Partidos Políticos y Democracia en Perspectivas Teóricas Prácticas

7/31/2019 Partidos Polticos y Democracia en Perspectivas Tericas Prcticas

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Eoqcbobj}gnej mb cg Mbodnxgneg Ej}xg/Qgx}eme~}g Mx* ^r~gj ^ngxxdp# Rjeybx~e}u di Fdr~}dj

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u Mbodnxgneg bj Qbx~qbn}eyg~ ]bxeng~ u Qxn}eng~ < Mx* Xr~~bcc Mgc}dj# Mexbn}dx mbc Nbj}xd mb B~}rmed mb cg Mbodnxmgm mb Ngceidxjeg# Exyejb; Mx* Mgyem Igxxbcc# Lbib mb cg N}bmxg Lbgj Odjjb} mb Qdc}eng Brxdqbg bj cMx* Oenfgbc @gccg`fbx# Qxdib~dx Gmlrj}d mb Nebjneg~ Qdc}eng~ bj ]xeje}u Ndccb`b# Mrhcj; Mx* Kgu Cgpcg Rjeybx~emgm B~}g}gc ^gj Ixgjne~nd; u Mx* Qgrc Pbhh# Qxdib~dx mb Qdc}eng mb cg Rjeybx~emgm mb ^r~

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JME g`xgmbnb bc gqdud mb cg G`bjneg mb cmd~ Rjemd~ qgxg bc Mb~gxxdccd Ej}bxjgnedjgccg nrgc gqdx} bc iejgjnegoebj}d qgxg b~}b qxdub

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Gmdqnej mb rjg Cbu mb Qgx}emd~ >

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= Qgx}emd~ Qdc}end~ bj Qbx~qbn}eyg~ ]

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Bj b~}b }xghgld# nrgjmd bc }xoejd Cbu

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}rnedjb~ jgnedjgcb~* Cg~ cbub~ wrb xmbiejenej# ndoqd~enej# b~}xrn}rxg u yemgmb~ mb cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ ~}xgj gc nbj}xd mb cg cbu mb qgx}emd~~b bjidng ~dhxb cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end

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Cbè~cgnej Bcbn}dxgc# mb Ngoqgg~ u mb Iejgjnegoebj}d Qdc}end

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ogxnd ej~}e}rnedjgc bj bc nrgc dnrxxb bc yd}d u cg ndoqb}bjneg bcbn}dxgc* ~}beoqceng bc me~bd mb ej~}e}rnedjb~ wrbmbiejbj bc ogxnd h~end mb cg~ bcbnnedjb~mbodnx}eng~ Cg~ xb`cg~ bcbn}dxgcb~}xgmenedjgcb~ wrb nrhxbj bc mbxbnfd gc~rixgèd# cg~ xb`cg~ mb xbqxb~bj}gnej# bc}gogd mb cg g~gohcbg# cg og`je}rm mb cd~me~}xe}d~# cd~ coe}b~ mb cd~ me~}xe}d~# u cd~ngcbjmgxed~ bcbn}dxgcb~ idxogj qgx}b mb cgg`bjmg*=

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G objrmd# cg cbu bcbn}dxgc xb~rc}g hg~}gj}b ej/}b`xgc* Mbj}xd mb cg cbu bcbn}dxgc# Od|giigx u ^nfbmcbx ejncrubj cg~ xb`cg~ idxogcb~ wrb xe`bj gc yd}gj}b# gc qgx}emd u cg bcbèhecemgm mbc ngjmemg}d u mb ~r ej~nxeqnej; cg~ cbub~ u cg~ xb`rcgnedjb~wrb gibn}gj cd~ idjmd~ mb xbnrx~d~ mb cd~ qgx}emd~qdc}end~ u mb cd~ ngjmemg}d~ &~r gnnb~d g mejbxd u g cd~ obmed~%*9

ê hebj cg~ Cbub~ Bcbn}dxgcb~ g objrmd b~qbne/iengj nod mbhbj dqbxgx cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~# b~qdnd ixbnrbj}b wrb cg~ Cbub~ mb Qgx}emd~ b~qbneie/

wrbj nod ~b mbhbj dqbxgx cg~bcbnnedjb~ * B~ o~qxdhghcb wrb cg~ jgnedjb~ }bj`gj rjg cbu ndj bc}e}rcd mb Cbu Bcbn}dxgc wrb rjg }e}rcgmg Cbu mbQgx}emd~# qbxd ~e }ryebxgj gohg~ ~r Cbu Bcbn}dxgc}bjmbxg g ~bx o~ bv}bj~g xb`cgobj}gxg}gj}dcg~bcbnnedjb~ ndod cd~ mb qgx}emd~* Qdx blboqcd# cg ybx~ej bj ej`c~ mb cg Cbu Bcbn}dxgc mb Ndxbg mbc^rx ndj~}g mb gqxdveogmgobj}b 811 qèjg~ ybx/~r~ gqxdveogmgobj}b 01 qèjg~ mb cg Cbu mb Qgx/

}emd~* Mb ogjbxg ~eoecgx# bj GcbogjegBcbn}dxgc b~ ndj~embxghcbobj}b o~ cgx`Cbu mb Qgx}emd~*

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qxdnbmeoebj}d~ mb}gccgmd~ qgxg ccbygx gnedjb~* Cg gmoeje~}xgnej mb bcbnnedjb~ og eoqdx}gj}b# qbxd qdnd ej}bxb~g g gwrccxb~gmd~ bj cg qdc}eng qgx}emgxeg# wrb }e}xgx ~r g}bjnej ~dhxb bc ~rhndjlrj}d mb obj}d~ bcbn}dxgcb~ wrb ~b xbcgnedjgj ndj cqgg~ bcbn}dxgcb~* Grjwrb cd~ xb`cgobjngoqgg~ ~b ejndxqdxgj bj `xgj qgx}b hgldCbub~ Bcbn}dxgcb~# }gohej ~dj qxdmrn}d irbj}b~ u ndj~}e}rubj rj nrbxqd xbcg}eygome~}ej}d mb cbub~ mb ngoqgg~* O~ gjqg~b~ qxdorc`gj Cbub~ mb Ngoqgg~ ndj}}rcd< ndj~embxbj cg Cbu Ibmbxgc mb NBcbn}dxgcb~ mb 7507 mb cd~ B~}gmd~ R Goxeng u ~r Cbu Heqgx}eme~}g mb Xbidxomb Ngoqgg~ mb 8118*

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md~ ejncrub bc iejgjnegoebj}d qdc}end bj ~r ~bj}e/md o~ b~qbniendceoe}gmd gc iejgjnegoebj}d mbcd~ qgx}emd~ u mb cg~ ngoqgg~*

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Xbcgnedjb~ bj}xb cd~ Nrg}xd Nrbxqd~ mb Cbu

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~ejd qgxg gn}eyemgmb~ qgx}eme~}g~% mbqbnegcb~ fgneg cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ mngoqgg~ jgnedjgcb~* Mb fbnfd# bc }}rcd qmb cg cbu b~ XBMRNNEJ MB CG EJICRNEG MB @XRQD^ MB EJ]BX^ B^QBNEGêj bohgx`d# cg bcbnnej qxb~embjnegc mb ejicrbjnegmg qdx rj odj}d ~ej qxbnbmbj}b~ mjbxd qxdnbmbj}b mb `xrqd~ jd qgx}eme~}g~qxejneqgcobj}b qgxg ejicrbjnegx cg~ bcbnidjmd~ wrb jd bxgj ~rlb}d g eoqrb~}d~ mb gnndj cg ^bnnej 280 mbc Nme`d mb Xbj}g E

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xb}d qgxg nrgcwrebx ej~}e}rnej wrb mb~bb xb`rcgx/cd~*89

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qgxg qxdmrnex qgx}emd~ mb~bghcb~ bj qg~b~ bj}xgj~enej xb~rc}g gc`d g|gxd~d* B~nxehebjmd ~dhxbcg idxognej mbodnx}eng mb qgx}emd~ bj bc bv}b/xedx# Ngxd}fbx~ ~d~}ebjb wrb cd~ qxdib~edjgcb~ jdx/}bgobxengjd~ mb cg qdc}eng nxbbj wrb cd~ qgx}emd~mbhbxgj lr`gx }xb~ xdcb~ b~bjnegcb~< &7% g`xb`gx u gx}enrcgx cd~ ej}bxb~b~ mb cd~ nermgmgjd~; &8% b~/}xrn}rxgx cg ndoqb}bjneg bcbn}dxgc u mgxcb idxog gcbj}dxjd qdc}end; u &>% qxdqdxnedjgx `xrqd~ qdc}e/nd~ ndfbxbj}b~ wrb mexelgj bc `dhebxjd*80 ^b`jNgxd}fbx~# jd nrgcwrebx qgx}emd ~exyb% mbjdoejgnedjgc/og~g~# &=% }d/md ejncrubj}b# u &2% qxd`xgo}end~* Bj}xb cd~ wrbngbj irbxg mb cg mb~nxeqnej mb Ngxd}fbx~ ~b bj/

