Manual Nivel b2

8/10/2019 Manual Nivel b2

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InglsB2


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The Love Competition

Grammar

The 3rd conditional

Impersonal pronouns / verbs

Phrasal verbs

Vocabulary

Presentations

Meetings

Grammar

Uses of 'wish'

Emphasis

The passive voice

Vocabulary

Oooooops!!

Intensifiers

Newcomer. Comeback. Comedown. Come-on

Activitiy

Jobs

Grammar

Hardly / Scarcely

Exclamations: structures

Vocabulary

Job Interview adjectives and useful vocabulary

Grammar

On time vs. In time

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Begin and Start

Reciprocal pronouns

Vocabulary

Deadlines

Politeness

Grammar

One and ones

It and there

Vocabulary

Social Language

Grammar

Common problems with count /uncount nouns

Vocabulary

Situational language: fixed expressions

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Unit 1B2


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B2 UNIT 1

VERB TENSES REVIEW

The simple present

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+V (infinitivo sin to )+C S+Aux (do/does)+Neg+V ( base form )+C

I

You

WeThey

want

He

She

It

Wants

Studies

goes

I

You

WeThey

Donot/dont

want

He

She

It

Does not want

Study

go

INTERROGACIN

Aux (do/does)+S+V ( base form )+C+?

Do

I

You

WeThey

want? Does

He

She

It

Want?

study?

Go?

EXERCISE1

CONJUGATE THE VERBS

a. I (travel) . to London every week.b. They (run) . in the park every Saturdays. lc. My father mother (not clean use the complete form) . the house.d. Mary (work) . in a bank.e. John (walk). to his office.f. You (study) . English at school.g. The dog (break) . the fence.h. The car (be) . in the garage.i. My father (have) . a nice coat.

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PARIS

a. We (live) . in Paris.b. George (sell) . peaches and apples.c. I always (visit) . my grandmother.d. Alice (go) . to the church.e. They (be) . my best friends.f. You always (pay) . the tickets.g. London (be) . a big and nice city.h. My cousin (paint) . the house.i. I (study) . and (work) . in Madrid.j. Mike never (do) . the homework.

The present continuous

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+V(ing)+C

S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+Neg+V(ing)+C

I am walking

He

She

It

iswalking

I am not

walking He

She

It

is notwalkingYou

We

They

arewalking

You

We

They

are notwalking

INTERROGACIN

Be (pres. Simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+?

Am I walking?

Is

He

She

It

walking?Are

You

We

They

walking?

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EXERCISE1

CONJUGATE THE VERBS

a. She . give . me a gift.b. My father and my brother . paint . the house.c. Joe . climb . the mountain.d. They . eat . at the shopping center.e. My grandmother . wear . a coat.f. Meg and Brian . wait . for you.g. The pupils . explain . the lesson.h. My sister . buy . a red dress.i. The secretary . write . a letter.j. The maid . clean . the house.k. The tourists . take . photographs.l. They . repair . the car.

m. The dog and the cat . play . in the garden.n. Peter and Tom . work . in a pet shop.o. I . invite . you to my birthday party.p. The kids . wash . the hands.q. The doctor . talk . to the nurse.r. My friends . open . a new store.s. Max . send . you an e-mail.t. I . stay . at the hotel.

The future

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+Aux (will)+V ( base form)+C

S+Aux (will)+Neg+V ( baseform )+C

I

You

We

They

Willtravel

He

She

It

Willtravel

I

You

We

They

Willnottravel

He

She

It

Will nottravel

INTERROGACIN

Aux (will)+S+V ( base form )+C+?

Will

I

You

We

They

travel? Will

He

She

It

travel?

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EXERCISE1

CONJUGATE THE VERBS

1. You (earn) a lot of money.

2. You (travel) around the world.

3. You (meet) lots of interesting people.

4. Everybody (adore) you.

5. You (not / have) any problems.

6. Many people (serve) you.

7. They (anticipate) your wishes.

8. There (not / be) anything left to wish for.

9. Everything (be) perfect.10. But all these things (happen / only) if you marry me.

James, 18 years old, asked an ugly fortune teller about his future. Here is whatshe told him: (fill in the gaps)

1. You (be) very happy.

2. You (get) a lot of money.

3. You (buy) a beautiful house.

4. Your friends (envy) you.

5. You (meet) a beautiful girl.

6. You (marry) her.

7. You and your wife (travel) around the world.

8. People (serve) you.

9. They (not/refuse) to make you happy.

10. But all this (happen / only) when you are 70 years old.

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The future continuous

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+ Aux(will)+ be(base form)+V(ing)+C

S+ Aux(will)+Neg+be(baseform)+V (ing)+C

I will be lendingHe

She

It

Will belending

I will not belending

He

She

It

will notbelending

You

We

They

will belending

You

We

They

will notbelending

INTERROGACIN

Aux (will)+S+be (base form)+V (ing)+C+?

Will I be lending?

Will

He

She

It

be lending?Will

You

We

They

Belending?

1. Tomorrow morning we (work) .

2. This time next week we (have) a party.

3. At midnight I (sleep) .

4. This evening we (watch) a talk show.5. They (not/do) their homework this afternoon.

6. He (listen) to music.

7. I (read) a book this evening.

8. (walk / you) home this afternoon?

9. He (not/draw) tomorrow morning

10. They (argue) again?

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The simple past

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+V (pasado)+CS+Aux (did)+Neg+V ( baseform )+C

I

You

We

They

-Studied

-Vb.irreg(2columna)

He

She

It

-Studied

-Vb.irreg(2columna)

I

You

We

They

did notstudy

He

She

It

did notstudy

INTERROGACIN

Aux (did)+S+V ( base form )+C+?

Did

I

You

We

They

study? Did

He

She

It

study?

1. Last year I (go) to England on holiday.

2. It (be) fantastic.

3. I (visit) lots of interesting places. I (be) with twofriends of mine .

4. In the mornings we (walk) in the streets of London.

5. In the evenings we (go) to pubs.

6. The weather (be) strangely fine.

7. It (not / rain) a lot.

8. But we (see) some beautiful rainbows.

9. Where (spend / you) your last holiday?

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Put the sentences into simple past.

1. We move to a new house.

2. They bring a sandwich.

3. He doesn't do the homework.

4. They sell cars.

5. Does he visit his friends?

Write sentences in simple past.

1. Janet / miss / the bus

2. she / tidy / her room

3. Nancy / watch / not / television4. she / read / a book

Choose "Was or "Were:

1. The teacher ...............nice.2. The students .....................very clever.3. But one student ..................in trouble.4. We .................sorry for him.5. He ...................nice though.

The past continuous

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+V(ing)+C

S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+Neg+V(ing)+C

I was drivingHe

She

It

wasdriving

I was not drivingHe

She

It

was notdriving

You

We

They

weredriving

You

We

They

werenotdriving

INTERROGACIN

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Be (pasd. Simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+?

Was I driving?

Was

He

She

It

driving?Were

YouWe

They

driving?

Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive).

1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) monopoly.

2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) dinner.3. The kids (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.

4. I (practice) the guitar when he came home.

5. We (not / cycle) all day.

6. While Alan (work) in his room, his friends (swim) inthe pool.

7. I tried to tell them the truth but they (not / listen ) .

8. What (you / do) yesterday?

9. Most of the time we (sit) in the park.

10. I (listen) to the radio while my sister (watch) TV.

11. When I arrived, They (play) cards.

12. We (study) English yesterday at 4:00 pm .

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The present perfect

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(have/has)+V (P.p)+C S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+V (P.p)+C

I have bought

He

She

It

hasbought(hes)

I have not bought

He

She

It

has notbought(hasnt)

You

We

They

havebought

(youve)

You

We

They

have notbought(havent)

INTERROGACIN

Aux.(have/has)+S+V (P.p)+C+?

Have I bought?

Has

He

She

It

bought?Have

You

We

They

bought?

a. Sue (lose) the key of her car.b. Peter (save) almost $7000 for a new motorcycle.c. Jenny (finish) her homework.d. Some boy (break) the windows.e. My mother (buy) new glasses.f. I (read) a hundred pages of the book.g. My niece (find) a valuable necklace.h. The town(suffer) terrible floods.i. Martha (think) very carefully her situation.j. The factories (contaminate) too many rivers.k. Sofie (study) so hard for the final exam.l. We (write) a lot of beautiful poems.m. Margaret (travel) to Italy.n. I (go) to the cinema.o. They (bring) a lovely dog.p. Sam (arrive) late to work.q. Mark (visit) wonderful cities in Europe.r. My mother (make) a nice dress for my sister.s. Clare (invite) her boyfriend to the wedding.

t. Lia (want) to work in the fashion industry.

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The past perfect

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(had)+V (P.p)+C S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+V (P.p)+C

I had bought(Id)

He

She

It

hadbought(hed)

I had notbought

He

She

It

had notbought(hadnt)

You

We

They

hadbought

(youd)

You

We

They

had notbought(hadnt)

INTERROGACIN

Aux.(had)+S+V (P.p)+C+?

