01 Lecture Presentation Heirarchy

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Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth EditionCampbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life

Lecture by: Richard L. Myers


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You should be able to

1. Describe lifes hierarchy of organization

2. Describe living organisms interactions with theirenvironments

3. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells4. Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity

and diversity of life

5. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis-based science

6. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and societyare connected



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THEMES IN THE STUDYOF BIOLOGY



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1.1 In lifes hierarchy of organization, newproperties emerge at each level

Lifes levels of organization define the scope of biology

Life emerges through organization of various levels

With addition of each new level, novel properties emergecalled emergent properties



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Biosphere

EcosystemFlorida coast

CommunityAll organisms onthe Florida coast

PopulationGroup of brown

pelicans

Nucleus

Nerve

Spinal cord

CellNerve cell

TissueNervous tissue

OrganBrain

OrganelleNucleus Molecule

DNA

Atom

OrganismBrown pelican

Organ systemNervous system

Brain


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The upper tier is a global perspective of life Biosphereall the environments on Earth that support life

Ecosystemall the organisms living in a particular area

Communitythe array of organisms living in a particularecosystem

Populationall the individuals of a species within a

specific area



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The middle tier is characterized by the organism, anindividual living thing

Organsystemshave specific functions; composed oforgans

Organsprovide specific functions for the organism

Tissuesmade of groups of similar cells



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Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower tier, Moleculesclusters of atoms

Organellesmembrane-bound structures with specific

functions

Cellsliving entities distinguished from theirenvironment by a membrane



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1.2 Living organisms interact with theirenvironments, exchanging matter and energy

Life requires interactions between living andnonliving components

Producers -photosynthetic organisms provide food

Consumers- eat plants (or animals that profit fromplants)

The nonliving components are chemical nutrientsrequired for life



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1.2 Living organisms interact with theirenvironments, exchanging matter and energy

To be successful, an ecosystem must accomplishtwo things

Recycle chemicals necessary for life

Move energy through the ecosystem

Energy enters as light and exits as heat



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Ecosystem

Producers(such as plants)

Sunlight

Cyclingof

chemicalnutrients

Chemical energy

Consumers(such as animals)

Heat

Heat


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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional unitsof life

Form generally fits function By studying a biological structure, you determine what

it does and how it works

Life emerges from interactions of structures

Combinations of structures (components) provideorganization called a system



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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional unitsof life

Two distinct groups of cells exist

Prokaryotic cells

Simple and small

Ex. Bacteria

Eukaryotic cells

Possess organelles separated by membranes

Ex. Plants, animals, and fungi



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DNA(no nucleus)

Prokaryotic cell

Membrane

Eukaryotic cell

Nucleus(contains DNA)

Organelles


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EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEMEOF BIOLOGY



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1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life havecommon features

DNA is the genetic (hereditary) material of all cells Agene is a discrete unit of DNA

The chemical structure of DNA accounts for its function

The diversity of life results from differences in DNAstructure from individual to individual



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NucleusDNA

CellNucleotide

(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA


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1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life havecommon features

All living things share common properties1. Order

2. Regulation

3. Growth and development

4. Energy processing

5. Response to theenvironment

6. Reproduction

7. Evolutionary adaptation



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(3) Growth and development (4) Energy processing(2) Regulation(1) Order

(5) Response to the environment (6) Reproduction (7) Evolutionary adaptation


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1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged intothree domains

The three domains (groups) of life (EBA)1. Bacteriaprokaryotic, and most are unicellular and

microscopic

2. Archaealike bacteria, are prokaryotic, and most areunicellular and microscopic

3. Eukaryaare eukaryotic and contain a nucleus andorganelles



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Domain Eukarya

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Fungi

Archaea (multiple kingdoms)

Domain Archaea

Domain Bacteria

Bacteria (multiple kingdoms)

Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae


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1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity oflife

In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin ofSpecies by Means of Natural Selection

The book accomplished two things

Presented evidence to support the idea ofevolution Proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural

selection


Video: Galapgos Tortoise

Video: Galapgos Sea Lion

Video: Galapgos Marine Iguana

Video: Galapgos Island Overview
http://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06AGalapagosIslands_SV.mpghttp://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06AMarineIguana_SV.mpghttp://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06ASeaLion_SV.mpghttp://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06ATortoise_SV.mpg


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Natural selection was inferred by connecting twoobservations

Individuals within a population inherit differentcharacteristics and vary from other individuals

A particular population of individuals produces moreoffspring than will survive to produce offspring of theirown


Video: Soaring Hawk

Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual

Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual
http://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06CAlbatrossCourtship_SV.mpghttp://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06CBoobiesCourtship_SV.mpghttp://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06CSoaringHawk_SV.mpg


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Natural selection is an editing mechanism It results from exposure of heritable variations to

environmental factors that favor some individuals overothers

Over time this results in evolution of new species adapted toparticular environments

Evolutionis biologys core theme and explains unity anddiversity of life



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Population with varied inherited traits1

Elimination of individuals with certain traits2

Reproduction of survivors3


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Pangolin

Killer whale


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THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE



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1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learnabout nature

Two approaches are used to understand naturalcauses for natural phenomena

1. Discoveryscienceuses verifiable observations andmeasurements to describe science

2. Hypothesis-basedscienceuses the data fromdiscovery science to explain science

This requires proposing and testing of hypotheses


S i i i


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1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learnabout nature

There is a difference between a theory and ahypothesis

Ahypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set ofobservations

Atheory is supported by a large and usually growingbody of evidence


1 8 Wi h h h i b d i d


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1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose andtest hypotheses

We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses An example would be the reasoning we use to answer

the question, Why doesnt the flashlight work?

Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problemis either the (1) bulb or (2) batteries.

The hypothesis must be testable

The hypothesis must be falsifiable



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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries

Observations

Question

Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb


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Observations

Question


Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem

Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem

Test prediction Test prediction


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Observations

Question


Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem

Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem

Test prediction Test prediction

Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis

1 8 With h th i b d i d


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Another hypothesis: Mimicry helps protectnonpoisonous king snakes from predators wherepoisonous coral snakes also live

The hypothesis predicts that predators learn to avoidthe warning coloration of coral snakes


1 8 With h th i b d i d


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Experimentation supports the prediction of themimicry hypothesisnonpoisonous snakes thatmimic coloration of coral snakes are attacked lessfrequently

The experiment has a control group using brownartificial snakes for comparison

The experimental group is artificial snakes with the

red, black, and yellow ring pattern of king snakes



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Eastern coral snake (poisonous).


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Scarlet king snake (nonpoisonous).


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Artificial king snake that was not attacked (left); artificialbrown snake that was attacked by a bear (right).


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BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE


1 9 CONNECTION: Biology technology and


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1.9 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, andsociety are connected in important ways

Many of todays global issues relate to biology(science)

Many of these issues resulted from applications oftechnology

Science and technology are interdependent, but theirgoals differ

Science wants to understand natural phenomena

Technology applies science for a specific purpose


1 10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is


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1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution isconnected to our everyday lives

How is evolution connected to our everyday lives? It explains how all living species descended from

ancestral species

Differences between DNA of individuals, species, and

populations reflect evolutionary change

The environment matters because it is a selective forcethat drives evolution

An understanding of evolution helps us fight diseaseand develop conservation efforts


THANK YOU


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