TEMA 1. INGLÉS COMERCIAL (1) MÓDULO DE INGLÉS...

MODULO DE INGLÉS COMERCIAL COMERCIO EXTERIOR

TEMA 1. INGLÉS COMERCIAL (1)

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INGLÉS COMERCIAL

MÓDULO DE INGLÉS COMERCIAL



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CUSTOMERS

Vocabulary:

Account Cuenta

Accountant Contable

Additional services Servicios adicionales

Appointment Cita

Assembly Montaje

Available Disponible

Balance Saldo

Comment Comentario

Company policy Política de privacidad de la compañía

Check-in attendant Facturación de equipaje

Check-out time Hora de marcharse (del hotel)

Delivery Entrega

Desk --- table where sits someone to

inform Mostrador de información

Detail Detalle

Free customer helpline Línea telefónica gratuita de atención al

cliente

Free of charge Sin cargo

Furthermore Además

Guarantee Garantía

High / height Altura / alto

Late night openings Abierto hasta tarde

Local rate Tarifa urbana



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Loyal customer Cliente habitual

Personal loan Préstamo personal

Premises Local / edificio profesional (siempre en

plural)

Qualities of products = fantastic, great,

marvellous, brilliant, super, wonderful, ... Muy bueno

Quotation (presupuesto) +- Budget

(presupuesto destinado a X) Presupuesto

Range of products / range of services Gama de productos o servicios

Rate of exchange Tipo de cambio

Request or suggestion box Buzón de sugerencias

Safe Caja fuerte

Service industry Empresa de servicios

Store Almacén / tienda

Thank goodness Gracias a Dios

Valuable Objeto de valor

Week after the following week Dentro de dos semanas

Synonyms:

Ad = advert = advertise = advertisement

= commercial Anuncio publicitario

Amount = quantity Cantidad

Bill +/- invoice Factura

By phone = over the phone Por teléfono

Call = telephoning Telefonear



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Car mechanic = garage Taller mecánico

Code of practise = set or rules --- so the

customer knows what to expect from the

company recording complaints,

exchanges, …

Código de conducta

Company = business = firm Empresa

Convenient = suitable Apropiado

Customer = client Cliente

Customer care = customer service --- how

companies take care of their customers. Servicio al cliente

Customer loyalty = repeat business = buy

again and again at the same store Cliente habitual

Facilities = amenities = installations

where the firm is ubicated. Instalaciones

Factory = plant Fábrica

Few = some Algunos

Food hamper = basket Cesta

Good = product = item = thing Producto

Happy = satisfied Satisfecho

I'll connect you = I'll put you through Le paso la llamada

Impolite = rude = discourteous Descortés

In order to = to Para

Lifelong guarantee = extended guarantee Extensión de garantía

Locally = around here = near here Cerca de aquí

Polite = courteous Educado

Present = gift Regalo



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Quick = fast Rápido

Service --- no-manufactured product Servicio

Staff: personnel = employee = worker Trabajador

Supplier = salesman = provider Vendedor

Train station = railway station Estación de tren

Unhappy = dissatisfied Insatisfecho

Antonyms:

Abbreviation --- acronym Abreviatura --- acrónimo

Capital letter --- small letter Letra mayúscula --- minúscula

Co-operative --- uncooperative Que coopera --- que no coopera

Courteous --- discourteous Cortés --- descortés

Friendly --- unfriendly Simpático --- antipático

Helpful --- unhelpful Amable --- antipático

Loyal --- disloyal Habitual --- no habitual

Married --- unmarried Casado --- divorciado

Person (singular) --- people (plural) Persona --- gente

Polite --- impolite Educado --- maleducado

Professional --- unprofessional Profesional ---- no-profesional

Provide goods / supply goods --- provide

services Vender productos --- vender servicios

Quick / Fast --- slow Rápido --- lento

Satisfied --- dissatisfied Satisfecho --- insatisfecho

Well-dressed --- badly-dressed Bien vestido --- mal vestido

Window seat --- aisle seat Asiento de ventana --- de pasillo



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Verbs:

To / a promise Prometer / promesa

To apologise = to say sorry Disculparse

To arrange = to organize Organizar

To ask = to enquire / inquiry Preguntar / pregunta

To be entitled to a X% discount on Tener derecho a un X% de descuento

sobre

To be healthy = to fit Estar en forma

To buy = to purchase Comprar

To complain --- say you are dissatisfied / a

complaint Quejarse / queja

To check Consultar / comprobar

To deal Tratar

To exchange the product --- to get a

refund

Cambiar el producto --- devolver el

dinero

To find out Averiguar

To get fit Ponerse en forma

To increase = to get bigger Aumentar

To join (a company) / (a club) / join us Entrar a trabajar en una empresa /

apuntarse a un club / unirte a nosotros

To leave Marcharse

To leave = to finish Acabar

To place an order Hacer un pedido (en general)

To put the matter right Solucionar el problema

To queue = to line --- people who wait for Hacer cola



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something.

To repair = to mend = to fix Reparar

To request Solicitar

To shrink / shrank / shrunk Encoger

To take back = to bring back = to return Devolver

To upgrade Aumentar de categoría

To weigh / weight Pesar / peso

To work = to use Utilizar, funcionar

COMPANIES Vocabulary:

As a rule Como norma general

Brand / own brand Marca / marca blanca

Closely knit team Equipo muy compenetrado

Competitive market Mercado competitivo

Competitor Empresa de la competencia

Consignment Envío

Essential Esencial

Fabric Tela

Franchise Franquicia

Headline Titular

Industrial state Polígono industrial

Industry (Empresa que fabrica productos. Por ejemplo,

seguros no)

News article Artículo de prensa



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Overall understanding Conocimiento/s global/es

Production line Cadena de producción

Recruitment advert Anuncio de oferta de empleo

Strike Huelga

Successful applicant Candidato idóneo

Successful company Empresa de éxito

Transfer Traslado

Up-to-date Actualizado

Vacancy Puesto de trabajo libre

Companies activities / Sectors:

In which sector / area / field does the

company operate? ¿En qué sector trabaja la empresa?

The company operates in ... La empresa pertenece al sector ...