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17/45


18/45


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Ndj~}e}rnej# Gx}nrcd =8

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Cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ jd qrbmbj dq}gx qdx r}ece|gxqxdqg`gjmg qgx}eme~g}g bj xbcgnej ndj cd~ bcbobj}d~wrb ~b objnedjgj bj bc qxxgid gj}bxedx*

]dmg dhbmebjneg fgneg cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ bj nrgc/wrebx idxog# ~bg g ej}bxb~b~ d fgneg qgx}emd~ bv}xgjlb/xd~ wrbmg qxdfehemg*

Jej`j qgx}emd qdc}end qdmx r}ece|gx cg yedcbjneg d cgceoe}gnej# mb nrgcwrebx jg}rxgcb|g d idxog* NRGMXD>< X B@RCGNEJQBXOEÊYG G JMDXXG U B^]DJEG

Ndj~}e}rnej mb Gjmdxxg# Gx}nrcd 89

Cd~ nermgmgjd~ mb Gjmdxxg }ebjbj bc mbxbnfd gx qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ cehxbobj}b* ^r irjnedjgoedx`gje|gnej mbhbj ~bx mbodnx}end~ u ~r~ gn}mb~ cb`gcb~* Cg ~r~qbj~ej mb ~r~ gn}eyemgme~dcrnej ~dj xb~qdj~ghecemgm mb cd~ x`gjd~cb~*

Ndj~}e}rnej mb B~}djeg# Gx}nrcd =6

&7% ]dmd~ mbhbj }bjbx bc mbxbnfd mb nxbgx gjb~ u ce`g~ ~ej iejb~ mb crnxd* ^cd cd~ nermgmB~}djeg qrbmbj ~bx oece}gj}b~ mb cd~ qgx}emdnd~*

&8% Bc b~}ghcbneoebj}d mb g~dnegnedjb~ u qd~bgj gxog~ d wrb ~b dx`gjenbj oece}gxobj}b d wxbgcenbj blbxnened~ oece}gxb~ xbwrebxbj mb rj b~qbnegc# cg boe~ej mbc nrgc ~bx mb ndjidxoecg~ ndjmenedjb~ u qxdnbmeoebj}d~ mb}bxoejgmdcbu*

&>% Cg~ g~dnegnedjb~# ce`g~ d qgx}emd~ qdcdhlb}eyd~ r gn}eyemgmb~ b~}j mexeèmg~ gc ncbj}d mbc ~e~}bog ndj~}e}rnedjgc mb B~}djeg dd}xg idxog yedcb cg cbu qbjgc ~bx qxdfehemd*

&=% Cg }bxoejgnej d ~r~qbj~ej mb cg~ gn}eyerjg g~dnegnej# rjg ce`g d rj qgx}emd qdc}end#qbjgce|gnej# qdmx ~bx ejydngmg jengobj}b qd}xehrjgc# bj ng~d~ bj wrb ~b fgug yedcgmd cg cbu


19/45


Bc Odmbcd mb Qbxoe~d

Qbxoe}ex#qdx ~rqrb~}d# ~e`jeieng ndj~bj}ex* Bcodmbcd mb qbxoe~d mb cbub~ mb qgx}emd~ qbxoe}b gcd~ qgx}emd~ bve~}ex u dqbxgx ~ej b~qbneiengx wrndj~}e}rub cg oece}gjneg qgx}eme~}g# nod ~b mbhbjdx`gje|gx cd~ qgx}emd~# nod mbhbj b~nd`bx g ~r~mexe`bj}b~ u nod mbhbj iejgjnegx ~r dqbxgnej&irbxg mb cg~ qxdfehenedjb~ mb cg cbu qbjgc%* B~ rjodmbcd oejeogce~}g mb xb`rcgnejgc bv}xbod#rj odmbcdcge~~b| igexb *

Qxdhghcbobj}b jej`j qg~ ~bg }d}gcobqbxoe~eyd# qbxd bc odmbcd oejeogce~}g b~bj cg ndj~}e}rnej mb cg meoejr}g GjmdxxNrgmxd > %* Ejncr~eyb cg qbxoe~eyemgm mbb~} ceoe}gmg qdx bc xbwre~e}d mb cg mb

}bxjg bj cd~ g~rj}d~ mbc qgx}emdwrb cg dxnej mbc qgx}emd mbhb ~bx mbodnx}engqg~b~ wrb ~b glr~}gj gc odmbcd qbxoe~eyd ybcgj ndj}xg cg cb`gce|gnej mb cd~ `xrqd~ q}gxb~* Qdx blboqcd# cg ndj~}e}rnej mb~cd ndj}ebjb rjg me~qd~enej xbcgnedjgmg

NRGMXD=< CB@E^CGX QGXG EJNCREX CG X BQXB^BJ]GNEJ QXDQDXNEDJGC BJ CG NDJ^]E]RNEJ J DXRB@G

Gx}nrcd 25

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Cg bcbnnej mb xbqxb~bj}gj}b~ mb nexnrj~nxeqnedjb~ ~b hg~g ~dhxb cg xbqxb~bj}gnej qxdqdxnedjgc uhrubj bj}xb cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ mb gnrbxmd ndj cg~ ~e`rebj}b~ xb`cg~*

Bc jobxd }d}gc mb yd}d~ boe}emd~ qdx ngmg qgx}emd mbj}xd mb ngmg nexnrj~nxeqnej ~b meyemb bj~eygobj}b fg~}g wrb bc jobxd mb yd}d~ boe}emd~ ~b meyemg bj}xb rj jobxd wrb ~bg e`rgc gc jobxd mqgx}emd bj nrb~}ej b~qbxb dh}bjbx* Gc qgx}emd wrb# mb gnrbxmd ndj cd gj}bxedx# dh}bj`g bc ogudx nqxeobx b~ngd# oebj}xg~ wrb bc ~b`rjmd b~ngd ~b g~e`jg gc qgx}emd wrb dh}bj`g bc ~b`rjmd ogudx ndn

ygobj}b fg~}g wrb ~b me~}xehrugj }dmd~ cd~ b~ngd~* ê ygxed~ qgx}emd~ dh}ebjbj bc oe~od ndnebjqgxg mbnemex g nrgc qgx}emd ~b cb g~e`jgx bc b~ngd* Jd ~b qbxoe}bj gcegj|g~ mb ce~}g*

Cd~ b~ngd~ wrb jd xbqxb~bj}gj g rjg nexnrj~nxeqnej ~b me~}xehrub bj}xb cd~ qgx}emd~ wrb }dogj qgxnej ndj hg~b bj cg xbcgnej bj}xb bc jobxd }d}gc mb yd}d~ boe}emd~ qgxg cd~ qgx}emd~ ejmeyemrgcbcd`xgx bc ogudx `xgmd qd~ehcb mb qxdqdxnedjgcemgm bj}xb cd~ qgx}emd~* Bc jobxd }d}gc mb b~ngmd~ g ngmg qgx}emd ~b mb}bxoejg gc gqcengx cg~ xb`cg~ xbcgnedjgmg~ ndj cg me~}xehrnej mb cd~ b~e`rgc ogjbxg g }dmd bc Xbejd u g cd~ qgx}emd~ wrb }dogj qgx}b mb cg me~}xehrnej mb cd~ b~ngd~ ~e}bxedxobj}b# g cd~ qgx}emd~ ~b cb~ g~e`jg }gj}d~ b~ngd~ ~ej nexnrj~nxeqnej u b~}d~# lrj}d ndj cd~ndxxb~qdjmbj gc jobxd mb b~ngd~ bj cg ^}dx}ej` g cd~ nrgcb~ bc qgx}emd bj nrb~}ej }ebjb mbxbnfdgj}bxedx* ê mb gnrbxmd ndj b~}g~ xb`cg~# md~ d o~ qgx}emd~ }ryebxbj e`rgc mbxbnfd g rj b~ngd# gc qgx}emd wrb xbnehg cg ogudx ngj}emgm mb yd}d~ d# bj bc ng~d mb rj boqg}b# g gwrc wrb xb~rc}b bê rj qgx}emd ug rj qgx}emd frhebxb dh}bjemd# g }xgy~ mb cg me~}xehrnej mb b~ngd~ mb nexnrj~nb~ngd~ ogudx gc wrb }ebjb mbxbnfd mb gnrbxmd ndj cd gj}bxedx# ~b xbgce|gx rjg jrbyg me~}xehrnenrj~nxeqnej qgxg g~e`jgx bvncr~eygobj}b bj}xb cd~ d}xd~ qgx}emd~ mb ogjbxg }gc wrb jd ~b }bj`g bj nrmb yd}d~ je cd~ b~ngd~ mb nexnrj~nxeqnej dh}bjemd~ qdx bc xbibxemd qgx}emd*

Rj qgx}emd jd qdmx dh}bjbx rj b~ngd ~ej nexnrj~nxeqnej ~gcyd wrb ~}b fgug xbnehemd qdx cd objdmbc jobxd }d}gc mb yd}d~ boe}emd~ bj }dmd bc Xbejd*

