CSn-an-∂-¬]Xn- m-khpw kpc-£m-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw

`ua imkvX ]T-\ -tIµw

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ˛ 695 031

I CSn-an-∂se∂ ]Xn- mkw

1. F¥mWv CSn-an-∂¬ ?

ag-ta-L-ß-fn¬ \n∂v qan-bn-te°v ]Xn-°p∂, i‡n-tb-dn-bXpw

]Imia-b-hp-w i_vZ-tLm-j-tØmSp IpSn-b-Xp-amb Be-‡nI

Du¿÷Xcw-K-amWv CSn-an-∂¬. A¥-co-£-Øn¬ aq∂p-hn-[-Øn-ep≈

an∂¬ ]hm-l-am-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. ag-ta-LØn\p-≈n-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv, c≠v

taL-߃°n-S°v D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv, ag-ta-L-ßfn¬\n∂v qan-bn-te°v \n]Xn-

°p-∂Xv F∂n-h-bmWv.

CXn¬ aq∂m-aXp ]d™ Xcw an∂-emWv km[m-c-W-bmbn

\ap-°v \m-i-\-jvS-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ taL-Øn-\p-≈ntem taL-

߃ XΩn-tem- D-≠m-Ip∂ an∂-em-Lm-X-ta‰v thymabm\-߃°v tI-Sp-

]-‰m≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v. CSn-an-∂¬ hfsc thKw k©-cn-°p∂ sshZypXn

Xcw-Kam-Wv. Hcp an∂-ep-≠m-Ip-hm≥ Hcp sk°‚ns‚ 1/10 ka-b-ta

FSp-°p∂p≈q. tImSn-°-W-°n\p thmƒ -X-bp-≈Xpw At\-I-mbncw

Bºn-b¿ ]hm-l-i-‡n-bp-≈Xpw 30,0000 C Xm]-\n-e-bp-≈-Xp-amb

sshZypXn ]hm-l-am-Wv an∂-¬. an∂-ep-≠m-Im≥ km≤y-X-bp≈

]tZiw, kabw F∂nh IrXy-ambn ]h-Nn-°pI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv.

F∂mepw an∂-ep-≠m-Im≥ km≤y-X-bp≈ Ime-b-fhv, Ah Bh¿Øn-

®p-≠m-Im-dp≈ ]tZ-i-߃ F∂nh ]T-\-ß-fpsS e-ambn a\- n-em-

°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, tIc-f-Øn-¬ HIvtSm-_¿ 15 apX¬

Pq¨ 1 hscbp≈ (Xpemw amkw apX¬ CSh amkw ]IpXn hsc)

Ime-b-f-hn-emWv km[m-c-W-bmbn CSn-an-∂¬ Gsd D≠m-Im-dp-≈-Xv. CSn-

an-∂¬ Hcp Znh-k-Øn¬ Ft∏mƒ thW-sa-¶nepw D≠m-Im-sa-¶nepw,

D®-°v tij-amWv Iq-Sp-X¬ A\p- -h-s∏-Sm-dp≈Xv.

2. CSn-an-∂¬ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-߃

taL-ß-fn¬ h®v G‰hpw henb taL-amb Ipap-tem-\nw-_kv

(Cb) F∂ ag taL-amWv CSn-an-∂¬ D≠m-°p-∂Xv. cq]oIrXamIp∂

hn[-a-\p-k-cn®p Ipap-tem-\nw-_kp taL-ßsf t^m≠¬, I¨sh-Iv‰ohv

F∂n-ßs\ c≠m-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw. ioX Dujvaf kz`m-h-ap≈ hmbp-

]m-fn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø\ e-am-bmWv t^m≠¬ Ipap-tem-\nw-

