Sarah Hospital - Joao Filgueiras Lima
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Transcript of Sarah Hospital - Joao Filgueiras Lima
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technology case studies
Hospital Sarah Kubitschek
Joao Pedro de Lacerda Campos
2015
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Locotion
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Architect
Joao FIlgueiras Lima (Lele)
Builted Area
54 . 376 m2
Year
2002 - 2009
Hospital Sarah Kubitschek
Joao Pedro de Lacerda Campos
2015
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Introduction
Enviromental Strategy
Structure
Skyn
Services
Summary
index
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Finished in 2009, the Hospital Sarah Kubitscheck in Rio de Janeiro was
the last from the hospital network that consagreted Joao Filgueiras Lima (Lele) as
an Architecture Master. Followig his previous work, the Hospital was desingned
as an human enviroment, according to the concept of Progresseve Care, an idea
that was discussed with the clients since the first hospital, in Salvador (BA, Brazil).
Being so, the hospital is full of green and open spaces, where the pacients can
spent time and make exercises, and it also has a huge consideration concernig the
enviromental confort and the weel being of the pacients in their roms.
The project should attend not only the complex program of an hospital
assigned to locomotor diseases, but also should suply the demands for new
technologies and maintenance without depend of big industries. Besides the
technical premises, there is a clear intention to provide a differential enviroment.
It can be seen in his assosiation with the artist Athoss Bulcao, making the colours
and the artistic components not only decorative, but elements integrated with the
Progressive Care concept.
Introduction
The architecture is its own
purpose- Joao Filgueiras Lima
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The building has a linear shape, with the bigger facades oriented in
the east-weast direction. This seems paradoxal cosidering the insolation, and
the fact that Brazil has a hot weather, requiring the buildings to be protected
from the sun. Althoug this orientation is the one that more receive solar load,
in the specific site this is also the one that is more favorable to wind, an
impotant element to remove heat out of the building. To bypass the solar issue
the building takes advantage of a series of complex protection systems thatinvolves brises-solei and double layer covers with a huge air space between
them. It also maximizes the venilation with a sophisticated shed roof, that
covers the entire building and allows the air flux through suction (negative
pressure) and chiminey effect. That, combined with the humidity provided by
the lake and vegetation, and also an air-conditionig system, guarantees a
cofortable enviroment inside the building.
from almost any point in the hospital,
the building allows pleasant views
of Rio de Janeiro.
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The hospital is made from fou buildings interconected: General Services Block, Techinical Services
Block, Hospitalization and Auditorium. The land, partially flooded, had to be landfilled to reach a secure
level, 1,8 meters above the lake level. As an additional precaution against flooding, was designd an
artificial lake surrounding the buildig. This lake receives all the rain water from the building and lead them
to the big lake.
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Site Planscale: 1/1250
1 - gate house
2 - hospital access
3 - service yard
4 - parking lot
5 - garden
6 - water mirror
7 - helipad
8 - solarium
9 - auditorium
10 - ambulatory
11 - hospi talization
12 - service block
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Ground Floorscale: 1/1250
1 - main entrance
2 - hall
3 - waiting room
4 - ambulatorium
5 - physiotherapy
6 - orthopedics
7 - radiology
8 - hospitalization
9 - first stage
10 - cirurgic centre
11 - chan ging room
12 - lab
13 - multipurpose room
criativity centre/cafe
14 - library
15 - auditorium
16 - parking lot
17 - service yard
18 - hydroterapy
19 - water mirror
20 -garden
21 - solarium
22 - cafe
23 - hospitalization
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1 - technical floor
2 - lifts
3 - cafe
4 - study center/auditorium access
Technical Floorscale: 1/1250
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The unit Rio de Janeiro, like the others in Sarah network, is all build from pre-fabricated
and padronizated components, due to the economy and better quality in the finishing, despite the
reduction on the execution time. The mass industry logic, aplyed to the architecture also allows
more investment in the project and in the detailing process, because the costs are diluted in the
production serie. Besides, ampliations and reforms can be made using pieces and components
fabricated with the same characteristics as the original ones.
In the construcion of Sarah Kubitschek in Rio de Janeiro it was used pre-fabricated
components in concret, steel and reinforced grout. The least one is a very versatile element,
with a small thickness - wich allows it to adapt into several shapes. The architect stablished that
by using reinforced grout he could get a reduction in weigh equal a four time the traditional
construction, in concret and bricks. Steel was largely u sed to replace elemets before made of
concrete, like the structure and zenital openings.
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Rio de Janeiro is located in southeast of Brazil, at 22,5 degrees of latitude.
