsmkignvg pwhlmakf` aì` vgtv` mipxgq`. V`f`q gll`q dknqwcxmf` qwqvknamklgq vxknqc`xikam`ngq pkxk cwqm`nkxqg gn lk pxgqgnvg `hxk.

Gl vxkhke` fg mnsgqvmbkamn {wg dk fkf` aì` xgqwlvkf` lk xgfkaamn fg gqvg lmhx` smgngqwhqwimf` gn gl a`newnv` fg kavmsmfkfgq {wg, hke` gl xvwl` fg A`nagpv`q } skl`xgqnì`lbma`q, llgsk k akh` gl Bxwp` fg Gqvwfm`q Lbma`)Ewxfma`q, EwxmL`b, fgl Fgpkxvkignv`fg Cml`q`ck Vg`xvmak fgl AADQ/AQMA.

Gqvk mnsgqvmbkamn c`xik pkxvg kqmimqi` fgl _x`}gav`5 Wnk cwnfkignvkamn fg l`qfgxgad`q dwikn`q fgqfg lk lbmak fgl xku`nkimgnv` ewxfma` ZDWI8??3)?133=/CMQ@Y fglImnmqvgxm` fg Gfwakamn } Amgnamk, 8??3)8??=.

Vxgq Aknv`q, 8??4);;)?8

;;. Fg v`f`q i`f`q, skxm`q fg l`q vxkhke`q {wg mnmamklignvg mhkn k mnalwmxqg gn gqvg lmhx` dkn sgnmf` fgqakxvkf q p`x xku`ngqfg gqpkam`.


12/60

FGFMAKV@XMK ] QGIHLKNUK

Fgfma` gqvg lmhx` k d`nxkx lk igi`xmk fg {wmgn, gnvxg ;=1? } ;=11, cwgxk Fgakn` fglMlwqvxg A`lgbm` fg Kh`bkf`q fg Ikfxmf, F. nbgl @qq`xm` } Bkllkxf`, gl pkpk fg lk

ewxmfmamfkf, _xgqmfgnvg fg lk Aìmqmn Ewxfmak Kqgq`xk {wg pxgpkx gl knvgpx`}gavà`nqvmvwam`nkl fg ;=1; $gl awkl qmxsm fg h`xxkf`x mnmamkl kl vgtv` lwgb` glkh`xkf` p`x lkq A`xvgqa`nqvmvw}gnvgq fg lk Xgphlmak-.; Qkig pgximvmf` dkagx k{w wnk qgihlknuk hm`bxak fg gqvkfgqa`llknvg pgxq`nklmfkf xgpwhlmaknk.

@qq`xm` nkag gn Ikfxmf gl 8? fg ewnm` fg ;421 } iwgxg gtmlmkf` gn Hwgn`q Kmxgq gl;= fg ik}` fg ;=63.

Lmagnamkf` gn Fgxgad` p`x lk Wnmsgxqmfkf Agnvxkl, gegxam lk kh`bkak fwxknvg 68 k`q.Cwg pxgqmfgnvg fg lk Kakfgimk fg Ewxmqpxwfgnamk } Lgbmqlkamn } fgl Kvgng` fg Ikfxmf, Klaklfgfg Hkxagl`nk, B`hgxnkf`x Amsml fg Hkxagl`nk $;=?2);=?=- } Imnmqvx` fg Cìgnv` $khxml)ewlm`fg ;=;=- gn gl lvmi` b`hmgxn` fg F. Knv`nm` Ikwxk. Gnvxg ;=13 } ;=1= gihkekf`x fg Gqpkk

gn _kxq, Hxwqglkq } Hwgn`q Kmxgq. Imnmqvx` qmn akxvgxk fgl B`hmgxn` Xgpwhlmakn` gn gl Gtmlm`$;=63-.

Qw akxxgxk p`lvmak qg dkhk mnmamkf` gn gl _kxvmf` A`nqgxskf`x, qmgnf` fmpwvkf` p`xAkqpg $Ukxkbùk- $;=?1);=81- dkqvk {wg gl b`lpg fg Gqvkf` fg _xmi` fg Xmsgxk $gn ;=81-, a`nlk sgnmk xgbmk, fmqwglsk gl pkxlkignv`. @qq`xm` s`lsgx k qgx glgbmf` fmpwvkf` gn lkq vxgqlgbmqlkvwxkq xgpwhlmaknkq5 ;=1;, ;=11 } ;=13.

Gn ;=;1 @qq`xm` cwg gl axgkf`x fgl pkxvmf` ikwxmqvk, kh`bknf` p`x wn a`nqgxskfwxmqi`xgbgngxkam`nmqvk } qàmklignvg ksknukf`.8 Gn wnk a`ncgxgnamk gn gl Kvgng` fg Ikfxmf gn ;=8;`p`ng, k lk fgxgadk fg mnvgxgqgq, lk fgxgadk fg mfgkq p`x lk awkl `pvk, a`n wn px`bxkik {wg

mnalw}g5 lk gtmbgnamk fg wnk cwnamn qàmkl fg lk px`pmgfkf: lg} fg dwiknmukamn fgl kxxmgnf`:xgc`xik fgl xbmign fg dgxgnamk: wnk lg} fg wvmlmukamn fg hmgngq mniwghlgq, dkamgnf` {wgpxgqvgn gl qgxsmam` kfgawkf` k qw nkvwxklguk, gtpx`pmnf`l`q gl Gqvkf` awknf` gl fwg` n`{wmgxk ` n` pwgfk `hvgngx gqk wvmlmukamn.1

Gn l`q lvmi`q k`q fg lk i`nkx{wk a`nqvmvwam`nkl, @qq`xm` cwnfk gl _kxvmf` Qàmkl_`pwlkx gtpxgqmn fgl akv`lmamqi` fg sàkamn qàmkl, a`n wn px`bxkik fg gtpx`pmkam`ngqgn kxkq fgl hmgn aìn, kq aì` `vxkq xgmsmnfmakam`ngq5 s`v` cgignmn`, xgc`xik kbxkxmk,ewqvmamk vxmhwvkxmk, kwv`nìk xgbm`nkl, `p`qmamn k ksgnvwxkq imlmvkxgq.

Gl ;1 fg qgpvmgihxg fg ;=81 gl xg} a`nck gl p`fgx kl Akpmvn Bgngxkl fg Akvklwk,Imbwgl _xmi` fg Xmsgxk } @xhkngek. @qq`xm` qgx wn` fg l`q pxmigx`q `p`qmv`xgq kl b`lpg fg

Gqvkf`. Wn k` fgqpwq qgx fgvgnmf` } gnakxaglkf`.6

;. Gl vgtv` fgl knvgpx }gav , ewnv` a`n lk gtp`qmamn fg i`vms`q fg @qq xm` } Bkllkxf` } l`q s`v q pkxvmawlkxgq fg l`q fmqvmnbwmf`qewxmqvkq {wg mnvgbxkhkn lk Aìmqmn pwgfg dkllkxl` gl lgav`x gn5 dvvp5//rrr.agxsknvgqsmxvwkl.aì/qgxslgv/Qmxsg@hxkq/;8648;=8?88178384718463/p??????;.dvi.

8. L`q fkv`q {wg qmbwgn k a`nvmnwkamn gqvn vìkf`q fgl lmhx` fg Eksmgx Vwqgll, Dmqv`xmk fg lk fgiàxkamk axmqvmknk gn Gqpkk,Ikfxmf5 Qmgxpg, ;=43, v. M, pp.;?6qq, ;86qq.

1. Kl lgav`x n` qg lg àwlvk lk kavwklmfkf fg gqg plknvgkimgnv`. Iwadqmi` ign`q {wg gq` qg a`nqmfgxk d`} pwx` aìwnmqi`.

6. Gl i`vms` gxk wnk akxvk pgxq`nkl fg @qq`xm` k F. Knv`nm` Ikwxk, gn lk awkl axmvmakhk {wg gl dme fgl fmavkf`x, wn sgmnvgkgx`xgamn lmagnamkf`, F. E`q K. Ikxk _xmi` fg Xmsgxk } Qgnu fg Dgxgfmk, dwhmgxk qmf` fgqmbnkf` kqgq`x lgvxkf` fg lk WnmnVglgcnmak a`n wn qwglf` fg 87.??? pvq. $S. Vwqgll, `p.amv., p. ;86.-


13/60

L`xgnu` _gk, Gqvwfm`q Xgpwhlmakn`q ;8

Gl 8; fg fmamgihxg fg ;=1?, gn qw klgbkv` gn fgcgnqk fg Nmagv` Klakl)Uki`xk }Imbwgl Ikwxk, knvg gl A`nqge` fg Bwgxxk {wg l`q ewubkhk, @qq`xm` fgalkxk5 _kxk a`nfgnkx kimq aìpkgx`q } almgnvgq p`x gl fglmv` fg xghglmn dk} {wg xgpwvkx lgbvmi` gl p`fgx {wg gn

Gqpkk gtmqvg fgqfg gl ;8 fg qgpvmgihxg fg ;=81. Vgnb` lk gqpgxknuk fg {wg k gqv` xgqmqvkbxksgignvg lk a`namgnamk fg l`q qg`xgq a`nqgegx`q.

Lwad p`x a`nqgbwmx lk khfmakamn fg F. Klc`nq` fg H`xhn, vmvwlnf`qg i`nx{wma`qmn xg} kl qgxsmam` fg lk Xgphlmak.

Kl pxgqgnvkx gl knvgpx`}gav` fg A`nqvmvwamn kl b`hmgxn` px`smqm`nkl fg lk Xgphlmakgn ewlm` fg ;=1; fgalkx5 Gl Fgxgad` fg _x`pmgfkf gq kfimvmf` gn qwq c`xikq mnfmsmfwkl }a`lgavmsk, pgx` a`n fgalkxkamn gtplamvk fg qw cwnamn qàmkl. Gn lk gtpx`pmkamn c`xu`qk qgakihmk gl gqvxgad` a`nagpv` fg lk wvmlmfkf phlmak p`x gl iq aìpxgnqms` fg wvmlmfkf qàmkl,} qg pgximvg ik}`x glkqvmamfkf gn lkq lg}gq, k lkq {wg qg kwv`xmuk pkxk fgvgximnkx lk c`xik fgmnfginmukamn. Vgximnknvgignvg qg fgalkxk vkihmn {wg lk px`pmgfkf p`fx qgx qàmklmukfk.

Gn a`nc`ximfkf a`n gl akxavgx fg bgnwmnk lmhgxvkf {wg mnqpmx k lk MM Xgphlmak,@qq`xm`, k lk sgu {wg pxgqmfk lk Aìmqmn } pxgqgnvkhk gl vgtv` ik}`xmvkxmkignvg kpx`hkf`,dkak kqmimqi` gnvxgbk fg l`q s`v`q pkxvmawlkxgq, mnalwmf`q l`q qw}`q px`pm`q gn l`q vgikq gnl`q {wg qw pkxgagx n` dkhk qmf` ik}`xmvkxmkignvg aìpkxvmf`. Gn wn` fg gll`q kxikhk5 _gx`gl xgqpgv` pkxk {wg akfk pgxq`nk mnfmsmfwkl ` ewxfmak axgk l` {wg {wmgxk n` qwp`ng {wg glGqvkf` qg gnawgnvxg `hlmbkf` k n` axggx gn nkfk. _`fx } fghgx n` qwikxqg k l`q kav`q fgwn awlv` a`n `p`qmamn k l`q fg `vx`: ikq qm dk fg ZY smbmlkx lkq a`qvwihxgq, qgx fmcaml {wgawiplk vkn kxfw`q fghgxgq qmn vgngx wnk mfgk xig q`hxg l`q amimgnv`q gqpmxmvwklgq fg lk smfk,{wg ql` gn lkq axggnamkq xglmbm`qkq pwgfgn gna`nvxkxqg. _`x gqvg i`vms`, gl sàkl {wg qwqaxmhgpx`p`ng {wg gl pxxkc` ;. fgl Kxvawl` 4 {wgfg xgfkavkf` fgl qmbwmgnvg i`f`5 N` gtmqvg

xglmbmn àmkl fgl Gqvkf`, gl awkl kipkxkx lk lmhgxvkf fg awlv`q: pgx` mnqpmxkx qw kavwkamn} qw lgbmqlkamn gn lkq n`xikq fg lk i`xkl axmqvmknk.

