Programacion Trabajo Final

7/21/2019 Programacion Trabajo Final

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CH]JMJ MHI B@CGFJ B[G]GB


2/76

Hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brtgbj hs hi prjbhsj `mcgfgstr`tgvj mh pi`fh`bgf, prjdr`c`bghohbubgf y bjftrji mh tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh bjcpjfhf uf prjyhbtj, hi bu`imhs`rrjii`mj hf uf tghcpj brtgbj y ` uf bjstjjptgcj

@dustf Cjft


3/76

@bhrb` mh ijs utjrhs..................................................................... ......................=

Qrhl`bgj................................................................................................................................................8

Qrijdj.................................................................................................................................................8

Q@[]H ]HJ[GB@[HM@BBGJF MH Q@QH[ H GFLJD[@LG@ MH Q@QH[

0.0. Dhstgf mh i` Bìgm`m hf i` Bjfstrubbgf.................................................................4

0.;. Jrd`fgz`bgf y Bjftrji mh Jkr`.................................................................................0;

0.2. Ruphrvgsgf j Gfsphbbgf mh Jkr`..................................................................................05

0.= Gfljdr`l` mhi Q`phr Ruphrvgsgf j Gfsphbbgf mh Jkr`..............................................................;2

Q@[]H Q[@B]GB@

B@QG]XIJ 0? CH]JMJ MHI B@CGFJ B[G]GBJ

0.0. @fthbhmhfths ..............................................................................................................................;8

0.;. Mhlgfgbgf y b`r`bthrstgb`s - @pigb`bgf ...................................................................................; p`r` i` hi`kjr bgf mhi bjfthfgmj sh e`f tjc`mj

bjcj rhlhrhfbg` ijs thc s tr t`mj hf i` `sgdf tur` mh

Qi`fh bgf, Qrjdr`c`bgf W Bjftrji Mh Qrjyhbtjs, bjf hi

jkohtgvj mh dhfhr r hi mhs rrjiij mh uf` tbfgb p`r i`

prjdr`c`bgf mh prjyhbtj k`s`mj hf hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj

brgtgbj (BQC-QH[]), `pigb`mj ì prjyhbtj mh bjfstrubbgf mh

uf` vgvghfm` mh C`mhr` pjr hi ctjmj tr`mgbgjfì.

Gfgbg`bgf ì ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brgtgbj mh @dustf Cjft`j luh

hi igkrj k sh mh hsth prjyhbtj, `sg cgscj ijs `pjrths

prjpjrbgjf`mjs pjr hi @rq. Mhrky Djfzìhs, qughf gcp`rth

mgbe` `sgdf`tur`, hi buì e` lufdgmj mh du` hf tjmj hi prjbhsjmh hi`kjr`bgf y brh`bgf mh hsth tr`kòj mh du`.

Hi jkohtgvj quh sh phrsgduh hs prjpjrbgjf`r ì ihbtjr uf` du` mh

gfljrc`bgf y `pigb`bgf prbtgb mh uf ctjmj p`r i`

pi`fh`bgf, prjdr`c`bgf, mgrhbbgf y bjftrji mh prjyhbtjs

k`s`mj hf hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brgtgbj, p`r` `s chojr`r hi

bucpigcghftj hf hi tghcpj y ijs bjstjs ptgcjs hf i` hohbubgf

y prjdr`c`bgf mh ijs cgscjs.

Hs gcpjrt`fth mhst b`r, quh hi jkohtgvj quh sh phrsgduh hs

krgfm`r uf` bi`r` bjcprhfsgf mhi ctjmj y lufdgr bjcj du`s

hf i` `pigb`bgf mhi cgscj, gfbhftgv`fmj ì `prhfmgzòh, i`

ksquhm` mhi bjfjbgcghftj y i ` `pigb`bgf mh mgvhrsjs ctjmjs

p`r` chojr`r i` hohbubgf mh uf prjyhbtj, chojr`fmj `sg hi fgvhibjfstrubtgvj mh fuhstr`s sjbghm`mhs.


6/76

kusb`fmj `s, hi chfjr

bjstj hf hi chfjr tghcpj pjsgkih.

0.;.Mhlgfgbgf y b`r`bthrstgb`s (BQC)Ctjmj mh pi`fglgb`bgf mh prjyhbtjs, k`s`mj hf hi Mg`dr`c` mh Lihbe`s y hfljb`mj ` i`

jptgcgz`bgf sgcuit`fh` mh ijs tghcpjs y mh i` mgstrgkubgf mh rhbursjs hftrh i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh

bjfstgtuyhf hi prjyhbtj.

Hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brtgbj (BQC) hs uf` ehrr`cghft` `mcgfgstr`tgv` mh pi`fh`bgf,

prjdr`c`bgf, hohbubgf y bjftrji mh tjm`s y b`m` uf` mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs bjcpjfhfths mh uf

prjyhbtj quh mhkh mhs`rrjii`rsh mhftrj mh uf tghcpj brtgbj y ì bjstj ptgcj.

Hi ctjmj mhi B`cgfj brtgbj hs prjbhsj `mcgfgstr`tgvj mh pi`fh bgf, prjdr`c`bgf,hohbubgf y bjftrji mh tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh bjcpjfhf uf prjyhbtj, hi buì hsmhs`rrjii`mj hf uf tghcpj brtgbj y ` uf bjstjjptgcj.(@dustgf Cjft`j).

BQC

QH[]

Jptgcgz`bgf

]jmj hstj fjs phrcgth pjmhr?0. Qrhvhfgr prjkihc`s>

;. Mhthrcgf`r i`s t`rh`s quh fhbhsgt`f c`yjr bjftrji pumghfmj `s sgsthc`tgz`r i`s t`rh`s mh

bjftrji>2. Fgvhi`r i` utgigz`bgf mh rhbursjs fj `bucui`kihs>

=. Jptgcgz`r i` utgigz`bgf mh rhbursjs lgf`fbghrjs>

8. C`xgcgz`r i`s d`f`fbg`s mhi prjyhbtj v`rg`fmj i` mur`bgf mh i`s t`rh`s y mhi prjyhbtj, j ij

quh hs gduì, cgfgcgz`fmj rhbursjs y bjstj tjtì.

B`r`bthrstgb`s prgfbgpìhsIjs tghcpjs sjf mhthrcgf`tgvjs, hstjs puhmhf v`rg`r hf i` ljrc` mh utgigz`r ijs rhbursjs

utgigz`mjs.

I`s `btgvgm`mhs sjf bjftgfu`s h gfthrmhphfmghfths, sgduhf uf jrmhf brjfjidgbj y jlrhbhf

gfljrc`bgf mh buì hs hi cjchftj gmhì mh

gfgbgj mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs. Bjfsgmhr` mglhrhfths tghcpj, fjrcìhs y `bhihr`mjs.

@pigb`bgfHsth ctjmj puhmh `pigb`rsh ` uf` dr`f mgvhrsgm`m mh prjyhbtjs,

dr`fmhs j phquhjs. Q`r` jkthfhr ijs chojrhs rhsuit`mjs mhkh `pigb`rsh ` ijs prjyhbtjs quh

pjsh`f i`s sgdughfths b`r`bthrstgb`s?

Puh hi prjyhbtj sh` fgbj, fj rhphtgtgvj, hf ìduf`s p`rths j hf

su tjtìgm`m. Puh sh mhk` hohbut`r tjmj hi prjyhbtj j p`rth mh hi, hf uf tghcpj cfgcj, sgf

v`rg`bgjfhs, hs mhbgr, hf tghcpj brtgbj.

Puh sh mhshh hi bjstj mh jphr`bgf cs kòj pjsgkih mhftrj mh uf tghcpj mgspjfgkih.


27/76

Mhlgfgbgf y b`r`bthrstgb`s (QH[])

Ctjmj mh pi`fglgb`bgf mh prjyhbtjs, k`s`mj hf hi Mg`dr`c` mh Lihbe`s y hfljb`mj ` i`

hvìu`bgf mh ijs tghcpjs y mh i` prjk`kgigm`m mh bjcpiht`r hi prjyhbtj, mhftrj mh ijs

p`rchtrjs mh tghcpj mhlgfgmjs.