Advertisement sales Ventas de anuncios

Agriculture Agricultura

An international news service agency /

a provider of news Agencia internacional de servicios de noticias

Broadcasting Radiodifusión

Cosmetics industry Industria cosmética

Delivery company = courier company

= international carrier Empresa de transportes / envíos

Editorial marketing Márketing editorial

Electronics industry Industria electrónica

Equality Igualdad



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Fashion industry Industria de la moda

Fast-food company Empresa de comida rápida

Financial service company Empresa de servicios financieros

Food retailing Venta al por menor de comida

Information technology - “IT” Información tecnológica

Insurance Seguros

Manufacturing (Car manufacture, …) /

manufacturer Fabricación (fabricación de coches, ...) / fabricante

Media Medio de comunicación

Music company = record company Compañía discográfica

Music industry Industria de la música

Music retail sector Industria minorista de la música

Pharmaceutical company = drug

company Empresa farmacéutica

Product development Desarrollo de productos

Production costs Costes de producción

Publishing Editorial

Radio station Emisora de radio

Real estate Compañía estatal

Selective retailing Venta selecta al por menor

Soft drinks --- spirits (alcohols) Refrescos - alcoholes

Sports wear --- casual wear Ropa deportiva - ropa casual

Telecommunications Telecomunicaciones

Travel Viajes

TV production Producción de TV

Wines & spirits Vinos y alcoholes



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Synonyms:

A great deal = a lot Mucho

A litte = a bit Un poco

Aim = an objective = a target = a goal Objetivo

All over the world = throughout the

world = around the world Por todo el mundo

Applicant = candidate --- someone

who is applying for a job Candidato

Busy = occupied Ocupado

Can I borrow? = Can you lend me? ¿Puedes prestarme?

Closing date = deadline Fecha tope

Due to = because of Debido a

Expensive = dearer Caro

For example = e.g.= such as= for

instance = like Por ejemplo

He is asleep = he sleeps Estar dormido

Holding company = parent company Empresa madre

However = nevertheless De todas maneras

Ill = sick Enfermo

Morning shift / afternoon shift / night

shift Turno de mañana, tarde y noche

Ought = should Debería

Outlook = forecast Previsión

Post = job Puesto de trabajo

Present = current Actual



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Programme = scheme Programa

Regretabbly = unfortunately Desgraciadamente

Sector = field = area Sector

Several = many = a lot of Muchos

Skill = ability Facilidad

Survey = questionnaire Encuesta

Wage = salary Sueldo

Warm = hot Calor

Well-known = famous Famoso

Whether = if Si

Wide = full = broad (range) = a wide

variety of goods Amplia gama de productos

Antonyms:

Holding company / parent company ---

subsidiary Empresa matriz --- filial

Up-market --- middle-market --- down

market Gama alta --- gama media --- gama baja

Verbs:

To be involve Involucrarse

To be training Hacer un curso

To belong Pertenecer / formar parte de algo

To collect Recoger



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To commit to / commited to +ing Comprometerse a

To compete / competition Competir --- competición

To choice Elegir / elección

To demand Exigir

To enable Permitir

To expand / expansion Expandir --- expansión

To fall = to go down = to decrease = to

drop Disminuir

To get better --- to get worse Mejorar --- empeorar

To increase = to rise = to go up = to

get bigger --- to fall Aumentar --- disminuir

To invest Invertir

To keep Mantener

To launch a product on the market /

launch

Sacar al mercado / lanzar una campaña publicitaria

/ lanzamiento

To like --- to dislike Gustar --- no gustar

To mean --- to stand for Querer decir (el segundo sólo para siglas)

To operate / operation Operar --- operación

To produce --- to provide Fabricar un producto --- ofrecer un servicio

To put into practice = to implement =

to carry out Poner en práctica

To recruit = to hire = to employ --- a

contract Contratar --- un contrato

To run out Quedarse sin / agotarse

To sell --- sale Vender --- venta

To work under pressure Trabajar bajo presión



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TRAVEL

Vocabulary:

(hour) onwards (Hora) en adelante

A (nationality) business person Hombre de negocios de (nacionalidad)

Amusement Entretenimiento

Arrangement definite Cita definitiva

Beside Al lado

Boat Barco grande

Business card Tarjeta de visita

Business partner Socio de negocios

Colleague - person who works with

you or in the same field Colega

Cup Taza

Difficulty Dificultad

Estrange Extraño

Explanation Explicación

Ferry Barco para transporte pasajeros

First name Nombre de pila

Foreign business trip / Travel on

business Viaje de negocios (al extranjero)

Glass Copa, vaso

Instead of En lugar de

Itinerary Itinerario

I've got my car with me He traído mi coche

Left (puesto al final de la frase) Solamente



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Live En directo

Method of transport Medio de transporte

Mug Jarrilla

Over = more than Más de

Plane Avión

Politician Político

R+D - Research and development

departament Departamento de investigación y desarrollo

Respectful Respetuoso

Return date Fecha de vuelta

Second name = surname Apellido

Ship Barco grande

Social conventions Convenciones sociales

Suggestion Sugerencia

The flight takes / the flight is about x

hours / the flight lasts ... El vuelo dura ...

Trade union / trades unions Sindicato/s

Train Tren

Synonyms:

Advice = tip Consejo

Briefing notes = a report = papers Informe

Enormous = huge Enorme

Foreign = overseas = abroad Extranjero

Headoffice = headquarter Sede central



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May = might Quizá

Secretary = administrative assistant =

clerk Secretaría / administrativa

Timetable = schedule Horario

Tour guide = courier Guía turístico (persona)

Verbs:

To accompany Acompañar

To arrive in Llegar a (una ciudad)

To assist = to help Ayudar

To attend = to have = to hold = to go to

= to listen to (a meeting, a conference,

...)

Asistir, tener, escuchar (una reunión, ...)

To be promote Promocionar (de puesto de trabajo)

To book = to reserve (a ticket) Reservar (un billete)

To do business by telephone or fax Hacer negocios por teléfono o por fax

To experience cultural differences /

Cultural differences = gaps Experimentar (diferencias culturales)

To fly out (to) Volar (a)

To get (a drink) Traer (una bebida)

To get home = to arrive home Llegar (a casa)

To give a presentation on the company Hacer una presentación sobre la empresa

To go on (a tour) = To go sightseeing Hacer un tour (viaje)

To have (a meal) Tomar (una comida)

To have a meeting (with) Tener una reunión (con)



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To hire Alquilar

To interview Entrevistar (de trabajo)

To let (you) know = to inform (you) Informar(te)

To order (a product) Hacer un pedido (de un producto)

To plan (an itinerary) Planear (un itinerario)

To put on --- to take off Poner --- quitar

To refuse = to reject Rechazar

To run = to organize (a seminar) Organizar (un seminario)

To shake hands --- embrace Dar la mano --- abrazar

To spill - spilled / spilt Derramar (un líquido)

To suffer from jet lag Sufrir jet lag

To take = to last Durar (un viaje)