Had I bought?

Had

He

She

It

Bought?Had

You

We

They

bought?

a. Astronauts (fly) through space for hours.b. The boys (steal) the bicycles.c. They (have) a long and uncomfortable trip.d. The beggar (find) five bottles of beer.e. He (show) me the content of the parcel.f. My sister Ann (begin) her diet a week ago.g. She (think) a good idea.

h. The postman (deliver) my letter.i. He (retire) from political life.j. Alice (leave) her bag on a chair.

a. She (buy) a new pair of red shoes.b. We (have) lunch at a village inn.c. He (drink) whisky before dinner.d. My sister (lose) U$S 50 in the street.e. The children (kick) a ball very hard.

f. My mother (receive) a letter from Canada.g. My father (give) me some money.h. Jenny (finish) her job at the office.

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i. They (enjoy) Roys party.j. Pupils (learn) the English lesson.

The future perfect

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+V (P.p)+CS+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+V(P.p)+C

I will havebought

He

She

It

willhavebought(hellhave)

I will not havebought

He

She

It

will nothavebought(wonthave)

You

We

They

will havebought

(youllhave)

You

We

They

will nothavebought(wonthave)

INTERROGACIN

Aux.(will)+S+(have)+V (P.p)+C+?

Will I have bought?

Will

He

She

It

havebought?

Will

You

We

They

have bought?

a. Before her birthday, we (buy) the gifts.b. By the end of December I (finish) the school.c. Before 8 oclock, I (drink) two coffees.d. By the end of spring she (get thin) . 2 pounds.e. She (approve) the test before the holidays.f. Before the weekend, we (travel) to Chicago.g. They (not/study) the lesson by this afternoon.h. They (understand) the translation before

tomorrow.i. Susan and Brian (organize) .. a party, before Tom

gets home.j. By the end of the week I (pay) .. all the debts.

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a. By the end of April she (get marry) .. Tom.b. By the end of the trial, the police (send) the man

to prison.c. You (learn) the exercises before the term test.d. By the time you left you (see) all the historic

places.e. By the time we arrive to the concert, the play (start)

.f. Before 12 oclock, he (sign) the contract.g. Alice and Michael (find) . a new job by this

evening.h. You (sell) your house by the time you have

moved to Seattle.i. My mother (water) the plants by the time it begins

raining.j. By the time they get home, we (drive) 100

kilometres.

The Present Perfect Continuous

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+Aux.(have/has)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

S+Aux.(have/has)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

I have beenselling

He

She

It

hasbeenselling(hesbeen)

I have not beenselling

He

She

It

have notbeenselling(hasntbeen)

You

We

They

havebeenselling

(youvebeen)

You

We

They

have notbeenselling(haventbeen)

INTERROGACIN

Aux.(have/has)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+?

Have I been selling?

Has

He

She

It

been selling?Have

You

We

They

been selling?

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1) She (work) here for five years.

2) I (study) all day.

3) You (eat) a lot recently.

4) We (live) in London for six months

5) He (play) football, so he's tired.

6) They (learn) English for two years.

7) I (cook) so I'm really hot.

8) She (go) to the cinema every weekend for years.

9) It (rain) the pavement is wet.

10) You (sleep) for twelve hours.

11) I (not/work) today.

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12) You (not/eat) well recently.

13) We (not/exercise) enough.

14) She (not/study).

15) They (not/live) here for very long.

16) It (not/snow).

17) He (not/play) football for five years.

18) We (not/drink) enough water - that's why we feel tired.

19) I (not/sleep) I was reading.

20) They (not/watch) TV much recently.

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The past perfect continuous

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+Aux.(had)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

S+Aux.(had)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

I had beenselling

He

She

It

hadbeenselling(hedbeen)

I had not beenselling

He

She

It

had notbeenselling(hadntbeen)

You

We

They

hadbeenselling

(youdbeen)

You

We

They

had notbeenselling(hadntbeen)

INTERROGACIN

Aux.(had)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+?

Had I been selling?

Had

He

She

It

been selling?

Had

You

WeThey

been selling?

Practice 1:Complete these sentences with the word(s) in brackets using the pastperfect continuous. Remember to use contractions ("I'd" not "I had") where possible.

1. He was sad because all day. (it, rain)

2. I thought that English for years. (she, study)

3. I knew that my shampoo. (he, use)

4. We didn't know where to go because . (we, not, listen)

5. Before the accident, ? (he, drink?)

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Practice 2:Past Perfect Simple or Continuous? Choose the best tense to complete thefollowing sentences. Again, remember to use contractions. And remember that simpletenses are used for states or short, finished actions when we say how many.Continuous is used for long, unfinished or repeated actions.

1. He was hungry because anything all day. (he, not, eat)2. Her hand started hurting because computer games all day. (she,

play)

3. The milk smelt bad because to put it in the fridge. (I, forget)

4. TV for hours before he fell asleep. (he, watch)

5. She didn't know that her. (I, always, love)

6. She was delighted because her wish true. (come)

7. for 40 years before he decided to stop. (he, smoke)

8. down with a book when the phone rang. (I, just, sit)

Future Perfect Continuous

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

S+

Aux.(will)+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

S+

Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

I will have beenselling

He

She

It

willhavebeenselling(hellhavebeen)

I will not have beenselling

He

She

It

will nothavebeenselling

You

We

They

will havebeenselling

(youll havebeen)

You

We

They

will nothavebeenselling(wonthave

been)

INTERROGACIN

Aux.(will)+S+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C+?

Will I have been selling?

Will

He

She

It

have beenselling?

Will

You

We

They

have been selling?

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Future Simple, Continu ous o r Perfect?

Practice:Complete each sentence using the future continuous, future perfect simple,or future perfect continuous.

Sarah has just finished her medical degree, and she starts her new job soon.

In September, she as a doctor. (work)

By Christmas, she a doctor for 5 months. (be)

I'm going on holiday four times this year. The first holiday is next week.

This time next week, I dinner in a Spanish restaurant. (eat)

By the end of the year, I four holidays. (have)

Don't phone me at 7 o'clock - I dinner. (make)

Phone me at 8 o'clock - I my dinner by then. (finish)

- How many exams by the time you are 21? (you, take)

- Lots! But I'm not worried. I know I them all! (pass)

- Do you think that the sea level to rise in the next 20 years?(continue)

- Yes, definitely. And maybe cities like London by then.

(disappear)

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- Really? So maybe in 2050 people in underwater cities!!!(live)

VERB TENSES REVIEW

You are going to watch a short film called Moments about the small moments thatmake life extraordinary. After watching it, answer one of these questions below:

What isimportant to you in your own life right now? What wasimportant to you in your own life in the past? What willbe important to you in your own life in the future?

http://vimeo.com/8189067#at=0

And to finish with, how would you define a moment?

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

SOMEBODY/NOBODY/ ANYBODY/ EVERYBODY

Somebody (some-body)- Alguien

Se utiliza en frases positivas y tiene sentido positivo.

There wassomedobybehind the tree.

(Haba alguien detrs del rbol).

Nobody (no-body)- Nadie

Se utiliza en frases positivas y tiene sentido negativo.

There wasnobodybehind the tree.

(No haba nadie detrs del rbol).

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Anybody (any-body) Alguien / Cualquier persona

Se utiliza en frases negativas con sentido negativo.

There wasntanybody behind the tree.

(No haba nadie detrs del rbol).

Se utiliza en frases interrogativas con sentido positivo.

Wasthere anybody behind the tree?

(Haba alguien detrs del rbol?).

Everybody (every-body) Todos

Se utiliza en frases positivas con sentido positivo.

Es importante recordar que funciona como 3 persona del singular.

Everybodywashidden behind the tree.

(Todo el mundo estaba escondido detrs del rbol).

Lee ahora la siguiente historia, donde aparecen mezcladas las palabras anteriores:

Once upon a time, there were four people:

Their names were Everybody, Somebody, Nobody and Anybody.

Whenever there was an important job to be done, Everybody was sure that Somebody

would do it.

Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it.

When Nobody did it, Somebody got angry because it was Everybody's job.

Everybody thought that Somebody would do it, but Nobody realized that Nobody would

do it.

So consequently Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could

have done in the first place.

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Exercise7.Find extra words in these sentences. If there is an extra word just cross it

out, but if there isnt any extra word, write a tick next to the sentence.

1. Everybody all in my class is very excited about the trip.

2. Was there some anyone nice at the graduation party?

3. Jess didnt know anyone on his first day at school.

4. Do you know anything about La Runion?

5. There was nobody person at the bank at lunchtime.

Exercise8. Write SOMEBODY/ANYBODY/NOBODY/EVERYBODY in the following

sentences:

1. Music is something that likes.

2. Hes a very strange boy, he doesnt go out with.

3. I havent spoken toabout that.

4. I need ... to help me finish the report today.

5. told me Margaret got married last month, but I dont remember who.