Hi QH[] (Qrjdr`c Hvìu`tgjf `fm [hvghw ]hbefgquh ) hs uf` tbfgb` mgsh m` p`r` i`

mgrhbbgf, p`r` hi Qi`fh`cghftj y Bjftrji> hst jrghft`mj e`bg` i` hvìu`bgf mhi prjdrhsj mhi

prjyhbtj y sus jkohtgvjs, bjfbhftr` i` `thfbgf sjkrh ijs prjkihc`s pjthfbgìhs j rhìhs mhi

prjyhbtj, prjpjrbgjf` ` ijs rhspjfs`kihs gfljrchs lrhbuhfths y p rhbgsjs mhi hst`mj mhi cgscj,

prhmgbh i` vhrjsgcgigtum mh ì b`fz`r ijs jkohtgvjs y mhthrcgf` hi chfjr hsp`bgj mh tghcpj hf hi

quh puhmh

rhìgz`rsh hi prjyhbtj.

Hst` tbfgb` prjpjrbgjf` ` i` dhrhfbg` gfljrc`bgf sjkrh ijs prjkihc`s rhìhs y pjthfbg ihs

quh pjmr`f prhshft`rsh hf i` thrcgf`bgf mh uf prjyhbtj, hi hst`mj mhi prjyhbtj hf rhi`bgjf

bjf ijs jkohtgvjs hsphr`mjs, lhbe` hsphr`m` y prjk`kgigm`m mh ijd`r.

i` hohbubgf ` tghcpj y sjkrh tjmj mjfmh sh hfbuhftr`f i`s `btgvgm`mhs cs brtgb s j

tr`sbhfmhftìhs.

Hi QH[] hs hsphbgìchfth tgi hf `quhiijs prjdr`c`s hf ijs quh mhkhf bjfsgmhr`rsh cube`s

jphr`bgjfhs, gfthrmhphfmghfths h gfthrrhi`bgjfhs> b`cp``s mh pukigbgm`m, brh`bgf mh fuhvjs

prjmubtjs, hstumgjs y pi `fhs mh chrb`mj, hvìu`bgf mh prjyhbtjs `pigb`mjs ì \ìjr @btuìFhtj, htb..

Hst` tbfgb` prjk`kgistgb` bjfsgmhr` trhs tghcpjs> jptgcgst`, prjk`kih y phsgcgst`, Ij quh

bjfiihv` ` shr utgigz`m` sg hxgsth i` fhbhsgm`m mh?

Qrhvhr ehbejs luturjs p`r` i` tjc` mh mhbgsgjfhs prhvhftgv`s

Chojr`r i` hlgb`bg` mhi tr`kòj chmg`fth ctjmjs mh bjftrji

Fhbhsgm`m mh rhmubgr hi tghcpj y ijs bjstjs mhi prjyhbtj

Mgspjfhr mh ctjmjs quh susthfthf mhbgsgjfhs prhbgs`s.

0.2. Mglhrhfbg`s

0.=. Rgcgigtumhs BQC y QH[]S Gmhftglgb`r tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh gfvjiubr` hi prjyhbtj, ij quh sgdfglgb`, mhthrcgf`r rhi`bgjf

prhbhmhfbg`, tghcpjs tbfgbjs p`r` b`m` uf` mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs.

Bjfstrugr uf` rhm bjf k`sh hf fjmjs y `btgvgm`mhs (j `rbjs, shdf hi ctjmj cs us`mj),

quh gcpigb`f hi prjyhbtj.

@fìgz`r ijs bibuijs hsphblgbjs, gmhftglgb`fmj i` rut` brtgb` y i`s ejidur`s mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs

bjcpjfhf hi prjyhbtj.

BQC QH[]

Rupjfh uf` bjfphfs`bgjf hftrh hi bjstj y hi

tghcpj.

Rh k`s` hf tghcpjs.

Mhthrcgfgstgbj . Qrjk`kgigstgbj.

@i p`s`r hi tghcpj ijs hstgc`mjs sh utgigz`f

p`r` cjfgtjrh`r y bjftrji`r hi prjdrhsj mhi

prjyhbtj.

Hi tghcpj hs sjij uf` v`rg`kih mhsbjfjbgm`

bjf m`tjs hstgc`mjs.

Rg jburrh uf rhtr`sj, sh `btu` p`r` sjiubgjf`rij

`sgdf`fmj rhbursjs fhbhs`rgjs .

Hi tghcpj tjtì hs i` suc` mh tjmjs ijs tghcpjs

mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs brgtgb`s.

Bjfsgmhr` quh i`s `btgvgm`mhs sjf bjftgfu`s h

gfthrmhphfmghfths.

I` v`rg`fz` hs i` suc` mh tjm`s i`s v`rg`fz`s

hf hi tghcpj.

Bjfsgmhr` tghcpjs `bhihr`mjs y fjrc ihs. Bjfsgmhr` tghcpjs mgstgftjs? jptgcgst

prjk`kih y phsgcgst`.

]`ki` 0? Mglhrhfbg`s BQC & QH[]


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0.8. Chtjmjijd`

Hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brtgbj bjfst` mh mjs bgbijs?

0. Qi`fh`bgf y prjdr`c`bgf

Mhlgfgbgf mhi prjyhbtj.

Igst` mh `btgvgm`mhs.

C`trgz mh shbuhfbg`s .

C`trgz mh tghcpjs .

[hm mh `btgvgm`mhs.

Bjstjs y phfmghfths.

Bjcprhsgf mh i` rhm.Igcgt`bgjfhs mh tghcpj, mh rhbursjs y hbjfcgb`s.

C`trgz mh hi`stgbgm`m.

Qrjk`kgigm`m mh rhtr`sj.

Hf hsth bgbij tjm`s i`s phrsjf s mgrhbtjr`s j rhspjfs kihs mh ijs mgvhrsjs prjbhsjs quh

gfthrvghfhf hf hi prjyhbtj hstf pihf`chfth mh `buhrmj bjf hi mhs`rrjiij,

tghcpj, bjstjs, hihchftjs utgigz`mjs, bjjrmgf`bgf, htb. ]jc`fmj bjcj k`sh i` rhm mhi b`cgfj

brgtgbj mgsh`m` ì hlhbtj.

;. Hohbubgf y (bjftrji)

@prjk`bgf mhi prjyhbtj

Jrmhfhs mh tr`kòj

Drlgb`s mh bjftrji

[hpjrths y `figsgs mh ijs `v`fbhs]jc` mh mhbgsgjfhs y òusths

Hsth bgbij buicgf bjf i` hohbubgjf mh i` uitgc` `btgvgm m, mur`fth su

rhìgz`bgf sh hohbut`f bubejs b`ckgjs hftrh ij prjdr`c`mj y ij hohbut`mj.

Iuhdj quh thfd`cjs kghf `bi`r`mj hstjs puftjs prjbhmhcjs ` mhsbrgkgr hi

prjyhbtj ì buì ih v`cjs ` `pigb`r hi BQC-QH[].

Hst` mhsbrgpbgf ih `yum`r` ì bighfth ` hfthfmhr ij quh sh v` ` hohbut`r hf

b`m` uf` mh i`s

`btgvgm`mhs y ` bjcprhfmhr ijs p`sjs mhi prjbhsj quh èjr` gfgbg`.

Hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brgtgbj ì shr utgigz mj mh c`fhr` bjrrhbt ,

prjpjrbgjf`r` fj sjij uf p`fjr`c` dhfhrì mhi prjyhbtj y hs uf` ehrr`cghft`

quh fjs phrcgth thfhr uf bjfst fth cjfgtjrhj y pjr hfmh uf chojr y c`yjr

bjftrji mh tjmjs ijs `sphbtjs rhi`bgjf`mjs ì tghcpj y i` utgigz`bgf mh ijs

rhbursjs hf hi prjyhbtj.

Hsth p`fjr`c` dhfhrì fjs prjpjrbgjf` i` rut` brtgb` hs mh `yum` gmfh` hf i`tjc` mh mhbgsgjfhs, y dhfhr` uf c`yjr bjftrji mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs prgjrgt`rg`s,

`s bjcj mhi liuoj mh

mgfhrj y rhbursjs quh sh fhbhsgt` hf uf cjchftj fhbhs`rgj.

Gc dhf;

Gc dhf2


29/76

QI@FH@BGJF W

Q[JD[@C@BGJF

;.0 Qi`fh`bgf Mh Qrjyhbtjs

;.;. Qrjdr`c`bgf Mh Qrjyhbtjs

;.2 Mhlgfgbgf Mhi Qrjyhbtj

;.= Igst` Mh @btgvgm`mhs

;.8 C`trgz Mh Rhbuhfbg` W C`trgz Egkrgm`

;.< C`trgz Mh ]ghcpjs

;.4. C`trgz Mh Gfljrc`bgf

BGBIJ ? QI@FH@BGJF W Q[JD[@C@B


30/76

Îjs prjyhbtjs b`m` m` sjf cs bjcpihojs, hflrhft`f c`yjrhs rhtjs, sgf hck`rdj phrsgduhf

uf cgscj lgf> bucpigr bjf i`s fhbhsgm`mhs, jkohtgvjs y ìb`fbhs tr`z`mjs. I` pi`fh`bgf y

prjdr`c`bgf bucpihf uf p`phi lufm`chftì p`r` hi ijdrj mh hs`s cht`s y `s hohbut`r y

lgfìgz`r uf prjyhbtj bucpighfmj i`s hxphbt`tgv`s tr`z`m`s mhsmh hi gfgbgjS.