To throw = to have (a party) Hacer (una fiesta)

To travel by Viajar en (medio de transporte)

To visit (a subsidiary) Visitar (una delegación)

To work for (name of the company) Trabajar en (nombre de la empresa)

Antonyms:

A single --- a return (ida y vuelta no

existe se supone que si vas vuelves) Billete de ida --- billete de vuelta

Advantage --- disadvantage / drawback Ventaja --- desventaja

Enormous / huge --- tiny Enorme --- pequeño

Host --- guest Anfitrión --- invitado

Schedule --- charter Vuelo regular --- vuelo no regular

Speaker --- delegate (to a seminar) Ponente --- asistente (a un seminario)



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Nationalities:

America - American América

Asia - Asian Asia

Australia - Australian Australia

Bahrain - Bahraini Bahrein

Belgium - Belgian Bélgica

Brazil - Brazilian Brasil

Britain - British Gran Bretaña

Canada - Canadien Canadá

China - chinese China

Denmark - Danish Dinamarca

Europe - European Europa

Finland - Finnish Finlandia

France - French Francia

Germany - German Alemania

Greece - Greek Grecia

Hungary - Hungarian Hungría

Ireland - Irish Irlanda

Italy - Italian Italia

Japan - japanese Japón

Kuwatit - Kuwaiti Kuwait

Malta - Maltese Malta

Mexico - Mexican Méjico

Nigeria - Nigerian Nigeria

Oman - Omani Omán

Pakistan - Pakistani Pakistán



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Poland - Polish Polonia

Portugal - portuguese Portugal

Russia - Russian Rusia

Saudi Arabia - Saudi Arabia Saudi

Singapore - Singaporean Singapur

South Africa - South African Sudáfrica

Spain - Spanish España

Sweden - Swedish Suecia

Switzerland - Swiss Suiza

Thailand - Thai Tailandia

The Netherlands = Holland - Dutch Holanda

Turkey - Turkish Turquía

Vietnam - Vietnamese Vietnam

TRAVEL SHOOTING

Vocabulary:

(Your) view are keenly sought (Tu) punto de vista se tiene muy en cuenta

Analysis Análisis

Appraisal programme Programa de evaluación

Bank charge Comisión bancaria

Board Junta de directores

Car phone Teléfono móvil de coche

Clauses of purpose Expresiones de propósito

Dealership = showroom Sala de exposición y venta

Fair deal Trato justo, buena relación calidad-precio

First-class Primera clase



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Founder Fundador

Men (product) buyers = men customers Clientes (hombres de X producto)

Model Moda

Mystery shop Cliente misterioso

Opportunity / ies Oportunidad/es

Outsider (Alguien) de fuera

Performance Funcionamiento

Petrol Gasolina

Priority Prioridad

Profit Beneficio

Profitable Rentable

Realista Realistic

Reputation Reputación

Research Investigación

Role = task Papel, tarea

Self-service machine Cajero automático

Share average Tasa media

Shareholder --- A share Accionista --- una acción

Size of the project Tamaño del proyecto

Spokesman/spokeswoman Portavoz (hombre/mujer)

Strategy Estrategia

Strength / s Fortaleza/s

Summarise Resumen

SWOT DAFO

Task Tarea

Team Equipo



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That face the company A los que la empresa tiene que plantar cara

Threat / s Amenaza/s

Trouble Problema

Trouble spots Sitios problemáticos

We should find ways to improve the

situation quickly

Debemos encontrar maneras de mejorar la

situación rápidamente

Weakness / es Debilidad/es

What the agency is all about Todo sobre la agencia

Women (product) buyers = female

customers Clientes (mujeres de X producto)

Synonyms:

(Number) out of every (number) =

(number) in (number) (Número) de cada (número)

(product) dealer = (product)

salesman/saleswoman = seller = supplier

= provider

Vendedor/a de (producto)

Approach = behaviour Comportamiento

Awareness = knowledge Conocimiento

Benefit = advantage Ventaja

Best known = most famous Muy conocido/a

Contract Contrato

Cost = expense Gasto

Discussion = debate Conversación

Enough = sufficient Bastante, suficiente

Excellent = outstanding Muy buena, excelente



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Fashionable = out-of-date De moda

Fault = defect Defecto

Faulty = defective Defectuoso

Feature = characteristic Característica

Forward-looking = looking to the future Mirando al futuro

Industry = area = field = sector Sector

Known - well-known - best-known Conocido - muy conocido - el más conocido

Main = principle Principal

Nowadays = currently = at the moment En este momento

Right answer = correct answer Respuesta correcta

Running = managing Hacer funcionar

Temporary solutions = quick fixes Soluciones temporales, parches

That is = that means = i.e. Esto es

Troubleshooting = Finding solutions =

Identifying problems and trying to solve

them

Encontrar soluciones

Uninterested = not enthusiastic No interesado

Unreliable = doesn't work No funciona

Well financially = making a profit Sacar provecho

Well-known = famous Conocida, famosa

Antonyms:

Senior management = boss --- junior

management Jefe --- mando intermedio

Soft sell --- hard sell Venta (normal) --- venta agresiva

There will be --- there should be Habrá --- debería haber



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Verbs:

To achieve Conseguir

To aim Dirigir

To appoint = to recruit = to look for = to

employ = to hire --- to fire = to dismiss

= to sack

Coger personal / echar personal

To approach Aproximarse

To attract = to appeal Atraer

To avoid Evitar

To become urgent Ser urgente

To blame Culpar

To cut = to reduce Reducir

To encourage Animar

To ensure = to make sure Asegurar(se)

To feed back --- fed back Retroalimentar

To get = to obtain Obtener

To join = to become part of Unirse a, formar parte de

To make up = to consist of Estar formado por / consistir en

To meet the needs Cubrir las necesidades

To participate / to take part --- a

participation Participar --- participación

To plan effectively Planear de manera eficaz

To pose as Hacer creer

To put pressure Presionar

To realise Darse cuenta

To recommend - a recommendation Recomendar --- recomendación



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To reduce costs --- to improve profits Reducir costes --- aumentar beneficios

To set a goal = a target = an aim = an

objective --- To achieve a goal ... --- To

exceed a goal ...