6...would be able to paint this picture in only two hours, its impossible.

Excersice2. Find extra words in these sentences. If there is an extra word just cross it,

but if there isnt any extra word, write a tick next to the sentence.

1. Everybody all in my class is very excited about the trip.

2. Was there some anyone nice at the graduation party?

3. Jess didnt know anyone on his first day at school.

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Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make the firstconditional.

1. If you to the party, you will see Mary. (go)

2. The children happy, if their mother allows them to go to the party. (be)

3. If i win the lottery,I a big house. (buy)

4. My mother will be angry if i home late. (come)

5. If it , we can have a picnic. (not rain)

6. If you Tom, please tell him to call me. (see)

7. If Jane all her exams, her parents will be very pleased. (pass)

8. if you ask her? (she come)9. If Andrew hard, he will meet the deadline. (work)

10. We may go to the beach, if the weather good. (be)

Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make the secondconditional.

1. If i you, i would go to the doctor. (be)

2. If Mary had insurance, she pay for the damage to her car. (nothave to)

3. If Scott the answer, he would help me. (know)

4. If Mary wore smarter clothes, she more attractive. (look)

5. to his party if he invited you? (you go)

6. You fatter if you ate cuips every day. (get)

7. If you more time, would you exercise more? (have)

8. If he so carefully, i would trust him to give me a lift. (not drive)

9. If we tickets, we would go to the concert. (find)

10. Jesicca angry if you told her the truth. (not be)

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Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make either the firstor the second conditional.

1. Will she come if Jason her? (call)

2. If Sarah were rich, she in an expensive hotel. (stay)

3. If he , i will never speak to him again. (not apologise)

4. If Dad the TV set, we will be able to watch our favourite programme. (fix)

5. If i were you, i to her more politely. (speak)

6. If Sue her key, she would have to stay to her grandparents'. (lose)

7. I meet you if i don't finish my homework. (meet)

8. If Zack harder, he will passhis driving test. (try)9. If you so impolite, i would enjoy your company. (not be)

10. Tom will be amazed if you him the picture you drew. (show

Make zero conditionals:

For example:

(not / rain / the flowers / die)

If it doesnt rain, the flowers die.

1. (I / wake up late / I / be late for work)

_______________________________________________________________

2. (my husband / cook / he / burn the food)

_______________________________________________________________

3. (Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke)

_______________________________________________________________

4. (children / not eat well / they / not be healthy)

_______________________________________________________________

5. (you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock)

_______________________________________________________________

6. (people / eat / too many sweets / they / get fat)

_______________________________________________________________

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VOCABULARY

AT THE AIRPORT

WAITING ROO

TOILETS/RESTROOMS

SEATSNEWSSTAND

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TICKET OFFICE LUGGAGE RACK

PLATFORM TURNSTILES

CARRIAGE

LEFT LUGGAGE LOCKERS

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SLEEPER

TICKET COLLECTOR

GIFTSHOP

INFORMATION OFFICE

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RESTAURANT / SELF SERVICE.

TRACK

LOST & FOUND STEAM TRAIN

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COMPARTMENTLUGGAGE COMPARTMENT

Compartment

Dining car/ Restaurant carriage

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THE TERMINAL, PILLS SCENE

This is an excerpt from the movie The Terminal. Read the script or watch the videoand try to answer these questions.

1) What happens in this scene? Can you write some lines about it?

a. Viktor comes to the JFK Airport in New York from Krokozia, a fake

country that stops being recognised by the USA because its inner

conflicts. Therefore, he cannot enter the USA nor get back to Krakozia,

so he must stay in the airport until his countrys situation changes.

b. In this scene, Viktor translates a passengers words because they speak

a similar language. This passenger wants to carry some medicine to his

dying father but the customs agents tell him it is illegal.2) Why is Viktor (Tom Hanks) required?

a. He is required as a translator and in exchange, he will get the

documents to leave the airport.

3) Why is this man so nervous?

a. Because he wants to give this medicine to his dying father and they tell

him its not allowed.

4) What information is contained in the blue immigration form?

a. The blue immigration form says that you cannot import and/or exportmedicine to the USA except if it is for animals.

5) What happens to the goat?

a. There is no goat. Viktor knows about the blue immigration form and

makes the customs agents think the medicine is for his goat because it

is the only way he can leave the USA with the medicine for his dying

father.

6) Why does the agent get angry with Viktor?

a. Because he knows Viktor is lying.7) Can you identify some Viktors language mistakes?

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a. E.g. I make mistake

b. He say he bring

8) What does MPL stand for?

a. MPL stands for Medicinal Purchase License

Video and script:

THE TERMINAL PILLS SCENE

http://youtu.be/3GtRJezhIbY

- Sir.- Yeah.

- Sir, we have a situation upstairs.- It'll have to wait.- No. This won't wait.When the . from Toronto landed, they found four prescriptionswithout an MPL. They tried to take the pills away and he went nuts. There he is. Wethink they're for his father.

Sir, sir, calm down.Put your weapons down.

Everybody keep your weapons...All right. We're here to help you.

We're here to help you, sir.

All right. Give me the knife.

- Where's he from?- Russia.

The only interpreterwe got is in Newark.

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- We have to get someone to talk to him.- I have an idea, sir.

- Viktor. Viktor.- [Viktor speaks Bulgarian]Oh... I need your help. His name is Milodragovich. He lives near you. He may notspeak your dialect, but I need you to translate and help me out.

- I help you? Why?- I don't want anybody to get hurt. This guy's very upset. Just calm him down and I'll letyou back in the terminal.- No. New York. No red stamp. Green. I green.- New York.- OK, yes.- You say yes?

- Yes.- OK. OK, OK, OK.

- Stay out!

- We have somebody here to talk to you. Somebody to talk to you. Go ahead.

- Stay out!

[speaks Bulgarian]

[speaks Russian]

- So? OK, tell him in order to export medicines from this country, he needs to have theproper form, a Medicinal License.

- OK? You understand me, Viktor?

[speaks Bulgarian]

He say he bring the medicine for his father. This why he go to Canada. Medicine for

father.

- It doesn't matter.

His plane landed in the US. He needs to have the right form.

[speaks Bulgarian]

- He did not know he need this document. No one say to him he need document form.-I'm saying it to him. He needs to have the form signed by the hospital who is treatinghis father. These medicines have to stay in the United States. They have to stay here.

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[speaks Bulgarian]

- He... He's begging you.

- I know. I can see that he's begging. I'm sorry, sir. You'll have to take a flight in themorning. The medicine stays here. I'm sorry.

[speaks Bulgarian]

[woman] Send him down!

[Milodragovich sobs]

- Thank you, Viktor. Good job. Let's go.-Whoa. Goat.- What?- Goat. It medicine is for goat.

- Goat?- Yes. Medicine is for goat. Goat.

[whimpers]

- He said that?- Yes.

He say...We not understand. I not understand "goat".

-Why? What are you saying? You misunderstood him? It's not for his dying father?- No. No.

The... Krakozhia...The name for "father"...sound like "goat". I make mistake.

[chuckles]

-Why are you doing this, Viktor?-Medicine is for... goat.- No, it's not.- Yes.- No.- Yes.-You read the blue immigration form.

- Blue?- Yes. Blue.- Blue?- Blue. The blue form. The one that says if it's an animal, he doesn't need the license.Then he can bring the drugs in. That's good, Viktor. That's very good. Why are youdoing this? Huh? You don't know him. You don't know the rules. Look at me. I wasgoing to help you. Now I want you to ask him...No, not you. I want you to ask him. Iwant to hear him say it. I want to hear him say who the medicine is for. Please. Whothe medicine is for.

[speaks Bulgarian]

-Answer him, Mr. Milodragovich. Who are the pills for?... OK. The pills stay. He goes.That's it.

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-Goat.

-Please. For goat. Medicine for goat. Medicine for goat. Medicine for goat.

-Give him the pills.

-Medicine for goat. Medicine...

[Viktor speaks Bulgarian]

[man] Come on now, it's all over.

- He love that goat.- Do you think I need an excuse to put you back in that cell to keep you there for fiveyears? You go to war with me, and you go to war with the United States. Then you'llknow why Krakozhians wait in line for cheap toilet paper while Uncle Sam wipes his

ass with Charmin two-ply.

LACK OF OBLIGATION

Need to + verbo en infinitivo:

Indica obligacin de una accin. Se debe conjugar el verbo needsegn hablemos en

tiempo pasado, presente o futuro.

You need to do all the exercises before you leave.

(Tienes que hacer todos los ejercicios antes de irte).

Neednt + verbo en infinitivo

Dont need + TO + verbo infinitive*

Indica ausencia de obligacin, es decir, que algo no es necesario, en presente o

futuro.

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*Se debe conjugar el verbo need segn hablemos en tiempo pasado, presente o

futuro.

My husband has just bought some oil, so I neednt go to the shop.

(Mi marido acaba de comprar aceite, as que no hace falta que vaya a la tienda).

