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Further Information andUpdates

1: Seating Priorities

Henry Shaftoe

(A version of this article appeared in Landscape - the Journal

of the Landscape Institute, February 2009)

Successful public spaces are places where citizens want to be.

One of the best ways to encourage people to tarry in an urban

public space is to provide suitable opportunities to sit down.

Indeed some recent research I undertook into the preferences

of users of public space found that "sitting places" was their

second most important requirement (after "space that is

welcoming, regardless of age, culture or wealth"). Most public

open spaces do contain seating, but far too often it is of the

wrong kind in the wrong place. One can't help wondering if

such seating has been installed because it fills a gap on the

designer's plan; with the choice of seating being chosen for

ease of maintenance rather than comfort or potential usage.

In my view, public space designs are too often based on visualaesthetic principles and clever symbolism (eg: using a visual

motif to represent the place's history or context), which look

good on paper and may appeal to those commissioning the

work, but don't necessarily translate into convivial spaces for

people to use.


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1: A new public space, but who would want to sit there? Note too the use of two

CCTV cameras trained on the seating

My observations of the use of public spaces in the UK and

abroad have led me to certain conclusions about the best

placement and design of sitting opportunities. I have used the

latter term ("sitting opportunities") rather than "seating"

because I have noted that the most popular places for people

to sit are not necessarily benches or seats as such.

There appear to be some basic human preferences for

seating, which if we note and address, could lead to much

better design of sitting opportunities. Some of these

preferences are to do with: protection from the rear, viewingposition and alignment or distribution for social interaction.

Watching your back

Generally, people do not like to have their backs vulnerably

exposed to strangers. This is probably a basic human survival

tactic and can even be observed in restaurants, where tables


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around the walls are nearly always preferred to tables in the

middle of the room, which feel much too exposed.

People prefer to observe, rather than be observed in public

space and not knowing what might be going on behind you

can be an uncomfortable experience. Yet it is extraordinaryhow many public seats are located in exposed positions that

do not recognise this basic human need:

2: seating with no rear protection, Bristol

Seating with rear protection is more likely to be used and has

the advantage that it can often be "built in" and is cause less

of an obstruction to circulation.


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3: Built-in seating, Bristol

Watching the world go by


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4: Antic hospital, Barcelona

As well as for conversational and resting reasons, people sit

down in public space to observe others. This is a perennially

popular human activity and is best done from a viewpoint that

matches or exceeds the standing height of other people. This

may also be traceable back to evolutionary survival tactics

where it is better not to be in an inferior position when

encountering strangers. Therefore the public bench height isunsuitable and I have seen myriad examples of people

overcoming this height problem by either sitting on the backs

of benches or eschewing them altogether in favour of a higher

ledge.


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5: Birmingham

It should be possible to design seating to facilitate this higherpoint-of-view and indeed the simple example below from

Western France offers this opportunity as well as providing a

built-in table when needed:


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6: Ile de R, France

Opportunities to interact or not

Sometimes people just want to sit in a safe vantage point or

in splendid isolation, but often they are sitting with friends, or

people they may wish to communicate with. In the latter

cases the seating has to enable group interaction to happen.

Putting seats in straight rows is useless for this as it only

allows for you to speak to the one person immediately

adjacent to you on either side.


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7: These young people in Budapest have avoided the straight seating in the

background, as it would not have allowed for proper group interaction.

The best type of open-space seating is moveable, as it allowsusers to create their own temporary social spaces for the

many possible types of social interaction.


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8: Parade Gardens, Bath


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9: Jardins de Luxembourg, Paris

Concerns about theft of seating can be dealt with by having

open spaces that can be closed off at night (as in the cases of

Bath Promenade Gardens and Paris Jardins de Luxembourg,

above) or just by good stewardship. Moveable chairs can be

either of the type that are easily packable away (usually

deckchairs) or heavy enough that they are not easy to run off

with. Moveable seating has been successful in selected public

spaces of many large European and American cities including

the South Bank of London last summer:


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10: Outside the National Theatre, South Bank, London

Distribution

People have a strong sense of personal space - how near it is

acceptable to be in relation to others. In general people will

seat themselves well away from others already sitting in that

space. As the space becomes more crowded the distribution

becomes more compressed, but people still attempt to

maximise their distance from strangers or use body

positioning to separate themselves. This is why moveableseating or general sitting opportunities, such as plinths, wide

stairways or grass lawns are so good and adaptable, as they

allow for different densities of use without forcing people

together in a predetermined way.