1

32

_kv taL-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ cm]-I¬ hyXym-k-an-

√msX Ch Ft∏m-gp-ap-≠m-Imw. kqcyXm]w G‰v qan-bp-sS ]X-e-Øn¬

\n∂pw hmbp NqSmbn Db-cp-Ibpw XWpØ hmbp Xmtg°v hcp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ CXv Hcp NwI-a-W-ambn Db-cmw. Cu NwI-aWw

Xoh-ambn, Iypap-tem-\n-ºkv taL-Øn\v _oP-ambnØocp-∂p. Cu

_oPw hf¿∂v Hcp ]q¿Æ Cb ag-ta-L-ambn hf-cp-∂p. CØcw taL-

ßsf I¨sh-IvSohv Cb ta-L߃ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. Cu taL߃

]qcn-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øp-∂Xpw a≤ym-”-Øn-\p-ti-j-am-b-Xn-\m-emWv CSn-

an-∂-em-Lm-X-߃ qcn- m-Khpw a≤ym-”-Øn-\p-tijw, ]tXy-In®v kmbw-

Im-e-ß-fn-ep-≠m-hm-dp-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ CSn-ta-L-߃

Gtdbpw I¨sh-Iv‰ohv taL-ß-fmWv. Ah-bp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv Xpem-h¿j-

°m-eØpw CS-h-∏m-Xn-°m-e-Øn-\p- ap≥]p-am-Wv. Hcp ]tZ-isØ A¥-

co-£-Øns‚ kz`m-hw, AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ taL-ß-fpsS Nm¿÷nwKv

]Inb-Iƒ, F∂nh Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-Ip∂ CSn-ta-L-ß-fpsS cq]oI-c-

WsØ _m[n-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ipaptem-\nw-_-kv ta-L-ß-fpsS

kz`mhw hnhn[ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hn`n-∂-ß-fmbncn°pw.

3. Cb taL-ß-fnse Nm¿÷o-I-cW ]Inb

Ipap-tem-\nw-_kv (Cb) taL-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ KXn-I-ssh-ZypX

]In-b-I-fpsS ^e-ambn Ah-bpsS apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw sshZypX

Nm¿÷p-Iƒ tIµo-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂p. km[m-c-W-bmbn apI-fn¬ [\-

Nm¿÷pw (+ve) Xmsg EW-Nm¿÷pw (-ve) cq]n-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂p. hmbp

Ipap-tem-\nw-_kv

taL-w (Cb)

Ne\ Zni

s]

m°w, I

n.ao.

`qan-bpsS ]Xew

Hcp-ssh-Zyp-X-tcm-[-I-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v Cu Nm¿÷p-Iƒ thK-Øn¬ \jvS-

s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Nm¿÷ns‚ Afhv h¿≤n®p Hcp \n›nX ]cn[n

Ign-bp-tºmƒ, Xev -e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ sshZypX afiew hmbp-hn\v

Xmßm-hp-∂-Xn-ep-a-[n-I-am-Ip-∂p. At∏mƒ hmbp-hns‚ tcm[-I-i‡n t`Zn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv an∂ep≠mIp∂Xv.

4. CSn-an-∂-ens‚ imkvXob hiw

A¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ I\Ø sshZypX BLmXwaqew

Ahn-sS-bp≈ hmbp-hns‚ Xm]-\ne sRmSn-bn-S-bn¬ (1/10 sk°‚ns‚ -

th-K-X-bn¬) 30,0000C Bbn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. X∑qew AhnsS s]s´∂v

AXn-bmb kΩ¿±w D≠mhp-Ibpw, AXns‚ hym]\w CSn-ap-g-°-ambn

\ap°v A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Hcp In.-ao. Zqcw k©-cn-°phm≥

CSn-apg° i_vZ Xcw-K-Øn\v GI-tZiw 3 sk°‚ v thWw. CX-\pk-

cn®v i_vZ-Øns‚ k©mc thK-X-I-W-°m°n CSn-an-∂-ens‚ D¤-h-

ÿm\w Xn -s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ignbpw. \mw ihn-°p∂ i_vZ-Øns‚

XohX (pitch) Iq-Sp-∂-Xn-\-\p-krXambn CSn-an-∂-ens‚ ] -h-tIµw

hfscbSp-Øm-Im≥ km≤y-X-tb-dp-∂p.