I dont have many things to do, so you dont need to come at 9am.

(No tengo muchas cosas que hacer, as que no es necesario que vengas a las

9h).

Neednt + present pefect (have + participio del verbo)

Indica ausencia de obligacin en una accin que ya se ha llevado a cabo.

I went to the shop and I bought some oil. When I got home, I found that my

husband had already bought some, so I neednt have gone.

(Fui a la tienda y compr aceite. Cuando llegu a casa, vi que mi marido ya

haba comprado, as que yo no tena porqu haber ido).

You neednt have brought him a present.

(No tendras porqu haberle trado un regalo).

Ejercicio 8. Fill in the gaps with need to / dont need to / neednt / neednt have:

1. She __________ (go) by bike. I would have given her a lift in my car.

2. You __________ (wait), as real VIPs, you can use the back entrance.

3. I __________ (cleaned) the entire house; our cleaning lady just phone to say she

is coming tomorrow.

4. Im afraid you __________ (work) overtime tomorrow Mr.Smith, were very busy.5. I __________ (write) her phone number in my diary, otherwise Ill forget.

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6. I __________ (write) her phone number in my diary; I have such a good memory!

7. You __________ (buy) me a present, but I do appreciate the gesture.

8. I __________ (tell) her what I felt for her; it was written all over my face.

Ejercicio9. Translate into English:

1. No tienes que traer mi equipaje, puedo traerlo yo sola.

2. No era necesario que vosotros reservarais la habitacin de hotel y el vuelo.

3. Ser necesario que le cuentes a Mary tu problema, si no lo haces, no entender

muchas cosas.

4. Robert tena que quedarse en el restaurante hasta que su jefe llegara.

4. MAKE vs. DO

El verbo hacer puede traducirse en ingls como to makeo to do. Es necesario

saber en qu situaciones utilizamos uno u otro, as como la traduccin de

diversas expresiones.

Utilizamos do cuando hablamos de haceren una situacin general, as como larealizacin de una accin, actividad o tarea.

I dont know what to do. (No s qu hacer).

He would do anything for his mother. (Lo hara todo por su madre).

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Do the homework. (Hacer los deberes).

Do the laundry. (Hacer la colada).

Expresiones importantes con DO:

. do business (hacer negocios)

do a favour (hacer un favor)

do well (hacer algo bien)

do harm (hacer dao)

do the housework (hacer tareas del hogar)

do ones best (hacer lo major de uno)

do your nails (hacerse las uas)

do a test (hacer un test)

do an experiment (hacer un experimento)

do the shopping (hacer la compra)

Utilizamos make para hablar de acciones de las cuales resulta un objeto fsico.

Make a cup of coffee. (Preparar una taza de caf).

Make a dress. (Hacer un vestido)

Expresiones importantes con MAKE: make a decision (tomar una decisin)

make a difference (diferenciar) make an effort (hacer un esfuerzo)

make your bed (hacer tu cama) make an excuse (poner una excusa)

make time (hacer tiempo) make a suggestion (hacer una sugerencia)

make a promise (hacer una promesa)

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make a fortune (hacer una fortuna)

make a profit (obtener beneficios)

make friends (hacer amigos)

make a point (hacer un inciso) make a fuss (armar un lo)

make a plan (hacer un plan)

make a journey (hacer un viaje)

make a phone call (hacer una llamada)

make love (hacer el amor)

make a noise (hacer un ruido)

make a mistake (cometer un error)

make a move (hacer un movimiento)

make money (ganar mucho dinero)

make a speech (hacer un discurso)

Exercise. Complete the sentences using DO or MAKE in the appropriate tense:

1. Dont do it, I think youre __________ a big mistake.

2. We need to __________ a plan as soon as possible.

3. She is bringing something to drink and Im __________ a chocolate cake.

4. I dont like him; hes more likely to __________ harm than good.

5. Excuse me, can I __________ a suggestion?

6. I admit Im lazy; I dont like __________ the ironing.

7. My son never __________ his bed.8. In this case, I think we should __________ an exception.

9. Can you __________ me a favour, please?

10. Your brother is not the sort of person you cant __________ business

with.

11. Please, be quiet and dont __________ a noise!

12. They __________ an experiment with rats last week, how disgusting.

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Choose the correct answer (make or do)

Escriba la respuesta correcta en cada entrada de texto1.I need to adecision.

2.Can you me a favour?

3.When we got married, we each other a promise.

4.Next Sunday, I need to the shopping.

5.My neighbours dog a lot of noise last night and I could not sleep.

6.I am a bit nervous because my boss asked me to a speech on behalf ofthe company.

7.He is afraid he wont pass the exam. He lots of mistakes.

8.They say its not such a good idea to business with your friends.

9.My sister did not know what to with her English exam. She had no timeto study.

10.After dinner we normally the dishes, but my husband always

an excuse and goes out for a walk.

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DO ENFTICO

El verbo to do, adems de verbo hacer y auxiliar, podemos usarlo para dar nfasis ala forma afirmativa de verbos en presente, pasado e imperativo. Lo colocamos entre el

sujeto y el verbo; excepto en el caso de las oraciones imperativas, donde no hay

sujeto, el dova delante del verbo.

I dolike fruit. (Claro que me gusta la fruta).

Dorest. (Descansa) [Con insistencia].

You dont like flamenco music, do you? Idolike it

Para las oraciones en pasado, usamos d idy el verbo va en presente.

I didread this book. (Naturalmente que me le este libro).

Recuerda que para la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it) usamos doesy no le

aadimos al verbo la s final como marca de tercera persona.

He does live with her. (Claro que vive con ella)

Exercise1.Change these sentences into emphatic form:

1. I hate watching a film on my own.

2. I came on time to the meeting.

3. Your bedroom is a mess; clean it!

4. I bought a nice present for her.

5. Sit down, please.

6. My sister knows the answer.

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Exercise 2.Answer these questions in an affirmative way using emphatic do:

Example:

Maggie doesnt like Daniel, does she?

She does like Daniel / She does like him.

1. Lawrence doesnt clean his house very often, does he?

2. Ellen doesnt eat too much chocolate, does she?

3. Audrey doesnt eat any fruit, does she?

4. Tony didnt have many girlfriends, did he?

REPORTED SPEECH

El Reported Speech o Indirect Speech se usa para decir lo que alguien ha dicho

anteriormente, y lo hacemos con una frase subordinada:

She told me: you areworking too much. > Direct Speech

(Ella me dijo: ests trabajando demasiado)

She told me that I wasworking too much. > Indirect Speech

(Ella me dijo que yo estaba trabajando demasiado).

Cuando pasamos de estilo directo a indirecto, debemos tener en cuenta los cambios

que sufre el tiempo verbal. Los sealamos en negrita en el ejemplo anterior. Y a

continuacin mostramos un cuadro que resume estos cambios de tiempo:

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DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Simple Present

I go

Voy

Simple Past

I went

Fui/ Iba

Present Progressive

I am going

Voy

Past Progressive

I was going

Fu/ Iba

Present Perfect

I have gone

He ido

Past Perfect

I had gone

Haba ido

Simple Past

I went

Fu/ Iba

Past Perfect

I had gone

Haba ido

Past Progressive

I was going

Estaba yendo

Past Progressive/ Past Perfect

Progressive

I was going/ I had been going

Estaba yendo/ Haba estado yendo

Present Perfect Progressive

I have been going

He estado yendo

Past Perfect Progressive

I had been going

Haba estado yendo

Future

I am going to go

Voy a ir

Conditional

I would go

Ira

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Can

I can go

Puedo ir

Could

I could go

Podra ir

May

I may go

Puedo ir

Might

I might go

Podra ir

Must

I must go

Debo ir

Must/ Had to

I must go/ I had to go

Debo ir/ Tena que ir

Will

I will go

Ir

Would

I would go

Ira

Shall

I shall go

Ir

Should/ Would

I should go/ I would go

Ira

Para pasar de estilo directo a indirecto, tambin debemos tener en cuenta los

cambios de pronombre o adverbios. A continuacin mostramos un cuadro con

algunos de estos cambios:

I wentto the cinema yesterday > Direct Speech (Fu al cine ayer)

She told me that she had goneto the cinema the day before. > Indirect Speech

(Me dijo que haba ido al cine el da anterior)

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DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Pronoun I He/ She

Me Him/ Her

Mine His/ Her

We They

Us Them

Our Their

Ours Theirs

ime Now Then

Today That day

Tonight That night

Yesterday The day before

Tomorrow The next/ following day

Next week, month, The following week, month,

Last week, month, The previous week, month,

Ago Before

Place Here There

This/ These That/ Those/ The

Podemos clasificar las oraciones de Reported Speech en cuatro grupos:

Enunciativas > En estas oraciones, tanto en las afirmativas como en las negativas,

usamos un that-clause. Aunque podemos omitir el that. El verbo ms comn para

introducir la oracin subordinada es to sayo to tell(decir):

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She said: I love fruit She said (that) she loved fruit.