The weather is hot and humid, with temperatures between 15 and 40 degrees
celcius. In a tropical weather like this, the main enviromental strategys are to protect
from direct sunlight, insulate the building to avoid beeing heat by the sun, and also
allows ventilation and air circulation. The predominant wind direction in summer is
north and souheast - in summer the wind speed is higher, about four meters per
second. The severe weather coditions in Rio were determinants in the architectural
aproache.
Lele has aways been known by his concerns about he enviromentalstrategy and how to make buidings in a confortable and sustentable way.The two
most significant guidelines for the project defined by the architect in response to
the weather were, first, the adoption of an horizontal strategy with green areas
integrated to treatment and hospitalization spaces. Second, the proposal of
alternative natural and artificial ventilation sistems giving priority to the first one
whenever it was possible. However, the higlihgt detail in the project is the roofing
system, which is basicaly a serie of huge skylighs that allows not only the natural
ilumination, but also the natural ventilation of the iternal spaces.
You can not restric theuse to the air conditioning,and not propose a moreefficient system.- Joao Filgueiras Lima
Environmental
Strategy
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Although the air conditioning system is used in all the internal area of the
building, all the spaces also have a natural ventilation strategy. This is made manly
by the skylight system. The hole building has a roof that is completely disconected
of the internal layout, with variable heights that can reach eight meters. This roof
has a serie of openings to allow the light to come in, and also the hot air from the
internal spaces to get out. This happens because the air in internal spaces of the
building gets hot by the presence of people inside, the hot air has less density then
the cold air, therefore it tends to go up. Since the building has openings o the roof,
the hot air goes up and out through this openigs, which makes room for air from the
outside to come in. This ventilation strategy is called chimney effect.
Under this roof there is a plain ceeiling in the internal enviroments. The space
between the ceeiling and the roof has an air layer that works as an insulation. Both
natural ilumination and ventilation can be controled by frames on the ceeiling, which
works like windows, but horizontal. This way the user can regulates the conditionson his own room, without intefering in other spaces, even if the huge roof is the
same for the entire building.
Besides that, on the base floor the building has a technical floor, used to
house machines and specialy the air conditioning system. This system is a fan coil
kind, and in the hospital it is capable to capturate natural air that circulates in the
technical floor and breath it to the rooms using its own ducts. On extremely hot
days, the ceeiling frames are closed and the fan coil system is turned on. This way
it breaths cold air inside the building. The return for the fan coil unites is made by
other ducts, located in a raised floor. Lele used to say that in extremely hot cities,
like Rio, it is inevitable to use air condioning. But his strategy was to use it only in
really hot days, providing natural ventilation for the mild days, since he belived that
air conditioning was an expesive and unhealthy solution that have beeing used
indiscriminately.
Glazing
Brise Solei
Air
Air
Return
Fan Coil Technical Floor
Ducts
air flow inside the building
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The ventilation in the building can be made by three diferent ways:
- natural ventilation only by the ceeiling frames and roof openings
- forced natural ventilation, made by natural air from the technical floor injected in the rooms by the
air conditionig ducts. The air is extracted by the roof openings.
- refrigerated air, injected by the same ducts of tre previous case. The fan coil unites are turned on,
and the openings are closed. the air is extracted by another ducts.
air flow inside the building
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air gets in from the technical floor
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hot air gets out through th e roof
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in very hot days the openings are closed and the air conditioning turned on
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the roof shape, the brises solei and the ceeiling protec the rooms from direct sun
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One of the biggest concerns in Leles architectural practice has always
been to make the construction more efficient, cheaper, and faster. This thought is
reflected in every decision he takes, and specially in the structural system. Like the
other buildings from the Sarah network, the hospital in Rio was designed following
a modular system. Modular constructions are knwon to be more efficient and more
rational, particularly in the production of the compoents and in the assembly in the
location.
All the hospitals from Sarah network are cases of well-heeled use of
modular systems. According to the architect, the main point is to decide the basic
module, since it will determinates the entire project. In this case the basic unit is
1,25 meters, and all the dimensions are multiples from this one. The choice for
this particular number was made considering the dimensions of other pre cast
components, making easier to use elements already avaible in the industry. This
way the construction is more economic, and the material waste is minimized.
The buildings structure israised to poetry, as partof the aesthetics. There isno diference.- Lina Bo Bardi
structure
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The hospital was build using metallic structure, with columns and beans in variable sections,and also metallic lattices, which made easier to give form to the roofs. The opition for metallic structure
was made considering the advanteges of pre fabrication and assembly. The floor structre is also
made from metallic frame, with gaps that vary from 2,5m; 3,75m or 5m. This frame transfer the loads
from the floor to the columsn. The floor slab is made of pre cast reiforced grout.