II CSn-an-∂¬ Zpc-¥-sam-gn-hm-°m-\p≈ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ

CSn-an-∂-ens‚ k©m-c-th-KX Hcp sk°‚ns‚ 1/10 ka-b-am-

b-Xn\m¬, an∂-ep-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXns‚ k©mc]-Y-Øn¬\n∂pw amdn

c£-s∏SpI km≤y-a-√. F∂m¬ an∂-en-s\-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb Ah-t_m-

[-aps≠-¶n¬ an∂-em-Lm-X--ta-ev°msX c£-t\-Smw. an∂-ep-≠m-Im≥

km≤y-X-bp≈ Ime-w, kabw Ch a\- n-em-°n-bm¬ AXns‚ BLm-

X-w Hcp ]cn[nhsc H-gn-hm-°mw.

ap≥I-cp-X¬ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpwHcp ÿeØv (Cb) ta-L-ßfpw CSn-an-∂epw km[m-c-W-bmbn

Hcp aWn-°q-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ kabw ] -h-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°n-√. AXn-\m¬

Hcp aWn-°q¿ t\c-tØ°v Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ FSp-°p∂Xv

Kpcp-X-c-amb A]-I-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sm≥ klm-bn-t®-°pw.

kao-]-Øp≈ ac-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ]m¿iz ZypXn

ac-Øn¬ ]Xn-°p∂

an∂¬

]m¿iz ZypXn

4 5

1. kpc-£nX ÿm\-߃

A. G‰hpw kpc-£nX ÿm\-߃

teml Ih-NnX ta¬°q-c°v Iogn¬ A`bw ]m]n-®m¬ an∂¬

]hmlw AXn-\p-≈n-te°v ]Xn-°p-I-bn-√. DZm-l-c-W-ambn RCCapIƒØ´p sI´n-S-߃ (hm¿°-s°- n-S-߃) kpc-£nX- -ÿ-e-am-Wv.

F∂m¬ CØcw sI´n-S-߃°p-≈n-em-sW-¶n¬°qSn Nph-cp-Iƒ, hmXn-

ep-Iƒ, P∂epIƒ, F∂nh-bpsS kao-]-Øp-\n∂pw amdn-\n-evt°-≠-XmWv.

F√m-hn[ sshZyptXm]IcWßfpw, πKp-Iƒ Ducn sshZypXn _‘w

hnt—-Zn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ‰n.-hn. B‚n-\bpw, tI_nƒ ‰n.-hn. IW£\pw hnt—-

Zn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. sSen-t^m¨ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°-Ww. F√m-ssh-Zyp-tXm-

]-I-c-W--ß-fn¬\n∂pw sshZypX hb-dp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kzn®p-I-fn¬\n∂pw

AI-∂p-amdn°gnbWw. teml-\n¿Ωn-X-amb ss]∏p-Iƒ, sÃb¿tI-kp-

Iƒ, GWn-Iƒ, XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂pw AI-∂p-am-d-Ww. CSn-an-∂-ep-

≠m-Ip-tºmƒ hoSn-\p-≈n-em-bm¬t]mepw, apdnbpsS \Sp-hn¬ IpØn-bn-

cn-°m≥ i≤n-°-Ww.