(Ella dijo: Me encanta la fruta Ella dijo que le encantaba la fruta).

He said: I dont like honey He said (that) he didnt like honey.

(l dijo: No me gusta la miel l dijo que no le gustaba la miel).

Interrogativas > Aqu encontramos tres tipos diferentes de oracin y el verbo ms

usado para introducir la oracin subordinada es to ask(preguntar):

Yes- no questionsson las que se responden con yeso noy en la oracin indirecta

van introducidas por i fo whether. Ambas significan si pero el uso de ifes ms

comn:

He asked: Did you sleep? He asked if/ whether I had slept.

(l pregunto: Has dormido? l pregunt si haba dormido).

He asked: Are you coming with me? He asked if I was coming with him.

(l pregunto: Vienes conmigo? l pregunt si iba con l).

Wh- questions son las formadas con una partcula interrogativa y que requieren

informacin especfica. En la forma indirecta, la oracin subordinada que sigue a la

partcula interrogativa se forma con la estructura de una oracin afirmativa, y no

interrogativa, es decir, sujeto + verbo:

She asked: What are you eating? She asked what I was eating.

(Ella pregunt: Qu ests comiendo? Ella pregunt que qu estaba

comiendo).

He asked: How is that woman? She asked who that woman was.

(l pregunt: Quin es esa mujer? Ella pregunt que quin era

esa mujer).

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Preguntas alternativas que van introducidas por whether:

He asked: Are you sleeping or not?

(l pregunt: Ests durmiendo o no?)

He asked me whether I was sleeping or not.

(l pregunt si estaba durmiendo o no).

She asked: Do you want to drive or to walk?

(Ella pregunt: Quieres conducir o andar?)

She asked me whether I wanted to drive or to walk.

(Ella pregunt si quera conducir o andar).

Imperativas > En estas oraciones usamos el to- infinitive. Si la oracin es negativa

colocaremos notdelante de to+ verbo. El verbo ms comn para introducir oracionessubordinadas es to tell(decir):

She told me: Close the window She told me to close the window.

(Ella me dijo: Cierra la ventana. Ella me dijo que cerrara la ventana).

He told me: Dont cry He told me not to cry.

(l me dijo: No llores l me dijo que no llorara).

Exclamativas > En estas oraciones usamos that-clause para introducir la oracin

subordinada o bien, la misma partcula exclamativa. Los verbos ms comn para

introducir dicha oracin es to exclaim, to insist, to suggest, to declare,

He said: What a bad film! He exclaimed that it was a bad film.He exclaimed what a bad film it was.

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(l dijo: Qu pelcula ms mala! l dijo que era una mala pelcula).

l dijo que qu pelcula ms mala).

Exercise 4.Yesterday you ran into a friend of yours, Helen. She told you a lot of

things. Here are some of the things Helen said to you:

1. I'm thinking of going to live in France.

2. My father is in the hospital.

3. Sue and Jim are getting married next month.

4. I haven't seen Bill for a while.

5. I've been playing tennis a lot lately.

6. Barbara has had a baby.

7. I don't know what Fred is doing.

8. I hardly ever go out these days.

9. I work 14 hours a day.

10. I'll tell Jim I saw you.11. You can come and stay with me if you are ever in Toronto.

12. Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn't injured.

13. I saw Jack at a party a few months ago, and he seemed fine.

Later that day, you tell another friend what Helen said. Use reported speech.

Exercise 5.Write what you would say in these situations .Example:

Ann says, "I'm tired." Five minutes later she says, "Let's play tennis."

What do you say? You said you were tired..

1. Your friend says, "I'm hungry," so you go to a restaurant. When you get there he

says, "I don't want to eat." What do you say?

"You said ."

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2.Tom tells you, "Ann has gone away." Later that day you meet her. What do you say?

"Tom told ."

3. George said, "I don't smoke." A few days later you see him smoking a cigarette.

What do you say to him?

"You said ."

4. You arranged to meet Jack. He said, "I won't be late." At last he arrives - 20 minutes

late. What do you say?

"You said.. .

5. Sue said, "I can't come to the party tonight." That night you see her at the party.

What do you say to her?

6. Ann says, "I'm working tomorrow evening." Later that day she says, "Let's go out

tomorrow evening." What do you say?

"You said"

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VOCABULARY

THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS ILLNESSES

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INTERNAL ORGANS

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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THE HUMAN BONES

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COMMON ILLNESSES AND SYMPTOMS:

Temperature(fiebre)

Headache(dolor de cabeza)

Toothache (dolor de muelas)

Stomachage(dolor de estmago)

To feel sick (sentirse mareado, con nauseas)

To feel dizzy (sentirse mareado, con prdida de equilibrio)

To feel faint (estar a punto de desmayarse)

Cold (resfriado)

To have a cold (estar resfriado)

To catch a cold (coger un resfriado)

I dont want you to catch my cold (no quiero contagiarte el resfriado)

Flu(gripe, viene de influenza)

To have (the) flu (tener la gripe o estar con la gripe)

Measels(sarampin)

Your son/daughter has measles (su hijo/hija tiene sarampin)

Rubella or German measles(rubeola)

Mumps(paperas)

Your son/daughter has mumps (su hijo/hija tiene paperas)

Chickenpox (varicela)

Your son/daughter has chickenpox (su hijo/hija tiene varicela)

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CHRONIC DISEASES:

Allergy(alergia)

Diabetes(diabetes)

Obesity(obesidad)

My uncle is obese (mi to es obeso)

High blood pressure, hipertensin (hipertensin)

Low blood pressure, hypotension (hipotensin)

Coeliac disease (or celiac diseasein North America)

Cancer(cancer)

Tumor(tumor)

She has lung/breast cancer ((Ella) tiene (un) tumor de pulmn/mama)

AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or Aids (SIDA, syndrome deinmunodeficiencia adquirida)

HIV,Human Immunodeficiency Virus, (VHI, virus de inmunodeficiencia humana)

HPV, Human papillomavirus(VPH, virus del papiloma humano)

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ACTIONS AND TESTS:

To take somebody's blood pressure: tomarle la tension a alguien.

I will take your blood pressure (le voy a tomar la tension)

To take someones temperature (poner el termmetro)

General Practice (GP) Mdico de Familia

Instrucciones

Breathe in (Inspire)

Hold your breath (Aguante la respiracin)

Lay on the couch/stretcher (Tmbese en el asiento/camilla)

Lay on your (right/left) side (Tmbese sobre de lado (derecho/izquierdo))

Get up (Levntese)

Sit down (Sintese)

Relax (Reljese)

Lift your.(leg, arm, hand) (Levante (la pierna, el brazo, la mano)

You have to take these tablets (Tome estas pastillas cada 8 horas)

every eight hours.

Vocabulary

Altitude sickness mal de altura

Allergy alergia

Illness enfermedad en general

Sickness enfermedad especfica, mareo

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Disease enfermedad especfica, i.e. heart disease

Ache // Pain dolor

To hurt hacer dao, herir

Health salud

Side effects efectos secundarios

Damaging perjudicial

Information

Are you allergic? Padece usted de alguna alergia?

Have you got any allergies? Tiene algn tipo de alergia?

Are you ok? Se encuentra bien?

Are you taking any medication? Est tomando alguna medicacin?

Do you have any pain? Tiene algn dolor?

Ask your doctor Pregunte a su doctor

Your doctor will contact you Su doctor se pondr en contacto con usted

Well send you the results Le enviaremos los resultados

Treatments (tratamientos) and Tests (pruebas)

Prescription receta (mdica)

Diagnosis (Diagnstico)

Cough syrup jarabe para la tos

Pills// tablets comprimido // pastillas

Blood test anlisis de sangre

Urine test anlisis de orina

x-ray rayos x

Stool muestra de eces

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Activities:

Make questions for these answers

- . . . . . . . . . . . .?

- .Yes, I am. I am allergic to aspirins.

- . . . . . . . . . . . .?

-No, I am not. I have a terrible headache and I think I have a temperature.

- . . . . . . . . . . . .?

-Yes I do. I have a pain in my right arm.

- . . . . . . . . . . . .?

-Yes, I have. I have had an open heart surgery.

- . . . . . . . . . . . .?

- I feel sick and thirsty, what can it be?

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PREPOSITIONS

Las preposiciones nos sirven para unir distintos elemento en la misma oracin:

I live in Malaga with some friends since September.

(Vivo en Mlaga con unos amigos desde septiembre).

Normalmente la preposicin acompaa a un nombre o un grupo nominal, pero a

veces sirve para unir el verbo con su complemento. En este caso el verbo va delante

de la preposicin y el significado puede variar:

(to look = mirar) Look at me. (Mrame) - Look after me. (Cudame)

Si el verbo va detrs de la preposicin tenemos que aadir ing al verbo, es decir, la

forma en gerundio.

Please, pick me upbefore goingto the beach.

(Por favor, recgeme antes de ir a la playa).