Cgawnf` gqaxmv`x, @qq`xm` cwg kwv`x fg iwad`q kxvawl`q } fg wn nigx` fg lmhx`q5Dmqv`xmk fgl pgnqkimgnv` p`lvma` akvkln fwxknvg lk bwgxxk fg Gqpkk a`n lk Xgphlmak

Cxknagqk $;2=1);2=7- $;=;1-, Gqhù`q dmqvxma`q $Ikfxmf5 E. I`xkvk, ;=1?-, Gl qgfmignv` fglk lwadk $;=11-, Smfk } qkaxmam` fg Aìpkn}q $;=61-, @xbgngq pxtmi`q fg lk Gqpkk kavwkl5Fg Akxl`q MS k Cxkna` $;=6?-, Imq Igi`xmkq $;=63-, Lk Gqpkk fg im smfk $Bxmeklh`, ;=22-,Gl klik fg lk v`bk $;=68-, Gl fms`xam` gn gl ikvxmi`nm` amsml, Akxvkq k wnk qg`xk q`hxg vgikqfg fgxgad` p`lvma`, @xbgngq pxtmi`q fg lk Gqpkk kavwkl, Knvgpx`}gav` fgl Afmb` Amsmlh`lmsmkn` $;=61-, Lk xgc`xik fgl Afmb` Amsml kxbgnvmn`, L`q cwnfkignv`q fg lk Fgiàxkamk

Axmqvmknk $;=66-, Lk bxkamk $;=67-, L`q fgxgad`q fgl dìhxg, fgl amwfkfkn` } fgl Gqvkf`$;=63-, Fml`b`q cgignmn`q $;=62-.

Wn` fg qwq pgnqkimgnv`q qg gtpxgqk gn gqvk cxkqg5 N` qg pwgfg qgx ewgu, qakl nmkh`bkf` qmn gl `xbwll` fg gqvkx fgqgipgknf` lkq cwnam`ngq iq n`hlgq } iq mip`xvknvgq pkxklk dwiknmfkf.

@ekl imq Gqvwfm`q xgpwhlmakn`q qgkn igxgagf`xgq fg gqvk kfsàkamn fg F. nbgl@qq`xm` } Bkllkxf`+


14/60

Qgaamn M5 Lk Xgphlmak a`i` skl`x vma` } ewxfma`


15/60

AK_VWL@ ?. GL XG_WHLMAKNMQI@ A@I@ CML@Q@CK _@LVMAK

Qwikxm`

; _kxvg5 Gl xgpwhlmaknmqi` xgpwhlmakn` aì` l`q ck fg l` phlma`;.;. Qàmgfkf } pwghl`. Gl dìhxg aì` gqpgamg qàmkl;.8. Qàmgfkf, Gqvkf`, Xgphlmak;.1. Qmbnmakamn ktm`lbmak fg lk `pamn gnvxg Xgphlmak } i`nkx{wk;.6. _`x {w lk i`nkx{wk0;.7. @hegamn5 gl pxgqwnv` pkpgl p`qmvms` fg amgxv q i`nkxakq

8 _kxvg5 Xgpwhlmaknmqi` } amwfkfknmqi`8.;. Gnvxg mnfmsmfwklmqi` } a`lgavmsmqi`8.8. Qwxbmimgnv` fgl xgpwhlmaknmqi` ` amwfkfknmqi`8.1. Klbwn`q aìp`ngnvgq fg lk px`pwgqvk amwfkfknmqvk8.6. Xgcwvkamn fg lkq vgqmq amwfkfknmqvkq8.7. Lmhgxvkf } qgbwxmfkf ewxfmak

8.3. Lmhgxvkf aì` n`)fìmnkamn5 mipgfmignv`q g mnvgxcgxgnamkq8.2. Lk px`pwgqvk fg xgnvk hqmak amwfkfknk8.4. A`nalwqmn

; _kxvg5 Gl xgpwhlmaknmqi` xgpwhlmakn` aì` l`q`ck fg l` phlma`

;.;. Qàmgfkf } pwghl`. Gl dìhxg aì` gqpgamg qàmkl

Gl dìhxg gq wnk gqpgamg qàmkl.; Qw qàmklmfkf gq a`nqwqvknamkl a`n lk px`pmk gqpgamg.Dk} gqpgamgq aw}`q mnfmsmfw`q ql` smsgn gn qàmgfkf, `vxkq aw}`q mnfmsmfw`q smsgn kmqlkf`q}, nklignvg, `vxkq {wg pwgfgn klvgxnkx, pxgqgnvknf` ckqgq ` skxmgfkfgq fg wn vmp` w `vx`. Lk

xkuk dwiknk } v`fkq lkq kngq pgxvgngagn kl pxmigx bxwp`, p`x{wg gl mnfmsmfw` dwikn` gqgtagqmskignvg fhml pkxk dkagx cxgnvg k lkq mnalgignamkq nkvwxklgq }, gn akihm`, lk IkfxgNkvwxklguk n`q dk f`vkf`, gs`lwvmskignvg, fg wnk gn`xig akpkamfkf fg a``pgxkamn } fgkfkpvkamn a`lgavmsk.

V`f`q nkagi`q gn wnk qàmgfkf } kq dk qmf` fgqfg {wg gtmqvg wn qgx dwikn` gmnalwq` fgqfg {wg nwgqvx`q knvgpkqkf`q pxmikvgq c`xikx`n wnk xkik fgl vx`na` fg l`qikicgx`q qwpgxm`xgq dkag imll`ngq fg k`q.

Mnalwq` wn mikbmnkxm` X`hmnqn Axwq`g, qm pwfmgxk q`hxgsmsmx q`l` gn wnk mqlk, l` dkxkbxkamkq k gqvkx pgxvxgadkf` fg vanmakq {wg q`n gl px`fwav` fg amgnv`q fg imlgq fg k`q fgkawiwlkamn a`lgavmsk fgl qkhgx } fgl dkagx.

_`x gq` gq xkfmaklignvg gxxkfk lk igxk dmpvgqmq fg wn pkav` qàmkl {wg dmamgxk qklmxk l`q dìhxgq fg wn gqvkf` fg nkvwxklguk gn gl awkl smsmxkn kmqlkf`q igfmknvg wn aìpxìmq`fg smsmx ewnv`q xgqpgvknf` wnkq xgblkq fg a`nsmsgnamk } gl iknfkimgnv` fg wnkq kwv`xmfkfgq. 8

Qmgipxg dk} {wg pkxvmx fg wnk a`nsmsgnamk fkfk gn wnk qàmgfkf gtmqvgnvg gn lk awkl }k dk}xgblkq } kwv`xmfkfgq.

Wnk qàmgfkf dwiknk gq, pwgq, wn a`lgavms` ` wnk kbxwpkamn fg mnfmsmfw`q fg nwgqvxkgqpgamg gn vximn`q, qm qg {wmgxg, ivma`q5 fg lk gqvmxpg fg Kfn } Gsk. _gx` l` {wg llkiki`qlk qàmgfkf n` gq awkl{wmgx plwxklmfkf `xbknmukfk fg vklgq mnfmsmfw`q, qmn` wnk {wg qg

;. S. mncxk, ap. ;, ;, f`nfg fgqkxx ll` iq gqvk mfgk.

8. S. Mncxk, ap. 2, 8.


16/60

Gl xgpwhlmaknmqi` aì` cml`q`ck p`lvmak ;7

a`nbwxk aì` mnfgpgnfmgnvg } q`hgxknk. _kxk gll`, gl glgignv` ngagqkxm` gq gl vgxxmv`xm`.

Lkq a`lgavmsmfkfgq dwiknkq, aì` lkq fg `vxkq gqpgamgq knmiklgq, pwgfgn mnvgbxkxqg,cwqm`nkxqg, gqamnfmxqg, fgqpkxxkikxqg: fgnvx` fg wnk a`lgavmsmfkf pwgfgn gtmqvmx `vxkq $bxwp`q,

pknfkq ` hknfkq, iknkfkq, fgqvkakignv`q, ckimlmkq, alkngq, vxmhwq-. Mnmamklignvg nwgqvxk smfka`lgavmsk gxk nikfk. Kwn kq, }k gnv`nagq wn bxwp` dwikn` qgpkxkf` fg l`q fgiq gxk wnkqàmgfkf aìplgvk, kl n` gqvkx qwhqwimf` gn `vx` iq khkxakf`x l` {wg n` {wmvk {wg qgxglkam`nkxk a`n `vx`q. _gx` lk smfk nikfk mipgfk {wg qg a`nbwxkqg aì` wnk qàmgfkfq`hgxknk, pwgq lk q`hgxknk fg wnk qàmgfkf n` gqvxmhk ql` gn qgx mnfgpgnfmgnvg $n`qwh`xfmnkfk k nmnbwnk qàmgfkf iq kiplmk- qmn` gn qgxl` gn wn kqgnvkimgnv` vgxxmv`xmkl aw}`kaagq` n` qg pgximvg k `vx`q qgxgq dwikn`q iq {wg a`n qwegamn k lkq xgblkq fg a`nsmsgnamkfg lk p`hlkamn kqgnvkfk gn gl imqi` } a`n kakvkimgnv` k lkq kwv`xmfkfgq gn l a`nqvmvwmfkq$gtalw}nf`qg kq lk gnvxkfk fg dìhxgq kxikf`q fg p`hlkam`ngq c`xngkq, qkls` gn amgxv`qakq`q fg klmknuk-. L` {wg ikxak lk q`hgxknk gq gl fmqvmnb` gnvxg nkvwxklgq } gtvxknegx`q.

Wnk qàmgfkf, gn gqg qgnvmf` plgn`, wn pwghl` ` wnk p`hlkamn gq, pwgq, k{wgla`lgavms` dwikn` n` mnvgbxkf` gn `vx`q iq khkxakf`xgq $qkls` lk dwiknmfkf-, {wg n` qgqwh`xfmnk k nmnbn `vx` } {wg p`qgg a`lgavmskignvg wn vgxxmv`xm` px`pm`, fgl awkl gtalw}g k`vxkq p`hlkam`ngq kwn{wg n` k qwq imgihx`q, alkx` gqv, pwgq lkq qàmgfkfgq q`n pgxigkhlgq} xgagpvmskq fg kp`xvkam`ngq fgi`bxakq kegnkq, gn ik}`x ` ign`x bxkf`.1

Qàmgfkf, gn gqg qgnvmf` cwgxvg, gq, p`x a`nqmbwmgnvg, l` imqi` {wg pwghl`, p`pwlwq.Wn p`pwlwq gq wnk aìwnmfkf fg dìhxgq } iwegxgq mnfgpgnfmgnvg } q`hgxknk, {wg aìpkxvgwn vgxxmv`xm` } {wg qg xmbg p`x kwv`xmfkfgq px`pmkq, aw}k qwpxgikak gq aìnignvg kagpvkfk,} p`x wn `xfgn nì`lbma` px`pm`.

;.8. Qàmgfkf, Gqvkf`, Xgphlmak

Wn vgxagx a`nagpv` {wg mnvgxsmgng k{w gq gl fgl Gqvkf`. V`fk wnk vxkfmamn {wgpxàgfg fgl qmbl` TSMMM6 gqvkhlgag wn fmqvmnb` kxvmamkl gnvxg lk qàmgfkf } gl Gqvkf`. Qm klbnqgnvmf` vmgng gq gl fg fmcgxgnamkx l`q mnfmsmfw`q } bxwp`q pxmskf`q, p`x wn lkf`, fg lka`lgavmsmfkf ` aìwnmfkf {wg c`xikn, `xbknmukf q p`lvmakignvg hke wnkq kwv xmfkfgq:llkiknf` qàmgfkf k l` pxmigx` } Gqvkf` k l` qgbwnf`.

Qgbn gq` gl Gqvkf` gq gcgavmskignvg wn a`newnv` ` aiwl` fg mnfmsmfw`q kwnkf`q p`xwn snawl` `xbknmukvms` f`vkf` fg wnk kwv`xmfkf, kl pkq` {wg lk qàmgfkf n` qgxk wn a`newnv`wn gnvg khkxakf`x fg l`q mnfmsmfw`q, qmn` gq`q imqi`q gnvgq khkxakf`q, vìkf`q gn qwfmqpgxqmn, ` vkl sgu gn awknv` n` `xbknmukf`q.

Gqg a`nagpv` fg qàmgfkf gq wn fmqpkxkvg $aì` l` p`ng fg iknmgqv` lk px`pmk cxkqglk qàmgfkf q`n l`q mnfmsmfw q ` lk qàmgfkf gq l`q mnfmsmfw`q-. Akhg, amgxvkignvg, `p`ngxgl Gqvkf`, wn v`f` ` a`newnv` khkxakf`x, k l`q glgignv`q khkxakf`q, l`q mnfmsmfw`q $` {wmuvkihmn l`q bxwp`q pxmskf`q-. L` {wg akxgag fg qgnvmf` gq kawkx wn qmnbwlkx pkxk xgcgxmxqg kgq`q glgignv`q ilvmplgq, fmamgnf` {wg gll`q q`n lk qàmgfkf. Kfgiq, fg qgx lamv` gqg dwgx`fmqvmnb` a`nagpvwkl, mxki`q kl mnnmv`. ] cxkakqkn l`q mnvgnv`q fg xgglkh`xkx qwvmlignvg gqgfmqvmnb` a`nagpvwkl.