Establecer un objetivo --- conseguir un objetivo ---

exceder el objetivo

To set up = to form = to establish =

founded Crear

To share Compartir

To support (by) Subvencionar

To switch = to change Cambiar

To take seriously Tomar en serio

To take the blame / Don't blame me Asumir la responsabilidad, la culpa / No me culpes

a mí

To talk = to discuss = to speak Hablar

To think ahead to prevent problems Pensar con antelación para prevenir problemas

To tour dealers = to visit dealerships Visitar delegaciones comerciales

To waste time and money Malgastar tiempo y dinero

COMPANY HISTORY

Vocabulary:

Annual report Informe anual

Asset Proporción

Assets Activos, bienes

Assets and habilities Activos y pasivos

Attitude Actitud

Authority Autoridad

Board Tabla



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Bootmaker Fabricante de botas

Customised Personalizado (para un cliente en

concreto)

Fashion Moda

Heading Título

Household name Marca de un producto muy frecuente en

el hogar

Key dates in the company history Fechas clave en la historia de la

empresa

Key development in the company history Desarrollo clave en la historia de la

empresa

Outside Fuera

Partnership Sociedad

Reliability Fiabilidad

Stall Parada (tienda)

When did it all start? ¿Cuándo empezó todo?

Synonyms:

Almost = nearly Casi

Asset = skill = ability Facilidad, habilidad

Award = prize Premio

Brandstretching = diversified Diversificado

Canned = tinned Enlatado

Company history = background Historia de la empresa

Company literature = information about the

company Información acerca de la empresa



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Content = happy = satisfied Contento, feliz, satisfecho

Film = movie Película

Founder = person who started the company Fundador

Further = more Más

Office Supplies = stationery Papelería

Sum = amount = quantitiy Cantidad

Throwaway = disposable Desechable, de usar y tirar

Trust = charity Caridad; ONG

Antonyms:

Competing --- co-operating Competidor --- que coopera

Disposable --- permanent De usar y tirar --- permanente

Everyday --- exceptional Todos los días --- excepcional

Healthy --- weak Saludable --- débil

Husband-to-be --- wife-to-be Futuro marido --- futura mujer

Truck = lorry --- van Camión --- furgoneta

Verbs:

To adopt Adoptar (un niño, una costumbre)

To be backed by = to be supported by Estar respaldado por

To behave Comportarse

To bring together = to join Unir

To claim Pretender, querer conseguir

To cushion Acolchar



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To do business = to conduct business Hacer negocios

To go on sale Salir a la venta

To injure Dañar

To invest Invertir

To merge with = to join ... and formed "X" Fusionar .... y crearon "X"

To modify Modificar

To negotiate Negociar

To obtain a X% share in "X" Conseguir un X% de participación en

"X"

To paint = to decorate Pintar, decorar

To patent Patentar

To refine = to improve = to rise = to go up = to

increase Aumentar

To register Registrar una empresa en el Registro

Mercantil

To renew Cambiar algo viejo por algo nuevo

To renovate Restaurar

To roll(ed) off the line = to be manufacture(d) Salir fabricado de la cadena de

producción

To stretch a brand = to diversify Diversificar

To take over = to acquire Absorber

RETAILING

Vocabulary:

A newspaper is a source of news Un periódico es una fuente de noticias

Anywhere En cualquier sitio



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Bar chart Gráfico de barras

Barcode Código de barras

Bargain Ganga

Car park Plaza de aparcamiento

Competitive edge Ventaja competitiva

Consumer Consumidor

Credit card Tarjeta de crédito

Checkout counter Mostrador de la caja del supermercado

Dangerous Peligroso

Electrical appliances Electrodomésticos

Elsewhere En otro sitio

Enviromentally Medioambiental

Filing cabinet Archivador

Greeting Saludando

Household Hogar, familia

Income Ingreso/s

Insurance policy Póliza de seguro

Layout Distribución de los productos en la tienda

Middleman Intermediario

Nowadays Hoy día

Packaging Embalaje

Pie chart Gráfico de quesito

Playroom Sala de juegos

Product enviromentally sound Producto respetuoso con el medio ambiente

Profit margin Margen de beneficios

Pushchair Carrito de bebé



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Retail outlet Mercado minorista

Risky Arriesgado

Shopassistant Vendedor en una tienda grande

Shopkeeper Vendedor (y quizá dueño) de una tienda

pequeña

Somewhere En algún sitio

Store Tienda, almacén pequeño

Storeroom Almacén

Switchboard operator Recepcionista de la centralita

That's sound Está bien

Till display Pantalla de la caja registradora

Total sales - costs = profits / incomes Ventas totales - costes = beneficios

Textiles & furnishing:

Bed linen Ropa de cama

Blanket Manta

Bookcase Librería

Carpet Alfombra

Cushion Cojín

Duvet Edredón

Lamp Lámpara

Pillow Almohada

Sheet Sábana

Shelf Estantería

Wooden table Mesa de madera



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Retail outlet:

Boutique Boutique

Chain store Cadena de tiendas

Department store Centro comercial (tipo El Corte Inglés)

Hypermarket Hipermercado

Shopping centre Centro comercial (tipo La Farga)

Specialist retailer Tienda especializada

Supermarket Supermercado

Direct sales (you don't go):

Cash and carry "Compra y llévatelo"

Door-to-door sales Venta puerta a puerta

E-commerce = electronic shopping Comercio electrónico

Mail order Pedido por correo

TV sales Venta por TV

How things are packaged:

Packaging Embalaje, envoltorio

A ... of ... Un/a ... de ...

Bag Bolsa, bolso

Bar Tableta

Bottle Botella

Box Caja

Can Lata (de refrescos)

Carton Tetrabrik

Jar (of jam) Bote (sólo de mermelada de naranja)



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Packet Paquete

Tin (of tuna fish) Lata (horizontal con tapa, por ejemplo, atún)

Tub (of margarine) (Bote de plástico horizontal con tapa, por

ejemplo, de mantequilla)

Synonyms:

Advantages to buying = to buy = of buying Ventajas de comprar (la 1ª es una frase hecha)

Amazingly = incredibly Increíblemente

An agent = a representative = a sales rep =

salespeople Representante

Area = place Recinto

Cash = money Dinero en efectivo

Checkout = till Caja de supermercado

Crowded = busy Multitud

Good value for money = good quality for the

price Buena relación calidad-precio

Hard = difficult Difícil

Income = profit = salary Ingresos

On the edge of a town or city = on the

outskirts A las afueras

Outlet = point-of sale Punto de venta

Rather than = instead of En lugar de

Reasonable prices = not very expensive No muy caros

Special offers = sales Rebajas

Total sales = turn over Ventas totales

Way = manner Manera, forma



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Antonyms:

A salesman --- a saleswoman Vendedor (hombre / mujer)

Crisps --- chips Patatas fritas normales --- patatas fritas de bolsa

Jam (of orange) --- marmelade (of other

fruits)