Por regla general, las preposiciones van delante del sustantivo al que afectan:

The bakery is behind the school. (La panadera est detrs de la escuela).

Pero hay excepciones donde la preposicin va al final de la oracin:

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Con el pronombre relativo, cuando va seguido de preposicin, sta puede ir al final

de la oracin:

The girl I was living with. (La chica con la que estaba viviendo).

En lugar de: [The girl with whom I was living]

En oraciones interrogativas que empiezan por un pronombre interrogativo:

Who is this laptop for? (Para quin es este ordenador porttil?)

En lugar de: [For whom is this laptop?]

Con preposiciones que acompaan al relativo that:

The topic thatyou are talking about annoys me.

(El tema del que estis hablando me molesta).

A continuacin, podemos ver un cuadro con las principales preposiciones y sus

usos:

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Preposiciones de Tiempo:

USOS EJEMPLOS

on days of the week on Monday

in

months / seasons

time of day

year

after a certain period of time

(when?)

in August / in winter

in the morning

in 2006

in an hour

at

for night

for weekend

a certain point of time

(when?)

at night

at the weekend

at half past nine

since from a certain point of time

(past till now)

since 1980

for over a certain period of time

(past till now)

for 2 years

ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago

before earlier than a certain point of

time

before 2004

to telling the time ten to six (5:50)

past telling the time ten past six (6:10)

to / till /

until

marking the beginning and

end of a period of time

from Monday to/till Friday

till / until in the sense of how long

something is going to last

He is on holiday until Friday.

by

in the sense of at the latest

up to a certain time

I will be back by 6 oclock.

By 11 o'clock, I had read five

pages.

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Preposiciones de Lugar:

USOS EJEMPLOS

in

room, building, street, town,

country

book, paper etc.

car, taxi

picture, world

in the kitchen, in London

in the book

in the car, in a taxi

in the picture, in the world

at

meaning next to, by an

object

for table

for events

place where you are to do

something typical (watch a

film, study, work)

at the door, at the station

at the table

at a concert, at the party

at the cinema, at school, at

work

on

attached

for a place with a river

being on a surface

for a certain side (left, right)

for a floor in a housefor public transport

for television, radio

the picture on the wall

London lies on the Thames.

on the table

on the left

on the first flooron the bus, on a plane

on TV, on the radio

by, next to,

reside

left or right of somebody or

something

Jane is standing by / next to /

beside the car.

under on the ground, lower than (or

covered by) something else

the bag is under the table

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USOS EJEMPLOS

below lower than something else

but above ground

the fish are below the surface

over

covered by something else

meaning more than

getting to the other side (also

across)

overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over your shirt

over 16 years of age

walk over the bridge

climb over the wall

above higher than something else,

but not directly over it

a path above the lake

across

getting to the other side (also

over)

getting to the other side

walk across the bridge

swim across the lake

through something with limits on top,

bottom and the sides

drive through the tunnel

to movement to person or

building

movement to a place or

country

for bed

go to the cinema

go to London / Ireland

go to bed

into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the

house

towards movement in the direction of

something (but not directly to

it)

go 5 steps towards the house

onto movement to the top of

something

jump onto the table

from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

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Otras Preposiciones:

USOS EJEMPLO

from who gave it a present from Jane

of

who/what does it belong to

what does it show

a page of the book

the picture of a palace

by who made it a book by Mark Twain

onwalking or riding on

horseback

entering a public transport

vehicle

on foot, on horsebackget on the bus

in entering a car / Taxi get in the car

off leaving a public transport

vehicle

get off the train

out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi

by

rise or fall of something

travelling (other than walking

or horseriding)

prices have risen by 10

percent

by car, by bus

at for age she learned Russian at 45

about for topics, meaning what

about

we were talking about you

Exercise 6. Fill in with the correct preposition; choose among the following:

On-by-in-off-above- over of-onto-below-from

1. He lives in a house . the sea2. You have to get .. the bus opposite the Town Hall.

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3. The picture is the wall.

4. The Everest is the highest mountain .. the world.

5. Ill put the new table .. that lamp

6. He's French. He's .. France.

7. There were .. 800 people at the concert last night.

8. I can see the sky . our heads.

9. Suddenly I woke up, the cat jumped my bed.

10. The aim . this course is to help students.

Exercise 7. Translate into English:

1. Con quin fuiste a la fiesta ?

2. Me fui a dormir despus de repasar todas las lecciones.

3. Sobre qu trata la nueva novela de Tom Fielding?

4. No entres en mi habitacin ahora! No quiero hablarte hasta maana!

5. Las chicas que estaba esperando no llegaron a las siete.

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ANAPHORIC TO

Los principales usos de la partcula tojunto a un verbo son:

- Formar el infinitivo de un verbo.

towrap (envolver), tospoil (estropear, consentir), tolend (prestar).

- Actuar como preposicin.

Ill go tothe meeting. (Ir ala reunin.)

- Sustituir un verbo o una oracin este uso es conocido como to anafrico y

presenta caractersticas detalladas a continuacin .

El to anafrico recibe este nombre porque su uso implica referencias a elementos,

aspectos, situaciones o personajes ya mencionados previamente.

La anfora producida por tose da en tres ocasiones principalmente:

a. Cuando usamos un verbo seguido de un infinitivo.

I dont know whether hes going to Lisbon, but I think hes planning to.

(to= togo to Lisbon)

Dont worry about passing the test; I know youll manage to.

(to= topass the test)

Recuerda que hay una lista de verbos que van seguidos de un verbo en

infinitivo con to, entre los cuales destacan:

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afford learn expect pretend agree manage fail forget propose

attempt refuse be able hope plan decide seem prepare want.

b. Cuando usamos una oracin de infinitivo (subject + to + verb)

Can you tell the teacher to send me more examples? Yes, Ill tell him to.

(to= tosend you more examples).

- Are you sure you would like her to tell you the truth?

- Of course Id like her to!

(to= totell me the truth)

c. Cuando usamos los siguientes auxiliares:

- Used to.

Imagine that Charles used to smoke a packet of cigarettes a day last year.

This year, he smokes 10 cigarettes per day. We can say:

Charles doesnt smoke as he used to. (to= tosmoke)

- Ought to.

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Now imagine that Charles girlfriend always asks him to give up smoking.

However, he refuses to do so. We can say:

Charles doesnt want to give up smoking, but his girlfriend thinks that he

ought to. (to= to give up smoking)

- Have to.

Eventually, Charles goes to the doctors. He tells Charles that he must give

up smoking in order not to have serious health problems. We can say:

Charles doesnt want to give up smoking; nevertheless, the doctor tells

him that he has to. (to= to give up smoking)

Exercise1. Complete the sentences using the anaphoric to:

a. Nancy says that you dont need to buy her anything for her birthday. However,

she is your friend and I think you should get her something.

Nancy says that you dont need to buy her anything, but I

b. Frank felt like going out on Sunday night and he did so. On Monday, his alarm

clock rings at 7 a.m. but he doesnt want to go to work.

Frank doesnt want to go to work, but

c. Sam would like his sister to call him. He wont see her until next week, so he

asks his mother to tell her.

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Mum! Could you tell my sister to call me? Yes,

USO Y OMISIN DEL ARTCULO THE

El artculo determinado (el, la, los, las the) no se usa en los mismos casos en

ingls y en espaol. A continuacin encontramos dos listados donde se describe el

uso y la omisin de dicho artculo.

En cuanto a su pronunciacin (/d/), recuerda que vara (/di/) si va seguido de una

palabra que empieza por vocal (Th eelephant we saw was huge).

El artculo these usadelante de:

a. Sustantivos referidos a algo/alguien especfico.

Thereceptionist of the hotel where I work is very kind.

b. Sustantivos nicos y nombres geogrficos.

the Sun, the sky, the sea, the mountain, the universe, the

countryside

c. Sustantivos mencionados por segunda vez.

I went to a Greek restaurant yesterday. The restaurant is called

Dimitris.

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d. Lugares pblicos en los que se realiza una actividad concreta.

thetheatre, the bank, thepost office, thebakers, thecity centre

e. Instrumentos musicales.

theguitar, thepiano, thedrums, thekeyboard, thesaxophone

f. Gentilicios, especialmente los acabados en/s/, /z/, -ese,y-ish.

theJapanese, theIrish, theSwiss, theScottish, theChinese

g. Palabras que forman la construccin de comparativo cuanto ms ms.

themore he eats, thefatter he gets.

h. Nombres propios de mares, ros, cordilleras, archipilagos y desiertos.

theMediterranean, theThames, theAlps, theBermudas, theSahara

i. Pases con el nombre en plural o que incluyan republic, kingdomo federation.

theNetherlands, theDominican Republic, theUnited States

El artculo these omitedelante de:

a. Animales o personas referidas en sentido general.

Odio lasaraas. = I hate the spiders.

Losnios son inocentes. = The children are innocent.

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b. Sustantivos incontables usados en sentido general.

Prefiero elt alcaf. = I prefer the tea to the coffee.

c. Nombres abstractos en sentido general.