B. A¬∏-sa-¶nepw kpc-£n-X-sa-∂p IcpXmhp∂ÿm\-߃

Xmc-X-tay\ heptXm hfsc heptXm Bb sI´n-S-߃ Chbn¬

IpØs\-bp≈ teml\n¿ΩnX hkvXp-°ƒ, ag-sh≈w t]mIm-

\p≈ Ipg-ep-Iƒ, IpSn-sh-≈-ss∏-∏p-Iƒ, IpØ-s\-bp≈ teml-

]- -Iƒ, sshZypX D]-I-c-W-ßfpw hb-dp-Ifpw Ds≠-¶n¬ Ch-

bpsS kpc£nXXzw A¬∏w sa®-ap-≈-Xm-bncn°pw.

henb ]¿∆X Kpl-Iƒ \n¬°p-tºmgpw Xd-bn¬ IpØn-bncn°p-

tºmgpw apIƒØ-´n¬ \n∂pw hi-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kmam\yw

AI¬®bp-≈X henbh.-

2. CSn-an-∂¬ ka-bØv Hgn-hm-t°≠ ÿe-ßfpwkml-N-cy-ßfpw

`qX-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂ hkvXp-°-fn-emWv

CSnan-∂-em-LmXw IqSp-X-embn Gev°p-∂-Xv. Dbcw IqSp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v

BLm-X-ta¬°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km≤y-X-bp-ta-dp-∂p. teml-\n¿ΩnX hkvXp-

°-fn¬ BLmXkm≤ytbdpw. IqSp-X¬ D]-cn-Xew teml-\n¿Ωn-X-am-

sW-¶n¬ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn°pw an∂-em-LmX km≤y-X.

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ÿe-߃ A]-I-S-I-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Hgn-hm-t°-≠-

XmWv.

]¿∆X irwK-ß-fnepw Xpd- mb shfn-º-tZ-i-ß-fnepw H‰-s∏ v

\nev°p∂ ac-߃°v an∂em-Lm-X-ta-ev°m-\p≈ km≤y-X-tb-dp∂p.

AXn-\m¬ CØcw ac-߃°p-Io-gn¬ \nev°-cpXv. ac-ß-fpsS Dbcw

IqSp-∂-Xn-\m-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn A]-IS km≤y-X-tbdp-∂p. NnX-Øn¬

ImWp∂Xpt]mse ac-Øn-\p-k-ao-]-ÿ-\mbn \nev°p∂ Bƒ°v

an∂-em-Lm-X-ta¬°p-∂-Xn\v km≤y-X-tb-dpw. AXn-\m¬ CØcw

H‰-s∏´ ac-ß-fpsS kao-]-Øp-\n∂pw Zqsc-bm-bn-cn-°p-hm≥

i≤n°pI.

ac-Øn-\-SpØv \n¬°p-tºmƒ

s]s´∂v Np‰pw an∂ep-≠m-bm¬

6 7

h∑-c-ß-fp≈ h\-ß-fpsS Acn-Ip-Iƒ

Xpd- mb ÿe-ß-fnse sNdnb sI´n-S-߃, tKm]p-c߃,

hbvt°m¬ Iq-\-Iƒ, ssIh-≠n-Iƒ, Im-f-h-≠n-Iƒ, IpSn-epIƒ

XpSßn-b-h

sshZyp-Xn-I-ºn-Iƒ, teml-\n¿Ωn-X-h-kvXp-°ƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

kmao]yw

sImSn-a-c-߃, TV B‚n\, Db¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ F√m-hn[ teml-

\n¿ΩnXnIƒ

XSm-I-߃, \o¥¬°p-f-߃, tXmWn-I-fn-ep≈ k©m-cw

Xpd- mb ]tZ-i-߃, ssaXm-\-߃, Ifn-ÿ-e-߃

Iogv°mw Xq°mb ]¿∆X irwK-ß-fpsS ]m¿iz-߃

ae-ap-I-fn¬ Xmgvhm-c-tØ-°mƒ an∂-em-LmX km≤y-X-tb-dpw

IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øpw, ssk°nƒ, tamt´m¿ ssk°nƒ, Xqd∂ SmIvS¿

