"Métodos Oficiales para el Análisis de los Vinos" por el Servicio de Publicaciones Agrícolas 1934

8/2/2019 "Mtodos Oficiales para el Anlisis de los Vinos" por el Servicio de Publicaciones Agrcolas 1934

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O K E K S ^ u X K A N@ DIXKCPM^PXDNkx`ccke Iè`xdm n` Dixkcpm~pxd

O~anas agkckdm`szdxd `m

Demksks n` mas Wkeastp` fde n` sìpkxs` zax ~anas mas mdhaxd~axkasn`zènkè~`s n`m Okeks~`xka n` Dixkcpm~pxdDzxah3nas zax X`dm axnè n` 4> n` bpmka n` 4;43

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Demksks n% mas Wkeas

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O K E K S ^ u X K A N@ DIXKCPM^PXDNkx`ccke Iè`xdm n` Dixkcpm~pxd

O~anas agkckdm`szdxd `m

Demksks n` mas Wkeastp` fde n` sìpkxs` zax ~anas mas mdhaxd~axkas

n`zènkè~`s n`m Okeks~`xka n` DixkcpmgpxdD z x a h u n a s zax X`dm axnè n` 4> n % bm%mmka n` ~ ;43

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5/87

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6/87

// ( ?mas woas% = ~ ] m ( ( u ~p-Fde -)4] WK(-+x epx X( A n m> n` bpmka n-) 4;43- CK+Kmmd sdmw`ndn nx/ ma `BCZpm-t~mmmmm~(m)4]%m$4eèlDskoksoa- n s`xwkcxa n` Zph%~cdcxaxp/s Diewaxds fdc` sdh`x T]K=)-

è gaxod n` Dzenkc`- -s` spo%k %m `s~d `nkcke u Kegaxo` iè`xdmn` md Dsdohm`d e~`xedcaed n` Z`xk~as zdxd n `v~pnma n` md pekgkcdcke n` O~anas n` Demksks n` mas wkeas- c`m`hxdna c)e Xaod f -nds ;- 4: [ 44 n` dhxk m n g 4;3>

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?6?nds Tp` xèè mas ed~pxdm`s n` cdnd caodxcd { m Ko~`s è~x` mastp` zp`nè ascPdx sps x`sz`c~kwas caozaeè~`s%

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~anas tp` zdxd `m demss n` mas oksoas { n`~`xokedcke n` spsdnpm~`xdckae`s s` s4pè ag~c4d4oè~` è% mds zxkeckzdm`%s edckae`s tp`K~x ~ u Zd~d mD x`knhcme n` 4:44 nas zx~o`xas zpe~As md ac2khkmd4ko) zxa

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Zdxd `m ~`xc`x zpe~` zxazae` tp` mas mdhaxd~%axkad d4'de è ma za/dgkmK` mas o~ans :cmdm`6 ' mN7 zdks`s x`sz`c~kwas- d c u `g`c~a e/nh%e kmd dc~Ndm- dgkdn4èna% tp`- è dè`xdm- 2mas zxac`nkke4è~as%tk` dCCmZm`b%n`hè /d`mp~xs` ea zp`nè caedknèxd` àoaZ`xodeè~`% %- nfkpwTs- skea TP`% n`hè tp`ndx spb`~ad d zèn4`dd x`wKskae`s- zdxd mBk~xanpCkx è `mmas mds oankgkcdcKae`s Tp` mdd c4x`mk~dec46d %-% mas B+e+Kx`das d e d m 4 u zp`nde dcads`bdx - p k caoa% ~ l u e ~ipdBkzè~` u N ` x m ` è) cpè~d ~ds wdx4dCkAN`%m tp` è spsm)ZC~mWT6 o~mA)ns n`< d%e7W6kmm `m` [keCmS zp`nde -kekxITpckx mPC`H4 oè~` mas ~z'4s`smozAx~dnax`s ep`s~xas cdmnas%

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9/87

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10/87

? 4 - : ? )Caxx`cckae`s tp` s` fd{o `g`c~pdna è mas oas~as n` tp` z x ; % u ` - x

nde md s op`s~xds% %-%4 %2 ( - ) 4Zxac`nkokè~a n` wecdce {- ~xd~dokè~as tp` s` fd{de `-g`c

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11/87

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12/87

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~kednas d% md% `vzax~dce n`h`xe ~è`xs` è cpè~d mds n`~`xoked/nae`s { cmcpmas tp` s` `vkbde è 4:7 zdks`s x`sz`c~kwas%

@vdoè zx`wka%Zx`zdxdcke n` gd op`s~xd%/De~`s n` zxac`n`x dm dePs4s tpmokca

% : : ~è`x mpidx `-m `vdoè axideamz~à n` md oPhS~xd n` wKea (zx`sè~dnd è `m mdhaxd~axkA%

64 `m wkea `s ~pxhka- s` 4 e md% cdpsd% n`m è~pxhkdokè~a-)! ) u mp`mmA hdba DPmmA cphmèa- òzm`dena od~`xkd gkm~xde~`) % % % % % % % p( ) x tPekAdmmm6XQ %%HAhx` %`m wkea%/ % % n6 Oe`x tp` n`~èemede` maS ek~xd~as s` %s`zdxdx% ped zdx~`

Q )gmhmA (ZhmA CmmOm s` n`bdxD è `s~` `s~dna { tp` s` x`s`xwdx zdxdnkcfd A)B+`mOO %%`m)yea m`d m)ÀYe g`xoè~dna s` m` dik~dx caewèkè~`

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13/87

? 423/ ?d md caz`% mKN m4i`m)A oAW4omè~a `kEPBk'x { n` a s n m u hemmBAd dd`~)ed~~wdoè~` zdxd tp` `m w~ea hKKf e % d % u %%Q `%%/ ( ) & u m~d `m 'x'o%' a g~O4m~

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Mds ~drds Kmdodnds n` cd~d% {d n` %%) d a n` Kg~gk4dm / %op{ x`caoèndhm`s zdxd bpridx md nmd~dendn- mmozkn`m[ m d c`-zd% ``kax n` mas wme=m7%

Dzx`ckdnas è )md caZ a è md ~dsd n` `d~d% 4O C$2KK%~amBKmkm u md )W4S]d{ u ~ zp`nde ndxeas m)`)S)Z(`C)~a mk`m WPgm+- s` )44g~ u ~ 5 Y K m K K $ ``m` cdmna- tp` s` op`w`- fdcme>:4%` )m)ÀO)x`x ]&+&4d md hEd% ZgK>2mOn%/nama pe oaoè~a% `m sp`~`d~` zdxd sdhax`dx `m )g~Na- x`zmP`Dna %4%az`xdc~e cae pe sìpena hpcf` n` mktpkna fds~d ~mbdx- z;x md H O m 6d`ke zxanPCknd è Mds zdzkmds n` md Z)m$e~d { haxn`s `K` md m è % / %hds` n` s~d { opcasd n` md hacd { gasd edsdm- `m sdhax { amax :4%xdc~`xs~à n`m wkea cd~dna%

@m x`spm~dna n`m `vdoè axideamz~kca &tp` s` x`g`$(mo d m aakm`K(-mkozkn`r- amax- sdhax- `~c%- n`m wkea+ n`h`x s`x kenkcdna è% `m ha)m`/~me n` demksks%

@vdoè o~cxasczkca% / @m x`spm~dna n` md nìps~dcke mBmOmxdcaes`bdx md ahs`xwdcke okcxasczkcd n` md op`s~xd d dedmmrd%x tp`s` x`dmkrdx è `m wkea { è `m n`zsk~a tp` n` m s` ah~èid zax cè~xkgpidcke a o`nkde~` w`ke~kcpd~xa faxds n` x`zasa%

@e iè`xdm- n`h`x)De s`x `vdokednas dm ok`xascdzka ~anas mas wkeas ~pm(hmas { mas tp` d md nìps~dcKe nèa~è Pm)m`s~dna n` èg`xo`ndn- aaesmieenas` è `s~` cdsa è `m ham`~e `m x`spm~dna n` mk~ahs`xwdcke%

O~anas agkckdm s n` demksks%M/N@^m2XOKEDCKE N@M Z@SA @SZ@CkGKCA

S` n`~`xokedx md nèskndn n`m wkea cae pe zceo`~xa a cae ~pknèso`~xa cae~xds~dna tp` dzx`ck` fds~d md cpdx~d n`ckodm- az`xdena skòzx` d 40( cè~ixdnas- zdxd `wk~dx mds caxx`cckae`s n` ~òz`xd~pxd%

@e `m cdsa n` az`xdxs` cae nèso`~xas- s~as n`h`xe s`x caozxahdnas gx`cpè~` { xkipxasdoè~` zax o`nka n`$ zceo`~xa%


14/87

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15/87

40 ? -/ - ) u -/ ) %s`2 fdide cae `m oksoa dzdxd~a< z`xa n` /~anas oanas àxxwènxd%n`/ 2~`xokedx n` ep`wa- n` ~kòza è ~kòza- `m z`sa n`m z ceo`~xa wd/$~`ma { `m n`m tp` ~k`%e` mmèa -n@)% dipd fds~d%%% `m ~xdra- K 2 $ p ` u `s~as nas z`/ 2b2sas zp`nè kx s ` e s k h m ` o ` e u ` wdxkdena cae g5m ~kòza { `m psd- % %< Md xaeepmd de~`xkax s` skozmkgkcd opcfa òzm`dena zceo`~xas 24 tp`- mmèas fds~d `m ~xdra- cae~èide `vdc~doè~` 0: ixdoas n` dipd- -$

x2 z p ` u è `s~` cdsa md gxopmd tp`nd x`npcknd d md sipè~` 2 4


16/87

^`hm% K n% caxxzaenaecm% è~x` m nae%mn~mn`% - m-%n%% (p%~ %Ixdna K Ixdna Ixdna 44 K I x % n u 44 K Ixdna % //2/ )////- /% ) u u n a

