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EbolaThe Deadly African Virus
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Ebola Virus Introduction
First appeared in Africa 1976
African Hemorrhagic Fever
acute,mostly fatal disease causes blood vessel bursting
systemic (all organs/tissues)
humans and nonhuman primates
Excluding 2000 outbreak
1,500 cases
over 1,000 deaths
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Ebola Epidemiology
Reservoirs in Nature largely unknown
possibly infected animals (primates?)
Transmission
direct contact blood/secretions of infected person
possible airborne(Reston primate facility)
Onset of illness abrupt
incubation period: 2 to 21 days
infections are acute and mostly deadly
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Latest Morbidity and Mortality Reports
Ebola-Reston Virus Infection Among QuarantinedNonhuman Primates -- Texas, 1996
report describes death and blood testing of cynomolgusmonkey imported from the Philippines held in a private
quarantine facility in Texas
Outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ---Uganda,August 2000--January 2001
report describes surveillance and control activitiesrelated to the EHF outbreak
presents preliminary clinical and epidemiologic findings
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Ebola Taxonomy
Scientific Classification
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Fi lovir idae
Genus: Ebola l ike viruses
Species: Ebola
Subtypes Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan,Ebola-Ivory Coast
disease in humans
Ebola-Reston disease in nonhuman primates
Copyrighted
Dr. Fre:derick A. Murphy, D.V.M., Ph.D. 1976.
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/5738/images/Ebola1.jpg5/21/2018 Ebola Fix Presentasi
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Filoviridae orFiloviruses
Most mysterious virus group
Pathogenesis poorly understood
Ebola
natural history/reservoirs unknown
exist throughout the world
endemic to Africa
filamentous ssRNA-(antisense) viruses
Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control
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Ebola Pathogenesis
Enters Bloodstream skin, membranes,open wounds
Cell Level
docks with cell membrane
Viral RNA
released into cytoplasm
production new viral proteins/ genetic material
New viral genomes
rapidly coated in protein
create cores
Copyright: Russell Kightley Media, Australia
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Ebola Pathogenesis, cont
Viral cores stack up in cell
migrate to the cell surface
produce trans-membrane proteins
push through cell surface
become enveloped by cell membrane
ssRNA-Genome Mutations
capable of rapid mutation
very adaptable to evade host defenses and environmental change
Theory
virus evolved to occupy special niches in the wild
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Symptoms and Diagnostic Tests
Early symptoms muscle aches, fever, vomiting
red eyes, skin rash, diarrhea, stomach pain
Acute symptoms
bleeding/hemorrhaging from skin, orifices, internal organs
Early Diagnosis
very difficult
signs & symptoms very similar to other infections
Laboratory Test PCR detection
ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno-absorbant) assay
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Laboratical finding
Leucopenia Trombocytopenia (
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Treatment
No Standard Treatment available
Patients receive supportive therapy
treating complicating infections
balancing patients fluids and electrolytes
maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure
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The most risk
Health workers Family member
Mourner who have direct contact with dead
body Hunter who contact with dead animals
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Prevention
No vaccines!
Patients are isolated
Medical Staff Training western sanitation practices
intake
care during stay
after patient dies
Infection-control Measures complete equipment and area sterilization
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Prevention
After DeathVirus contagious in fluids for days
Burial use extreme caution
handling and transport
cultural practices/ religious belief
incinerate all waste !!!!
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References Reemergence of Ebola Virus in Africa; Anthony Sanchez et al,EID Volume 1 * Number 3 July-September 1995
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol1no3/sanchez.htm
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, Healthlink, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2000
http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/955159073.html
Isolation and Phylogenetic Characterization of Ebola Viruses Causing Different Outbreaks in Gabon
Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,February 5, 1997
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no1/courbot2.htm
Hemorrhagic fevers; Julia Barrett, Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Gale Research, 1999
http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/g2601/0006/2601000652/p1/article.jhtm
l
Key Issues in the Prevention and Control of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Clarence J.Peters, MD, Special Pathogens Branch/Division of Viral andRickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997
http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/sympsium/symp43.htm
Scientific Stock Images Library; Russell Kightley Media,Australia
http://www.rkm.com.au/imagelibrary/index.html
Outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ---Uganda, August 2000--January 2001,
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol 50, No 05;73, 02/09/2001 / 50(05);73-7
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5005a1.htm
Ebola-Reston Virus Infection Among Quarantined Nonhuman Primates -- Texas, 1996
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol 45, No 15;314 ,April 19, 1996 / 45(15);314-316
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00040920.htm
The assembly of Ebola virus nucleocapsid requires virion-associated proteins 35 and 24 and posttranslational modification of nucleoprotein, HuangYet al, Mol Cell. 2002 Aug;10(2):307-16. PMID: 12191476 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12191476&dopt=Abstract
Detection of antibodies against the four subtypes of ebola virus in sera from any species using a novel antibody-phage indicator assay.; Meissner F
et al , PMID: 1235035
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12350354&dopt=Abstract
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