Cd~ b~ngd~ ~ej nexnrj~nxeqnej wrb rj qgx}emd fgug dh}bjemd ~b me~}xehrubj bj}xb cg~ ce~}g~ mb ngcg~ meibxbj}b~ nexnrj~nxeqnedjb~ mb ogjbxg }gc wrb bc qxeobx b~ngd ~b g~e`jg g cg ce~}g wrb fgug ndnebj}b crb`d mb cg me~}xehrnej mb cd~ b~ngd~ mb nexnrj~nxeqnej# bc ~b`rjmd b~ngd g cg ce~}ndnebj}b u g~ ~rnb~eygobj}b fg~}g wrb ~b me~}xehrugj }dmd~ cd~ b~ngd~ ~ej nexnrj~nxeqnej mbc qgx


20/45

Gmdqnej mb rjg Cbu mb Qgx}emd~ 7>

qgx}emd~ qdc}end~# bc Gx}nrcd =6 ~dhxb bc Mbxb/nfd mb G~dnegnej# qbxd ielg coe}b~ ~dhxb cd wrbqrbmbj fgnbx &ybx Nrgmxd >%*

Grj cg~ jgnedjb~ wrb ~b glr~}gj gc odmbcdqbxoe~eyd bj ~r~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ qrbmbj qxdorc/

`gx cbub~ o~ mb}gccgmg~ wrb xb`rcbj g cd~nd~g wrb ~rnbmb }gj}d bj Gjmdxxg ndod bj Bjeg# u qd~ehcbobj}b }gohej bj Gr~}xgceg*>>

NRGMXD2< QXDODNEJ MB Q GX]EMD^ NDJ^RH^EMED^ RJ NDOQXDOE^DNDJ^]E]RNEDJGC

Gx`bj}ejg# Gx}nrcd >6

Bc B~}gmd ndj}xehrub gc ~d~}bjeoebj}d bndjoend mb ~r~ gn}eyemgmb~ u mb cg ngqgne}gnej mb ~r~ md~ qdc}end~ mbhbxj mgx qrhcenemgm mbc dxe`bj u mb~}ejd mb ~r~ idjmd~ u qg}xeodjed*

Ndcdoheg# Gx}nrcd 715

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ndj cg cbu* Cg~ ngoqgg~ wrb gmbcgj}bj cd~ qgx}emd~ u odyeoebj}d~ ndj qbx~djbxg lrxmeng u cd~ `xrnermgmgjd~ wrb qd~}rcbj ngjmemg}d~ ~bxj iejgjnegmg~ ndj xbnrx~d~ b~}g}gcb~ obmegj}b bc ~e~}bog}d~ mbqd~e}gmd~* Cg cbu mb}bxoejgx bc qdxnbj}glb mb yd}gnej jbnb~gxed qgxg }bjbx mbxbnfd g me

Xbqhceng mbc Ndj`d &Hxg||gyeccb%# Gx}nrcd 2=

Bc B~}gmd g~b`rxg bc iejgjnegoebj}d mb cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~* Cg cbu mb}bxoejg cg~ ndjmenedjbiejgjnegoebj}d mb cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~*

Bc ^gcygmdx# Gx}nrcd 871

Bc B~}gmd xbndjdnb cg mbrmg qdc}eng ndod rj obngje~od mb iejgjnegoebj}d qgxg cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}ebjngoejgmd g qxdodybx ~r cehbx}gm b ejmbqbjmbjneg* Cg cbu ~bnrjmgxeg xb`rcgx cd xbibxbj}b g b~}g

*@rg}bogcg# ]}rcd YEE# Ngq}rcd jend# Gx}nrcd 70

Cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ `d|gxj mb iejgjnegoebj}d# g qgx}ex mb cg~ bcbnnedjb~ `bjbxgcb~ mbc > mb jdy~bx xb`rcgmd qdx cg Cbu Bcbn}dxgc Ndj~}e}rnedjgc*

Ogcgpe# Gx}nrcd =1

&58% Bc B~}gmd qxdybbx cd~ idjmd~ qgxg g~b`rxgx wrb# mrxgj}b cg yemg mbc Qgxcgobj}d# nrgcwfgug cd`xgmd o~ mbc 71 qdx nebj}d mbc yd}d jgnedjgc bj bcbnnedjb~ qgxg bc ne}gmd Qgxcgobj}d# qd~bqgxg ndj}ejrgx xbqxb~bj}gjmd g ~r~ bcbn}dxb~*


21/45

7= Qgx}emd~ Qdc}end~ bj Qbx~qbn}eyg~ ]

Bc Odmbcd mb Qxdodnej

Qxdodybx ~e`jeieng idobj}gx# eoqrc~gx# d gqd/ugx* G ybnb~ cd~ `dhebxjd~ qxdorc`gj cbub~ wrbjd ~cd qxdorbybj cg~ gn}eyemgmb~ mb cd~ qgx}emd~qdc}end~ ~ejd wrb }gohej qxdorbybj ~r nxbg/nej* Jdxogcobj}b fgnbj b~}d g }xgy~ mb cbub~bcbn}dxgcb~ wrb igydxbnbj cg nxbgnej d ndj}ejrg/nej mb jrobxd~d~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~* Mb~mbfgnb }eboqd ~b fg jd}gmd wrb cg~ bcbnned/jb~ cbè~cg}eyg~ ndj hg~b g cg xbqxb~bj}g/nej qxdqdxnedjgc bj me~}xe}d~ qcrxejdoejg/cb~ qxdmrnbj rj ogudx jobxd mb qgx}emd~wrb gwrbccg~ bcbnnedjb~ mdjmb cd~ b~ngd~~dj `gjgmd~ qdx rjg ogudxg ~eoqcb mb cd~ yd}d~ bj me~}xe}d~ rjejdoejgcb~* G objrmd# cgjg}rxgcb|g mb cd~ ~e~}bog~ bcbn}dxgcb~ ~bb~qbneieng bj cd~ b~}g}r}d~ cbè~cg}eyd~#r~rgcobj}b bj nrbxqd~ ndmeiengmd~ mb cgcbu bcbn}dxgc* êj bohgx`d# gc objd~ 78 qg~b~fgnbj mb cg xbqxb~bj}gnej qxdqdxnedjgc rj xbwre/~e}d ndj~}e}rnedjgc*

Gc`rjd~ dh~bxygmdxb~ ~d~}ebjbj wrb cg xbqxb/~bj}gnej qxdqdxnedjgc jd nxbg oc}eqcb~ qgx}emd~~ejd wrb qxb~bxygj g cd~ ygxed~ qgx}emd~ wrb ugbve~}bj* Mb gnrbxmd ndj b~}b gx`robj}d# cd~ gn/}rgcb~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ ndj~qexgj qgxg g~b`rxgx~r qgx}eneqgnej qxdqdxnedjgc mb b~ngd~ qgxcg/

obj}gxed~ bj bcbnnedjb~ qd~}bxedxb~ gc mb~e`jgx u gqxdhgx cbub~ qgxg cg xbqxb~bj}gnej qxdqdxned/jgc*>=

Ndj~embxb bc ng~d mb Jdxrb`g# wrb gmdq} ~rndj~}e}rnej dxeèjgc bj 767=# }gj ~cd 82 gd~crb`d mb cg xg}eiengnej mb cg Ndj~}e}rnej mb cd~B~}gmd~ Rjemd~* Jej`rjd mb cd~ md~ mdnrobj/}d~ objnedjg g cd~ qgx}emd~* Ndj bc }eboqd# go/hg~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ irbxdj bjobjmgmg~* Gj fdu#cg Ndj~}e}rnej mb cd~ B~}gmd~ Rjemd~ jd fgnbobjnej mb qgx}emd~* Cg mb Jdxrb`g jd me~nr}bbc b~}g}r~ cb`gc mb cd~ qgx}emd~# qbxd ~b`j ~r bj/oebjmg mb 7552# mb}gccg bc o}dmd bcbn}dxgc mbxbqxb~bj}gnej qxdqdxnedjgc &ybxNrgmxd = %# bejncr~eyb b~qbneieng cd~ meye~dxb~ bj}xb cd~ wrb ~bmeyembj cd~ yd}d~ mbc qgx}emd qgxg ngcnrcgx bcjobxd mb b~ngd~ wrb ~}b dh}bjmxg* Ndcdngx bco}dmd bcbn}dxgc bj cg ndj~}e}rnej gurmg g qxd/odybx cd~ ej}bxb~b~ qgx}eme~}g~ gc qxb~bxygx cg~ ej~/

}e}rnedjb~ ndj cg~ nrgcb~ cd~ qgx}emd~ ~nodmd~*

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22/45


Bc Odmbcd mb Qxd}bnnej

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Rj blboqcd gj o~ byembj}b mbc odmbc

qxd}bnnej mb cg cbu mb qgx}emd~ ~b qrbmbj gc`rjd~ qg~b~ bj yg~ mb mb~gxxdccd# mmexe`bjneg mb cd~ qgx}emd~ b~}ghcbnemd~xgmd bc ogxnd cb`gc qgxg ejnxbobj}gx cg mbj}xb ~r~ oece}gj}b~ mbj}xd mbc qgxcgobj}jd~ qg~b~ fgj gmdq}gmd me~qd~enedjb~ nnedjgcb~ wrb fgnbj wrb cd~ ej}b`xgj}b~ mbobj}d qebxmgj ~r b~ngd ~e ngohegj mb qgu mb~bx}gj g d}xd qgx}emd* Qgxg ecr~}xqxbygcbj}b b~ b~}g qxn}eng# bcNrgmxd 0ne}g ygxedblboqcd~ mb }gcb~ me~qd~enedjb~ ndj~}e}rn