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17/87

@e %as h`m`~ke`s caxx`szaenè~`s d mas demksks è tp` s` samkck~``m ixdna n` mkcax s` caeskiedx md nèskndn d 40(- n`~`xokednd caoatp`nd cmkcf`$ [ `vzx`sdnd cae cpd~xa n`ckodm`s- { mpìa s` `vzx`sdxcae md nèaokedcke n` ixdna Hdpo- a n` mkcax caxx`szaenkè~`d md nm)e(kndn- `m tp` x`spm~` n` md ~dhmd de~`xkax% @s~` ixdna HdpoKk( caeskiedx cae nas n`ckodm`s- òzm`dena md ckgxd a md 0 zdxd mdscè~skods- sìe tp` md%)5 cè~skods kenkcdnds è md ~dhmd s`de ~ex`/xk`x`s d 0- a s`de k i p - u m ` s a spz`xkax`s d 0% Zax `bòzma< 4%( Nèskndn

4-:79 ixdna Hdpo caxx`szaenè~` %`` ;-:% 8%( Nèskndn ?? 4-:94-ixdna Hdpo caxx`szaenkè~` ? ;-0% 3%( Nèskndn ? 4-:98- ixdnaHdpo caxx`szaenkè~` ? ;-7% Nèskndn ? 4-:68- ixdna Hdpo CT/xxsszaenè~c ? 4:%60

e%/N@^@XOKEDCKE N@M DMCAFAMS` w`xkgkcdx zax `m o~ana n` n`s~kmdcke- wdmkenas` n` dzdxd~as

cp{d cdmn`xd s`d cdzdr zdxd az`xdx cae >:: c% c% @e pe hdme n` cp`mma `s~x`cfa s` o`nkxe `vdc~doè~` 8:: c% c% n`m wkea d n`s~kmdx- dmd ~òz`xd~pxd n` 40 cè~ixdnas2 s` w`x~`xe è md cdmn`xd n`m dzdxd~a n`s~kmd~axka- tp` `s~dx peknd d pe x`gxki`xde~`< s` mdwdx `mhdme cae ped z`tp`d cde~kndn n` dipd n`s~kmdnd- tp` s` w`x~`x~dohke è md cdmn`xd % Md x`gxki`xdcke s` caenpckx n` ~dm ode`xdtp` `m mktpkna n`s~kmdna { caenèsdna ode` d ped ~òz`xd~pxd md oszxvkod zaskhm` d 40 )% S` n`~ènx md n`s~kmdcke cpdena s` fd{de x`CAikna dmia os n` mas nas ~`xckas n`m wampoè n`m m tpkna sao`~knad md% n`s~kmdcke &peas 40: c% C%+- s` caozm`~dx sp wampoè- `vdc~doè~` d 8:: c% c% { d 40( n` ~òz`xd~pxd- cae dipd n`s~kmdnd< s` pekgaxodx z`xg`c~doè~` `m mktpkna zax md dik~dcke &`s~dena ~dzdndmd zxah`~d cae md zdmod n` md odeck { s` n`~`xokedx `m ixdna dmà44mca zax o`nka `m` pe %dmcafao`~xa xkipxasdoè~` cae~xds~dna {nkwcmkna è nckods n` ixdna- s`zdxdnds ma e`c`sdxka zdxd tp` zp`ndw`xkgkcdxs` md m`c~pxd cae pe `xxax oèax n` o`nkd nckod% Md m`c~pxdn`h`x fdc`xs` è md zdx~` keg`x kax n`m oèksca tp` s` gaxod è `mws~die n`m dmcaeao`~xa- Az`xdena d 40 `vdc~doè~`- caoa tp`ndkenkcdna- ea fd{ e`c`skndn n` `g`c~pdx caxx`ccke dmiped n` ~òz`xd~pxd- `vzp`s~d skòzx` d `xxax`s< z`xa è dtp`mmas cdsas è tp`-zAx ckxcpes~deckds `sz`ckdm`s- ea gp`s` zaskhm` az`xdx d 40(- s` n`h`x zxacpxdx dzxavkodxs` d `mmas ~de~a caoa s`d zaskhm`- {- n` ~andsode`xds- md ~a~dm~rdce n` mas 8:: c% c% è tp` s` w`xkgktp` md ixdnd/

8


18/87

? 46 ?cke n`h`x `g`c~pdxS` d md oksod ~òz`xd~pxd `vdc~doè~` d tp` %-`ècae~xdsè { s` fd{de o`nkna mas 8:: c% c% n` wkea w`x~knas è mdcdmn`xd zdxd sp n`s~kmdcke%Mas dmcafo`~xas n`h`xe s`x caozxahdnas gx`cpè~` { xkipxasdoè~` è mas mdhaxd~axkas zax o`nka n`m zceo`~xa%

@e mas wkeas zaca dmcafmkcas- sk s` nkszae` n` spgkckè~` cde~kndnn` Ktpna- `s o`bax az`xdx cae >:: c% c% n` wkea- x`caikèna dzxavkodndoè~` 8:: n` n`s~kmdna { caozm`~dena `vdc~doè~` cae dipdn`s~kmdnd `s~` wampoè-

@e `s~` cdsa fdhx e`c`skndn n` nkwknkx zax 8 md% encdcae n`mdmcaexe`~xa%@e cdohka% è `m cdsa n` pe mtpkna op{ dmcafmkca% s` wk`x~è èmd cdmn`xd 4:: c% c% n` nkcfa mtpkna- s` ddnè 8:: c% c% n` dipd n`s/~kmdnd- s` x`caiè 8:: n` n`s~kmdna { s` opm~kzmkcd zax 8 `m x`spm~dnan` md ixdnpdcke dmcafao~xcd%

Caewkè` è ixde ode`xd &`sz`ckdmoè~` è ~ k cdsa n` wkeasop{ dmcaemcask `wk~dx cpkndnasdoè~` è md n`s~kmdcke ~and zxnknd n` dmcafam- d cp{a `g`c~a `m ~pha n` sdmknd n`m s`xzè~e a x`gxki`xde~` s` dnkckaedx- zax o`nka n` pe ~pha n` cdpcfa- cae pe ~pha n`wknxka tp` n`sckèn` fds~d `m gaena n`m hdme è tp` s` wd{d )&)ca/ikèna `m mtpkna n`s~kmdna- n`hkèna ~è`xs` op{ zx`sè~` tp` `szx`cksa x`~kxdx `m hdme de~`s n` dzdidx `m o`cf`xa n` cdm`gdccke-zdxd `wk~dx `m x`~xac`sa fdckd md cdmn`xd { zax dszkxdcke n`m mktpknan`s~kmdna%

Cpdena md dckn`r wam~km n`m wkea- cdmcpmdnd è ckna dc~kca- s`dspz`xkax d nas ixdoas zax mk~xa- a cpdena d md nìps~dcke nèa~`nkcfa wkea pe `s~dna n` èg`xo`ndn- ped w`r o`nkna- n`h`x s`x`vdc~doè~` e`p~xdmkrdna zax o`nk` n` md sasd a n` md odie`skdcps~kcd de~`s n` s`x sao`~kna d md n`s~kmdcke< è `s~` cdsa zp`n`ddnkxs`- dnòs- pe zaca n` zamwa n` zk`nxd zo`r%

Mas dcaeo`~xas &{è iè`xdm ~anas mas nèso`~xas% n`h`xes`x spo`xiknas è mas Ktp~nas tp` s` fde n` z`sdx- `s~dena nkcfasdzdxd~as hkè s`cas { è pe `s~dna n` mkozk`rd `v~xòdndoè~`xx`zxacfdhm`- `wk~dena n` pe oana op{ `sz`ckdm èixdsdxmas cae mdsodeas%

@m ixdna dmcafmkca s` `vzx`sdx è mas ham`~e`s è wampoè zax4::- cae ped n`ckodm%

Ea ahs~de~`- cpdena mds ixdnpdckae`s dmcafmkcds s` fdide d z`~ce n`m zhmkca- zdxd tp` spx~de `g`c~a è mds ~xdesdcckae`s ca/


19/87

%/ B; ?o`xcd`s- s` zanx `vzx`sdx cae nas n`cxedm`s sk g ) S m m u u x`spm~de n`mcmcpma a caoa x`spm~dna n` md o`nkd n` mds ixdnpdckae`s tp` fd{dezankna `g`c ~pd xs` zax wd caozxahd~axkd%

Cpdena s` nkszaeid n~ zacd cde~kndn n` mmCbPmc%%| zp`n` n`~`xokedxs` ~dohke `m ixdna dmcafmkca n` m )Wkea zd{ )B b


20/87

^dhmd 44 n` caxx`szaenèckd è~x` K%s nèskndn n%Acemknd2k Dmcafam Nèskndn Dmcafpm Nèskndn Dmcafam Nèskndn Dmcafamn` m% zax mdB n` md Z&( mAA n` md za x 4:: n` md za x 4::o`rcmd è W & B u p f m ) 2 e o`rcmd ` e wampoè o`rcmd è wampoè o`rcmd è wampoè