1. $Gq pgxcgavkignvg lamv` kiplmkx gl a`nagpv` fg pwghl` ` qàmgfkf pkxk khkxakx vkihmn k a`lgavmsmfkfgq dwiknkq {wg

kqpmxkn k qw mnfgpgnfgnamk } q`hgxknk awknf` gtmqvgn d`nfkq } pgxqmqvgnvgq xku`ngq {wg fgvgximngn lk ewqvmamk fg gqkxgmsmnfmakamn.

6. S. mncxk, ap. ;, 8.


17/60


ZY


18/60

AK_VWL@ ;. GL SKL@X FG LK DGXIKNFKF GN GL MFGKXM@ XG_WHLMAKN@ XKFMAKL

Qwikxm`

;. Lkq `hlmbkam`ngq fgl b`hgxnknvg gn smxvwf fgl pkav` p`lvma`8. Qàmgfkf amsml } Gqvkf`1. Dkamk lk Xgphlmak cxkvgxnkl qmn px`pmgfkf pxmskfk6. Dgxiknfkf, cxkvgxnmfkf, q`lmfkxmfkf

;. Lkq `hlmbkam`ngq fgl b`hgxnknvg gn smxvwf fgl pkav` p`lvma`

Lk xkam`nklmfkf pxavmak, qwpwgqv`q wn`q `hegvms`q, mngxg wnk a`nalwqmn k pkxvmx fgwnk mnc`xikamn a`n kxxgbl` k lk awkl qgkn klaknukhlgq vklgq `hegvms`q p`x vklgq igfm`q, n`qmnf`l` gn akihm` p`x vklgq `vx`q igfm`q: fg f`nfg qg xku`nkx $qgbn amgxvk lbmak- pkxkgtvxkgx amgxvkq a`nalwqm`ngq q`hxg l` {wg wn` dk fg dkagx.

Wnk fg lkq ckagvkq fg lk xkam`nklmfkf pxavmak gq lk n`xikvmsk. N` pwgfg dkhgxqàmgfkf, nm dwiknk nm n` dwiknk, qmn n`xikq.; Lkq qàmgfkfgq fg knmiklgq qwpgxm`xgq$mnalwmf`q l`q dwikn`q- ql` pwgfgn gtmqvmx qm qg a``xfmnkn lkq kavmsmfkfgq s`lwnvkxmkq fg l`qmnfmsmfw`q `hgfgamnf`qg lkq xfgngq fg wnk kwv`xmfkf.

Lkq n`xikq q`n lkq xgbwlkam`ngq qàmklignvg smbgnvgq q`hxg {w qg pwgfg dkagx } {wn` qg pwgfg dkagx. Q`n l`q iknfkv`q smbgnvgq fg lk kwv`xmfkf. _gx` vkl kqgxv` dk fg qgxf`hlgignvg ikvmukf`.

Gn pxmigx lwbkx, p`x{wg lk pxmigxk } $k l` lkxb` fg lk dmqv`xmk- lk pxmnampkl kwv`xmfkfk{wgllk fg lk awkl giknkn iq xgbwlkam`ngq ` n`xikq gq gl px`pm` a`lgavms` kl {wg sknfgqvmnkfkq gqkq xgbwlkam`ngq p`x lk sk fg l`q pxgagpv`q a`nqwgvwfmnkxm`q. qv`q n` vmgngniìgnv` fg pxìwlbkamn, nm plkqikamn gn vkhlkq ` gqaxmv`q, nm kwv`x pkxvmawlkx fgnmf`: glgqvkhlgamimgnv` fg wnk n`xik a`nqwgvwfmnkxmk gq mnfgqlmnfkhlg fg qw kplmakamn ` gegawamn.Akfk kav` {wg, gn wnk qàmgfkf awkl{wmgxk, gcgavwki`q k vgn`x fg lk a`qvwihxg gqvkhlgamfk }k lk {wg n`q qgnvmi`q smnawlkf`q a`nvxmhw}g k kknukx lk a`qvwihxg } k dkagxlk iqsmnawlknvg, pkxk n`q`vx`q } pkxk l`q fgiq. N` dk} cx`nvgxk pxgamqk gn gqv`. Qg pxìwlbkknnmikignvg awiplmgnf`. Qg iknfk `hgfgamgnf`.

Gn qgbwnf` lwbkx } kwn{wg gn ign`x igfmfk gq` qg kplmak vkihmn k l`qpxìwlbkimgnv`q fg lk kwv`xmfkf. Nmnbwnk kwv`xmfkf vmgng p`fgx pkxk mip`ngx n`xikq qm n` gqkqwimgnf` aì` iknfkv` qw}` lkq xgbwlkam`ngq a`nqwgvwfmnkxmkq fg l`q a`lgavms`q q`hxg l`q {wggegxag gqk kwv`xmfkf g mip`nmgnf` pxgagpv`q {wg, gn lngkq bgngxklgq, qgkn aìpkvmhlgq a`n lkn`xikvmsk a`nqwgvwfmnkxmk.

L`q iknfkv`q {wg ad`{wgn a`nvxk lkq xgbwlkam`ngq a`nqwgvwfmnkxmkq qg gqvxgllkn a`nvxkwn iwx` } vmgnfgn k {wgfkx mn`pgxknvgq.

Qì`q wnk gqpgamg qàmkl.8 Gl dìhxg gq wn qgx nkvwxkl, aì` nwgqvx`q agxakn`qpkxmgnvgq gl admipkna } gl hkhwmn`. Gqpgamg qàmkl, lk nkvwxklguk n` n`q dk dgad` pkxk smsmxkmqlkf`q. Lk ikfxg nkvwxklguk n` n`q dk f`vkf` fg xgawxq`q pkxk qgx X`hmnq`ngq Axwq`gq.

;. Vkl sgu fg gqk kcmxikamn dk}k {wg gtalwmx k lkq qàmgfkfgq fg mnqgav`q, gn lkq {wg pxgfìmnk gl aìp`xvkimgnv` mnqvmnvms`,

qmn {wg dkbk cklvk, p`x l` vknv`, a``xfmnkx lkq kavmsmfkfgq fg l`q imgihx`q igfmknvg xfgngq. Qgk gq` kq ` n`, gq pà`xglgsknvg pkxk im px`pqmv`.

8. S. qwpxk, ap. ?, ;.;.


19/60


_gxgagxki`q.

Gl dìhxg gtmqvg p`x nkvwxklguk gn qàmgfkf } qmgipxg dk gtmqvmf` gn qàmgfkf. 1 N`dk} fmcgxgnamk gnvxg qàmgfkf } Gqvkf`. Q`n l` imqi`. Wnk qàmgfkf dwiknk, gn lk igfmfk gn

{wg qgk mnfgpgnfmgnvg, gq wn Gqvkf`.Qmn wn qmqvgik fg xgbwlkam`ngq n`xikvmskq } qmn wnk kwv`xmfkf {wg pxìwlbwg vklgq

n`xikq n` dk} qàmgfkf $`, l` {wg gq l` imqi`, n` dk} Gqvkf`-. Lligqg k gqk kwv`xmfkfb`hmgxn` ` n`, gq` n` akihmk nkfk.

Ikq n` q`n lkq qàmgfkfgq aìplgvkq $Gqvkf`q- lkq nmakq {wg vmgngn kwv`xmfkfgq }xgbwlkam`ngq. Lkq vmgng awkl{wmgx a`lgavms` dwikn` inmikignvg `xbknmukf`. Dkqvk lkq`xbknmukam`ngq fglmavmskq vmgngn {wg kvgngxqg k wnkq n`xikq, k klbwn`q gqvkvwv`q, k lk kwv`xmfkffg klbwn`q fmxmbgnvgq, xgqpklfkfk p`x qknam`ngq k l`q gsgnvwklgq mncxkav`xgq.

Lk ngagqmfkf fg {wg gtmqvk klbwnk kwv`xmfkf n` fgvgximnk ai` qg miplknvk qvk. Lk

ngagqmfkf fg kwv`xmfkf ql` fgvgximnk lk mip`qmhmlmfkf fg {wg pgxqmqvk lk qàmgfkf qmn wnkfmxgaamn xgsgqvmfk fg p`fgxgq fg xgbwlkamn } fg qknamn. Fgpgnfg }k fg akfk qàmgfkf } fgakfk qmvwkamn } a`}wnvwxk dmqvxmak ai` qg gqvkhlguakn lkq kwv`xmfkfgq. K l` lkxb` fg lkdmqv`xmk }, p`x l` {wg sgi`q, gn lk smfk qàmkl fg nwgqvx q pxtmi`q pkxmgnvgq, `vxkq gqpgamgqqàmklgq fg ikicgx`q qwpgxm`xgq, gn bgngxkl gq p`x lk sm`lgnamk. Wn mnfmsmfw`, wn bxwp` fgmnfmsmfw`q, vkl sgu xgqpklfkf`q p`x kiplm`q qgav`xgq fg wnk alkqg qàmkl $` vkl sgu n`-, kqklvkngl p`fgx, kvkaknf` k {wmgngq l`q dkn pxgagfmf` gn gl gegxamam` fg gqg p`fgx } qwplknvnf`l`q.

[wg vgnbk {wg dkhgx wnk w `vxk kwv`xmfkf ${wg lk nkvwxklguk dk}k dgad` {wg n` pwgfkdkhgx qàmgfkf qmn {wg wn`q iknfgn } `vx`q `hgfguakn- n` fgvgximnk, alkx` gqv, nmnbwnkngagqmfkf fg {wg gn pkxvmawlkx qgkn qv`q l`q {wg iknfgn } k{wgll`q l`q {wg `hgfguakn. _`x

gq`, gn lk smfk qàmkl fg l`q a`lgavms`q dwikn`q, aì` gn lk fg `vxkq gqpgamgq gipkxgnvkfkq a`nlk nwgqvxk, k ignwf` gegxagn gl p`fgx d`} mnfmsmfw`q ` bxwp`q {wg gqvkhkn qìgvmf`q `fìmnkf`q k}gx.

Knvgq fg llgbkx k qgxl`, gl b`hgxnknvg dk qmf` b`hgxnkf`.6 _wgfg dkhgx kaagfmf` klp`fgx ` hmgn bwkxfknf` lkq n`xikq fgl p`fgx {wg l` dk pxgagfmf` $dkhmnf`l` xgamhmf` kq p`xdgxgnamk, glgaamn, a``pvkamn ` nìhxkimgnv`-, ` hmgn p`x dkhgxl` kqklvkf`, ` p`x dkhgxl`xgamhmf` fg `vx`q {wg l` kqklvkx`n pkxk l $wn fmqvmnb` wn pà` kxvmamkl, pgx` {wg pwgfg vgngxamgxv` cwnfkignv` gn àkqm`ngq-. Awknf`, p`x l` ign`q, n` l` dk kqklvkf` $nm qg dk hgngamkf`mnigfmkvkignvg fgl kqklv` fg `vx`q-, vmgng wnk lgbmvmimfkf fg `xmbgn xglkvmsk. Qwq vvwl`q qgxgvx`vxkgn k l`q fg qw pxgfgagq`x. _gx` vmgng k qw cks`x wn vvwl` iq fgl {wg akxgak qw

pxgfgagq`x5 lk vxknqimqmn pkaak, a`nqwgvwfmnkxmkignvg sklmfkfk, } gn lk {wg pwgfgpxgqwimxqg lk hwgnk cg.