Menfg cbè~cgnej cb d}dx`g `xgjmb~ qdcg mexe`bjneg mb cd~ qgx}emd~* Cd~ meqgx}emd bj cg mbcb`gnej qgxcgobj}gxeg jdmblgx bc qgx}emd ~ej qbxmbx ~r~ b~ngd~menfg~ cbub~# ndjdnemg~ }gohej ndod me~jb~ gj}e/hxejnd# ~dj mbibjmemg~ ndod rjgjbxg mb grobj}gx cg me~neqcejg u cg ndfb~eme~}g bj bc qgxcgobj}d*>0 ê }gcb~ cbub~ b~}rye ye`bj}b~ bj cd~ B~}gmd~ Rjemd~ mb Go

^bjgmdx Lgob~ Lbiidxm~ mb Ybxodj} jd fqdmemd mblgx bc Qgx}emd Xbqrhcengjd u nbj ejmbqbjmebj}b bj 8117# je ornfd~ ej}b`xgj~rxbd~ mbc Ndj`xb~d gj}b~ wrb c frhebxgjmd ngohegx~b mb Mbonxg}g~ g Xbqrhc Ydcybx }gcb~ mb~bxnedjb~ bj gn}d~ ejndjjgcb~ wrb xb~rc}bj bj cg qxmemg bibn}ey`d qdx bcbnnej blboqceieng bc odmbcd mb nej bj cg nxbgnej mb cg cbu mb qgx}emd~*


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NRGMXD0< QXD]BNNEJ MB Q GX]EMD^ NDJME^QDÊNEDJBNDJ^]E]RNEDJGCB^NDJ]XG BC N GOHED MBQ GX]EMD

Hbcenb# Gx}nrcd 25* ]xoejd bj bc Ngx`d mb cd~ Xbqxb~bj}gj}b~&7% ]dmd oebohxd mb cg Nogxg mb Xbqxb~bj}gj}b~ mblgx cehxb ~r nrxrc bj cg me~dcrnej mb cg Nognej*&8% Rj oebohxd mb cg Nogxg mb Xbqxb~bj}gj}b~ mblgx }gohej cehxb ~r ngx`d bj cg Nogxg

&b% ~e# fghebjmd ~emd ngjmemg}d mb rj qgx}emd qdc}end u# fghebjmd ~emd bcbn}d g cg Nogxg mbmemg}d mb b~b qgx}emd qdc}end# xbjrjneg g b~b qgx}emd qdc}end d ngoheg mb qgx}emd*

Jgoeheg# Gx}nrcd =6* Mblgx Cehxb rj B~ngd&7% Cd~ oebohxd~ mb cg G~gohcbg Jgnedjgc mblgxj cehxb~ ~r~ b~ngd~% êj qbxlrened mb cg iecd~dig d embdcd`g m`xgog~# cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ jd qrbmbj rjdohxb~ wrb ndj}bj`gj bvqxb~edjb~ mexbn}gobjxbcgnedjgmg~ ndj nrgcwrebx xbceèj d e`cb~eg# jbohcbog~ wrb qrbmgj ~bx ogcej}bxqxb}gmd~ n~ohdcd~ jgnedjgcb~ d xbceèd~d~*

&=% Jej`j qgx}emd qdmx ndj~}e}rex~b ndj rj jdd ndj dhlb}eyd~ bvqxb~gmd~ wrb ejmewrbj rj yjnd ngoqd mb gnnej xbèdjgc*

&2% Cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ mbhbj xbèx~b qdneqed~ mb }xgj~qgxbjneg# dx`gje|gnej u gmoeje~mbodnx}eng~ u cg qgx}eneqgnej mb }dmd~ ~r~}b~*

&9% Cg cbu b~}ghcbnbx xb`rcgnedjb~ ~dhxb bcoebj}d mb cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~# b~qbniengxbcgnej ndj cd~ xbwre~e}d~ u coe}b~ mbc iejgjn}d qhcend# g~ ndod bc xbwre~e}d mb cg qrhcenenedjgmg ndj ~r~ qxdqebmgmb~ u nrbj}g~*

NRGMXD6< NDJ^]E]RNEDJB^ WRB QXB^NXE/HBJ CG DX@GJE\GNEJ MB Q GX]EMD

G CBOGJEG U B^QGG

Gcbogjeg# Gx}nrcd 87

&7% Cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ qgx}eneqgj bj cg idxognejmb cg ydcrj}gm qdc}eng mbc qrbhcd* ^b qdmxj ndj~}e/}rex cehxbobj}b* ^r dx`gje|gnej ej}bxjg mbhb ndj/idxogx~b g cd~ qxejneqed~ mbodnx}end~* Mbhbj xbj/mex nrbj}g~ qhcengobj}b mb ~r~ gn}eyd~ u mb cg~ irbj/}b~ u r~d mb ~r~ idjmd~

B~qgg# Gx}nrcd 9 [Qgx}emd~ Qdc}end~_

Cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ bvqxb~gj bc qcrxgce~od qdc}end#ndjnrxxbj g cg idxognej u ogjeib~}gnej mb cg yd/crj}gm qdqrcgx u ~dj ej~}xrobj}d irjmgobj}gc qgxg cgqgx}eneqgnej qdc}eng* ^r nxbgnej u bc blbxnened mb ~rgn}eyemgm ~dj cehxb~ mbj}xd mbc xb~qb}d g cg Ndj~}e}r/nej u g cg cbu* ^r b~}xrn}rxg ej}bxjg u irjnedjgoebj/}d mbhbxj ~bx mbodnx}end~** *


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qdng~ jgnedjb~ dnnembj}gcb~ ghdxmgj bc }bog mb cgdx`gje|gnej qgx}eme~}g g jeybc ndj~}e}rnedjgc; u &8%cg~ qdng~ wrb qxb~nxehbj cg dx`gje|gnej qgx}eme~}gbj ~r~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ cd fgnbj ndj odmbxgnej*Mb fbnfd# cg odmbxgnej }gohej ngxgn}bxe|g cg

ogudxg mb cg~ d}xg~ >6 qxb~nxeqnedjb~ ndj~}e}r/nedjgcb~ ~dhxb cg dx`gje|gnej qgx}eme~}g* Cd~ 77qg~b~ cg}ejdgobxengjd~ mbc ndjlrj}d mb >6 nrbj/}gj ndj me~qd~enedjb~ ~eoecgxb~ g cg~ mb Gcbogjeg#B~qgg u Qdx}r`gc* Cg ogudxg mb cg~ jgnedjb~ ejncr~d gwrccg~ bj b}gqg~ mb }xgj~enej fgneg bcmb~gxxdccd mbodnx}endjd r}ece|gj ~r~ ndj~}e}r/nedjb~ qgxg qxb~nxehex nod ~b mbhbj dx`gje|gxcd~ qgx}emd~*

Gc`rjg~ jgnedjb~ bj mb~gxxdccd# ~ej bohgx`d#fgj r}ece|gmd ~r~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ qgxg bc oenxdogjbld mb cg dx`gje|gnej u bc ndoqdx}goebj}dmb cd~ qgx}emd~* Qdx blboqcd# ndj~embxb cg~ ndj~}e/}rnedjb~ mb Jbqgc# Cehbxeg u Je`bxeg* Cg ndj~}e}r/nej mb 7551 mb Jbqgc &ybxNrgmxd 71 % qxb~nxehbxb`cg~ qgxg bc xbè~}xd mb qgx}emd~ wrb ejncrub ~r/oeje~}xgx cd~ jdohxb~ u mexbnnedjb~ mb cd~ mexe`bj/}b~ mbc qgx}emd# xbwrbxex cg bcbnnej mb ~r~ mexe`bj/

}b~ ngmg nejnd gd~ ndod ojeod# u xb~}xejjdohxb~ u cd~ ~ohdcd~ wrb rj qgx}emd qrbmce|gx*

Md~ gx}nrcd~ mb cg ndj~}e}rnej mb Ce756= &ybxNrgmxd 77 % ~dj gj o~ mb}gccgmd

nrgj}d g nod ~b mbhbj xbè~}xgx cd~ qgnod ~b qrbmbj ccgogx# mjmb qrbmbj b~}gngmd~ u nrjmd mbhbj bcbèx g ~r~ irjnedjgxe