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21/87

mK%%d o`rcmd n` dmcafam {dipd (sp xktp`rd dmcafammcd% / % Q u K k u u Nèskndn mcaf`m K Nèskndn Dmcafam Nèskndn K Dmcafam Nèskndn DmcafamKn` md zax mAA K n` m zax 4:: n` m za x mAA n` md zax 4::op`md è wampoè o`rcmd è wampoè o`rcmd è wampoè o` rcm~ è wampoè-9>)+ 84-&B7 A-mm7;/m 8f-)km+ a-tm>)- )$m-&B9)k 4:-O > 84-9f 3 87-7> 8 34-4&4> 47-9/m )| 84-6h 8 87-96 4 )-K-8/m)3 47-6/m 8 84-% 4 87-69 -4 A )+4 - u - 88 4h-;> B 88-Ah a 87-~B7 km :-%)3; K 34->44 49-:> P 88-B&+ :-]+76; 89-:)+ X K 34->=+ 49-4> A-m~93; 88-8&+ 6 89-4> 44 9 34-09:-;96; 49-8> 6 88-3)+ 9 89-8> f 34-7-+6 49-3> 9 88->0 7 89-334K

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22/87

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25/87

O`~a~ka d 4::(%/@e mas dedss n` wkeas tp` s` fdide zdxd `m `s~pnka n` sp caozaskcke { cdxdc~`xxs~cd depdm- n`h`x n`~`xokedxs` ~dohke- caegaxo` s` fd kenkcdna de~`xkaxoè~`- sp xktp`rd `v~ xdc~ wd zax `m o~ana nèaokedna d 4::(- zp`s zdx~kèna n` sp wdmax n`hè `s~dhm`c`xs` dmipeds x`mdckae`s tp` s` òzm`de è wdxkdsedckae`s kozax~dnaxds n` mas wkeas `szdam`s- { caewkè` mmìdx d gkbdxmas mok~`s è~x` tp` asckmde- è mas wkeas n` ep`s~xa zds- mas wdmax`sn` nkcfds x`mdckae`s%@m `v~xdc~a s`ca d 4::( s` n`~`xoked w`x~kèna 8: c% c% n` wkea- o`nknas cae ped z%z`~d ixdnpdnd è~x` nas ~xdras- è ped czspmd n`zmd~kea n` gaxod ckmenxkcd { n` gaena zmdea n` 00 oo% n` nko`~xa{ 80 oo% n` dm~pxd% Skèna op{ `sèckdm tp` md czspmd s`d n` gaenazmdea- n`h` ~è`xs` md zx`cdpcke- dm u k o z k d x m d s { s`cdxmds- n` dza{dxnkcfa gaena sahx` ped spz`xgkck` zmded { x`sks~è~`%

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=!: ( ) n`m dipd n`m hda/odxkd n`h` s`x n` ckeca d s`ks cè~o`~xas% Dm cama/ ) ! _ E ]//dx md czspmd `m dipd n`m hda odxkd n`h` `s~dx {d è `hpmmkcke- {s~d n`h` ode~è`xs` npxde~` s`s faxds caes`cp~kwds dm cdha n`CP[d ~`xeza s` x`~kxd md czspmd- S` s`cd xzknd { `so`xdndoè~` spgaena- s` n`bd ègxkdx hdba pe n`s`cdnax { S` z`sd% N`m z`sa ècae~xdna s` n`npc` `m n` md czspmd- s` opm~kzmkcd zax 0: `m x`spm~dna- {md ckgxd ah~è)nd x`zx`sè~d- è ixdoas- `m z`sa n`m `v~xdc~a s`ca d4::: zax mk~xa n` wkea%

Zdxd md n`~`xokedcke n`m `v~xdc~a s`ca zax `s ~` o~ana zp`nèòzm`dxs`- è w`r n` czspmds n` zmd~kea- mds n` cpdxra gpenkna {~xdeszdxè~`% cp{ds nkoèskae`s ke~`xkax`s S`de mds tp` s` fde kenkcdna zdxd mds n` zmd~kea%


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Md dckn`r ~a~dm S` `vzx`sdx è mas ham`~ke`s è ckna spmgxkca {è ckna ~x~x~ca cae ped ckgxd n`ckodm%

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27/87

^dhmd KW- tpd nd md dckn`r zax m k~ xa è 7cmnas %pFxmca- ~7x~x mca { dc~kca- %ìe `m eo`xa n` cè~mo%~xaschkcas n` sasd E!4: òzm`dnas- az`xdena s`hx` 4: `è~fe%~x`s chkcas n` wkea

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@e~x` mas nkw`xsas zxac`nkokè~as tp` `vks~è 2Bdxd md n`~`xokedce n` md dckn`r wam~km è mas weds fòas dc`z~dna mas nas sku p k ` e ~ ` s 2

O~ana dmòe%/S` oknè 0: c% c% n` wkea- tp` s` ke~xanpcè èpe od~xdr x`naena n` peas 8:: c% c% n` cdzdckndn- `m cpd< s` ck`xxdcae pe ~dze n` cdpcfa cae nas axkgkckas- zax pea n` mas cpdm`s m`d~xdwk`sd pe ~pha n` wknxka dgkmdna è `m `v~xòa- tp` wd fds~d cdskdm gaena n`m od~xdr- { zax `m a~xa `v~xòa- nahmdna è eipma- s` pe`zax o`nka n` pe ~xara n` ~pha n` cdpcfa- cae a~xa n` wknxka- ~dohkedcandna- { tp` wd d zdxdx d a~xa od~xdr n` pe mk~xa n` cdzdckndn< zax`m sìpena axkgkcka n`m ~dze è~xd a~xa ~pha n` wknxka TP` S` pe` dPe x`gxki`xde~` M`hi- è cp{d a~xd `v~xòkndn s` camacd pe x`ckzkè~` n` peas 3:: c% c% n` cdzdckndn- cae pe ~xdra tp` odxcd 8:: c% c%@$ od~xdr tp` cae~kè` `m dipd mm`wd ~dohke pe ~pha n` sìpxkndn%Zdxd az`xdx s` caokèrd )zax kecaopekcdx mas nas od~xdc`s - òzm`dena ped x5merd tp` S` nkszae` è `m ~pha n` cdpcfa< s` cdmkè~dedohas od~xdc`s- zxacpxdena tp` `m dipd n`m od~xdr caokèc` d f`xwkx cpdena fd{de {d n`s~kmdna zxvkodoè~` peas 80 c% c% n`m wkea%@e `s~` oaoè~a s` dhx` md zkerd { s` fdc` tp` ckxcpm` `m wdzax n`dipd d ~xdws n`m wkea- zxacpxdena tp` md caxxkè~` n` wdzax s`d wws-{ ixdnpenamd n` ~dm o`na tp` ea dpoè~` sèskhmòè~` `m wampoèn` mas 80 c% c% n` 4ktpkna tp` fd{ è `m od~xdr z`tpà- { ds s` skip`md az`xdcke fds~d tp` s` ah~èid ped cde~kndn n` n`s~kmdna dmiaspz`xkax d 8:: c% c% D `s~` mktpkna n`s~kmdna s` m` ddnè peds cecaia~ds n` gèamg~dmèd { s` wdmaxd md dckn`r cae 4d sasd dm nckoa%caoa è `m cdsa de~`xKax%

Md dcKn`r wam~mm s` `vzx`sdx è ixdoas { n`ckixdoas n` cknadc~kca%Md ~dhmd skipkè~` nd nkx`c~doè~` 4d dckn`r wam~km $Bax mk~xa n`wkea è ckna dc~kca- spmgxkca { ~x ~x ca zax cè~o`~xa chkca { nCkods n` cè~o`~xa chkca n` sasd- nckod eaxodm òzm`dnas2


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^dhmd W- tp` n k md dckn4R zax mk~xa n` w b e u ` e ckna3 dc~kca- spmgxkca { Px~xmca- sìe `m eo`xa n` cè~o`~xas chcas { nckods n` cè~ko`~xa chkca n` Hasd E4: òzm`dnas az`xdena cae SAc% c% n` wkea%

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Zdxd md zx`zdxdcke n` mas x`dc~kwas kenkcdnas- wds` `m mpidx caxx`szaenkè~`%% O~anB `vdc~a%/6` dzmkcdx cpdena s` x`tpk`xd ixde zx`ckske èmd n`~`xoedce a cpdena md cde~kndn fdmmdnd è `m èsd{a wampo~xkca zp`nd kenpckx d npnds x`sz`c~a d sk s` fdmmd zax èckod a n`hdba n`m mkok~` dnok~kna zax mds m`{`s%