Mermelada de naranja --- mermelada de otras

frutas

Margarine --- butter Margarina --- mantequilla

Up-to-date --- old-fashioned = out of date De moda --- pasado de moda

Verbs:

To be proud Estar orgulloso

To begin trading Comenzar a hacer negocios

To buy in a shop = to buy at a shop Comprar en una tienda

To fill in an order form Rellenar un formulario

To prove Demostrar

To purchase = to buy = to shop Comprar (la 1ª es la más formal)

To shop by the internet = to shop on the

internet = to buy on the internet = e-

commerce

Comprar por internet

To shop from home Comprar desde casa

To store Almacenar

To take it for granted Dar algo por hecho

To try on Probarse rop

To try out the product Probar el producto

To wrap Envolver un regalo



32

CHARACTERISTIC

Vocabulary:

Agenda Orden de seguimiento en una reunión

Attitude Actitud

Battery Pila, batería

Court Tribunal

Crisp Sonido sin interferencia

Databank Información bancaria

Delighted Encantado

Design - to design - designer Diseño - diseñar - diseñador

Dust Polvo

Electrical appliance Electrodoméstico

Event Suceso, acontecimiento

Fizzy drink Bebida con gas

Handle Asa, pomo (de la puerta)

Hose Manguera

Input (words) Entrada (de datos)

Laptop computer Ordenador portátil

Lock Cerradura, cierre

Marketing strategy Estrategia de márketing

Mind the gap Cuidado con el agujero

Phrase book Libro de viaje

Playback Volver a reproducir

Product aimed at Producto dirigido a

Purpose (of advertisement, of the meeting,

...) Motivo (del anuncio, de la reunión, ...)



33

Recognition Reconocimiento

Spelling correction Corrección de ortografía

Suitcase --- briefcase Maleta --- maletín

Twist Giro

Vacuum cleaner Aspiradora

Was it worth it? ¿Valió la pena?

Whereas Mientras

Yuppy (Young, urban, professional person) Yupi

Adjectives, features = characteristics:

A x year guarantee Garantizado por x años

Adjustable = you can change the different

levels = suitable for all person Ajustable

Annoying = irritating Molesto, irritante

Attractive Atractivo

Available in a wide range of colours Disponible en una amplia gama de colores

Back-up = reinforcement Apoyo, refuerzo

Beautiful = cute Bonito

Brass (locks) Latón

Campaign Campaña

Colourful = bright --- dull Colorido, brillante --- gris, apagado, sin vida

Comfortable to wear Confortable para llevar puesto

Crazy = mad Loco

Dear = expensive --- cheap Caro --- barato

Desktop computer --- Laptop computer Ordenador normal --- ordenador portátil



34

Desktop product Producto de sobremesa

Discreet Discreto

Durable = robust = made to last Resistente, hecho para durar

Easy-to-carry --- easy-to-use = user-

friendly (user-friendliness) Fácil de llevar --- fácil de usar

Elegant = smart --- casual = informal Elegante / inteligente --- casual = informal

Environmentally-friendly Respetuoso con el medio ambiente

Extremely lightweight and compact Extremadamente delgado y compacto

Fake Sintético, bañado

Fault = Defect Defecto

Faulty = defective Defectuoso

Flat Plano

Foldable --- collapsible Plegable --- plegable totalmente

Hand-crafted Hecho a mano

High performance = powerful Alto rendimiento

High quality --- low quality Alta calidad --- baja calidad

Leather Piel, cuero

Light --- dark (colour) (Color) claro --- oscuro / delgado

Luxurius Lujoso

Modern --- traditional Moderno --- tradicional

New technology Nueva tecnología

Polite --- impolite Educado --- maleducado

Portable Portátil

Practical = handy = useful --- impractical =

useless Práctico, útil --- no práctico, inútil

Prototype = the first model Prototipo



35

Qualities of products: fantastic, great,

marvellous, brilliant, super, wonderful,

gorgeous ...

Muy bueno

Reliable fiable = reliable --- unreliable =

doesn't work Realmente fiable, fiable --- nada fiable

Slim Delgado

Solar watch = powered by solar battery = it

doesnt' need battery --- batteries supplied Reloj solar --- baterías suministradas

Sporty De aspecto deportivo

Stylish = fashionable = trendy = up-to date

--- old-fashioned = out of date De moda, con estilo --- pasado de moda

Successful Exitoso

Top of the range = the best product in a

category El más alto de la gama

Trim (p. ex. Golded trim) Borde, acabado

Unusual = original Inusual = original

USP (Unique selling point) = characteristic

= feature Característica

Waterproof Resistente al agua

Synonyms:

Ad = advert = advertise = advertisement =

commercial Anuncio publicitario

Appearance = how it looks = what is look

like Apariencia

Are you aware? = Do you know? ¿Estás al tanto?



36

Ball point pen = biro pen Bolígrafo

Benefit = advantage --- disadvantage /

drawback Ventaja --- desventaja

Brand = make --- trademark Marca --- marca registrada

Commercial market = professional market -

-- domestic market

Mercado comercial, profesional --- mercado

doméstico

Company = business = firm Empresa

Customer / consumer / end-user profile =

target costumer = target audience Perfil del consumidor / usuario, cliente objetivo

Eye-catching = attention getting Que llama la atención

Illness = disease Enfermedad

Number = figure Número

Prize +/- award Premio

Rather than = instead of En lugar de

Shoulder strap = belt Cinturón (de colgar)

Sort = kind = type Clase, tipo

Turnover of x pounds = total sales of x

pounds Ventas totales de x libras

Antonyms:

Fun --- boring (a product is fun, not funny) Divertido --- aburrido (funny: que hace reír)

Verbs:

To afford (e.g. He cans afford wathever he

wants)

Permitirse (p.e. Él puede permitirse cualquier

cosa)



37

To be backed by = to be supported by - to

get backing = to get support = to support ---

supportive

Estar respaldado por - conseguir apoyo - apoyar -

-- persona que apoya

To call = to phone = to ring = to speak (by

phone = over the phone) Llamar por teléfono

To carry --- to hold Llevar --- llevar en la mano

To continue --- to give up Continuar --- rendirse

To emphasize Enfatizar

To handle = to deal with (pasado: dealt) Tratar con

To highlight Destacar

To lose up to X Perder hasta

To overtake Adelantar

To persuade = to encourage Persuadir, animar, favorecer

To refuse = to reject = to turn down (an

offer) Rechazar (una oferta)

To remind = to remember Recordar

To set (the alarm, the video, ...) Programar (la alarma, el vídeo, ...)

