Suport Curs Gramatica Sem 1 2012
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Transcript of Suport Curs Gramatica Sem 1 2012
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Suport curs gramatica sem 1 2012-2013
NOUNS THE PLURAL FORM
In general the plural form of nouns is formed by adding the letter -s.
pen pensdog dogsstudent students
However words that end in ch, -x, ors will require an es to form theplural.
dish dishesmix mixeskiss kisses
Some nouns have irregular plural forms.
child childrenwoman womenman menmousemice
Also there are a number of nouns that maintain their Greek or Latin form.
singular plural
analysis analyses
appendix appendixes/appendices
axis axes
basis bases
cactus cacti
criterion criteria
datum data
diagnosis diagnoses
index indexes/indices
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medium media
oasis oases
octopus octopuses/octopi
phenomenon phenomena
syllabus syllabuses/syllabi
thesis theses
Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.
deer- deer
fish fishsheep- sheep
Note: Some nouns (like news, mathematics, economics) appear to be plural
in form but take a singular verb.
This news is perfect.
COUNT- NOUNS and MASS NOUNS
Count-nouns are the nouns that can be preceded by one (can be counted)
and may have a plural form.one boy two boys
one chair two chairsone foot two feet
Mass-nouns cannot be preceded by one (cannot be counted) and cannothave a plural form.
bread plastic aluminum publicitymilk ice steel biology
water cloth glass history
Some mass-nouns can be pluralized when we use them to express a type:The waters of the Danube are polluted.The French are famous for their cheeses and their wines.
Many mass-nouns name abstractions (and are called abstract nouns):
peace courage liberty ange r progress culture
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Note:
Some abstract nouns do have in certain situations (usually with a change ofmeaning) a plural form:
This position requires experience.
He had a lot of unpleasant experiences as a police officer.
My work is boring.The works of Leonardo impressed people for centuries.
Gender of Nouns
Gender has the same relation to nouns that sex has to individuals, but while there
are only two sexes, there are four genders:
masculine - the masculine gender denotes all those of the male kind
feminine - the feminine gender all those of the female kind
neuter - the neuter gender denotes inanimate things or whatever is withoutlife
common - common gender is applied to animate beings, the sex of which forthe time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird, etc
Sometimes things which are without life as we conceive it and which, properlyspeaking, belong to the neuter type of noun, are, by a figure of speech called
Personification, changed into either the masculine or feminine, as, for instance, wesay of the sun, He is rising; of the moon, She is setting.
The English language, unlike most others, applies the distinction of
Masculine and Feminine only to the names of persons and animals: man,
woman; boy, girl; lion, lioness. Nouns which denote things without animal
life are said to be Neuter or of Neuter Gender
When the same name is used for male and female, it is said to be Common or of
Common Gender : bird, fish, parent, sovereign, friend. There are three ways ofindicating difference of Gender in Nouns:-
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1. By adding a suffix -ess ex. lion - lioness
2. By using compound words ex. boy-friend, landlord, he-wolf3. By distinct words ex. father-mother
Masculine and feminine genderactor
author
bachelor
boy
bridegroom
brother
conductor
count
czar
dad
daddy
duke
emperor
actress
authoress
spinster
girl
bride
sister
conductress
countess
czarina
mum
mummy
duchess
empress
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father
father-in-law
gentleman
giant
god
governor
grandfather
headmaster
heir
hero
host
hunter
husband
king
lad
landlord
lord
man
mother
mother-in-law
lady
giantess
goddess
matron
grandmother
headmistress
heiress
heroine
hostess
huntress
wife
queen
lass
landlady
lady
woman
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manager
manservant
master
milkman
monk
Mr.
murderer
nephew
papa
poet
postmaster
prince
prophet
proprietor
shepherd
sir
son
son-in-law
manageress
maidservant
mistress
milkmaid
nun
Mrs.