F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ k©m-cw

hml-\-ß-fpsS kao-]Øv, ]tXy-In®pw Ah-bn¬ Nmcn

\nev°p∂Xv

tdmUp-tdm-f¿, SmIvS¿, S°p-Iƒ, XpS-ßnb henb teml-\n¿ΩnX

hml-\-߃°p kao]w

F√m-hn[ teml-\n¿ΩnX kma-Kn-I-fn¬\n∂pw IpS, IØn, Iºn-

]m-c, a¨tIm-cn, a¨sh´n, Iq¥m-en, Du™m¬

Xpd- mb ÿeØpw an∂-en¬ \n∂pw kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ sI´nSß-

fnepw Iq´w-Iq-Sp-∂Xv

teml-\n¿Ωn-X-a-√mØ hnam\w

3. A]-Xo-£nX-ambn an∂-ep≈ ÿeØvAIs∏´m¬

NnX-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xd-bn¬ IpØn-bn-cn-°p-I.

Cßs\ sNøp-tºmƒ c≠p ]mZ-ßfpw Im¬ap- p-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw ap´nbn-

cn-°-Ww. ssIIƒ, Im¬ap- n\p Np‰pw-h-cn-™v, XmSn ap´n¬ tN¿∂ncn-

°-Ww.

Xpd- m-b-]-tZ-i-Øp≈ H‰-s∏´ ac-Øn\p kao-]-am-sW-¶n¬

NnX-Øn¬°m-Wp-∂-Xp-t]mse IpØn-bn-cn-°m≥ i≤n-°-Ww. Cß-s\-

bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ acØns‚ imJ-Iƒ°p-Io-gn¬ \n∂pw Aev]-a-Isebmbn-

´m-bn-cn-°Ww IpØn-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

Nne sNdnb hen-b-Im-cy-߃

hoSp-I-fpsS a´p-∏m-hn¬ hnf-°p-Im-ep-Iƒ D≠m-°p-tºmƒ

teml-ss]-∏p-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°p-I. AhnsS Ab-sI- p-tºmƒ Ccp-ºp-I-ºn-

Ifpw teml \n¿ΩnX Nc-Sp-Ifpw Hgn-hm-°p-I.

tIm¨ Fs¥∂v a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv sse‰v\nwKv I≠-IvS¿ ÿm]n-°m≥

klm-b-I-am-hpw. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ NnXw Hcp sse‰v\nwKv I≠-

IvS-dpsS kwc-£W tIm¨ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ klmbn°pw.

sse‰-v\nwKv I≠-IvS-dpsS Db-chpw kwc£nX he-b-Øns‚ Bchpw

(radius) XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw 1:1 F∂v Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv C‘\w,

shSn-t°m-∏pIƒ F∂nh t]mep-≈ A]IS km≤y-Xbp≈ km[-\-߃

kq£n-°p∂ ÿe߃ kwc-£n-°m≥ A`n-Im-ayw. A]-I-S-km-≤yX

Ipd-hp-≈n-SØv 1:1.75 F∂ A\p-]m-Xhpw BImw. henb sI´n-S-k-ap-®-

b-߃°v GI-Z-fip-Iƒ amXw aXn-bmb kwc-£Ww \¬In-√. CØcw

sI´n-S-߃°v H∂n-e-[nIw Zfip-I-f-S-ßn-bXpw th≠p-thmfw F¿Ønw-

Kp-Iƒ D≈-Xp-amb kwc-£W Nme-I-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. sNºv,

]nØf As√-¶n¬ Pn.sF (GI) teml-Ø-In-Sp-Iƒ sIm≠v ZWvUp-Iƒ

XΩn-epw F¿Øp-Iƒ XΩnepw _‘n-∏n-®n-cn°-Ww. CØcw ]c-kv]c

_‘nX kwhn-[m-\w kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏m-°p∂p.

4. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]tXy-IX

tIcfw kky-km-µ-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ an°hmdpw hoSp-I-fp-sS

(hm¿ØtXm A√m-ØtXm Bb sI´n-S-߃) kao-]-Øv hr£ßfp≠v.