;.0 Qi`fh`bgf Mh Qrjyhbtjs

I` pi`fh`bgf bjfsgsth hf hi prjbhsj ` tr`vs mh buì sh `fìgz i` sgtu`bgf `btuì (mfmh

hst`cjs), sh hst`kihbhf jkohtgvjs (mfmh quhrhcjs iihd`r), y sh mhlgfhf i`s hstr`thdg`s y

bursjs mh `bbgf (bcj v`cjs ` iihd`r) fhbhs`rgjs p`r` ìb`fz`r mgbejs jkohtgvjs.

Hf tjmj prjyhbtj hs gcpjrt`fth `djt`r mh c`fhr` hlhbtgv` hst` ht`p`, i` pi`fh`bgf hs

lufm`chftì p`r` hi xgtj mh sth, y` quh sgrvh bjcj k`sh p`r` i`s mhcs lufbgjfhs

`mcgfgstr`tgv`s (jrd`fgz`bgf, bjjrmgf`bgf y bjftrji), y phrcgth rhmubgr i` gfbhrtgmuckrh y

cgfgcgz`r ijs rghsdjs.

Hf hst` ht`p` sh mhlgfh hi prjyhbtj, sh hst`kihbhf i`s cht`s ` shdugr, sh `sgdf`f ijs rhbursjs y

sh mhsgdf`f i`s phrsjf`s rhspjfs`kihs. [hqughrh mhsdijs`r hi prjyhbtj hf `btgvgm`mhs,

hstgc`r rhbursjs, tghcpj h gfthrrhi`bgjfhs hftrh `btgvgm`mhs.

Ijs phsjs fhbhs`rgjs p`r` rhìgz`r uf` pi`fh`bgf j pi`fglgb`bgf, sjf ijs sgdughfths?

0. @figsgs mh i` sgtu`bgf btuì

;. Hst`kihbhr jkohtgvjs

2. Ljrcui`r hstr thdg`s=. Mgsh r prjdr`c`s j pi`fhs mh `bbgf.

;.;. Qrjdr`c`bgf mh prjyhbtjsQrjdr`c`r hs hst kihbhr uf bìhfm rgj mh hohbubgf mhi prjyhbtj. Qjr t`ftj, uf` kuhf`

prjdr`c`bgf mhkh thfhr hf buhft` tghcpjs, rhbursjs y bjsths. I` l`sh mh prjdr`c`bgf hs bjfstrugr

uf mg`dr`c` mh tghcpj quh cuhstrh ijs tghcpjs mh gfgbg`bgf y thrcgf`bgf p`r` b`m` `btgvgm`m, `s

bjcj su rhi`bgf bjf jtr`s `btgvgm`mhs mhi prjyhbtj.

@mhcs, hi prjdr`c` mhkh shì`r i`s `btgvgm`mhs brtgb`s (hf lufbgf mhi tghcpj) quh rhqughrhf

`thfbgf hsphbgì sg hi prjyhbtj sh mhkh thrcgf`r jpjrtuf`chfth. Q`r` i`s `btgvgm`mhs fj brtgb`s hi

prjdr`c` mhkh cjstr`r ijs tghcpjs mh ejidur` quh puhmhf utgigz`rsh bu`fmj tìhs `btgvgm`mhs sh

mhcjr`f j bu`fmj sh mhkhf us`r hlgbghfthchfth rhbursjs igcgt`mjs.

QI@FH@BGF W Q[JD[@C@BGF

Gc dhf=

Gc dhf8


31/76

Qrjpsgtjs mh i` prjdr`c`bgf

Cuhstr` i` rhi`bgf hftrh i`s `btgvgm`mhs y hi prjyhbtj hf dhfhrì.

Gmhftglgb`r i` rhi`bgf mh prjbhmhfbg` y `fthbhmhfbg` hftrh i`s `btgvgm`mhs

Dhfhr` bjstjs y tghcpjs rhìhs p`r` b`m` `btgvgm`m

Gmhftglgb`r hi buhiij mh kjthii` p`r` e`bhr chojr usj mh ijs [hbursjs.

;.2. Mhlgfgbgf mhi prjyhbtj

Hf hst` ht`p` sh `such quh hi prjyhbtj hst `prjk`mj y quh e` `djt`mj tjmjs ijs prjbhsjs

prhvgjs> hstumgjs mh l`btgkgigm`m, vg`kgigm`m, bjfmgbgjfhs lgf`fbghr`s, y sh bjfbiuyj quh hr`bjfvhfghfth hohbut`rij.

Q`r` hi Gfstgtutj I`tgfj`chrgb`fj Mh Qi`fglgb`bgf W Hbjfcgb` W Rjbgì, Xf prjyhbtj hs uf`

ufgm`m mh `btgvgm`m, quh rhqughrh quh su rhìgz`bgf mhi usj j bjfsucj gfchmg`tj j ` bjrtj

pi`zj mh ìdufjs rhbursjs, hf i` hsphr`fz` mh jkthfhr, hf uf phrgjmj mh tghcpj c`yjr khfhlgbgjs

lgf`fbghrjs, hbjfcgbjs j sjbgìhs.

I` mhlgfgbgf mhi prjyhbtj mhkh shr uf` mhbgsgf hf bjfbhsj hftrh hi bjfstrubtjr y hi bighfth,

hsth mhkh shr? Bi`rj, @ib`fz`kih, Hsphbglgbj y Chmg`kih j chfsur`kih.

Xf prjyhbtj hs i` jrd`fgz`bgf hf hi tghcpj y hf hi hsp`bgj, mh ijs rhbursjs mgspjfgkihs p`r`

ìb`fz`r, chmg`fth i` `bbgf jrd`fgz`m` mh ijs gfmgvgmujs y i` bjcufgm`m, cht`s pjthfbgìhs y

mhsh`kihs mh kghfhst`r

Hst` ht`p` ùfquh fj ljrc` p`rth mhi ctjmj, hs uf prjbhsj prhvgj quh sh rhìgz`,

hf hi buì sh mhlgfhf tjmjs ijs hihchftjs ` fhbhsgt`r p`r` su hlhbtgv` hohbubgf.

Qrjyhbtj

Fuhstrj prjyhbtj bjfsgsth hf uf` vgvghfm` hbjfcgb`. I` vgvghfm` hbjfcgb` hs

hi bhftrj mh uf` vgsgf mh uf` bjcufgm`m rhvgtìgz`m` p`r` hi mgslruth mh dhfth mh

tjmjs ijs fgvhihs mh gfdrhsj.

Xfj mh fuhstrjs bjcprjcgsjs bjcj luturjs hsphbg igst s hf hi rh mh i`

bjfstrubbgf, mhkh shr hi mh brh`r fuhv s vgvghfm`s hbjfcgb`s y prhshrv r

`quhii` quh y` hxgsthf, hst` vgsgf mhkh hst`r lufm`chft`m` hf i` brhhfbg` mh quh

i` vgvghfm` mhbhfth y shdur` hs uf mhrhbej euc`fj ksgbj.

I` vgvghfm` hbjfcgb` t`ckgf `yum` ` c`fthfhr i` hst`kgigm m mh fuhstr`

bjcufgm`m. B`s`s `tr`btgv`s quh sh chzbihf bjf i` bjcufgm`m ì tghcpj quh

prjvhhf vgvghfm` shdur` p`r` l`cgig`s y phrsjf`s mh gfdrhsjs kòjs y cjmhr`mjs,

ij quh sh kusb` hs chojr`mj i` bìgm`m mh vgm` mh i`s phrsjf`s quh e`kgthf hf hsth

tgpj b`s`s. I` vgvghfm` quh hs hbjfcgb` phrcgth ` sus rhsgmhfths hi shr cghckrjs

`btgvjs mh su bjcufgm m mhkgmj ` quh stjs fj hstf `djkg mjs pjr rhft`s

hxbhsgv`s h gcprhmhbgkihs.

` bjftgfu`bgf?