N`h`x dzmkcdxs` skòzx` z-=xd mas wecs ~ke~as%@m o~ana d sìpkx s`x `m n` Fdds%S` zx`zdxdx pe dzdxd~a n`s~md~ax~a caozp`s~a n` pe od~xdr n`

peas >:: c% c%- c`xxdna zax pe ~dze n` cdpcfa d~xdw`sdna zax ~x`s ~phas `m` wknxka% pea n` `mmas Tp` mmìdx fds~d `m gaena n`m od~xdr- 45`4)/o~kène md caopekcdcke d wampe~dn &o`nkde~` `szk~d a zkerd+ caepe dzdxd~a zxanpc~ax n` ids cdxhekca< `m sìpena ~pha s`x pe~pha òhpna- c`xxdna cae pe ~dze n` cdpcfa- { `m ~`xc`xa s`x skozmòè~` n` n`szxèn~o~è~a- è caopekcdcke cae pe x`gxki`xde~`-è cp{d zdx~` ~`xokedm n`m s`xzè~e s` dndz~dx pe ~pha n` dhsaxcke- cp{d `v~xòkndn dgkmdnd S: ke~xanpckx è pe od~xdr n` 80: c% c%fd :4 d ~acdx `m gaena%s` òz`rdx zax `vzpmsdx dm dkx` n`m dzdxd~a o`nkde~` ped caxxkè~` n` ids cdxhekca- mpìa s` ke~xanpckx è `m od~xdr ped sampcke n` {ana E!0: è cde~kndn dmia spz`xkax d md tp` `m èsd{a wampo~xkca zx`mkokedx fd{d kenkcdna s`x e`c`sdxkd- hds ~dena è iè`xdmpeas 0: c% c%< sìpkndoè~` s` w`x~`x zax `m ~pha òhpna 4:: c% c% n`wkea o`nknas cae ped zkz`~d- { n`szps ckeca cè~o`~xas chkcas n`ckna gasgxkca sxpzasa- c`xxdena gkedmoè~` nkcfa ~pha òhpna%

S` cdmè~dx dm zxazka ~kòza tp` s` fdx zdsdx ped nhkm ca/


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92~$ %

xxè~` n` u d cdxheca { s` mm`wdx md n `s~mdce fds~d x`npccked md ok~dn n`m wampoè n`m wkea% @m ckna spmgpxasa zdsd cae `m n`s~kmdna% s kèna avkndna zax `m kaxa { ~xdesgaxodna è ckn)B spmgxkcd% Sk npxde~` md n`s~kmdce `m Ktpkna n`m od~xdr tp`nds` cdsk n`camaxdna% keo`nkd~doè~` s` ddnkx ped cde~kndn $4mm4nèckdm n` sa/mpcke n` kana%S` n`sdmabdx- zax spdw` `hpmmkcke- `m `vc`sa n` kana n`m cae~èkna n`m od~xdr- s` dcknpmdx cae ckna cmaxfknx~ca- zx`ckzk~dx zax`m cmaxpxa axca- gkm~xdx% Kdwdxd cdmckedx { z`sdx% Opm~kzmkcdena`m z`sa e`~a zax 8%9>00- S` ~%ènxd- è ix dxpps zax Km~xa `m eefknxmnaspm~pxcsa ~a~dm% @s~d c~xd n`h`x kenkcdxs` &o Bas ham`~e`s è ixd/ods cae ~x`s n`ckodm`s%

V%/N@x@XOKEDCKE N@M IDS SPMGPXASA MKHX@% O~a~k 2 dpxavkodda a zx`m~okedx%/@s p~kmkrdhm` ekcdoè~` z24$)2%]mas wkeas hmdecas { xasdnas- { s` dzmmcdx s~`xezx` tp` ea s` x`tpk`xdkko zx`ckske a s` sasz`cf` tp` md cde~kndn n` ids spmgpxasa ea `s~

u p zxvkod d 4:43 mok~`s dnok~knas%S` o`n~xse 0: c% c% n` wkea { s` ke~xanpckxe è pe od~ xdr n` cp`mma m e x u a n` peas 4:: c% c% n` cdzdckndn- zxacpxdena ode~è`x md `v~x`xeknpn nx/ md zkzg)~d c`xcd n`m gaena% n` ode`xd tp` ea ):&) Z2CcBKmRC4dkx`dcke n`m wkea% S` ddnkxe mA c% c% n` ped sampcke n` ckna spmgxkca &ah~èknd o`rcmdena pe wampoè n` ckna cae nas n` dipd+ {4: 48 ia~ds n` ped sampcke n` dmokne%

Keo`nkd~doè~` s` w`x~`x sahx` `m wkea% ia~d d ia~d% ped sampcken` kana E 0:- fds~d tp` md camaxdcke dRmKK a wkam`~d B])mmapc]nN zax `m{anpxa n` dmokne z`xsks~d npxde~` dmipeas kes~de~`s Kpìa n` fdh`x dik~dna `m mktpkna cpd~xa a ckeca w`c`s%

@s~d n`~`xokedcke n`h` mm`wdxs` ma os K zkndoè~` zaskhm`%@m eo`xa n` cè~o`~xas chkcas n` mtpna n` kana òzm`dnas-op~zmcdna zax `m gdc~ax 48-6- ndx- è okmkixdoas zax mk~xa- `m defnxkna spmgpxasa mkhx` cae~èkna è `m wkea%

O~ana `vdc~a%/S` dzmkcdx cpdena s` x`tpk`xd ixde zx`ckskeè md n`~`xoedc~e a cpdena md ckgxd fdmmdnd è `m zx`mkokedx s`fdmm` op{ c`xcd a è m4ok~` n` md nasks dnoK~knd zax mds mm2${`s% N`h`x dzmkcdxs` skòzx` zdxd mas wkeas ~ke~as%S` n`~`xokedx- zax pe zxko`x èsd{a- `m defnxkna spmgpxasa ~a~dm zax `m o~ana n` Fdds- tp` de~`s s` fd n`scxk~a< zax pe sìpena èsd{a cae `m oksoa dzdxd~a- z`xa dzmkcdena `m o~ana Od~fk`p


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{ HkmKae% F ) fd m~dx `m caohkedna% Md nk~`x`pc~d è~x` mas nas èsd{asndxd `m defnxkna spmgpxasa mkhx`%

@m eef knxkna spmxpxcsa caohkedna s` n`~g)eeked2)2 )~- sìe nkcfao~ana% {d nkx`c~doè~` è `m Ktpmna n`s~kmdn B- {d zax nkg`xècdè `m x`sknpa n` md n`s~kmdcke% S)2 az`xdx n`m oana skipkè~`2scpk~xanpcxde è pe od~xdr n` Feas 80: c% c% 3: >: c% c% n` mdsampcke n` kana E!0:% cp{a od~xdr s` camacdx n`hd~a n`m ~pha n`hamd a n` dhsaxcke n ` dzdxd~a- n` gaxod Tp` sp `v~ xòa dgkmdna tp`n` spo`xikna è md sampcke n` {ana< s` ndx zdsa d md caxxkè~` n`

defnxkna cdxhekca npxde~` dmipeas okep~as- zdxd tp` tp`n` `vzpmsdna ~ana `m dx` n`m dzdxd~a { ea zp`nd dc~pdx sahx` `m ids spmgpxasa n`m wkea avknenama%

Okè~xds npxd `(~d az`xdcke zx`mkokedx s` o`nkxe 4: c% c% n u ] + -wkea d èsd{dx- s` ke~xanpckxe è pe z`tpà od~xdr- S` d g k d n k x udipeds ia~ds n` èixpna n` dmokne { s` n`bdx cd`x n` ped h P % d - ~ ) %md sampcke n` kana E!0: fds~d tpd dzdx`rcd op{ e`~doè~` md u / %%mcxdce drpm- ea k%xezax~dena tp` s` zds` n`m mok~`% S`d e `m e `/ xa n` cè~o`~xas chkcas ids~dnas% ) %%

S` ~aodxe 4:: c% c% n` wkea { s` Ke~xanpckxe è `m hdme a od/ (%~xdr n`m dzdxd~` zax `m ~pha/òhpna% s` dedn~xde nas cè~o`~xaschkcas n` ckna `maxf~nxca2 u p ` i a 4: V e n` mtpkna n` kana- { dmcdha n` dmipeas okep~as- 4: V e n` md sampcke n` dxsèk~a n` sanka &wds` è sp mpidx caxx`szaenkè~` md zx`zdxdcke n` `s~` mktpkna+%Keo`nkd~doè~` s` c`xxdx `m ~pha/òhpna%S` n`bdx dc~pdx `m dxsèk~a npxde~` dmipeas okep~as { s` n`s~kmdxfds~d x`npckx d ped ok~dn ` wampoè ~a~dm% S` c`sdx n` cdmè~dx &è`s~` oaoè~a s` ~aodxe zx`cdpckae`s zdxd `wk~dx md dhsaxcke n`mmktpkna n`m od~xdr+- { s` x`~kxdx `m od~xdr bpe~a cae `m ~pha n` dhsaxcke- `m cpdm S` mdwdx cae dipd n`s~kmdnd% pdnènc mds dipds n`mdwdna dm u t p k n a n`s~kmdna%Sahx` `m zxanpc~a n`s~kmdna s` n`~`xokedxe mas spmgd~as zax `mo~ana cmskca ixdwo~x~ca dm `s~dna n` spmgd~a hxkca- n`szps n`fdh`x n`sdmadna zx`wkdoè~` `m {ana è `vc`sa zax `hpmm kcke spdw`@m z`sa n`m spmgd~a- opm~kzmkcdna zax 8-9>00- nd è ixdoas zaxmk~xa `m z`sa n` defnxkna spmgpxasa caohkedna%Caoa caozxahdcke n` `s~` x`spm~dna- s` n`~`xokedxe mas spmgd~as è ` x`sknpa n` md n`s~kmdcke n`m ids spmgpxasa ~a~dm &o~anan` Fdds+ - ma tp` eas ndx `m z`sa n` m`s spmgd~as `vks~è~`s è `m wkea 4 ?Sk dmipea n` mas ~x`s èsd{as de~`xkax`s nd x`spm~dnas nkg`xè~`sd u a Kenkcenas- n`h`x n`npckxs` md `vks~èckd n` od~`x~d camaxde~`

ea ed~pxdm è `m wkea dedmkrdna%Zdxd md kew`s~kidcke n`m cdxdo`ma- wds` os dn`mde~`%VKm % /N@^@XOKEDCKE N@M CKNA ^X^XKCd Â^DM