8 9

III CSn-an-∂¬ kwc-£W k÷o-I-cWw

Aw_c Npw_n-I-fmb sI´n-S-kap-®-b-߃, shSn-a-cp-∂v, C‘\

FÆ XpS-ßnbhbpsS kw -c-W-im-e-Iƒ, ssk\nI kpc£m-tI-µ-߃

XpS-ßnb ÿe-߃°v CSn-an-∂-en¬ \n∂pw c£-t\-Sp-hm≥ kpc£m

k∂m-l-߃ k÷o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sse‰v\nwKv I≠-IvS-dp-Iƒ

ÿm]n®v CØcw tIµ-ßsf CSn-an-∂-emLm-X-Øn¬\n∂pw Hcp

]cn-[n-hsc kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.

1. sse‰v\nwKv I≠-IvS-dp-Iƒ AYhm an∂¬]Xntcm[ Nme-I-߃

_yqtdm Hm^v C¥y≥ Ãm‚m¿Uvkv AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈

\n_-‘-\-Iƒ°\p-kr-X-am-bn-cn-°Ww sse‰v\nwKv I≠-IvSdpIƒ

k÷o-I-cn-t°-≠Xv.

CX-\p-k-cn®p kwc-£Ww e`y-am-tI≠ sI´n-S-Øns‚

apIfn¬, Db¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ Iq¿Ø kvXq]-Øn¬ ]Xn®v sse‰v\nwKv

Du¿÷w sI´n-S-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn°p ]pd-tØ°v ]h--ln®v `qan-bn¬

FØn-t®cØ-°-hn-[-Øn¬ F¿ØnwKv kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠m-°p∂p. Cu

kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ sI´nSw kpc-£n-X-

am-bn-cn°pw. sse‰v-\nwKv I≠-IvS-dns\ sse‰-v\nwKv dmUv F∂pw

hnfn-°m-dp-≠v.

2. F¿ØnwKv

Km¿lnI sshZypXn hnX-c-W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-≠m-°p∂

F¿ØnwKv kwhn-[m\w sse‰v\nwKv I≠-IvS-dp-I-fpsS F¿Ønw-Kmbn D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-√. ImcWw an∂¬ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ sshZypXn

]hmlw km[m-cW Km¿lnI sshZypXn ]hml-tØ-°mƒ hf-sc-b-

[nIw Db¿∂ tXmXn-emWv F∂Xp Xs∂.

3. kwc-£-W tIm¨

kwc-£W tIm¨ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv, sse‰v\nwKv I≠-IvS¿

sIm≠v e`n-°m-hp∂ kwc-£-W-Øns‚ hym]vXn-bm-Wv. kwc-£W

F¿ØnwKv D≈ sse‰v-\nwKv dmUv

F¿Øv IW-£≥F¿Øv dmUv

sse‰v-\nwKv dmUn\p Iogn-ep≈ kwc-£W tIm¨

5. an∂¬ tcm[-I-߃

F√m-hn[ sshZyp-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃°pw, kpc-£n-X-amb sI´n-

S-߃°p-≈n-em-sW-¶n¬t]mepw, an∂¬ e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ i‡n-bmb

Du¿÷ ]hm-l-Øm¬ tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ D≠m-Im≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v. Hcp

]cn-[n-hsc CØcw D]-I-c-W-߃°p-≠m-hm-\n-S-bp≈ XI-cm-dp-Iƒ

an∂¬ tcm[-I-߃ ÿm]n®v Hgn-hm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. an∂¬ tcm[-I߃

LSn-∏n-®n- p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃ ]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø-

\sØ tcm[-I-߃ Hcp hn[-Ønepw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn-√. F∂m¬

an∂¬aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ sshZypXnbpsS i‡n (thmƒ´X) Hcp \n›nX

]cn-[n-°p-]-cn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ amXw tcm[Iw ]h¿-Ø\ \nc-X-am-Ip-Ibpw

Hcp tjm¿ v k¿Iyq- n-eqsS Cu Du¿÷ ]hm-lsØ `qan-bn-te°v

kwhln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 1/109 sk°‚ v (Hcp \mt\m sk°‚ v)

kabØn\p-≈n¬ an∂¬ tcm[Iw ]h¿Ø\ £a-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ D]-

I-c-W-߃ s]mSp-∂-s\-bp≈ an∂¬ ]hm-l-Øn¬\n∂v kwc-£n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂p.