Qrhsupuhstj

Qi`fjs


32/76

Q[HRXQXHR]J


33/76

Rhdf Cjft`j shbjfsgmhr` uf` `btgvgm`m ` i` shrgh mh jphr`bgjfhs rhìgz`m`s pjr uf`

phrsjf` j uf drupj mh phrsjf`s hf ljrc` bjftgfu` gfgfthrrucpgm`, bjf tghcpjs

mhthrcgf`kihs mh gfgbg`bgf y thrcgf`bgf. Hst`s `btgvgm`mhs puhmhf shr lsgb`s j chftìhs.

Hf hst` ht`p` sjij hs fhbhs`rgj fjckr r tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs p`r` su gmhftglgb`bgf,pumghfmj `s hfuchr`ri`s hf bi`vhs.

;.= Igst` mh @btgvgm`mhs

I` igst` mh `btgvgm`mhs sgrvh p`r`

quh i`s phrsjf`s rhspjfs`kihs mh

b`m` prjbhsj

puhm`f hi`kjr`r sus prhsupuhstjs

mh hohbubgf y mhthrcgf r i`

b f tg m m mh rhbursjs quh

fhbhsgt`r`f p`r` hohbut r mgbej

prjbhsj, dhfhr`fmj `s uf c`yjr

bjftrji mh b`m` `btgvgm m. Hstjs

prhsupuhstjs sh `fhx`f ` i`

prjdr`c`bgf

dhfhrì mhi tr`kòj.

Hs uf` t`ki mjfmh sh bjijb ftjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh sh v`f `

hohbut`r hf hi prjyhbtj.

Hs uf` ehrr`cghft` p`r` vgsuìgz`r

mh c fhr` b i r y mh lbgi

hfthfmgcghftj i` rhi`bgf hxgsthfth

hftrh b`m` uf` mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs

hfuchr m s hf i` igs t mh

`btgvgm`mhs.

Iuhdj mh rh igz r hst` igst ,

prjbhmhcjs hst`kihbhr i` rhi`bgf

mh b`m` `btgvgm`m, mh hst` ljrc`

pjmhcjs vhr buìhs `btgvgm`mhs sh

rh igz f mh ljrc` sgcuitfh` ybuìhs fhbhsgt`f shr bjcpiht`m`s

p`r` hohbut`r i` sgdughfth.

Hf i` C`trgz mh shbuhfbg`sh `prhbg`f buihs `btgvgm`mhs mhkhf e`bhrsh ì thrcgf`r b`m` uf` mh i`squh `p`rhbhf hf fuhstr` igst`.

H gm m


34/76

Hf rhsucgm` buhft`, sh puhmh

hihdgr buìqughr` mh i`s mjs, bjf i` sìvhm`m mh quh i` c`trgz ` utgigz r p`r` mgkuo`r i` rhm hs i` mh

shbuhfbg`, pjr ij quh i` mh `fthbhmhfbg` mhkhr` tr`fspjfhrsh tjc`fmj i` bjiucf` mh `fthbhmhfths

hf jrmhf fucrgbj, bjcj `btgvgm`mhsy i` mh `btgvgm`mhs p`s`ri` ` i` mhrhbe` bjcj shbuhfbg`s.

Hst` c`trgz fj hs mhlgfgtgv` y` quh dhfhrìchfth jburrhf b`ckgjs pjr i` hxgsthfbg` mh c`thrgìhs j

mgspjfgkgigm`m mh hiijs, `s bjcj c`fj mh jkr`, hftrh jtr`s igcgt`bgjfhs mh hohbubgf.

;.8 C`trgz mh Rhbuhfbg` y C`trgz Egkrgm`

I C g E


35/76

I` C`trgz E

Hs uf` bjc

c`trgz mh `

shbuhfbg`,

quh puhmh

uf` lusgf m

I` ufgm m mh tghcpj (cgfutjs, ejr s, m s, htb.) mhphfmhr mh

t i mg g t i g gm m t m;.< C`trgz mh ]ghcpjs Hi tghcpj ptgcj (j)> hs i` pjsgkgigm`m


36/76

prjyhbtj bjf i` bjfmgbgf quh sh t hfd` i` cgsc` ufgm`m p`r` tjmj h

prjyhbtj. Hf fuhstrj b`sj hsbjdgcjs hi m` bjcj ufgm`m mh tghcpj.

Iuhdj mh `sgdf`mjs ijs trhs p`rchtrjs, sh prjbhmh ` bìbui`r hi tghcpj

hstfm`r, prjchmg`fmj hstjs tghcpjs chmg`fth i` lrcui` QH[]?

Hsth tghcpj hstfm`r quh rhsuit` mh hst` ljrcui` i` `drhd`cjs hf i`

c`trgz mh tghcpj> ì lgfì thfmrhcjs 2 hstgc`bgjfhs mhi tghcpj y uf

tghcpj rhsuit`mj 3 hstfm`r.

I` c`trgz mh tghcpjs hs uf` t`ki` mjfmh sh cuhstr` i` igst`

mh `btgvgm`mhs, `sgdffmjih ` b`m` `btgvgm`m trhs p`rchtrjs

mh tghcpj>

I` c`trgz mhtghcpjs hs uft`ki mjfmh sh

cuhstr i` igst

mh `btgvgm mhs,

`sgdffmjih `

b m` `btgvgm m

trhs p`rchtrjs

mh tghcpj>

Jptgcj, Fjrc iy Qsgcj> p`r

kusb`r hi ]ghcpj

Hst`fm`r.

;.4. gfljrI`

gfljr

rhsui

lusg

mh sh

c`tr

Hf h

vhr `btgv

rhsph

shbuh

tghcp

Hst`

mh

bjfst

chmg

lsgb` mh rhìgz`r i` `btgvgm`m hf hi

chfjr tghcpj.

Hi tghcpj chmgj (C)> hs hi tghcpj fjrcì quh sh fhbhsgt`p`r` hohbut`r i`s `btgvgm`mhs, k`sfmjsh hf i` hxphrghfbg`

mhi prjyhbtgst`.

Hi tghcpj psgcj (p)> hs uf tghcpj dr`fmh quh puhmhprhshft`rsh jb`sgjfìchfth bjcj bjfshbuhfbg` mh

`bbgmhfths, lìt` mh sucgfgstrjs, bùs`s fj prhvgst`s, htb.

Fj mhkh bjft`rsh hi tghcpj jbgjsj, sgfj fgb`chfth hi

tghcpj hf quh sh pjfd` rhchmgj ì prjkihc` j `btgvgm`m

prhshft`m`.


37/76

[HM MH @B]G\GMHR

2.0. Mhlgfgbgf

2.;. @sphbtjs mh tr`z`mj mh i` rhm

2.2. Qrjbhmgcghftj p`r` tr`z`r i` rhm chmgm`

Hf hst` ht`p` vhrhcjs i` bjfstrubbgf mh uf`

rhm btgvgm`mhs. I` rhm mh btgvgm`mhs fj hs cs

quh i` rhprhshft`bgf drlgb` mh i` c`trgz mh

gfljrc`bgf, hf i` buì sh cuhstr` i` shbuhfbg`

y hi tghcpj mh tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs mhftrj mh i`

hsbì` mh tghcpj hsbjdgm`. Hst` rhm fjs `yum` `vgsu igz r hi prjyhbtj mh c`fhr dijkì h

gmhftglgb`r i`s btgvgm`mhs vgtìhs mhi cgscj.


38/76

2.0. [hm Mh @btgvgm`mhs

Hs i` rhprhshft`bgf drlgb` mh `btgvgm`mhs hf i` buì sh

cuhstr f su shbuhfbg`, hvhftjs, rhi`bgf y hi b`cgfj

brgtgbj mhi prjyhbtj.

Hi b`cgfj brtgbj mhi prjyhbtj hs i` shrgh mh `btgvgm`mhs

quh fj pjshhf lihxgkgigm`m hf su tghcpj mh hohbubgf,

hst`s mhthrcgf`f hi rhtr`sj j `v`fbh mhi prjyhbtj hf b`m`

`btgvgm`m rhprhshft` uf hvhftj y thrcgf` hf jtrj, hst`s sh

rhprhshft`f pjr uf` lihbe` quh hcpghz` hf uf hvhftj y

thrcgf` hf jtrj.

Rh ii`c` hvhftj ì cjchftj mh gfgbg`bgf j thrcgf`bgf

mh uf` `btgvgm`m, ` hstjs sh ih ii`c` t`ckgf fjmjs.

Rg sh prhshft` hi b`sj hf quh uf` `btgvgm`m tghfh uf`

gfthrrhi`bgf j bjftgfu`bgf bjf jtr`, sh rhprhshft`r` bjf

uf` ifh` pufth`m` ii`c`m` igd`hst` thfmr uf mur`bgf

mh bhrj. Hst` rhprhshft` hf jb`sgjfhs uf tghcpj mh hsphr`.