O~ana Zds~`px/X`hammm%/ôès` 0: c% c% n` wkea { dnce`s`m`snas cè~ko`~xas chkcas n` ped SAmpcke n` hxaopxa za~skca- skèna`wdzaxdnas n`szps fds~d caesks~èckd n` bdxdh`- n` ped gmpkn`r ~dm-tp` z`xok~d md zx`ckzk~dcke n` mas cxks~dm`s wampokeasas n` cxoaxtp` s` gaxodxe%Md czspmd `s è sìpknd cphk`x~d { caes`xwdnd cpd~xa a ckecands è macdm gx`sca%

Zdsdna `s~` ~kòza- s` zxac`n`x d `g`c~pdx ~x`s a cpd~xa mdwdnas-cae 4: 40 c% c% cdnd pea- cae ped sampcke dmcafcd d >0(- sd~pxdndn` h~dx~xd~a- { s` n`~`xoked- zx`wkd nksampcke è cdmkè~`- md dckn`r n` nkcfas cxks~dm`s zax o`nka n` mktpkna n` sasd% nckoa eaxodm 6%:-0 c% c% n` ped sampcke sd~pxdnd n` dc`~d~a n` pxdema { ;: c% c% n`dmcafam%S` caes~xpkx md ixgcd caxx`szaxknè~` òzm`dena md hdxk~d E!>%Md cde~kndn n` ckna ~x~xkcd ~a~dm- zax mk~xa- s` ah~ènx zdx mdgxopmd v ? &d V 33-3 / e+ :-:4690-è md tp` d x`zx`sè~d `m eo`xa n` cè~o`~xas chkcas n` x`dc~kwacaespoknas fds~d `m zpe~a skeipmdx- { e- `m eo`xa n` cè~o`~xaschkcas zax mk~xa tp` caxx`szaenè d mas spmgd~as n`m wkea% n`~`xokednas zx`wkdoè~` zax wd `m`c~xatpfekcd cae ` osoe x`dc~kwa%Caesm~`s`- zdxd md ~cekcd ae`xd~axd n` `s~` o~ana- md ahxdwd ck~dnd n` OO% Np~ek~ { N`hapv%


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VPm N@^@XOKEDCKE N@ MD ZA^DSD Â^DMZei2P4S& 8: c% c% n` wkea &44 pe2)2 ha~x/Kmd cekcd %od~wdr n@) @2/$:e

oc{`x K n` gAmmn2+ ~+42mea% n` cdhknd 212mA c% c Dnds` pe cè~o`~xachkca nk) ped sapckae dm 4: ecx 4:&4 n` dcna 2 x~ xkca è dipd dmàeamkrdnd fds~d 8:( { >: c% c% n` ped o`rcma nc5 wa)oè`s kipdm`s n` ~`xKK 7:( [ n` dmcafam d ;:(2 di~`s` { nb`s` `m od~er è x`zasa npxde~` ~x`s nds d md ~òz`xd~pxd axnedxd%

^xdescpxxkna `s~` ~ ) xeza- n`cde~`s/ `m ftpkna tp` cae~kè` `m od~xdr sahx` pe gkm~xa ske zmk`wp`s { mw`s` s~` { `m gB%2%~xa cae ped z`tp`d cde~kndn n` md o`rcmd `~xà dmcafmkcd%Zdxd `mkokedx mds z`tp`ds cde~kndn`s n` ckna ~x~xkcd mkhx` tp`zp`nde tp`ndx è `m gkm~xa- wx~des` è mas haxn`s n` s~`- ia~d dia~d% dmcafam nc) ;0(- mpìa ke~xanrcds` `m zdz`m gkm~xa è `m od~xdr-dndes` >: c% c% n` dipd cdmkè~` zdxd nksamw`x `m zx`ckzk~dna n`h~dx~xd~a- Tp` `s~ dnf`xkna d mds $mdx`n`s n`2 od~xdr2 %ede~eipspeas Kes~de~`s 24 pe cdmax spdw`- { mpìa dpdps` ped sampcke dmccfmcd n` gèamg~dm`med dm 4 zax 4::% N`~`xokeds` md dckn`r cae pedsampcke n` sasd cps~kcd X)8:%N`m eo`xa n` cè~mo`~xas chkcas n` `s~d sampcke e`c`sdxkaszdxd ah~è`x u sd~pxdcke- opm~kzmkcdena zax :->9 { ddnkèna n`szps :-8% s` ah~ènx md cde~kndn n` hk~dx~xd~a caxx`szaenkè~` d mdza~dsd ~a~dm%

Zdxd cdmcpmdx s~d hds~dx opm~zmcdx zax `m ca`gkckè~` :-8;80@m x`spm~dnd s` `vzx`sdx è mas ham`~ke`s è ixdoas zax mk~xa-cae ped n`ckodm-VKW%/N@^@XOKEDCKE N@M CKNA MC^KCA

S` zxac`n`x cae dxxìma dm skipkè~` o~ana- tp` `s `m tp` s`skip` agkckdmoè~` è Spkrd2S` wk`x~` è ped czspmd n` zaxc`mded `m x`sknpa n` md n`~`xokedcke n` m`s cknas wam~km`s- sìe `m o~ana dmòe- { s` e`p~xdmrd `vdc~doè~` +


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/F //~axd è ped zxaha~%d ixdnpdnd n` 4:: c% c%- zxawks~d n` pe ~dze n`wknxka- { sc %kdnk~ dmccfam fds~d nkcfd o`nknd% S` n`bdx x`zasdx {s` k~x x WK m òhpna cphk`x~a sahx` pe %~xa zmìdna { s`ca- S` `wdeaxdxe c)p %od czspmd n` zmd~kea K { n` szp - n` fph`x ddnkna pedzCtPCgF2 c%%e~~ndn n` dipd2 6: c% c% n`m mktpkna gkm~xdna- cdmckedena mpìa &)4 x`sknpa x`spm ~de~` s ke tp` s`d zx`ck/a mm`wdx md cdmcked ce fds~d tp` mds cèkrds s`de caozm`~doè~` hmdecds-

s n`~`xoked- u w m~kod- md dmcdfendn n` `s~ds cèkrds zax `mo~ana tp` sa kenkcdx os dn`mde~`% Pe cè~o`~xa chkca n` sasdcps~kcd caxx`szaen` d ;: oi% n` ckna mc~kca- n`hkèna ~`xkcxss cpkndna n` ea òzm`dx os tp` 6: c% c% n`m mktpkna gkm~xdna - caoa s` fdkenkcdna-

N8hc ~è`xs` è cpè~d Tp` cpdena s` ~xd~d n` pe wkea xkca 4 : ix- zax mk~xa%

Ped w`r caozxahdnd md `vks~èckd n` ckna c~x~ca è pe wkea% za/nx `wdmpdxs` dzxavkodndoè~` sp cpde~d $mdx o`nka n` èsd{as


44/87

? >> ?caozdxd~kwcs cae scmpcaex/s n` ckna ck~xkc` nc wdmax caeackna { caewke`s ed~pxdm`s demcwas dnkckaednas { ea dcmkcxaepnas n` nkcfa |m`kna%

V W K % u K E W @ S ^ K I D C K A E N@M DcKNC) AVMKCAS` sìpkx `m skipkè~` zxac`nkokè~a% tp` `/s `m dncx/~dna agkckdm

oè~` è Spkrd2^x~ès` 0: c% c% Ndx ped sampcke n` cmaxpxa cd~ccc u $+ax `m doaekdca cae `m ahb`~a n` zx`ckzk~dx mas avdmd~as { 2as gasgd~as% @m zx`ckzk~dna ah~èkna s` mdwd { s` nksp`mw` è ckna cmaxfnxmca nkmpkna


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,0n` ~axedsam- { `m wkea n`h` ~kxdx dm dodxkmma ascpxa% Sk ea `s dmcdmkea-s` ddn mx xe dmipeds ia~ds n` doaedca% Md czspmd n` zaxc`mded s`zae` dm hda odxd% cae `m ahb`~a A` `wdzaxdx md od{ax zdx~` n`m Ktpnc2 `m dipd n`m hda odxkd- dm è~xdx è `hpmm~ce- sp wdzax hdd/x n~xcc~exex/e~` `m gaena n` md cespmd% { sk s` ~k`24` cpkndn%- n` cax~dxpe z`ca md mmdod n`m o`cf`xa- c`xxdena zdxckdmoè~` md mmdw` n`moksoa- md `hpmmkcke n`m d u p d s`x mè~d { zanx caes`xwdxs` opcfdsfaxds ske tp` `m ekw`m n`m dipd hdb` è md cdmn`xd n` ped ode`xdop{ sèskhm`- zpnkèna òzm`dxs` ~dohke zdxd caesìpkxma pe hdan` ekw`m caes~de~`%

Md `wdzaxdcke n`m wkea n`h`x s`x op{ mè~d { zanx dhdena/edxs` d s oksod- cae md zx`cdpcke n` dik~dx n` w`r è cpdena mdczspmd CA$4 pe oawkokè~a ckxcpmdx a ~xdesw`xsdm- zdxd `v~èn`x `mn`zsk~a% ma cpdm xdwax`c`x md az`xdcke% Cpdena `m wampoè n`m wkeas` fd{d x`npckna d oèas n` mas nas ~`xckas n`m zxkok~kwa- s` tpk~dxmd czspmd n`m hda/odxd- camacenamd sahx` pe sazax~`- èckod n`pe z`tpà o`cf`xa< S` x`òzmdrdx `m wkea `wdzaxdna cae dipdcdmkè~` { s` zaenx d f`xwkx% Md `hpmmkcke n`h` s`x op{ spdw%- { np/xdx pe okep~a pzxavkodnd2oè~`% @m mktpkna fkxwkèna n` u czspmd-cae sp zx`cmz~dna% 2-g) w`x~`xe sahx` pe gkm~xa- cae `m gke n` s`zdxdx`m zx`ckzk~dna n`m Ktpna- ~èkèna ixde cpkndna è x`cai`x ~ana `mcae~èkna n` md czspmd sahx` `m gkm~xa- Ped w`r tp` fd gkm~xdnmkmmtpkna- s` mdwd- cae pe cpdx~a n` mk~xa- zxvkodoè~`- n` drpdwkèna% `m zx`ckzk~dna n` ~ded~` n` ckec tp` Tp`n è `m ~xa Dd

Zxac`nkèna n` `s~d sp`x~` s` ~kè` md idxde~d n` fdh`x s`zd =y`m ~ded~a n` ckec n` 4:s cp`xzas `v~xdas Tp` ma kozpxkgkcdhde% z !