Because of the weak ground, the foundations are direct on the grond. Although, they do notneed to be very deep, due to the horizontal plan of the building. Most of the foundation block are
isolated, and the columns are set direct on the concrete.
on section is easy to se t he modulation
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the main structure are modulated porticos
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the roof is structured by metallic latticework
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the frames on the ceeiling are suported by a metal structure
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the buiding structure
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The auditorium structure is made of radial metallic frame,
enchased on the top mettalic ring, and also o the reinforced
concrete ring on the bottom. The top ring is covered by a semi-
sphere in stainless steel. This structure is segmented in a way that is
possible to completely open the circular gap.
Top RingAluminium Sheets
Raft
Base Ring
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opening system auditorium sstructure
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All the walls on the building are made from pre cast reinforced grout panels.
This makes easier the assembly and execution. All the components are made on the
Centro de Tecnologia da Rede Sarah - CTRS (Sarahs Network Technology Centre).
Lele experimented a lot with reinforced grout panels on his buildings. He claimed
that building made by this system could be even four times lighter than traditional
construction - with reinforced concrete structure and mansonry walls. Furthermore,
the panels are light and can easily be carried by two or trhee people, which
reduces the use of heavy machines on the construction.
The walls are made by two panels, with an empty space between them.
This gap generates an air layer that works as an insulation to the building, avoinding
the building from beeing heated by the sun. The base has an aluminium sheet that
helps the fixation on the ground. The conection between the two panels is made to
avoid them to have contact with each other, which could create a way from heat
transmitance.
The mass production,today seen as base forarchitecture, always existedin nature- Lina Bo Bardi
skin
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Air Layer
Fixation
Reinforced Grout Panel
Aluminium Base
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reinforced grout panels fixations system
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The roof is made of aluminium sheets painted in white to help reflecting the sunlight. The
ceeiling is made from transparent polycarbonate panels. All the panels are dumpers, to allow the air
flux. The opening system is automated, which makes easier its use.
Metalic Frame and Polycarbonate
Column
Maintenca Walkway
Primary Beam s
Secondary Beams - Ceeiling
Reinforced Grout Slab
Floor Ripping
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Acording to the architect, in very hot cities, like in Rio de Janeiro, you can
not waive the air conditionig, otherwise you will not reach an internal confort
suitable for work or living. Thus all internal spaces in the hospital are served by air
conditioning. The system used is known as fan coil. This system is generaly used in
environmets that need huge power, and it uses cold water, releasing the direct use
of refrigerant fluids.The buildig has a huge central machine, located on the techinical
floor, and the cold air is insufflated on the room by a series of ducts on the raised
floor.
One of the most important ideas on the Sarahs design is the flexibility. The
architect aims to allow the entire building to be easily rearrenged without many
losts. This way all the services are completely separeted from the walls. Most of the
times the are instaled toghether with the structure, or inside small gaps between
two beams or two columns. With the services running outside the axis of walls
and partitions, the lamps are instaled beweent the envelope and the roof. All the
structural sections were designed by the architect, and the beams have functions
like gutters, eletric pipes and base to fix other elements.
In very hot cities, youcan not waive the airconditioning, or you wontreach an internal confort- Joao Filgueiras Lima
services
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Green Area
Natural Ventilation Only
Served by Air Conditioning
Solarium
Water Mirror
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1 - Aluminium Roof
termoacoustic insulation
2 - Gutter for Rain Water
3 - Phone and Internet Cables
4 - Termoacoustic Insulation
5 - Fan
6 - Eletric Cables
8 - Lamp
9 - Concrete
10 - Pre Cast Slab
11 - Raft
12 - Pipe for Rain Water
7 - Column
conducts rain water
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The hospital Sarah Kubitschek in Rio de Janeiro can be considered as
the masterpiece of Joo Filgueiras Lima. All the technical solutions are complitely
integrated, and work toghether to make the building extremely functional and
confortable. The roof, definitely the most important element in the design, takes
its most perfect shape, maximizing the ventilation and the ilumination inside the
building. All the other services only complement the roof: the lighs and the air
coditioning systems are not needed all the time, but caan perfectly meet the needs
when it is necessary.
But the most important is that all these technical solutions are not made
only for economy and efficience. They all answer to the architects believe that a
hospital should be a more human environment. Thats way he filled the rooms with
natural light and fresh air - instead of making perfect airtight spaces. The hospital
becomes a pleasant place, full of energy, life and light, to help the pacients get
throught this difficult time in the best environment possible.
Lele is the architect who
makes art and technology
meet each other, he is the
builder- Lucio Costa
summary