Lapaz en Gaza es posible. = the Peace in Gaza is possible.

d. Nombres de deportes.

My deporte favorito es eltennis. = My favourite sport is the tennis.

e. Nombres de idiomas.

El ruso es ms fcil que el chino = the Russian is easier than the

Chinese.

f. Las palabras bed, church, hospital, prison, school, collegey universitycuando

nos referimos a su funcin y no al aspecto fsico.

Yo era muy travieso en laescuela. = I was very naughty at the school.

Mi hijo se va a lacama a las 22h. = My son goes to the bed at 10pm.

Cuando nos referimos a esas palabras en sentido fsico s usamos el artculo:

Voy a hacerle una foto a laiglesia. = Ill take a picture of thechurch.

Lacama roja es la ms barata. = Thered bed is the cheapest one.

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g. Expresiones con lasty next(anterior/siguiente al momento en que se habla).

Fui a Marruecos elao pasado = I went to Morocco the last year.

h. Las direcciones postales y otras expresiones con nmeros y letras.

Vivo en el6 de lacalle Coronation = I live in the 6, Coronation Street.

i. Porcentajes.

El70% del planeta es agua = Water covers the 70% of the Earth.

Exercise2. Circle the definite article thewhere its use becomes necessary:

Nowadays, [-] [the]Internet users have access to information from all around

[-] [the] world. [-] [the] messages can be sent almost instantaneouslythrough [-] [the] Web system, which poses [-] [the] problem of controlling

authorised access to [-] [the] information in order to protect [-] [the] children.

Exercise3. Complete the sentences with the article theif needed:

a. They are going to ______ beach ______ next week.b. ______ more make-up she puts on ______ her face, ______ uglier she looks.

c. Do you like ______ olives? Yes, specially ______ olives from Jan.

d. ______ happiness is the most important thing in ______ life.

e. ______ last year I visited ______ Sahara desert and ______ Russian

Federation.

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Exercise4. Circle the definite article thewhere its use becomes necessary:

According to [-] [the] results obtained after a very comprehensive survey,

many companies need [-] [the] foreign currencies to pay [-] [the] producers

in other countries due to [-] [the] growth of [-] [the] global trade. [-] [the]

different countries in the world are involved in such a complex field. London-

based International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) is an

independent group of [-] [the] professional accounting organisations from 85

countries. It was formed in [-] [the] 1973 with [-] [the] objective of achieving

[-] [the] uniformity in [-] [the] accounting standards.

Exercise5. Translate the following sentences into English:

a. El 50% de los estudiantes de ingeniera de Mlaga abandona sus estudios.

b. Venga, nios, es hora de ir a la cama.

c. La reunin tendr lugar en la habitacin n32

d. Me encanta ir al campo cuando los rboles florecen.e. A Anne le gusta mucho la msica y toca el violn de maravilla.

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VOCABULARY

Appearance and personality

Describing how people look and behave

Note the collocations in these interviews where famous people discuss theirown or other people's personality traits (or personal characteristics).

Film star Jerry Bowen

Interviewer: You seem to have had such a special relationship with Kara Hansonover many years. What is it about working with her?

Bowen: Kara's wonderful. She just seems to have boundless energy1and she'salways been able to boost people's confidence2, especially new young actors. Shehas a wonderful, bubbly3personality and she's got a dazzling smile. She bearsa striking resemblance to4Ingrid Bergman, one of thegreat cinema beauties.She has some wonderful personal qualitiesthat are so rare in stars nowadays:

1.lots of energy

2

make more confident3lively

4looks very like

Ex-rock star Eddie Stewart

Interviewer: You always had a troubled relationship with your drummer, KazPorter, in the days of your band, The Loop. Kaz died in 1987. How do youremember him now?

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Stewart: Well, Kaz was not an easy person to work with. He had a very thinlydisguised5dislike of the music industry and the people in it. Politeness wasn't hisstrong point! He had a real stubborn streak6that made him unpopular withmanagers and agents. But, you know, behind that gruff7exterior he had a sharpwit8.

Interviewer: You say gruff, some would say downright rude. Would that be tooharsh? He always seemed full of pent-up anger9towards the world ingeneral. Stewart: Well, `rude' is a bit unfair. Yeah, he had a forthrightl10manner,and he was capable of open hostility if he thought we were being manipulated.Interviewer: Yes, he did display some rather scary characteristics.

5barely hidden

6a stubborn side to his character

7.rude and unfriendly

8.was very amusing in a clever way

9anger which he didn't express

10direct

Retired golfer Andy Barstow

Interviewer: Andy, you're retired, you're a senior citizen, but everyone would agreeyou certainly don't look your age11. What's your secret?

Barstow: Well thanks. I'm sure some people would say I don't act my age12either!

Interviewer: Oh, that's not necessarily a bad thing! You do always seem to bebursting with energy!

Barstow: That's what golf does for you!

11.look as old as you are

12behave in a manner expected of your age

Other useful collocations for behaviour and appearance

She had a blank expression on her face. [showing nounderstanding or emotion]

He always gave everyone a warm, friendlysmile.

Tracy's new colleagues gave her a rather cool reception.[unfriendly welcome]

You have been guilty of unacceptable behaviour.

I'm surprised you find Jack unfriendly. He's always been perfectly friendlytome.

Angela has a rather abrasive manner. [rude and unfriendly manner]

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EXERCISES:

Amanda often had a blank expression on her face.

1.Match these two columns to form collocations. Then match them with thedefinitions below:

Blunk

Gruff

Striking

CoolStubborn

Bubbly

Personality

Streak

Reception

ExteriorResemblance

Expression

1 two things or people which look very similar

2 a very lively person

3 a person's face which shows no emotion

4 when someone is being inflexible

5 an apparently rude and unfriendly personality

6 a rather unfriendly welcome

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2.Complete this conversation using collocations from the box in the appropriateform so that Nell always agrees with Zo.

Bear a striking resemblance to / boost your confidence / burst with energy / has a lotof admirable qualities / strong points / forthright manner

1 Zo: Tom looks a bit like Brad Pitt, doesn't he?

Nell: Yes, he does. He.him.

2 Zo: And he's very good at making you feel more confident, isn't he?

Nell: Yes, he's great at ......................................................

3 Zo: Though of course he does say what he thinks directly to you.

Nell: Yes, he sometimes has a ratherbut I like that.

4 Zo: Me too. In fact, I think that it might be one of his best characteristics.

Nell: Yes, you could say it is one of his .., I suppose.

5 Zo: Well, he has a lot of good points.

Nell: Yes, I'd certainly agree that he..

6 Zo: He's very energetic, for example.

Nell: Yes, I love the way he's always.. It's very attractive.

4 Complete each sentence using the word in brackets in the appropriateform.

1 Teresa is always ................................. friendly towards me. (PERFECT)

2 Can you see how Holly is looking at him with open ..............................................(HOSTILE)

3 I refuse to put up with such ................................... behaviour. (ACCEPT)

4 He displays a lot more attractive ........................................... than his brother does.(CHARACTER)

5 The woman looked at the official with ........................................... disguised contempt.(THIN)

6 The star was upset that his home town gave him such a cool.. (RECEIVE)

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ACTIVITY

The Love Competition

You are going to watch a short film called The Love Competition.

http://vimeo.com/ondemand/457/62131305#at=6

What are the rules of this competition?

stressed alert motivated sad

attractive afraid obsessive aggressive

anxious trusting

Chose some of the emotions from the list above and discuss whether you think more orless of each one when they you in love. Example:

I think you feel more alert and attractive, but less sad and anxious.

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Unit 2B2


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B2 UNIT 2

THE 3r CONDITIONAL

Utilizamos el tercer condicional para hablar de situaciones que podran haber tenido

lugar en el pasado pero finalmente no lo hicieron.

Estructura: [If + past perfect clause] + [ Subject + would + present perfect]

If it had rained in Granada, I wouldnt have gone skiing last December.

(Si hubiera llovido en Granada, no habra ido a esquiar el pasado diciembre).

Las dos construcciones que forman el tercer condicional ([a] ,[b]) pueden aparecer

en el orden inverso ([b] [a]) sin que esto suponga ningn cambio en el significado.

Sin embargo, a la hora de escribir la oracin slo es necesaria la coma cuando la frase

con Ifaparece en primer lugar.

If we had played a little better , we would have won the game.

(Si hubiramos jugado un poco mejor, habramos ganado el partido).

We would have won the game if we had played a little better.(Habramos ganado el partido si hubiramos jugado un poco mejor).

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Existen otras conjuncionescondicionales que pueden utilizarse como alternativa a

If:

- Unless= a menos que, a no ser que.

I never listen to the radio, unless there is something interesting.

(Nunca escucho la radio, a no ser que haya algo interesante).

[I only listen to the radio if theres something interesting].

- As long as= siempre que, mientras que.

I dont care what you did, as long as you love me.

(No me importa lo que hiciste, mientras que me quieras).