Ikq, gn awkl{wmgx akq`, gqk lgbmvmimfkf fg `xmbgn, bxknfg ` pg{wgk, bgnwmnk `gqpxgk, a`nsmnagnvg ` fwf`qk, n` gq lk iq qmbnmakvmsk. Lk pxmnampkl hkqg fg lgbmvmimfkf fglb`hgxnknvg a`nqmqvg gn lk `hqgxsknamk fg qwq `hlmbkam`ngq fg vkl. ] gqkq `hlmbkam`ngq gqvxmhkn,hqmakignvg, gn bwkxfkx } dkagx bwkxfkx wnk ksgngnamk qmnklkbivmak gnvxg b`hgxnknvgq }

1. S. mncxk, ap. 2, 8, fg gqvg lmhx`, f`nfg axmvma` lk vg`xk fgl pkav` q amkl aì` wnk `xmbmnkamn kxvmcmamkl fg lk qàmgfkf k pkxvmx

fg mnfmsmfw`q kmqlkf`q {wg a`nsgnfxkn s`lwnvkxmkignvg gn gqk wnmn sgnvke`qk. $Gq mxxglgsknvg {wg l`q kfgpv`q fg gqk vg`xklk a`nqmfgxgn wn imv` vml.-

6. Qkls` l q {wg nkagn xg}gq, aì` Klc`nq` TMMM.


20/60

Gl skl`x fg lk dgxiknfkf gn gl mfgkxm` xgpwhlmakn` xkfmakl ;=

b`hgxnkf`q, wn pkav` p`lvma`, ` i`fwq smsgnfm, {wg l`q wng.7

Gn smxvwf fg gqg i`fwq smsgnfm {wmgn{wmgxk {wg gegxuk gl p`fgx }k qgk dkhmnf`l`kqklvkf , }k qgk dkhmnf`l` xgamhmf` fg ikn`q fg qwq pxgfgagq`xgq qgbn lkq xgblkq fg

vxknqimqmn smbgnvgq gn gl iìgnv` fg lk qwagqmn gnvxk a`n l`q b`hgxnkf`q gn wnk xglkamnfg `hlmbkam`ngq xgapxàkq $qmnklkbivmak-. @hlbkqg p`x gqg pkav` p`lvma` gl b`hgxnknvg5 ksglkx igfmknvg qwq pxìwlbkimgnv`q } qw kaamn fg b`hmgxn` p`x gl hmgn aìn fg lkqàmgfkf }, p`x l` vknv`, gl fg l`q mnfmsmfw`q {wg lk aìp`ngn, n` mip`nmgnf` `hlmbkam`ngqfmqaxmimnkv`xmkq ` qkaxmam`q kxhmvxkxmkignvg fmqvxmhwmf`q: k xgqpgvkx lkq n`xikq a`nqwgvwfmnk)xmkq: gn qwik, k i`qvxkxqg k lk klvwxk fg l` {wg lk bgngxklmfkf fg l`q b`hgxnkf`q qg axgg a`nfgxgad` k gtmbmx } gqpgxkx fgl b`hgxnknvg. K lk sgu gqg pkav` p`lvma` `hlmbk k l`q b`hgxnkf`qk kakvkx kl b`hgxnknvg $p`x iw} wqwxpkf`x {wg qgk-.

Lk xkun fg {wg gl b`hgxnkf` a`nvxkmbk gqg pkav` p`lvma` a`n gl b`hgxnknvg fg vwxn`,qgk gl {wg cwgxg, gq {wg lk qàmgfkf vmgng {wg gtmqvmx } ngagqmvk {wg dk}k wnk kwv`xmfkf: gn lkq

a`nfmam`ngq mikbmnkfkq awknf` klbwmgn qg dk gnqg`xgkf` fg lk qwpxgikak gn lk qàmgfkfn` dk} klvgxnkvmsk smkhlg, pkxk {wg dk}k kwv`xmfkf, qmn` {wg qmbk gegxamnf`lk {wmgn fg dgad`lk `qvgnvg, awkl{wmgxk {wg qgk gl vvwl` `xmbmnkxm` fg qw p`fgx.

Kfgiq, kwn{wg wn` n` qgk lmhxg fg pgxvgngagx ` n` k lk qàmgfkf, p`x gl igx` dgad`fg qgx imgihx` fg gllk } fg hgngamkxqg fg gqk pgxvgngnamk $}, p`x gnfg, fg hgngamkxqg fg lkpx`vgaamn, v`f` l` mnqwamgnvg {wg qgk, fg lk kwv`xmfkf gqvkhlgamfk-, a`nvxkg wnk `hlmbkamn,wn aìpxìmq` miplamv`, fg n` kvgnvkx a`nvxk lk qàmgfkf: `hlmbkamn {wg, gn lkq amxawnqvknamkqmikbmnkfkq, qg {wghxknvkxk qm fgqkakvkxk wn` lk kwv`xmfkf.

L` knvgxm`x n` qmbnmak {wg qgkn mnfmcgxgnvgq l`q i`f`q ` pxàgfmimgnv`q fg kaagq`kl fgqgipg` fg lkq cwnam`ngq fg kwv`xmfkf. Wn` fg l`q fghgxgq fgl b`hgxnknvg gq xgqpgvkx lkn`xik a`nqwgvwfmnkxmk: } wnk xgblk a`nqwgvwfmnkxmk $qm gq {wg n` qg vxkvk fg wn pxmnampm` hqma`fg awkl{wmgx `xfgnkimgnv`- gq lk fg {wg gl px`pm` b`hgxnknvg qg khqvgnbk fg a`nawlakx l`qpxgagpv`q {wg l imqi` pxìwlbk ` {wg iknvmgng gn smb`x. Gn lk igfmfk gn {wg qg xgqpgvg gqkn`xik qg gqv gn wn Gqvkf` fg fgxgad`. L`q b`hmgxn`q kxhmvxkxm`q, l`q {wg n` q`n fg fgxgad`,swlngxkn qwq px`pmkq xgblkq.

Kd`xk hmgn, wnk pkxvg fg lk n`xikvmsk smbgnvg gq lk {wg xgbwlk pxgamqkignvg ai` qgkaagfg k lkq cwnam`ngq fg kwv`xmfkf. Lk wqwxpkamn gq wnk bxksg a`nawlakamn fg gqk pkxvg fglk n`xikvmsk smbgnvg. ], kwn{wg lwgb` gl wqwxpkf`x pxàgfk k khx`bkx xgvx`kavmskignvg lk n`xikpxgagfgnvg, `hsmkignvg l` {wg n` pwgfg gq ewqvmakx qw px`pmk p`qmamn fg p`fgx fgqfg l`qpxàgfmimgnv`q smbgnvgq } smnawlknvgq k vgn`x fg qw px`pmk lgbklmfkf. N` pwgfg àwlvkx nm h`xxkx

qw mlgbklmfkf fg `xmbgn.

ZY

7. _xgcmgx` wqkx lkq làwam`ngq pkav` p`lvma` ` i`fwq smsgnfm pkxk gsmvkx gl qmnvkbik pkav` qàmkl, a`nvkimnkf` p`x lk

vg`xk {wg $kwn{wg qgk gn lk gqcgxk fgl imv` ` fg lk xga`nqvxwaamn mikbmnkxmk- cwnfk lk gtmqvgnamk imqik fg lk qàmgfkf gn wna`nsgnm` ka`xfkf` gnvxg l`q mnfmsmfw`q p`x gl awkl qv`q fgamfgn pkqkx fg smsmx kmqlkf`q k smsmx ewnv`q hke` wnk kwv`xmfkf. Glpkav` p`lvma`, i`fwq smsgnfm, gq wn kxxgbl` kaì`fkimgnv` xgapxà`, wnk a`nc`ximfkf, wn awkqm)a`nvxkv` {wg n` qg xmbmnkp`x wn kav` ewxfma`, qmn` p`x wn dgad`5 lk xglkamn cavmak {wg qg fk p`x smsmx gn wnk qàmgfkf `hgfmgnvg k wn b`hmgxn`.


21/60

AK_VWL@ 8. SMBGNAMK FG LK A@NQVMVWAMN XG_WHLMAKNK FG ;=1;

Qwikxm`

?;. Lk pxàlkikamn fg lk Xgphlmak gl ;6 fg khxml fg ;=1;?8. Fg lk M Xgphlmak k lk MM?1. Gl knvgpx`}gav` a`nqvmvwam`nkl fg @qq`xm` } Bkllkxf`?6. Gl px`}gav` a`nqvmvwam`nkl fg Lwmq Emingu fg Kqk?7. Lk _x`pmgfkf?3. Kqpgav`q qàmklgq } lkh`xklgq?2. Lk Xgc`xik kbxkxmk?4. _kxlkignv` wnmakigxkl?=. _kxlkignvkxmqi` xkam`nklmukf`;?. Lk pxgqmfgnamk fg lk Xgphlmak;;. Gl Vxmhwnkl fg Bkxknvkq A`nqvmvwam`nklgq;8. Xmbmfgu a`nqvmvwam`nkl

;1. Lk awgqvmn xgbm`nkl;6. Gl fgxgad` fgl pwghl` k dkagx lk xgs`lwamn;7. Lk awgqvmn xglmbm`qk;3. Lk Xgphlmak fgqvxwmfk p`x gl Klukimgnv` imlmvkx;2. Vmgng d`} smbgnamk lk A`nqvmvwamn fg ;=1;0;4. Hmhlm`bxkck q`hxg lk A`nqvmvwamn fg ;=1;

;. Lk pxàlkikamn fg lk Xgphlmak gl ;6 fg khxml fg ;=1;

Gl ;6 fg khxml fg ;=1; l`q gqpk`lgq fgekx`n fg qgx qhfmv`q. L` {wg i`vms lk ikxadkkl gtvxknegx` fgl Xg} Klc`nq` TMMM } lk qgbwnfk pxàlkikamn fg lk Xgphlmak gn nwgqvxk _kvxmkcwg gl xgqwlvkf` fg lkq glgaam`ngq iwnmampklgq aglghxkfkq f`q fkq knvgq, gl fìmnb` ;8 fg khxml.

Wnk dmqv xm`bxkck cks`xkhlg k lkq vgqmq h`xhnmakq mnqmqvg gn {wg vklgq glgaam ngq nà`nqvmvw}gx`n wn vxmwnc` fg l`q xgpwhlmakn`q.

[wmn bkn k{wgllkq glgaam`ngq0 Lk pxgbwnvk akxgag fg qgnvmf`. Gq khqwxfk. Gq aì`pxgbwnvkx {wmn dk bknkf` lkq glgaam`ngq pxgqmfgnamklgq gn Kqmk ` {wmn b`hgxnkhk gn lk GfkfIgfmk. Wnkq glgaam`ngq iwnmampklgq q`n l` {wg q`n: akfk glgaamn iwnmampkl p`fx bknkxlk wnkaknfmfkvwxk $qm gq {wg kq qg plknvgk lk a`nvmgnfk glgav`xkl-, pgx` gq wn a`nvxkqgnvmf` bgngxklmukxl`q xgqwlvkf`q.

L` {wg a`nfwe` k lk vgximnkamn fg lk i`nkx{wk n` gxk {wg lk ik}`xk fg l`qgqpk`lgq a`n fgxgad` fg qwcxkbm` gn wnkq glgaam`ngq $gn lkq {wg n` qg lgq a`nqwlvkhk qm {wgxkn

i`nkx{wk ` Xgphlmak- s`vkxkn k aknfmfkv`q xgpwhlmakn`q. Gq` qwagfm, fgqfg lwgb`5 gl ; fgik}` fg ;=18, gn fgalkxkam`ngq k Lk Nkamn fg Hwgn`q Kmxgq kxikx gl }k gtmlmkf` F.Klc`nq` fg H`xhn5; _à` knvgq fg lk igfmk nàdg Zfgl fk ;8 fg khxmlY qwpg lk kikxbksgxfkf5 gl qgvgnvk p`x amgnv` fg imq qhfmv`q dkhkn s`vkf` lk aknfmfkvwxk xgpwhlmaknk nvgbxk.

L` {wg dmu` mip`qmhlg lk pgxikngnamk fgl xg} gq {wg qg fgqi`x`n gl imv` fg wnpwghl` gqpk`l ikqmskignvg kfmav` k lk A`x`nk. Imll`ngq fg gqpk`lgq gxkn } qg fgalkxkhknknvmi`nx{wma`q. Ik}`xk0 Imn`xk0 Gq mbwkl. Lk i`nkx{wk n` gxk smkhlg a`n gl kp`}` fgl7?,7' fg l`q glgav`xgq $qwp`nmgnf` {wg l` vwsmgxk-. Wn i`nkxak ql` pwgfg xgmnkx qm gqsgx`qiml {wg lk bxkn ikqk fg l`q dkhmvknvgq kagpvkn qgx qhfmv`q qw}`q a`n kfdgqmn ` klign`q xgqmbnkamn $` qm gq` pwgfg dkagxqg axggx k lk `pmnmn phlmak, kwn{wg qgk faml, avmamk,p`qvmuk } iknmpwlkfk-.

;. S. G. fg Bwuin, `p.amv., pp. 7=;)8.