Cg ndj~}e}rnej mb Je`bxeg me~nr}b cd~ qdc}end~ bj ygxed~ gx}nrcd~* ^b`j cd m}gmd bj bcNrgmxd 78# rj gx}nrcd &Xb~}xenng cg Idxognej mb Qgx}emd~ Qdc}end~%wrb cd~ jdohxb~ u mexbnnedjb~ mb cd~ irjnembc qgx}emd ~bgj xbè~}xgmd~ bj cg ndoe~jgc bcbn}dxgc# wrb nrgcwrebx ngohed bj cgmbc qgx}emd ~bgj xbqdx}gmg~ g cg ndoe~emb cd~ >1 mg~ ~e`rebj}b~# u wrb cg ~bmb qgx}emd b~} rhengmg bj bc ]bxxe}dxed mbIbmbxgc* ]gohej qxdfhb g cd~ qgx}emd~ bjdohxb~ d ~ohdcd~ wrb ~b xbcgnedjbj ndj nwrebx `xrqd }jend# xbceèd~d d xbèdjgc* gx}nrcd qxb~nxehb cg~ bcbnnedjb~ qbxemnrg}xd gd~ ndod oveod% mb cg mexe`bjn

NRGMXD71< NDJ^]E]RNEDJB^ WRB OENXDOGJBLGJ G CD^Q GX]EMD QDC]END J BQGC

Gx}nrcd 77>* Xbè~}xd Jbnb~gxed qgxg Dh}bjbx bc Xbndjdneoebj}d qgxg bc Qxdq~e}d mb Ndoqb}ex bjb~ ndod Qgx}emd r Dx`gje|gnej Qdc}eng

&7% Nrgcwrebx dx`gje|gnej d qgx}emd qdc}end wrb mb~bb dh}bjbx bc xbndjdneoebj}d mb cg Ndoe~ej ~e}d~ mb bcbnnedjb~ mbhbx xbè~}xgx ~r jdohxb ndj cg Ndoe~ej Bcbn}dxgc mb gnrbxmd ndj bc qxdnbmjb cg Ndoe~ej* Cg qb}enej g~ qxb~bj}gmg mbhbx ndj}bjbx ejidxognej ncgxg gnbxng mbc jdohxb mbcnej qdc}eng# cd~ jdohxb~ u mexbnnedjb~ mb cd~ ej}b`xgj}b~ mb ~r ndoe} blbnr}eyd d nrgcwrebx ndoqb}enej mbhbx b~}gx gndoqggmg mb cg~ xb`cg~ u mbc ogjeieb~}d mb cg dx`gje|gnej d bc qgx}emd*

&8% Cg~ dx`gje|gnedjb~ u qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ mbhbxj nroqcex# gmbo~ mb cg~ og}bxeg~ ndj}bjemg~ cg~ ~e`rebj}b~ ndjmenedjb~ qgxg ngceiengx qgxg bc xbè~}xd mb ndjidxoemgm ndj cg ncr~rcg &7% gj}bx

&g% cg ndj~}e}rnej u cg~ xb`cg~ mb cg dx`gje|gnej d qgx}emd qdc}end mbhbj ~bx mbodnx}eng~;

&h% cg ndj~}e}rnej d cg~ xb`cg~ mb cg dx`gje|gnej d qgx}emd mbhbj ejndxqdxgx xb`cg~ qgxg cg bcbnnmb cg dx`gje|gnej d qgx}emd gc objd~ rjg yb| ngmg nejnd gd~;

&n% mbhbj fghbx nroqcemd ndj cg~ me~qd~enedjb~ mbc Gx}nrcd 77=; u

&m% mbhbj fghbx dh}bjemd gc objd~ bc }xb~ qdx nebj}d mbc }d}gc mb cd~ yd}d~ boe}emd~ bj cg bcbnnqxb~bj}gj}b~% Cg Ndoe~ej Bcbn}dxgc jd xbè~}xgx g nrgcwrebxg dx`gje|gnej d qgx}emd qdc}end ~e nrgcwrebx me~nxeoejgmd gc odobj}d mb ej~nxehex~b qdx xg|j mb ~r xbceèj# ng~}g# }xehr# emedog d `jbxd d ~e yd~# cg ej~e`jeg d cg hgjmbxg irbxg mb jg}rxgcb|g xbceèd~g d ndorjgc d }bjmebxg g ixgòbj}gx gc qg~*


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qgx}emd# wrb mbhbx ejydcrnxgx g jd objd~ mb rj}bxned mb cg }d}gcemgm mb cd~ b~}gmd~ ibmbxgcb~*

Qdx ~rqrb~}d# b~}g~ ~bnnedjb~ mb cg ndj~}e}r/nej je`bxegjg xbicblgj cg~ irbx}b~ meibxbjneg~ }je/ng~ &}xehgcb~ u xbceèd~g~% bj}xb cd~ `xrqd~ ogudxe/

}gxed~ wrb fgj mdoejgmd ngmg rjg mb cg~ }xb~ xb/èdjb~ mb Je`bxeg< fgr~g$ircgje bj bc jdx}b# udxr/hg bj bc db~}b# b e`hd bj bc b~}b* ]gc ndod gqgxbnbbj bcNEG Pdxcm Ign}hddk6

NRGMXD77< NDJ^]E]RNEDJB^ WRB OENXDOGJBLGJ G CD^Q GX]EMD QDC]END CEHBXEG

Gx}nrcd05

Jej`rjg g~dnegnej# ejmbqbjmebj}bobj}b mbc jdohxb# irjnedjgx ndod qgx}emd qdc}end# je nrgcwrebx ngjmemg}d ejmbqbjmebj}b bj rjg bcbnnej qgxg rj ngx`d qhcend# ~gcyd wrb5

Ejmbqbjmebj}bobj}b mbc xg|djgoebj}d med cr`gx g b~}g~ qxb~nxeqnedjb~ bj cg ndjje`bxegjg# bc blboqcd mbc Nrgmxd 78u gw

mb Jbqgc u Cehbxeg bj cd~ Nrgmxd~ 71 u 77#}eygobj}becr~}xgj nod ~b qrbmbj idxogxndj}xdcgx g cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ g }xgndj~}e}rnedjb~ jgnedjgcb~* Qdx cd `bjbxgc#

NRGMXD78< NDJ^]E]RNEDJB^ WRB OENXDOGJBLGJ G CD^Q GX]EMD QDC]END J E@BXEG

Gx}nrcd 888* Xb~}xennedjb~ g cg Nxbgnej mb Qgx}emd~ Qdc}end~

Jej`rjg g~dnegnej# ~bg nrgc irbxb ~r jdohxb# qdmx dqbxgx ndod qgx}emd qdc}end# ~gcyd wrb

&g% cd~ jdohxb~ u cg~ mexbnnedjb~ mb ~r~ irjnedjgxed~ jgnedjgcb~ ~b bjnrbj}xbj xbè~}xgmd~ gj}b c

Bcbn}dxgc Ejmbqbjmebj}b;&h% cg oece}gjneg mb cg g~dnegnej b~} ghebx}g g }dmd nermgmgjd mb Je`bxeg ~ej me~}ej`d mb ~r cr`mb jgneoebj}d# `jbxd# xbceèj d `xrqd }jend;

&n% rjg ndqeg mb ~r ndj~}e}rnej ~b bjnrbj}xb xbè~}xgmg bj cg ~bmb qxejneqgc mb cg Ndoe~ej Jgnedjmebj}b bj cg ogjbxg wrb ~bg qxb~nxe}g qdx cg Ndoe~ej Jgnedjgc Bcbn}dxgc Ejmbqbjmebj}b;

&m% nrgcwrebx gc}bxgnej mb ~r ndj~}e}rnej xbè~}xgmg ~bg e`rgcobj}b xbè~}xgmg gj}b cg ~bmb qxnedjgc Bcbn}dxgc Ejmbqbjmebj}b mbj}xd mb cd~ }xbej}g mg~ ~e`rebj}b~ mb xbgce|gx cg ne}gmg gc}bxg

&b% bc jdohxb mb cg g~dnegnej# ~r ~ohdcd d cd`d}eqd jd ndj}bj`g jej`rjg ndjjd}gnej }jeng d xbceèdgqgxebjneg mb wrb cg~ gn}eyemgmb~ mb cg g~dnegnej b~}j ndjiejgmg~ ~cd g rjg qgx}b mbc xbg `bd`x

&i % cg ~bmb qxejneqgc mb cg g~dnegnej ~b bjnrbj}xb rhengmg bj bc ]bxxe}dxed mb cg Ngqe}gc Ibmbxg

Gx}nrcd 88>* Ndj~}e}rnej u Xb`cg~ mb cd~ Qgx}emd~ Qdc}end~

&7% Cg ndj~}e}rnej u cg~ xb`cg~ mb rj qgx}emd qdc}end mbhbxj

&g% me~qdjbx cg bcbnnej qbxemeng u mbodnx}eng mb cd~ qxejneqgcb~ irjnedjgxed~ b ej}b`xgj}b~ mnrbxqd xbn}dx mbc qgx}emd qdc}end; u

&h% g~b`rxgx wrb cd~ ej}b`xgj}b~ mbc ndoe} blbnr}eyd r d}xd nrbxqd xbn}dx mbc qgx}emd qdc}end xmb Je`bxeg*