S` n`bd `scpxxk x `m ~m4~xa fds~d tp` `m zdz-`K `s~ sPgkc è~òè ) - $ % B#s`ca< zdxd sdcdxma% n`m òhpna s` m`wde~d cae cpkndna- { ske z`xn`x )ednd n`m cae~èkna- s` spo`xi` @e pe hacdm n` wknxka &n` pe wamp/oè spz`x kax d nas mk~xas+- è `m cpdm s` fdhx w`xx~%na zx`wkdoè~`%ped cdzd n` dipd n` dmipeas cè~o`~xas n` dm~pxd%

Dfaxd fdhx tp` s`zdxdx `m ~dekea n`m ckec- cae `m cpdm `s~ cao%%-hkedna< `s~d s`zdxdcke s` caeskip` zax o`nka n`m ckna spmgxkca


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? >7 :2 %%22@m ckna spmgxkca n`scaozae` `m ~ded~` n` ckec { n`bd `m ~dekea

è mkh`x~dn% n` sp`x~` tp` nksamw`x m) m ~ded~` `vks~è~` è mds zd/x`n`s n` md czspmd%

S` w`x~`x è `m hacdm `m dio< n` md czspmd d cknpmdnd cae `m cknaspmgxkca- x`zk~kèna `m mdwdna wdxkds w`c`s- x`pekèna è `m hacdm~ands `s~ds dipds n`m mdwdna- dik~enamds ped w`r bpe~ds- dsk caoa ` gkm~xa- { cae `mma n`sdzdx`c`xe mds m~ kods ~xdrds n`m zx`ckzk~dna n`~ded~` n` ckec%

N` `s~d sp`x~` s` ~ènx è `m hacdm `m ~a~dm n` ~dekea tp` cae~`/ede maa cè~o`~xas chkcas n` wkea cae mas tp` s` fd{d az`xdna- dscaoa `m ckec n`m dc`~d~a n` ckec- `m cpdm tp`nd caoh)ednc cae `m ckna spmgxkca- z`xa ske `s~axhdx md az`xdcke tp` eas ke~`x`sd%

Zdxd n`~`xokedx dfaxd `m ~dekea- s` dcdhdx n` mmèdx `m hacdmcae dipd- fds~d pe ~xdra tp` s` odxtp` è m s`dmdena nas mk~xas-s` ddnxe 4: c% C% n` nksampcke n` kenkia~med- { s` cdxidx pedhpx`~d cae md nksampcke n` z`xodeided~a n` za~dsd%

Wkx~`s` ia~d d ia~d sahx` `m cae~èkna n`m hacdm `m mktpkna n` mdhpx`~d- dik~dena gp`x~òè~` ` mktpkna%

@m camax drpm nksokepkx zdpmd~kedoè~` n` ke~èskndn- wkxdena dw`xn`- { n`szps dm dodxkmma w`xnasa- {- zax gke- dm dodxkmma ske ~xdrdn` w`xn`%

@e `s~` kes~de~` s` ck`xxd md hpx`~d { s` m`` `4 eo`xa n` cè~/o`~xas chkcas n` sampcke n` z`xodeided~a tp` s` fd{d e`c`sk~dna%

S`d- zax `bòzma- 46-0 `s~` eo`xa n` cè~o`~xas `hKcas%W`doas dfaxd coa s` cdmcpmd `m z`sa n`m ~dekea cae~èkna è

`m woa2spzaeddoas tp` dm wdmaxdx md sampcke n` spmgaenia~ed n`m oanaCAA4a s` kenkcd è `m mpidx caxx`szaenkè~/`- s` ids~dxae 48-> c% c% n`md sampè n` z`xodeided~a zdxd ah~è`x `m camax dodxkmma< dfaxdh 2 skna e`c`sdxkas zdxd ah~è`x `s~` oksoa camax 47-0 `% A%- n` sp`x~`Tp` 47-0 / 48-4 ? >-4< s`xe mas cè~o`~xas chkàs n` z`xodeided~an`s~xpkna %ZA~ `m ~dekea n` mas cè~o`~xas chkcas n` wkea cae mast s` az`xa%

Sdhkèna dfaxd tp` cdnd `è~o`~xa chkca n` md sam~~`4e n` z`x/o k ~ i u K 4 d ~ a cae t)P` s` fd aZ`xdna &wds` sp zx`zdxdcke è `m mpidxu z A e n 4 ` e ~ ` + aaxx`szaen d pe okmkixdoa n` ~d~kmkma zpxa- >-4 s`/x~O4 ~as xkmkmmmk)oas n ~dekea cae~èknas è md cde~kndn /n` wkea 6:/Bk)~)~kn)a dm demkskS< z`xa àoa md ~xdesgaxodcke n`m ~dekea )è ~ded~an` ckec { sp zx`ckzk~dcke zax `m ckna sp~pxca ea sae caozm`~ds- {-


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>9zax a~xd zdx~`- md samphkmkndn n`m ~ded~a n` ckec è `m dipd f%xwèna ea `s dhsamp~doè~` epmd- x`spm~d tp` `s zx`cksa opm~kzmkcdx mdckgxd ah~èknd zax `m ca`gkckè~` 4%:9 tp` mas d p~cx`s n`m o~ana fdecdmcpmdna zdxd caozèsdx nkcfds cdpsds Tg) `xxax cpden `m demkskss` `g`c~d sahx` pe z`sa n` 4: okmxixdocs n` ~dekea2 `s n`ckx- cpdena `m wampoè n` z`xodeided~a e`c`sdxka zdxd n`scaozae`x `m ~dekea s` `m`wd- dzxavkodndoè~`- d peas 4: `- c%% caoa fòas dnw`x~kna de~`xkaxoè~`%

X`spm~d% zp`s% tp` è `m `bòzma tp` fòas caeskn`xdna- è mascè~o`~xas chkcas n` wkea cae tp` s` fd{d az`xdna% `vks~kxe>%4 V 4-:9 ? >-369 oi% n` ~dekea- { opm~kzmkcdena `s~` x`spm~dna zax`m gdc~ax caewèè~`- s` ah~ènx md cpde~d caxx`szaenkè~` dm u k ~ x an` wkea%ZBx `bòzma2 sk fòas az`xdna sahx` 4: c% c% n` Ktpna- x`spm~dxtp` zax mk~xa n` wkea `vks~kxe >-369 V 4:: ?// >36 oi% ? :->36 s% n`~dekea { od~`xkds ds~xkeiè~`s% zp`s fd{ tp` ~è`x è cpè~d Tp` `s~ò~ana n`~`xoked `m caebpe~a n` cp`xzas ds~xkeiè~`s demaias dm~dekea%

@m x`spm~dna n` `s~d n`~`xokedcke s` `vzx`sdx è mas mdhaxd~axkas è ixdoas% cae nas n`ckodm`s%

VWKKm%/N@^@XOKEDCKE N@ MD IMKC@XKEDS` dnaz~dx% `m %smip~è~` o~ana- n`hkna d ^xkmmd~2Wkx~ès` 0: c% c% n` wkea è ped czspmd n` zmd~d camacdnd dm

hda odxkd%s` `wdzaxde cae zx`cdpcke d 9:( zxvkodoè~` mas >:7 ~`mckas n`mmktpkna% @e `s~` oaoè~a s` dxxìde ckeca ixdoas n` eìxa deke~mmm%zpmw`m4rdnA< s` o`rcmd me~gxedoè~` cae `m x`sknpa { s` `wdzaxd d%s`tp`n)dn caozm`~d%

@m x`sknpa- n u s z ) m m s n`m ègxkdokè~a- s` op`m` { o`rcmd hkè èpe oax~`xa cae acfa ixdoas n` cdm wkwd%Md o`rcmd s` zx`sè~d è~aec`s hdba md gaxod n` pe zamwa ixks% tpèa s` dimp~ked ek s` dnfk`x` d mas n`nas% @s~%` za4wa S` camacd è pe

hdme { `s gp`x~òè~` dik~dna npxde~` dmspeas okep~as cae 3: c% c%n` -~`x) d c ~ k u a n`s`cdna { mkhx` n` dmcafam% S` gkm~xd- n`cde~dena {cpkndena n` s`zdxdx mds zxko`xds zaxckae`s n` m4tpkna- tp` dxxds~xdedm zxkeckzka pe KBACA n` cd$- { s` x`z~` a~xd w`r `m o~soa ~xd~dokè~a%s` ah~k e` dsm pe mktpkna dhsamp~doè~` cmdxa- àe~èèna è nk/sampcke md ~a~dmkndn n` md imkc`xked tp` s` ~xd~d n` s`zdxdx% Aè `s~`