To set = to establish a price Establecer un precio

To steal (pasado: stole) Robar

To withdraw a product from the shops /

from the market Retirar un producto de las tiendas / del mercado

Word formation (verb - noun):

To advertise - advertiser Anunciar - anunciante

To analyse - analyser Analizar - analizador

To compete - competition Competir - competición



38

To expand - expansion Expandir - expansión

To launch - launch Lanzar - lanzamiento

To manufacture - manufacturer Fabricar - fabricante

To operate - operation Operar - operación

To plan - planner Planear - plan

To prepare - preparation Preparar - preparación

To programme - programmer Programar - programador

To troubleshoot - troubleshooter Disparar - disparador

To visit - visitor Visitar - visitante

To wholesale - wholesaler Vender al por mayor - venta mayorista

To work - worker Trabajar - trabajador

STAFF

Vocabulary:

Aggresive Agresivo/a

Approachable Persona abierta

Available Disponible

Cartoon Viñeta

Collaborative Colaborador, que colabora

Covering letter Carta de presentación

Far more than Mucho más que

Freedom to develop my role Libertad para hacer mi trabajo

Good reputation Buena reputación

Gossip Cotilla, chismoso

Government policy Política gubernamental



39

High staff turnover Mucha rotación de personal

Higher productivity Mayor productividad

Performance Rendimiento

Performance appraisal Evaluación del rendimiento

Personal achievement Logro personal

Personal matter Asunto personal

Physically handicapped Físicamente capacitado

Politics - politician --- policy Política (siempre en plural) - persona que se dedica

a la política - política de una compañía

Position of responsibility Puesto de responsabilidad

Public sector worker Funcionario

Responsible Responsable

Sensationalistic Sensacionalista

Shift Turno

Split schedule Jornada partida

Staff morale Motivación del personal

Stage of the life Etapa de la vida

Success --- successes Éxito --- éxitos

Supportive Persona que ayuda

Sympathetic Comprensivo, que escucha

Tax - taxes / taxation Impuesto - impuestos / tasación

Tax law Ley de impuestos

The end justifies the means El fin justifica los medios

Time management Organización del tiempo



40

Synonyms:

Action points = actions to solve a

problem Acciones para resolver un problema

Advertisement for a job = a job

advertisement = a recruitment

advertisement

Anuncio de trabajo

Aim = objective = target = goal Objetivo

Application form = survey =

questionnaire Encuesta, formulario

Area = field Area

Asset +/- skill Activo / virtud

Asset = skill = ability Facilidad, habilidad

Career = job = post = position Trabajo, profesión

Caveat = warning Aviso, advertencia

Closing date = deadline Fecha tope

Colleague = a person who works with

you or in the same field Colega

Content = happy = pleased = satisfied Contento, feliz, satisfecho

Current = nowadays Hoy día, actualmente

Challenging = interesting Reto, desafío, algo estimulante

Definite = sure = certain Seguro, definitivo, cierto

Empowerment = to give more

responsability Dar más responsabilidad

Further = more Más

Graduated = someone who has finished

the university = ... Obtained a degree Universitario



41

Grounds (siempre en plural) = reason =

motivation Razón, motivo

Inspirational = motivating (boss) (Jefe) que motiva

Job satisfaction = to enjoy your job = to

feel satisfied with you are doing Satisfacción en el trabajo

Knowledge = awareness Conocimientos

Nice = friendly = kind Simpático

Perk = extra-thing in a job "Cosa" extra en el trabajo

Quote = quotation Presupuesto

Role = task Papel, tarea

Sport shoes = training shoes Zapatillas deportivas

Status = professional position = prestige Cargo en una empresa / clase social, prestigio

Tour guide = courier = tour

representative Guía turístico (persona)

Well-known = famous Conocido/a, famoso/a

Workplace culture = culture of the firm

where you work Cultura de tu empresa

Antonyms:

Competent --- incompetent Competente --- incompetente

Left --- right wing Tirando a la izquierda --- a la derecha (en los

periódicos)

Male --- female Hombre --- mujer

Male --- female style Estilo masculino --- femenino

Narrow --- wide (for the rest, excepting

clothing) Estrecho --- ancho (para todo lo que no sea ropa)



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Own label // own brand (products) (Productos) de marca propia // de marca blanca

Permanent --- temporary contract Trabajo fijo --- temporal

Tight --- slack / losse (for clothing) Estrecho --- ancho (para ropa)

Valuable --- invaluable Valioso --- que no tiene precio

Where we can find publicity:

Banner Publicidad en movimiento

Billboard Valla publicitaria de carretera

Bus stop / bus shelter Parada de autobús, marquesina de la parada del

autobús

TV / radio / newspaper / magazine

(advert) Anuncio en TV, radio, periódicos, magazines

Verbs:

Companies close and move Las empresas cierran y se trasladan

Do you live to work or do you work to

live? ¿Vives para trabajar o trabajas para vivir?

Lead to = result in (better results) Llevar a, conseguir (mejores resultados)

The boss believes in you = the boss

trusts you

El jefe confía en ti ("trust" es confianza moral, no

explicar secretos)

They value you more if you stay

overtime Te valoran más si te quedas horas extras

To allow Permitir, dejar hacer algo

To appoint = to recruit = to looking for

= to hire = to employ = to take on --- to

fire = to dismiss = to sack = to lay off

Coger personal --- echar personal



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To be in control Tener el control

To be passionate about = to be very

enthusiastic Estar entusiasmado con

To blame Culpar

To commit to / commited to +ing = to

dedicate = to applicate Comprometerse a

To compete (with) Tener la capacidad de hacer algo, competir

To complete = to close = to end = to

finish Acabar

To decide = to make up the mind Decidir

To discriminate on grounds of gender or

race (will not) Discriminar por razón de sexo y raza (no)

To earn (a salary = a wage = an income) Ganar (un sueldo)

To get on well / ... with (somebody) =

To have a good relationship Llevarlo bien / Llevarse bien (con alguien)

To give a good impression on the

company Dar una buena impresión de la empresa

To have a very good timetable Tener un muy buen horario

To have confidence Tener confianza en alguien

To have job security Tener una seguridad en el trabajo

To interfere --- To be hands off = to

leave to do the job Interferir --- no interferir

To joke Bromear

To make mistakes Cometer errores

To match = to fit (my needs) Satisfacer (mis necesidades)