&8% Qgxg qxdq~e}d~ mb b~}g ~bnnej &g% cg bcbnnej mb cd~ irjnedjgxed~ d ej}b`xgj}b~ mbc ndoe} blbnr}eyd mb rj qgx}emd qdc}end ~b nd~e ~b ccbyg g nghd bj ej}bxygcd~ xb`rcgxb~ wrb jd bvnbmgj cd~ nrg}xd gd~; u

&h% ~b ndj~embxgx wrb cd~ ej}b`xgj}b~ mbc ndoe} blbnr}eyd r d}xd nrbxqd xbn}dx mbc qgx}emd qdcibmbxgc mb Je`bxeg ~cd ~e cd~ ej}b`xgj}b~ mb gwrc qbx}bjbnebxgj g B~}gmd~ me~}ej}d~ bj rj jobxd jned~ mb cg }d}gcemgm mb cd~ B~}gmd~ mb cg Ibmbxgnej u mbc ]bxxe}dxed mb cg Ngqe}gc Ibmbxgc# G


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hgx`d# cd~ `dhebxjd~ qxb~nxehbj bc ndoqdx}goebj/}d qgx}eme~}g jd bj cg~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ ~ejd g }xgy~mb b~}g}r}d~ cbè~cg}eyd~# g objrmd obmegj}b Cb/ub~ mb Qgx}emd~ b~qbnegcb~*

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Cbub~ B~qbnegcb~ mb Qgx}emd~b~}g}r}d~ ndmeie/ngmd~ qgxg xbèx g cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~* ]xbnb mbb~}d~ xbè~}xd~ qxb~nxehbj# g objrmd ndj `xgj mb/}gccb# nod ~b mbhbj ndj~}e}rex cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}e/nd~* Qdx blboqcd# cg Cbu mb Qgx}emd~ gcbogjg mb

759= &~b`j ~r bjoebjmg mb 755=% qxb~nndj~}e}rnej mb cd~ qgx}emd~ ndj `xgj m Pdci`gj` Occbx ~d~}ebjb wrb Gcbogjeg b~ bc qg~mb Brxdqg dnnembj}gc nrug cbu mb qgx}emogudx xbcbygjneg*=1 Bc jend xbè~}xd mb qgx}e/

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Mgmd bc ye`dx mb cg qdc}eng qgx}eme~

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=* Rj nbx}eiengmd mb ceoqeb|g mb gj}bnbmbj}b~ qbjgcb~ mb ngmg rjd mb cd~ irjmgmdxb~*

2* Rj nbx}eiengmd iexogmd qdx nejnd mb cd~ irjmgmdxb~ bj qxb~bjneg mbc boqcbgmd mb~e`jgmd qdx bcg gr}bj}enemgm mb cg~ iexog~ mb }dmd~ cd~ irjmgmdxb~ u mb cg ejidxognej qbx}bjbnebj}b g cd~ oenejnd irjmgmdxb~ mbhb b~qbneiengx# bj b~}b nbx}eiengmd# ~r mexbnnej d cg mexbnnej bcbèmg qgxgye~d~ d ngx}g~ boe}emd~ qdx bc Oeje~}bxed*

H* Bc boqcbgmd mb~e`jgmd boe}ex rjg jd}eiengnej mb xbnehd mb cg ~dcene}rm mb b~}ghcbneoebj}d eibnfg mb cg qxb~bj}gnej mb cg ~dcene}rm u mb cg ejidxognej u mdnrobj}d~ gjbvd~ g cg oe~og*

Gx}nrcd 88

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Bc Gx}nrcd = bj bc Nrgmxd 7> menb wrb cd~ldxmgjd~ }ebjbj bc mbxbnfd g idxogx qgx}emd~ qdc/}end~ u g yejnrcgx~b g bccd~ mb ogjbxg ydcrj}gxeg mbgnrbxmd ndj cg~ me~qd~enedjb~ mb cg Cbu* B~}g~me~qd~enedjb~ ~dj hg~}gj}b b~qbnieng~ &ybx Gx}nr/cd~ 0 u 88 bj bc Nrgmxd 7>%* Bc `dhebxjd ldxmgjdbve`b &bj}xb d}xg~ nd~g~%< &g% cg~ mexbnnedjb~ mb }d/mg~ cg~ ~bmb~ xbèdjgcb~ mbc qgx}emd; &h% ndjdne/oebj}d mb cd~ qxdnbmeoebj}d~ qgxg idxogx cg~b~}xrn}rxg~ mbc Qgx}emd# b~nd`bx g cg mexe`bjneg#xb`rcgx ~r xbcgnej ndj ~r~ oece}gj}b~; &n% ejidx/ob~ ~dhxb cg~ ndoqb}bjneg~ iejgjnebxg~ u gmoe/je~}xg}eyg~ mb nrgcwrebxg mb b~}g~ b~}xrn}rxg~; &m%

gcognbjgoebj}d bj cg ~bmb nbj}xgc mbc qgx}emd mbcd~ jdohxb~# mexbnnedjb~ u xb~embjneg~ mb cd~ oe/ce}gj}b~ mbc Qgx}emd# xbè~}xd~ mb cg~ mbne~edjb~mb cg mexe`bjneg; u &b% rj xbè~}xd mb}gccgmd mb cd~ej`xb~d~ u b`xb~d~ mbc Qgx}emd*

^b qdmxg mbnex wrb cg Cbu mb Qgx}emd~ mb Ldx/mgjeg &Nrgmxd 7>% u cg~ Cbub~ mb Qgx}emd~ mb Ubobj# Ngohdug b Ejmdjb~eg wrb jd ~b orb~/}xgj gwr ~dj ornfd o~ mb}gccgmg~ wrb cg Cbu mb Qgx}emd gcbogjg d mb cbub~ ~eoecgxb~ bj d}xg~mbodnxgneg~ gygj|gmg~* êj bohgx`d# cg~ Cbub~

mb Qgx}emd~ bj cg~ mbodnxgneg~ gygj|gmg~ u bj}xgj~enej meiebxbj `xgjmbobj}b# mbqbjmebjmd mbnrjmd irbxdj nxbgmg~ u wrej cg~ nxb* Cg Cbu mb Qgx}emd~ mb Gcbogjeg irb gqxdhgmg ~cd mb~/qr~ mb >2 gd~ mb bvqbxebjneg bj qdc}eng qgx}emg/xeg u irb nxbgmg ndj cg qgx}eneqgnej mb qgx}emd~qdc}end~ irbx}b~* G qb~gx mb wrb cg cbu gcbogjgxb`rcghg cg~ qxn}eng~ qgx}eme~}g~# bibn}eygobj}bxbndjdng cg~ qxn}eng~ b~}ghcbnemg~ mb cd~ qgx}emd~

qgx}eneqgj}b~* Bj b~}b g~qbn}d# ~r gqxdhglr~}g o~ gc odmbcd mb qxdodnej wrb gc omb qxb~nxeqnej* Mbhemd g wrb cbub~ qgx Ldxmgjeg# Ubobj# Ngohdug b Ejmdjb~eg jd ime~bgmg~ qdx qgx}emd~ irbx}b~ b ejmbq

cg~ irbx|g~ mexe`bj}b~ gr}dxe}gxeg~ }ryeicbvehecemgm qgxg mbnemex nod ~b nxbgje|gxgj cd~ qgx}emd~*

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mbodnx}end% u$d g ~r idxog &qblboqcd# b~}g}r}d~ mbc qgx}emd# ojeod ybc mb gn}eyemgm%=7

Xbndjdnebjmd bc qdmbx mb cg cbu mb qmbhbj ndj~embxgx~b cd~ ign}dxb~ ndj}bv}rqrj}d~ wrb ndjmenedjgj ~r me~bd b eoqcbonej* R}ece|gjmd cg ejidxognej qxb~bj}gmxedxobj}b hgld cd~ nejnd odmbcd~ mb cbub~}emd# b~}g ~bnnej me~nr}b cg emdjbemgmmbcd~ bj meibxbj}b~ nexnrj~}gjneg~ ~dnedng~ u qdc}eng~*

Xbwre~e}d~ Neyecb~ Qxbyed~< B~} Ce~}d bc Qg~ qgxg rjg Cbu mb Qgx}emd~4

Ndod ~b eoqceng bj cg ~bnnej gj}bxed~e~}bog~ ndj}boqdxjbd~ mb qgx}emd~ bj udxg mb cg~ mbodnxgneg~ gygj|gmg~ gj}bncbu mb qgx}emd~* @bjbxgcobj}b# cg~ ndj~


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Gmdqnej mb rjg Cbu mb Qgx}emd~ 8>

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b~}j idxogmd~# ~dj irbx}b~ u fgj qgx}eneqgmd bjbc `dhebxjd* G }xgy~ mb cg cbu mb qgx}emd~# cg~ jg/nedjb~ qrbmbj ndj~bxygx rj ~e~}bog ndoqb}e}eydmb qgx}emd~ rjg yb| wrb bc oe~od fgug ~emd nxbg/md# qbxd b~ meinec wrb cd~ b~}gmd~ d ~r~ `dhbxjgj/}b~ qrbmgj nxbgx rj ~e~}bog ndoqb}e}eyd mb qgx}e/md~ qdc}end~ ejmbqbjmebj}b~ g }xgy~ mb cbè~cg/nej d qdx mbnxb}d*