murderess
niece
mama
poetess
postmistress
princess
prophetess
proprietress
shepherdess
madam
daughter
daughter-in-law
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step-father
step-son
steward
sultan
uncle
waiter
wizard
step-mother
step-daughter
stewardess
sultana
aunt
waitress
witch
boar
buck
bull
bull -elephant
cock
cock-pigeon
dog
drake
drone
sow
doe
cow
cow-elephant
hen
hen-pigeon
bi tch
duck
bee
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fox
gander
he-bear
he-goat
he-wolf
leopard
lion
peacock
ram
stallion
tiger
tom-cat
turkey-cock
vixen
goose
she-bear
she-goat
she-wolf
leopardess
lioness
peahen
ewe
mare
tigress
tabby-cat
turkey-hen
THE VERB
The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts
something about the subject of the sentence and expresses actions, events, or statesof being. The verb is (or is an essential part of) the predicate of a sentence.
There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice, and
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mood. In English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative time in
which an action or condition occurs.The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being
received by the subject or being done by the subject.
In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed inthe verb; the subject acts.The man drives the car.
In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed inthe verb . The caris driven by the man.
The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or
intended. In English there are three verb moods. Indicative, a verb stating anapparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are normally used in
English. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request. Go away!
Please leave!
Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contraryto fact.
If I were you, I would drive more carefullyI wish that his report were longer.
Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or
possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs carry
the action of a subject and apply it to an object. They tells us what the subject doesto something else (object).
He boughta shirt.
She losther wallet.
Intransitive verbs do not take an object; they express actions that do not require thesubjects doing something to something else.
He runs.
She dances.
Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to change the
tense, voice, or condition of the verb. Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated withcould, would, or should to show a possible condition. The principal parts of a verb
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are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In
English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, thepast participle, and the present participle. Since the present participle is always
formed the same way (add -ing), some lists of principal parts omit it.
To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs) wesimply add ed at the end.
Past Tense: I walked home.
Past Participle: I have walked home.
Irregular verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help uswrite the different forms of irregular verbs. (see appendix for a list of irregular
verbs)
Past Tense: We saw the plane crash.
Past Participle: We have seen them.
TIMPURILE VERBELOR LIMBII ENGLEZE
Timpul Forma Cum se formeaz Meniuni
The present
tense
simple
Aff.
Neg.
Int.
S + vb(prima form)
S + dont/doesnt +
vb(prima form)
Do/Does + s + vb (prima
form
____________________
Ex:I always go to school every day.
Aff. S + to be + vb-ing
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The present
tense
continous
Neg.
Int.
S + to be (negativ) + vb-ing
To be + s + vb-ing
____________________
Ex:I am going to the school now.
The future
tense
simple
Aff.
Neg.
Int.
S + shall/will + vb(short
inf)
S + shant/wont +
vb(sh.inf)
Shall/Will + S +
vb(sh.inf.)
Tomorrow, the day after
tomorrow
next year , next month.
Ex: I will go to my parents next month.
The future
tense
continous
Aff.
Neg.
Int.
S + shall/will + be + vb-ing
S+shant/willnt + be + vb-
ing
Shall/will + S + be + vb-
ing
Exprim o aciune viitoare
n desfaurare ntr-un
viitor.
Ex: They will be watching T.V. this time in week-end.
The past tense
simple
Aff.
Neg.
Int.
S + vb-ed(VB
REGULATE)
S + vb(a doua coloana)
S + didnt + sh. Int)
Did + S + vb(sh.int)
Exprim o aciune care s-a
desfurat i s-a ncheiat
ntr-un moment trecut
precizat (adv.t imp):
the day befor yesterday, last
year.
Ex: I played football last year.
The past tense
Aff. S + was/wer + vb-ing Exprim o aciune trecut
n desfurare : ,,this time
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continous Neg.
Int.
S + wasnt/werent + vb-
ing
Was/Were + vb-ing
yesterday
Arat doua aciuni n
desfurare simultan.
Ex: While my brother was plaing football , I was listening the radio.
The past
perfect
tense simple
Aff.
Neg.
Int.
S + had + vb(a-3-a
forma)/ed
S + hadnt + vb(a-3-a form)/ed
Had + s + vb(a-3-a form)
Exprim o aciune care a
avut loc i s-a petrecut
naintea unui alt timp
trecut.