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11:The Mound, Edinburgh


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12: Padua, Italy

Conclusion

This brief resum of the psychology and sociology of sitting in

public has suggested ways we can provide sitting

opportunities that people are likely to take advantage of.

Obvious conclusions from all this are: that a range of seating

places are necessary, with maximum flexibility and that the

standard issue steel or timber "bench" is usually not the best

provision.

A good way to come up with a suitable range of sitting

opportunities would be through a two stage process. Firstly

one would provide a provisional layout, with an oversupply of

sitting opportunities, to be available for use until a post-

occupancy evaluation clarified where people were actually

sitting. Then one could remove the unused seating (generally


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easy to identify visually) and, if necessary, enhance the

spaces were people are actually sitting down.

Often the best sitting opportunities arise from designs where

the apparent intention was not to provide "seats". Now that

we know a bit more about how and where people like to sit,perhaps we can consciously produce these "accidentally on

purpose" designs.

13: "Accidental seating", Budapest, Hungary

Henry Shaftoeis an urban designer and senior lecturer in the

School of Planning and Architecture at the University of the

West of England, Bristol. He is the author of"Convivial Urban

Spaces: Creating Effective Public Places", published by Earthscan in

2008

06-11-2012

http://www.convivialspaces.org/updates.htm
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What Makes a SuccessfulPlace?

ByProject for Public Spaceson Dec 30, 2009 |Leave a Comment and 0 Reactions

Great public spaces are where celebrations are held, social

and economic exchanges take place, friends run into each

other, and cultures mix. They are the front porches of our

public institutions libraries, field houses, neighborhood

schools where we interact with each other and

government. When the spaces work well, they serve as a

stage for our public lives.

What makes some places succeed while others fail?

In evaluating thousands of public spaces around the world,

PPS has found that successful ones have four key qualities:

they are accessible; people are engaged in activities

there; the space is comfortable and has a good image; and

finally, it is a sociable place: one where people meet each

other and take people when they come to visit. PPS

developed The Place Diagram as a tool to help people in

judging any place, good or bad:
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Imagine that the center circle on the diagram is a specific

place that you know: a street corner, a playground, a plaza

outside a building. You can evaluate that place according to

four criteria in the red ring. In the ring outside these main

criteria are a number of intuitive or qualitative aspects by

which to judge a place; the next outer ring shows the

quantitative aspects that can be measured by statistics or

research.

.

Access & Linkages


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You can judge the

accessibility of a place by its connections to its

surroundings, both visual and physical. A successful public

space is easy to get to and get through; it is visible both

from a distance and up close. The edges of a space are

important as well: For instance, a row of shops along a

street is more interesting and generally safer to walk by than

a blank wall or empty lot. Accessible spaces have a high

parking turnover and, ideally, are convenient to public

transit.

(Photo:Pioneer Courthouse Square, Portland, OR)

Questions to consider on Access & Linkages: Can you see the space from a distance? Is its interior visible from the outside? Is there a good connection between the space and the adjacent

buildings, or is it surrounded by blank walls? Do occupants of adjacent

buildings use the space?

Can people easily walk to the place? For example, do they have todart between moving cars to get to the place?

Do sidewalks lead to and from the adjacent areas? Does the space function for people with special needs?
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Do the roads and paths through the space take people where theyactually want to go?

Can people use a variety of transportation options bus train, car,bicycle, etc. to reach the place?

Are transit stops conveniently located next to destinations such aslibraries, post offices, park entrances, etc.?

.

Comfort & Image

Whether a space is

comfortable and presents itself well has a good image is

key to its success. Comfort includes perceptions about

safety, cleanliness, and the availability of places to sit the

importance of giving people the choice to sit where they

want is generally underestimated. Women in particular are

good judges on comfort and image, because they tend to be

more discriminating about the public spaces they use.

(Photo:Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France)

Questions to consider on Comfort & Image: Does the place make a good first impression? Are there more women than men?
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Are there enough places to sit? Are seats conveniently located? Dopeople have is a choice of places to sit, either in the sun or shade?

Are spaces are clean and free of litter? Who is responsible formaintenance? What do they do? When?

Does the area feel safe? Is there a security presence? If so, what dothese people do? When are they on duty?

Are people taking pictures? Are there many photo opportunitiesavailable?

Do vehicles dominate pedestrian use of the space, or prevent them

from easily getting to the space?.