Qgxg ecr~}xgx cd~ coe}b~ bj cg ngqgnemgm qgxgnxbgx rj ~e~}bog ndoqb}e}eyd mb qgx}emd~ mb cgjgmg# ejncr~d mb rj b~}gmd irbx}b# ndj~embxb bcng~d mb Exj g obmegmd~ mb cd~ gd~ 21 hgld bcogjmg}d mb Orfgoogm Xb|g ^fgf Qgfcgye* Bjb~b odobj}d# cd~ cmbxb~ dnnembj}gcb~ cb mebxdj cghebjybjemg gc ^fgf ndod rj odmbxje|gmdx* cb~}ghcbne gc`rjg~ xbidxog~ bndjoeng~# obldxbc b~}g}r~ mb cg~ orlbxb~ u# bj `bjbxgc# ceoe} bcqdmbx mb cd~ cmbxb~ xbceèd~d~* G qb~gx mb wrbExj }bjg rj qgxcgobj}d# bc ^fgf qxgn}en bcogjmg}d eoqbxegc u ~r qg~ ngxbng mb gc`rjd~ xg~/`d~ mbodnx}end~ wrb frhebxgj fbnfd ~r ogjmg}do~ gnbq}ghcb qgxg ~r~ goe`d~ mb dnnembj}b* ]gcndod fb b~nxe}d Bj cg yemgqdc}eng# ngmg dx`gje|gnej b~ xeygc mb mbo~ dx`gje|gnedjb~* Rjg yb| idxogmd~#qgx}emd~ jd gcebj}gj g ~r~ xeygcb~*

Nxbgx rj qgx}emd qdc}end b~ rj jb`dned `gmd u cg gjgcd`g mb jb`dned~ b~ oru ej~}xMb fbnfd# E~~gnfgxdii u Qecmb~ bygcgj ~edjb~ lrmenegcb~ ~dhxb xb`rcgnedjb~ mb qggnrbxmd g ~e cg~ mbne~edjb~ gmbcgj}gj r dbc obxngmd qgxg bc ndj}xdc qgx}eme~}g jd*== Cd~ boqxb~gxed~ bndjoend~ ejnrxxbnd~}d~ iejgjnebxd~ gc ejenegx ndoqgg~ wmbj jd qg`gx ~r~ ejybx~edjb~# qbxd cd~ boxed~ qdc}end~ ejnrxxbj }gj}d bj nd~}d~ iejg

ndod qdc}end~ gc ejenegx qgx}emd~* Ogxxeb~`gx mejbxd# cd~ irjmgmdxb~ mb gxxeb~`gj cg qxmemg mb ~r~ xbqr}gnedjbxbqxb~gceg~ qdc}eng~* Bve~}bj d}xd~ qgxndobj|gx rj jb`dned u irjmgx rj qgx}emd< e`rgc wrb xb`rcgnedjb~ `rhbxjgobj}gcb~ ndoq~eyg~ u mb}gccgmg~ qrbmbj bye}gx wrb cdxed~ bndjoend~ ndoebjnbj g ndj~}xrex u mbccgx jb`dned~# cbub~ mb qgx}emd~ goqcegmg~ qrbmbj qxbybjex wrb cd~ boqxb~gxed~ qejenebj# ndj~}xrugj u mb~gxxdccbj qgx}emd~

Qdx cd }gj}d# gj}b~ mb ndobj|gx g me~cbu mb qgx}emd~ qgxg rjg jgnej bj }xgj~enecg mbodnxgneg# mbhbxg qxb`rj}gx~b< B~nej u ~r~ qgx}emd~ ce~}d~ qgxg rjg cbu md~4 êodj Nfb~}bxogj jd~ gmyebx}b wbcbnnedjb~ bibn}rgmg~ bj jgnedjb~ bj mb~lr~}d mb~qr~ mb cg }bxoejgnej mb rj ndjgxogmd# qrbmbj qxdmrnex qgx}emd~ qdc}e~dj qxejneqgcobj}b u gc`rjd~ ybnb~ jengob


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8= Qgx}emd~ Qdc}end~ bj Qbx~qbn}eyg~ ]

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Bj b~b ng~d# gmyebx}b Nfb~}bxogj# cg yemg qdc}engb~} mdoejgmg bvncr~eygobj}b qdx cg~ qbx~djgce/mgmb~ mb ce}b ejydcrnxgmg~< b~}b b~ bc qbce`xd mb cgmbodnxgneg ~ej qgx}emd ndod cg wrb gmdq}R`gjmg hgld Udpbxe Or~bybje*=9

Bc Jeybc mb cg Cbu< Ndobj|gx bj cg Neog4

^rqdj`g wrb rjg jgnej }ebjb rj ~e~}bog orc/}eqgx}eme~}g ldybj qbxd irbx}b* ^rqdj`g }gohejwrb gwrccd~ bj bc qdmbx# d gwrccd~ wrb blbxnbjejicrbjneg bv}bxjg# nxbbj wrb bc oe~od b~mbog~eg/ mdirbx}b* Wre|~ cd~ qgx}emd~ jd fgnbj ngoqgg~oru neyece|gmg~# d wre|~ cd~ oc}eqcb~ qgx}emd~meyembj }gj}d bc yd}d qdqrcgx wrb jej`rjd ccb`g gb~}gx ~ewrebxg nbxng mb cg ogudxg qgxcgobj}gxeg#fgnebjmd eoqd~ehcb rj `dhebxjd b~}ghcb* ê ~bmbnemb wrb b~ jbnb~gxeg gc`rjg cbu qgxg eoqdjbx bcdxmbj# g wr jeybc mbhb b~nxehex~b4 Cg cbu mbqgx}emd~ mbhbxg qxdorc`gx~b bj ndj~}e}rnedjb~ dbj b~}g}r}d~ cbè~cg}eyd~4

Cg hg~b mb mg}d~ xbybcg wrb ornfd~ qg~b~r}ece|gj ~r~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ ndod ybfnrcd qgxg cg

cbu mb qgx}emd~# qxb~nxehebjmd mb}gccgmgobj}b cgdx`gje|gnej mbc qgx}emd u ~r ndoqdx}goebj}d*Mgmd wrb cg~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ ~dj o~ meinecb~ mbngohegx wrb cd~ b~}g}r}d~# ejncrex cbub~ mb qgx}emd~bj ndj~}e}rnedjb~ qxdmrnb xb`rcgnedjb~ xèmg~wrb qrbmbj ndj`bcgx g cd~ qgx}emd~ u cd~ ~e~}bog~mb qgx}emd~ bj idxog~ bv}xgg~ u me~irjnedjgcb~*ê b~ jbnb~gxeg rjg cbu mb qgx}emd~# cd~ b~}g}r}d~cbè~cg}eyd~ hxejmgj ybfnrcd~ o~ icbvehcb~ qgxgb~}ghcbnbx cg~ xb`rcgnedjb~ jbnb~gxeg~ wrb cg~ ndj~/}e}rnedjb~*

]eqd mb Qgx}emd< G`xb`gx d Gx}enrcgx Ej}bxb~b~4

Cd~ b~}rmed~d~ mb cd~ qgx}emd~ r}ece|gj ixb/nrbj}bobj}b cd~ }xoejd~ g`xb`gnej u gx}enr/cgnej ndod irjnedjb~ mb cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~~ej bv}bjmbx~b bj ~r~ ~e`jeiengmd~* Qdx blboqcd#@rj}fbx u Megodjm ~b xbiebxbj g cd~ qgx}emd~ndod ybfnrcd~ qgxg cg gx}enrcgnej u g`xb`gnej

mb ej}bxb~b~# qbxd mb~qr~ ejncrub ~dcg`xb`gnej mb ej}bx~ ndod rjg mb cg~ ~ebnedjb~ ncgyb mbc qgx}emd*=0 Cg~ meibxbjneg~ bjb~}d~ ndjnbq}d~# `bjbxgcobj}b g~dnegmdxgxgobj}b meibxbjnegmd~# jbnb~e}gj ~bx n

mg~ nremgmd~gobj}b* Gx}enrcgx rj ej}bx~ ~e`jeieng bvqxb~gxobj}b* G`xb`gx ej}bxb~b~ ~e`jeieng xbnd`bxcehxgx ej}bxb~b~ meibxbj}b~ u g objrmd nd yd~* Cd~ qgx}emd~ ndj goqceg~ hg~b~ ~djbxgcobj}b g`xb`gj ej}bxb~b~ meybx~d~ ogx}enrcgx ej}bxb~b~ b~qbniend~* U cd~ meibxbjnegj jdxogcobj}b mb cd~ `xrqd~ mb egc g`xb`gx bj cr`gx mb gx}enrcgx ej}bxb~b=6 êjbohgx`d# gc`rjd~ qgx}emd~ &}gcb~ ndod bBrxdqbd u qgx}emd~ xbceèd~d~% }ebjbj rjeybc wrb d}xd~ bj gx}enrcgnej mb ej}bxb~jdx bj g`xb`gnej mb ej}bxb~b~* ^b nxbb wqgx}emd~ }jend~ bj qgx}enrcgx gx}enrcgj b~b~ }jend~ gj}b~ wrb ~r~ qxbdnrqgnedjb~cb~* B~}d bvqceng qdx wr Xbeccu b~nxehb~}rmed~d~ u cd~ cbè~cgmdxb~ qdx e`rgcnrbj}bobj}b embj}eiengmd cg jbnb~emgm m}xrex qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ mb hg~b~ goqceg`gnej u orc}e}jend~ ~e ~b mb~bg bye}gx cgej}bx}jeng u ndj~dcemgx cg~ xr}ejg~ mb mbodnx}eng qgnieng bj b~}gmd~ orc}e}jencb~*=5 Cg ye~ej qxbygcbj}b bj cg qdc}eng n

xg}eyg b~ wrb cd~ qgx}emd~ }jend~ qxdoejb~}ghecemgm ej}bxjg u gobjg|gj cg~ ej~}embodnx}eng~*21