To meet our expectations = fulfil Cumplir con nuestras esperanzas y expectativas



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To notice Darse cuenta

To prioritise Priorizar

To promote Promocionar

To quote - quoting reference Mencionar - mencionando la referencia

To respond = to answer Contestar

To set = to establish --- To achieve ---

To exceed (a goal = a target = an aim =

an objective)

Establecer --- conseguir --- exceder (un objetivo)

To shop around Comprar en varios sitios

To shop on impulse Comprar por impulso

To sit cross-legged Sentarse con las piernas cruzadas

To sort out = to solve Resolver

To spend time with Pasar el tiempo con

To take = to do = to sit (an exam) Tener (un examen)

To take into account = to bear in mind =

to look at (various options) Tener en cuenta (varias opciones)

To take the job seriously Tomarse en serio el trabajo

To take work home Llevarse el trabajo a casa

To unwind (pasado: unwound) = to

switch off Descansar, desconectar

To value Valorar

To work overtime Trabajar horas extras

ECONOMY

Vocabulary:

Attendance Asistencia



45

Average worker Trabajador medio

Business --- businesses Negocio --- negocios

Competitiveness Competitividad

Database Base de datos

Entrepreneurial spirit Espíritu emprendedor

Everyday goods Productos de consumo diario

Exchange rate Tipo de cambio

In sight A la vista

Inflation Inflación

International trade Comercio internacional

Internet banking Banco por internet

Life cost Coste de la vida

Multinational Multinacional

Overall En general

Price difference between Diferencia de precio entre

Quarter Trimestre

Rate of growth Tasa de crecimiento

Respite Respiro, alivio

Shopping basket Cesta de la compra

Skilled workforce Mano de obra preparada

Slightly Ligeramente

Speech Manera de hablar, lenguaje, habla

Staff: personnel = employee = worker =

workforce Trabajador / personal

Technology Tecnología

Until the end of the year Hasta final de año



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Variation in (price, taxes) Variación de (precio, impuestos)

Working day Día laborable

Synonyms:

Abroad = overseas = in a foreign country En el extranjero

Almost = nearly Casi

All over the world = throughout the world =

around the world Por todo el mundo

Applicant = candidate = someone who is

applying for a job Candidato

As soon as possible = as quickly as possible Lo antes posible

Decrease = fall = drop = decline = downturn Descenso, disminución

Discussion = debate = conversation Conversación

Dramatically = sharply Bruscamente

Due to = because of Debido a

Economic recession = economic crisis Crisis económica

Enough = sufficient Bastante, suficiente

Enquiry = question Pregunta

Environment = atmosphere Medio ambiente, atmósfera

Great = vast (majority) Gran (mayoría)

Huge = enormous = massive Enorme, muy grande

Improvement = rise = increase = growth Crecimiento, aumento

Infrastructure = facilities = amenities =

installations where the firm is ubicated. Instalaciones

No one = nobody Nadie

Part = component --- piece Parte, componente --- pieza



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Resilient = strong Fuerte

Shipping = transportation Transporte

Steadily A un ritmo constante

Sum = amount = quantitiy Cantidad

Trend = direction Tendencia

Trend = pattern Dibujo, estampado

Antonyms:

Easy --- poor access to raw materials Fácil --- difícil acceso a las materias primas

Good --- poor availability of labour Gran --- poca disponibilidad de mano de obra

High --- low labour costs Alto --- bajo coste de la mano de obra

High --- low taxes Impuestos altos --- bajos

Inward --- outward investment Inversión interna --- externa

Likely --- unlikely Probable --- improbable

Political stability --- instability Estabilidad --- inestabilidad política

Profit --- loss (en el plural no varía) Beneficio --- pérdida

Strong --- weak economy Economía fuerte --- débil

Wholesaler --- retailer Mayorista --- minorista

Verbs:

To account for Representar (paraq cantidades)

To affect --- to be affected by --- to be hit by Afectar --- Estar afectado por

To attract (foreign investment) Atraer (inversión extranjera)

To be source in (país) Provenir de (país)

To be willing = to be prepared Estar dispuesto, preparado

To bear Soportar



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To benefit from Aprovecharse de

To charge Cobrar

To choose = to select Seleccionar

To decrease = to fall = to drop = to decline Disminuir

To drop Dejar caer

To improve = to rise = to increase = to grow

= to boost Aumentar

To invest Invertir

To make cuts = to reduce costs --- to

improve profits Reducir gastos --- Aumentar beneficios

To motivate --- to desmotivate Motivar --- desmotivar

To purchase = to buy = to shop Comprar (la 1ª es la más formal)

To put into practice = to implement = to

carry out Poner en práctica

To stabilise = to maintain the level = to

remain steady at = to stay at the level Mantenerse en

To stand up (pasado: stood up) Ascender a (para cantidades)

To suffer a downturn Sufrir un descenso

To take a full working day Lleva un día completo de trabajo

To worry = to concern Estar preocupado

Word formation (noun - career - positive -

negative):

Analysis - analyst - analitycal - unanalitycal Análisis - analista - analítico - no analítico

Economy - economist - economic -

uneconomic

Economía - economista - económico - no

económico



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Employment - employer - employed -

employee - unemployed Empleo - empleador - empleado - desempleado

Unemployment - employee - employable -

unemployable

Desempleado - empleado - empleable - no

empleable

Word formation (verb - noun - career):

To invent - invention - inventor Inventar - invención - inventor

To invest - investment - investor Invertir - inversión - inversor

ECONOMICS

Vocabulary:

Annual report Informe anual

Balance sheet Balance

Earning per share Beneficio por acción

Equity Plusvalía

Exchange-rate Tipo de cambio

Expenditure Gasto de una persona

Fare Tarifa

Financial results Resultados financieros

How well the company is performing Si la empresa va bien o no

Income tax IRPF

Interest rate Tipo de interés

Interest-bearing Que paga intereses

International presence Presencia internacional

Land Terreno



50

Offshore bank account Cuenta bancaria en un banco situado en un

paraíso fiscal

On-demand Sobre demanda

Profit and loss account Cuenta de pérdidas y ganancias

Proposal Propuesta

Public expending Gasto público

Regardless Sea cual sea

Return Devolución

Share Acción

Shareholder Accionista

Statement Afirmación / extracto

Summary Resumen

Tax year Año fiscal

Tax-free Libre de impuestos

The Inland Revenue Hacienda

The investment may go down as well as up La inversión puede bajar como subir

VAT - Value Added Tax IVA

Worthwhile Que merece la pena

Figures and numbers:

Cardinal number Número cardinal

Decimal number Número decimal

Fraction Fracción

Metre - centimetre (squared) Metro - centímetro (cuadrado)

Ordinal number Número ordinal

Percentage Porcentaje



51

Expenditure = to expend = expending =

expenses

To spend on ... Gastar en ...