Uses & Activities

Activities are the basic

building blocks of a place. Having something to do gives

people a reason to come to a place and return. When

there is nothing to do, a space will be empty and that

generally means that something is wrong.

(Photo:Kungstradgarden, Stockholm, Sweden)

Principles to keep in mind in evaluating the uses and

activities of a place:
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The more activities that are going and that people have an opportunity toparticipate in, the better.

There is a good balance between men and women (women are moreparticular about the spaces that they use).

People of different ages are using the space (retired people andpeople with young children can use a space during the day when

others are working).

The space is used throughout the day. A space that is used by both singles and people in groups is better

than one that is just used by people alone because it means that there

are places for people to sit with friends, there is more socializing, and

it is more fun.

The ultimate success of a space is how well it is managed.

Questions to consider on Uses & Activities: Are people using the space or is it empty? Is it used by people of different ages? Are people in groups? How many different types of activities are occurring people walking,

eating, playing baseball, chess, relaxing, reading?

Which parts of the space are used and which are not? Are there choices of things to do? Is there a management presence, or can you identify anyone is in

charge of the space?

.

Sociability


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This is a difficult quality for a

place to achieve, but once attained it becomes an

unmistakable feature. When people see friends, meet and

greet their neighbors, and feel comfortable interacting with

strangers, they tend to feel a stronger sense of place or

attachment to their community and to the place that

fosters these types of social activities.

(Photo:Jackson Square, New Orleans, LA)

Questions to consider on Sociability: Is this a place where you would choose to meet your friends? Are others meeting

friends here or running into them? Are people in groups? Are they talking with one another? Do people seem to know each other by face or by name? Do people bring their friends and relatives to see the place or do they

point to one of its features with pride?

Are people smiling? Do people make eye contact with each other? Do people use the place regularly and by choice? Does a mix of ages and ethnic groups that generally reflect the

community at large?

Do people tend to pick up litter when they see it?

http://www.pps.org/reference/grplacefeat/
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06-11-2012


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Eleven Principles forCreating Great Community

PlacesByProject for Public Spaceson Aug 10, 2009 |Leave a Comment and 0 Reactions

Effective public spaces are extremely difficult to accomplish,

because their complexity is rarely understood. As William

(Holly) Whyte said, Its hard to design a space that will not

attract people. What is remarkable is how often this has

been accomplished.

PPS has identified 11 key elements in transforming public

spaces into vibrant community places, whether theyre

parks, plazas, public squares, streets, sidewalks or the

myriad other outdoor and indoor spaces that have public

uses in common. These elements are:

The Community Is The Expert
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The important starting point in

developing a concept for any public space is to identify the

talents and assets within the community. In any community

there are people who can provide an historical perspective,

valuable insights into how the area functions, and an

understanding of the critical issues and what is meaningful to

people. Tapping this information at the beginning of the

process will help to create a sense of community ownership in

the project that can be of great benefit to both the project

sponsor and the community.

Create a Place, Not a DesignIf your goal is to create a place (which we think it should be), a

design will not be enough. To make an under-performing

space into a vital place, physical elements must be

introduced that would make people welcome and comfortable,

such as seating and new landscaping, and also through

management changes in the pedestrian circulation pattern
http://josh.pps.org:8888/reference/11steps/attachment/01_the_community_is_the_expert/


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and by developing more effective relationships between the

surrounding retail and the activities going on in the public

spaces. The goal is to create a place that has both a strong

sense of community and a comfortable image, as well as a

setting and activities and uses that collectively add up to

something more than the sum of its often simple parts. This is

easy to say, but difficult to accomplish.

Look for PartnersPartners are critical to the future success and image of a

public space improvement project. Whether you want partners

at the beginning to plan for the project or you want to

brainstorm and develop scenarios with a dozen partners who

might participate in the future, they are invaluable in providing

support and getting a project off the ground. They can be local

institutions, museums, schools and others.

You Can See a Lot Just By ObservingWe can all learn a great deal from others successes and

failures. By looking at how people are using (or not using)

public spaces and finding out what they like and dont like

about them, it is possible to assess what makes them work or

not work. Through these observations, it will be clear what

kinds of activities are missing and what might be incorporated.

And when the spaces are built, continuing to observe them

will teach even more about how to evolve and manage them

over time.