@ K@btgvgm`m

Rhftgmj Dhfhrì

Rhbuhfbg`

Hvhftj j Fjmj

Gfgbgj @

2.; @sphbtjs mh tr`z`mj mh i` [hm

@i bjfstrugr i` rhm mhkhcjs hvgt`r?

0. Xf` `btgvgm`m mhkh p`rtgr mhi hvhftj j fumj mjfmh sh

ufhf tjm`s i`s t`rh`s j `btgvgm`mhs quh i` prhbhmhf.

;. Mjs j cs `btgvgm`mhs fj puhmhf bjchfz`r y thrcgf`r

hf uf cgscj hvhftj j fumj bjcf, bu`fmj hstj subhmh sh

bjijb` igd`.

2. Mh uf hvhftj j fumj puhmhf sìgr j iihd`r v`rg`s t`rh`s

j `btgvgm`mhs.

=. Hf i` bjfstrubbgf mh uf mg`dr`c` mh rhm fj sh phrcgth

ijs bgrbugtjs bhrr`mjs j drupjs mh `btgvgm`mhs hf brbuij.

Gfbjrrhbtj

Bjrrhbtj

2.2 Qrjbhmgcghftj p`r` tr`z`r i` [hm chmgm`

I` rhm mh chmgm` hs uf` rhprhshft`bgf dr`lgb` quh cuhstr` i`

shbuhfbg`, i` `fthbhmhfbg` y hi tghcpj hstfm`r mh b`m` `btgvgm`m mh

ljrc` dr`lgb` ` tr`vs mh uf` rhm.

Xf mg`dr`c` mh rhm hs buìqughr` mh i`s rhprhshft`bgjfhs quh

vgfbui`f i`s `btgvgm`mhs y ijs hvhftjs mh uf prjyhbtj hftrh s p`r`

rhliho`r i`s gfthrmhphfmhfbg`s hftrh i`s cgsc`s. Xf` `btgvgm`m j

hvhftj puhmh prhshft`r gfthrmhphfmhfbg s bjf `btgvgm mhs j

hvhftjs, prhmhbhsjrhs, j hf p`rìhij.

Q`sjs p`r` i` hi`kjr`bgf mh i` rhm

0.Hf uf` ejo` bu`mrgbui`m` sh gfmgb` hf i` p`rth suphrgjr i` hsbì`

mh tghcpj mhsh`m`.

;.Rh gfgbg` bjf hi hvhftj bhrj y sh gmhftglgb`r` bjf hi fuchrj mh i`

`btgvgm`m `rrgk` mh i` lihbe` y `kòj i` mur`bgf mh i` cgsc`.

Rg uf` `btgvgm`m tghfh mur`bgf bhrj sh mgkuo`f mh ljrc` vhrtgbì mh

c`fhr` quh fj rhbjrr` f`m` hf i` hsbì` mh i` rhm.

2.I`s `btgvgm`mhs hs shbuhfbg` ` mjs j cs `btgvgm`mhs `fthrgjrhs

mhkhf shr mgkuo`m`s ` bjftgfu`bgf mh i` `fthbhmhfth quh thfd` cs

i`rd` mur`bgf.

@ K

@btgvgm`m

]ghcpj


39/76

=. Bu`fmj uf` `btgvgm`m fj tghfh jtr` pjsthrgjr sh bjijb` uf` igd` hftrh hs` y i` thrcgfì

sgdughfth, hstj p`r` fj mho`r `btgvgm`mhs suhit`s. Q`r` uf` c`yjr bjcprhsgf mh i` rhm,

hst` pjmr` shr mgkuo`m` hf bjijrhs quh cuhstrhf i` rhspjfs`kgigm`m mh b`m` phrsjfì hf

ijs mgstgftjs prjbhsjs.

@i lgfìgz`r hst` rhm pjmhcjs jkthfhr hi tghcpj mh mur`bgf tjtì mhi prjyhbtj y thfhr uf

p`fjr`c` dhfhrì mhi cgscj, rhsphbtj ` i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh fhbhsgt`cjs hohbut`r.

Qjmhcjs mhbgr quh jtrjs khfhlgbgjs mh hst` rhm sjf?

Bjfjbhr ejidur`s y `prjvhbe`ri`sC`yjr jrd`fgz`bgf

@yum` p`r` i` tjc` mh mhbgsgf

Bjfjbhr `btgvgm`mhs vgtìhs

\gsuìgz`r hi prjyhbtj bjcj uf tjmj h Gmhftglgb`r hi puftj `btuì mh hohbubgf.

@ bjftgfu`bgf sh cuhstr` i` C`trgz mh gfljrc`bgf bjf i` buì sh hi`kjr i` [hm mh@btgvgm`mhs quh vhrhcjs ` bjftgfu`bgf.


40/76


41/76

[HM MH \HFBGCGHF]JR

RXBHRG\JR

=.0. Mhlgfgbgf

=.;. Xtgigm`m

=.2. Qrjbhmgcghftj mh Hi`kjr`bgf mh i` [hm

Hf hst` ht`p` mh i` prjdr`c`bgf

sh dhfhr` uf` rhm utgigz`fmj ijs

tghcpjs sgdfglgb tgvjs mh b`m

`btgvgm`m, hst` rhm sh dhfhr`

prgfbgpìchfth bu`fmj hxgsthf

`btgvgm`mhs mhsprjpjrbgjf m`s

mhftrj mhi prjyhbtj, ij quhbjcpigb` i` vgsuìgz`bgf mh i` rhm

mh btgvgm`mhs bjf hsbì` rhì.

=.0 [hm mh vhfbgcghftjs subhsgvjs


42/76

I` rhm mh vhfbgcghftjs subhsgvjs hs uf ctjmj dr`lgbj, hi

bu i fj sh bjfstruyh bjf uf hsb i` vhrm mhr j

prjpjrbgjfì sgfj bjf uf` rhprhshft`bgf mh hii ` i` buì fjs

cuhstr` ijs tghcpjs mh gfgbg`bgf j thrcgf`bgjfhs mh i`s

@btgvgm`mhs, hstjs tghcpjs rhprhshft`mjs sjf tjc`mjs mh i`

c`trgz mh gfljrc`bgf.

Hst` rhm sh dhfhr` bu`fmj hxgsthf `btgvgm`mhs mhftrj mhi

prjyhbtjs quh pjshhf uf` mhsprjpjrbgf hf i` mur`bgf mh

i` cgsc`, hst` sh hi`kjr` sgf hsbì`, sgfj quh, sh utgigz`f ijs

m`s mh mur`bgf mh b`m` `btgvgm`m bjcj hsbì` dr`lgb`, mh

hst` ljrc` i` rhm puhmh shr vgsuìgz`m` mh c`fhr` dhfhrì,

cjstr`fmj ijs tghcpjs mh gfgbg`bgf y thrcgf`bgf mh b`m`

`btgvgm`m.

=.; Xtgigm`m

I` [hm mh \hfbgcghftj Rubhsgvjs fjs l`bgigt` i` ihbtur` mh

i` [hm mh @btgvgm mhs y` quh i` [hm rhsui t r

hxbhsgv`chfth hxthfs` h gcprjpg` p`r` i` ihbtur` pjr ij quh

e`y quh suprgcgr mh i` hsbì` suphrgjr `quhiijs tghcpjs quh

fj thfd`f sgdfglgb`mj hsphbgì, mho`fmj sjij ijs tghcpjs mh

Gfgbg`bgf j thrcgf`bgf.

;.Hst` [hm fjs `yum` ` `prhbg`r hf chfjr hsp`bgj y mh uf`

c`fhr` cs sgcpih ijs tghcpjs mh i`s@btgvgm`mhs.

=.2 Qrjbhmgcghftj Hi`kjr`bgf mh i` rhm

0.[hìgz`r uf` rhm mh shbuhfbg`s mh `btgvgm`mhs ` p`rtgr mhi` rhm mh gfljrc`bgf, gfmgb`fmj hf i`s `btgvgm`mhs hi

fchrj quh i`s gmhftglgb` y hi tghcpj.

;..Gr @bucui`fmj ijs tghcpjs mh mur`bgf mh b`m` prjbhsj,

hsphbglgb`fmj mhftrj mh uf brbuij i` b`ftgm`m @bucui`m`.

2.Q r` lgf igz r sh `fjt f sjij ijs vhfbgcghftjs

rhprhshft`mjs pjr i`s b`ftgm`mhs `bucui`m`s luhr` y mhftrj

mh ijs brbuijs, hstj sh e`r hf i` hsbì` suphrgjr, iuhdj sh

prjbhmh ` mgkuo`r i ` [hm mh tì c`fhr` quh ijs hvhftjs mh

b`m` `btgvgm`m bjgfbgm`f bjf hi vhfbgcghftj rhsphbtgvj.