Ex:I had come home before my mother arrived from office.
The past
perfect
tense
continous
Aff.
Neg.
Int.
S + had + been + vb-ing
S + hadnt + been + vb-ing
Had + s + been + vb-ing
Exprim o aciune care s-a
desfsurat continuu pe o
perioada de timp i s-a
ncheiat naintea unui alt
timp.
Ex:I had been writing a letter for 20 minutes.
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The present
perfect tensesimple
Aff.
Neg.
Int.
S + have/has + vb(a-3-a
form)
S + havent/hasnt + vb(a-
3-a form)/ed
Have/Has + s + vb(a-3-a
form)/ed
1)Exprim o aciune ce a avutloc i s-a ncheiat ntr-unmoment trecut care nu este
precizat; rezultatele acestei
aciuni se pot vedea n
prezent.2)Exprim o aciune care
s-a ncheiat recent.
3)Exprim o aciune
trecut care a avut loc
intr-un moment trecut ce
face parte dintr-o
perioada de timp care nu
s-a ncheiat nc.
4)Se folosete cu
adverbele de frecven :
always , sometime offen .
5)Exprim o aciune care
tocmai s-a ncheiat :
,just
6)n propoziiileinterogative se folosete
adverbul ,,alreadypentru
a arta uimirea
vorbitorului.
Ex: 1) People have polueted the planet.
2) I have just done my homework.
3)My parents have alwais enjoi to country.
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The present
perfect tensecontinous
Aff.
Neg.
Int.
S + have/has + been + vb-
ing
S + havent/hasnt + been +
vb-ing
Have/Has + s + been + vb-
ing
Exprim o aciune care a
nceput n trecut i
continu n prezent.
Ex:The boys have been plaing football for ten minutes.
LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE
to be was, were been
to bear bore borne, born
to beat beat beaten
to become became become
to begin began begun
to bend bent bent
to bite bit bitten
to blow blew blown
to break broke broken
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to bring brought brought
to build built built
to burn burnt burnt
to burst burst burst
to buy bought bought
to catch caught caught
to choose chose chosen
to come came come
to cost cost cost
to creep crept crept
to cut cut cut
to deal dealt dealt
to dig dug dug
to do did done
to draw drew drawn
to dream dreamt dreamt
to drink drank drunk
to drive drove driven
to eat ate eaten
to fall fell fallen
to feed fed fed
to feel felt felt
to fight fought fought
to find found found
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to fly flew flown
to forbid forbade forbidden
to forget forgot forgotten
to forgive forgave forgiven
to freeze froze frozen
to give gave given
to go went gone
to grow grew grown
to hang hung hung
to have had had
to hear heard heard
to hide hid hidden
to hit hit hit
to hold held held
to hurt hurt hurt
to keep kept kept
to kneel knelt knelt
to know knew known
to lay laid laid
to lead led led
to lean leant leant
to learn learnt, learned learnt, learned
to leave left left
to lend lent lent
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to let let let
to lie lay lain
to lose lost lost
to make made made
to mean meant meant
to mow mowed mown
to meet met met
to pay paid paid
to put put put
to read read read
to ride rode ridden
to ring rang rung
to rise rose risen
to run ran run
to say said said
to see saw seen
to seek sought sought
to sell sold sold
to set set set
to sew sewed sewn
to shake shook shaken
to shine shone shone
to shoot shot shot
to show showed shown
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to shrink shrank shrunk
to shut shut shut
to sing sang sung
to sink sank sunk
to sleep slept slept
to slide slid slid
to smell smelt smelt
to sow sowed sown
to speak spoke spoken
to spell spelt spelt
to spend spent spent
to spill spilt split
to spread spread spread
to stand stood stood
to stea1 stole stolen
to stick stuck stuck
to stride strode stridden
to strike struck struck
to strive strove striven
to swear swore sworn
to sweep swept swept
to swim swam swum
to take took taken
to teach taught taught
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to tell told told
to think thought thought
to throw threw thrown
to understand understood understood