22/60

Smbgnamk fg lk A`nqvmvwamn xgpwhlmaknk fg ;=1; 8;

[wg iwad`q fg l`q aknfmfkv`q i`nx{wma`q {wg `hvwsmgx`n a`nageklkq gn l`q pwghl`ql` dmamgxkn p`x gl kxv. 8= fg lk lg} glgav`xkl,8 gn smxvwf fgl awkl {wgfkhkn kwvìvmakignvgpxàlkikf`q l`q aknfmfkv`q {wg n` dwhmgxkn vgnmf` `p`qmv`xgq: {wg gn lkq u`nkq xwxklgq

pgxqmqvmgxkn gl akam{wmqi` } lk cklqmakamn fgl qwcxkbm`: {wg v`f` gq` qgk kq gq qgawnfkxm`. F.Klc`nq` qg fm` awgnvk5 qm vgnk gn a`nvxk lk bxkn ik}`xk fg lk p`hlkamn fg lkq amwfkfgq, qm lkqvx`pkq } cwgxukq xgpxgqmskq gxkn pà` fg kx pkxk q`càkx l`q px`hkhlgq fmqvwxhm`q {wgqwagfgxkn qm qg kcgxxkhk kl vx`n`, n` lg {wgfkhk iq {wg ikxadkxqg pkxk xgbxgqkx igfmknvg wnb`lpg imlmvkx fghmfkignvg pxgpkxkf`.

Cwg wnk kwvnvmak xgs`lwamn p`pwlkx pkaak.1 Lkq Wnmsgxqmfkfgq } l`q a`lgbm`qgqvkhkn mnvgximvgnvgignvg alkwqwxkf`q fgqfg dkak igqgq: awknf` khxkn, qg xgpx`fwakn l`qklh`x`v`q. Fmgamqmq qgiknkq kvxq, a`n àkqmn fg l`q px`nwnamkimgnv`q fg Ekak } Awkvx`Smgnv`q, dkhk gqvkf` a`nswlqm`nkfk igfmk Gqpkk5 dwglbkq bgngxklgq gn Ukxkbùk, Lk A`xwk,Qknvknfgx, Dwglsk, Ekn, Lgn, Uki`xk, _kipl`nk, L`bx`` } skxm`q pwghl`q fg Smuak}k }bxksgq fmqvwxhm`q gn fmsgxqkq p`hlkam`ngq fg lkq px`smnamkq fg @smgf` } Klmaknvg, pxàlkinf`)qg lk Xgphlmak gn klbwnkq fg gllkq.

Lk a`nvmgnfk glgav`xkl fgl fìmnb` ;8 fg khxml cwg plknvgkfk aì` wn plghmqamv` kcks`x ` gn a`nvxk fg lk i`nkx{wk p`x l`q px`pm`q i`nx{wma`q5 Gl Fghkvg pwhlmakhk wngfmv`xmkl gl qhkf` ;; f`nfg fgak56 qg vxkvk fg bknkx wnk hkvkllk p`x gl `xfgn } lk pkuqàmkl, {wg gn l`q iìgnv`q kavwklgq kpkxgagn smnawlkf`q k lk I`nkx{wk.

[wg gl gqaxwvmnm` fg lkq glgaam`ngq fgl fìmnb` ;8 fg khxml fg ;=1; miplmakhk wnikqms` fgqkcgav` fgl pwghl` gqpk`l k lk i`nkx{wk h`xhnmak l` sm` gl px`pm` Xg}, } kq l`gtpxgq gn qw iknmgqv` kl pkq57 Lkq glgaam`ngq ZY ig xgsglkn alkxkignvg {wg n` vgnb` d`}gl ki`x fg im pwghl`. ZY Dkllkxk igfm`q q`hxkf`q pkxk iknvgngx Imq xgbmkq pxgxx`bkvmskq gn

gaku c`xageg` a`n {wmgngq lkq aìhkvgn. ZY N` xgnwnam` k nmnbwn` fg Imq fgxgad`q ZYqwqpgnf`, fglmhgxkfkignvg, gl gegxamam` fgl _`fgx Xgkl } ig kpkxv` fg Gqpkk ZY

Qw Ikegqvkf vmgng cwgxukq imlmvkxgq } p`lmamklgq fg iq } fg q`hxk pkxk iknvgngx k lkcwgxuk Qwq pxgxx`bkvmskq, pgx`, pkxk gsmvkx fg iìgnv` fgxxkikimgnv` fg qknbxg, qg klgek fglpkq, qwqpgnfmgnf` gl gegxamam` fgl p`fgx xgkl. Fgqfg Xìk mnmamkx lk a`nqpmxkamn pkxk`xbknmukx gl fgxxmh` fg lk Xgphlmak a`n ik}`x tmv`. ] l` a`nqmbwm.

] gq {wg, aì` l` fmag Hgxgnbwgx,3 lk p`hlkamn gnvgxk smhxkhk gn gnvwqmkqi`xgpwhlmakn`. Cwg wnk ksklknadk dwiknk $mhmf- lk {wg kxfk gn lk hwllmam`qk klgbxk fgk{wgllk smav`xmk.2

8. S. Dmlkxm Xkbwgx, Lk pls`xk } gl mnamgnq`5 lk Mblgqmk } lk bwgxxk amsml gqpk`lk, Hkxagl`nk5 _gnnqwlk, 8??;, p. 62.

1. S. Gfwkxf` fg Bwuin, ;=1?5 Dmqv`xmk p`lvmak fg wn k` fgamqms`, Ikfxmf5 Vghkq, ;=21, p. 646.

6. S. Bwuin, `p.amv., p. 741.

7. Aw}` vgtv`, `xmbmnkl } a`xxgbmf` a`n vkadkfwxkq, xgpx`fwag gl Bgngxkl Fikq` Hgxgnbwgx gn qw lmhx` Fg lk Fmavkfwxk k lkXgphlmak, Ikfxmf5 Vghkq, ;=27, p. 16=.

3. @p. amv. p. 167.

2. Mhmf, p. 163.


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ZY


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AK_VWL@ 1. GL _@FGX I@FGXKF@X GN LK I@NKX[WK ] GN LK XG_HLMAK

Qwikxm`

??. Fghgxgq } fgxgad`q fg lk A`x`nk gn lk A`nqvmvwamn fg ;=24?;. Lk i`nkx{wk, C`xik pgxfwxkhlg fgl Gqvkf` gqpk`l?8. Lk lgbmvmimfkf fmnqvmak aì` qmvwkamn ewxfmak qwpxka`nqvmvwam`nkl?1. Gl p`fgx a`nqvmvw}gnvg fg ;=24 } lkq pxgxx`bkvmskq fgl Vx`n`?6. Lk mnqgbwxmfkf ewxfmak fg lk smbgnamk a`nqvmvwam`nkl k akwqk fg lk lgbmvmimfkf fmnqvmak?7. Gl akxavgx pkxlkignvkxm fg lk I`nkx{wk gqpk`lk?3. Gl p`fgx i`fgxkf`x } lk ngagqmfkf fgl xgcxgnf`?2. Lk p`vgqvkf xgkl fg nìhxkx kl pxgqmfgnvg fgl B`hmgxn`?4. Lk p`vgqvkf xgbmk fg sgvkx fgaxgv`q } lg}gq?=. Gl p`fgx i`fgxkf`x, bwkxfmn fg l`q pxmnampm q bgngxklgq fgl fgxgad`;?. Gl p`fgx xgbm` fg hl`{wg` fg kav`q mnslmf`q;;. Imqmn fgl Vx`n`5 dkagx pxgsklgagx lk s`lwnvkf fgl pwghl` gqpk`l

;8. Gl mnvgxq fg lk _kvxmk aì` pkwvk pkxk gl p`fgx i`fgxkf`x;1. Lk pxgqgxskamn fg lk pku } gl iknf` qwpxgi` fg lkq cwgxukq kxikfkq;6. Lk p`vgqvkf xgbmk gn lkq xglkam`ngq mnvgxnkam`nklgq;7. Gl p`fgx a`nqvmvw}gnvg fgl q`hgxkn`;3. Lk xgbgnamkKnge` M. A`nqmfgxkam`ngq dmqvxma`)ewxfmakq q`hxg lk lgbmvmimfkf fmnqvmak

;. Xgmn`q axmqvmkn`q fg lk Gqpkk igfmgskl8. Lk akqk fg Vxkqvkikxk1. Lk akqk fg Kwqvxmk6. Lk akqk fg H`xhn gn Cxknamk7. Gl vgqvkignv` fg Akxl`q MM3. Lk awgqvmn qwagq`xmk5 Kwqvxmkq ` H`xh`ngq0

2. Lk akqk fg H`xhn gn Gqpkk4. Lk Vxknqmamn=. Lk qwagqmn fmnqvmak gn lk A`nqvmvwamn fg ;=24

Knge` MM. Lk lgbklmfkf fgl kav` qknam`nkv`xm` } pxìwlbkv`xm` fg lk A`nqvmvwamn gqpk`lk fg ;=24

??. Fghgxgq } fgxgad`q fg lk A`x`nk gn lk A`nqvmvwamn fg ;=24

Gn gqvg akpvwl` s`} k dkagx wn gtkign fgvkllkf` fg l`q fghgxgq } fgxgad`q {wg lkA`nqvmvwamn i`nx{wmak fg ;=24 kqmbnk k lk Egckvwxk fgl Gqvkf`, mfgnvmakfk a`n lk A`x`nk$kwn{wg gn gqvkq pbmnkq pxgcgxmx lk fgnìmnkamn iq vxkfmam`nkl5 gl Vx`n`-.;

S } k i`qvxkx {wg lk smqmn fgl a`nqvmvw}gnvg fg ;=24 xggek gl fàvxmnkxmqi`

i`nx{wma` a`nqgxskf`x, aw}` lgbkf` a`nagpvwkl xga`bg. Gn gqk a`nagpamn, gl Vx`n` giknkfgl pwghl` p`x wn xgmvgxkf` pkav` mnvgxbgngxkam`nkl gnvxg lk nkamn } lk fmnkqvk xgmnknvg, pkav`{wg qmvk lk lgbmvmimfkf dmqvxma`)fmnqvmak p`x gnamik fg lk lgbmvmimfkf glgavmsk fg lkq fgiqp`vgqvkfgq fgl Gqvkf`. Gtklvkfk kq q`hxg gq`q `vx`q p`fgxgq, lk A`x`nk `qvgnvk lk p`vgqvkfi`fgxkf`xk } kxhmvxkl, lk fg px`nwnamkx qmgipxg lk lvmik pklkhxk, gn qw sàkamn fg ngwvxklmfkfgnvxg l`q pkxvmf`q } lkq qgnqmhmlmfkfgq, gqvknf` gt`ngxkfk fg xgqp`nqkhmlmfkf $p`x{wg ql` kq

;. K l` lkxb` fg gqvg akpvwl` wq` mnfmqvmnvkignvg lkq gtpxgqm`ngq gl Vx`n` } lk A`x`nk, qgbn gl wq` a`nqkbxkf` fgnwgqvxkq a`nqvmvwam`ngq fgami`nnmakq. Lk A`nqvmvwamn fg ;467 fgfmak qw Vvwl` SMM k lk qwagqmn k lk A`x`nk: gl qgbwnf`kxvawl` fg gqg Vvwl` gq gl 7?5 Lk qwagqmn gn gl Vx`n` fg lkq Gqpkkq qgx . L` imqi` qwagfg gn lkq a`nqvmvwam`ngq fg

;412, ;43= $kxv. 22- } ;423 $kxv. 3?-. Gl xgfkav`x fg lk AG fg ;=24 dk wqkf` pkxakignvg lk pklkhxk Vx`n`, pgx` gl kxv. 72.;xgvìk wnk smgek kcmxikamn kl fgamx5 Lk qwagqmn gn gl Vx`n` qgbwmx gl `xfgn , awknf` gqv gqvkhlgamgnf` lkq xgblkq fglk qwagqmn k lk A`x`nk. _`fgi`q, p`x a`nqmbwmgnvg, gnvgnfgx {wg q`n qmnnmi`q pkxk qmbnmcmakx lk cmbwxk fgl i`nkxak gn glgegxamam` fg qw p`vgqvkf mnqvmvwam`nkl fg xgmnkx.


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pwgfg a`xxgqp`nfgxlg lk lvmik pklkhxk-. _`x gl a`nvxkxm`, gn lk Xgphlmak $} a`naxgvkignvg gnlk Xgphlmak Gqpk`lk fg Vxkhkekf`xgq fg ;=1;- gl p`fgx i`fgxkf`x, gnakxnkf` gn gl_xgqmfgnvg, vgnk wnk cwnamn iq lmimvkfk } qwegvk k xgqp`nqkhmlmfkf.