@i lgfìgz`r fjs pjmhcjs m`r buhft` mh quh i` [hm mh

\hfbgcghftjs Rubhsgvjs hs uf` ehrr`cghft` brh`m` p`r`

èjrr`r y sgcpiglgb`r hi tr`kòj ` i` ejr` mh vgsuìgz`r y

tr k o r bjf uf` [hm mh @btgvgm m bjf ]ghcpjs

mhsprjpjrbgjf`mjs y hxbhsgv`chfth hxthfs`.

Dr`bg`s ` hstj pjmhcjs tr`kò`r bjf chfjs bjcpihogm`m y

`prhbg`r i` [hm mh uf` c`fhr` cs bi`r`.

Gmhftglgb`bgf mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs

@ bjftgfu`bgf sh cuhstr` i` C`trgz mh g fljrc`bgf bjfi` buì sh hi`kjr i` [hm mh vhfbgcghftjs subhsgvjs quhvhrhcjs ` bjftgfu`bgf.


43/76


44/76

BJCQ[HRGJF MH I@ [HM

8.0. @sphbtjs Dhfhrìhs

8.;. Qrjbhmgcghftj mh Bjcprhsgf mh i` [hm

8.2.@fìgsgs mh bjstjs hf i` bjcprhsgf mh i` [hm

Hst` ht`p` hs vgtì hf i` hohbubgjf mh uf

prjyhbtj, y` quh, ` chfumj pjmhcjs vhr

quh ìdufjs prjyhbtjs sh vhf hf i`

fhbhsgm`m mh `mhi ft`r su lhbe` mh

hftrhd`, ij quh e`bh fhbhs`rgj bjcprgcgr

hi tghcpj hi tghcpj tjtì mhi prjyhbtj?

pumghfmj dhfhrì uf ùchftj j

mgscgfubgf mhi bjstj mhi prjyhbtj.

8.0.@sphbtjs Dhfhrìhs

8.;. Qrjbhmgcghftj mh Bjcprhsgf mh i` [hm


45/76

I` Bjcprhsgf mh [hm hs uf Ctjmj ì quh sh sjchth i` pi`fglgb`bgf mh uf

prjyhbtj p`r` jptgcgz`r sus bjstjs mhftrj mh uf gfthrvìj mh tghcpj

r`zjf kih. Rh rhqughrhf ijs bjstjs mh b`m` `btgvgm`m t`ftj p`r` tghcpj

hstfm`r bjcj p`r` tghcpj ptgcj. @ckjs bjstjs, sh `fjt`r`f hf i` c`trgz

mh gfljrc`bgf.

]`ckgf mhkhcjs thfhr ` c`fj ijs bjstjs fjrcìhs ($F) p`r` i`s `btgvgm`mhs

rhìgz`m`s ` tghcpj hstfm`r y hi bjstj Igcgth ($I) p`r` i`s `btgvgm`mhs

rhìgz`m`s ` tghcpj Jptgcj.

W` bjfjbgmj ijs tghcpjs hstfm`r y ptgcjs, y ijs bjstjs fjrcìhs y icgths>

prjbhmhcjs ` bìbui`r i` phfmghfth (c, i` buì hs i` rhi`bgf quh hxgsth hftrh

hi gfbrhchftj mhi bjstj y i` bjcprhsgf mhi tghcpj.

Rh rhìgz` i` c`trgz mh phfmghfth bjf ijs m`tjs mh i` c`trgz mh gfljrc`bgf y

sh ih `drhd` i` bjiucf` mh i`s phfmghfths quh sh bìbui`f bjf i` ljrcui`

sgdughfth?

Qhfmghfth 3]ghcpj

Bjstj

8. . jbhm h j mh Bj p hs mh hm

Ctjmj 0. Hi Igb. @dustf Cjft j, hf su igkrj Gfgbg`bgf ì Ctjmj mhi B`cgfj Brtgbj fjs shìbu`trj p`sjs hshfbgìhs p`r` bjcprgcgr i` rhm.

0. Mgkuo`r i` rhm quh shrvgr mh k`sh mh bjcprhsgf y hf b`m` `btgvgm`m sh `fjt` hi fchrj mh

gmhftglgb`bgf, i` phfmghfth, hi tghcpj hstfm`r y hi tghcpj ptgcj.

;. @pigb`r hi ctjmj c`xgcf (cxgcj mh ijs cfgcjs). Hi prjyhbtj sh mgvgmh hf tjmjs ijs b`cgfj

pjsgkihs mhsmh hi hvhftj gfgbgì e`st` hi lg fì, y sh `bucui`f i js tghcpjs ptgcjs mh i`s `btgvgm`mh

bjcpjfhfths mh b`m` b`cgfj. I` b`ftgm`m cxgc` mh ijs tghcpjs ptgcjs rhprhshft` hi b`cgfj brtgbj

` tghcpj ptgcj. Hs hi tghcpj chfjr hf quh puhmh hohbut`rsh tjmj hi prjyhbtj.2. Rh gfgbg` i` bjfstrubbgf mh i` rhm bjf hi b`cgfj brtgbj ` tghcpj ptgcj.

0. =. Hi itgcj p`sj mh i` bjcprhsgf mhi prjyhbtj hs hi mh pi`fh`r i` bjcprhsgf mh b`m` prjbhsj> p`r

hiij?

;. `. Rh mhthrcgf` hi gfthrvìj mgspjfgkih p`r` hohbut`r hi prjbhsj.

2. k. Rh hx`cgf` i` pjsgkgigm`m mh hohbut`r hsth prjbhsj ` tghcpj fjrcì.

=. b. ]jm` shrgh mhkh bjcprgcgrsh hf ljrc` subhsgv`.

;mj Ctjmj


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Hf su `sgdf`tur` gcp`rtgm` pi`fh`bgf,prjdr`c`bgf y Bjftrji mh prjyhbtjsmh i` C`hstr`

@mcgfgstr`bgf mh i` Bjfstrubbgf, hi @rq. Djfzihz fjs m` uf ctjmj ìthrf`tgvj ` i` ejr`mh

bjcprgcgr i` rhm hi buì bjfsgsth hf bìbui`r hf i` cgsc` rhm ijs m`s quh sh puhmhf bjcprgcgr.

Hsth ctjmj luh hi quh hihdgcjs p`r` `pigb`rij ` fuhstrj prjyhbtj. ]hfhcjs ijs sgdughfths

m`tjs?

-c`trgz mh phfmghfth

-Bjstjs gfmgrhbtjs

-phfmghfth mh tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs

-Bjstjs Fjrcìhs y Bjstjs Igcgths.

-Gmhftglgb`r `btgvgm`mhs ` bjcprgcgr.

0. Rh dhfhr`f bjcprhsgjfhs ` i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh ij phrcgt`f y mh chfjr phfmghfth. Hf i` rhm

mh `btgvgm`mhs, ijs fjmjs sh mhspighd`f mh ljrc` quh sh dhfhrhf v`rg`s vhft`f`s, `s puhs b`m`

vhft`f` rhprhshft` uf` bjcprhsgf.

8.2 @figsgs mh bjstjs hf i` bjcprhsgf mh i` [hm

Hf hsth puftj, sh prjbhmh ` bìbui`r hi bjstj mhi prjyhbtj hf b`m` bjcprhsgf rhìgz`m` hf

ksquhm` mhi chfjs bjstj pjsgkih hf hi tg hcpj cs prjk`kih. Rh `fìgz`f hstjs l`btjrhs y sh

dhfhr` uf` gfljrc`bgf mhthrcgf`m` quh shr brubgì p`r` i` tjc` mh mhbgsgjfhs p`r` hi

prjyhbtj hf s.

K`s`mj hf hi prgfbgpgj mh `mcgfgstr`bgf pjr hxbhpbgf, hst` gfljrc`bgf hs cuy gcpjrt`fth

p`r` hi mgrhbtjr mhi prjyhbtj, hf i` tjc` mh mhbgsgjfhs sjkrh ijs pi`fhs y prjyhbtjs mhi tr`kòj`btuì `s bjcj cjfgtjrh`r hi prjdrhsj mh mhthrcgf`mj prjyhbtj.

@ bjftgfu`bgf i` rhm mh Bjcprhsgf prjdrhsgv` y Bjcprhsgf mh i` rhm pjr vhfbgcghftj

subhsgvjs.