IV an∂¬ A]-I-S-ßfpw ]Y-a-ip-iq-£bpw

an∂-te-‰p≈ acWßfn¬ izmk-X-S w aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ acWw

a‰v Xc-Øn-ep≈ ac-W-ß-tf-°mƒ hfsc A[n-I-am-Wv. CXv ]e-t∏mgpw

Xe-t®m-dnse izk-\-tI-µsØ an∂¬ _m[n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. AXn-

\m¬, IrXn-a-izm-tkm-Ozmkw ka-bØv \¬IpI hgn Gsd t]cpsS

Poh≥ c£n-°m≥ Ign-bpw. sshZy-k-lmbw FØn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-

Xn-s\m∏w an∂¬ G‰ Hcmƒ°v sImSp-°m≥ ]‰p∂ ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-bm-

Wn-Xv. a‰v Imc-W-ß-fmepw A]-ISw kw -hn-°mw. F¥m-bmepw sshZy-

k-lmbw Ign-bp-∂Xpw thKw e`y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

sse‰-\nwKv dmUv

dnwßv

I≠-IvS¿

dnwßv I≠-IvS¿ kwc-£Ww

10 11

]e-t∏mgpw kao-]-Øp≈ hr£-߃ sI´n-S-ßtf°mƒ Db-c-ap-≈-h-bm-

Wv. AXp-sIm≠v sI´n-S-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-®n- p≈ sse‰-\nwKv I≠-IvS¿ ASp-

Øp≈ ac-ßsf kwc-£n°n√. Cß-s\-bp≈ ac-ß-fn¬ CSn-an-∂-te-

‰m¬ sI´n-S-Øn-\p-≈n¬ sshZypXn hb-dp-Iƒ, teml-h-kvXp-°ƒ F∂n-

h-bp-≈XpsIm-≠v, Xd-bn¬IqSn CSn-an-∂-ens‚ Du¿÷w ho´n-\p-≈n¬

]th-in-°p-∂p.- sse-‰v\nwKv I≠-IvS¿ CXv XS-bp-∂n-√. NnX-Øn-ep-≈-

Xp-t]mep≈ Hcp dnwKv I≠IvS¿ hoSn-\p-Np‰pambn ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv

Cßs\bp≈ A]-ISw hfsc°pdbv-°m≥ klm-bn-°pw. dnwKv I≠-

IvS¿ sI´n-S-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw GI-tZiw 1 ao‰¿ Zqscbpw

1.5 ao‰¿ BgØnepw ÿm]n-t°≠Xpw a‰v F¿Øp-I-fpw, hm´¿ss∏-∏p-

ambpw _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-t°-≠-Xpam-Wv. sse‰v-\nwKv I≠-IvS-dn-\v \√t]mse

F¿ØnwKv \¬Im≥ km[n°mØ ÿeß-fn¬ (DZm: ]md-∏p-dsØ hoSv)

]ebnSß-fn¬ F¿Øv sNbvX dnwKv I≠-IvS¿ D]-tbmKn°mhp∂-Xm-

Wv.

tIµ-k¿°-mcns‚ Irjn ˛ kl-I-cW a¥m-ebw tIcf k¿°m-

cns‚ dh\yp hIp∏v hgn- \¬Inb [\-k-lm-b-tØmsS \S-Øp∂

CSnan∂¬ A]-ISw Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-®p≈

]≤-Xnbv°pth≠n 2002¬ CESS Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv.

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