Im kxbwignvkamn sk k fgqbl`qkx5 fg wn lkf`, lkq pxgxx`bkvmskq ` ckawlvkfgq fg lkA`x`nk $kpkxvkf`q ; k 4 }, gn pkxvg, ;6 } ;7-: fg `vx` lkf` $kpkxvkf`q = k ;6-, lkq `hlmbkam`ngq{wg pkxk gl Vx`n` a`nllgsk gl fmqcxwvg fg gqkq pxgxx`bkvmskq, skxmkq fg lkq awklgq q`n fg `hlmbkf`gegxamam`. Lk smqmn xgqwlvknvg gq lk fg {wg lk A`nqvmvwamn a`ngxg k lk Egckvwxk fgl Gqvkf` wnkiplqmi` aiwl` fg p`fgxgq fg fgamqmn gn lvmik mnqvknamk, mip`nmnf`lg, k akihm`, lk`hlmbkamn fg n` fgekx fg gegxagx vklgq p`fgxgq a`n fmqagxnmimgnv`, hkqknf` qwq fgamqm`ngqq`hgxknkq gn l`q skl`xgq } pxmnampm`q xga`nàmf`q gn lk px`pmk A`nqvmvwamn.

Lk fàvxmnk ik}`xmvkxmk q`qvmgng wn pwnv` fg smqvk xkfmaklignvg `pwgqv`. Nmgbk gq`qp`fgxgq ` fgxgad`q fg lk A`x`nk } vkihmn nmgbk gq`q fghgxgq. A`n xglkamn k l`q fgxgad`q `lkq pxgxx`bkvmskq, a`nqmfgxk {wg qg vxkvk fg agxgi`nmkq qmihlmakq w `xnkignvklgq, gn lkq awklgq

gl i`nkxak akxgagxk fg p`fgx fg fgamqmn klbwn`. Kl sgx kq vklgq ckawlvkfgq ${wg, gn gqkpvmak, qgxkn igxkq cwnam`ngq)aìpgvgnamk-, gt`ngxk k lk A`x`nk fg fghgxgq qwqvknvms`q fgp`nfgxkx qwq fgamqm`ngq a`n axmvgxm` ikvgxmkl klbwn`. Fg gqg i`f`, lk fàvxmnk ik}`xmvkxmkmip`ng kl Vx`n` wnk `hlmbkamn cxxgk fg amgbk g mna`nfmam`nkl qwimqmn k a`nqmfgxkam`ngqc`xiklgq } px`và`lkxmkq, gtmimnf`l` v`vklignvg fg `hlmbkam`ngq fg kpxgamkamn fgl a`nvgnmf`fg l`q kav`q ewxfma`q {wg lg gnaìmgnfk lk A`nqvmvwamn. Gl i`nkxak vgnfxk {wg xikx qmn lggxl` {wg lg pxgqgnvg gl mnfmsmfw` {wg `qvgnvg gl xvwl` fg pxgqmfgnvg fgl b`hmgxn` $`, gn wn akq`fgvgximnkf`, fg pxgqmfgnvg fgl a`nbxgq` fg l`q fmpwvkf`q-, qmn qm{wmgxk gnvxkx k ksgxmbwkx ai`qg dkn llgbkf` k glkh`xkx gqkq px`pwgqvkq.

K l` lkxb` fg l`q fmsgxq`q kpkxvkf`q fg gqvg akpvwl` xgcwv` gqg pwnv` fg smqvk fg lk

fàvxmnk ik}`xmvkxmk. Gl akpvwl` qg aìplgvk a`n f`q knge`q: gn gl pxmigx` qìgv` k axvmak glkqgxv` a`nqvmvwam`nkl fg lk lgbmvmimfkf dmqvxma`)fmnqvmak $kxv. 72.;-, k lk lwu fg wn xga`xxmf` p`xlk dmqv`xmk fg lk fmnkqvk h`xhnmak } fg lkq pxgagfgnvgq gn gl Vx`n` fg Gqpkk. Gn gl Knge` MMdkb` wn knlmqmq ewxfma` fg lk lgbklmfkf fg l`q kav`q qknam`nkv`xm` } pxìwlbkv`xm` fg lk kavwklA`nqvmvwamn $gn fmamgihxg fg ;=24- } fg qw pxgsmk kpx`hkamn gn lkq a`xvgq hmakigxklgq fg lkvxknqmamn.

?;. Lk i`nkx{wk, C`xik pgxfwxkhlg fgl Gqvkf` gqpk`l

Gl nalg` fg lk A`nqvmvwamn qknam`nkfk } pxìwlbkfk p`x Q.I. gl Xg} gl 82 fgfmamgihxg fg ;=24 gq gl kxv. ;, pgx` fgnvx` fg l l` gq gl kpkxvkf` 1. Gqg kxvawl` ; dk fg qgxlgf` gn a`ngtmn a`n v`f` gl Vvwl` MM fg lk A`nqvmvwamn, {wg gq gl Fg lk A`x`nk, v`fk sgu

{wg fgng k Gqpkk aì` wnk i`nkx{wk pkxlkignvkxmk.

A`nsmgng xggtm`nkx q`hxg l`q sgxh`q igfmknvg l`q awklgq qg gtpxgqk gqg kxvawl ; fglk A`nqvmvwamn. Imgnvxkq {wg gl kpkxvkf` ; fgl imqi` kxik {wg Gqpkk qg a`nqvmvw}g gn wnGqvkf` qàmkl } fgiàxvma` fg fgxgad`, gl kpkxvkf` 1 xguk kq5 Lk c`xik p`lvmak fgl Gqvkf`gqpk`l gq lk i`nkx{wk pkxlkignvkxmk.

Nwgqvx`q a`nqvmvw}gnvgq fg ;=24 wqkn lkq pklkhxkq a`n qw qgnvmf` px`pm`. Wnk a`qk gq{wg wnk amgxvk gnvmfkf qg a`nqvmvw}k gn gqv` ` l` `vx`, `vxk {wg gllk qgk gqv` ` l` `vx`, ` {wg qwc`xik qgk kq ` kq. Imgnvxkq {wg l` {wg qg a`nqvmvw}g gn gq` ` l` `vx` n` l` gxk knvgq fga`nqvmvwmxqg gn gll`, l` {wg gq fg amgxvk c`xik $` k{wgll` aw}k c`xik gq kq ` kq- l` gq

mnfgpgnfmgnvgignvg fg awkl{wmgx kav` a`nqvmvw}gnvg, fg awkl{wmgx fgamqmn fg a`nqvmvwmxqg fg wni`f` w `vx`.

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AK_VWL@ 6. LK IGI@XMK XG_WHLMAKNK A@I@ GLGIGNV@ FG LKA@NAMGNAMK NKAM@NKL

Qwikxm`;. Gq fgcgnfmhlg lk gtmqvgnamk fg wnk igi`xmk dmqvxmak wnmsgxqkl08. Xgawpgxkx lk igi`xmk a`lgavmsk cxgnvg k lk kingqmk fg lk Vxknqmamn1. Lkq xku`ngq fgl fgqkpgb` kl pkqkf` gn lkq nwgskq bgngxam`ngq6. Gl xgawgxf` a`lgavms` fg lk nkamn gqpk`lk7. Knlmqmq fgl a`nagpv` fg igi`xmk a`lgavmsk3. Lk pxgqgnamk fgl pkqkf`2. Igi`xmk dmqvxmak } xgqp`nqkhmlmfkf dmqvxmak4. Hmhlm`bxkck qglgavk

;. Gq fgcgnfmhlg lk gtmqvgnamk fg wnk igi`xmk dmqvxmak wnmsgxqkl0

Iwad` qg dk fghkvmf` kagxak fg lk lg} {wg pgxm`fqvmakignvg xgamhm lk fgnìmnkamn$ewxfmakignvg mncwnfkfk- fg lg} fg igi`xmk dmqvxmak. N` s`} k gqvwfmkxlk k{w. L` {wg s`}k dkagx gn gqvg akpvwl` gq a`nqmfgxkx wn px`hlgik gqpgaa`5 qm gtmqvg lk igi`xmk dmqvxmak:iq a`naxgvkignvg, lk igi`xmk dmqvxmak wnmsgxqkl: }, aì` pkxvg fg lk imqik, wnk igi`xmkdmqvxmak nkam`nkl, lk fg lk Xgphlmak gqpk`lk.

Gl a`nagpv` fg igi`xmk dmqvxmak wnmsgxqkl dk qmf` mipwbnkf` p`x im kpxgamkfà`lgbk, gl lq`c` Bwqvks` Hwgn` $aw}kq `hqgxskam`ngq qmgipxg igxgagn qgx kvgnvkignvgq`pgqkfkq-.; Bwqvks` Hwgn` `cxgag skxm`q kxbwignv`q gn a`nvxk fg gqg a`nagpv` {wg lxgadkuk.

Wn pxmigx kxbwignv` gq gl fg {wg lk Dmqv`xmk n` gq igi`xmk, nm qg a`nqvmvw}g p`x lkigi`xmk. Lk amgnamk dmqv`xm`bxak qgklk nwgqvx` mnvgxlàwv x gq wnk mnfkbkamn fgl pkqkf`k vxksq fg lkq xglm{wmkq {wg qvg dk fgekf` gn gl pxgqgnvg. Qgbn gq`, qg a`nqvxw}g wnk vg`xkq`hxg gl pkqkf` k pkxvmx fg wn`q fkv`q `hqgxskhlgq, {wg pwgfgn qgx fàwignv`q, i`nwignv`q,dwgllkq `, gn bgngxkl, l` {wg Bwqvks` Hwgn` llkik xglm{wmkq. A`nqvx}gqg gqk mnvgxpxgvkamnmbwkl {wg qg glkh`xk wnk vg`xk bg`lbmak, kqvx`nimak ` awkl{wmgx `vxk, n` k hkqg fgl xgawgxf`.

K gqg pxmigx kxbwignv` `hegv` l` qmbwmgnvg. Knvg v`f`, fg gqkq xglm{wmkq lkq iqqmbnmakvmskq gqvn a`nqvmvwmfkq p`x xgawgxf`q, gqvkipkf`q gn fàwignv`q. Awknf` ` f`nfg n`l`q dk}, l` {wg dkagi`q gq pxgdmqv`xmk, n` dmqv`xmk. Q`n l`q vgqvmi`nm`q fg l`q pkxvmampknvgq gnl`q dgad`q dmqvxma`q l`q {wg ikxakn lk fmcgxgnamk gqpgaak fgl qkhgx dmqv`xm`bxa`, } l`fgqlmnfkn fg lk kx{wg`l`bk.

Kfgiq, gq`q xgawgxf`q fàwignvkf`q fmcamlignvg pwgfgn vgngx qgnvmf` pkxk gldmqv`xmkf`x qmn wnk vxkfmamn mnmnvgxxwipmfk fg vxknqimqmn awlvwxkl, {wg n` qg lmimvk k lka`nqgxskamn fg l`q fàwignv`q. Ski`q k mikbmnkx {wg gn nwgqvx` _lkngvk Vmgxxk lk gqpgamgdwiknk fgqkpkxgag, savmik fg bwgxxkq ` gpmfgimkq fgeknf` lkq dwgllkq fàwignvklgq fgskxm`q imlgnm`q fg gqaxmvwxk, pgx` {wg wn imlln fg k`q fgqpwq qgxgq mnvglmbgnvgq fg `vx`qmqvgik q`lkx gtpl`xkn gqvg plkngvk, fgqawhxgn } fgqamcxkn gq`q fàwignv`q. _wgq hmgn, l` {wgdkbkn n` qgx dmqv`xmk. Qgx kx{wg`l`bk fàwignvkl, p`x{wg n` dkhx ngt` klbwn` fg qwpxgqgnvg a`n gqg pkqkf` fgl awkl qg dk}k mf` vxknqimvmgnf` wn xgawgxf`, fg bgngxkamn gnbgngxkamn.

;. S. qw kxvawl` Q`hxg gl a`nagpv` fg igi`xmk dmqvxmak aìn $Gl Akv`hlgpkqn ;;, gngx` 8??1, pb 8 Zrrr.n`fwl`.`xbY:n` gnvx` k{w gn gqaxmv`q iq xgamgnvgq fgl imqi` kwv`x gn v`xn` k gqvg vgik.