==5111

=81111

=8;111

=8=111

=8


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48/76


49/76

Buìqughr hihchftj quh gcpgmh

quh uf` `btgvgm`m, prjbhsj j

prjyhbtj ìb`fbh su cht` j sh

rhìgbh bjfljrch ` ij hstgpui`mj

hs uf` igcgt`bgf j rhstrgbbgf.


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51/76

=81111

=80111

=8;111

=82111

=8=111

=88111

=8


52/76


53/76

8


54/76


55/76

8


56/76

Rh fhbhsgt` thfhr hi`stgbgm m hf i` rhm mh gfljrc`bgf p`r` pjmhr hv`iu r i`

prjk`kgigm`m mh rhtr`s`r y `mhi`ft`r uf prjyhbtj.


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1

8

01

08

;1

;8

21

28

=1

=8

81

0 ; 2 = 8 < 4 5 7 01

D[@LGBJ MH [H][@RJ

t (t + )


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59/76

Q[JD[@C@BGJF MH

[HBX[RJR

4.0 Qrjdr`c`bgf mh rhbursjs lgf`fbghrjs

4.; @dhfm` mh prjyhbtjs

4.2 Qrjdr`c`bgf mh rhbursjs lsgbjs y euc`fjs

BGBIJ ;? HOHBXBGJF W BJF][JI

4.0 Qrjdr`c bgf mh rhbursjslgf`fbghrjs

Hi prjdr`c` mhi B`cgfj Brtgbj


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phrcgtgr uf` lbgi y shfbgii` hi `kjr`bgf

mh ijs gfdrhsjs y hdrhsjs, y` quh puhmhf

gfmgb`rsh bjf prhbgsgf i`s lhbe`s sjkrh

i` prhshft`bgf mh ijs mgfhrjs.

B m` prjyhbtj mgspjfh mh ljrc`

mglhrhfth ijs rhbursjs, y, pjr t`ftj,

mhphfmhr mh i` pjitgb` mh gfdrhsjs y

d`stjs mhbgmgm` `fths mh i` hohbubgf.

I` prhp`r`bgf mh hst`mjs mh liuoj mhbò` hs cuy hlhbtgv` p`r`?

Mhthrcgf`r lhbe`s y b`ftgm mhs quh

shrvgrf p`r` i`s prjvgsgjfhs, ùfquh fj

sghcprh bjrrhspjfm`f ` i`s fhbhsgm`mhs

mh p`dj.

Mhlgfgr pjitgb s mh p`d mh b`m

`btgvgm`m.

Mhthrcgf`r lhbe`s y b`ftgm`mhs mh ijs

d`stjs lgojs

]`kui`r ijs rhsuit`mjs mh ij `fthrgjr hf

hi hst`mj mh liuojs mh bò`.

4.; @dhfm` mh ijs prjyhbtjs

@i `pigb`r hi prhsupuhstj ì prjdr`c`mh uf prjyhbtj sh mhkh gfmgb`r i` lhbe`

mh gfgbgj mhi prjyhbtj. Hs gcpjrt fth

mhlgfgr ijs m s i`kjr kihs, iuhdj i`

hsbì` mh lhbe`s quh bjrrhspjfmh ` b`m`

ufgm`m mh tghcpj, y `s, sgdughfmj

hsth prjbhmgcghftj sh mhthrcgf` i`

lhbe` mh lgfìgz`bgf mhi prjyhbtj.

4.2 Qrjdr`c`bgf mh rhbursjs lsgbjsy euc`fjs

Xf mhtìih ì pjr chfjr mh ijs rhbursjs

hs fhbhs`rgj p`r` s`khr su

mgspjfgkgigm`m hf i` ifh` mh tghcpj.]`ckgf gfmgb`r ijs rhbursj fhbhs`rgjs

`mgbgjfìhs p`r` chojr`r hi prjbhsj y

`s thfhr y` ehbe` i` mhbgsgf y `bhihr`r

hi tr`kòj sgf bjftr`tghcpjs.

Hi m` 7 sh tjc`r` uf prst`cj mh [M$=,111 p`r` bukrgr ijs d`stjs quh sh dhfhr`r`f hf hsh tr`cj

mhi prjyhbtj, mgbej p`dj rh sìm`r` hi m` 08 mhi chs, hi m` 07 sh tjc`r` uf prst`cj mh [M$=1,111

p`r` bukrgr i` hohbubgf mhi prjyhbtj hf hs` ht`p` y hi p`dj sh rhìgz`r` hi m` lgfì mhi prjyhbtj.

Rh bukrgrf ijs bjstjs lgojs b`m` bu`trj m`s, mhshckjis`fmj hi prgchr cjftj hi m` 1, y ijs mhcs

p`djs pjr bjfbhptj mh bjstjs lgojs sh e`rf hi m` =, 5, 0;,0


61/76

p d p p o , , , ,

uf 21% hi m` hi 01, hi ;1%hi m` 08 y hi 08% rhst`fth ì Lgfìgz`r hi m` Lgfì mhi prjyhbtj.

1%

;1%

=1%

phrj, sg i` ejidur` tjtì phrcgth su hxthfsgf, puhmh shr khfhlgbgjsj

e`bhri` hf mjs j c`s m`s. Qjr hsj tjc`cjs fuhstrj b`sj mh

hstumgj y ih `pigb`cjs hi Ctjmj Kurduhss ` ; `btgvgm`mhs.


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hstumgj y ih `pigb`cjs hi Ctjmj Kurduhss ` ; `btgvgm`mhs.


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HOHBXBGJF W BJF][J

MHI Q[JWHB]J

5.0 @prjk`bgf mhi Qrjyhbtj

5.; Jrmhfhs mh ]r`k`oj

5.2 Drlgbjs mh Bjftrji

5.0 @prjk`bgf mhi Qrjyhbtj

Hi prjyhbtj sh `pruhk` bu`fmj i`s phrsjf`s quh gfthrvghfhf hf hi

prjyhbtj hstf bjcpiht`chfth s`tgslhbe`s bjf ijs tghcpjs shbuhfbg`s


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prjyhbtj hstf bjcpiht`chfth s`tgslhbe`s bjf ijs tghcpjs, shbuhfbg`s,

bjstjs y mgstrgkubgf mh rhbursjs euc`fjs y c`thrgìhs. Hf hsh cjchftj

sh thrcgf` hi prjdr`c` mh tr`kòj bjcj sgduh?

Igst` mh `btgvgm`mhs.

Qrhsupuhstj dhfhrì.

Hsphbglgb`bgjfhs mh i` `btgvgm`m.

Mhtìih mh ijs puhstjs y rhspjfs`kgigm`mhs y jrd`fgz`bgf mh c`fmj.

[hm mh `btgvgm`mhs.

Bjfmgbgjfhs igcgt`fths mh tr`kòj. Qrjbhmgcghftjs mh tr`kòj.

Hqugpj fhbhs`rgj.

Qi`fhs y hsquhc`s mh gtgfhr`rgj y ejr`rgj.

C`trgbhs mh gfljrc`bgf.

5.; rmhfhs mh ]r`kòj

I`s rmhfhs mh tr`kòj sh prhp`r`f hf k`sh ` i`s hsphbglgb`bgjfhs mh

`btgvgm`m, bjfmgbgjfhs igcgt`fths, prjbhmgcghftjs mh tr`kòj, hqugpj

fhbhs`rgj y hsquhc`s mh prjbhsjs, gtgfhr`rgj y ejr`rgj> `yum` mh i`s

c`trgbhs mh gfljrc`bgf. Hf mgbe`s rmhfhs sh jkshrv`f ijs m`tjs cs

gcpjrt`fths mhi prjyhbtj?

0. Hi fjckrh mhi prjyhbtj

;. Hi fjckrh mh i` `btgvgm`m hohbutfmjsh

2. Hi prjbhsj j `v`fbh.

=. Hi rhspjfs`kih mh i` `btgvgm`m.

5.2 Drlgbjs mh bjftrji

Qjmhcjs mhthrcgf`r hi `v`fbh mh b`m` uf` mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs mhi

prjyhbtj tjtì ` tr`vs mh i` drlgb`. Hst`s dr`lgb`s fjs phrcgthf

vgsuìgz`r hi mhs`rrjiij mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs y hsh shdugcghftj sh mhfjcgf`

mh i` sgdughfth c`fhr`?

Drlgb` mh `v`fbh

Drlgb` mh rhfmgcghftj

I`s bjjrmhf`m`s quh sh hfbuhftr`f hf i`s mgvgsgjfhs mh tghcpj c`rb`f

i` prjdr`c`bgf mh b`m` `btgvgm`m, prjbhsj y tjmj hi prjyhbtj.