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Have a Vision

The vision needs to come out of

each individual community. However, essential to a vision for

any public space is an idea of what kinds of activities might be

happening in the space, a view that the space should be

comfortable and have a good image, and that it should be an

important place where people want to be. It should instill a

sense of pride in the people who live and work in the

surrounding area.

Start with the Petunias: Lighter, Quicker, CheaperThe complexity of public spaces is such that you cannot

expect to do everything right initially. The best spaces

experiment with short term improvements that can be testedand refined over many years! Elements such as seating,

outdoor cafes, public art, striping of crosswalks and pedestrian

havens, community gardens and murals are examples of

improvements that can be accomplished in a short time.
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TriangulateTriangulation is the process by which some external stimulus

provides a linkage between people and prompts strangers to

talk to other strangers as if they knew each other (Holly

Whyte). In a public space, the choice and arrangement of

different elements in relation to each other can put the

triangulation process in motion (or not). For example, if a

bench, a wastebasket and a telephone are placed with no

connection to each other, each may receive a very limited

use, but when they are arranged together along with otheramenities such as a coffee cart, they will naturally bring

people together (or triangulate!). On a broader level, if a

childrens reading room in a new library is located so that it is

next to a childrens playground in a park and a food kiosk is

added, more activity will occur than if these facilities were

located separately.

They Always Say It Cant Be DoneOne of Yogi Berras great sayings is If they say it cant be

done, it doesnt always work out that way, and we have found

it to be appropriate for our work as well. Creating good public

spaces is inevitably about encountering obstacles, because

no one in either the public or private sectors has the job or

responsibility to create places. For example, professionals

such as traffic engineers, transit operators, urban planners

and architects all have narrow definitions of their job

facilitating traffic or making trains run on time or creating long


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term schemes for building cities or designing buildings. Their

job, evident in most cities, is not to create places. Starting

with small scale community-nurturing improvements can

demonstrate the importance of places and help to overcome

obstacles.

Form Supports Function

The input from the community

and potential partners, the understanding of how other spaces

function, the experimentation, and overcoming the obstacles

and naysayers provides the concept for the space. Although

design is important, these other elements tell you what form

you need to accomplish the future vision for the space.

Money Is Not the IssueThis statement can apply in a number of ways. For example,

once youve put in the basic infrastructure of the public

spaces, the elements that are added that will make it work
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(e.g., vendors, cafes, flowers and seating) will not be

expensive. In addition, if the community and other partners

are involved in programming and other activities, this can also

reduce costs. More important is that by following these steps,

people will have so much enthusiasm for the project that the

cost is viewed much more broadly and consequently as not

significant when compared with the benefits.

You Are Never FinishedBy nature good public spaces that respond to the needs, the

opinions and the ongoing changes of the community require

attention. Amenities wear out, needs change and other things

happen in an urban environment. Being open to the need for

change and having the management flexibility to enact that

change is what builds great public spaces and great cities and

towns.

06-11-2012

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The Power of 10

ByProject for Public Spaceson Jan 3, 2009 |Leave a Comment and 0 Reactions

The Power of 10 is a concept PPS uses to start off a

Placemaking process. The idea is that its not enough to

have just one great place in a neighborhood- you need a

number of them to create a truly lively city or town. Its notenough to have only one superior neighborhood in a city-

you need to provide people all over town with close-to-home

opportunities to take pleasure in public life. And, its not

enough to have one livable city or town in a region- you

need a collection of interesting communities.

Everywhere we bring up this idea, citizens become more

energized to turn their places around. The Power of 10

offers an easy framework that motivates residents and

stakeholders to revitalize urban life, and shows that by

starting efforts at the smallest scale you can accomplish big

things. The concept also provides people something

tangible to strive for and helps them visualize what it takes

to make their community great.
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The front of this public building in Melbourne, Australia has ten reasons to be there

At the core of the Power of 10 is the idea that any great

place itself needs to offer at least 10 things to do or 10

reasons to be there. These could include a place to sit,

playgrounds to enjoy, art to touch, music to hear, food to

eat, history to experience, and people to meet. Ideally, some

of these activities are unique to that particular spot and are

interesting enough to keep people coming back. The local

folks who use the space most regularly are the best source

of ideas for what uses will work best.
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A great destination has at least 10 places within it, each with 10 things to do

Its the Placemakers role to encourage everyone to think

about whats special in their communities. How many quality

places are located nearby, and how are they connected?

Are there places that should be more meaningful but arent?