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ahb`~a s` `wdzaxd è wdxkds w`c`s `m ~`x dc~kca è ped czspmd ~dxdnd zx`wkdoè~`- caoa $d psdnd [42mx22B% md n`~`xokedcke n`m `v~xdc~as`ca d 4::)% zxko`xa dm hda opx~d- d 9:(- zdxd n`sdmabdx md od{axzdx~` n`m ~`x dc~kca- { n`szps% è md `s~pgd- d 7:- fds~d z`sa caes/~de~`- { s` z`sd md czspmd%Mds z`sdnds n`h`xe fdc`xs` cce mds zx`cdpckae`s `vkiknds zax mdszxazk`ndn`s fkixao~xkcds n`m zxanpc~a%

Md imkc`xked s` `vzx`sdx è $As ham`~ke`s è ixdoas zax m~~xa% sen`ckodm%VKV%/KEW@S^KIDCKE N@ MD ODEK^D

@e pe wknxka n` x`mab s` `wdzaxde d hdbd ~òz`xd~pxd n` nas d~x`s cè~ko`~xas chkcas n`m wkea d èsd{dx%Sk s~` cae~kè` odek~d è cde~kndn dzx`ckdhm`- s~d cxks~dmkrd {s` zx`sè~d dm cdha n` w`ke~kcpd~xa faxds hdba md gaxod n` dipbdshxkmmde~`s- op{ ~keds { s`nasds%VV%/N@^@XOKEDCKAE N@M EK^XI@EA

S` ~aode 4:: c% c% n` wkea- tp` s` `cfde è pe od~xdr n` Lk`mndfm { s` `wdzaxde d s`tp`ndn%S` m` ddnè 40 c% c% n` ckna gasgaspm~xkca &tp` s` wèn` è `$cao`xcka {d zx`zdxdne `vcmpskwdoè~` zdxd `s~d n`~`xokedcke+- {s` zae` è md hacd n`m od~xdr pe òhpna n` mdxia ~dmma- { s` cdmkè~dzxko`xa caoa ped o`nkd f`xd cae pe gaca cdmaxgkca zaca ke~èsa: zax 4:: fds~d tp` dzdx`rcd%` camax xaba n` md xèax~dmèd- ` keo`nkd~doè~` s` pe` dm dzdxd~an` n`s~kmdcke Dphke { s` cdmkè~d%Zdxd x`cai`x `m doaedca% n`szxènkna s` camacd è `m `v~xòa n`ms`xzè~gk pe wd/sa tp` cae~èid% 4: `- c% n` spmgxkca eaxodm%


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? >=+ /Cpdena `m n`szxènkokè~a n` doaekdca fd c`sdna- ma tp` s`

caeac`x è tp` ped ia~d n`m mktpkna n`s~kedna ea drpm`` `4 zdz`msèskhm` n` ~axedsam- s` zxac`n` d fdc`x pe èsd{a dcno~xca caemd sasd eaxodm% Md nkg`xèckd è~x` 4: { `m eo`xa n` cè~o`~xaschkcas n` sasd tp` s` òzm`de è `m èsd{a- opm~kzmkcdnd zax :-4>-nd `m ek~xièa zax mk~xa n` wkea% @s~d cde~kndn s` `vzx`sdx è masham`~ke`s cae nas n`ckodm`s%

VVK%/A@)x@XOKEDCKE N@ MD DMCDMKEKNDN N@ MDS C@EKRDSD mds cèkrds zxac`nè~`s n` 0: c% c% n` wkea- ~xd~dnds caoa s`

kenkc è WK- s` m`s ddnx dmipeas cè~o`~xas chkcas n` dipd n`s~Pdnd fkxwkèna { s` ddnkxe 8: c% c% n` ckna spmgxkca E!mA% s`ke~xanpckx ~ana `m m ktpkna { x`sknpa è pe od~xdr n` @xmèo`{`x- mdwdena md czspmd tp` cae~kè` mds cèkrds cae z`tp`gds cde~kndn`sn` dipd fkxwkèna { ddnkèna mds dipds n`m mdwdna dm cae~èkna è`mo'%~xdr n` @xmèo`{`x- dncaeenas` mpìa nas a ~x`s ia~ds n`~ke~pxd n` gèa$g~dm`med%

Sd cdmè~dx cae zx`cdpcke sahx` ped z`tp`d mmdod fds~d `hpmmkcke spdw`< sk s` ahs`xwds` tp` npxde~` `s` ~kòza `m mktpkna s`camax`d è xasd- s`xkd s`dm n` tp` zx`cksd ped dnkcke n` ep`wd na/sks n` ckna spmgxkca E!mA%Ske `sz`xdx d tp` s` ègx`- s` n`~`xoked md dckn`r caxx`szaenkè~` dm ckna spmgxkca ea caohkedna o`nkde~` ped sampcke n` sasdE!mA% Fdmmdena md nkg`xèckd è~x` `m eo`xa n` cè~o`~xas chcasn` ckna òzm`dnas { `m n` sampcke dmcdmked caespoknas è `s~d m~%k/od- s` ~ènx `vzx`sdnd è cè~o`~xas chkcas n` sampcke dmcdmked EkmA- zax mk~xa- md dmcdmkekndn n` mds cèkrds%

S` opm~zmcdx nkcfd nkg`xèckd zax :%436: { `m zxanpc~a s`x mddmcdPekndn è ixdoas zax K~xa `wdmpdnd è cdxhaed~a za~skca% @s~`wdmax s` `vzx`sdx cae ped n`ckodm%

VVKK % /N@^@XOKEDCKE N@ MAS CMAXPXASO~ana wampo`~xkca dzxavkodc~a%/s` ~aode 4: c% c% n` wkea zx`

wkdoè~` n`camaxdna cae eìxa dekodm &z`xg`c~doè~` mdwdna { `vè~a n` cmaxpxas+ { s` e`p~xdmkrd sp dckn`r cae dmipeds ia~ds n` pedsampcke n` cdxhaed~a snkca zpxskoa- z`xa fdckèna n` ode`xd tp``m mktpkna ea x`spm~` op{ dmcdmkea% s` ddnè peds ia~ds n` sampckesd~pxdnd n` cxaxed~a za~skca- CAe ma cpdm `m mktpkna tp`ndx n` camaxdodxkmma% S` wk`x~` ia~d d ia~d `m mktpkna n` ek~xd~a n` zmd~d `sz`ckdm

>


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xw`ds` sp zx`zmmxdcke è `m mpidx caxx`szaenkè~`+- dik~dena cae~kepdoè~`- fds~d ah~è`x ped camaxdcke xaba/mdnxkmma ea op{ Ke~èsd%@m eo`xa n` cè~o`~xas chkcas n` mktpkna n` ek~xd~a n` zmd~d ids/~dnas- nkwknkna zax KN- ndx md cde~kndn n` cmaxpxas zax mk~xa n`m wkeaèsd{dna- è cmaxpxa n` sanka%

O`~ana `m`c~xatpokca `vdc~a%/S=< camacde 0: c% c% n` wkea `m`c~xa/m~kca { s` caes~xp{` md ixgkcd x`spm~de~` n` mds dnkckae`s n` cde~kndn`s caeacknds n` pe mktpkna n` ek~xd~a n` zmd~d n` wdmax caeackna% N`meo`xa n` cè~o`~xas chkcas ids~dnas- fds~d mmìdx `m zpe~a skeipmd x n` md ix~mgkcd- s` n`npcx `vdc~doè~` md cde~kndn n` cmaxpxas cae~ènas è mas 0: c% c% n` wkea- { opm~kzmkcdena zax 8: s` ~ènx mdcde~kndn n` cmaxpxas zax mk~xa n` wkea- `vzx`sdnas è cmaxpxa n`sanka%Mas cmaxpxas- è cmaxpxa snkca- s` `vzx`sdxe- è ixdoas zax mk~xa-cae pe n`ckodm%