; 1111

;.8111

[hfmgcghftj y @v`fbh mhi Qrjbhsj K


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Q`r` bìbui`r hi pjrbhftòh prjdr`c`mj mh `v`fbh?

Mgvgm` hi pjrbhftòh tjtì mh `v`fbh (0.11) hftrh hi fchrj mh

m s- btgvgm m mhi prjyhbtj. Hi fchrj mh `btgvgm mhs mhiprjyhbtj hs i` suc` prjdrhsgv` mh i `s `btgvgm`mhs g fgbg`m`s m` `

m` (;2).

Lrcui`?

l(M-`)30/h3 0/;2 3 1.1=2=45;


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bìbui`m`.

Rhdf Cjft`j, (0758) i`s bjiucf`s sh iihf`f bjcj sgduh? @i

cjchftj mh rhbgkgr i` gfljrc`bgf mhi `v`fbh rhì?

0. Rh `fjt` hi m` mh i` gfljrc`bgf.

;. Rh hxprhs`f ijs fchrjs mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs gfljrc`m`s. Rh

`fjt` hi prgchr iud`r, uf` ] p`r` i`s `btgvgm`mhs thrcgf m`s bjf`fthrgjrgm`m. Mhspus, sh bìbui`f i`s sgdughfths bjiucf`s.

2. Rh gfmgb`f ijs m`s prjdr`c`mjs mh hohbubgf mh b`m` `btgvgm`m

gfljrc`m` mh `buhrmj bjf i` bjiucf` y c`trgz mh gfljrc`bgf.

=. Rh mhthrcgf`f ijs rhbprjbjs mh ijs tghcpjs `fthrgjrhs p`r`

gfmgb`r hi vjiuchf mh tr`kòj j b`rd` mh b`m` m`.

8. Rh gfmgb f ijs m`s tr`fsburrgmjs mh b`m` `btgvgm m mh `buhrmj

bjf hi prjdr`c`, y fj ijs m`s tr`fsburrgmjs hf hi `v fbh.

\hrglgquh quh i`s b`ftgm`mhs fj sh`f c`yjrhs quh i`s gfmgb`m`s hf

i` bjiucf` 2 mh hsh cgscj bu`mrj, puhstj quh fj hs pjsgkih

prjdr`c`r cs mhi 011% mh tr`kòj mh uf` `btgvgm`m.


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Q[JBHMGCGHF]J MH


68/76

H\@IX@BGJF MHI

Q[JWHB]J

7.0 @ksjrbgf

7.; Bu`mrj mh Hv`iu`bgf

7.2 Egstjdr`c`s

Mhlgfgbgf

Bu`fmj i`s `btgvgm mhs sh `mhi`ft`f hf su hohbubgf ` i`s lhbe s

prjdr`c`m`s dhfhr`ichfth fj cjmg lgb`f sus bjstjs mg rhbtjs y hf

b`ckgj s mgscgfuyhf ijs bjstjs gfmgrhbtjs. Qhrj e`ki`fmj mh ijs


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rhtr sjs ijs bjstjs sh cjmglgb`f ijs bjstjs, sh tr`stjrf`f i`s

shbuhfbg`s y sh pghrmh i`s mgspjfgkgigm`m mh tghcpjs (ejidur`s) pjr

ij quh hs fhbhs`rgj thfhr uf prjbhmgcghftj mh hvìu`bgf quh fjs

phrcgth hvìu`r i`s bjfshbuhfbg`s mh uf rhtr`sj hf uf `btgvgm`m

mhi prjyhbtj.

@ksjrbgf

Ijs rhtr`sjs mhkhf shr `ksjrkgmjs pjr i`s ejidur`s y hf hi b`sj mh

quh fj hxgst`f st`s, `quhiijs mhkhf fhutrìgz`rsh pjr chmgj mhbjcprhsgjfhs hf i`s `btgvgm`mhs.

@ksjrbgf pjr Ejidur`s

Cuitgpigb`r hi tghcpj prjdr`c`mj mh hohbubgf (h) pjr hi t`ftj pjr

ufj mh i` b`ftgm`m mh tr`kòj quh lìt` pjr rhìgz`r. Hi rhsuit`mj hs

hi tghcpj quh sh rhqughrh p`r` thrcgf`r fjrcìchfth bjf i`

`btgvgm`m.

@i tghcpj `fthrgjr sh ih rhst` hi tghcpj mgspjfgkih y i` mglhrhfbg`

rhprhshft` hi rhtr`sj, hi buì mhkh shr `ksjrkgmj pjr ejidur` tjtì.

Rg hstj fj hs pjsgkih, sh mhkh prjbhmhr bjf @ksjrbgf pjr

bjcprhsgf.

@ksjrbgf pjr Bjcprhsgf

Rh cuitgpigb` hi tghcpj ptgcj (j) pjr hi t`ftj pjr ufj mhi

vjiuchf mh tr`kòj phfmghfth ` hohbut`r. Hi prjmubtj rhprhshft` hi

tghcpj quh sh rhqughrh p`r` thrcgf`r i` `btgvgm`m hf bjfmgbgjfhsptgc`, hs mhbgr, bjf i` cxgc` `bhihr`bgf. Rg hsth tghcpj hs

chfjr quh hi tghcpj mgspjfgkih sgdfglgb` quh fj sh rhtr`s`r hi

prjyhbtj, phrj sg hs c`yjr i` mglhrhfbg` shr i` b`ftgm`m mh tghcpj

quh rhtr`s`r hi prjyhbtj ` chfjs quh hst` `btgvgm`m puhm`

bjcprgcgrsh uf` `btgvgm`m pjsthrgjr ` i` hvìu`m`.


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72/76

Egstjdr`c`s

Q`r` pjmhr `prhbg`r chojr i` hvjiubgf mh ijs prjbhsjs quh tghfhf v`rg`bgjfhs hf su gfgbg`bgf y thrcgf`bgf sh utgigz`rf i`s drlgb`s mh mhs`rrjiij brjfjidgbj ii`c`mjs egstjdr`c`s. Hstjs egstjdr`c`s

puhmhf us`rsh p`r` vgdgi`r ijs prjbhsjs j uf` `btgvgm`m hf p`rtgbui`r.


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42

Mg`dr`c` mh K`rr`s


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d

4


75/76

Kgkigjdr`l`

Cjft`j, @dustf. Gfgbg`bgf i ctjmj mhi B@CGFJ B[G]GBJ, Hmgtjrgì

]rgii`s, Mbgc` rhgcprhsgf, hfhrj 0758. Rfbehz Ehf`j, Ouigj Bs`r.

C`fuì mh prjdr`c`bgf y bjftrji mh prjdr`c`s mh jkr` Xfgvhrsgm`m

F`bgjfì mh Bjijckg`. Chmhiif, Bjijckg`.


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Rurhz Rì`z`r, B`rijs. Bjstj y tghcpj hf hmglgb`bgf. \gdsgcj fjvhf`

rhgcprhsgf mh i` 2hr` hmgbgf. Cxgbj. Igcus`. Fjrghd` Hmgtjrhs.

Gc`dhfdr`lg`

ettp?//egstgfl

.kijds.upv.hs

/;101/01/;7

/ojef-

wgiig`c-

cùbeiy/

ettp?//www.`r

djfùt`.jrd/whk/duhst/cht

jmjijdg`

ettps?//mhib`rpg

jrjmrgduhz.wjrm

prhss.bjc/;10;

/12/1;/chtjmji

jdg`-y-

prjsphbtgv`-

p`r`-quh-

gfvhft`r-i`-pjivjr`/

ettp?//pjstdr`mj.upb.hmu

.ph/prjdr`c`-

hsphbgìgz`mj-hf-

pi`fglgb`bgjf-y-bjftrji-

mh-prjyhbtjs-mh-

bjfstrubbgjf

ettp?//jrgdgfìbjcc

ufgtyc`f`dhr.bjc/t

`d/twhhts/

ettp?//www.igmhrm

hprjyhbtj.bjc/`r

tgbuijs/pcpZvsZp

cj.etci

ettp?//c`dhchft

dg`.kijdspjt.bjc/

0/tgch-c`f`dhc

rhbursjs-p`r`-d`f

ettp?//wgiig`c`r

ìj.bjc/gffjv`

f-hf-rhmhs-mh-

chrb`mhj/

ettp?//www.bgjì.

c/;108/1;/17/ih

i-2-`sbghfmh-hf-

bu`mr`fth-d`rtfh

p`r`-shrvgbgjs-mh-

rhmhs/

ettp?//b`rchfs`

sgths/b`rchfsìi

lgihs/p`dgf`/;10

bìhfm`rgj2.pfd

Programacion Trabajo Final

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