Answering these questions can help residents and

stakeholders determine -both individually and collectively-

where they need to focus their energies.

Whether youre talking about places in a given

neighborhood or great neighborhoods within a city, 10 canalso refer to the ultimate goals of variety and choice. When

we talk about the Power of 10, we are stressing the fact

that we should always think of how Placemaking can be

accomplished at all scales.
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06-11-2012

http://www.pps.org/reference/the-power-of-10/

The Origin of the Power of10

ByProject for Public Spaceson Jan 2, 2009 |Leave a Comment and 0 Reactions

Early in 2004 we were asked by Mimi Gates, director of the

Seattle Art Museum, to review plans for a new wing of the

building. PPS President Fred Kent and Senior Vice

President Kathy Madden were touring the Museum grounds

with a group of local citizens, brainstorming how best to

generate public activity around the building. Ideas were

flying, and gradually Kent and Madden articulated a vision

for a series of focal points on the grounds and inside the

lobby.

As the discussion continued, someone asked, How many

separate focal points do you need to make it successful?

At PPS, we usually dont talk in terms of numbers, so Kent

and Madden gave the question a few minutes thought. They

wanted to offer a challenging answer, but not something that

would feel completely out of reach. 10, Kent finally said.

But we cant just plop down 10 pieces of sculpture and say
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thats enough. We also need 10 things to do at each focal

point.

The entrance to the Seattle Art Museum represents an opportunity to create a focal point for

public activity...

This experience got everyone at PPS thinking about what

precisely makes great places great. Its really comes down

to offering a variety of things to do in one spot making a

place more than the sum of its parts. A park is good. A park

with a fountain, playground, and popcorn vendor is better. A

library across the street is even better, more so if they

feature storytelling hours for kids and exhibits on local

history. If theres a sidewalk caf nearby, a bus stop, a bike

trail, and an ice cream parlor, then you have what most

people would consider a great place.

What if a neighborhood had 10 places that were that good?

The area would then achieve a critical mass a series of


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destinations where residents and tourists alike would

become immersed in the life of the city for days at a time.

...and if we created ten places in downtown Seattle as good as the revitalized Art Museum,

then it would be a great district.

Taking the next step, what if a city could boast 10 such

neighborhoods? Then every resident would have access to

outstanding public spaces within walking distance of their

homes. Thats the sort of goal we need to set for all cities if

we are serious about enhancing and revitalizing urban life.

We can go even further. How? Apply this idea on a regional

scale by linking towns and cities, with major public spaces

and mixed-use neighborhoods serving as the connections.

That could be the basis for a new paradigm of regional

development that sweeps away the destructive pattern ofmore freeways, big box stores, and cookie-cutter

subdivisions.

PPS calls this concept thePower of 10(we are indebted to

the classic short film, Powers of 10, by Charles and Ray
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Eames), but theres no reason to get fixated on a particular

number. Whats essential to keep in mind are the ultimate

goals of variety and choice.

If your goal is to build a great city, its not enough to have

a single use dominate a particular place you need an

array of activities for people. Its not enough to have just one

great place in a neighborhood you need a number of

them to create a truly lively community. Its not enough to

have one great neighborhood in a city you need to

provide people all over town with close-to-home

opportunities to take pleasure in public life. And its not

enough to have one livable city or town in a region you

need a collection of interesting communities.

Greenwich Village compensates for a lack of outstanding individual public spaces with its

abundance of street-level attractions.


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Flexibility is one of the chief values of using thePower of 10

as a framework for thinking about place. Take the

neighborhood where the PPS office was formerly located,

Greenwich Village in New York City. The area may not

contain10 great public spaces in the usual sense of the

term, but it makes up for this deficiency with a vibrant

streetlife and hundreds of small cafes, bars, restaurants,

theaters, and small shops enlivening the neighborhood area.

Likewise, weve visited towns too small to possess 10 or

even three distinct neighborhoods, but which succeed asplaces nonetheless thanks to lively public gathering spots.

You can bend the principles behind the Power of 10, as long

as you preserve the spirit.

Everywhere we bring up this idea, citizens become more

energized to turn their places around.The Power of 10

gives people something tangible to strive for it helps

them visualize what it takes to make their town or city great.

Its a way of reminding our clients, our readers and

ourselves that by starting efforts at the smallest scale, you

can make big changes

06-11-2012

http://www.pps.org/reference/poweroften/
http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10http://www.pps.org/the-power-of-10


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