[If you love me, I dont care what you did].

- Providing that, provided that= siempre que, slo en el caso de que.

Providing that she works harder, shell have a rise.

(En el caso de que trabaje ms, tendr un aumento de sueldo).

[If she works harder, shell get arise].

- In case= por si, en el caso de que.

Ill knock on the door again, in case he hasnt heard it before.

(Llamar de nuevo a la puerta, por si no me ha odo antes).

[If he hasnt heard it before, Ill knock again on the door].

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Exercise6. Rewrite the sentences using the third conditional structure:

a. He crashed his car, because he fell asleep while driving.

a.

b. We couldnt go to the concert, because we didnt have enough money.

b.

c. I lost my job because I was late in several occasions.

c.

d. The wind was so strong that the bridge collapsed.

d.

e. I couldnt call Mats, because I lost her number.

e.

Exercise7. Match the sentences on the left (1-5) with the ones on the right (a-e):

1. If the cook hadnt ran out of flour, a. we would have seen the match.

2. If I had won the lottery, b. you wouldnt have got stomachache.

3. If you hadnt eaten so much, c. she would have baked a cake.

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4. If you hadnt had a coffee, d. you wouldnt have been so nervous!

5. If we had stayed at home, e. I would have sent you a present.

Exercise8. Complete each sentence with as long as, unless, in caseorprovided that:

1. They dont go abroad __________ the language of the country is the same as theirs.

2. __________ you do it in the smoking area, you are allowed to have a cigarette.

3. I offered some snacks and refreshments __________ they were hungry and thirsty.

4. Shes arriving this evening __________ there arent any delays.

5. __________ anything unexpected happens, I do the same thing every day.

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IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS / VERBS

La forma impersonal es aquella que no hace referencia a un sujeto determinado,

sino que simplemente omite el sujeto intencionadamente porque carece de

importancia. Existen varias formas de expresar la forma impersonal en ingls:

- Usando el pronombre you:

Hace referencia a la segunda persona del singular (t) en sentido general, sin

referirse al interlocutor, o equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en espaol

se construyen con se.

If youare clever person, youknow what to do in such situations.

(Si eres una persona lista, sabes qu hacer en ese tipo de situaciones).

How do youplay chess?

(Cmo sejuega al ajedrez?)

- Usando el pronombre they:Hace referencia a un grupo de personas entendido como colectivo o equivale a

las oraciones impersonales que en espaol se construyen con se.

Theydrink a lot of beer in Germany.

(Beben mucha cerveza en Alemania).

(Sebebe mucha cerveza en Alemania).

- Usando el pronombre one:

Equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en espaol se construyen con

uno/a.

Onenever knows what to wear. (Uno/a nunca sabe qu ponerse).

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- Usando la voz pasiva:

Equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en espaol se construyen con se;

es importante no traducirlas literalmente con la estructura de oracin pasiva.

The castle was built in the 16th century.

(El castillo seconstruy en el siglo XVI).

English (is) spoken. (Sehabla ingls).

It is said that the new secretary will be fired.(Sedice que van a despedir a la nueva secretaria).

- Usando el pronombre it:

ste no acta como pronombre personal, ya que no hace referencia a nada,

simplemente ocupa la posicin de sujeto (obligatorio en ingls) en las oraciones

sin agente que realice la accin del verbo.

Its freezing! (Hace muchsimo fro!)

Its getting late. (Seest haciendo tarde.)

- Usando la partcula thereseguida del verbo to be:

Cabe destacar que el verbo to be debe conjugarse segn el nmero

(singular/plural) y tiempo verbal de la oracin: is,are was,were.

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There is/was a cockroach in my hamburguer!

(Hay/Haba una cucaracha en mi hamburguesa!).

There are many things I dont understand about his life.

(Hay muchas cosas que no entiendo de su vida).

- Usando la partcula thereseguida de los verbos seemy appear.

There seems to be very little money left.

(Parece quedar muy poco dinero.)

There appears to be no difference between twin brothers.

(No parece haber mucha diferencia entre los hermanos gemelos.)

Exercise9. Translate the following sentences into English:

a. Amrica se descubri en 1492.

b. Se est haciendo de noche, nos vamos a casa?

c. Hay una cosa que te quiero decir, que es importante al menos para m.

d. A uno le gusta estar solo a veces.

e. Si el reloj no funciona, cmo sabes cundo entregar el examen?

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PHRASAL VERBS

Un verbo frasal es un verbo seguido de una partcula que puede ser una preposicin

o un adverbio, y que cambia el significado para crear un verbo nuevo.

Shes looking after her little sister ( look + after = cuidar de)

I will give up smoking next week (give + up = dejar de)

If he find out, he will feel very sad (find + out = descubrir)

Alguno verbos frasales son Intransitivos > esto significa que no puede ir seguido de

un objeto.

He suddenly showed up. [Show up no puede llevar objeto]

Algunos verbos frasales son Transitivos > esto significa que puede ir seguido de unobjeto.

I made up the story. [The story es el objeto de make up]

Algunos verbos frasales transitivos pueden llevar el verbo y la preposicin

separados. Podemos colocar el objeto entre el verbo la preposicin.

I talked my motherinto letting me borrow the car. [my mother es el objeto de

la oracin].

She looked the phone numberup. [the phone number es el objeto de la

oracin].

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Algunos verbos frasales transitivos no se pueden separar. El objeto tiene que ir

detrs de la preposicin.

I ran into an old friendyesterday. [an old friend es el objeto].

They are looking into the problem. [the problem es el objeto].

Aunque muchos verbos frasales pueden llevar objeto tanto delante como detrs de la

preposicin, cuando el objeto es un pronombre, ste tiene que ir siempre entre el

verbo y la preposicin, nunca detrs de la preposicin.

I looked the number up in the phone book. (Correcta)

I looked up the number in the phone book. (Correcta)

I looked it up in the phone book. (Correcta)

I looked up it in the phone book. (Incorrecta)

A continuacin mostramos una lista con algunos de los verbos frasales ms

frecuentes. Es slo una muestra porque existen cientos de verbos frasales.

Be about to Be on the point of (doing

something)

Were about to take the train to York. (Estamos

a punto de coger el tren a York).

Be against Be opposed to Some members of the Parliament are againstthe new law.(Algunos miembros del

Parlamento estn en contra de la nueva ley).

Be away Be far from home, from

this place (for at least a

night)

Mark will be away on holidays until next week.

(Mark estar fuera de vacaciones hasta la

prxima semana).

Be back Have returned after aI dont really know when he will be back from

his journey to Australia, Ill tell you as soon as I

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long or short absence know. (En realidad no se cundo volver de su

viaje a Australia, te lo dir tan pronto como lo

sepa).

Be off Be free from duty

Be cancelled

Leave

Hes having a day off tomorrow because of hisdaughters wedding. (l no trabaja maana por

la boda de su hija.)

Liz is off at the moment, would you like to leave

a message for her? (Liz no est ahora, le

gustara dejarle un mensaje?)

Be over Be finished You needt worry any longer, now its all over.

(Ya no tienes que preocuparte ms, ahora todoha terminado).

Be up to Be somebodys

responsibility

Be doing or thinking of

doing something bad

Should I apply for the job at the consultancy?

I dont know; its up to you (Debera solicitar

el empleo en la asesora? No se, lo que t

quieras).

What are they up to? (Qu estn tramando?).

Blow up Explode

Inflate.

Become angry

The policemen prevented the bombs from

blowing up. (Los policas impidieron que

estallaran las bombas).

Break down Stop working

Lose control and cry

Sue is having a nervous breakdown; she fears

she has failed the final exam. (Sue tiene un

ataque de nervios; teme haber suspendido el

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examen final).

Break inEnter by force (also break

into)

The burglars broke into the house and stole all

their jewels and valuables. (Los ladrones

entraron por la fuerza en la casa y robarontodas sus joyas y objetos de valor).

Break offSeparate by breaking

Stop, disrupt

Some big pieces of ice are breaking off from

the iceberg. (Trozos grandes de hielo se estn

desprendiendo del iceberg).

Break up End They didnt get on, so they finally broke up. (No

se llevaban bien, finalmente rompieron).

Bring about Cause to happen

Mention a subject

Im sure she will bring the subject about in

order to get our attention. (Estoy seguro de que

sacar el tema para conseguir nuestra

atencin).

This situation will bring about some problems

for us. (Esta situacin nos traer algunos

problemas).

Bring up Take care of children until

they are adults

He was brought up by his mothers sister, who

lived in Rome. (Fue criado por la hermana de

su madre, que viva en Roma).

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Brush up Revise something you

have nearly forgotten

I havent studied French for years; I need to

brush it up. (Llevo aos sin estudiar francs,

necesito repasarlo.)

Call back Return a phone call, or calllater

If you call me and Im not in, I will call you back.(Si me llamas y no estoy en casa, te devolver

la lla

Manual Nivel b2

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Transcript of Manual Nivel b2