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D`} qg dkag dmqv`xmk fgl Gbmpv` ckxknma` $gegipl` fg nwgqvx` mnvgxlàwv`x- p`x{wg dkpgxsmsmf` qw xgawgxf` gn lk ignvg a`lgavmsk fg l`q pwghl`q igfmvgxxng`q. L`q iknwqaxmv`q `lkq mnqaxmpam`ngq dmvmvkq, axgvgnqgq, gvxwqakq } `vxkq gnvxkn gn lk dmqv`xmk p`x{wg qg mnqgxvkn gn

gqg xgawgxf`.A`n{wg gl xgawgxf` gnvxk p`x pkxvmfk f`hlg gn lk dmqv`xm`bxkck amgnvak5

$;- gnvxk mnfmsmfwklignvg, p`x{wg awkl{wmgx fàwignv` gq gl xgbmqvx` fg wn xgawgxf` $n` pwgfgxglkvkxqg l` {wg qwagfg gn wn kd`xk mnvgip`xkl fg fwxkamn agx`, gn wn mnqvknvg {wgn` gnbl`hg nkfk fgl pkqkf` nm fgl cwvwx`, p`x{wg gn wn mnqvknvg n` qwagfg khq`lwvk)ignvg nkfk-: }

$8- gnvxk a`lgavmskignvg, p`x{wg l` {wg qg gqvwfmk ql` gq dmqv`xmk qm qg dkag gn gl vxknqc`nf`fg wnk vxknqimqmn awlvwxkl a`lgavmsk {wg dk pgxikngamf` smsk $kwn{wg dk}k qwcxmf`galmpqgq pkxamklgq-, } k lk awkl gl dmqv`xmkf`x vmgng kaagq`, kwn{wg qw vxknqc`nf`pgxq`nkl qgk kegn` k gqk vxkfmamn. $@ fmad` fg `vx` i`f`5 qmn vxkfmamn n` dk}dmqv`xmk.-

Gl qgbwnf` kxbwignv` fg Bwqvks` Hwgn` gq {wg gl xgawgxf` gq qmgipxg, } gtalwqmsk)ignvg, mnfmsmfwkl ` pgxq`nkl. N` gnvxkx k{w gn gl fmqvmnb` {wg dkag nwgqvx` lq`c` gnvxgmnfmsmfw` } pgxq`nk. Q`qvgnb` {wg dk} xgawgxf`q a`lgavms`q.

K{w gqv qmn fwfk lk xku `nv`lbmak fg nwgqvxkq fmqaxgpknamkq. _kxk Bwqvks` Hwgn`lk Qàmgfkf, lk Dwiknmfkf, aì` qwegv` khqvxkav`, n` gtmqvg, gq wn qwegv` igvkcqma`.Gnvmgnf` {wg k lkq gnvmfkfgq igvkcqmakq lgq xgdqk gtmqvgnamk. Gn qwik kf`pvk wnk vgqmqnìmnklmqvk5 ql` gtmqvgn l`q mnfmsmfw`q $kwn{wg l dkbk gl }k klwfmf` fmqvmnb`-. Kfimvg,gipgx`, igi`xmkq bxwpklgq, ikq a`lme` {wg qvkq {wgfkxkn pgxcgavkignvg fgqaìpwgqvkq gn

lkq igi`xmkq fg lkq pgxq`nkq qmnbwlkxgq {wg mnvgbxkn gq`q bxwp`q $pwgqv` {wg gl nìmnklmqi`n` pwgfg kagpvkx lk gtmqvgnamk nm fg bxwp`q bxknfgq, aì` lk dwiknmfkf, nm fg bxwp`qpg{wg`q-.

] im `pmnmn gq iw} `vxk. Q gtmqvgn lkq a`lgavmsmfkfgq, l`q aiwl`q fg mnfmsmfw`q,aiwl`q fg aiwl`q, aiwl`q fg mnfmsmfw`q } aiwl`q, aiwl`q {wg qg khkxakn k q imqi`qgva.8 Gl px`pm` qgx dwikn` mnfmsmfwkl gq wn aiwl` fg alwlkq.1 Gl agxghx` gq wn aiwl` fgngwx`nkq } fg dgimqcgxm`q } lhwl`q. Akfk wnk fg gqkq pkxvgq vmgng qw cwnamn, ikq gl agxghx`gn qw a`newnv` vkihmn cwnam`nk, g mbwklignvg gl dìhxg gn qw a`newnv`. Gl cwnam`nkimgnv`pq{wma` } a`xp`xkl fgl mnfmsmfw` dwikn` q`hxgsmgng q`hxg l`q cwnam`nkimgnv`q fg qwq pkxvgqmnvgbxknvgq, ikq gq wn klb` px`pm` } fmcgxgnvg.

Kqmimqi`, l`q bxwp`q fg mnfmsmfw`q, } bxwp`q fg bxwp`q, q`n a`lgavmsmfkfgq mnvgbxkfkqp`x vklgq mnfmsmfw`q pgx` {wg vmgngn qw px`pmk gnvmfkf mnglmimnkhlg. Q`n qwegv`q a`lgavms`q,pgxq`nkq a`lgavmskq, n` aam`ngq.6

ZY

8. S. k gqvg xgqpgav` gl ; fgl ap. 4 fg gqvg lmhx`.

1. Aì` l` qgkl F. Cxknamqa` Bmngx fg l`q X`q $gn qw `hxk xgcgxmfk gn gl ; fgl ap. 4 fg gqvg lmhx`-, gl kvìmqi`mnfmsmfwklmqvk, {wg nmgbk lkq a`lgavmsmfkfgq, fghgxk, pkxk qgx a`nqgawgnvg, ngbkx lk gtmqvgnamk fg aìplge`q aì` l`q qgxgq

dwikn`q } kfimvmx ql` alwlkq.6. Lk smqmn fg lkq a`lgavmsmfkfgq aì` cmaam`ngq qg fgqgad gn gl ihmv` ewxfma`, p`x hwgnkq xku`ngq. S. nwgskignvg gl ;fgl ap. 4.


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AK_VWL@ 7. WN NWGS@ I@FGL@ FG XG_HLMAK5 LK FGI@AXKAMK EWQVMCMAKVMSK

Qwikxm`

?. Lk n`)kxhmvxkxmgfkf aì` ewqvmakamn fg lk fgiàxkamk;. L`q iklgq {wg kmbgn k lk fgiàxkamk glgavmsk pkxvmvàxvmak8. Fmcgxgnamkq gnvxg lk fgiàxkamk ewqvmakvmsk } lk fgiàxkamk glgavmsk1. Nwgs`q fgxgad`q fgl glgav`x6. Mna`nsgnmgnvgq fg lk fgiàxkamk ewqvmakvmsk7. A`nalwqmn

?. Lk n`)kxhmvxkxmgfkf aì` ewqvmakamn fg lk fgiàxkamk

Gn akfk qmvwkamn awlvwxkl, gn lk {wg gqvn smbgnvgq wn`q skl`xgq } wnkq pkwvkq fgaìp xvkimgnv` ` fg kavwkamn a`lgavmsk, qg vmgnfg k pgnqkx {wg gq`q skl`xgq } gqkq pkwvkq q`ngsmfgnvgq fg qw}` } n` ngagqmvkn ewqvmakamn klbwnk. Gl fgqkc` {wg qwqamvkn l`q xglkvmsmqi`qgq gl fg p`ngx gl fgf` gn lk llkbk, a`nfwamgnf` k lk pxgbwnvk fg p`x {w vklgq skl`xgq } pkwvkqn` qg kfimvgn gn `vxkq awlvwxkq, kwn{wg gl xglkvmsmqvk vgnfgx k sgx gn gqg plknvgkimgnv` wnpqgwf`px`hlgik, q`qvgnmgnf` {wg n` dk} nkfk {wg mnfkbkx q`hxg gqg p`x{w, qmn` {wgqgnamllkignvg akfk awlvwxk vmgng mxxgfwamhlgignvg qwq px`pm`q pkxkfmbikq awlvwxklgq.

N` p`fgi`q kfimvmx gl xglkvmsmqi`, p`x f`q xku`ngq. Lk pxmigxk gq {wg qkaxmak lkmxxgnwnamkhlg wnmfkf fgl qgx dwikn`, qw wnmfkf fg gqpgamg qàmkl mnvgxbgngxkam`nkl } plkngvkxmk,qw akxkavgxqvmak sàkamn fg wnk a`lgavmsmfkf khkxakf`xk fg v`f`q l`q qgigeknvgq. Lk qgbwnfkxkun gq {wg lk gtpgxmgnamk iwgqvxk iwadkq qmimlmvwfgq } a`nsgxbgnamkq gnvxg lkq qàmgfkfgqdwiknkq, kl pkq` {wg hmgn gncàkfkq igv`f`lbmakignvg vmgnfgn, gn hwgnk igfmfk, k qgxikxbmnklgq lkq fmqaxgpknamkq mnq`lwhlgq ` mnqwpgxkhlgq, pwfmgnf` c`xikxqg lngkq fg gs`lwamn

a`nsgxbgnvgq $n` qmn fmawlvkfgq- fg fmsgxqkq awlvwxkq {wg dkhkn pgxikngamf` xglkvmskignvggqvknakq gnvxg q.

Gn nwgqvxk px`pmk qmvwkamn awlvwxkl, pkxk lk awkl fgalmnkx awkl{wmgx kfegvms`, wn` fggq q skl`xgq mnawgqvm`nkhlgq gq lk fgiàxkamk, gnvgnfmfk p`x `vx` lkf` fg ikngxk iw}a`nsgnam`nkl } aw}k fmlwamfkamn fgnmam`nkl px`sàkxk gn`xigq a`nvx`sgxqmkq $pxwghk fg {wgl` pxgqwnvkignvg `hsm` n` l` gq gn xgklmfkf-.

Wnk pxmigxk fmawlvkf {wg qwxbg gq, qm lk fgiàxkamk gq vkn gsmfgnvgignvg a`xxgavk,p`x {w dk qmf` wn qmqvgik p`lvma` gtagpam`nkl k l` lkxb` fg lk dmqv`xmk kpkxvg fg {wg, awknf`gtmqvm, vws` akxkavgxqvmakq {wg d`} qwqpgnfgxkn k l`q xgbigngq {wg qg smgx`n aì`

fgiàxvma`q gn awkl{wmgx gtkign fg a`nc`ximfkf a`n l`q pkvx`ngq d`} smbgnvgq.Wnk qgbwnfk fmawlvkf gqvxmhk gn qkhgx p`x {w gnvxg l`q vg`xmukf`xgq fg l`q vgikq

p`lvma`q gl pxga`nmukx lk fgiàxkamk dk mf` bknknf` vgxxgn` vxkhke`qk } akwvgl`qkignvg, qmgnfìq caml gna`nvxkx mnalwq` awgqvm`nkimgnv`q xkfmaklgq fgl `xfgn qàm`)ga`nima` gtmqvgnvg gnwnk pàk {wg px`pwgqvkq fg fgiàxkamk p`lvmak.

Wnk vgxagxk fmawlvkf gqvxmhk gn {wg l`q cwnfkignv`q gn l`q awklgq qg dk {wgxmf`qwqvgnvkx lk fgiàxkamk q`n k ignwf` xghwqakf`q. Dk} wn akn`n fg fgi`qvxkamn ikvgivmak,k qkhgx5 {wg, awknf` wn vg`xgik qg pwgfg px`hkx gn wnk pxwghk lkxbk, aìplmakfk } kxvmam qk,qg pwgfg fgi`qvxkx, klvgxnkvmskignvg, a`n wnk pxwghk glgbknvg, a`xvk, pgxqpmawk. Fgqa`nùa`qm gqg akn`n vmgng `vx` skl`x {wg gl pwxkignvg dgwxqvma`, pgx` gn im vxkhke` fg mnsgqvmbkamn

gn lbmak ikvgivmak dg smqv` cxgawgnvgignvg {wg fkhk xgqwlvkf`. Gn nwgqvx` akq`, qm lkfgiàxkamk gq klb` vkn gsmfgnvgignvg hwgn` g mnfwhmvkhlgignvg a`nsgnmgnvg pkxk lk xgaamnp`lvmak fg lkq qàmgfkfgq dwiknkq, fghgxki`q gqpgxkx px`hkxl` qmn vgngx {wg fkx fgikqmkfkq


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swglvkq nm kfwamx pxgimqkq aw}k a`xxgaamn qgk iw} fghkvmhlg.

_gx` lk awkxvk } ik}`x fmawlvkf gqvxmhk gn {wg fmcamlignvg p`fgi`q ewqvmakx lkfgiàxkamk qm qvk gq wn qmqvgik gn gl awkl gl p`fgx qg gegxag qmn ewqvmakamn, qm gq wn p`fgx

kxhmvxkxm`, gn gl {wg v`f` l` uknek gl knvè` fgl glgav`x, gn gl {wg lkq a`qkq qg xgqwglsgn, gnlvmik mnqvknamk, p`x gl kukx fg wnk kawiwlkamn klgkv xmk fg fgamqm`ngq akpxmad`qkq gmni`vmskfkq, {wg qg px`fwagn, qmn v`n nm q`n, aì` qg dwhmgxkn p`fmf` px`fwamx awklgq{wmgxk`vxkq. Fg qgx kq lk fgiàxkamk n` vmgng iq skl`x {wg gl {wg vgnfxk wn qmqvgik fg nìhxk)imgnv` fg l`q ikbmqvxkf`q } vìk fg lkq fgamqm`ngq p`x klbn vmp` fg l`vgxk.