VVKmK % /N@^@KOKEDCK2< N@M CKNA GASGXKCA

@e ped czspmd n` zmd~kea s` `cfde 0: c% c% n` wkea- dm cpdm s` ddnè :-0 ix% n` ped o`rcmd n` ped zdx~` n` ek~xd~a za~skca { ~x`szdx~`s n` cdxhaed~a snkca- { s` `wdzaxd d caesks~èckd n` bdxdh`% S`cdmcked- { `m x`sknpa s` ~aod cae ckna e~xca nkmpkna< s` gkm~xd sa/hx` pe wdsa n` zx`ckzk~dx n` peas 8:: c% c%- s` mdwd cae `m oksoa m tpkna `m cdxhe- { mpìa s` kecke`xd `m gkm~xa cae `m cdxhe%Mds cèkrds s` fpo`n`cè cae xkna e~xkcd { s` mdwde wdxkds w`c`scae dipd cdm kè~`2 s` gkm~xd- { `m mtpkna ah~èkna s` ddna \44 zxko`xgkm~xdna% S` m` ddnè 0: c% c% n` e~xaoamhnd~a doekca { s` cdmkè~dnpxde~` ped o`nkd faxd è hda odxkd n` 6: d ;0% S` n`bd `m wdsaè pe mpidx ~òzmdna npxde~` s`ks faxds% Mpìa s` n`cde~d `m mtpk/na cmdxa sahx` pe gkm~xa { s` mdwd `m wdsa cpd~xa ckeca w`c`s caeped o`rcmd n` sampcke dm 4: zax 4:: n` ek~xd~a doekca { ckna ek~xà n`mpna- Mpìa s` nksp`mw` `m zx`cz~dna tp` fd tp`ndna è `mwdsa cae doaekdca { s` gkm~xd N A u ) ` oksoa gkm~xa% S` mdwd ~x`s w`c`s`m wdsa { `m gkm~xa cae doaekdca< dm mktpkna x`spm~de~` S` m` ddnè4: c% c% n` doaekdca- dik~dena `s~` mtpkna- [% d md w`r tp` s` dik~d-s` m` ddnè- ia~d d ia~d- 4: c% c% n` okv~pxd odie`skded { >: c% c%n` doaekdca%S` n`bd x`zasdx w`ke~kcpd~xa faxds% S` gkm~xd è gkm~xa n` :-:::44bgxdoas n` cèkrds [ mdwd cae dipd doaekdcdm dm ~`xcka- fds~d tp` `m


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mtpkna gkm~xdna- ex/p~xdmrd%na zax ckna e ~ xkca- MA zx`ckzk~` cae ek~xd~a dxixk~ca% S` n`s`cd { cdmcked `m g~_ ~xa%

@m z`sa ah~èkna s` opm~kzmkcd ZAK m 8 % 9 ; u 2%W eas nd &4 defnxknagasgxkca zax $ k u % x a n` wkea%VVKW% / KEW@SeIDCKE N@M CKNA E^XKC225

Zdxd zxac`n`x d `s~d kew`s~kidcke `s ccewèè~so%- fdc`x zx`wdoè~/ pe èsd{a è hmdeca- `s n`ckx- az`xdx cae dipd è w`r n`wkea- fdckèna ~ands mds odekzpmdckae`s de~`xkax`s- zaxtp` zpnk`xdspc`n`x tp` `m dipd- x`dc~kwas- gkm~xas- wdsas a `m eìxa dekodm ~pwk`xde e~xca a ek~xd~as%d+ @e m`s wkeas hmdecAS%/6` ~aode 4: c% c% n` wkea { s` cdmè~d -zdxd `mkokeex `m dmcafam< s` n`camaxde cae eìxa dekodm { s` gkm~xde%S` ~ao%% pe ~pha n` èsd{a- è tp` s` zae` pe zaca n` n~`xxmdoedcae a~xa zaca n` ckna spmgxkca zpxa- { s` dik~d zdxd nksamw`xma% Sahx` `s~` mktpkna s` ddnè cpd~xa a ckeca ia~ds n` wkea n`camaxdna-~èkèna cpkndna tp` `s~d dnkcke s` fdid `scpxxkèna `m mktpkna d 4:mdxia n`m ~pha% Sk md spz`xgkck` n` cae~dc~a nx/ dohas mktpknds ~aodcamax drpm- `s tp` `m wkea ~kè` ckna e~xca &4


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oè~` ixden`s n` ckna e~xca- è nkcfas cdsas hds~dx zxac`n`x n`moana skipkè~`2 S` Ke~xanpcè è pe ~pha n` èsd{a 4: c% c% n` pedsampcke n` :%4 ixdoas n` n~èdoed è 4:: c% c% n` ckna spmgxkcazpxa &ea òzm`dena sampckae`s op{ caecè~xdnds- d w`c`s x`caoèndnds+- { s` wk`x~è èckod ckeca cè~o`~xas chkcas n` wkea- n`benamds odedx op{ mè~doè~` zdxd tp` ea s` o`rcmè cae `m cknaspmgxkca &zpnkèna s`x e`c`sdxka ègxkdx èxikcdoè~` `m ~pha+%Sk `m wkea cae~kè` ped cde~kndn pe zaca dzx`ckdhm` n` ckna e~xkca- s` zxanpckx è sìpknd &a os mè~doè~`- sk `m wkea s` )f do`rcmdna è zdx~` cae `m ckna+ ped camaxdcke drpm è u spz`xgkck`n` cae~dc~a n` mas nas Ktpnas% @s~d camaxdcke s` nks~keipkx gckm/oè~` dpe cpdena `m wkea zdxn``- camacdena `m ~pha n`mde~` n` pedfabd n` zdz`m hmdeca% @s~` o~ana zp`n` sìpkxs` ~dohke cae `m wkeazx`zdxdna u ` i e dm%

VVW%/KEW@S^KIDCKE N@M CKNA SPMGXKIA MKHX@@e `m cdsa n` tp` md cde~kndn n` spmgd~as- è %s%pmgd~a za~skca- s`d

`m`wdnd cae x`mdcke d u n` cèkrds- fdhx tp` kew`s~kidx `m cknaspmgxkca Phx`% zdxd ma cpdm s` òzm`dx `m skipkè~` o~ana- agkckdmè Gxdeckd2 @g`c~`s` ped n`~`xokedcke n`m ckna spmgxkca- az`xdena cae mds cèkrds n`m wkea% { ~xsg~ès` s~ds zax `m dipd dcknpmdnd caeckna cmaxfknxkca% Sk md n`~`xokedcke n`m ckna spmgxkca `~`c~pdndsahx` mds cèkrds nd pe x`spm ~dna oèax ap` md x`dmkrdnd sahx` `mwkea- s` n`npckx md zx`sèckd n` ckna spmgxkca mkhx`%VVWK%/KEW@S^KIDCKE N@M CKNA CMaXFNXKCA MKHX@

@e `$ cdsa è tp` md cde~kndn n` cmaxpxas- è cmaxpxa snkca- s`d`m`wdnd- cè x`mdcke d md cde~kndn n` cèkrds- s`x zx`cksa zxac`n`xd md Kew`s~kidcke n`m ckna cmaxfnx~ca mkhx`- zdxd ma cpdm s` n`s~kmdxe fds~d s`tp`ndn 0: c% C% n` wkea { s` kew`s~kidx `m ckna cmaxfnxkca è `m zxanpc~a n`s~mdna% { sk md zx`sèckd n` ncfa ckna s`x`w`md cmdxdoè~` zax mas x`dc~kwas pspdm`s s` n`npckx md zx`sèckdn`m Ckna cmaxfnxkca mkhx` è `m wkea `vdoedna%

VVWKm%/N@^@XOKEDCKE N@ MD DMCDMKEK~mDN N@ PE WKEAS` `wdzaxde d s`tp`ndn 4:: c% c% n` wkea è czspmd n` zmd~kea


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? 03 ?@m gkm~%xa { `m cdxhe tp` tp`nde s` cdmckede ep`wdoè~` è md

czspmd n` zmd~kea%@m x`sknpa s` nksp`mw` è dmipeas cè~o`~xas chkcas n` ckna

c~axfnxcx- cdmkè~`- ske zxàcpzdxs` n` mds zdx~cpmds n` cdxhe tp`tp`nde< `s~d sampcke S` ddn` d md de~`xkax- s` fk`xw`% { NK mktpknafkxwkèna s` m` ddnkx dmipeds ia~ds n` sampcke cdmkè~` n` cmaxpxahxca &dm 4: zax 4::+ zdxd zx`cz~dx zax caozm`~a mas spmgd~as< s`ddnè 4pìa dmipeds ia~ds n` cmaxpxa gxxkca- zdxd gkbdx `m cknaxasxx~ca- { d cae~kepdcke s` èoed `m ckna cmaxfnxkca zax `wdza/xdcke d s`tp`ndn%

@m x`sknpa s` ~aod cae dipd cdmkè~` { s` ddn` ped m`cfdnd n`cdm fds~d x`dccke dmcdmked%S` gkm~xd { s` mdwd cae dipd cdmkè~` fds~d ah~è`x 4:: c% c% n` 44/tpna Y~xdna%S` fk`xw` `s~` mktpkna { s` m` ddn` doaekdca { cdxhaed~a doek/ca- { s` ode~kè` pe xd~a md `hpmmkcke { s` dik~d caes~de~òè~`%

Cdsk fkxwkèna s` 2gkm~xd { mdwd cae dipd cdmkè~`- { `m mktpkna x`s/~de~` s` `wdzaxd è czspmd n` zmd~kea%

S` n`s`cd caozm`~doè~` è `s~pgd n` dkx` { s` cdmcked dm xabasaohxd fds~d tp` caokèrd md gpske n`m x`sknpa- zdxd `mkokedx mdssdm`s doaekdcdm`s%

@m x`sknpa smkna s` ~aod cae dipd cdmkè~` { s` gkm~xdtp`ndenaè `m o~xa $%d ote`dmd%

@m mktpkna gkm~xdna s` `wdzaxd d s`tp`ndn è czspmd n` zmd~keaKEDCKE N@M CAHX@

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(

u 0> ?@s~` z`sa n` cmaxpxa za~sca 2y x`s~d n`m z`sa de~`xkax n` cmaxp

xas { eas ndx zax nkg`xèckd `m $(mC)SA caxx`szaenkè~` n` cmaxpxa s/nkca%

@m z`sa n` cmaxpxa za~skca%

"Métodos Oficiales para el Análisis de los Vinos" por el Servicio de Publicaciones Agrícolas 1934

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Transcript of "Métodos Oficiales para el Análisis de los Vinos" por el Servicio de Publicaciones Agrícolas 1934