Clothing and footwear Ropa y calzado

Food and drink Comida y bebida

Fuel and power Combustible y electricidad

Household good = household product =

furniture Producto para el hogar

Housing Gastos del hogar

Leisure goods and services Productos y servicios de ocio

Miscellaneous Varios

Rent --- mortgage Alquiler --- hipoteca

Soft drink --- alcoholic drink Bebida refresacante --- bebida alcohólica

Tobacco Tabaco

Transport Transporte

Synonyms:

Acquisition = Takeover another company Comprar otra empresa

Cash = money Dinero en efectivo

Currency = money Moneda, divisa

Dividend = share of the turnover that the

shareholders receive Dividendo

For a start = to begin Para empezar

In other words = that is to say = that means =

i.e. En otras palabras, es decir



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Inflation = cost of living Inflación

Pay on time --- late payment = don't pay on

time Pagar cuando toca --- retrasarse en el pago

Operating profit = turnover minus overheads

or running costs

Beneficio operativo = ventas totales menos

gastos

Outstanding = excellent Excelente

Performance = result Resultado

Proper = good = correct Bueno, adecuado, correcto

Several = a lot of Muchos

Tax = taxation Tasación

That's a good point = that's interesting Es interesante

Antonyms:

Asset --- liability Activo --- pasivo

Bank --- current --- deposit (account) (Cuenta) bancaria --- corriente --- depósito

Favourable --- unfavourable Favorable --- desfavorable

Gross --- net (profit, interest) Beneficio, interés bruto --- neto

Individual --- company Persona particular --- empresa

Public --- private (company) Empresa pública --- privada

Safe = sure --- dangerous = unsure Seguro --- no seguro

Short --- long (term) A corto --- largo plazo

Variable --- unvariable Variable --- invariable

Verbs:

To avoid Evitar

To ban = to prohibit = to forbid Prohibir



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To be obliged --- to oblige (to do something) Verse obligado --- obligar (a hacer algo)

To borrow (e.g. If I borrow money from you,

then you lend me the money) Pedir prestado

To deduct Deducir

To draw up Preparar, planear, poner por escrito

To focus on = to concentrate on Concentrarse en algo

To get rid of Deshacerse de algo

To lend (e.g. If I borrow money from you,

then you lend me the money) Prestar

To save money Ahorrar dinero

To sell off = to dispose of = to sell (an asset) Vender (un activo)

To switch = to change = to vary Cambiar, variar

To take care of = to look after Cuidar

To take full advantage Aprovecharse de las ventajas

To treat --- to invite El primero es que te invitan y paga el otro y el

segundo no quiere decir que vayan a pagar

PAYMENTS

Vocabulary:

Bankruptcy Bancarrota

Early settlement discount Descuento por pronto pago

Equal opportunities policy Política de igual de oportunidades

Ethical policy Política ética

Fair Justo

Fine Multa



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Fortnight Quincena, dos semanas

Freely Gratuitamente

Harmful = hurtful = dangerous Dañino

Human rights Derechos humanos

Needlessly Necesariamente

Ozone layer Capa de ozono

Payment on time Pagar a tiempo

Payment policy Política de pagos

Product policy Política de producto

Spokesman Portavoz

Synonyms:

Developing = underdeveloped = third

world (country) País en vías de desarrollo

Bill = law = legislation Ley

Cash-flow = movement of money in a

company Entrada y salida de dinero

Ethical consumer = morally right ---

morally wrong

Consumidor ético, responsable --- moralmente

reprochable

Unless = except if Excepto

Antonyms:

Creditor (who lends money) --- debtor

(who borrows money) Deudor --- acreedor

Incomes --- outgoings Ingresos --- gastos



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Responsible = ethical --- irresponsible =

unethical

esponsable --- irresponsable

Verbs:

To claim (the lead) Reclamar / pretender (ser el líder, el liderazgo)

To conduct = to run = to manage (a

business = a company) Dirigir (una empresa)

To charge an interest Cargar un interés

To damage = to harm = to hurt Dañar

To dissuade Disuadir, hacer cambiar de opinión

To face a problem Enfrentarse a un problema

To go out of business = to close Cerrar una empresa

To grow = to expand = to develop Crecer, cultivar, producir / expandirse

To have high spending power = To be rich

= to be wealthy Ser rico

To lack (a lack) Faltar, no tener (falta)

To overcharge Cobrar de más

To owe (money) Deber (dinero)

To pollute Contaminar

To preserve Conservar

To proceed Proceder a hacer algo

To provide Conllevar

To raise Recaudar

To settle = to pay Pagar

To submit = to send in Enviar

To take ages to pay Tardar mucho tiempo en pagar



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To turn over Convertir

To use delaying tactics (for the payment) Usar tácticas para retrasar (el pago)

Word formation (noun - adjective):

Environment - environmental Medio ambiente - medioambiental

Power - powerful --- powerless Poder - poderoso --- débil

Sceptic - sceptical Escéptico - escéptico

PRODUCTS

Vocabulary:

Branch Sucursal, tienda

Brand loyalty Fidelidad a una marca determinada

Collapse Caída

Chairman Presidente, director general

Flavour Gusto, sabor

Synonyms:

Border = frontier Frontera

Competitor = seller = rival Competidor, rival

Drink = beverage Bebida

Good = product = item Producto

Manufacturer = producer Fabricante, productor

Market share = proportion of market Cuota de mercado

Open market = area of business where there

is free competition Area de libre competencia



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Parent = holding (company) --- subsidiary Empresa matriz --- filial

Plant = factory = facility Fábrica

Antonyms:

Understaff --- overstaff Falto de personal --- demasiado personal

Upmarket = an expensive/luxury image ---

downmarket = a low-status image Imagen de marca --- sin imagen de marca

Verbs:

To break into = to enter into = to begin

doing business = to exploit (in a new area,

in a new market)

Entrar en (una nueva área, en un nuevo mercado)

To float = to sell (shares) Salir a bolsa, vender (acciones)

To form = to establish = to create (a

company) Crear (una empresa)

To gain supremacy = to win the first

position Conseguir el primer puesto

To merge --- to demerger Fusionarse --- desfusionarse

To outsell = to sell more than Vender más que

To retain = to keep (shares) Quedarse, guardarse (acciones)

To split = to divide (a company) Dividir (una empresa)

TEMA 1. INGLÉS COMERCIAL (1) MÓDULO DE INGLÉS...

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