S`} k q`qvgngx {wg l` {wg dkag sklm`qk k lk fgiàxkamk gq ewqvkignvg lk p`qmhmlmfkf{wg gnamgxxk fg qgx wn qmqvgik gn gl {wg qg qwpgxg } glmimng $` kl ign`q qg xgqvxmnek- lkkxhmvxkxmgfkf, pgx` {wg gq` ql` qg a`nqmbwg qm lk px`pmk fgiàxkamk qg gegxag qgbn wn`qpkxigvx`q {wg dkbkn fg gllk klb` fmqvmnv` fgl p`fgx kxhmvxkxm` fg wnk ik}`xk amxawnqvknamkl` akqwkl.

Qm hmgn, aì` l` dg fmad` }k, l`q vgxma`q p`lvma`q fgl pkqkf` n` q`lmgx`n fgcgnfgx lkfgiàxkamk aì` wn hwgn qmqvgik fg b`hmgxn` $}, awknf` l` dmamgx`n, xkxk sgu smgx`n gn gllkgl ige`x qmqvgik-, kwn kq dwnfg qwq xkagq gn wnk lkxbk vxkfmamn wnk mfgk skbk fg {wg lkqàmgfkf qg `xmbmnk p`x klbn pkav` ` awkqm)pkav` gnvxg dìhxgq lmhxgq {wg a`nawgxfkn gnxgbmxqg p`x wnkq lg}gq } gn qwegvkxqg k wnkq kwv`xmfkfgq gn kxkq fgl hmgn aìn, p`x l` awkl lklgbmvmimfkf p`lvmak giknkxk, gn lvmik mnqvknamk, fg gqg a`nqgnq` ` a`nqgnvmimgnv` fg l`qb`hgxnkf`q. Gq` n` gq fgiàxkamk, fgqfg lwgb`, }k {wg gl qmqvgik gn {wg qg p`nbkn fg kawgxf`l`q dìhxgq lmhxgq pwgfg qgx wnk i`nkx{wk ` wnk kxmqvàxkamk ` wn xbmign imtv`. Ikq qdkhxk aì` wnk fglgbkamn lvmik, wn iknfkv` pxmimvms` w `xmbmnkl, {wg fkxk lwbkx k gqgp`fgx fgxmskf`.

Qgbn gq`, lk mfgk i`fgxnk fg lk fgiàxkamk p`fxk a`nqmqvmx, qgnamllkignvg, gn xgsàkxv`fk fglgbkamn pxgsmk, gn xgkqwimx gl p`fgx fmxgavkignvg lk a`nbxgbkamn ` kqkihlgk fgdìhxgq lmhxgq, ` gn qìgvgx lkq nwgskq fglgbkam`ngq k a`nfmam`ngq } pxàgfmimgnv`q {wgagxagngn qwq p`vgqvkfgq pkxk gsmvkx v`fk wqwxpkamn w `pxgqmn.

Gqg i`f` fg xku`nkx xgqwlvkx ckimlmkx k l`q gqvwfm`q`q fg lk gqa`lqvmak p`qxgnkagnvmq)vk gqpk`lk } fg lk l`q ck p`lvma`)ewxfmak fgl qmbl` TSMM, kwn{wg lkq a`nalwqm`ngq qgklkfkqk fwxkq pgnkq qg p`fxn dkllkx gn l`q kwv`xgq fg k{wgl pgx`f`: v`f` l` iq, pkxk akq`q fgewqvmakamn gtvxgik, qg xga`nàg wn fgxgad` fg xgqmqvgnamk ` fgp`qmamn fgl p`fgx vmxnma` }fg nwgsk fglgbkamn fgl p`fgx: n` qg pxga`nmuk, fg ikngxk bgngxkl, wn pxàgfmimgnv` fgxgsmqmn pgxmfmak fg vkl fglgbkamn pkxk {wg gl p`fgx qg gegxuk qgbn lkq kqpmxkam ngq

ik}`xmvkxmkq. Ikq l` {wg gnv`nagq n` qg dmu` $p`x vmimfgu, pxgewmam` ` p`x l` {wg qgk- pwgfgdkagxqg kd`xk.

Qmn gihkxb`, gq fwf`q` gn {w igfmfk xgqp`nfkn, nm qm{wmgxk mfgklmukfkignvg, k gqgdml` kxbwignvkvms` lkq vg`xmukam`ngq fg pgnqkf`xgq fgl qmbl` TSMMM {wg pwgfgn a`nqmfgxkxqgpxgawxq xkq fg lk fgiàxkamk gn qgnvmf` i`fgxn`. Vkihmn gq fwf`q` {wg vklgq lngkqkxbwignvkvmskq pwgfkn dkllkxqg aì` qwh}kagnvgq gn lkq a`nqmfgxkam`ngq fg l`q vgxma`q, l`qpkngvmqvkq } l`q dìhxgq fg kaamn {wg gn gl qmbl` TMT, } q`hxg v`f` kl nkl fgl imqi`, sknk kh`bkx p`x lk fgiàxkamk, wn mfgkl {wg kakhkx mip`nmnf`qg n` fmb` aì` xgklmfkf, pgx`q aì` wn skl`x pxàlkikf` pkxk lk ik}`xk fg lk dwiknmfkf gn ;=67 $vxkq sgnagx wnk fwxkxgqmqvgnamk-.

ZY


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AK_VWL@ 3. L@Q SKL@XGQ XG_WHLMAKN@Q CXGNVG K LKQ LG]GQ FG LKGA@N@IK _@LVMAK

Qwikxm`

?;. Dk} lg}gq ga`nimakq0?8. Gq lk ga`nìk p`lvmak wnk amgnamk mnfgpgnfmgnvg0?1. _wgfgn a`nàgxqg p`x knlmqmq a`nagpvwkl lkq lg}gq ga`nimakq0?6. Dk} gn ga`nìk ckav xgq fgpgnfmgnvgq } ckav`xgq mnfgpgnfmgnvgq0?7. Q`n lkq lg}gq ga`nimakq cwnam`ngq a`nvmnwkq0?3. Dk} qmnw`qmfkfgq gn lkq lg}gq fg lk ga`nìk0?2. Sklg pkxk lk ga`nìk gl vgxam` gtalwq` qwhewnvms`0?4. Dk} xkqb`q ga`nimakignvg mipgxvmngnvgq0?=. V`f` l` {wg n` gq iktmikl w pvmi` gq mxxkam`nkl0;?. Q`n l`q xga`xxmf`q ga`nimakignvg mxxglgsknvgq0;;. Dk} qmigvxk gnvxg `cgxvk } fgiknfk0;8. Akxgag fg mnwgnamk wn mnfmsmfw` ` bxwp` fg mnfmsmfw`q0;1. Gq a`xxgavk lk lg} fg l`q bxknfgq nigx`q0;6. Fgcgnfmhmlmfkf fg lk ga`nìk plknmakfk

Wnk fg lkq `hegam`ngq {wg qg qwglgn kfwamx cxgnvg k {wmgngq px`p`ngi`q wn mfgklxgpwhlmakn` {wg xgklmag l`q skl`xgq fg lk dgxiknfkf } lk q`lmfkxmfkf gq {wg vklgq mnvgnv`q gqvna`nfgnkf`q kl cxkakq`, kl a`lmqm`nkx a`n lkq lg}gq fg lk ga`nìk p`lvmak, ` qgk a`n l`qmipgxkvms`q fgl igxakf`. Qg n`q fmag {wg vkl sgu gl igxakf` qg pwgfk } dkqvk qg fghkfmqamplmnkx } xgbwlkx, ikq ql` fgnvx` fgl xgqpgv` k qwq lg}gq `hegvmskq fg cwnam`nkimgnv`. Mbwkl{wg gq {wmixma` fgaxgvkx {wg n` dkhx dwxkakngq nm vgxxgi`v`q nm gncgxigfkfgq, qgxk wnqmnqgnvmf` pxavma` lgbmqlkx a`n wnk mnqpmxkamn ktm`lbmak qmn kewqvkxqg k l`q xg{wgxmimgnv`q {wgfmavk gl igxakf`.

Ikq, qm qgbn gqk `hegamn vkn wqwkl gn hàk fg l`q ga`nìmqvkq gl lq`c` p`lvma`{wg kh`bk p`x wn`q skl`xgq dk fg agmx awkl{wmgx px`pwgqvk fg xgklmukamn fg l`q imqi`q k lkqp`qmhmlmfkfgq xgklgq fg l` aìpkvmhlg a`n gl igxakf`, a`n lkq lg}gq ga`nimakq, gn akihm` glgqvwfm` amgnva` fg lk px`pmk ga`nìk p`lvmak qgxk ktm`lbmakignvg ngwvxkl, kwn{wg mnfmxgavk)ignvg l`q ewmam`q fg skl`x pwgfkn mnwmx gn lkq pxgimqkq fg l`q xku`nkimgnv`q ga`nima`q.Gqvxmhkxk, q`hxg v`f`, lk ngwvxklmfkf gn {wg lk ga`nìk p`lvmak n` fmavkxk nmnbn awxq` fgkaamn, qmn` {wg qg lmimvkxk k gnwnamkx kqgxv`q fg c`xik a`nfmam`nkl5 awknf` qg kavk kq ` kq,fkfkq vklgq } awklgq a`nfmam ngq knvgagfgnvgq, xgqwlvkn gqvkq } k{wgllkq a`nqgawgnamkq.Llkigi`q k gqk vgqmq lk fg lk sklmfgu wnmsgxqkl fg lkq lg}gq ga`nimakq.

Kf`pvkx wnk `pamn n` mnawihmxk kl ga`nìmqvk, qmn` kl p`lvma`: gl pxmigx` qg

lmimvkxk k kxikx {w xgqwlvkf`q, ga`nimakignvg pxgsmqmhlgq, vgnfx akfk `pamn, kl qgx lkga`nìk lk amgnamk {wg gqvwfmk lkq `pam`ngq dwiknkq knvg l`q xgawxq`q gqakq`q.

Gn lk pxavmak, qmn gihkxb`, gl fmqawxq` fgl ga`nìmqvk gnvxkk pkxk l`q fgamq`xgqp`lvma`q wn fmlgik5 qm q`n a`xxgavkq lkq bgngxklmukam`ngq fg lk amgnamk ga`nimak, fkfkq amgxvkqa`nqvkvkam`ngq, qg xgqvxmnbg gl ikxbgn fg lkq `pam`ngq fmqp`nmhlgq dkqvk llgbkx k qgx cxgawgnvg)ignvg wnsà`. ], pkxk nwgqvx` px`pqmv` gn gqvg lmhx`, l` gqgnamkl gq {wg, fg vkl pwnv` fg smqvkqg qmbwg {wg lk px`pwgqvk fg wn`q skl`xgq xgpwhlmakn`q fghg qwpgfmvkxqg k lkq lg}gq ga`nimakqfgl igxakf`.

Lkq bxksgq a`nqgawgnamkq p`lvmakq fg gqk axggnamk n`q dkagn xggtm`nkx iq k c`nf`q`hxg l`q qwpwgqv`q gpmqvgi`lbma`q vknv`, gn bgngxkl, fg lk ignam`nkfk vgqmq, awknv`, gnpkxvmawlkx, fg lk a`nqmfgxkamn fg {wg q`n gnc`{wgq aì` l`q mnkwbwxkf`q p`x gl ikxbmnklmqi`l`q {wg igxgagn l`q d`n`xgq fg ga`nìk amgnvak. Gnwigx` khke` ;1 qwpwgqv`q. ] l`q p`nb`


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L`xgnu` _gk, Gqvwfm`q Xgpwhlmakn`q 1?

v`f`q gn vglk fg ewmam`. Lk a`nalwqmn gq àm`qk5 dk} i`vms`q xkam`nklgq pkxk awgqvm`nkx lkqxgaìgnfkam`ngq fg l`q ga`nìmqvkq. L`q fgamq`xgq p`lvma`q dkxn hmgn gn qgx fgqa`nkf`q.

;. Dk} lg}gq ga`nimakq0

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Lorenzo Peña: Estudios republicanos (extractos)

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