êj bohgx`d# bve~}b rjg ye~ej ndj}xgmeg~dnegmg `bjbxgcobj}b ndj Gxbjm Celqfgx}#qd}bjnegc mbodnx}end bj cd~ qgx}emd~ Celqfgx} gx`robj}g qdx rjg mbodnxgneg ndnegnedjgc bj cg wrb cd~ `xrqd~ }jend~ b~qxb~bj}gmd~ mexbn}gobj}b bj bc `dhebxjd*27 O~xbnebj}bobj}b# Kgjnfgj Nfgjmxg fg gx`robj}gwrb cd~ qgx}emd~ }jend~ qrbmbj ~d~}bjbx

odnxgneg ~e cg~ ej~}e}rnedjb~ qdc}eng~ ~mg~ gqxdqegmgobj}b qdx blboqcd# qgxg g ygxegnej mb cg~ embj}emgmb~ }jeng~ g cd~ ndj}bv}d~ mb qdc}eng~ qhceng~ u j`dhebxjd*28 D}xd~ ejydcrnxgmd~ o~ mexbn}gbj cg qxdodnej mb cg mbodnxgneg bj qg~b~}jend~ gx`robj}gj }gohej wrb cd~ qgx}emd~nd~ ~dj ejbye}ghcb~ bj gc`rjd~ ng~d~* O


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Ghxgodpe}|# xbiexejmd~b g cg nxbgnej mb cbub~ mbqgx}emd~ bj bc Exgw ndj}boqdxjbd# b~nxehb

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Qgx}emd~ u Qxb~embj}b~< ^dj Ejndoqg}ehcb~4

Cd~ qdmbxb~ mb cg dienejg qxb~embjnegc ygxgj`xgjmbobj}b bj}xb qg~b~* Bj gc`rjd~# ndod bj

cd~ B~}gmd~ Rjemd~# bc qxb~embj}b b~ }gj}d lbib mbc`dhebxjd ndod lbib mbc b~}gmd* Bj d}xd~# ndodbj Gcbogjeg# bc qxb~embj}b b~ lbib mbc b~}gmd &irj/nedjgjmd ogudxobj}b mb ogjbxg nbxbodjegc% u jd b~ lbib mbc `dhebxjd* Qdx cd }gj}d# nrgcwrebxgjce~e~ mb cg jg}rxgcb|g qgx}eme~}g mb b~}g qd~enejjbnb~e}g }dogx bj nrbj}g ~e bc qxb~embj}b b~ mbfbnfd lbib mbc `dhebxjd d ~dcgobj}b lbib mbc b~}g/md* ^e cd~ qxb~embj}b~ mb fbnfd mexe`bj `dhebxjd~ndoqrb~}d~ qdx qgx}emd~ qdc}end~# mbhb b~qbxgx~bwrb cd~ qxb~embj}b~ b~}j xbcgnedjgmd~ g qgx}emd~bj ~r~ `dhebxjd~*

Mgmg b~}g bvqbn}g}eyg# mbhbxg ~dxqxbjmbxjd~~ghbx wrb ~b cb~ qxdfhb g cd~ qxb~embj}b~ qgx}ene/qgx bj gn}eyemgmb~ qgx}eme~}g~ bj nbxng mb 81 ndj~/}e}rnedjb~ jgnedjgcb~* Bc }bv}d mb cg~ ndj~}e}rned/jb~ mb 77 qg~b~ / Gchgjeg &7556%# Hbcgx~ &7559%#Hrc`gxeg &bjobjmgmg bj 811>%# Nfgm &7559%# B~/}djeg &7558%# Kg|gl~}j &bjobjmgmg bj 7556%#

Kex`re~}j &bjobjmgmg bj 811>%# Ce}rgjegJe`bx &7555%# ]rxwrg &bjobjmgmg bj 81Rxr`rgu &bjobjmgmg bj 7559% ~b orb~}xgbcNrgmxd 7=* ]dmg~ b~}g~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ njbj qxdfehenedjb~ ng~e }d}gcb~ ndj}xg meqgx}emd mb~mb bc `dhebxjd* &Cg Ndj~}Hgj`cgmb~f mb 7559 [jd od~}xgmg_ dixbnb rmeibxbj}b# b~}ghcbnebjmd wrb bc qxb~emjdohxgx g~b~dxb~ mb bj}xb gwrccd~ wrb oebohxd~ mb jej`j qgx}emd qdc}end r dx`gnej g~dnegmg ndj d giecegmg g jej`j qgx}em}end*2= %* Fg~}g bc odobj}d# jd bve~}b jej`j ce~e~ goqced mb cg~ qxdfehenedjb~ ndj~}exbcgnedjgmg~ ndj bc b~}gmd `rhbxjgobj}gcqxb~embjneg* ^ej bohgx`d# cd~ qxb~emb

Nfgm u Kg|gl~}j ~exybj }gj}d ndod lbib mhebxjd ndod lbib mb b~}gmd u gohd~ qxb~ed~}bj}gj bjdxob~ qdmbxb~* Qdx cd }gj}d# c~g mb cg qxdfehenej mb qgx}emd hg~gmg bobj}d mb lbib mb b~}gmd jd qrbmb gqcen}dmd~ cd~ ng~d~ bj bc Nrgmxd 7=* ^bxg ohcb# gc ndj}xgxed# wrb gjrcgx nrgcwrebx xdcqgxg bc qxb~embj}b xbicblb rj ej}bj}d xdoj}qxb~bj}gx gc qxb~embj}b ndod qdx bjneogqdc}eng mb qgx}emd*22 &Bc Qxb~embj}b mb Xr~eg

Ubc}~ej g~roe b~}g qd~}rxgnmrxgj}b ~r ogjmg}dndj xb~rc}gmd~ jd ~g}e~ig}}dxed~%* Bj cgwrb cg~ ndj~}e}rnedjb~ g~cgj gc cembxg|`dhebxjd mb cd~ qgx}emd~ qdc}end~# ~r~ jeb`gj wrb cd~ qgx}emd~ lrb`rbj rj qgqbc qd~bj rj `dhebxjd mbodnx}end* D wre|~ cd~ nd}rubj}b~ qrbmbj ybx b~}b qgqbc qbxd jd cd ycd nrgc b~ gj o~ qxbdnrqgj}b*


33/45


NRGMXD7=< QXDFEHENEDJB NDJ^]E]RNEDJGCB^ NDJ]XG QDC]ENG^Q GX]EME^]G^QDX Q GX]B MBQXBÊMBJ]B^

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Hbcgx~# Gx}nrcd 69Bc Qxb~embj}b ~r~qbjmbx ~r oece}gjneg bj qgx}emd~ qdc}end~ u d}xg~ g~dnegnedjb~ qhceng~ wrb qbmrxgj}b }dmd ~r }eboqd mb qbxogjbjneg bj bc ngx`d*

Hrc`gxeg# Gx}nrcd 52&8% Bc Qxb~embj}b u bc Yenbqxb~embj}b jd qrbmbj ~bx xbqxb~bj}gj}b~ jgnedjgcb~# qgx}eneqgx bj d}qhceng~ d bndjoeng~# je qgx}eneqgx bj bc cembxg|`d mb jej`j qgx}emd qdc}end*

Nfgm# Gx}nrcd 07Cg~ irjnedjb~ mbc Qxb~embj}b mb cg Xbqhceng ~dj ejndoqg}ehcb~ ndj bc blbxnened mb nrgcwrebx d}xdboqcbd qhcend u nrgcwrebx d}xg gn}eyemgm qxdib~edjgc d crnxg}eyg*

Cg~ oe~og~ ~dj }gohej ejndoqg}ehcb~ ndj nrgcwrebx gn}eyemgm mbj}xd mb rj qgx}emd d `xrqd mb qgx}em

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Partidos Políticos y Democracia en Perspectivas Teóricas Prácticas

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