28 31 preparando el camino

77
3UHSDUDQGRHO&DPLQR

Transcript of 28 31 preparando el camino

Page 1: 28 31 preparando el camino

3UHSDUDQGR�HO�&DPLQR��

Page 2: 28 31 preparando el camino
Page 3: 28 31 preparando el camino

8QDV�SDODEUDV�DO�OHFWRU���4XLHQ�HVFULEH�QR�SUHVXPH�GH�VDELR��QL�GH�SHUIHFWR��QL�GH�JUDQGH��4XLHQ�HVWR�HVFULEH�HV�XQ�VROGDGR�OXFKDQGR��HQ�OD�JUDQ�EDWDOOD�GLDULD�SRU�VREUHYLYLU��LJXDO�TXH�WRGRV��1XHVWUD� ODERU� SULQFLSDO� OD� RULJLQD� OD� YROXQWDG�GH� TXH� VH� HPSLHFHQ� D� GHFLU� ODV� FRVDV� FRPR�GHELHURQ�VHU�GHVGH�HO�SULQFLSLR��<��SDUD�HOOR��QR�HVWDPRV� LQYHQWDQGR�QXHYD�GRFWULQD��QL�QXHYD�HQVHxDQ]D�� VLQR�TXH�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GHO�)$&725�6$&5,),&,2��OLJDGR�D�OD�0XHUWH�0tVWLFD�\�DO�1XHYR�1DFLPLHQWR���/D�'RFWULQD�GHO�&ULVWR�HV�XQLYHUVDO��SDUD�WRGRV�ORV�KRPEUHV��iQJHOHV�\�HVWUHOODV�GH�WRGRV�ORV�WLHPSRV�\�HGDGHV��1XHVWUD� PLVLyQ� HV� DSHQDV� XQD� EUL]QD� GH� SROYR� SDUD� FRQVWUXLU� HO� VDFUR� RILFLR� GH� OD� QXHYD�KXPDQLGDG��3UHSDUDG�HO�FRUD]yQ��DEUiPRQRV�DO�&ULVWR��JXDUGHPRV�VLOHQFLR�\�PHGLWHPRV�SURIXQGDPHQWH��'HMHPRV�TXH�HO�3DGUH�VH�PDQLILHVWH�VROHPQH�\�WRGRV�SURVWHUQDGRV�GH�URGLOOD�DSUHQGHUHPRV�D�UHFRQRFHU�VX�YR]�\�DFWXDU�SRU�ILQ�GH�DFXHUGR�D�VX�6DJUDGD�9ROXQWDG��6DQWR�\�3HUIHFWR�VyOR�HUHV�7~��6HxRU��$�WL�VHDQ�ODV�JORULDV��£4XH�9LYD�HO�&ULVWR��£4XH�YLYD�HO�&ULVWR��£4XH�YLYD�HO�&ULVWR��$PpQ��

�2�2���GLVFtSXOR�GH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��$YDWDUD�GH�$FXDULR��

Page 4: 28 31 preparando el camino
Page 5: 28 31 preparando el camino

1RWD�DFODUDWRULD�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��£3$=�,19(5(1&,$/���0DUtD�(OHQD�9LGDO�\�-RVp�0DQXHO�0DUWtQH]��SRU�PHGLR�GHO�SUHVHQWH�HVFULWR��RIUHFHQ�VX�PiV�FLHUWR�WHVWLPRQLR�GH�FRQRFHU�OD�YHUGDGHUD�LGHQWLGDG�� OD�QDFLRQDOLGDG��DVt�FRPR�RWURV�GHWDOOHV�FRQFHUQLHQWHV�DO�0DHVWUR�DXWRU�GH�HVWD�REUD��$VLPLVPR��DWHVWLJXDQ�TXH��HQ�HO�HMHUFLFLR�GH�OR�FRQYHQLGR�FRQ�eO��\��HQ�FXPSOLPLHQWR�GH�VX�H[SUHVD�YROXQWDG��QR�GLYXOJDUHPRV� MDPiV��QL�SRU�QLQJ~Q�PRWLYR�� UHIHUHQFLD�DOJXQD�VREUH�VX�LGHQWLGDG��QL�FXDOTXLHU�RWUR�SRUPHQRU�R�FLUFXQVWDQFLD�SHUVRQDO��D�H[FHSFLyQ�GH�TXH�FRQWHPRV�FRQ�VX�SHUWLQHQWH�DXWRUL]DFLyQ�X�RUGHQ�DO�UHVSHFWR��(QWUH� KHUPDQRV� JQyVWLFRV�� OD� SDODEUD� GH� KRQRU� FLWDGD� EDVWD�� \� GHELHUD� VHU� VXILFLHQWH�� SRU�FXDQWR� TXH� HVWH� FyGLJR� GHELHUD� VHU� FRQVLGHUDGR� GH� SULQFLSDO� \� GH� VXSHULRU� YDORU� \�VLJQLILFDFLyQ��3HUR��DQWH�OD�HYHQWXDOLGDG�TXH��VHJ~Q�HQVHxD�OD�H[SHULHQFLD��SXGLHUD�DFRQWHFHU��HQ�SUHYHQFLyQ�GH�TXH�DOJXQD�SHUVRQD�SUHWHQGLHVH�VXSODQWDU�R�XVXUSDU�VX�LGHQWLGDG��R�FXDOTXLHU�RWUD�FRQGLFLyQ�TXH� QR� OH� FRUUHVSRQGH�� VH� FRPXQLFD�� SDUD� JHQHUDO� FRQRFLPLHQWR�� TXH� KHPRV� HVWDEOHFLGR� XQ�FyGLJR�GH�YHULILFDFLyQ� LQWHUSHUVRQDO��DGHPiV�GH�XQ�FHUWLILFDGR��TXH�RIUHFH�DEVROXWD�JDUDQWtD�IUHQWH�D�KLSRWpWLFDV�XVXUSDFLRQHV�SRU�WHUFHURV��/R� DQWHULRU� SUHFDXFLyQ� RIUHFH� WRWDO� DYDO� GH� TXH� ORV� HVFULWRV� TXH� HO�0DHVWUR� WLHQH� D� ELHQ�GLYXOJDU��VLUYLpQGRVH�GH�QXHVWUD�FXHQWD�GH�FRUUHR�HOHFWUyQLFR�WLELJUDWLDV#\DKRR�HV��SURYLHQHQ�HIHFWLYDPHQWH�GH�VX�DXWRUtD��<�� D� PD\RU� DEXQGDPLHQWR�� VH� VHxDOD� TXH� HO� 0DHVWUR� KD� VHxDODGR� TXH�� ORV� KLSRWpWLFRV�EHQHILFLRV� TXH� OD� HGLFLyQ� GH� VXV� PHQVDMHV� SXGLHVHQ� JHQHUDU�� UHFDLJDQ� HQ� OD� $VRFLDFLyQ�³,QVWLWXWR�GH�$QWURSRORJtD�6DPDHO�\�/LWHODQWHV�GH�(O�6DOYDGRU´��GLULJLGD�SRU�OD�KHUPDQD�GRxD�(OHQD� 5XWK� 3RODQFR� GH� %RQLOOD�� GRFWRUD� HQ� PHGLFLQD� \� 3UHVLGHQWD� GH� OD� PLVPD�� TXLHQ� KD�DFHSWDGR�WDO�GRQDFLyQ�SDUD��HQ�VX�FDVR��UHYHUWLU�GLFKRV�EHQHILFLRV�HQ�OD�SUiFWLFD�GH�OD�FDULGDG��3RU�FRQVLJXLHQWH��GH�UHVXOWDU�RSRUWXQR��HVWD�KHUPDQD�JR]D�GH�OLFHQFLD�\�GH�SOHQD�DXWRUL]DFLyQ�SDUD� HO� UHJLVWUR� GH� OD� SURSLHGDG� LQWHOHFWXDO�� D� QRPEUH� GH� VX� SHUVRQD�� GH� ORV� WH[WRV� TXH� HO�0DHVWUR�KD�SXEOLFDGR�R�TXH��HYHQWXDOPHQWH��SXEOLTXH�HQ�HO�IXWXUR��$QKHODQGR�TXH�OD�OHFWXUD�GH�HVWRV�HVFULWRV��UHFRSLODGRV�ILGHGLJQD�\�VHFXHQFLDOPHQWH�VHJ~Q�VX�RUGHQ�GH�SXEOLFDFLyQ��HQ�ORV�TXH�~QLFDPHQWH�VH�KDQ�DxDGLGR��DOJXQDV�FLWDV�H[SOLFDWLYDV�GH�OD�UD]yQ� GH� GLYHUVDV� FRQWHVWDFLRQHV� GHO� 0DHVWUR�� FRQ� HO� ILQ� GH� WUDWDU� GH� FRQWH[WXDOL]DU�GHWHUPLQDGRV�FRPXQLFDGRV��UHVXOWHQ�GH�VX�XWLOLGDG��OHV�GHVHDPRV�XQDV�UDGLDQWHV�IHVWLYLGDGHV�QDYLGHxDV��HQ�HVWH�DxR����GH�OD�(UD�GH�$FXDULR��£4XH�OD�SD]�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�XVWHGHV���

Page 6: 28 31 preparando el camino

��

Page 7: 28 31 preparando el camino

� ������

&DUWD�GH�XQ�0DHVWUR�GH�0LVWHULRV�0HQRUHV�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�4XHULGRV�KHUPDQRV���8Q�DEUD]R�GH�SD]�D�WRGRV��6R\�XQ�0DHVWUR�GH�0LVWHULRV�0HQRUHV�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�TXH�QR�OHV�SLGH�QL�WDPSRFR�OHV�YR\�D�FRQGLFLRQDU�QDGD��\D�TXH�PL�SUHWHQVLyQ�HQ�HVWH�FDVR�VyOR�HV�VHUYLU��&RPSUHQGR�TXH�PXFKRV�KHUPDQRV�HVWiQ�HQ�XQD�VLWXDFLyQ�SVLFROyJLFD�GLItFLO��LPSXHVWD�SRU�OD�PDWHULD�GH�HVWH�PXQGR��\�HQ�HVSHFLDO�SRU�ODV�IDOODV�TXH�KDQ�ORJUDGR�ODV�WHQWDFLRQHV�KDFHU�HQ�QXHVWUD�DQDWRPtD�VDJUDGD���4XLHUR� GHFLUOHV� TXH� DFWXDOPHQWH� H[LVWLPRV� YDULRV� PDHVWURV� GH� GLYHUVD� WDOOD� HVSLULWXDO��WUDEDMDQGR�DQyQLPDPHQWH�\�VLQ�GHVFDQVR��SRU�HO�PiV�JUDQGH�DPRU�TXH�VH� OH�SXHGH� WHQHU�D�WRGD�OD�KXPDQLGDG��$OJXQRV�KHPRV�WHQLGR�OD�GLFKD�HQ�HO�SURFHVR�GH�FRQVWDWDU�GH�GyQGH�YHQLPRV�\�KDFLD�GyQGH�YDPRV��OD�PLVHULFRUGLD�GH�OD�OH\�KD�VLGR�LQILQLWDPHQWH�JUDQGH��\�QRV�KD�SHUPLWLGR�UHFRQRFHU�TXH� JUDQGH� 6Ï/2� (6� ',26��*5$1'(� 6Ï/2� (6� (/� &5,672�� VyOR� HO� 6$172� (63Ë5,78�',9,12��SRU�OR�TXH�HOORV�PHUHFHQ�HO�KRQRU��OD�JORULD�\�WRGD�YHQHUDFLyQ��(O�KRPEUH�DXQTXH�HVWp�HQ�HO�FDPLQR�GH�OD�PDHVWUtD��HO�GLVFLSXODGR�R�HO�DGHSWDGR��GHEH�OXFKDU�FRQWUD�WRGR�OR�PDWHULDOL]DQWH��<D�TXH�KD�SHUGLGR�VX�FDSDFLGDG�SDUD�HVSLULWXDOL]DUVH�HQ�IRUPD�JHQXLQD�\�OHJtWLPD��FRQ�DOJXQDV�H[FHSFLRQHV��0L� FDUWD� REHGHFH� D� XQ� SURIXQGR� VHQWLPLHQWR� GH� UHVSRQVDELOLGDG� \� GH� FRPSDVLyQ�� SDUD�VROLFLWDUOHV� TXH� FRQ� EXHQD� YROXQWDG� WUDEDMHPRV� WRGRV� SRU� HO� SHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWR� \� SRU� HO�FRPEDWH�WHQD]�FRQWUD�WRGD�IRUPD�HVFODYL]DQWH�GHO�HJR�DQLPDO���([LVWHQ�PDHVWURV�GH�GLYHUVDV�HVFXHODV�\�UHOLJLRQHV��UD]DV��FRORU�\�IRUPDV�GH�SHQVDU��SRUTXH�SDUD� OD� /RJLD� %ODQFD� DXWpQWLFD�� ODV� IURQWHUDV� \� SDtVHV� QR� H[LVWHQ�� 'LRV� HV� PLVHULFRUGLD�LQILQLWD� \� HQ� VX� DIiQ� GH� HQYLDU�PHQVDMHURV� SDUD� OD� UHGHQFLyQ�� QR� KD� HVFDWLPDGR� HVIXHU]RV��DKRUD�TXH�KD\�XQD�JUDQ�EDWDOOD�TXHULHQGR�JDQDU�DOPDV�SDUD�OD�FRQGHQDFLyQ�HWHUQD���3RU� HOOR�� FRQ� WRGD� KXPLOGDG�� OHV� SLGR�� OHV� SHGLPRV�� QR� FLIUHQ� VXV� HVSHUDQ]DV� HQ�SHUVRQDOLGDGHV�R�QRPEUHV��VLJDQ�DO�&ULVWR��HVR�HV�OR�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH��+D\�TXH�KDFHU�PXFKD�FDULGDG��KD\�TXH�HQWUHJDU�PXFKR�DPRU��KD\�TXH�FRPSDUWLU�FRQ�DPRU�\�FRQ�PXFKR�GHVLQWHUpV��+D\�TXH�RUDU�\�PHGLWDU�\�HQ�HVSHFLDO�KD\�TXH�LQYRFDU�WRGRV�ORV�GtDV�D�ODV� IXHU]DV� GH�1XHVWUR� 6HxRU� HO�&ULVWR�� SDUD� TXH� WHQJDPRV� OX]� LQWHUQD� YHUGDGHUD��0HGLWDU�SURIXQGDPHQWH�FRQ�PXFKD�IH�\�GHYRFLyQ���/D�SD]�YROYHUi�D�OD�WLHUUD��HO�GtD�HQ�TXH�ORV�KRPEUHV�EXVTXHQ�D�'LRV�\�GHPXHVWUHQ�FRPSDVLyQ�\� VDELGXUtD�� +D\� PXFKR� SRU� KDFHU� \� FRQ� HVWH� SHTXHxR� OODPDGR� RV� LQYLWR� D� FRQWLQXDU�VLJXLHQGR� ODV� HQVHxDQ]DV� GHO� DGRUDEOH� 6DOYDGRU� GHO�0XQGR� \� D� WUDEDMDU� HQ� OD� QREOH� REUD�JQyVWLFD�FRQ�VLQFHULGDG�\�FRQ�DSHJR�D�VXV�QREOHV�SULQFLSLRV��$� ORV� TXH� VXIUHQ� ORV� GHQXHVWRV�� ORV� DWDTXHV�� ORV� PRPHQWRV� GXURV� OHV� GHFLPRV� TXH� HVWR� QR�TXHGDUi� VLQ� UHFRPSHQVD� FXDQGR� VH� KDJDQ� PHUHFHGRUHV� GH� HVWDV� FRVDV� SRU� OD� FDXVD� GHO�&ULVWR��\�WDPELpQ��SRU�OD�FDXVD�GH�OD�JUDQ�REUD�GHO�3DGUH�8QLYHUVDO��6HDPRV� ILHOHV� DO� &ULVWR�� SRUTXH� VyOR� VX� GRFWULQD� SXHGH� VDOYDUQRV� \� KD\�PXFKD� HQVHxDQ]D�VDJUDGD� \� GLYLQD� TXH� HO� 0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� GHMy� GHSRVLWDGD� HQ� VXV� REUDV� SDUD� ELHQ� GH� OD�

Page 8: 28 31 preparando el camino

� ������

KXPDQLGDG�� HQ� HVSHFLDO� HQ� ORV� ~OWLPRV�PRPHQWRV� GLR� XQD� HQVHxDQ]D� TXH� VL� OD� VLJXLpUDPRV�WRGRV�� WHQGUtDPRV� \D� PXFKDV� FRQFLHQFLDV� WUDEDMDQGR� HIHFWLYDPHQWH� SRU� DPRU� D� OD�KXPDQLGDG��4XH�OD�6DQWD�*QRVLV�UHLQH�HQ�YXHVWURV�FRUD]RQHV�\�HQ�YXHVWUDV�DFFLRQHV��&RQ�PL�UHYHUHQFLD�\�GHYRFLyQ��SD]�LQYHUHQFLDO���8Q�0DHVWUR�TXH�ORV�UHVSHWD�\�DPD��

Page 9: 28 31 preparando el camino

� ������

$�ORV�KHUPDQRV�JQyVWLFRV�GHO�PXQGR�+D\�TXH�SUHSDUDU� HO� FDPLQR�SDUD� OD� YHQLGD�GHO� 6DJUDGR�&ULVWR��PDV� HVWR�QR� VHUtD�SRVLEOH�KDFHUOR��VLQ�OD�SXULILFDFLyQ�GHO�FRUD]yQ��QR�GLJDPRV�GH�ORV�VDJUDGRV�FDPLQRV�SRU�ORV�FXDOHV�GHEHPRV�DQGDU��9XHVWUD�GHVFRQILDQ]D�HV� OyJLFD��+DQ�KDELGR� WDQWRV�\� WDQWRV�TXH�KDQ�GHFODUDGR�VX�PDHVWUtD�FRQ�HO�DQLPR�GH�UHFLELU�KRQRUHV�\�SOHLWHVtD��(Q�PL�FDVR�SDUWLFXODU��LJXDO�TXH�HQ�RWURV�FDVRV��HVWR�QR�VXFHGHUi��SRU�FXDQWR�QR� WHQHPRV�QLQJ~Q�SHUPLVR�SDUD�GDUQRV�D�FRQRFHU��6L�KHPRV�H[SUHVDGR�QXHVWUD�YR]�D�WUDYpV�GH�HVWH�KHUPDQR��HV�SRUTXH�\D�YD�VLHQGR�KRUD�GH�TXH�GLJDPRV�ODV� FRVDV� FRQ� KRQHVWLGDG�� $OJXQRV� SRGUtDQ� SUHWHQGHU� HVFXOFDU� QXHVWURV� RFXOWRV� ILQHV� HQ�LQWHUHVHV�PDWHULDOHV��1DGD�GH�HVR�GHEHQ� WHPHU��SRUTXH� OD�'LYLQLGDG�QRV�GD� OR�TXH�SUHFLVDPRV�\�QR�QHFHVLWDPRV�KRQRUHV�QL�UHFRQRFLPLHQWRV��QL�WDPSRFR�TXH�VH�IDQDWLFHQ�FRQ�QXHVWUD�LPDJHQ��$�TXLHQHV�OHV�KHPRV�HQYLDGR�QXHVWUR�PHQVDMH��QR�WHPDQ�TXH�QR�YDPRV�D�SHGLUOHV�FXRWD�GH�SRGHU�DOJXQR��QL�GLQHUR�� QL� LQVWLWXFLyQ�� QL� MXUDPHQWR�� QL� OHDOWDG�� SRUTXH� ORV� TXH� DVt� KDQ� DFWXDGR�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�QR�SURYLHQHQ�GH�OD�6DQWD�\�%HQGLWD�/2*,$�%/$1&$���(Q�PL�FDVR�VR\�XQ�HVFXGHUR�VROLWDULR�TXH�KD�YHQLGR�URGDQGR�SRU�ORV�VLJORV��KDVWD�TXH�HO�QREOH�6(5�6$0$(/�$81�:(25� WXYR�PLVHULFRUGLD�GH�QRVRWURV��SREUHV�GHPRQLRV�SHUGLGRV�HQ� OD�RVFXULGDG��(V�SRU�HVR�TXH�VLHQGR�GHPRQLRV��QR�GHEHUtDPRV�SUHWHQGHU�HO�KRQRU�GH�OD�SOHLWHVtD��SRUTXH�HO�&5,672�/2�(6�72'2��6R\�XQ�SREUH�PHQVDMHUR�QDGD�PiV��FXPSOLHQGR�XQ�HQFDUJR��HVR�HV�WRGR��SRU�OR�WDQWR�HV�PX\�SUREDEOH�TXH�FXPSOLGD�OD�PLVLyQ�YROYDPRV�DO�VLOHQFLR�\�DO�VHUYLFLR�HQ�UHIOH[LyQ��0L�PHQVDMH�HV�SDUD�KDFHU�UHFDSDFLWDU�D�WDQWRV�TXH�SUHWHQGLHQGR�VHU�PDHVWURV�KDQ�HQJDxDGR�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��\�OD�KDQ�VXPHUJLGR�HQ�LJQRUDQFLD�\�IDQDWLVPR��3RU� KR\�� HVWDV� VRQ� QXHVWUDV� SDODEUDV�� \� SHUPDQHFHUHPRV� HQ� HO� VHFUHWR� QHFHVDULR�PLHQWUDV�YLHQH� DTXHO� D� TXLHQ� VH� OH� KD� HQFRPHQGDGR� OD� WDUHD� HVSLULWXDO� GH� FRPDQGDU� QXHYDPHQWH� OD�VDELGXUtD� GHO� JQRVWLFLVPR�XQLYHUVDO��2UDG�SDUD� TXH� HVWH� KHUPDQR�QXHVWUR� UHFLED� OD� OX]�� OD�YDOHQWtD��OD�IXHU]D�\�HO�VXILFLHQWH�DPRU�SDUD�VHUYLU�GHVLQWHUHVDGDPHQWH�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��<�TXH�VHD�ILHO�D�QXHVWUR�6HxRU�HO�&ULVWR��5HFRUGDG�HQWRQFHV��OD�SD]�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ��OD�SXUH]D�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ��OD�QREOH]D�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ��HO�&5,672�(1�(/�&25$=Ï1��(VR�HV�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH�TXH�XQ�PLOOyQ�GH�LPiJHQHV�SHUGLGDV�HQ�HO�HVSDFLR�\�HQ�HO�WLHPSR�GHO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR��&RQ�PL�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO��DWUiV�ORV�IDOVRV��£48(�9,9$�(/�&5,672��

Page 10: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0HQVDMH�GH�XQ�0DHVWUR�GH�0LVWHULRV�0HQRUHV�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�4XH�OD�SD]�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV��<�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�GH�FDGD�XQR��5HDOPHQWH� GD� PXFKR� GRORU� OD� IRUPD� WUDXPiWLFD� HQ� TXH� QRV� HQFRQWUDPRV� GHELGR� D� ORV�HVWUDJRV�GH�FDVL�FXDUHQWD�R�FLQFXHQWD�DxRV�GH�OXFKDV�VLQ�VHQWLGR��PDV�HUD�QHFHVDULR�SDUD�TXH�OD� OX]� EULOOH� HQWUH� ODV� WLQLHEODV�� 3RUTXH� OD� OX]� GHO� &ULVWR� HQ� HO� FRUD]yQ� GHO� TXH� SHUVHYHUD�VLHPSUH� VHUi� XQ� GLDPDQWH� SXUR� GiQGROH� FRQRFLPLHQWR�� DPRU�� KXPDQLWDULVPR� \� VREUH� WRGR�ILGHOLGDG��3RU� HOOR�� VHG� VLHPSUH�SHUVRQDV�GH�RUDFLyQ��SHUVRQDV�GH� IH�� FRQ�EXHQD�YROXQWDG�� HVSHUDQGR�VLHPSUH�HQ�HO�3$'5(�&(/(67,$/��HO�~QLFR�TXH�SXHGH�GDUQRV�OR�TXH�QHFHVLWDPRV��1R�LPSRUWD�OD�OtQHD��OD�HVFXHOD��OD�WUDGLFLyQ��HO�HUURU�R�HO�DFLHUWR��HO�SDVDGR�TXH�TXHGH�HQ�HO�SDVDGR��9XHOYDQ�D�FRPHQ]DU�\�HQFRQWUDUiQ�HO�FDPLQR��HQWUH�WDQWR�EXVTXHQ�VDOLU�GHO�HQJDxR�\�GHO�HUURU��1XHVWURV�VDJUDGRV�PDHVWURV�6DPDHO�\�/LWHODQWHV�QRV�KDQ�GDGR�JUDQGHV�OHFFLRQHV��(Q�XQD�GH�HOODV��HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��3$75,$5&$�LQVLJQH�GHO�YHUGDGHUR�JQRVWLFLVPR��QRV�GLMR�XQD�YH]��12�+$<�0(-25�)(/,&,'$'�48(�7(1(5�$�',26��$'(1752��(VD�HV� OD�GRFWULQD�PiV�JUDQGH�GHO�$'25$%/(�6$/9$'25�'(/�081'2��&RQ�DPRU�� OHV�SHGLPRV�� QR� GHVFRQItHQ� GH� QXHVWUR� KHUPDQR� -RVp�0DQXHO�0DUWtQH]�� HV� XQD� SHUVRQD� FRPR�WRGRV�� OXFKDQGR�� \� D� TXLHQ� OH� KHPRV� GHSRVLWDGR� OD� FRQILDQ]D� GH� GLYXOJDU� QXHVWUDV� OtQHDV��&RVD�TXH�QR�VyOR�QRVRWURV�KHPRV�FRQILDGR�HQ�VX�PRPHQWR��SRUTXH�\D�D�RWURV�KHUPDQRV�\�HQ�IRUPD�GHVLQWHUHVDGD�\� WUDQVSDUHQWH� OHV�KD�SUHVWDGR�XQ�JUDQ�\�QREOH� VHUYLFLR��<D�TXH�HV�XQ�PRGHUDGRU�LQFOXVR�GH�XQ�JUXSR�GH�2UDFLyQ�6$&52�2),&,2��TXH�FXPSOH�VLQ�OXJDU�D�GXGDV�XQD�PDUDYLOORVD�REUD�GH�DPRU��MXQWR�D�RWURV�UHVSHWDEOHV�KHUPDQRV��1XHVWUDV� RUDFLRQHV� WDPELpQ� HVWiQ� FRQ� WRGRV�� HQ� HVWD� KRUD� GLItFLO�� HQ� TXH� SDUD� PXFKRV� HO�FDPLQR�HVWi�SHUGLGR�\�IDOWR�GH�HVSHUDQ]D���+HUPDQRV�� 1R� GHVPD\HQ� HQ� OD� OXFKD�� YLYDQ� OD� DXWpQWLFD� JQRVLV� FULVWLDQD� GH� 6DPDHO� \� GH�WDQWRV�JUDQGHV�PDHVWURV�TXH�GLHURQ�DO�PXQGR�OD�OX]�LQILQLWD�GHO�3DGUH�6RODU��+R\�SRU�KR\��HO�~QLFR�PDHVWUR�*5$1'(��LQVWUXFWRU�GH�OD�+XPDQLGDG�HV�(/�&5,672��1XHVWUR�WUDEDMR�HV�GHVLQWHUHVDGR�\�DQyQLPR��\D�TXH�VyOR�DO�3DGUH�GHVHDPRV�KRQUDU��SRUTXH�VyOR�(/�3$'5(��(/�+,-2��(/�(63Ë5,78�6$172�<�/26�0$(67526�GH�ODV�DOWDV�MHUDUTXtDV�PHUHFHQ�HO�+2125�<�/$�*/25,$��1RVRWURV�VyOR�VRPRV�VLUYLHQWHV��DX[LOLDUHV��QDGD�LPSRUWDQWH��1XHVWUD�OX]�SHTXHxD�GH�PDHVWURV�GH�PLVWHULRV�PHQRUHV�QRV�GD�XQD�SHTXHxD�SRVLELOLGDG��PDV�HO�TXH�VH�KDOOD�GHQWUR�GH�QRVRWURV�QR�TXLHUH�KRQRUHV��QR�TXLHUH�WUDXPDWL]DU�PiV�D�ODV�JHQWHV�GH�QLQJXQD�IRUPD��SRU�HOOR�QXHVWUR�PHQVDMH�HV�FODUR��%XVFDG�DO�&ULVWR��%XVFDG�DO�&ULVWR��%XVFDG�DO�&ULVWR��0RULU�HQ�YRVRWURV�PLVPRV�� $XQ� QRVRWURV� ORV� TXH� FRQRFHPRV� XQ� SRTXLWR� OD� OX]�� GHEHPRV� PRULU� HQ� QRVRWURV�PLVPRV��0L�QRPEUH�VDJUDGR�QR�OR�GDUp�D�FRQRFHU��<D�XQ�JUDQ�\�QREOH�JXU~�QRV�OR�GLMR�DOJXQD�YH]��(O�QRPEUH�VDJUDGR�HV�SDUD�DOOi�DUULED��DTXt�DEDMR�VR\� IXODQR�GH� WDO��(VWD�HQVHxDQ]D�HV�GH� OD�QREOH� '$0$� TXH� DOJXQD� YH]� QRV� FRQGXMR� SRU� HO� FDPLQR� FRQ� HO� QRPEUH� VDJUDGR�/,7(/$17(6��

Page 11: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

1R�HVWDPRV�UHODFLRQDGRV�FRQ�QLQJXQD�OtQHD�DFWXDO�QL�SDVDGD��1XHVWUD�ODERU�\�PLVLyQ�QRV�IXH�HQFRPHQGDGD� SRU� ORV� VDJUDGRV�PDHVWURV��1DGD� QRV� UHODFLRQD� FRQ� QLQJXQR� GH� ORV� DFWXDOHV�PDHVWURV�TXH�VH�KDQ�SURFODPDGR�HQ�ORV�~OWLPRV�DxRV��$�6DPDHO�\�/LWHODQWHV��QXHVWUD�JUDWLWXG�\�QXHVWUD�ILGHOLGDG��2UDG�LQFHVDQWHPHQWH�SDUD�TXH�HO�GHSRVLWDULR� GH� OD� UXWD� TXH� KD\� TXH� VHJXLU� SURQWR� YHQJD� D� QRVRWURV� D� GDUQRV� OD� JXLDWXUD�QHFHVDULD��(O�VH�UHYHODUi�FXDQGR�HO�3$'5(�OR�GHFLGD��6X�0DGUH�%HQGLWD�DVt�OR�KDUi��3RU� HO� PRPHQWR�� HV� WRGR� OR� TXH� VH� QRV� SHUPLWH� GHFLU�� \� KDEODUHPRV� GH� QXHYR� FXDQGR� VHD�QHFHVDULR��,QVLVWLPRV�TXH�QR�KHPRV�YHQLGR�D�SHGLUOHV�QDGD�QL�WDPSRFR�TXH�QRV�HQWURQLFHQ�HQ�QLQJXQD�SDUWH��(O�WURQR�HV�SDUD�ORV�LQFDXWRV�TXH�D~Q�FRQItDQ�HQ�ODV�JORULDV�\�SRGHUHV�GH�HVWH�PXQGR�LOXVRULR��/D�GLFKD�PiV�JUDQGH�SDUD�Pt�VHUi�HO�GtD�HQ�TXH�PL�3DGUH�PH�UHFLED�GH�QXHYR��FRQ�HO�FRUD]yQ�OLPSLR�� OOHQR� GH� EHQGLFLRQHV�� VLQ� HUURUHV� QL� PHQWLUDV�� $� HVR� DVSLUR� QDGD� PiV�� FXPSOLU� OD�PLVLyQ�TXH�VH�PH�HQFRPHQGy�DOJXQD�YH]���'HVGH�XQ�FRUD]yQ�OOHQR�GH�DPRU�SDUD�WRGRV��

Page 12: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

$�ORV�TXH�VH�GHQRPLQDQ�¶JQyVWLFRV�LQGHSHQGLHQWHV·�4XHULGRV�KHUPDQRV��XQ�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO��2V�HVFULEH�XQ�KHUPDQR�YXHVWUR��FRQ�HO�FRUD]yQ�\�FRQ�OD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�D�OD�PDQR��0XFKRV�VH�KDQ�OODPDGR�µJQyVWLFRV�LQGHSHQGLHQWHV¶�\�HVR�DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH�KD�FDUDFWHUL]DGR�D�ORV�JUXSRV�TXH�VH�IRUPDQ�HQ�GLVLGHQFLD�FRQ�GHWHUPLQDGD�FXHVWLyQ�SHUVRQDO���(O�HUURU�GH�SHUPLWLU�TXH�VHD�HVR��OD�SHUVRQDOLGDG�HJRtVWD��OD�TXH�SULPH�VREUH�OD�³ILGHOLGDG�D�OD�GRFWULQD´��KD�KHFKR�TXH�SRU�RUJXOOR�FDLJDPRV�HQ�HVD�KHUHMtD�GH�OD�VHSDUDWLYLGDG��$OJXQRV�KDQ�WHQLGR�UD]yQ�SRUTXH�HVWDEDQ�LQFRQIRUPHV�FRQ�GHWHUPLQDGDV�IRUPDV�GH�SHQVDU�\�PDQHUDV�GH�DFWXDU��3HUR�HQ�DOJXQRV�FDVRV�OD�IDOWD�GH�ILGHOLGDG�\�OD�IDOWD�GH�YLYHQFLD�\�FRPSUHQVLyQ�GH�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�KL]R�TXH�VH�DFWXDUD�GH�HVD�PDQHUD���$QWH�WRGR�KD\�TXH�SUHJXQWDUQRV�DKRUD��GHSHQGLHQGR�GH�OD�UHDOLGDG��¢LQGHSHQGLHQWHV��GH�TXp"�¢'HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�\�GHO�0DHVWUR�/LWHODQWHV"�¢,QGHSHQGLHQWHV�GH�OD�GRFWULQD��FUHDQGR�XQD�QXHYD"�¢,QGHSHQGLHQWHV�GHO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR�GH�FDGD�XQR"�¢,QGHSHQGLHQWHV�GH�DEXVRV�R�GH�SRVWXUDV"�¢,QGHSHQGLHQWHV�GHO�DGRUPHFLPLHQWR�GH�FRQFLHQFLD"�¢,QGHSHQGLHQWHV�GHO�UHFXHUGR�GH�Vt�TXH�QRV�UHFULPLQD�QXHVWUR�PDO�SURFHGHU"�¢'H�GyQGH�SURYLHQH�HVD� LQGHSHQGHQFLD"�(O�KRPEUH�HQ�FXDQWR�FDPLQD�VLQ�FRQRFLPLHQWR�QR�SXHGH�GHFLU�TXH�HV�LQGHSHQGLHQWH��8Q�H[DPHQ�H[KDXVWLYR��FRQ�PXFKR�ULJRU��QRV�GLUi�OD�YHUGDG�IUDQFDPHQWH���0L� OODPDGR� HV� GHVGH� HO� IRQGR� GHO� FRUD]yQ�� SDUD� UHSODQWHDUQRV� HO� WUDEDMR�� SRUTXH� VRPRV�UHVSRQVDEOHV�GH�RWURV�TXH�EXVFDQ�FRQ�DQKHORVD�IDWLJD��XQ�EiOVDPR�SDUD�VX�GRORULGR�FRUD]yQ��XQD�OX]�HQ�HO�FDPLQR��XQD�VROXFLyQ�D�VXV�SUREOHPDV����(QJDxDU�FRQ�³IDOVDV�LQGHSHQGHQFLDV´��QR�JDUDQWL]D�XQD�VROXFLyQ��PHQRV�OD�OX]��PHQRV�HO�EiOVDPR��PHQRV�WLQLHEODV���+D\�TXH�WRPDU�GH�QXHYR�OD�FUX]�GHO�6DQWR�&ULVWR�\�UHQXQFLDU�DO�PXQGR�\�D�WRGR�OR�LOXVRULR��7RGRV��SHTXHxRV��PHGLDQRV��JUDQGHV��ERQLWRV�R�IHRV��DKRUD�HVWDPRV��PDxDQD�QR�VHUHPRV�PiV�TXH�SROYR��+D\�TXH�YROYHU�D�UHFRUUHU�HO�FDPLQR�GRORURVR��SHUR�D�YHFHV�GXOFH�SDUD�HO�FDPELR��(O�VDJUDGR�DPRU�GHO�3DGUH�HVWi�DKt�HVSHUiQGRQRV��VROR�QRV�KDFH�IDOWD�VXSHUDU�OD�SUXHED�GH�OD� VHUHQLGDG� \� OD� SDFLHQFLD�� SDUD� VHJXLU� DGHODQWH� VLHQGR� ILHOHV� D� SHVDU� GH� WRGR�� HQ� SULPHU�OXJDU� D� Vt� PLVPRV� \� HQ� XQ� OXJDU�PiV� DOWR�� $�',26� 18(6752� 3$'5(�&5($'25�� eO� HV�YHUGDG� \� PLVHULFRUGLD�� \� VXV� EUD]RV� HVWiQ� DELHUWRV� FRQ� VX� DPRU� SDUD� HO� DUUHSHQWLGR� \�KXPLOODGR��/D�SD]�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�XVWHGHV��\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��

Page 13: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0HQVDMH�GH�XQ�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV�+HUPDQRV��8Q�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO�D�WRGRV�\�WRGDV��(Q�YDQR�ORV�0DHVWURV�KDQ�GHMDGR�VXV�REUDV��QDGLH�ODV�TXLHUH�OHHU�QL�PXFKR�PHQRV�SUDFWLFDU��7RGRV�FRUUHQ�DQWH�OR�QRYHGRVR��VLQ�GDUVH�FXHQWD�TXH�SDUD�DVSLUDU�D�XQD�QRWD�VXSHULRU��KD\�TXH�GDU�$17(6�XQ�VDOWR�GH�FDOLGDG��XQ�JUDQ�FDPELR���&XDQGR� ODV� SHUVRQDV� HVWiQ� SUHSDUDGDV�� PDGXUDV�� VHULDV� \� VRQ� ILHOHV�� HQWRQFHV� OD� QRWD�VXSHULRU�GH�ODV�HQVHxDQ]DV�XQLYHUVDOHV�ODV�HQFXHQWUD�DSWDV�SDUD�VHU�UHFLELGDV��(Q�YDQR�UHVXOWD�GHFODPDU�FRPR�HQ�SRHVtD��ODV�VDJUDGDV�HQVHxDQ]DV����6yOR�OOHJDQ�DO�FtUFXOR�HPRFLRQDO��PDV�QR�VRQ�FDSDFHV�GH�WUDVFHQGHU�KDVWD�OR�PiV�HVSLULWXDO��KDVWD�OR�TXH�HV�FDSD]�GH�PRYHU�QXHVWUR�LQWHULRU��4XLHQHV�VH�DIHUUDQ�D�VHU�FRPR�VLHPSUH�KDQ�VLGR��KDEODU�FRPR�VLHPSUH�KDQ�KDEODGR��GLVFXWLU�FRPR� VLHPSUH� GLVFXUUHQ�� FULWLFDU� VLQ� WRQ� QL� VRQ�� SRUTXH� QR� KD\� HQ� HOOR� QDGD� GH�DSURYHFKDPLHQWR��QR�HVWiQ�GLVSRQLEOHV�SDUD�HO�FDPELR���5HQXQFLDU� D� OR� TXH� KHPRV� DFRJLGR�� D� OR� TXH� GHILQLWLYDPHQWH� VLHPSUH� KHPRV� WUDWDGR� GH�VRVWHQHU�QR�FDEH�GXGD�TXH�HV�LQGLVSHQVDEOH��3DUD�TXH�OD�WLHUUD�GH�EXHQD�FRVHFKD��GHEH�VHU�FDPELDGD�HQ�VX�HVWUXFWXUD�tQWLPD�SDUD�TXH�VHD�IpUWLO�� \� HVH� FDPELR� HV� DOTXtPLFR� FLHQWR� SRU� FLHQWR�� \� UHSHUFXWH� HQ� OR� SVLFROyJLFR�LQGLVFXWLEOHPHQWH��0XFKDV� SHUVRQDV� DQGDQ� DO� DFDVR�� SRU� DKt�� EXVFDQGR� QRYHGDGHV�� 1R� VH� GDQ� FXHQWD� TXH�LQGLVFXWLEOHPHQWH�� VL� VLJXLHUDQ� XQD� VROD� OtQHD� R� UXWD� FRQ� IH� \� FRQ� EXHQRV� SULQFLSLRV��HQFRQWUDUtDQ�OR�TXH�QR�VDEHQ�TXH�DQGDQ�EXVFDQGR���7RGR�HO�PXQGR�DQKHOD�YHU�D�ORV�PDHVWURV�GH�QXHYR��\�HVR�QR�EDVWD��1R�KD\�TXH�YHUORV�SDUD�VHUOHV� ILHOHV���� %LHQDYHQWXUDGRV� ORV� TXH� VLQ� YHU� KDQ� FUHtGR�� %LHQDYHQWXUDGRV� ORV� TXH�SHUVHYHUDQ�FRQ�IH�HQ�RUDFLyQ�\�HQ�DFFLyQ��SRUTXH�GH�HOORV�VHUi�OD�OX]�UHYHODGD���0DO�KDUtDPRV�HQ�QR�UHFRPHQGDUOHV�TXH�RUHQ�\�TXH�WHQJDQ�IH����(Q�ODV�REUDV�VDJUDGDV�HVWiQ�ODV�FODYHV��\�QR�KD\�QHFHVLGDG�GH�PiV��SRUTXH�HOODV�VRQ�PiV�TXH�VXILFLHQWH���(O�3DGUH�QRV�DPD��(O�3DGUH�QRV�HVSHUD��(O�&ULVWR�QRV�WUDQVIRUPD�\�QRV�LQVWUX\H��%XVTXHPRV�DO�&ULVWR�ËQWLPR��1R�KD\�0$(6752�PiV�JUDQGH�TXH�HO�&5,672��e/�(6�/$�',9,1$�/8=��+HUPDQRV� PtRV�� /HV� HQYLDPRV� XQ� DEUD]R� IUDWHUQDO�� GHVHDQGR� TXH� OD� OX]� VHD� FRQ� WRGRV�YRVRWURV��%XVFDG�OD�SD]�HQ�HO�VLOHQFLR�LQWHULRU�HQ�PHGLWDFLyQ��&RPEDWLG�ORV�HUURUHV�GHO�(*2�$1,0$/��SHUIHFFLRQDG�YXHVWUDV�DOPDV�HQ�FDVWLGDG��HQ�SHQVDPLHQWR��SDODEUD�\�REUDV��+DFHG�FDULGDG�D�PLOORQHV����\�WRGR�OR�GHPiV�YHQGUi�SRU�DxDGLGXUD���(VH�HV�HO�YHUGDGHUR�HYDQJHOLR�GHO�&ULVWR��OD�~QLFD�IXHU]D�SRVLEOH�TXH�QRV�XQH�DO�3DGUH��4XH�OD�SD]�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R���

Page 14: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0HQVDMH�GH�XQ�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV�6LQFHUDPHQWH�HVSHUR�GH�WRGR�FRUD]yQ�TXH�WHQJDQ�OD�ILUPH]D�\�OD�YROXQWDG�SDUD�FRQWLQXDU�HQ�OD�OXFKD��\D�TXH�QR�HV�IiFLO��/D�LOXVLyQ�GH�WRGR�OR�TXH�QRV�URGHD�HV�SRGHURVD�DOXFLQDQWH��\�ORV�SHTXHxRV�ORJURV�UHDOPHQWH�KD\�TXH�GLVFHUQLU�TXH�QR�VRQ�QXHVWURV�VLQR�GH�',26�HQ�QRVRWURV��+D\� TXH� OOHQDUQRV� GH� IH�� SHUR� WDPELpQ� KD\� TXH� WUDEDMDU� D� IRQGR� HQ� OD�PXHUWH� GH� QXHVWUDV�GHELOLGDGHV�� \� HVWR� HV� XQ� DFWR� GH� FRPSDVLyQ� SDUD� FRQ� QRVRWURV� PLVPRV� \� SDUD� QXHVWURV�VHPHMDQWHV���/XFKDPRV�WRGRV�ORV�GtDV��RUDQGR�\�VXSOLFDQGR�PLVHULFRUGLD�LQILQLWD��\�VREUH�WRGDV�ODV�FRVDV��DOFDQ]DU� HO� GHVSHUWDU�� <� HVIRU]DUQRV� DO� Pi[LPR� SDUD� TXH� QR� QRV� LGHQWLILTXHPRV� FRQ� ODV�IRUPDV�GH� ODV�FRVDV��VLQR�FRQ�HO�VHQWLGR�SURIXQGR�TXH� WLHQH�FDGD�HYHQWR�\�KHFKR�FRWLGLDQR��SXHV�HOODV�WUDHQ�OHFFLRQHV�LPSRUWDQWHV�SDUD�QXHVWUD�YLGD�\�SDUD�QXHVWUD�HVSLULWXDOLGDG��1XHVWUR� iQLPR� GH� OXFKD� GHEHPRV� KDFHUOR� GHVFDQVDU� HQ� OD� 9ROXQWDG� 6DJUDGD� GH� QXHVWUR�3$'5(�72'232'(5262��/D�Pi[LPD�DVSLUDFLyQ�GH�XQ�JQyVWLFR�GHEH�VHU�DFDEDU�FRQ�VXV�GHELOLGDGHV�\�XQLU�VX�YROXQWDG�D� OD� VXSUHPD� 92/817$'�',9,1$�� 3XHV� VyOR� HVR� SXHGH� GDUQRV� OD� YHUGDGHUD� IHOLFLGDG� \�OOHYDUQRV� D� OD� ,1,&,$&,Ï1� FRQ� HO� FRUD]yQ� SXULILFDGR�� FRQ� OD� PHQWH� FULVWLILFDGD� \� FRQ� OD�SHUIHFFLyQ� QHFHVDULD� SDUD� DSURYHFKDU� ODV� HQVHxDQ]DV� GHO� $'25$%/(� 6$/9$'25� '(/�081'2��/RV�PDHVWURV�GH�WRGRV�ORV�WLHPSRV�QRV�KDQ�GLFKR��&UHFHG�\�PXOWLSOLFDG��SHUR�HVSLULWXDOPHQWH�KDEODQGR�� <� ORV� GRQHV� VLHQGR� GHO� (63Ë5,78� 6$172� QR� SXHGHQ� QL� GHEHQ� VHU�&20(5&,$/,=$'26��VLQR�SXHVWRV�DO�VHUYLFLR�GH�QXHVWURV�KHUPDQRV�\�VHPHMDQWHV��7UHV� FRVDV� KD\� JUDWDV� D� 'LRV�� \� D� OD� -HUDUTXtD� 62/$5� GHO� FtUFXOR� FRQFLHQWH� GH� OD�+XPDQLGDG��UHSUHVHQWDGD�HQ�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD���

���$PDU�D�'LRV�����6HUYLU�D�ORV�VHPHMDQWHV�VLQ�LQWHUpV�����9LYLU�HQ�&DVWLGDG��HQ�SHQVDPLHQWR��SDODEUD�\�REUD���

(VDV�WUHV�FRVDV��DOJXQD�YH]�GLMHURQ�TXH�HUDQ�OD�UHJOD�GH�YLGD�SDUD�DOFDQ]DU�OD�PLVHULFRUGLD�LQILQLWD�GH�YROYHU�D� WHQHU�$/0$��\�TXH�pVWD� IXHVH�UHJHQHUDGD�FRPSOHWDPHQWH�FRQ� OD�SXUH]D�GLYLQD��&RQ�PL�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO��TXH�OD�SD]�VHD�FRQ�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��81�6(59,'25�'(�72'26��

Page 15: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

5HVSXHVWD�DO�KHUPDQR�TXH�KDFH�OD�SUHJXQWD�5HVSHWDGR�KHUPDQR��8Q�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO��1R� VR\� XQD� FDQDOL]DFLyQ�� QL� SUHWHQGR� GDUPH� D� FRQRFHU� SDUD� SOHLWHVtD� GH� QLQJ~Q� WLSR��7DPSRFR�WHQJR�UHODFLyQ�DOJXQD�FRQ�WRGRV�ORV�VXSXHVWRV�PDHVWURV�TXH�DQGDQ�SRU�DKt��QL�DXQ�FRQ�XQR�TXH�VH�GLFH�VHU�6DPDHO�FDQDOL]DGR�SRU�XQ�VHxRU�D�WUDYpV�GHO�VHxRU�2��*��6R\�VyOR�XQD�YR]�� FXPSOLHQGR� XQD�PLVLyQ�� WUDWDQGR� GH� RULHQWDU�� <� FRPSUHQGR� VX� FRQIXVLyQ� \� DGHPiV� VX�LQFUHGXOLGDG�� 7HQJD� SRU� VHJXUR� TXH� QR� HVWR\� SLGLHQGR� UHFRQRFLPLHQWR� SXHV� QR� GR\� PL�QRPEUH��QL�WDPSRFR�HVWR\�SRU�VROLFLWDUOH�TXH�PH�VLJD��/RV�FRQVHMRV�\�HQVHxDQ]DV�VRQ�OR�TXH�FXHQWDQ��SRUTXH�YLHQHQ�D�GDU�FRQVXHOR�\�RULHQWDFLyQ��\�HVR�HV�WRGR��/RV�PDHVWURV�DXWpQWLFRV�Vt� H[LVWLPRV�� \� VRPRV� DXWpQWLFRV� SRUTXH� QR� QHFHVLWDPRV� OD� SURSDJDQGD� VXSHUIOXD� KDFLD� OD�YDQD� SHUVRQDOLGDG�� TXH� QDGD� YDOH�� VyOR� HV� XQ� LQVWUXPHQWR�� <� QR� GR\� PL� QRPEUH� QL�SURFHGHQFLD�� SRUTXH� LPSHUIHFWR� D~Q�� QR� PHUH]FR� D~Q� HO� SHUPLVR� GH� PL� 6HU� SDUD� GDUOR� D�FRQRFHU� D�eO�� SRUTXH� HO� YHKtFXOR� ItVLFR�� VyOR� HV� XQD� LPDJHQ�DWUDSDGD� HQ� HO� WLHPSR�� OR� TXH�ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH�PXFKRV�KHUPDQRV�KDQ�H[SORWDGR�D�VX�IDYRU��D�VX�FXOWR��\�HVR�YD�FRQWUD�OD�VDJUDGD�YROXQWDG�GHO�3$'5(��SXHV�VROR�eO�PHUHFH�HO�+2125�<�/$�*/25,$���1R� WHQJR� UHODFLyQ� DOJXQD� FRQ� QLQJXQR� GH� ORV� TXH� DFWXDOPHQWH� HVWiQ� KDFLHQGR� VX� ODERU�� \�FDGD�XQR�GDUi�FXHQWD�GH�VXV�DFWRV��3RUTXH�WRGR�OR�TXH�KXHOH�D�FRPHUFLR�FDUQDO�R�SHUVRQDO��HVWi�FRQWDPLQDGR�FRQ�OD�LGRODWUtD�\�OD�IRUQLFDFLyQ�FRQWUD�'LRV���4XH�YXHVWUR�3DGUH�RV�EHQGLJD��6R\�YXHVWUR�6(59,'25�\�DPLJR����UHVSXHVWD�D�XQ�KHUPDQR�TXH�VROLFLWD�FRQRFHU�OD�QDWXUDOH]D�GH�ORV�0HQVDMHV�GHO�0DHVWUR�\�TXH�PXHVWUD�VX�SUHYHQFLyQ�DQWH�TXH�SXGLHVH�WUDWDUVH�GH�XQ�QXHYR�IRFR�GH�HVSLULWLVPR�R�FDQDOL]DFLRQHV��

Page 16: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0HQVDMH�GH�XQ�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV�5HVSHWDGRV�KHUPDQRV��8Q�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO��(QWUH�PiV�DQKHOD�HO�KRPEUH�GHMDU�GH�H[LVWLU�SDUD�HO�PXQGR��HQWUH�PiV�DQKHOD�\�UHDOL]D�TXH�HV�PiV�SHTXHxR�TXH�ODV�KRUPLJDV��HO�3DGUH�OR�H[DOWD�PiV�TXH�D�QLQJXQR��HQ�HVStULWX�\�HQ�YHUGDG��(O� VROR�KHFKR�GH� UHFRQRFHU�TXH�DO�YHQLU�DO�PXQGR� LQFOXVR�YHQLPRV�PiV� LQGHIHQVRV�TXH� ORV�DQLPDOHV��HV�XQ�JROSH�D�ORV�RUJXOORV�\�YDQLGDGHV��SRUTXH�QR�VRPRV�FDSDFHV�GH�YDOHUQRV�SRU�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV��<�DVt�GXUDPRV�HQ� OD� WLHUUD�HO� WLHPSR�TXH�VH�QRV�GD�SDUD�DSUHQGHU�TXH�VL�ELHQ� DOJXQD� YH]� QRV� OODPDURQ� �UH\HV� GH� OD� FUHDFLyQ��� HQ� UHDOLGDG� VROR� pUDPRV� ULFRV� HQ�FRQRFLPLHQWR��SHUR�WDPELpQ�ULFRV�HQ�HQJUHLPLHQWR�\�RUJXOOR���/D�SDVDQWtD�SRU�OD�YLGD�QRV�GHEH�LQVWUXLU�PiV�TXH�WRGR�KDFLD�OD�YHUGDGHUD�FLHQFLD�HQVHxDGD�SRU�'LRV�D�WRGR�HO�8QLYHUVR��/D�FLHQFLD�GHO�$PRU��3RU�HOOR�VH�QRV�KD�GLFKR��$PRU�SDUD�OD�6DELGXUtD����3RUTXH�HO�$PRU�HV�HO�PHGLR�GH�WRGR��3DUD�HO�3RGHU�\�SDUD�HO�7ULXQIR��6LQ�HO�DPRU��VRQ�YDQD�HVWUXFWXUD�\�SRU�OR�WDQWR�HO�SRGHU��HO�WULXQIR�\�D~Q�OD�VDELGXUtD�VLQ�HO�$PRU��VRQ�SHUHFHGHURV�\�GHVWUX\HQ�DO�KRPEUH�FXDQGR�ORV�FRQYLHUWH�HQ�HVFODYRV�GH�VX�(*2��3RU� HVR�� TXHULGRV� KHUPDQRV�� GHEHPRV� GHMDU� GH� H[LVWLU���� SDUD� HO�PXQGR� \� VXV� KRQRUHV���� <�VDFULILFDUQRV� FRQ� DPRU�� FRQ� PLOORQHV� GH� JHVWRV� GH� DPRU�� SRUTXH� OD� 7LHUUD� HVWi� VLHQGR�VDFXGLGD�SRU�HO�SRGHU�GHO�(1*$f2�HQ�OD�PDWHULD�\�HQ�OD�GHVWUXFFLyQ��/D� HVSLULWXDOL]DFLyQ� \D� RV� OR� KHPRV� GLFKR� HVWULED� HQ� WUHV� FRVDV�� $FDEDU� FRQ� ODV� IXQHVWDV�FRQVHFXHQFLDV� GHO� (*2� HQ� WRGDV� VXV� IRUPDV�� 7UDEDMDU� GHVLQWHUHVDGDPHQWH� FRQ� DPRU� SDUD�QXHVWURV�VHPHMDQWHV��\�VHU�&$6726�HQ�SHQVDPLHQWR��SDODEUD�\�REUD��7RGR�OR�TXH�QR�VLJD�HVD�UXWD�HV�SHUGHU�ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH�HO�WLHPSR��0LHQWUDV�EXVTXHPRV�ORV�KRQRUHV�\�OD�JORULD�GHO�PXQGR��HVWDUHPRV�\�VHJXLUHPRV�SHUGLGRV����2UHPRV�KHUPDQRV�SDUD�TXH�VHDPRV�GLJQRV�GH�OD�PLVHULFRUGLD�LQILQLWD�GHO�3$'5(��2UHPRV� SDUD� TXH� WRGRV� HQFRQWUHPRV� OD� UXWD� TXH� KDEtDPRV� SHUGLGR� HQ� ODV� FDGHQFLDV� GHO�RUJXOOR�\�OD�YDQLGDG��9LVWDPRV�FRQ�HO�URSDMH�GHO�HUHPLWD�\�GHO�SHQLWHQWH��1R�HVWDPRV�VRORV����(O�3RGHU�GHO�&ULVWR��HO�$PRU�GH�ORV�$PRUHV��VLHPSUH�YHQGUi�D�QRVRWURV�VL�VDEHPRV�SHGLU�FRQ�SXUH]D�GH�FRUD]yQ��(O� &ULVWR� QR� QHFHVLWD� GH� FDQDOL]DFLRQHV�� (;75$7(55(675(6�� HVStULWXV� SRVH\HQGR�YROXQWDGHV� DMHQDV�� (O� &ULVWR� VH� PDQLILHVWD� HQ� HO� FRUD]yQ� SXULILFDGR�� +D\� TXH� SXULILFDU�QXHVWUR�FRUD]yQ�FRQ�OD�IXHU]D�PDUDYLOORVD�GHO�$025��+D\�TXH�DFDEDU�FRQ�HO�(*2�$1,0$/�TXH�LPSLGH�OD�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ�VDJUDGD�GHO�&ULVWR�HQ�FDGD�XQR���4XH�OD�EHQGLFLyQ�GHO�3DGUH�HVWp�FRQ�WRGRV�QRVRWURV��\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R���9XHVWUR�6HUYLGRU�\�$PLJR���

Page 17: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�*UDQ�2EUD�5HVSHWDEOHV�KHUPDQRV��8Q�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO��/D� SD]� GH� QXHVWUR� 6HxRU� HO� &ULVWR�� OD� %HQGLFLyQ� GH� 'LRV� VHD� FRQ� WRGRV� YRVRWURV� \� FRQ� WX�HVStULWX��+HUPDQRV��3DUD� FRPHQ]DU� OD� JUDQ� REUD�� VH� QHFHVLWD� XQD� VROD� FRQGLFLyQ� EiVLFD�� /$� &$67,'$'� HQ�SHQVDPLHQWR��SDODEUD�\�REUD��6yOR� VLHQGR� FDVWRV�� VRPRV� ILHOHV� FRPSOHWDPHQWH� FRQ� OD� YLYHQFLD� GH� OD� VDJUDGD� GRFWULQD�JQyVWLFD��(O� 0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU� FRQ� VX� LQPHQVD� VDELGXUtD� GHMy� HVWDEOHFLGDV� ODV� VDJUDGDV�LQVWLWXFLRQHV�SDUD�HO�ELHQ�GH�OD�KXPDQLGDG��'HVJUDFLDGDPHQWH�OD�LPSHUIHFFLyQ�KXPDQD�KL]R�FRQ�ODV�LQVWLWXFLRQHV��OR�TXH�KD�RFXUULGR�WDPELpQ�FRQ�RWUDV�KRQRUDEOHV�UHOLJLRQHV�\�HVFXHODV��<�HO�FDRV�KD�UHLQDGR�GHVGH�HQWRQFHV��GLYLGLGRV�SRU�QR�DFHUWDU�D�GLVWLQJXLU�HQWUH�OR�KXPDQR�LPSHUIHFWR��\�OR�REMHWLYR�SHUIHFWR�TXH�SURFHGH�GH�OD�'LYLQLGDG��(Q� YDQR� DKRUD� DOJXQRV� LQWHQWDQ� UHVXFLWDU� OD� LQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDG�� /R� TXH� SUHFLVDPRV� HV�5(6&$7$5�18(6752�(67$'2�&216&,(17,92�&203/(7$0(17(��6yOR�WUDEDMDQGR�HQ�HO�GHVSHUWDU�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�HQ�XQD�IRUPD�D�IRQGR��HV�SRVLEOH�UHDOPHQWH�QR�HQUHGDUQRV�FRQ�ORV� SHUJDPLQRV� KLVWyULFRV� GH� OD� LQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDG�� TXH� WDPELpQ� VRQ� XQ� DWUDVR� SDUD� QXHVWUR�DYDQFH�HQ�HO�FDPLQR��(V�WDQWR�FRPR�TXHUHU�YLYLU�SRU�HO�$UFD�GH�1Rp��VLQ�LPSRUWDUQRV�TXLHQHV�VH�YDQ�R�TXLHQHV�VH�TXHGDQ�HQ�HOOD���3DUD� UHDOL]DU� /$� *5$1� 2%5$� '(/� 3$'5(�� KDFH� IDOWD� HQWRQFHV�� )LGHOLGDG�� $PRU��YHUDFLGDG��VHQFLOOH]��KXPLOGDG�\�PXFKD�FRPSDVLyQ���3RUTXH�WRGR�OR�TXH�VXHQD�D�RUJXOOR�HV�WUDLFLyQ�D�OD�*UDQ�&DXVD��/D�VDELGXUtD�HVWi�HQ�GLVWLQJXLU� ORV�UHVTXLFLRV�LQVRVWHQLEOHV�GH�ODV�EDVHV�IDWXDV�GHO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR��\�OD�FLHQFLD�JQyVWLFD�TXH�QRV�LQYLWD�D�GHVSHUWDU�\�D�PRULU�HQ�QXHVWURV�GHIHFWRV��+HUPDQRV��/RV�WLHPSRV�GHO�ILQ�HVWiQ�OOHJDQGR��HO�WLHPSR�GH�QRVRWURV��FRUUH�PiV�DSULVD�TXH�HO�SROYR��GH�OD�RSRUWXQLGDG�TXH�VH�QRV�KD�FRQFHGLGR��(V� LPSRUWDQWH� UHFRQRFHU�TXH�PXFKRV�GH�QRVRWURV� WHQHPRV�PXFKRV�DxRV� OXFKDQGR��SHUR�QR�KHPRV�UHFRQRFLGR�TXH�HQ� IRUPD�HTXLYRFDGD��+D�SUHGRPLQDGR� LQGLVFXWLEOHPHQWH�HO�DPRU�DO�Pt�PLVPR��\�QR�HO�DPRU�VLQFHUR�KDFLD�QXHVWURV�KHUPDQRV�\�VHPHMDQWHV��+HUPDQRV��+D\�TXH�YHQFHU�D�QXHVWURV�GHIHFWRV��HOLPLQDUORV��UHFRQRFHUORV�HQ�HO�GtD�D�GtD�\�OXFKDU�FRQ�WRGDV�QXHVWUDV�IXHU]DV�SDUD�GHVSHUWDU��/R�GHPiV��HV�SHUGHU��ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH��HO�WLHPSR��&RQ� SURIXQGD� GHYRFLyQ� RUHPRV� SDUD� TXH� ORV� FRUD]RQHV� H[WUDYLDGRV�� WRGRV�� SDUD� TXH�HQFRQWUHPRV�HO�FDPLQR�YHUGDGHUR�GH�OD�UHQXQFLDFLyQ��GHO�YHUGDGHUR�&5,672��'LRV�HVWi�FRQ�QRVRWURV�VLHPSUH�TXH�VHDPRV�ILHOHV�\�VLQFHURV��4XH�OD�3D]�GH�'LRV�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�QRVRWURV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 18: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�UHVSHWR�\�HO�DPRU�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV���8Q� DEUD]R� IUDWHUQDO� FRQ� PXFKR� UHVSHWR�� \� TXH� OD� SD]� GHO� &ULVWR� VHD� FRQ� WRGRV� \� FRQ� WX�HVStULWX��8Q� KRPEUH� GHEH� FXOWLYDU� PXFKRV� SULQFLSLRV� VL� HV� TXH� HQ� YHUGDG� TXLHUH� FUHFHU�HVSLULWXDOPHQWH�� 0DV� GH� WRGRV� ORV� SULQFLSLRV� HO� UHVSHWR�� HV� XQR� GH� ORV� PiV� FDUGLQDOHV� \�QHFHVDULRV��(O�TXH�UHVSHWD�D�VXV�SDGUHV��D�VX�FDVD��D�Vt�PLVPR��QR�FDEH�GXGD�TXH�UHVSHWDUi�OR�VDJUDGR��(O�TXH�UHVSHWD�WRGR�OR�DQWHULRU��UHVSHWDUi�D�'LRV��\�DO�UHVSHWDUOR�OH�$PDUi�FRPR�HV�SUHFLVR�DPDUOR� SDUD� OOHJDU� D� REWHQHU� HO� PHMRU� FRQRFLPLHQWR� GH� WRGR� OR� TXH� H[LVWH�� 1R� KD\� PHMRU�FRQRFLPLHQWR�TXH�DPDU�D�'LRV��1R�KD\�PHMRU�SUiFWLFD�GH�OD�VDELGXUtD�LQILQLWD�TXH�DSUHQGHU�D�DPDU�D�'LRV��\�HQ�VX�DPRU��UHVSHWDU�D�WRGRV�ORV�GHPiV�\�D�Vt�PLVPR��&DGD�XQR�GH�QRVRWURV�HV�XQD�SHTXHxD�OX]�TXH�KD\�TXH�DOLPHQWDU�WRGRV�ORV�GtDV�FRQ�OD�IXHU]D�GHO� UHVSHWR� D� WRGR� OR� YLYLHQWH�� (O� TXH� QR� UHVSHWD� VH� YXHOYH� GHQVR�� RVFXUR�� WHQHEURVR��LUUHVSRQVDEOH�� DWUHYLGR� SDUD� HO� PDO�� YLROHQWR� \� SRFR� D� SRFR�� SLHUGH� OD� GLPHQVLyQ� GH� VX�SUHVHQFLD� PLVPD� FRPR� VHU� KXPDQR� HQ� WRGR� OR� TXH� H[LVWH�� SDUD� FRQVXPLUVH� FRPR� OODPD�SHUHFHGHUD�HQ�HO�IRQGR�PLVPR�GH�VXV�RGLRV�\�DQKHORV�GH�YHQJDQ]D��(O�TXH�UHVSHWD��DPD��(O�TXH�DPD��UHVSHWD��(O�TXH�QR�DPD��VH�FRQVXPH��VH�HPSHTXHxHFH�HQ�ORV�ODEHULQWRV�LQILQLWRV�GH�ODV�LQWULJDV�\�PDOHGLFHQFLDV��3RU� HOOR�� HO� KRPEUH� GHEH� VHU� XQ� LQGLYLGXR� GH� RUDFLyQ� FRQVWDQWH�� (O� TXH� RUD�� HV� FDSD]� GH�FUHFHUVH�QR�VyOR�DQWH�ODV�GHELOLGDGHV�GH�Vt�PLVPR��VLQR�DQWH�ODV�SUXHEDV�\�PRPHQWRV�GLItFLOHV��/D�IXHU]D�LQWHULRU�SURIXQGD�DGYLHQH�GH�XQ�VHU�TXH�YLYH�ORV�SRVWXODGRV�GHO�DPRU�\�HO�UHVSHWR�HQ�VDJUDGD�DOLDQ]D���(O�VHU�HVSLULWXDO�HV�UHDOPHQWH�UHVSHWXRVR��3RU�HOOR��FRQ�DPRU��RV�SHGLPRV�OXFKDU�LQWHQVDPHQWH�SDUD� TXH� UHLQH� HO� UHVSHWR� PXWXR�� 6RODPHQWH� FXDQGR� DFDEDPRV� FRQ� QXHVWUDV� GHELOLGDGHV� \�DQKHORV�HJRtVWDV��UHFRQRFHPRV�HQ�ORV�GHPiV�HO�GHUHFKR�TXH�WLHQHQ�D�VHU�UHVSHWDGRV���1R�KD\�PHMRU�LQVWUXFFLyQ�LQILQLWD�TXH�OD�9ROXQWDG�GHO�3DGUH��HOOD�HV�HO�PHMRU�HVWtPXOR�SDUD�DPDU�\�UHVSHWDU�D�ORV�GHPiV�\�D�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV��4XH�OD�3D]�GHO�&ULVWR�UHLQH�HQ�YXHVWURV�FRUD]RQHV��\�HQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��81�6(59,'25��

Page 19: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�TXH�KD\D�OX]�OLEHUDGD��QR�QRV�H[RQHUD�GH�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH�OD�RVFXULGDG�%HQGLWRV�KHUPDQRV��4XH�OD�3D]�GH�QXHVWUR�3DGUH�FHOHVWLDO�HVWp�FRQ�WRGRV�QRVRWURV��\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��+HUPDQRV���/D� ODERU� LQFDQVDEOH�GH�XQ�PLVLRQHUR�HV�PX\� ORDEOH��VLQ�HPEDUJR��QR�HVWi�H[HQWD�GHO�HUURU��SRUTXH�WDO�FRPR�QXHVWUR�Ò1,&2�3$75,$5&$�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�DOJXQD�YH]�QRV�OR�HQVHxy��³1XQFD�VH�HVWi�OLEUH�GH�FDHU��D~Q�HVWDQGR�HQ�OD�SRUWHUtD�GHO�FLHOR´��<�FRQ�HVR�QRV�LQVWUX\y�GH�XQD� YH]� \� SDUD� VLHPSUH�� TXH� ORV� PLVLRQHURV�� ORV� KHUPDQRV� WRGRV�� QR� HVWDPRV� H[HQWRV� GH�HUURUHV��QL�WDPSRFR�HVWDQGR�HQ�OD�OX]��ODV�WLQLHEODV�QR�GHMDQ�GH�WHQHU�PDWHULDO�SDUD�H[LVWLU��<�HVR��WDPELpQ�QRV�LQVWUX\H��$�TXLHQHV�OORUDQ�OD�SpUGLGD�GH�VX�JXtD��HO�VHxRU�%XVWRV��OHV�GHFLPRV�FRQ�DPRU�VLQFHUR�\�FRQ�OD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG� GH� /$� -(5$548Ë$� 81,9(56$/� %/$1&$�� ³6LJDQ� HVWXGLDQGR� \�SUDFWLFDQGR� OD�6DJUDGD�'RFWULQD�GH� OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD��GHSRVLWDGD�HQ� ODV�REUDV�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU� \� HQ� ODV� (VFULWXUDV� 6DJUDGDV� GH� WRGRV� ORV� WLHPSRV�´� 0DV� HV� EXHQR�UHFDSDFLWDU� TXH� GH� ODV� REUDV� HVFULWDV� SRU� RWURV� GLJQRV� KHUPDQRV�� FRPR� GLUtD� 6DQ� 3DEOR��³5HWHQHG� OR� EXHQR«´��PDV� ([DPLQDG� OR� RWUR� SDUD� YHU� VL� HV� FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH�� FRKHUHQWH� \�SHUWLQHQWH�SDUD�OD�5(*(1(5$&,Ï1�'(/�$/0$��/D� ILQDOLGDG�GH� OD�GRFWULQD�JQyVWLFD�FULVWLDQD�HV�HVR��/D�5HJHQHUDFLyQ�GHO�$OPD��(Q�PRGR�DOJXQR�GHEH�VHU�XQ�PHFDQLVPR�GH�MXVWLILFDFLRQHV�SHUVRQDOHV��\�PXFKR�PHQRV�XQD�HVFDOD�SDUD�VXELU�DO�OtGHU�GH�WXUQR��VH�OODPH�FRPR�VH�OODPH���¢4XHUpLV�WRGRV�YHU�\�SDOSDU�D�ORV�PDHVWURV�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD"�¢4XHUpLV�VHU�FRQGXFLGRV�SRU�OD� OX]� GHO�&RVPRV� TXH� GH� HOORV� HPDQDQ"�3UHSDUDRV� ILUPHV� \� GHFLGLGRV� \� SUDFWLFDG� OD�PiV�JUDQGH�FDULGDG�TXH�FDGD�XQR�SXHGH�KDFHU�FRQ�XQR�PLVPR��025,5�(1�/26�'()(&726��\�VREUH� WRGDV� ODV�FRVDV�SUDFWLFDG�LQWHQVDPHQWH� ORV�75(6�)$&725(6�'(�/$�5(92/8&,Ï1�'(�/$�&21&,(1&,$��/RV�PDHVWURV�HVWiQ�FRQ�QRVRWURV��1RVRWURV�HVWDPRV�FRQ�XVWHGHV�HQ�WRGR�WLHPSR��FXPSOLHQGR�yUGHQHV�FRQ�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG���6L�HVWD�JQRVLV�TXH�YRVRWURV�KDEpLV�YLYLGR�QR� WLHQH�HVWH�SXQWR�GH�SDUWLGD��HV�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�XQD�ODPHQWDEOH�SpUGLGD�GH�WLHPSR��0X\� SURQWR�� GHO� /,1$-(�'(� 6$0$(/� $81�:(25�� YHQGUi� HO� ,QVWUXFWRU� TXH� FRQ� DPRU� \�VLQFHULGDG�RV�YD�D�FRQGXFLU�D�ORV�~OWLPRV�WLHPSRV��3HUR�QR�SXHGH�YHQLU��VL�DQWHV�ORV�GLVFtSXORV�QR�QRV�KHPRV�SUHSDUDGR�DGHFXDGDPHQWH��3DUD� TXH� XQD� VDELGXUtD� UHVSODQGH]FD� \� QRV� VDOYH�� GHEHPRV� SUHSDUDUQRV� VLQFHUD� \�GHYRWDPHQWH�� 1R� VRQ� QHFHVDULRV� QXHYRV� MXUDPHQWRV�� QXHYDV� FHUHPRQLDV�� QXHYDV� UHIRUPDV��QXHYRV�SDVRV�QL� WDPSRFR�VHxDV«/D�HQVHxDQ]D�\D�OD�WHQHPRV��PDV�QR�KHPRV�HQFRQWUDGR�DO�&5,672��SRU�VHJXLU�HO�FXOWR�YDQLGRVR�GH�OD�SHUVRQDOLGDG�GH�DOJXQRV�OtGHUHV���/D�HQVHxDQ]D�JQyVWLFD�FULVWLDQD�VDPDHOLDQD�HV�FLHQWR�SRU�FLHQWR�HVSLULWXDO��0DV� OR� TXH� KHPRV� WHQLGR� KD� VLGR� FLHQWR� SRU� FLHQWR� DSDULHQFLDV� HQJDxRVDV�� HQJDxRV�FROHFWLYL]DGRV�� GHYRFLRQHV� H[DJHUDGDV� \� FHORVDV�� H[LJLHQGR� MXUDPHQWRV� \� SDVHV�� FRPR� VL� HO�&ULVWR�KXELHUD�GDGR�HVH�HMHPSOR���

Page 20: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�&ULVWR� QR� YLQR� MDPiV� D� SRQHUOH�0È6�9(/26�$/�7(03/2��(O�&ULVWR� UDVJy� HO� YHOR� GHO�WHPSOR�\�QRV�XQLy�GH�XQD�YH]�\�SDUD�VLHPSUH�FRQ�HO�3$'5(�6$17Ë6,02��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�72'26�62026�812�&21�(/�*5$1�812��7HQHG�PXFKD�IH��WHQHG�PXFKR�DPRU��KDFHG�OD�FDULGDG�HQ�DEXQGDQFLD�HQ�WRGR�HO�PXQGR��&XUDG�HQIHUPRV��YLVLWDG�KXpUIDQRV��GDGOH�GH�FRPHU�DO�KDPEULHQWR��HQVHxDGOH�DO�TXH�QR�VDEH��GHIHQGDPRV� DO� GHVYDOLGR�� GHPRV� FRQ� DPRU� WRGR� OR� TXH� SRGDPRV� 6,1� 3(',5� 1$'$� $�&$0%,2��'HVGH� HO� 7HPSOR� &RUD]yQ� GH� OD� %21'$'� <� (/� $025�� RV� EHQGHFLPRV� \� DEUD]DPRV�IUDWHUQDOPHQWH��(O�SRGHU�VXSUHPR�GH�'LRV�HVWi�\�HVWDUi�VLHPSUH�FRQ�HO�&25$=Ï1�12%/(�<�6,1&(52��FRQ�DTXHO�TXH�GtD�D�GtD�YHQ]D�VX�RUJXOOR�� VX�YDQLGDG��\� WRGRV� ORV�HUURUHV�GH� OD�SHUVRQD�KXPDQD��4XH�OD�SD]�GH�QXHVWUR�3DGUH�HVWp�FRQ�WRGRV�YRVRWURV��XQ�DEUD]R�FRQ�DPRU��98(6752�6(59,'25��

Page 21: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�0pWRGR�GH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��UHDSUHQGDPRV�VX�HQVHxDQ]D�9HQHUDEOHV�+HUPDQRV��4XH�OD�SD]�GH�&ULVWR�HVWp�FRQ�WRGRV��\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��+DFH� DOJXQRV� GtDV� KHPRV� UHIOH[LRQDGR� VREUH� OD� FRQYHQLHQFLD� GH� UHFRUGDUOHV� D� WRGRV� ORV�KHUPDQRV�� OD� LPSRUWDQFLD� GH� HVWXGLDU� FRQ� YHUGDGHUR� FRPSURPLVR� ODV� REUDV� VDJUDGDV� GHO�YHQHUDEOH�0DHVWUR�\�Ò1,&2�3$75,$5&$�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��0XFKR�GH�OR�TXH�H[LVWH�HQ�OD�DFWXDOLGDG��PH�UHILHUR�D�ORV�SUREOHPDV�GRFWULQDOHV��pWLFRV�\�GH�HQVHxDQ]D� VH�KDQ�GHVDUUROODGR�SRU� OD� IDOWD�GH�SUiFWLFD� VLQFHUD� \� WHVRQHUD�GH� HVWD� VDJUDGD�GRFWULQD��([LVWHQ� DOJXQRV� KHUPDQRV� TXH� YLEUDQ�PiV� FRQ� ORV� DVSHFWRV� LQWHOHFWXDOHV�� FRQ� ORV� DVSHFWRV�WHyULFRV��0DV�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�QRV�SLGLy�TXH�KLFLpUDPRV�³PLOODUHV�GH�YHFHV�FRQ�PXFKD�IH�\�GHYRFLyQ´�ODV�SUiFWLFDV��,QFOXVR�QRV�OOHJy�D�GHFLU�TXH�³YRFDOL]DU�XQD�KRUD�GLDULDPHQWH�HUD�PXFKR�PHMRU�TXH�OHHU�XQ�OLEUR�GH�HVRWHULVPR´���1RVRWURV�KHPRV�FRQVWDWDGR�FXiQWD�UD]yQ�WLHQH��KHPRV�SRGLGR�FRPSUREDU�OR�VHQVLEOH�TXH�VH�YXHOYH�HO�FXHUSR� ItVLFR�\�SRU�VXSXHVWR�VH�DFWLYDQ� ORV�FKDFUDV�SDUD�GDUOH�YLGD�D� ORV�FXHUSRV�LQWHUQRV�� (VWR� WDPELpQ� GHEHUi� VHU� FRKHUHQWH� FRQ� OD� SXUH]D� \� OD� FDVWLGDG� HQ� SHQVDPLHQWR��SDODEUD�\�REUD��6REUH�WRGR�FRQ�OD�SXUH]D�HQ�HO�YHUER��1R�FRQGHQDPRV�RWUDV�IRUPDV�GH�DSUHQGL]DMH��SRUTXH�FDGD�FXDO�JR]D�\�GHEH�JR]DU�VLHPSUH�GH�VXILFLHQWH�HVSDFLR�\�RSRUWXQLGDG�SDUD�DFHUWDU�\�HTXLYRFDUVH���0DV�DTXHOORV�TXH�UHDOPHQWH�GHVHHQ�FRQTXLVWDU�HO�GHUHFKR�GH�HQFRQWUDU�HO�FDPLQR�DO�*85Ò��GHEHQ�QL�PiV�QL�PHQRV�TXH�DSHJDUVH�D�OD�UXWD�GHMDGD�SRU�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�181&$�+$%/Ï�'(�&$1$/,=$&,21(6��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�181&$�+$%/Ï�'(�(63Ë5,786�326(<(1'2�'(6'(�/$� 08(57(� 2� '(6'(� /$� 9,'$�� $� 1,1*812�� 12� KD\� QLQJ~Q� OLEUR� X� REUD� GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�TXH�WDO�FRVD�KD\D�VLGR�HQVHxDGD��$O�FRQWUDULR�KD\�VREUDGRV�OLEURV�GRQGH�DILUPy�OR�FRQWUDULR�TXH�HV�SDUD�OD�VDOXG�PHQWDO�GH�ODV�SHUVRQDV��,QFXVR�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�GLMR�TXH�PDQLSXODU�ODV�PHQWHV�KXPDQDV�D�OD�XVDQ]D�GH�KRQRUDEOHV�\�UHVSHWDEOHV�ORJLDV�URVDFUXFHV�HUD�OHJtWLPD�0$*,$�1(*5$��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�6Ë�+$%/Ï�'(�75$160,6,Ï1�7(/(3È7,&$��3XHGHQ�XVWHGHV�FRQVXOWDU�/DV�7UHV�0RQWDxDV�\�(O�0DWULPRQLR�3HUIHFWR��/DPHQWDEOHPHQWH�OD�LJQRUDQFLD��OD�SULQFLSDO�IXHQWH�GH�HUURU��KL]R�TXH��DXQDGR�D�OD�IDOWD�GH�SUiFWLFD� \� GH� OHFWXUD� FRPSURPHWLGD� GH� ODV� REUDV� GHO� 0DHVWUR� 6DPDH�� DOJXQRV� KHUPDQRV�LQVWUXFWRUHV��FRQ�HO�SHUGyQ�TXH�VH�PHUHFHQ��FD\HUDQ�HQ�HO�HUURU�GH�PH]FODU�WDQWDV�FRVDV�TXH�UHLQDQ�DKRUD�HQ�HO�PXQGR�HVRWHULVWD��HQ�HVSHFLDO�DTXHOODV�SUiFWLFDV�PHWDItVLFDV��GLDQpWLFDV�R�FLHQFLROyJLFDV�TXH�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�MDPiV�GLYXOJy�R�HQVHxy��3RUTXH�HQ�HVWDV�WpFQLFDV�TXLHQ�WUDEDMD�\�GLVSpQVHQPH�OD�VLQFHULGDG�12�(6�(/�6(5�VLQR�QL�PiV�QL�PHQRV�TXH�HO�(*2�2�0Ë�0,602��D�WUDYpV�GH�XQR�R�YDULRV�\RHV�SDUD�TXLHQHV�HV�DItQ�HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�HVRWpULFR���(O�0DHVWUR� WDPELpQ�QRV�KDEOD�GH�$&7,9$5�/26�&+$&5$6��\�VH�JDVWy�HO� WLHPSR�HQ�REUDV�FRPR�/2*26��0$175$0�<�7(85*,$��TXH�D�SRFRV�OHV�DJUDGD��SRUTXH�HO�0DHVWUR�FRPLHQ]D�

Page 22: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

HQVHxDQGR� HO� %8(1� 862� '(/� 9(5%2�� FXHVWLyQ� WDQ� GHWHULRUDGD� HQ� HVWRV� GtDV� GHELGR� DO�)$1$7,602��/R�TXH�QRV�KDFH�MX]JDU�D�ORV�GHPiV�\�OR�SHRU�VLQ�QLQJ~Q�FRQRFLPLHQWR���(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�WDPELpQ�QRV�HQVHxD�OD�0(',7$&,Ï1�$�)21'2��\�VREUH�WRGR�D�HOLPLQDU�HO�<2��SRUTXH�VLQ�HO�(*2�HV�PiV�SUREDEOH�TXH�OD�',9,1,'$'�PLVHULFRUGLRVD�QRV�HQVHxH�\�QRV�UHYHOH� ODV�JUDQGHV�HQVHxDQ]DV�GH� WRGRV� ORV�VHUHV��&XHVWLyQ�PX\�GLVWLQWD�D�DTXHOORV�TXH�SUDFWLFDQ�KR\�HQ�GtD�IDOVDV�FODULYLGHQFLDV��TXH�QR�VRQ�RWUD�FRVD�TXH�HO�(*2�(1*$f$1'2�D�ORV�GHPiV��LQFOXVR�FDOXPQLDQGR�\�GLIDPDQGR�\�D~Q�HVWDIDQGR�OD�EXHQD�IH�GH�ODV�SHUVRQDV�D�FDPELR�GH�',1(52��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�QRV�HQVHxD�TXH�OD�FODULYLGHQFLD��OD�WHOHSDWtD��OD�LQWXLFLyQ��HO�RtGR�PiJLFR��OD� UHFRUGDFLyQ� GH� YLGDV� SDVDGDV�� HO� PDQHMR� GHO� IXHJR�� GHO� DJXD�� GH� ORV� YROFDQHV� \�WHPSHVWDGHV�� VRQ� SURGXFWR� GH� XQ� WUDEDMR� WHVRQHUR� \� GH� PXFKtVLPRV� DxRV� GH� OXFKD� HQ� OD�FDVWLGDG�\�HQ�HO�DPRU�KDFLD�ORV�GHPiV��1RV�SUHRFXSD�\�QRV�VHQWLPRV�UHVSRQVDEOHV�FXDQGR�REVHUYDPRV�WDQWD�FRQIXVLyQ�H�LJQRUDQFLD��1RV� FRQPXHYH� REVHUYDU� D� ORV� KHUPDQRV� VLJXLHQGR� D� LJQRUDQWHV� TXH� OHV� KDQ� KDEODGR� PX\�ERQLWR�� SHUR� TXH� KDQ� HOLPLQDGR� \� WHUJLYHUVDGR� OD� JQRVLV� VDPDHOLDQD�� VXVWLWX\pQGROD� SRU�IRUPDV�PiV�DWUDFWLYDV�\�IiFLOHV��TXH�OHV�KDELOLWDQ�XQ�FDPLQR�DEUHYLDGR��SHUR�TXH�OyJLFDPHQWH�OHV�KDFH�TXHGDU�VLHPSUH�FRQ�HO�(*2�2�6$7È1�2�0Ë�0,602�0È6�9,92�48(�181&$���(VWR� KDFH� TXH� ODV� SHUVRQDV� QR� UHFRQR]FDQ� VX� HUURU�� SXHV� HV� JUDWR� HQ� YHUGDG� REWHQHU�VHJXLGRUHV�\�SDUURTXLDQRV�HQJDxDGRV�\�IDQDWL]DGRV�VLJXLpQGRQRV�VLQ�QLQJ~Q�GLVFHUQLPLHQWR���3RU� HOOR�� HQ� QRPEUH� GH� OD� VDELGXUtD�� GHO� DPRU� \� OD� FRPSDVLyQ� OHV� SHGLPRV�� KD\� TXH�UHDSUHQGHU�OD�GRFWULQD�GHO�PDHVWUR�6DPDHO��+D\�TXH�PRULU�HQ�ORV�GHIHFWRV��\�VREUH�WRGR�QR�DEDQGRQDU�QXQFD� OD�6DJUDGD�&DVWLGDG��HV� OR�~QLFR�TXH�QRV�SXHGH�KDFHU�YROYHU�KDFLD�'LRV�QXHVWUR�3DGUH�TXH�HVWi�HQ�6HFUHWR��<�eO�FRQRFLHQGR�QXHVWUD�QHFHVLGDG�QRV�GDUi�OR�TXH�SUHFLVDPRV��3RUTXH�ORV�GRQHV�GHO�HVStULWX�VRQ�SUHFLVDPHQWH�GHO�(63Ë5,78�6$172��SRU� OR�TXH�DTXHOORV�TXH�FRPHUFLDOL]DQ�\�HQJDxDQ�RIUHFLHQGR�SRGHUHV�VLQ�PXHUWH�GHO�(*2�WHQGUiQ�VX�FDVWLJR�DO�ILQDO�GH�ORV�WLHPSRV��6RODPHQWH�VLQ�OD�LQIOXHQFLD�QHIDVWD�GHO�(*2�HV�SRVLEOH�REWHQHU�ORV�VDJUDGRV�SRGHUHV��TXH�VRQ�XQD�GiGLYD�GHO�FLHOR�SDUD�HO�6(5�TXH�HV�FDSD]�GH�DXWRUUHDOL]DUVH��(O�0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� GLMR� TXH� KDEtD� TXH� DVSLUDU� D� ORV� SRGHUHV� \� QR� FRGLFLDUORV�� \� XQD� YH]�FRQTXLVWDGRV�UHQXQFLDU�D�HOORV��SRUTXH�PXFKRV�VH�IDVFLQDQ�FRQ�ORV�SRGHUHV�\�FDHQ�HQ�HUURU��/D�~QLFD�FRVD�TXH�MXVWLILFD�OD�DGTXLVLFLyQ�GH�ORV�SRGHUHV�HV�VHUYLU�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��7DO�FRPR�-HV~V� \� WDQWRV� JUDQGHV� QRV� KDQ� HQVHxDGR�� -HV~V� GLR� VXV� SRGHUHV� HQ� VHUYLFLR�� SHUR� QR� ORV�XWLOL]y�QL�WDQ�VLTXLHUD�SDUD�HVFDSDU�GH�ODV�WRUWXUDV�H�LQJUDWLWXGHV�GH�WRGD�OD�KXPDQLGDG��1R�KD\�OH\�PiV�JUDQGH�TXH�HO�$025��QR�KD\�SRGHU�PiV�JORULRVR�SDUD�HO�TXH�GHEHUtDPRV�WRGRV�YLYLU�FRPR�OD�IXHU]D�GHO�3(5'Ï1��&RQ�PL�VDOXGR�\�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO��TXH�OD�3D]�GHO�Ò1,&2�',26�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��8Q�6(59,'25�GH�WRGRV�XVWHGHV��

Page 23: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0HQVDMH�GH�XQ�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV�9HQHUDEOHV�KHUPDQRV���/D�SD]�GH�'LRV�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�XVWHGHV�\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX��+HUPDQRV���/D�IXHU]D�GHO�DPRU�HV�OD�JUDQ�JXLDWXUD�TXH�HPDQD�GH�'LRV�KDFLD�WRGR�HO�FRVPRV�XQLYHUVDO��6LQ� HPEDUJR�� SRFR� SRGHPRV� DSURYHFKDUOD� VL� HQ� QXHVWUR� FRUD]yQ� DEULJDPRV� VHQWLPLHQWRV�HJRtVWDV�� GH�GXGD�� GHVFRQILDQ]D��PLHGR�� LQVHJXULGDG� \� VREUH� WRGR�PXFKR� UHQFRU�GLVIUD]DGR�FRQ�LQWHOHFFLRQHV�HTXLYRFDGDV�R�LGHDV�TXH�GLVWDQ�GH�VHU�DXWpQWLFD�UHOLJLRVLGDG��8Q�YHUGDGHUR�UHOLJLRVR�HV�XQ�VHU�UHVSHWXRVR��<�XQ�VHU�UHVSHWXRVR��HV�XQ�VHU�OOHQR�GH�DPRU��(O�DPRU�GD�HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�\� OD� OX]�SDUD�HQWUDU�HQ�XQ�HVWDGR�GH�FRPSUHQVLyQ�\� WROHUDQFLD�FRQWLQ~DV�� &XDQGR� XQD� SHUVRQD� DPD�� FRQRFH� \� FRPSUHQGH�� DSOLFD� \� WUDQVPLWH� OD� PHMRU�HVSLULWXDOLGDG�GH�TXH�VH�HV�FDSD]��+HUPDQRV�� KD\� TXH� UHFRQRFHU� ODV� LPSHUIHFFLRQHV� DFXPXODGDV� HQ� QRVRWURV� JUDFLDV� D� OD�WUDJHGLD�GH�YLYLU� LGHQWLILFDGRV� HQ� HO� WLHPSR�� HQ� OR� FRWLGLDQR��SHUR� OR�SHRU�� HQ� OD�DFWLWXG�GH�FRPSHWHQFLD�\�GH�DWDTXH�TXH�D�QDGD�QRV�FRQGXFH��/RV�DQLPDOLWRV�GH�'LRV�EXVFDQ�VREUHYLYLU�\�VH�JXtDQ�SRU�LQVWLQWRV��/D�FUHDWXUD�GH�'LRV�OODPDGD�KRPEUH�WLHQH�LQWHOLJHQFLD��OD�FXDO�HV�SDUD�TXH�UHWRUQH�DO�RULJHQ�GLYLQR��IRUPDQGR�VX�FRQFLHQFLD��(O�DPRU�IRUPD�FRQFLHQFLD��/DV�GLILFXOWDGHV�R�HO�GRORU�VRQ�FDSDFHV�PXFKDV�YHFHV�GH�HQGXUHFHU�ORV�FRUD]RQHV��ODV�PHQWHV�\�ORV�VHQWLPLHQWRV��3HUR�VL�DSUHQGHPRV�D�PDGXUDU�\�D�EXVFDU�HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�HQ�ORV�LQVWDQWHV�VXSUHPRV�GH�GRORU��GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�HVWDPRV�HQWUDQGR�HQ�OR�TXH�HV�OD�,1,&,$&,Ï1��/D�YLGD�HV� OD� LQLFLDFLyQ��SHUR�FXDQGR�KHPRV�DSUHQGLGR�D�YLYLUOD�HQ� IRUPD�PDGXUD�\�FRQ�HO�LPSXOVR�FRQFLHQWLYR�GHO�&ULVWR�ËQWLPR���/D�YLGD�HV�OD�LQLFLDFLyQ��FXDQGR�HVWDPRV�GLVSXHVWRV�VLHPSUH�D�DSUHQGHU��8Q� KRPEUH� QXQFD� GHMD� GH� VHU� FDSD]� GH� DSUHQGHU� DXQ� FXDQGR� KD\D� HQFRQWUDGR� OD� /8=�,17(5,25��(O� KRPEUH� TXH� OOHJD� D� WDO� HVWDGR� DPD� YHUGDGHUDPHQWH� D� OD� KXPDQLGDG�� <� VH� HQWUHJD� HQ�VHUYLFLR�GHVLQWHUHVDGR�GH�ORV�GHPiV���+HUPDQRV�� %XVTXHPRV� ORV� GRQHV� GHO� HVStULWX� GLYLQR�� PDV� KDJDPRV� PRULU� HQ� QRVRWURV� OR�VXSHUIOXR�� HO� DQVLD� GH� DFXPXODU�� FRPSHWLU�� HYDGLU� OD� UHVSRQVDELOLGDG� GH� 025,5� (1� 6Ë�0,6026��(O�KRPEUH�TXH�VH�FRQTXLVWD�D�Vt�PLVPR�HOLPLQDQGR�VXV�HUURUHV�SDVDGRV��SUHVHQWHV�\�IXWXURV��DPD�D�',26�\�VH�DPD�D�Vt�PLVPR��8Q� DOPD� TXH� EXVFD� DIDQRVDPHQWH� DPDU� D� 'LRV� QR� DEULJD� HQ� VX� FRUD]yQ� VHQWLPLHQWRV�PH]TXLQRV��1R�VH�SXHGH�VHUYLU�D�ORV�GHPiV�SHQVDQGR�HQ�OD�YDQLGDG�R�HO�RUJXOOR��/D�IXHU]D�PDUDYLOORVD�GHO�DPRU�QRV�D\XGD�D�VXSHUDU�QXHVWURV�SURSLRV�HVWDGRV�GH�HJRtVPR�\�GH�SHWULILFDFLyQ�HVSLULWXDO��

Page 24: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�PLVLyQ�TXH�GHEHPRV�DVXPLU�HQ�OD�YLGD�YLHQH�D�QRVRWURV�SRU�YROXQWDG�GLYLQD��/D�PLVLyQ�TXH�GHEHPRV�FXPSOLU�YLHQH�*5$&,$6�$�/$�92/817$'�'(�',26��'HEHPRV� SURFXUDU� YLYLU� FRQILDQGR� HQ� TXH� OD� YROXQWDG� GLYLQD� QRV� SRQGUi� HO� FDPLQR� OD�RSRUWXQLGDG�GH�VHU�FRPR�iQJHOHV�SDUD�QXHVWURV�KHUPDQRV��<�HVR�QR�VH�GD�SRU�OD�DFFLyQ�GHO�(*2��VLQR�SRU�OD�VDJUDGD�YROXQWDG�GHO�3DGUH�TXH�HVWi�HQ�ORV�FLHORV��(O� DPRU� QRV� WUDQVIRUPD� GiQGRQRV� HO� PHMRU� GLVFHUQLPLHQWR� SDUD� TXH� HQFRQWUHPRV� OD�H[SOLFDFLyQ�GH�ODV�OH\HV�GLYLQDV�ODV�FXDOHV�WRGDV�SURFXUDQ�QXHVWUD�HVSLULWXDOLGDG�\�PDGXUH]�tQWLPD���&RQ�PL�PHMRU�VDOXGR��TXH�OD�SD]�GH�'LRV�HVWp�FRQ�WRGRV�\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX��81�6(59,'25�'(�72'26�

Page 25: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�*QRVLV��SDVDGR��SUHVHQWH�\�IXWXUR�4XHULGRV�KHUPDQRV���3D]�\�ELHQHVWDU�FRQ�ODV�EHQGLFLRQHV�GHO�*UDQ�6HU�GHVGH�HO�7(03/2�6$*5$'2�'(/�',26�9,92��+HUPDQRV��/D�JQRVLV�HQ�HO�SDVDGR�VH�FDUDFWHUL]y�SRU�HO�GHVDItR��OD�JXHUUD�DELHUWD��OD�GXUH]D��HO� ULJRU�� HO� WDODQWH� SDUD� DILUPDU� ODV� FRVDV�� OD� IXHU]D� \� HO� SRGHU� GHO� 6HU�'LYLQR�� /D� JQRVLV�DFWXDOPHQWH�QRV�LQYLWD�D�UHIOH[LRQDU�HQ�OD�&DULGDG��HQ�HO�$PRU��HQ�HO�3HUGyQ��\�HQ�OD�PXHUWH�GHO�Pt�PLVPR��1R� KD\� FDPELRV� UHOHYDQWHV�� SHUR� Vt� KD\� XQ� PHQVDMH� TXH� VH� DGDSWD� SDUD� ODV� QHFHVLGDGHV�tQWLPDV�GH� WRGRV��&XDQGR� HO�PDHVWUR� -HV~V� HO�&ULVWR� VH� YD�� VX�(VStULWX�'LYLQR�TXHGy� HQ� HO�FRUD]yQ�GH�VXV�GLVFtSXORV��'H�pO��OD�IXHU]D�LQWHULRU�GH�FDGD�GLVFtSXOR�VDFy�IXHU]D�\�HQWHUH]D�SDUD�YROYHUVH�DSyVWROHV�HQ�WHUULEOHV�FLUFXQVWDQFLDV��+R\��HO�PHQVDMH�YXHOYH�D�VHU�HO�PLVPR��+D\�TXH�PHGLWDU�\�UHIOH[LRQDU��\�REWHQHU�HQ�RUDFLyQ�\�SHQLWHQFLD��OD�DFWLWXG�QHFHVDULD�\�SUHFLVD�SDUD�VHUYLU�D�ORV�GHPiV��/D�*126,6�GHO�IXWXUR�HV�SDUD�ORV�(63Ë5,786�����3RU�DKRUD��FRQ�ODV�LQH[DFWLWXGHV�GHO�(*2�QR�SRGHPRV�HQFDUQDU�HO�HVStULWX���$� ORV� TXH� FRPLHQ]DQ� HO� FDPLQR�� OD�PXHUWH� GHO� HJR� GHEH� GH� WRPDU� EXHQ� LPSXOVR� SDUD� TXH�SRGDPRV�FXDQWR�DQWHV�UHFLELU�ODV�YHUGDGHV�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ��SXULILFDGR�\�HTXLOLEUDGR�VLQ�HO�<R�R�Pt�PLVPR��$� ORV� TXH� KDFH�PXFKR� HVWiQ� HQ� HO� FDPLQR�� QR� HV� HO� WLHPSR� OR� TXH� QRV� GD� OD� DOWXUD�PRUDO��WDPSRFR� OD� DPLVWDG� TXH� KD\DPRV� WHQLGR� FRQ� DOJ~Q� PDHVWUR�� PHQRV� D~Q� HO� FDUJR� R� OD�SRVLFLyQ��SHRU�D~Q�HO�JpQHUR�DO�TXH�VH�SHUWHQHFH��\D�TXH�(/�6(5�(6�(/�6(5��'H�OD�PLVPD�PDQHUD�OD�FLXGDGDQtD��HO�FUHGR��HO�FRORU�GH�OD�SLHO��VyOR�VRQ�H[WHULRULGDGHV��(O�6HU�QDGD�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�ODV�FRVDV�H[WHULRUHV�\�GH�YDQLGDG��3HQVDQGR� HQ� HVD� IRUPD� QR� HQFRQWUDUHPRV� OD� UXWD� R� FDPLQR�� $FWXDQGR� HQ� HVD� IRUPD�� HO�6$*5$'2�&212&,0,(172�'(�',26�QXQFD�YHQGUi�D�QXHVWUR�FRUD]yQ��SRUTXH�QR�KHPRV�SRGLGR�HUUDGLFDU�ORV�VHQWLPLHQWRV�LPSXURV��ORV�GHVHRV�HJRtVWDV��QL�WDPSRFR�OD�GHELOLGDG�SRU�ODV�DSDULHQFLDV��$�ORV�TXH�SLHQVDQ�TXH�\D�QR�SXHGHQ�DSUHQGHU�SRUTXH�VDEHQ�PXFKR��ODVWLPRVDPHQWH�pVD�HV�OD�DFWLWXG�FRWLGLDQD�GHO�KLMR�UHEHOGH��GHO�KLMR�SUyGLJR��GHO�TXH�SLHQVD�TXH�FRQ�VX�H[SHULHQFLD�\D�WLHQH� VXILFLHQWHV� HOHPHQWRV� SDUD� QR� SHUGHUVH� HQ� HO� FDPLQR�� $XQ� ORV�PDHVWURV� VLHPSUH� VRQ��VLHPSUH�VRPRV��DSUHQGLFHV��3RU�HVR�� OD�YDQDJORULD�\�HO�RUJXOOR�QR�VH� MXVWLILFDQ��QL� WDPSRFR�QRV�GDQ�OD�OHJLWLPLGDG�SDUD�HVSHUDU�HO�FXOWR�GH�ORV�GHPiV��SRUTXH�HVR�HV�,'2/$75Ë$��/D� JQRVLV� GHO� IXWXUR� HV� SDUD� ORV� YDOLHQWHV� TXH� DQKHODQ�PRULU� HQ� Vt�PLVPRV���� $TXHOORV� TXH�UHFRQR]FDQ� TXH� ODV� JUDQGHV� YHUGDGHV� SURYLHQHQ� GHO� &25$=Ï1� '(/� 3$'5(�� \� FRPR�SUHFLVDQ�GH� OD�PLVPD�QDWXUDOH]D�� QHFHVLWDPRV�GHVDUUROODU� HO�&25$=Ï1�GH� FDGD�XQR�SDUD�TXH�SRGDPRV�DVLPLODU�OD�HVHQFLD�GH�OD�VDELGXUtD��/D� JQRVLV� GHO� SDVDGR�� HQ� FLHUWR�PRGR� SUHSDUy� XQ� FDPLQR� GXUR���� OOHQR� GH� KHURtVPRV�� SHUR�WDPELpQ� GH� OXFKDV�� /D� JQRVLV� GHO� SUHVHQWH�� KD� GH� UHFRPSRQHUVH� \� SDUD� HOOR� KD\� TXH�'(6$35(1'(5�/2�$35(1','2�\� YROYHU�D�$35(1'(5�FRQ�XQD�DFWLWXG�GLVWLQWD��1R�HQ�SODQ�GH�DWDTXH��VLQR�HQ�EXVFD�GH�OD�/8=�,17(5,25��

Page 26: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

+HUPDQRV�� OD�KXPDQLGDG�QHFHVLWD�GH�HVH� IXQFLRQDOLVPR�GH� OD�FRQFLHQFLD� OODPDGR�*126,6��1HFHVLWD� OD� KXPDQLGDG� GH� KRPEUHV� \� PXMHUHV� YDOLHQWHV�� SDUD� D\XGDU� LQFHVDQWHPHQWH� FRQ�DPRU�\�FRPSUHQVLyQ���1XHVWUD�ODERU�HV�HQWUHJDU�XQ�0(16$-(��1XHVWUD�ODERU�HV�DOODQDU�XQ�FDPLQR��9LHQH�WUDV�GH�QRVRWURV�XQR��GHO�FXDO�WHQHPRV�HO�KRQRU�GH�DQXQFLDUOR�\�SUHSDUDUOH�HO�FDPLQR��1DGD�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�DOJXQRV��DOJXQDV�R�HVWRWURV����$�VX�WLHPSR��TXHULGRV�KHUPDQRV��(Q�VX�PRPHQWR���� 6LQ� FDQDOL]DFLRQHV�� VLQ� GHVLGHUDWRV� FDSULFKRVRV�� VLQ�PiV� HYLGHQFLD� TXH� VX� 6(5�0,602�� &RPR� GHEH� GH� VHU�� 1R� HVStULWXV� PXHUWRV�� QR� PXHUWRV� YLYLHQWHV� FRQ� HJR�� QR�H[WUDWHUUHVWUHV��QR�VHUHV�VREUHQDWXUDOHV����VLQR�XQR�FRPR�QRVRWURV�\�FRQ�QRVRWURV�� OXFKDQGR�HQFDUQL]DGDPHQWH�FRQWUD�HO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR��'H�FDUQH�\�KXHVR��FRQ�GRORU�\�DOHJUtD����3RUTXH�WRGRV�YHQLPRV�GHO�PLVPR�',26��3DUD�HOOR�� SUHSDUHPRV�HO� FRUD]yQ��SUHSDUHPRV�QXHVWUD�DFWLWXG�GH�KXPLOGDG�\� IH�� RUDFLyQ�\�SHQLWHQFLD�� 6yOR� DVt� HV� SRVLEOH� DSUHQGHU�� FRPSUHQGHU�� DVLPLODU�� VHPEUDU� ELHQ� \� FRVHFKDU�PHMRU��4XH�ORV�iQJHOHV�GHO�FLHOR�QRV�DVLVWDQ�D�WRGRV�FRQ�OD�VDJUDGD�YROXQWDG�GH�'LRV�\�GHO�&ULVWR��£4XH�YLYD�HO�&ULVWR��TXH�YLYD�HO�&ULVWR��TXH�YLYD�HO�&ULVWR��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 27: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0HQVDMH�GH�XQ�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV���WRPDGR�GHO�FDStWXOR����GH�³/D�5HYROXFLyQ�GH�%HO´�� OD�0DJLD�1HJUD�GH� ORV�$WODQWHV��SRU�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�³����/DV�YRFDOHV�(��8��IDFLOLWDQ�DO�GLVFtSXOR�HO�SRGHU�FDUJDU�OD�FUX]�FXDQGR�pVWD�HV�PX\�SHVDGD��/D�FUX]�VREUH�ORV�KRPEURV�HV�PDJLD�EODQFD��OD�FUX]�VREUH�OD�FDEH]D�HV�PDJLD�QHJUD��&ULVWR�QR�OOHYy� OD�FUX]�VREUH� OD�FDEH]D�� VLQR�VREUH� ORV�KRPEURV��/D�FUX]�VLJQLILFD� OD�PDWHULD��EDMR�HO�PXQGR��(O�PDJR�QHJUR�GLFH�EDMR�OD�FUX]�GH�OD�LQPRUWDOLGDG�\�YLGD�HWHUQD��EHQGLWR�W~�HUHV��(O�PDJR�EODQFR�GLFH��VREUH�OD�FUX]�³\R�VR\´��/D�FUX]�VREUH�OD�FDEH]D�OD�OOHYDQ�ORV�3RQWtILFHV�HQ�VXV�PLWUDV��1LQJ~Q�PDJR�EODQFR� OOHYD� OD�FUX]� VREUH� OD�FDEH]D�� VLQR� VREUH� ORV�KRPEURV�� WDO�FRPR�OR�PRVWUy�HO�GLYLQR�5HGHQWRU��QRVRWURV�ORV�JQyVWLFRV�QR�HVWDPRV�GHEDMR�GH�OD�FUX]��VLQR�VREUH�HOOD��(O�JQyVWLFR�WLHQH�TXH�PRUGHU�FLHUWD�ILJXULWD�HQ�OD����LQLFLDFLyQ��\�DQWHV�GH�HQWUDU�D�HOOD��\D�KD�UHFLELGR� OD�DXWpQWLFD�SDODEUD�SHUGLGD��TXH� MDPiV�VH�KD�HVFULWR��/RV�H[iPHQHV�YHUEDOHV� VRQ�PX\�ULJXURVRV�SDUD�UHFLELU�OD�LQLFLDFLyQ��$O�PDJR�QHJUR�SRFR�OH�LPSRUWD�OD�PRUDO��8QD�YH]�TXH�HO�FKHOD�SDVD�WULXQIDO�OD�LQLFLDFLyQ�EODQFD��VH�OH�KDFH�OD�ILHVWD��(Q�OD�FHUHPRQLD�QHJUD��HO�GLVFtSXOR� UHFLEH� GH� XQ�PDJR� QHJUR� YHVWLGR� GH� DPDULOOR�� XQD� VHULH� GH� HQVHxDQ]DV� TXH� HOORV�XWLOL]DQ�SDUD�KDFHUVH�LQYLVLEOHV�\�SDUD�KDFHU�LQYLVLEOHV�D�ORV�GHPiV��(Q�HO�SUy[LPR�FDStWXOR�WLWXODGR� (O� 1LUYDQD�� KDEODUHPRV� VREUH� HO� SDUWLFXODU�� FRPR� \D� KHPRV� GLFKR�� WRGDV� HVWDV�HQVHxDQ]DV� YLHQHQ� GH� OD� $WOiQWLGD�� (Q� OD� $WOiQWLGD�� ORV� KRPEUHV� XWLOL]DEDQ� WDPELpQ� ODV�IXHU]DV�VH[XDOHV�SDUD�KDFHU�JUDQGHV�GDxRV��2UKXDUSD��IRUPDED�FRQ�OD�PHQWH��PRQVWUXRV�TXH�OXHJR�PDWHULDOL]DED� ItVLFDPHQWH� \� ORV� DOLPHQWDED� FRQ� VDQJUH��(VRV�PRQVWUXRV� ORV� DUURMDED�VREUH� VXV� LQGHIHQVDV� YtFWLPDV� FXDQGR� pO� TXHUtD�� /D� KXPDQLGDG� $WODQWH� IXH� FODULYLGHQWH� \�PDQHMy� D� OD� PDUDYLOOD� ODV� IXHU]DV� FyVPLFDV�� HQ� GLFKD� pSRFD� KXER� XQ� VDQWXDULR� PX\�LPSRUWDQWH�OODPDGR�6DQWXDULR�GH�9XOFDQR��/RV�JXDUGLDQHV�GH�HVRV�VDQWXDULRV�WHQtDQ�EDMR�VX�FRQWURO�D�$ULPDQ�\�D�VXV�OHJLRQHV�SDUD�TXH�QR�SXGLHUDQ�DFWXDU�OLEUHPHQWH�HQ�QXHVWUR�SODQHWD��HVRV�iWRPRV�GH�$ULPDQ�GDxDURQ�OD�FODULYLGHQFLD�GHO�KRPEUH�\�HQWRQFHV�OD�KXPDQLGDG�TXHGy�HVFODYD�GH�OD�LOXVLyQ�GHO�PXQGR�ItVLFR��6LQ� HPEDUJR�� HQ� OD� $WOiQWLGD� KDEtD� XQ� JUDQ� FROHJLR� GH� LQLFLDGRV�� \� FXDQGR� ORV� PDOYDGRV�LQWHQWDEDQ�FRQWUD�HOORV�HUDQ�PXHUWRV�SRU�OD�HVSDGD�GH�OD�MXVWLFLD��/RV� VHxRUHV�GH�0HUFXULR� OH�GLHURQ�DO�KRPEUH� OD�PHQWH�SDUD�TXH�SHQVDUD�\�QR�SDUD�TXH� OD�XVDUD�FRQ�ILQHV�GHVWUXFWLYRV��9LHQGR�2UKXDUSD�TXH�HO�SXHEOR�OR�DGRUDED�FRPR�D�XQ�'LRV��DUPy�XQ�SRGHURVR�HMpUFLWR�\�VH�SXVR�HQ�PDUFKD�FRQWUD�7ROOiQ�� OD�FLXGDG�GH� ODV���SXHUWDV�GH�RUR�PDFL]R��GRQGH�UHLQDED�HO�PDJR�EODQFR�GH�OD�$WOiQWLGD��<�YHVWLGR�GH�DFHUR�FRQ�HVFXGR��\HOPR��FDVFR�\�HVSDGD��SHOHDED�GXUDQWH�XQ�GtD��\�SRU�OD�QRFKH�GHVDWDED�VXV�EHVWLDV�\�VXV�KHFKLFHURV�TXH�HQ�IRUPD�GH�ORERV�GDxDEDQ�D�VXV�HQHPLJRV��\�DVt�VH�WRPy� D� 7ROOiQ�� OD� FLXGDG� GH� ODV� �� SXHUWDV� GH� RUR�PDFL]R�� \� VH� KL]R� HPSHUDGRU� GH� WRGD� OD�$WOiQWLGD�\�HVWDEOHFLy�HO�FXOWR�GHO�VRO�WHQHEURVR��$Vt�HVWDEDQ�ODV�FRVDV�FXDQGR�HO�PDHVWUR�0RULD��VH�UHHQFDUQy��UHXQLy�VX�HMpUFLWR�GH�VROGDGRV�\�VH�SXVR�HQ�PDUFKD�FRQWUD�2UKXDUSD��

Page 28: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

2UKXDUSD�ODQ]DED�FRQWUD�HO�PDHVWUR�0RULD�VXV�EHVWLDV�IHURFHV��TXH�HO�PDHVWUR�GLVROYtD�FRQ�VXV�OXPLQRVRV�SRGHUHV��<�FRQ�HO� ILOR�GH� VX�HVSDGD� VH� WRUQy�HO�PDHVWUR�D�7ROOiQ�� OD� FLXGDG�GH� ODV���SXHUWDV�GH�RUR�PDFL]R�\�WRGRV�ORV�VROGDGRV�GH�2UKXDUSD�FD\HURQ�EDMR�HO�FXFKLOOR�GH�ODV�IXHU]DV�GH�OD�OX]��9LpQGRVH� 2UKXDUSD� SHUGLGR�� VH� HQFHUUy� HQ� XQD� WRUUH�� \� DOOt� PXULy� TXHPDGR�� SXHV� ORV�VROGDGRV�GHO�PDHVWUR�0RULD�OH�SUHQGLHURQ�IXHJR�D�OD�WRUUH��3HUR� DKt� QR� WHUPLQDURQ� ODV� FRVDV�� LQPHGLDWDPHQWH� VH� YROYLy� D� UHHQFDUQDU� 2UKXDUSD�� \�FXDQGR� \D� WXYR� HGDG�� UHXQLy� RWUD� YH]� VX� HMpUFLWR� GH� JXHUUHURV� \� KHFKLFHURV� \� VH� SXVR� HQ�PDUFKD�QXHYDPHQWH�FRQWUD�7ROOiQ�\�QR�YROYLy�D�WRPDUVH�OD�FLXGDG�\�HVWDEOHFLy�WURQR��FRQWUD�WURQR�� (QWRQFHV� ORV� FXDWUR� WURQRV�� GLMHURQ� DO� HPSHUDGRU� EODQFR��1RHQUUD� �1Rp��� ³VDOLG� GH�HVWD�WLHUUD��\�SDVDG�DO�GHVLHUWR�GH�*RJt´��SRU�GRQGH�TXLHUD�TXH�KD\D�WLHUUD�VHFD��SRUTXH�'LRV�YD�D�KXQGLU�HVWD�WLHUUD��<�REHGHFLy�1RHQUUD��\�VDOLy�FRQ�WRGD�VX�JHQWH�KDFLD�HO�GHVLHUWR�GH�³*REt´��/D�JHQWH�GH�1RHQUUD��HUDQ�ODV�WULEXV�VHPLWDV�SULPLWLYDV�TXH�KDEtDQ�VHJXLGR�HO�FDPLQR�GH�OD�PDJLD�EODQFD��\�2UKXDUSD�TXHGy�DPR�\�VHxRU�GH�OD�$WOiQWLGD��7LHPSR� GHVSXpV� GH� OD� VDOLGD� GHO� SXHEOR� GH� ,VUDHO�� FRPHQ]DURQ� D� DSDUHFHU� DOJXQDV�PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV�tJQHDV�SHOLJURVDV��(O� XVR� GH� ODV� IXHU]DV� VH[XDOHV� XWLOL]DGDV� SDUD� OD�PDJLD� QHJUD�� KL]R� HQWUDU� HQ� DFWLYLGDG� HO�IXHJR�GH�ORV�DGRUPHFLGRV�YROFDQHV��<�HV�TXH� ODV� IXHU]DV�VH[XDOHV� WLHQHQ� tQWLPD�UHODFLyQ�FRQ� WRGDV� ODV� IXHU]DV�GH� OD�QDWXUDOH]D��SRUTXH� OD� IXHU]D� VH[XDO� QR� VRODPHQWH� HVWi� HQ� QXHVWURV� yUJDQRV� VH[XDOHV� VLQR� HQ� WRGDV�QXHVWUDV�FpOXODV�\�PiV�WRGDYtD��HQ�FDGD�iWRPR�GHO�&RVPRV��/D�IXHU]D�VH[XDO�HV�OD�FDXVD�GH�OD�HOHFWULFLGDG��(V�OyJLFR�SXHV��TXH�SRU�LQGXFFLyQ�KXELHUDQ�HQWUDGR�HQ�DFWLYLGDG�ORV�DGRUPHFLGRV�YROFDQHV��3XHV�HVRV�YROFDQHV�\�ORV�PDJRV�QHJURV��HVWDEDQ�tQWLPDPHQWH�UHODFLRQDGRV��SRU�PHGLR�GH�OD�HQHUJtD�VH[XDO��<�D� WUDYpV�GH�JUDQGHV� WHUUHPRWRV� VH�KXQGLy� OD�$WOiQWLGD�FRQ� WRGRV� VXV�PDJRV�QHJURV�HQ�HO�IRQGR�GHO�RFpDQR�$WOiQWLFR��7RGDV�ODV�WULEXV�LQGLDV�GH�$PpULFD�VRQ�YHVWLJLRV�DWODQWHV��(VWDV�WULEXV�FRQVHUYDQ�PXFKDV�SUiFWLFDV�GH�PDJLD�QHJUD�SURYHQLHQWHV�GH�ORV�$WODQWHV��(Q�$PpULFD��KD\�TXLHQHV�KDFHQ�PXxHFRV�GH�FHUD�\�ORV�HQWLHUUDQ�FRQ�DOILOHUHV�\�DVt�H[DOWDQ�OD�LPDJLQDFLyQ�\�FRQFHQWUDQ�OD�PHQWH�VREUH�OD�YtFWLPD��+D\�TXLHQHV�XWLOL]DQ�ODV�IXHU]DV�VH[XDOHV�FRQ�SURSyVLWRV�GHVWUXFWLYRV��7RGR�HVWR�HV�RULJLQDULR�GH�OD�$WOiQWLGD��/RV�LQGLRV�$UKXDFRV�GH�OD�6LHUUD�1HYDGD�GH�6DQWD�0DUWD��TXHPDURQ�WRGR�XQ�SXHEOR�OODPDGR�'LEX\D��SRU�PHGLR�GH�ORV�HOHPHQWDOHV�GHO�IXHJR��OODPDGRV�³$QtPHV´��SRU�HOORV��(Q� HO� SHTXHxR� SREODGR� GH� 6DQWD� &UX]� GH� PRUD�� �HVWDGR� 0pULGD��� FRQRFt� XQD� DQFLDQD�KXPLOGH��TXH�KL]R�PDUDYLOODV�FRQ�ORV�HOHPHQWDOHV�GH�OD�QDWXUDOH]D��'LFKD�DQFLDQD�FXDQGR�HUD�MRYHQ�VH�FDVy�FRQ�XQ�LQGLR��

Page 29: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

6X�PDULGR�OD�OOHYy�SDUD�OD�VHOYD��\�FXHQWD�GH�HVD�WULEX��ODV�FRVDV�PiV�³UDUDV´��GL]TXH�GXUDQWH�HO�GtD� ORV� LQGLRV�DEDQGRQDEDQ�VX�FDVHUtR��\�SRU� OD�QRFKH�OOHJDEDQ� WRGRV�FRQ�DSDULHQFLD�GH�DQLPDOHV�\�\D�GHQWUR�GH�VXV�UDQFKRV��WRPDEDQ�VX�ILJXUD�KXPDQD��&LHUWR�GtD�HO�PDULGR�VH�GHVSLGLy�GH�HOOD�GLFLpQGROH�TXH�VH� LED�SDUD� OD�VHOYD�D�PRULU� ��SXHV�HVRV�LQGLRV�VH�UHWLUDQ�D�OD�VHOYD�SDUD�PRULU��\�OH�HQWUHJy�XQ�DPXOHWR�GLFLpQGROH��³�WH�GHMR�HVWH�UHFXHUGR�SDUD�TXH�OH�SLGDV�OR�TXH�QHFHVLWHV�FXDQGR�WHQJDV�QHFHVLGDG´��+L]R�PDUDYLOODV�OD�DQFLDQD�HQ�HO�SREODGR�GH�6DQWD�&UX]��SHGtD�DO�DPXOHWR�OR�TXH�TXHUtD�\�OH�YHQtD� HO� GLQHUR�� HO� YLQR�� ODV� MR\DV�� ORV� OLFRUHV�� ORV� SHUIXPHV�� HWF��� HWF��� FRPR� SRU� HQFDQWR��$TXHOODV�SHUVRQDV�TXH�KXELHUDQ�VLGR�UREDGDV�QR�WHQtDQ�PiV�WUDEDMR�TXH�FRQVXOWDUOD�D�HOOD��\�HQ�HO�DFWR��HOOD�SHGtD�HO�REMHWR�UREDGR�DO�DPXOHWR��\�WUDtGR�SRU�PDQRV�LQYLVLEOHV��pVWH�OOHJDED��\�DVt�UHFREUDGD�FDGD�FXDO�OR�SHUGLGR��(VWDV�PDUDYLOODV�WHUPLQDURQ�SDUD�OD�DQFLDQD�FXDQGR�WXYR�OD�GHELOLGDG�GH�FRQIHVDUVH�FRQ�XQ�FXUD�HO�FXDO�OH�TXLWy�HO�PDUDYLOORVR�WDOLVPiQ��(VWR�QR�WLHQH�QDGD�GH�IDQWiVWLFR�QL�GH�UDUR��HVWR�VH�KDFH�VHQFLOODPHQWH�FRQ�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�GH�OD�QDWXUDOH]D��/D�REUD�GH�GRQ�)UDQFLVFR�+DUWPDQ�WLWXODGD�³/RV�(OHPHQWDOHV´��WUDWD�DPSOLDPHQWH�GH�HVWDV�FRVDV��7RGRV�HVWRV�FRQRFLPLHQWRV�YLHQHQ�GH�OD�$WOiQWLGD��/RV� HOHPHQWDOHV� OR�PLVPR� VLUYHQ� SDUD� HO� ELHQ� TXH� SDUD� HO�PDO�� /RV�$WODQWHV� XWLOL]DURQ� ORV�HOHPHQWDOHV�SDUD�HO�PDO�´�

Page 30: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0L�UHVSXHVWD�D�ODV�UHDFFLRQHV�(VWLPDGR�KHUPDQR�3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��$JUDGH]FR�LQILQLWR�TXH�PH�WUDQVPLWDV�ODV�GLVWLQWDV�UHDFFLRQHV�D�ORV�PHQVDMHV�TXH�KH�HQYLDGR���&RPSUHQGR�JUDQGHPHQWH�TXH�HV�PX\�GLItFLO�DFHSWDU�D�ODV�SHUVRQDV�TXH�VH�DWUHYHQ�D�GHFLU�TXH�VRQ�PDHVWURV��<�HVWR\�WRWDOPHQWH�GH�DFXHUGR��\D�TXH�QR�HV�SRVLEOH�HQWUHJDU�OD�FRQILDQ]D�\�HO�FRUD]yQ�D�QDGLH��\D�TXH�QR�KD\�FRQVWDQFLDV�QL�HYLGHQFLDV�GH�OD�PDHVWUtD�HQ�FXHVWLyQ��6LQ�HPEDUJR��HQ�PL�FDVR��QR�KH�GDGR�MDPiV�PL�QRPEUH��WDPSRFR�GHVHR�KDFHUOR��D�SHVDU�GH�TXH�W~�PLVPR��HVWLPDGR�-RVp�0DQXHO��\D�WH�HQIUHQWDV�D�OD�VLWXDFLyQ�GH�TXH�WH�DWULEX\HQ�PLV�PHQVDMHV��OR�FXDO�QR�PH�GLVJXVWD��\D�TXH�OR�TXH�LPSRUWD�HV�TXH�VH�FRPSUHQGDQ�\�OH�VLUYDQ�D�TXLHQ�OH�WLHQHQ�TXH�VHUYLU��0DV� HVSHUR� TXH� HVH�PLVPR� FHOR� VH�PXHVWUH� FRQ� ORV� GLIHUHQWHV� UHVSHWDGRV� VHxRUHV� TXH� KDQ�DSDUHFLGR�HQ�P~OWLSOHV�RFDVLRQHV�DXWRGHQRPLQiQGRVH�PDHVWURV��R�HQ�VX�GHIHFWR�FRQWDQGR�VXV�YLUWXGHV�\D�VHD�HQ�IRUPD�GLUHFWD�R�LQGLUHFWD��0L� SHUVRQD� QR� KD� FRQWDGR� QDGD� TXH� QR� VHD� DXWRUL]DGR� UHIHULU�� 3RUTXH� QR� LQWHUHVD�� (O�PHQVDMH�TXH�KHPRV�WUDQVPLWLGR�HV�FODUR��VyOR�KHPRV�SUHWHQGLGR�EULQGDU�XQD�JXtD�VLQ�TXH�OH�FXHVWH�D�QDGLH�MXUDUQRV�ILGHOLGDG�DOJXQD��\D�TXH�QR�YDOHPRV�JUDQ�FRVD��SRUTXH�VyOR�VRPRV�XQ�LQGLJQR�LQVWUXPHQWR�DO�VHUYLFLR�GH�OD�KXPDQLGDG�HQ�OR�TXH�VH�QRV�SHUPLWH��FRQ�DFODUDFLyQ�HQ�OD� HQVHxDQ]D�� 4XH� VH� QRV� FUHD� R� QR�� TXH� VH� QRV� YDORUH� R� QR�� TXH� VH� SUHWHQGD� OLJDU� OD�SHUVRQDOLGDG� H[WHUQD� FRQ� OR� TXH� KHPRV� DILUPDGR�� QR� QRV� FDXVD� H[WUDxH]D�� SRUTXH� OD�KXPDQLGDG� HVWi� DFRVWXPEUDGD� D� OD� LGRODWUtD�� D� IRUMDUVH� LPiJHQHV�� D� GHFLU� FRPR� GLFH� HO�PXQGR��³+D\�TXH�VHJXLU�DSDULHQFLDV�XIDQDV��DXQTXH�ODV�SDODEUDV�VHDQ�YDQDV�´�1R� SUHWHQGHPRV� IXQGDU� FRVD� QXHYD� DOJXQD��QL� WDPSRFR� DWDU� R� OLJDU� D� QDGLH�� VLQR� TXH� FRQ�QXHVWUD�DFWLWXG�GHPRVWUDPRV�TXH�VRPRV�OLEUHV��\�TXH�WRGRV�SXHGHQ�VHU�OLEUHV�FXDQGR�QR�H[LVWH�HQ�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�HO�SHVR�GH�OD�PHQWLUD�GH�OD�IDQWDVtD��GHO�HQVXHxR��GH�OD�IDPD�PHUFDQWLOLVWD��\�GH�ORV�WURQRV�HItPHURV��3RUTXH�GH�XQD�FRVD�VH�ROYLGDQ�DOJXQRV��ODV�FRVDV�VH�GHVDUUROODQ�GH�DFXHUGR�D�XQ�SODQ�GLYLQR��(Q�HO�3ODQ�GH�'LRV�HVWi�SUHYLVWR�TXH�HO�TXH�VHD�REUHUR�GLJQR�GH�VX�WUDEDMR�� ORJUH� HO� GHVSHUWDU� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� 8Q� PDHVWUR� TXH� QR� SURPXHYD� TXH� RWURV�GHVSLHUWHQ�� VLQR� TXH� SURFXUH� GRUPLU� D� ORV� GHPiV� FRQ� VX� YDQD� LPDJHQ� GH� GLJQLGDG� \� GH�RUJXOOR�� QR� HV� DXWpQWLFR� QL� OR� VHUi� SRU� PXFKR� TXH� SURFODPH� VX� OLQDMH� R� SRU� PXFKR� TXH�SURPXHYD�VX�VDSLHQFLD��3RU�HOOR�KHPRV�SHGLGR�D�QXHVWUR�KHUPDQR�-RVp�0DQXHO�0DUWtQH]�TXH��HQ�FXPSOLPLHQWR�FRQ�OD�YROXQWDG� GH� OD� /RJLD� %ODQFD�� VH� QRV� LGHQWLILTXH� FRPR� XQ� VHUYLGRU�� TXH� RFXOWD� VX� QRPEUH�SRUTXH�QR�YDOH�OD�SHQD��SRUTXH�VRPRV�SHTXHxRV�REUHURV�WUDEDMDQGR��<�HVR�HV�WRGR��,QGLJQDPHQWH� TXHUHPRV� FRODERUDU� FRQ� OD� VDQD� RULHQWDFLyQ� GH� OD� HQVHxDQ]D� JQyVWLFD�VDPDHOLDQD��TXH�PXFKRV�KDQ�SURIDQDGR�FRQ�KHWHURGR[LD�\�FRQ�GHVYLDFLRQHV�ODPHQWDEOHV��(O�PHQVDMH� QXHVWUR� HV�� KD\�TXH� UHWRPDU� ORV� WUHV� IDFWRUHV� GH� OD� UHYROXFLyQ�GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� \�UHWRPDU�FRQ�VHULHGDG�DVLPLVPR�ODV�HQVHxDQ]DV�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��VLQ�PH]FODUODV�FRQ� QLQJXQD� WHQGHQFLD�� <� HQ� HOOR� QR� FRPHWHPRV� GHOLWR� DOJXQR�� 3RU� HVR�� TXHULGR� KHUPDQR�WDPELpQ�WH�SHGLPRV�PXFKD�SDFLHQFLD�SDUD�TXH�QRV�D\XGHV��\D�TXH�D�PXFKRV�OHV�VHUYLUi�HVWH�PHQVDMH�� D� RWURV�� VyOR� OHV� DFHQWXDUi� OD� FRQWUDGLFFLyQ� tQWLPD� TXH� WLHQHQ�� SRUTXH� QR� KDQ�DELHUWR�VX�FRUD]yQ�DO�3DGUH��PXULHQGR�HQ�Vt�PLVPRV���

Page 31: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

6yOR�HO�3DGUH�PHUHFH�OD�DGRUDFLyQ��OD�JORULD��HO�KRQRU�\�OD�DODEDQ]D��<�QR�FDEH�GXGD�TXH�OD�PHMRU�DODEDQ]D�SDUD�e/�HV�GHVSHUWDU�FRQFLHQFLD�\�YLYLU�OD�%(1',7$�*126,6�HQ�ORV�KHFKRV�PiV� VHQFLOORV�� &RPR� VLHPSUH�� FRQILDPRV� TXH� KDUiV� OOHJDU� D� WRGRV� HVWDV� SDODEUDV�� PXFKDV�JUDFLDV�SRU�HOOR��3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO�8Q�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO���8Q�6HUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV����DFODUDFLyQ�VREUH�OD�QDWXUDOH]D�GH�ORV�0HQVDMHV�\�OD�FRQGLFLyQ�H�LQWHQFLyQ�TXH�FXPSOH�HO�0DHVWUR��

Page 32: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0HQVDMH�GH�XQ�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��HV�PHMRU�OD�SD]�\�HO�ELHQ�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��1R� FDEH� GXGD� TXH� HVWDPRV� HQ� WLHPSRV� GH� SUXHED�� SDUD� WRGR� HO� TXH� LQWHQWH� FLHUWDPHQWH�GHVDUUROODUVH� HQ� IRUPD� SOHQDPHQWH� HVSLULWXDO��0DV� SDUD� HO� TXH� OD� YLGD� FRQWLQ~D� VX� UXWLQD�LQFRQVFLHQWH�H�LQFRQVLVWHQWH��PiV�TXH�OR�FRWLGLDQR��YXOJDU�\�FRUULHQWH��OD�YLGD�VH�OH�LUi�HQ�HO�FRUUHU� \� HQ� HO� GHEDWLUVH� HQ� OD� SHOHD� GH� VXSHUYLYHQFLD� TXH� UHSUHVHQWD� GHIHQGHU� SRVWXUDV� \�HQFRQWUDU�HUURUHV�DMHQRV�PiV�TXH�REVHUYDU�ORV�SURSLRV��&DXVD�FLHUWDPHQWH�PXFKD�SHQD�9(5�FyPR�SHUVRQDV�TXH�VRQ�LQWHOLJHQWHV�\�EXHQDV�HQ�ORV�PRPHQWRV�HVFDVRV�HQ�TXH�VX�HVHQFLD�ORV�FRQGXFH�SXHGHQ�FDHU��\�HVR�QRV�RFXUUH�D� WRGRV��JUDFLDV�DO�HJR��FRQ�VXPD�IDFLOLGDG�\�VREUH�WRGR�FRQ�DWURSHOOR�D�RWURV��7RGRV�ORV�GtDV�KD\�OR�TXH�SDUHFH�VHU�XQD�FDUQLFHUtD�GHVFRPXQDO�H�LQKXPDQD��WUDWDQGR�GH�GHVQXGDU�D�RWURV�FXDO�VL�IXHUDQ�DQLPDOHV�D�GHVSHOOHMDU�\�XQD�YH]�HVR�KHFKR��GHYRUDUORV�VLQ�QLQJXQD�PLVHULFRUGLD��/D�IDOWD�GH�DPRU�KDFH�HVR��DVt�FRPR�WDPELpQ�OD�IDOWD�GH�FRQFLHQFLD��1R�KD\�GXGD�TXH�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�WLHQH�XQ�JUDQ�WUDEDMR�TXH�YHQLU� D� UHDOL]DU� D� HVWD� KXPDQLGDG� FDGXFD� \� GHJHQHUDGD�� SRUTXH� eO� DVHJXUy� TXH� YROYHUtD�PLHQWUDV�KXELHUD�XQD�OiJULPD�GH�GRORU�TXH�HQMXJDUOH�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��(O�DPRU�GH�ORV�PDHVWURV�QR�WLHQH�OtPLWHV��6DPDHO�\�/LWHODQWHV�VRQ�MR\DV�GH�LQDSUHFLDEOH�YDORU�SDUD�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�\�SDUD�OD�*UDQ�2EUD�GHO�&ULVWR�\�GHO�3DGUH�6RODU�HQ�HVWD�KXPDQLGDG��(VWR\�RUDQGR�SDUD�TXH�HO�SHUtRGR�GH�SUXHED�VL�HV�SUHFLVR�TXH�QR�VHD�WDQ�GRORURVR��PDV�VL�OR�HV��TXH�VHD�GH�PXFKR�SURYHFKR�SDUD�ODV�DOPDV��TXH�KD\D�SLHGDG�GH�'LRV�\�FRPSDVLyQ��SDUD�WRGDV�QXHVWUDV�DOPDV��\�TXH�WHQJDPRV�OD�IRUWDOH]D�SDUD�UHQXQFLDU�D�OD�WHQWDFLyQ�\�DO�RUJXOOR��4XH�JHQHUH�YROXQWDG��DPRU�\�VDELGXUtD��TXH�KD\D�UHIOH[LRQHV�SUHFLRVDV�SDUD�FDPELDU�\�SDUD�GHVFXEULU�OR�TXH�QRV�HVWRUED�HQ�HO�FDPLQR��+DJR� XQ� OODPDGR� PX\� VLQFHUR� SDUD� TXH� KD\D� SHUGyQ�� FRPSUHVLyQ�� WROHUDQFLD� \� PXFKR�GLiORJR��SRUTXH�OD�KXPDQLGDG�WRGDYtD�HV�LQWHOLJHQWH�SDUD�HQFRQWUDU�PXFKRV�SXQWRV�FRPXQHV�SDUD� FRODERUDU� \� SDUD� FRPSUHQGHU�TXH�KD\� FRVDV�TXH�DXQTXH�GXHOHQ�KD\�TXH� UHQXQFLDU� D�HOODV�SDUD�TXH�KD\D�XQ�YHUGDGHUR�QDFLPLHQWR�D�OD�OX]�\�D�OD�YHUGDG���+D\�PXFKDV�FRVDV�WHUULEOHV�TXH�OH�VREUHYLHQHQ�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��PRPHQWRV�GH�PXFKR�GRORU��GH� PXFKD� PXHUWH� \� GHVWUXFFLyQ�� 3RU� HOOR� WRGR� GHEDWH� LQ~WLO� \� GLVFRUGDQWH�� WRGD� WLUDQWH]� \�DPDUJXUD�GHEHUtD�VHU�HUUDGLFDGD�SDUD�YROFDUQRV�D�RUDU�\�D�KDFHU�HO�ELHQ�D�ORV�GHPiV��TXH�HV�TXL]iV�OR�TXH�PiV�LQWHUHVD��/RV� SDODFLRV�� ORV� WURQRV�� ODV� JUDQGHV� ULTXH]DV� \� SHUVRQDOLGDGHV� GH� WRGRV� ORV� WLHPSRV�� D� OD�KRUD� HQ� TXH� KXER� IXHJR�� WHUUHPRWRV�� GLOXYLR� \� FDWDFOLVPR� WRWDO� DO� ILQDO� GH� FDGD� UD]D�� QR�SHUPDQHFLHURQ�VLQR�TXH�IXHURQ�GHVWUXLGRV�\�VX�PHPRULD�QR�TXHGy�PiV�TXH�HQ�OD�WUDGLFLyQ�GH�ODV�JUDQGHV�HVFXHODV�\�UHOLJLRQHV��6H�QRV�ROYLGD�TXH�VRPRV�SHUHFHGHURV�SRU�H[FHOHQFLD��\�OR�SHRU�VLQ�PHPRULD�SRU�OD�LQFRQFLHQFLD�GH�OR�TXH�KHPRV�KHFKR�R�GH�OR�TXH�KHPRV�VLGR�HQ�RWUR�WLHPSR��3RU�HOOR��OXFKDU��HQJDxDU��YLROHQWDU�H�LQVXOWDU��HV�DEVXUGR�FLHQWR�SRU�FLHQWR��0HMRU�FXOWLYHPRV�OD�SD]�\�HO�ELHQ��\�'LRV�QRV� WHQGUi�SUHVHQWH�VLHPSUH��DXQ�D� OD�KRUD�GH� OD�PLVHULFRUGLD��'HVGH�HO� IRQGR�GH�PL�FRUD]yQ��XQD�SOHJDULD� OOHQD�GH�DPRU�\�GH� VLQFHULGDG��TXH� OD�SD]�GHO�&ULVWR�LOXPLQH�D�WRGRV��\�HVWp�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX���81�6(59,'25�'(�72'26��

Page 33: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�5HLQR�GHO�$PRU�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��&XDQGR� DFW~D� HO� FRUD]yQ�� ODV� SDODEUDV� VRQ�PiV� VHQFLOODV� \� YHUDFHV�� \� ORV� KHFKRV� WDPELpQ�HVWiQ�UHYHVWLGRV�GH�PiV�FXDOLGDGHV�\�VREUH�WRGR�GH�UHVSHWR��(O� FRUD]yQ� DFW~D� GH� XQD� PDQHUD� WDQ� VXEOLPH� TXH� WRGR� OR� TXH� GLFWD� D� VX� SDVR� JHQHUD�FRPSDVLyQ��DUPRQtD��SD]�\�PXFKD�YHUDFLGDG��(O� FRUD]yQ�3,(16$� GLVWLQWR� D� FRPR� SLHQVD� HO� LQWHOHFWR� JREHUQDGR� SRU� OD�PHQWH� VHQVXDO� H�LQWHUPHGLD��(O�FRUD]yQ�VLHQWH�HQ�ODV�HQWUDxDV�PiV�tQWLPDV�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD��HO�SHVR�ULJXURVR�TXH�WHQGUiQ�ODV�SDODEUDV�\�ODV�FRQVHFXHQFLDV�SUHVHQWHV�\�IXWXUDV�GH�ORV�KHFKRV�TXH�XQD�YH]�UHDOL]DGRV�VRQ�LQHYLWDEOHV��3RUTXH�WRGD�DFFLyQ�JHQHUD�XQD�UHDFFLyQ��(O�KRPEUH�QR�KD�DSUHQGLGR�D�DFWXDU�FRQ�HO�FRUD]yQ��(O�KRPEUH�DFW~D�FRQ�OD�PHQWH�VHQVXDO�H�LQWHUPHGLD��HQ�WDQWR�WHQJD�PX\�HQFDUQDGR�HO�(*2�2�0�0,602��(O� FRUD]yQ� QRV� KDFH� WHQHU� FRPSDVLyQ� \� SDFLHQFLD� LQILQLWDV�� RUR� SXUR� \� QREOH� GHO� HVStULWX�HQJHQGUDGR�HQ�OD�YROXQWDG�GLYLQD��$�TXLHQHV�VH�GHVHQYXHOYHQ�HQWUH�ORV�SDSHOHV�� OD�PHFiQLFD��OD�LQFRQFLHQFLD�WRWDO��REYLDPHQWH�VyOR� OHV� LQWHUHVDUiV� R� PRWLYDUi� VX� LQWHUpV�� OR� TXH� OHV� SURFXUH� VDWLVIDFFLyQ� D� VXV� VHQWLGRV��VREUH�WRGR�OR�TXH�KXHOD�D�YDQLGDG�\�RUJXOOR��/D� PXHUWH� HVSLULWXDO� KD� KHFKR� TXH� PXFKRV� D� HVWDV� DOWXUDV� QR� VH� GHQ� FXHQWD�� QR� SXHGDQ�GLVFHUQLU�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�TXH�H[LVWH�HQWUH�HO�ELHQ�\�HO�PDO��\�FRQVLGHUDQ�EXHQR�KDVWD�SDUD�OR�TXH�HO�VHQWLGR�FRP~Q�HVWi�GLFWDQGR�TXH�HVWi�PDO���&XDQGR�OR�TXH�KDFHPRV�FRQPXHYH�\�ODVWLPD�HO�LQWHUpV�R�HO�HVSDFLR�GH�RWURV��HV�REYLR�TXH�KD\�TXH�SHQVDU�\�UHIOH[LRQDU�QR�FRQ�OD�PHQWH��VLQR�FRQ�HO�FRUD]yQ�HQ�PHGLWDFLyQ��,QGXGDEOHPHQWH�TXH�HVWDV�SDODEUDV�SRFR�SRGUiQ�KDFHU�VL�QR�KD\�OD�FRQGLFLyQ�tQWLPD�SDUD�TXH�VHDQ�UHFLELGDV��&XDQGR�VH�LUUDGLD�DPRU�D�ORV�GHPiV��ORV�GHPiV�GHEHQ�WHQHU�XQ�WDQWR�GH�DPRU�SDUD�UHFLELUOR��'H�OR�FRQWUDULR��LUUDGLDU�DPRU�D�DOJXLHQ�TXH�\D�FDVL�WLHQH�PXHUWR�VX�FRUD]yQ��VHUi� FRPR�TXHUHU� HQYLDU� XQD� VHxDO� GHVGH� XQD� DQWHQD� WUDQVPLVRUD� GH� HVWDFLyQ� D�XQD� UDGLR�FX\D� DQWHQD� HVWi� GHVFRPSXHVWD�� 1R� UHFLELUi� VHxDO� DOJXQD� \� WDPSRFR� VHUi� FDSD]� GH�LGHQWLILFDUOD��<�HVR�HV� ODPHQWDEOH�SRUTXH�JHVWRV�GH�DPRU�KD�KDELGR�HQ�DEXQGDQFLD��PDV�HO�FRUD]yQ� GH� PXFKRV� \D� FDVL� DJRQL]D� HQ� HO� ORGR� SRGULGR� GH� OD� DXWRFRPSODFHQFLD� \� GH� OD�PLWRPDQtD�IUXJDO��1XHVWUD� SRVWXUD� HV� OD� GH� KDFHU� XQ� OODPDGR� DPRURVR�� PDV� VDEHPRV� TXH� QR� VLHPSUH� VH�FRPSUHQGHUi�QXHVWUR�PHQVDMH��\�QR�QRV�GD�UHVHQWLPLHQWR�DOJXQR��\�KDVWD�VRPRV�FDSDFHV�GH�FRPSUHQGHU�SRU�TXp�HVD�VHxDO�TXH�HQYLDPRV�QR�VHUi�UHFLELGD��$OJXQRV�DQKHODQ�YHU�DO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO��UHFRQRFHUOR��VHJXLUOR�\�KDVWD�EHVDUOH�ORV�SLHV��PDV�VL�FRQ�ORV�TXH�HVWiQ�WUDEDMDQGR�FRQ�eO�TXLHUHQ�KDVWD�ERUUDUORV�GH�OD�ID]�GH�OD�WLHUUD��VHxDO�HV�GH�TXH�HO�FRUD]yQ�GH�PXFKRV�QR�HVWDUi�SUHSDUDGR�SDUD�HQFRQWUDUVH�FRQ�eO�\�PXFKR�PHQRV�UHFRQRFHU�VX�YHUGDGHUD�YR]�\�VHJXLU�VXV�PHQVDMHV�GHVGH�OD�YHUGDGHUD�/RJLD�%ODQFD��+D\�TXH�DEULU�HO�FRUD]yQ��JXDUGDU�VLOHQFLR�HQ�PHGLWDFLyQ��PRULU�HQ�ORV�GHIHFWRV�FDGD�TXLHQ�\�HQWRQFHV�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�VHUi�QRWDEOH��

Page 34: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

&ULVWR�PLVPR�DO�YROYHU�QR�OH�TXHGDUtD�RWUD�TXH�YROYHU�D�VHU�FUXFLILFDGR��LJXDO�TXH�DTXHOORV�JUDQGHV�PiUWLUHV�TXH�XQD�YH]�SREODURQ�OD�WLHUUD��WHQGUtDQ�TXH�YROYHU�D�VHU�FRPLGRV�SRU�ORV�OHRQHV� \� TXHPDGRV� HQ� ODV� JUDQGHV� KRJXHUDV�� /D� KXPDQLGDG� HV� DVt�� VLHPSUH� KD� VLGR� DVt��SRUTXH�KD\�TXH�VHPEUDU�HQ�OD�RVFXULGDG�SDUD�TXH�KD\D�OX]��<�WLHQH�TXH�KDEHU�RGLR�SDUD�TXH�DO�ILQDO�WULXQIH�HO�$PRU��+D\�TXH�HQFDUQDU�HO�DPRU��\�SDUD�HOOR�QR�EDVWD�GDU�PHQGUXJRV�GH�SDQ��QL�UHSDUWLU�OLPRVQDV��QL� WDPSRFR� JULWDU� D� ORV� FXDWUR� YLHQWRV� TXH� WHQHPRV� DPRU�� VL� QXHVWURV� KHFKRV� GLVWDQ�PXFKtVLPR�GH�OD�WROHUDQFLD��OD�VDELGXUtD��HO�FDULxR�\�OD�FRPSUHQVLyQ��(O�FDPLQR�GH�DPRU�HV�HO�FDPLQR�GH�ORV�JUDQGHV�VROLWDULRV��/ORUDU�HQ�VLOHQFLR�SRU�WDQWDV�DOPDV�SHUGLGDV�QR�HV�JUDWR�QL�SDUD�XQ�iQJHO�GHO�FLHOR��$XQ�ORV�GHPRQLRV�GH�OD�WLHUUD�VH�FRQPXHYHQ�DQWH� OD�FDSDFLGDG�TXH�SXHGH� ORJUDU�HO�2',2�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ�GHO�KRPEUH�FX\R�HJR�HVWi�PX\�HQFDUQDGR�\�OR�KDFH�FRPHWHU�DFFLRQHV�UHSUREDEOHV���(V�XQD�OiVWLPD�TXH�ORV�TXH�VH�OODPDQ�D�Vt�PLVPRV�0DHVWURV�WDOHV�R�WRWDOHV�GHO�DFWXDO�PXQGR�JQyVWLFR� QR� OR� FRPSUHQGDQ�� QL� DVXPDQ� OD� UHVSRQVDELOLGDG� SDUD� TXH� HVWRV� FDPLQRV� \D�UHWRUFLGRV�VH�SXHGDQ�FRUUHJLU��<�GH�ODV�DOPDV�TXH�SRGUtDQ�FRQGHQDUVH�VLQ�UHPHGLR�JUDFLDV�D�VXV� DFFLRQHV� LQFRQVFLHQWHV� \� OOHQDV� GH� HQJDxR� LUUHVSRQVDEOH� TXH� QR� KDQ� PHGLGR� HO� SHVR�HVSDQWRVR�GH�VX�SHFDGR�FRQWUD�HO�$025�<�/$�9(5'$'��'HVGH� HO� WHPSOR� FRUD]yQ� GHO� 5D\R� GHO� $PRU� RV� LQYLWR�� ³DEULG� YXHVWURV� FRUD]RQHV� D�'LRV��SUHSDUDG�HO�FDPLQR�GH�UHJUHVR�GH�6DPDHO�\�/LWHODQWHV��\�FRQGXFLG�YXHVWUDV�DOPDV�FRQ�OD�SD]�\�HO�ELHQ�´�4XH�OD�SD]�GHO�&ULVWR�\�GHO�3DGUH�6RODU�YHQJD�VREUH�YRVRWURV��\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX���8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 35: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�UXWD�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��SD]�LQYHUHQFLDO��8Q�DVWUR�� OR�PLVPR�TXH�XQ�VRO��XQD�JDOD[LD��XQD�HVWUHOOD�R�XQD�FRQVWHODFLyQ�KD�GH�WHQHU�VX�SURSLD�UXWD��3RU�HOOR�PLVPR�ODV�HQVHxDQ]DV�DOXPEUDUiQ�HO�FDPLQR�FXDQGR�VRQ�YHUGDGHUDV���3RU�HOOR�PLVPR�GDUiQ�HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�SUHFLVR�SDUD�GHVFLIUDU�ORV�LQWULQFDGRV�PDSDV�tQWLPRV��&DGD� XQR� GH� QRVRWURV� SRU� OR� WDQWR� DSUHQGHUi� WDPELpQ� GH� GLVWLQWRV� PRGRV�� 1XQFD� XQD�HQVHxDQ]D� VHUi� UHFLELGD� GH� OD� PLVPD� PDQHUD�� (Q� WDQWR� KDOOD� HO� PDO� VHFUHWDULR� TXH� HV� OD�PHQWH� OXFLIHULQD�HQ�PDQRV�GHO�\R��HV� LPSRVLEOH�TXH�XQD�HQVHxDQ]D� OOHJXH� LQFOXVR�HQ� IRUPD�SXUD�\�GLiIDQD�VLQR��HQ�DOJXQDV�RFDVLRQHV��PDO� WUDGXFLGD�R�PDO�GHFRGLILFDGD�SRU�FXOSD�GHO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR���(O� DSUHQGL]DMH� HQ� OD� HVFXHOD� GH� OD� YLGD� GHEH� VHU� HQ� IRUPD� UHIOH[LYD�� \� FRQ� HO� SURSyVLWR�SHFXOLDU�R�SDUWLFXODU�GH�GHVSHUWDU�FRQFLHQFLD��6H� SRGUtDQ� HVFULELU� HQRUPHV� YRO~PHQHV� GH� HQVHxDQ]D� SDUD� PHMRUDU� HO� DSUHQGL]DMH�� SDUD�LQFOXVR� FRPSUHQGHU�PHMRU� HO� HVRWHULVPR�� 6H� SXHGHQ� GHFLU� FRQ� IUDVHV� KHUPRVDV�� FRQ� EHOORV�GLVFXUVRV� ODV�PiV�VXEOLPHV�\�JUDQGHV�HQVHxDQ]DV��6LQ�HPEDUJR��GRORURVDPHQWH�VyOR�D�XQRV�FXDQWRV�FRUD]RQHV�VHQFLOORV�\�DELHUWRV��HVWD�VDELGXUtD�KD�GH�OOHJDU���1XHVWUD� SRVWXUD� HV� HQ� FRQWUD� GH� ORV� REVWiFXORV� DYLHVRV� TXH� VH� LQWHUSRQHQ� SDUD� TXH� KD\D�DSURYHFKDPLHQWR�DGHFXDGR�GH�OD�VDELGXUtD�JQyVWLFD�VDPDHOLDQD��7RGR� OR� TXH� VH� LQWHUSRQJD� FRQ� RUJXOORV� \� HQJDxRV�� FRQ� GLVFXUVRV� VXPDPHQWH� FDUJDGRV� GH�DIHFWDFLyQ�\�SUHPHGLWDFLyQ�GLVWDQFLDQ�DO�6HU�GH�VX�GLiIDQR�WUDQVFXUVR�HQ�OD�FDUUHUD�OXPLQRVD�SRU�GHVDUUROODUVH�\�GHVSOHJDUVH��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�QRV�KD�HQVHxDGR��³(O�LQWXLWLYR�VDEH�OHHU�GRQGH�HO�PDHVWUR�QR�HVFULEH�� \� HVFXFKDU�� GRQGH� HO�PDHVWUR� QR� KDEOD�´�0DUDYLOORVD� H[SRVLFLyQ� TXH� D� WRGRV� QRV�D\XGD�SDUD�$35(1'(5��FRPSUHQGHU�\�DSOLFDU�PHMRU�ODV�HQVHxDQ]DV���&DGD�XQR�GH�QRVRWURV�HQ�PHGLWDFLyQ�SURIXQGD��FRQ�OD�PHQWH�HQ�VLOHQFLR��FRQFHQWUDGRV�HQ�HO�WHPSOR�FRUD]yQ�WLHQH�XQD�EULOODQWH�RSRUWXQLGDG�GH�DSUHQGHU�OD�PHMRU�VDELGXUtD�GHO�PXQGR���3ULPHUR��KD�GH�DSUHQGHU�GH�VXV�SURSLRV�HQJDxRV��DQKHORV��IUXVWUDFLRQHV��GHEDWHV�\�GXGDV��ODV�FXDOHV� DO� ILQDO�� TXHGDUiQ� HQ� HYLGHQFLD� TXH� VRQ� XQ� HVIXHU]R� GH� OD� PHQWH� OXFLIHULQD� SRU� QR�DEDQGRQDU�HO�FRQWURO�TXH�WLHQH�VREUH�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV���6HJXQGR�� KD� GH� DSUHQGHU� GHO� FRQWUDVWH� DVRPEURVR� GHO�'(%(5� 6(5� <�'(� /2�48(�)8(��PHGLDQWH�OD�UHFRUGDFLyQ�tQWLPD�GH�Vt�PLVPR�\�OD�DXWR�REVHUYDFLyQ�HQIiWLFD��7HUFHUR�� KD�GH�DSUHQGHU�D� HVFXFKDU� OD� 6835(0$�92=�HQ� HO� FRUD]yQ��<�SDUD� OOHJDU�D� WDO�H[WUHPR�� KD\� TXH� KDEHU� UHQXQFLDGR� SRU� FRPSOHWR� DO� GHEDWH� tQWLPR� \� DEULUVH� OODQDPHQWH� D�DSUHQGHU� \� D� GHVDUUROODU� ODV� FDSDFLGDGHV� PiV� HOHYDGDV� \� WUDVFHQGHQWDOHV� HQ� VX� HVHQFLD�PLVPD���6DPDHO� \�/LWHODQWHV�VRQ� HQVHxDQ]D� SXUD� \� FRQVWDQWH�� 6DPDHO� \�/LWHODQWHV�VRQ� RUR� SXUR�� OX]�SHUSHWXD�DOXPEUDQGR��OR�FXDO�UHEDVD�WRGRV�ORV�WLHPSRV��ORV�HVWDGRV��ORV�HVSDFLRV�\�ORV�JUDGRV�GHO�VDEHU���

Page 36: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

6DPDHO� \� /LWHODQWHV� UHJUHVDQ� SRUTXH� GHEHQ� FXPSOLU� OD� PDUDYLOORVD� ODERU� GH� HQFDEH]DU� OD�18(9$� 352*(1,(� 62/$5�� SURGXFWR� LQHTXtYRFR� GH� HVWD� IDVH� GRORURVD� GH� SXULILFDFLyQ�OODPDGD�.$/,�<8*$��/RV�GRORUHV�GH�SDUWR�VRQ�QHFHVDULRV��\�HQ�PHGLR�GH�HOORV��VyOR�QXHVWUR�$025�\�GHYRFLyQ�DO�&ULVWR� tQWLPR��PXULHQGR� HQ� Vt�PLVPRV�� QRV� SXHGH� D\XGDU� HQ� HVWD� QRFKH� WHQHEURVD� OOHQD� GH�FRPEDWHV�\�GH�VROHGDG��$GHODQWH�� HQWRQFHV� KHUPDQRV�� UHYHVWtRV� FRQ� ODV� DUPDV� GH� OD� OX]���� $YDQFHPRV� YLFWRULRVRV�PHGLWDQGR� GLDULDPHQWH�� D\XGDQGR� D� OD� KXPDQLGDG� D� DWUDHU� IXHU]DV� SRVLWLYDV� D� QXHVWUD�DWRUPHQWDGD� KXPDQLGDG��0RULU� HQ� ORV� GHIHFWRV� HV� QHFHVDULR�� VL� HV� TXH� HQ� YHUGDG� DPDPRV�YHUGDGHUDPHQWH�DO�&ULVWR�\�DO�3DGUH�6RODU���&RQ�PL�VDOXGR�OOHQR�GH�DPRU�GHVGH�PL�FRUD]yQ��TXH� OD�SD]�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�XVWHGHV��\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX���81�6(59,'25�

Page 37: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�*QRVLV��FLHQFLD�HVRWpULFD�4XH�OD�SD]�UHLQH�HQ�YXHVWURV�FRUD]RQHV��\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX��&XDQGR� QR� H[LVWH� FRQFLHQFLD�� WDPSRFR� H[LVWH� FRPSUHQVLyQ�� &XDQGR� QR� H[LVWH� FRPSUHQVLyQ�WDPSRFR� H[LVWLUi� FRQRFLPLHQWR�� QL� WDPSRFR� OD� PiV� SHTXHxD� FRKHUHQFLD� FRQ� OD� SHTXHxD�OyJLFD��&DGD� XQR� GH� QRVRWURV� DUUDVWUDGRV� SRU� HO� HJR� HV� SDVWR� GH� OD�PiV� DEVXUGD� GH� ODV� DFFLRQHV�FRPR�HV�OD�GH�UHDFFLRQDU�HQ�IRUPD�IDQiWLFD��LPSHWXRVD�\�IDOWR�GH�WRGD�SUXGHQFLD��6H� GLFH� TXH� XQ� LQLFLDGR� KD� GH� PRVWUDU� FRUGXUD� \� UHIOH[LyQ�� FXDQGR� D� RWUR� OH� IDOWD�� SDUD�SRGHUOH�D\XGDU�UHDOL]DQGR�OD�PiV�FDULWDWLYD�ODERU�TXH�HO�VHU�KXPDQR�HV�FDSD]��,QGXGDEOHPHQWH�TXH�HQ�OD�JQRVLV��TXH�HV�HVRWHULVWD�FLHQWR�SRU�FLHQWR��QRV�GHPXHVWUD�DO�YLYLUOD�HQ�ORV�KHFKRV�FRQFUHWRV�TXH�HV�OD��FLHQFLD�GH�OR�QR�WDQ�HYLGHQWH���HV�GHFLU�TXH�SDUD�YLYLUOD�D�IXHU]D�KD\�TXH�GHVSHUWDU�FRQFLHQFLD��&XDQGR� QRV� HVFODYL]DPRV� D� FXDOTXLHU� FXHVWLyQ� HJRLFD�� FXDQGR� QRV� LGHQWLILFDPRV� \� QRV�HQIUDVFDPRV�HQ�OD�DFWLWXG�GH��OODYH�\�FHUUDGXUD��HQWUH�PiV�FHUUDGD�PiV�GXUD���OyJLFDPHQWH�QR�YDPRV�MDPiV�D�YHU�ODV�FRVDV�HQ�IRUPD�PiV�HOHYDGD��QL�WDPSRFR�OOHJDUHPRV�D�OD�UHYHODFLyQ�GH� ORV� PiV� JUDQGHV� PLVWHULRV� \� JUDQGHV� UHDOL]DFLRQHV�� FLHJRV� FRPR� HVWDPRV� JUDFLDV� D� ORV�DSHJRV��D�ODV�SRVWXUDV�LQFRQVFLHQWHV��D�ODV�DWDGXUDV�\�GHVGH�OXHJR�JUDFLDV�DO�IDQDWLVPR��/D�JQRVLV�DXWpQWLFD�HV�OD�*126,6�GH�6$0$(/�$81�:(25��/RV�GHPiV�WUDGXFWRUHV�LPSHUIHFWRV�TXH�WDQWR�GDxR�KDQ�KHFKR�DO�PXQGR�JQyVWLFR�KDUtDQ�PX\�ELHQ�UHWRPDQGR�ORV�OLEURV�\�SUDFWLFDQGR�GH�QXHYR��DQWHV�TXH�DQGDU�DVSLUDQGR�D�VHU�',*126�GH�HOOD��SRUTXH�WRGRV�QR�VRPRV�VLQR�LQGLJQRV�DSUHQGLFHV�GH�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV��6H�PH�KD�SUHJXQWDGR�TXp�RSLQR�GH�ORV�PDHVWURV�TXH�KD\�HQ�HO�PXQGR�JQyVWLFR��3UHJXQWD�PX\�GLItFLO�� SRUTXH� HQWRQFHV� VH�PH� SUHJXQWDUtD�� ¢´PDHVWUR�� FyPR� HV� TXH� XVWHG� DVHJXUD� TXH� HV�PDHVWUR�GH�Vt�PLVPR"´�/D�YHUGDG�HV�TXH�VHU��PDHVWURV���UHIOH[LRQDQGR�FRQ�ODV�SDODEUDV�GH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�HV�KDUWR�IiFLO��PDV�OR�GLItFLO�HV�DOFDQ]DU�OD�SHUIHFFLyQ�HQ�OD�PDHVWUtD��0L�VLOHQFLR�UHVSHFWR�GH�Pt�PLVPR�HV�SRUTXH�VLHQGR�YHUGDGHUR�PDHVWUR��HVWR\�FRQFLHQWH�GH�OD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG� TXH� UHSUHVHQWD� VHU� H[SRQHQWH� GH� OD� /RJLD� %ODQFD�� GH� ODV� YHUGDGHV� PiV�JUDQGHV� \� RFXOWDV� TXH�KD\� HQ� WRGR�HO�PXQGR��(O� YHKtFXOR� ItVLFR� ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH� WLHQH�D~Q�LPSHUIHFFLRQHV� TXH� RVFXUHFHQ� XQ� WDQWR� D� OD� PDQLIHVWDFLyQ� VDJUDGD� GHO� 6HU�� (VR�PLVPR� OH�SDVD� D� WRGRV� ORV� KHUPDQRV�� VHDQ� R� QR� LQLFLDGRV�� VHDQ� R� QR� PDHVWURV�� 3HUR� DO� QR� WHQHU�FRQFLHQFLD�� VH� ODQ]DQ�FRPR�GH� OD� WRUUH� LQYHUWLGD��DQKHODQWHV�GH�TXH� VH� OHV� UHFRQR]FD�D�SLH�MXQWLOODV�FRPR�PDHVWURV�GH�HVWR�R�GH�DTXHOOR��([LVWHQ�KR\�GtD�KHUPDQRV�UHVSHWDEOHV�TXH�VH�KDQ�DVLJQDGR�D�Vt�PLVPRV�HO�DWULEXWR�GH�PDHVWUR��GHVDIRUWXQDGDPHQWH�12�+$<�1,1*812�48(�+$<$�6,'2�$8725,=$'2�325�/$�/2*,$�%/$1&$���<R�PLVPR�KH�GH�RFXOWDU�PL�QRPEUH�SRUTXH�GHER�DJXDUGDU�OD�YHQLGD�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU� \� GH� OD�0DHVWUD�/LWHODQWHV�� \� REHGHFLHQGR� OD� GLVSRVLFLyQ� GH� OD� /RJLD�%ODQFD�� QR�PH�FRUUHVSRQGH� JR]DU� GH� OD� JORULD� GHO� UHFRQRFLPLHQWR� DO� 6HU� TXH� HV� TXLHQ� PHUHFH� UHFLELUOD��SRUTXH�VR\�XQD�SHUVRQD�TXH�FRQR]FR�SHUIHFWDPHQWH�OR�TXH�HVWR�VLJQLILFD��0iV�TXH�XQ�PRWLYR�GH�RUJXOOR�VHU�0DHVWUR�YHUGDGHUR�HV�XQD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG��SRUTXH�VREUH�ORV�KRPEURV�QXHVWURV�FDH�WDPELpQ�OD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�GH�ODV�DOPDV�TXH�FRQItDQ�\�FUHHQ�HQ�QRVRWURV��QRV�D\XGDQ�\�QRV�DSR\DQ�HQ�OD�ODERU�GHO�PLVLRQHUR���

Page 38: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O� 0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU� \� OD� 0DHVWUD� /LWHODQWHV� YHQGUiQ�� GH� KHFKR�� \D� HVWiQ�FRODERUDQGR�\�FXPSOLHQGR�OD�0LVLyQ�6DJUDGD���6L�PL� SHUVRQD�KD� DELHUWR� OD� ERFD� KD� VLGR� FRQ� LQVWUXFFLRQHV� GH� OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�� FRPR� YR]�RILFLDO��PDV� QR�PHUHFLHQGR� UHFRQRFLPLHQWR� \� FRQRFLHQGR� OD� DFWLWXG� GH� VHJXLU� D� tGRORV� TXH�SDGHFH� OD�KXPDQLGDG��QR�KH�TXHULGR� �REHGHFLHQGR�D� OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD��SHFDU�HQ�HVD� IRUPD��SRUTXH�OD�PLVLyQ�TXH�GHER�FXPSOLU�HV�VXPDPHQWH�LPSRUWDQWH���$SDUWH�GH�TXH�KHPRV�SHGLGR�D\XGD�D�OD�'LYLQLGDG�\�QRV�VHQWLPRV�FRQIRUWDGRV�\�DJUDGHFLGRV��SRUTXH� HQ� QXHVWUR� LQWHULRU� 12�'(6($026�*/25,$6� +80$1$6�� VLQR� VHQWLU� HQ� QXHVWUD�DOPD�\�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ�TXH�VHUYLPRV�D�OD�YHUGDG�\�DO�DPRU��D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��VLHQGR�pVWD�QXHVWUD�SULQFLSDO�DOHJUtD�\�QXHVWUR�PHMRU�SUHPLR�GH�SDUWH�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD���'R\�XQ�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO�D�PLV�DPLJRV�-RVp�0DQXHO�\�(OHQD�VX�HVSRVD�SRU�HO�VHUYLFLR�TXH�QRV�SUHVWDQ�� \� OHV� GR\� XQD� EHQGLFLyQ� HVSHFLDO�� DJUDGHFLpQGROHV� WDPELpQ� VX� SRVWXUD� OOHQD� GH�YDOHQWtD�\�GH�DPRU��VX�PXHVWUD�GH�ILGHOLGDG�\�HO�VDFULILFLR�TXH�UHSUHVHQWD�PXFKDV�YHFHV�XQLUVH�D�FDXVDV�MXVWDV�\�YHUDFHV��+HUPDQRV��6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�YLHQH����eO�FRQRFH�OD�YHUGDG��1DGD�QL�QDGLH�SXHGH�HQJDxDUOR��,JXDO� TXH� D� OD� 'LYLQLGDG� TXH� FRQRFH� PHMRU� QXHVWURV� FRUD]RQHV� H� LQWHQFLRQHV�� 3RU� HOOR��KDFHPRV�XQ� OODPDGR�D�XQD�UHFWD�DFWLWXG�\�D� VHUYLU�FRQ�DPRU�D� ORV�GHPiV��6L�XQ�DOPD�HVWi�H[WUDYLDGD�� VHDPRV� OR� VXILFLHQWHPHQWH� SLDGRVRV� FRPR� SDUD� DFODUDUOH� HO� FDPLQR�� \� OR�VXILFLHQWHPHQWH�SDFLHQWHV�SDUD�D\XGDUOD�HQ�WRGR�PRPHQWR���0DV�WDPELpQ�KH�GH�SUHYHQLUOHV�GH�ORV�TXH�FRQ�IDOVHGDG�TXLHUHQ�HQJDxDUORV�\�GHVYLDUORV�GHO�FDPLQR��4XH�OD�RUDFLyQ�\�OD�PHGLWDFLyQ�RV�D\XGH�D�UHFRQRFHU�UHDOPHQWH�OD�YHUGDG�\�OD�OX]��'HVGH�HO� WHPSOR�FRUD]yQ�GHO�5D\R�GHO�$PRU��TXH� OD�3D]�GH�'LRV�HVWp�FRQ�XVWHGHV�\�FRQ� W~�HVStULWX���8Q�6HUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 39: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

&DULGDG�SDUD�HO�TXH�VXIUH�0HQVDMH�GH�XQ�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV���3D]�GHVGH�HO�IRQGR�GH�PL�FRUD]yQ��+R\� TXH� XQD� SDUWH� GH� OD� KXPDQLGDG� HVWi� D� SUXHED�� FXDQGR� HO� GRORU� GH� WDQWDV� SpUGLGDV�KXPDQDV�QRV�LPSRQH�RUDU�\�UHIOH[LRQDU��OHV�KDJR�OOHJDU�XQD�LQTXLHWXG�FRQ�WRGR�UHVSHWR��(VWDV� HVFHQDV� GRORURVDV� FRPLHQ]DQ� FDGD� YH]� PiV� D� JROSHDUQRV� HQ� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� +DFH�DSHQDV�RFKR�PHVHV�GLH]�SDtVHV�IXHURQ�VDFXGLGRV�SRU�XQ�WHUUHPRWR�YLROHQWR�\�OXHJR�ORV�HIHFWRV�GHO� WVXQDPL� PiV� DUUDVDGRU� GH� OD� KLVWRULD� DFWXDO�� $KRUD� GH� QXHYR�� PLOHV� GH� SHUVRQDV� KDQ�SHUGLGR�VXV�KRJDUHV��KDQ�SHUGLGR�IDPLOLDV�HQWHUDV�D�VXV�VHUHV�TXHULGRV��VXV�IXHQWHV�GH�WUDEDMR�\�WDPELpQ�OD�LOXVLyQ�\�OD�HVSHUDQ]D�GH�XQ�IXWXUR�SURPHWHGRU���1R�VyOR�EDVWD�UH]DU�\�UHFRUGDU�D�HVWDV�DOPDV�TXH�D\HU�OXFKDEDQ�FRPR�QRVRWURV��\�DKRUD�\D�QR�HVWiQ�PiV��KD\�TXH�KDFHU�DFFLRQHV�FRQFUHWDV�\�HV�EXHQR�XQLUVH�D�WRGD�DFFLyQ�TXH�YD\D�HQ�SUR�GHO�VRFRUUR�GH�WDQWD�JHQWH�TXH�DKRUD�LQWHQWD�UHFRQVWUXLU�VXV�YLGDV���&DEH�WDPELpQ�UHIOH[LRQDU�TXH�HO�VHU�KXPDQR�HV�LPSHUIHFWR��\D�TXH�PLHQWUDV�WDQWRV�OORUDQ�PX\�OHMRV�GH�QRVRWURV�SRU�VXV�FDUHQFLDV�\�WUDJHGLDV��DVRPEURVDPHQWH�DOJXQRV�VLJXHQ�HQIUDVFDGRV�HQ� ODV� GHPDQGDV� HJRtVWDV� GH� VXV� DQKHORV� SHUVRQDOHV�� VLQ� UHIOH[LRQDU� TXH� SRGHPRV� VHU�DOFDQ]DGRV� SRU� HO� DMXVWH� GH� FXHQWDV� TXH� GHVJUDFLDGDPHQWH� RFXUUH� FDVL� VLHPSUH� HQ� IRUPD�LQHVSHUDGD�H�LPSUHYLVWD��3HUR�ELHQ�YDOH�OD�SHQD�UHYDORUL]DU�\�GDUOH�DFWXDOLGDG�DO�SRU�TXp�QRV�HQFRQWUDPRV�DTXt����D� OD�PLVLyQ�TXH�KHPRV�GH�FXPSOLU�HQ� OD�YLGD��QR� WDQWR�SDUD�RWURV� VLQR�SDUD�Vt�PLVPRV���3RU�HOOR��KHUPDQRV� ORV� LQYLWR�D�FRODERUDU�FRQ� WRGD� LQLFLDWLYD�TXH�HQ�VXV�SDtVHV�VH�KDJD�HQ�IDYRU�GHO�GRORU�GH�WDQWD�JHQWH�TXH�DKRUD�VXIUH��\�DSR\HQ�FRQ�OR�TXH�SXHGDQ�SDUD�KDFHU�OOHJDU�XQD� JRWD� GH� DPRU� \� GH� HVSHUDQ]D� FRPSDUWLHQGR� OR� TXH� FDGD� XQR� WLHQH�� (O� SULQFLSLR� GH� OD�FDULGDG�HV�PXHVWUD�R�HYLGHQFLD�GHO�DPRU�TXH�SRGHPRV� ORV�HVWXGLDQWHV�JQyVWLFRV�FRPSDUWLU��VREUH�WRGR�FXPSOLHQGR�FRQ�HO�SUHFHSWR�GH��LU�FRQ�DPRU�HQ�VRFRUUR�GH�QXHVWURV�VHPHMDQWHV���/D� PRQHGD� GH� OD� FDULGDG� LQGXGDEOHPHQWH� HV� FDSLWDO� FyVPLFR� TXH� SRGHPRV� DKRUUDU� HQ� HO�PXQGR� GH� OD� HVSLULWXDOLGDG�� \� HV� PHMRU� SDJDGD� FXDQGR� OD� VHPEUDPRV� VLQ� HVSHUDU� QDGD� D�FDPELR��/D�SDJD�GHO�DPRU�\�GH�OD�PLVHULFRUGLD�HV�JDQDU�DPRU�\�PLVHULFRUGLD�SDUD�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV���/RV� PDHVWURV� GH� OD� 9HQHUDEOH� /RJLD� %ODQFD� QRV� LQYLWDQ� WRGRV� ORV� GtDV� D� VHPEUDU� DPRU� \�FRPSDVLyQ��WHUQXUD�\�SLHGDG�SDUD�TXLHQHV�OORUDQ�\�SLGHQ�XQD�SDODEUD�GH�DOLHQWR�R�XQ�PLQXWR�GH�RUDFLyQ��4XH�OD�SD]�PiV�SURIXQGD�UHLQH�HQ�YXHVWURV�FRUD]RQHV��\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��81�6(59,'25�'(�72'26�

Page 40: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�HQ�DFFLyQ�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��(O�3RGHU�GHO�&ULVWR�RV�EHQGLJD�\�HVWp�FRQ�YXHVWURV�HVStULWXV��/R�LPSRUWDQWH�HV�VDEHU�TXH�HO�&5,672�HVWi�\�HVWDUi�FRQ�QRVRWURV�KR\��PDxDQD�\�VLHPSUH��<�TXH�WRGR�OR�SHUHFHGHUR��\�QRVRWURV�OR�VRPRV��VH�WHUPLQD�HQ�OD�SDUWH�ItVLFD��PDV�HO�HVStULWX�HV�DOJR�TXH�QR�QRV�SHUWHQHFH��ODV�DOPDV�VRQ�GH�OD�'LYLQLGDG��\�D�HOOD�UHWRUQDQ�VLHPSUH��XQD�YH]�KDQ�SXULILFDGR�\�HOLPLQDGR�GH�VX�LQWHULRU�OR�TXH�SUHFLVD�DGTXLULU�SDUD�VHUYLU�D�'LRV�HQ�WRGR�OR�QHFHVDULR�VHJ~Q�VX�3ODQ�VDJUDGR��/R� LPSRUWDQWH�HV�VDEHU�TXH�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�HVWi�FXPSOLHQGR�VX�PLVLyQ��\�VXV�LPSXOVRV�YHUGDGHURV�VH�YDQ�D�UHIOHMDU�HQ�HO�FXPSOLPLHQWR�GH�OD�2EUD�GHO�3DGUH��\�VXV�IUXWRV�OyJLFRV� VHUiQ�� VDELGXUtD�� DUPRQtD�� HVSLULWXDOLGDG�� EHOOH]D� LQWHULRU�� SD]� tQWLPD� \� PXFKD�FDULGDG�\�FRPSUHQVLyQ��'HEHPRV�GH�VHU�WROHUDQWHV�FRQ�TXLHQHV�QR�QRV�FRPSUHQGHQ��KHPRV�GH�VHU�FRPSUHQVLYRV�FRQ�ODV�DOPDV�TXH�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ�DFWXDQGR�FRQ�PXFKRV�HUURUHV�\�FRQ�PXFKR�RGLR�HQ�VX�FRUD]yQ��OD�'LYLQLGDG�QRV�H[LJH�TXH�VHDPRV�ILHOHV��SDVH� OR�TXH�SDVH�\�FXHVWH� OR�TXH�FXHVWH��D� OD�/H\�6XSHULRU�GHO�$PRU��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�QRV�RUGHQD�\�PDQGD�D�YROYHUQRV� UHVSRQVDEOHV��PDGXURV�� \� VHULRV�HQ�HO�WUDEDMR�HVRWpULFR�JQyVWLFR��<�XQ�YHUGDGHUR�HVRWHULVWD�HQULTXHFH�VX�YLGD�LQWHULRU�\�QR�VH�GHMD�FRQWDPLQDU� FRQ� WRGR� DTXHOOR� TXH� KXHOH� D� GHVLQWHJUDFLyQ�� LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�� PRUERVLGDG� \�SUHMXLFLRV�� 1RV� RUGHQD� YROYHUQRV� WUDVFHQGHQWHV�� <� HVR� VLJQLILFD� $%$1'21$5� WRGD� IRUPD�PDWHULDO� GH� FRQGXFWD� TXH� QRV� DSHJXH� D� ODV� FRVDV�� HYHQWRV�� SHUVRQDV�� H[WHULRULGDGHV� \�YDQLGDGHV�TXH�QDGD�YDOHQ��1R�HVSHUHPRV�TXH�WRGR�HO�PXQGR�QRV�DSODXGD�\�QRV�Gp�SDOPDGLWDV�HQ�OD�HVSDOGD��(VSHUHPRV�PHMRU� YROYHU� D� ORV� FLUFRV� URPDQRV�� D� OD� FUX]� \� DO� OiWLJR� TXH� FHxLUi� HQ� QXHVWUDV� FDUQHV�� DO�GHVSUHFLR�GHO�PXQGR�TXH�VH�HQFXHQWUD�PDWHULDOL]DGR�SURIXQGDPHQWH�� LQVHQVLEOH�D� OR�TXH�HV�HVSLULWXDO�YHUGDGHUDPHQWH��/D�IDOVD�HVSLULWXDOLGDG�VH�SRQH�PiVFDUDV�GH�GHYRFLyQ��PDV�HQ�VX�LQWHULRU�KD\�RGLR��HQYLGLD��RUJXOOR� \� IDOVHGDG�� SRUTXH� HV� LQWUDQVLJHQWH� FRQ� VXV� KHUPDQRV� \� VH� YXHOYH� LQFRPSUHQVLYR��FUXHO� H� LQMXVWR� FRQ� VXV� KHUPDQRV�� 8QD� SHUVRQD� YHUGDGHUDPHQWH� HVSLULWXDO� SXHGH� QR� VHU�UHOLJLRVR�GH�PLVDO�\�ROOD��SHUR�Vt�HV�XQD�SHUVRQD�DOWDPHQWH�UHVSHWXRVD��<�QR�KD\�UHOLJLRVLGDG�QL�HVSLULWXDOLGDG�PiV�HOHYDGD�TXH�OD�GH�DTXHOOD�SHUVRQD�TXH�HV�UHVSHWXRVD�GH�Vt�PLVPD�\�GH�ORV�GHPiV���(O�RUJXOOR�HQYDQHFHGRU�HV�XQD�YHQGD�TXH�LPSLGH�PXFKDV�YHFHV�UHFRQRFHU�D�ODV�SHUVRQDV�TXH�YHUGDGHUDPHQWH� SURYLHQHQ� GH� 'LRV�� 6X� SURFHGHQFLD� OHJtWLPD� QDGD� WLHQH� TXH� YHU� FRQ� ODV�YDQLGDGHV�GH�HVWH�PXQGR��+HPRV�GH�VDEHU�TXH�HVWDPRV�HQ� OD�DFFLyQ�GH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�FXDQGR�WHQJDPRV�LPSXOVRV�FRQ�PXFKD�YROXQWDG�SDUD�HO�WUDEDMR�VHULR�\�GHFLGLGR��DVt�FRPR�FXDQGR�FXPSOLPRV�ILHOPHQWH�FRQ�QXHVWUD�PHMRU�YROXQWDG�FRQ�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�JQyVWLFRV�SRU�H[FHOHQFLD��ORV�PDQGDPLHQWRV�GH�OD� /H\� GH� 'LRV�� (O� PLVPR� 0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU� QRV� HQVHxy� VLHPSUH�� ³1,1*Ò1�0$(6752�'(�/$�/2*,$�%/$1&$�9,2/$5Ë$�/$�/(<´��(VWR�QRV�REOLJD�D� WRGRV� ORV�TXH�SHUWHQHFHPRV�D�OD�JQRVLV�VDPDHOLDQD�D�EXVFDU�HQ�IRUPD�GHFLGLGD�OD�YLYHQFLD�\�OD�SUiFWLFD�GH�OD�/H\���

Page 41: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D� SURFHGHQFLD� GLYLQD� VH� PDQLILHVWD� HQ� IRUPD� HYLGHQWH� FRQ� KHFKRV� FRQFUHWRV�� DFWRV� GH�FRPSDVLyQ�� FRPSUHQVLyQ�� VDELGXUtD� \� DPRU�� 7DO� FRQGXFWD� VHUi� KXPLOGH� \� SUXGHQWH��DUPRQLRVD�\�PX\�VHQVLEOH�D�ORV�PiV�QREOHV�LGHDOHV��1R� HV� LPSRVLEOH� KHUPDQRV�� FRQ�XQ�SRFR�GH�PXHUWH� DO� HJR� HV� SRVLEOH� YLYLU� DVt����(V� SRVLEOH�YROYHU� DO� 3DGUH�� HV� SRVLEOH� HQFRQWUDUQRV� FRQ� OD� IXHU]D� VDPDHOLDQD� TXH� QRV� EXVFD� D� WRGRV�SDUD�UHJHQHUDU�QXHVWUD�DOPD�FRQ�OD�ILGHOLGDG��OD�FDVWLGDG�\�HO�DPRU�DO�SUyMLPR��3RU� HOOR�SUHSDUHPRV� HO� DOWDU� GH� QXHVWUR� FRUD]yQ� SDUD� OD� YHQLGD� GHO�0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� $XQ�:HRU�� 3RUTXH� D� eO� OR� HQFRQWUDUHPRV� FRQ� HO� FRUD]yQ� GHVDUUROODGR� FRQ� QREOHV� YDORUHV��ILGHOLGDG�D�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�\�VHULHGDG�HQ�QXHVWUR�WUDEDMR��/HV�HQYLDPRV�XQ�IUDWHUQDO�VDOXGR��HVSHUDQGR�TXH�',26�QRV�DVLVWD�D�WRGRV�\�QRV�Gp�VX�/X]��3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��8Q�6HUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 42: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�&DPLQR�GH�6DPDHO�(O�&DPELR�VH�KDFH�QHFHVDULR�DQWHV�GH�XQD�UHYROXFLyQ�H[WHUQD��(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��3D]�\�OX]�SDUD�WRGRV�HQ�HVWD�KRUD�GLItFLO��&XDQGR�PH�GLVSRQtD�D�HVFULELU�HVWDV�OtQHDV��WXYH�IUHQWH�D�Pt��OD�LPDJHQ�SUHRFXSDGD�\�WULVWH�GH�PLOHV�GH�SHUVRQDV�TXH�KDQ�SHUGLGR�KRJDUHV��IDPLOLDV�TXH�VH�KDQ�YLVWR�REOLJDGDV�D�DEDQGRQDU�VXV�FRVDV��SURGXFWR�GHO�WUDEDMR�GH�WRGD�OD�YLGD��<�PH�SUHJXQWp��¢4Xp�KDJR�GHVGH�DTXt"�¢6L�VyOR�SXHGR�RUDU�\�VXSOLFDU�PLVHULFRUGLD�SDUD�HOORV�\�SDUD�WRGRV��SRUTXH�SXHGR�VHU�\R�\� ORV�PtRV�ORV�VLJXLHQWHV�TXH�WHQJDPRV�TXH�LUQRV"�1R�KD\�VHJXULGDG�HQ�QLQJXQD�SDUWH�����/D� EDODQ]D� GH� OD� -XVWLFLD� &yVPLFD� DKRUD� HVWi� GH� DItQ�� \� DIRUWXQDGDPHQWH� SDUD� XQRV�� KD\�PXFKR� SHVR� HQ� HO� ELHQ�� PDV� SDUD� RWURV� ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH�� HO� SODWR� HQ� FRQWUD� SHVD� PiV� \�HQWRQFHV�YLHQH�HO�GRORU�\�HO�VXIULPLHQWR���$QWHV� GH� HPSUHQGHU� FXDOTXLHU� FDPELR� H[WHUQR�� KD\�TXH� FDPELDU� LQWHUQDPHQWH� VL� HV� TXH� HQ�YHUGDG�GHVHDPRV�WUDHU�OX]�\�DPRU�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��/D�IXHQWH�GH�WRGD�GLVHQVLyQ�VH�HQFXHQWUD�GHQWUR��&XDQGR�QRV�HQFDPLQDPRV�D�HQIUHQWDU�\�RUJDQL]DU�DOUHGHGRU�GH�WHPDV�\�SUREOHPDV��HV�EXHQR�KDFHU� HO� HMHUFLFLR�TXH�KDFtD�QXHVWUR�*XU~�6$0$(/�$81�:(25�� \� HV� UHIOH[LRQDU� \�PHGLWDU� PXFKDV� YHFHV�� SXHV� HO� SHVR� GH� ODV� REUDV� \� SDODEUDV� VLHPSUH� VH� HVWi� WRPDQGR� HQ�FXHQWD��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�UHFLELy�OD�RUGHQ�GH�,6:$5$�SDUD�TXH�HQFDEH]DUD�OD�IRUPDFLyQ�GHO�(MpUFLWR�GH�6DOYDFLyQ�0XQGLDO� \� WRGRV� ORV�PRYLPLHQWRV�QHFHVDULRV�SDUD�FXPSOLU� FRQ� OD�0,6,Ï1�TXH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�OH�KDEtD�HQFRPHQGDGR��$QWHV�GH�KDFHU�GLFKD�REUD��\D�VH�KDEtD�KHFKR�XQ�GHEDWH� LQWHUHVDQWH�HQ� OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�� \� VH�KDEtDQ� VRSHVDGR� WDQWR�DUJXPHQWRV�D�IDYRU�FRPR�HQ�FRQWUD��(Q�PHGLR�GHO�GHEDWH�PDUDYLOORVR�GH� ODV�SRGHURVDV�VDELGXUtDV�GH� ORV�0DHVWURV��OD�OX]�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�DOXPEUy�D�WRGRV�\�OHV�GHPRVWUy�FyPR�HVWDV�FRVDV�WDPELpQ�VHUYLUtDQ� SDUD� TXH� ODV� SHUVRQDV� VH� UHVROYLHUDQ� D� Vt� PLVPDV� D� PRULU�� \� D�RWUDV��ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH�� ODV� KDUtD� GRUPLU� D~Q� PiV�� SRUTXH� HVWi� HVFULWR�� �XQRV� GHVSHUWDUiQ� SDUD�*ORULD� GHO� $OWtVLPR�� \� RWURV� FRQIXQGLGRV� \� SHUGLGRV� GHVSHUWDUiQ� SHUR� HQ� HO� PDO� \� SDUD� HO�PDO����'H�DKt�TXH�HPSUHQGHU�FXDOTXLHU�FDPLQR�GH� OD�*UDQ�2EUD�HV�FXHVWLyQ�TXH�KD�GH�PHGLWDUVH�SURIXQGDPHQWH��&XDQGR�ORV�VDELRV�0DHVWURV�HQYLDURQ�D�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�� OR�HQYLDURQ�SRU�YDOLHQWH�� SRU� ILHO�� SRU� QREOH�� SRU� OXFKDGRU�� \� SRUTXH� GHILQLWLYDPHQWH� VX� $70$1� WHQtD� HO�FDXGDO� FyVPLFR� QHFHVDULR� GH� ORV� &ULVWLILFDGRV� SDUD� GHMDU� XQD� KXHOOD� LQGHOHEOH� HQ� OD�KXPDQLGDG�� /D�PLVLyQ� GH�eO�� DFWXDOPHQWH�� VH� VLJXH� FXPSOLHQGR��0DV� \D� QR� HV� FXHVWLyQ� GH�PXOWLWXGHV��\D�QR�HV�FXHVWLyQ�GH�PLOHV��VLQR�GH�XQ�SXxDGR�GH�DOPDV�TXH�DSHQDV�UHSUHVHQWDUiQ�D� OD� KXPDQLGDG�� SRUTXH� KDQ� VXIULGR� GH� WRGR�� KDVWD� GH� VXV� PiV� tQWLPRV� KHUPDQRV� \�FRODERUDGRUHV��7DO�FRPR�UHIOH[LRQD�HQ�³(O�0DWULPRQLR�3HUIHFWR´��³ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH�VyOR�XQ�SXxDGR�GH�DOPDV�VHUiQ�ODV�TXH�YHUGDGHUDPHQWH�SDVDUiQ�FRQ�VXV�FXHUSRV�GH�JORULD´��3RU�HOOR��TXHULGRV� KHUPDQRV�� HV� SUHFLVR� UHIOH[LRQDU� VL� QXHVWURV� SDVRV� HVWiQ� VLHQGR� GLULJLGRV� \�RULHQWDGRV�GH�DFXHUGR�FRQ�OD�9ROXQWDG�GHO�3DGUH��R�GH�DFXHUGR�FRQ�OD�YROXQWDG�FDSULFKRVD��LQKXPDQD�\�PHQWLURVD�GHO�(*2�2�0Ë�0,602���/D�UHYLVLyQ�GH�OD�KLVWRULD�QRV�GLFH��FXiQWRV�VH�KDQ�HVFXGDGR�HQ�HO�&ULVWR��HQ�$Oi��HQ�0DKRPD��HQ�6DPDHO��SDUD�FRPHWHU�HO�GHVDWLQR�GH�SHUGHU�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG�HQ�HO�ODEHULQWR�GHO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR�� SHUVRQDO� R� DMHQR�� VHGLHQWR� GH� SRGHU�� GH� DUULELVPRV� LQFDOLILFDEOHV�� \� SRU� OR�PLVPR��FRQGXFLHQGR� DO� DELVPR� GH� SHUGLFLyQ� D� WDQWRV� LQFDXWRV�� SRU� QR� SHUPDQHFHU� FRPR� ORV�

Page 43: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

2537$085� GH� OD� /HPXULD�� ORV� 9LJtDV� HQ� pSRFD� GH� JXHUUD�� $TXHOORV� ILHOHV�� LQFDSDFHV� GH�GHMDU� VX� SXHVWR� KDVWD� TXH� OD� 92/817$'� 6$*5$'$� ORV�PRYtD� GH� OD� FRQVLJQD� UHDO�� ³VHU�ILHOHV� KDVWD� OD� PXHUWH� DO� &5,672� 5(6855(&72�� D� SHVDU� GHO� IXHJR� \� GH� OD� WRUWXUD� PiV�LQMXVWD�´�9ROYHRV�D� ORV� VDORQHV�GH�SUiFWLFD�\�PHGLWDFLyQ��$UPDRV�GH�YDORU�\�GH�PXFKD� IH�\�RUDFLyQ��5HFRQR]FDPRV�TXH�VyOR�QRV�PXHYH�HO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR��5HFDSDFLWHPRV�\�RUHPRV�SDUD�QR�FDHU�HQ�WHQWDFLyQ��(V�PHMRU��GHFtD�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO��YRFDOL]DU�XQD�KRUD�GLDULD��PHGLWDU�XQD�KRUD�GLDULD��TXH�OHHU�XQ�PLOOyQ�GH�OLEURV�HVRWpULFRV��<�YDOH�PiV�SUDFWLFDU�HQ�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV�KDVWD�HQFRQWUDU� OD� /8=� LQWHUQD�� pVD� TXH� QR� VHUi� FDSD]� GH� HQJDxDUQRV� \� SHUGHUQRV� HQ� FDPLQRV�HTXLYRFDGRV��SDUD�VDEHU�FXiO�HV�HO�UXPER�FLHUWR�TXH�KHPRV�GH�VHJXLU���4XH�OD�SD]�GHO�&ULVWR�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R���8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV���

Page 44: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�GLIHUHQFLD�IXQGDPHQWDO�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��([LVWHQ�WUHV�QLYHOHV�GH�FRQRFLPLHQWR��H[RWpULFR��PHVRWpULFR�\�HVRWpULFR��(O� 0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU� QRV� KD� HQVHxDGR� TXH� HO� QLYHO� H[RWpULFR� FRQVLVWH� HQ�FRQIHUHQFLDV�� FXUVRV�� VHPLQDULRV� MRUQDGDV�� SOiWLFDV�� HWF��� HV� GHFLU�� WRGR� DTXHOOR� TXH� KDFH�ODERU� GLYXOJDWLYD�� SHUR� QR� DOFDQ]D� R� WUDVFLHQGH� KDVWD� OD� SDUWH� PHGXODU� TXH� HV�� /$�(;3(5,(1&,$�',5(&7$��R�OD�YLYHQFLD�FRQFUHWD�GH�ORV�JUDQGHV�PLVWHULRV��3RU�HOOR��XQD�SHUVRQD�SXHGH�VHU�DItQ�D�HVWH�FRQRFLPLHQWR��KDVWD�IDQiWLFD�VL�VH�TXLHUH��SHUR�QR�OD� FRQYLHUWH� MDPiV� HVR� HQ� YHUGDGHUR� HVRWHULVWD�� HQ� YHUGDGHUR� $GHSWR� GH� OD� )UDWHUQLGDG�2FXOWD��(O� QLYHO� PHVRWpULFR� VH� UHILHUH� D� ORV� FRQRFLPLHQWRV� LQWHUPHGLRV�� GRQGH� HV� IXQGDPHQWDO� HO�LQWHOHFWR�� OD� FXOWXUD�HVRWpULFD�� OD� OHFWXUD�GH� ORV�JUDQGHV�GH� WRGRV� ORV� WLHPSRV�HQ�FXHVWLRQHV�HVSLULWXDOHV� \� GH� HVRWHULVPR�� (O� TXH� VH�PDQHMHQ� WH[WRV� VDJUDGRV� KDVWD� OD� ~OWLPD� FRPD�� QR�FRQYLHUWH�WDPSRFR�D�OD�SHUVRQD�HQ�YHUGDGHUR�HVRWHULVWD�X�RFXOWLVWD��/R�FRQYLHUWH�GH�QXHYR�HQ�XQ� DILFLRQDGR� DO� RFXOWLVPR� R� HVRWHULVPR�� 3HUR� QR� OR� FRQYLHUWH� HQ�0DHVWUR�� $GHSWR�� QL� WDQ�VLTXLHUD�SXHGH� OODPDUVH�DSUHQGL]�� SXHV� VyOR� FRQRFH� OD� OHWUD�� OD� OLWHUDWXUD�� HWF��� SHUR�QR�KD�FRPSUREDGR� MDPiV� OR� ,17(512�� OR� tQWLPR�� /D� YLYHQFLD� GH� QXHYR� R� HO� FRQRFLPLHQWR� GH� OD�H[SHULHQFLD�GLUHFWD��(O�HVRWHULVWD�HV�XQ�YHUGDGHUR�$'(372��HV�XQ�KRPEUH�TXH�VH�KD�WUDQVIRUPDGR�HQ�VX�SURSLR�ODERUDWRULR�GH�SUiFWLFD��(V�HO�YHUGDGHUR�DOTXLPLVWD��HO�WH~UJR��HO�TXH�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�QR�VyOR�FRQRFH��VLQR�WDPELpQ�PDQHMD�\�DSOLFD�HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�GH�OD�)UDWHUQLGDG�2FXOWD��OD�6DJUDGD�*QRVLV� GH� ORV�0LVWHULRV� 6XSHULRUHV�� <� D� HVWH� QLYHO� QR� VH� OOHJD� SRU� DPELFLyQ�� WDPSRFR� SRU�FXOWXUD�� PXFKR�PHQRV� SRU� GHFUHWRV�� \� SHRU� D~Q� SRU� DXWRYLxHWD� R� SRU� FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD�� (O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�QRV�KD�LQVWUXLGR�VLHPSUH�TXH�VyOR�DTXHOORV�TXH�VH�KDQ�GDGR�KDVWD�OD�~OWLPD�JRWD�GH�VDQJUH��TXH�KD�KHFKR�SHGD]RV�VX�FRUD]yQ�\�TXH�VH�KD�EDxDGR�ORV�SLHV�FRQ�VX�VDQJUH�HQ�HO�FRPEDWH�ILHUR�FRQ�HO�Pt�PLVPR��pVH�VH�JDQD�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�ORV�PpULWRV�GH�SDUWH�GH�OD�*UDQ�,QLFLDGRUD��OD�0$'5(�',9,1$��OD�6DJUDGD�'HYL�.XQGDOLQL��OD�6HUSLHQWH�$ODGD�GH�/X]���3RU�HOOR��GHEHPRV�GLVWLQJXLU�TXp�FODVH�GH�QLYHO�WHQHPRV�FDGD�XQR��¢4Xp�FODVH�GH�HVRWHULVPR�SUDFWLFDPRV"� 3RUTXH� H[LVWHQ� VDJUDGDV� HQVHxDQ]DV� GLVSHUVDV� HQ� WRGR� HO� PXQGR�� FXOWXUDV��UD]DV��WLHPSRV�\�URQGDV��3HUR��VyOR�QRV�FRQYHUWLPRV�HQ�$GHSWRV�GH�OD�)UDWHUQLGDG�2FXOWD�FRQ�OD�&21&,(1&,$�'(63,(57$��'HILQLWLYDPHQWH� FXDQGR� HO� SURFHVR� GHO� 68(f2� WHUPLQD�� HO�HJR� DEDQGRQD� SDUD� VLHPSUH� VX� GRPLQLR� \� HQWRQFHV� YLHQH� HO� '(63(57$5�� 0XFKRV� VH�DOXFLQDQ�R�IDVFLQDQ�FRQ�OR�H[WHULRU��$OJXQRV�KDVWD�VH�MXVWLILFDQ�TXH�OR�H[WHULRU�HV�OR�LQWHULRU��0DV� D� YHFHV� HVR� QR� HV� JDUDQWtD� VHJXUD�� SRUTXH� H[LVWHQ� ORV� SVLFySDWDV� TXH� SXHGHQ� ILQJLU�SHUVRQDOLGDG�VDJUDGD��\�HQ�HO�IRQGR�WHQHU�VLQLHVWURV�ILQHV��(O�&DPLQR�GH�6DPDHO�HV�HO�FDPLQR�GHO�(UHPLWD��GHO�TXH�UHQXQFLD�D�OD�JORULD�SURIDQD��GHO�TXH�VH�GHFLGH�D�PRULU��GHO�TXH�QR�EXVFD�UHFRQRFLPLHQWR�DOJXQR��SRUTXH�HO�~QLFR�TXH�YDOH�OD�JORULD�HWHUQD�\�SHUSHWXD�HV�(/�3$'5(���&RQWHPSOHPRV�OD�JORULD�GH�'LRV�HQ�VX�&UHDFLyQ�LQILQLWD��YROYiPRQRV�FXPSOLGRUHV�GH�VX�OH\��DPHPRV�LQWHQVDPHQWH�D�OD�+XPDQLGDG��\�PXUDPRV�DO�Pt�PLVPR���4XH�OD�SD]�GH�&ULVWR�HVWp�FRQ�WRGRV�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��$PpQ���8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 45: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

1R�WHQHU�DXWRFUtWLFD�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��SD]�LQYHUHQFLDO��(O�SHRU�GH� ORV�SHOLJURV�QR�HV� WDQWR�VHU� LJQRUDQWH�� OR�SHRU�TXH�SXHGH�RFXUULU�HV�QR�HVWDU�HQ�FRQGLFLRQHV� GH� UHFRQRFHUOR�� (O� SHOLJUR� LQPLQHQWH� QR� HV� WDQWR� LJQRUDU� VLQR� FDUHFHU� GH�DXWRFUtWLFD��(O�PXQGR� HVWi� OOHQR� GH� HUURUHV�� SHUR�PX\� UDUR� HV� DTXHO� TXH� VH� DWUHYH� D� GHFLU�� ³OR� VLHQWR�PXFKR´��³PH�HTXLYRTXp´��³SHUGyQDPH´��³KH�FRPHWLGR�XQ�JUDQ�HUURU´��³SRU� IDYRU� OH�SLGR�GLVFXOSDV´��HWF���(O�PXQGR�HVWi�OOHQR�GH�FXOSDEOHV�LQIDPHV�TXH�MDPiV�SHGLUtDQ�SHUGyQ��DXQTXH�WHQJDQ�HQ�VXV�FRQFLHQFLDV� HO� SHVR� GH� KDEHU� DVHVLQDGR� D�PLOODUHV� GH� SHUVRQDV� SRU� FXOSD� GH� XQD� GHFLVLyQ�HTXLYRFDGD�TXH�VH�WRPy���/DPHQWDEOHPHQWH� H[LVWHQ� PXFKtVLPDV� SHUVRQDV� TXH� MDPiV� UHFRQRFHUtDQ� HO� GDxR� TXH� KDQ�KHFKR� \� VREUH� WRGR� HO� QR� KDEHU� SUHYLVWR� ORV� DOFDQFHV� GH� GDxRV� TXH� RFXUUHQ� WDO� YH]� QR� HQ�IRUPD�LQPHGLDWD�VLQR�FRQ�HO�SDVR�GHO�WLHPSR���+DFH�PXFKtVLPR�WLHPSR�/2,626�<�6$.$.,�YLQLHURQ�HQ�6DJUDGD�FRPLVLyQ��SDUD�LPSHGLU�TXH�OD� +XPDQLGDG� VH� GLHUD� FXHQWD� VREUH� FXiO� HUD� VX� ILQDOLGDG� HQ� HO� SODQR� WULGLPHQVLRQDO�� 6H�SUHFLVDED�TXH�VH�FULVWDOL]DUD�HO�PXQGR�GHQVR��ORV�WUHV�SODQRV�FDUWHVLDQRV��/DPHQWDEOHPHQWH�VX�GHFLVLyQ�FRQGHQy�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG�D�ORV�HIHFWRV�WHUULEOHV�GHO�yUJDQR�.XQGDUWLJXDGRU���(O�yUJDQR�.XQGDUWLJXDGRU�HV�OD�FROD�GH�6DWiQ�GHQWUR�GH�FDGD�XQR�GH�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV��'LFKD�FROD� WUDH� FRPR� FRQVHFXHQFLD�� DGRUPHFLPLHQWR�� PDWHULDOLVPR� JURVHUR�� HJRtVPR��LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�� XQ� QLYHO� PX\� EDMR� HQ� OD� IUHFXHQFLD� GH� ODV� QRWDV� PXVLFDOHV�� OD� IDOWD� GH�SHUFHSFLyQ� GH� OD� VHQVLELOLGDG� GH� ORV� SULQFLSLRV� \� YDORUHV� PiV� H[WUDRUGLQDULRV�� *UDQGHV�FRQRFLPLHQWRV� VH� SXGLHURQ� JHVWDU� HQ� HO� LQWHOHFWR� GHO� KRPEUH� GHQVLILFDGR�� PDV�ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH�VH�OH�DJUHJy�PDWHULDOLGDG��EDMDV�SDVLRQHV��\�VREUH�WRGR�DOXFLQDFLyQ�KRUULEOH�\�FRQVWDQWH��/R�FXDO�HV�OD�FDXVD�GH�TXH�QR�WHQJD�MDPiV�DXWRFUtWLFD�DOJXQD��&RPR� FRQVHFXHQFLD� GH� HOOR�� PXFKRV� OtGHUHV� UHOLJLRVRV� QR� KDQ� PHGLGR� HO� DOFDQFH� GH� VXV�SDODEUDV� \� PXFKR� PHQRV� HO� GH� VXV� DFFLRQHV�� <� KDQ� LUUXPSLGR� HQ� HO� FXUVR� PDWHPiWLFR� \�SUtVWLQR�GH�ORV�REMHWLYRV�GH�OD�/H\�&yVPLFR���(V� WDQ�PDOR� GHMDU� GH� KDFHU� XQ� ELHQ� SXGLpQGROR� KDFHU�� FRPR� WDPELpQ� GLVWRUVLRQDU� HO� 3ODQ�'LYLQR�SRU�IDOWD�GH�GLVFLSOLQD��RUGHQ�\�VREUH�WRGR�SRU�)$/7$�'(�&21&,(1&,$��(O�0DHVWUR�GH�0DHVWURV�-HV~V�HO�&ULVWR�UHSUHQGLy�D�ORV�IDULVHRV�\�VDGXFHRV�SRU�OD�H[FHVLYD�FDUJD�TXH�SRQHQ�HQ�ODV�HVSDOGDV�GH�VXV�KHUPDQRV��FXDQGR�HOORV�PLVPRV�QR�SXHGHQ�FXPSOLU�QL�KDFHU�OD�YROXQWDG�GHO�3DGUH�TXH�HV�OD�/H\��6L�VRPRV�UHIOH[LYRV��SRGUHPRV�FRPSUHQGHU�FyPR�QRVRWURV�QR�WHQHPRV�DXWRFUtWLFD��PXFKtVLPR�PHQRV� FRQRFLPLHQWR�� \� OR� SHRU� SUHVXPLPRV� GH� FRQFLHQWLYRV�� SHUR� OR� TXH� WRPDPRV� FRPR�LQWXLFLyQ� HV� OD� UHSHWLFLyQ� GH� ORV� HUURUHV� GH� RWURV� TXH� PDQLSXODQ� QXHVWURV� DFWRV� \� QXHVWUD�PLVPD�SHUVRQDOLGDG��/D�PHGLWDFLyQ� D� IRQGR�� OD� RUDFLyQ�� HO� EXVFDU� DO� 6HU� LQWHULRU�� HV� HO� YHUGDGHUR� FDPLQR� SDUD�VDEHU�TXLpQHV�VRPRV�\�FXiO�GHEH�VHU�HO�REMHWR�QXHVWUR�HQ�OD�YLGD��

Page 46: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�DXWRFUtWLFD�QRV�REOLJD�D�SHQVDU�\�DFWXDU�FRQ�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG��PHQRV�TXH�FRQ�ORV�LPSXOVRV�TXH� VyOR� UHIOHMDQ� OD� IDOWD� GH� FRQWURO� TXH� WHQHPRV�GH�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV��JUDFLDV� DO�PDQHMR� \�GRPLQLR�TXH�WLHQH�GH�QRVRWURV�HO�TXHULGR�HJR��4XH�OD�3D]�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 47: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

5HVSXHVWD�QHFHVDULD�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��&RQ� WRGR� UHVSHWR� \� PRGHUDFLyQ�� KHPRV� UHIOH[LRQDGR� DO� UHVSHFWR�� \� FRQ� LQVWUXFFLRQHV� ELHQ�SUHFLVDV�WHQHPRV�OD�REOLJDFLyQ�GH�VHU�VLQFHURV���6RPRV�PLVLRQHURV�FXPSOLHQGR�yUGHQHV�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD��OD�FXDO�QRV�KD�WUD]DGR�OD�UXWD�\�OD�LQGLFDFLyQ�TXH�QRV�HV�FRQIHULGR�KDFHU��6LHQGR�UHVSHWXRVRV�GH�HOOR��QR�WHQHPRV�SHUPLVR�GH�GDU�QXHVWUR�QRPEUH�GH�SLOD��QL�WDPSRFR�HO�QRPEUH�LQWHUQR��\D�TXH�HV�6$*5$'2��GHO�3DGUH��SRU�OR�WDQWR��DTXt�HQ�HO�PXQGR�ItVLFR�QR�LQWHUHVD�QL�OR�XQR�QL�OR�RWUR��SRUTXH�VRPRV�XQD�YR]�QDGD�PiV�FXPSOLHQGR�yUGHQHV�ELHQ�SUHFLVDV��PDWHPiWLFDV�\�GLVFLSOLQDGDV���6t�WHQHPRV�XQ�DWULEXWR��\�HV�HO�GH�VHU�'(92726�'(�81�*5$1�0$(6752�-,1$6�FRPR�IXH�/LWHODQWHV�� \� HO� JUDQ�0DHVWUR� 2*8$5$� �2:$5$�� GH� TXLHQHV� KHPRV� HVWXGLDGR� D� VXV� SLHV�FRPR�QXHVWURV�JXU~V��6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�RUGHQD�\�ORV�GLVFtSXORV�FXPSOLPRV��3XQWR���<�SRU�OR�WDQWR�QR�SRGHPRV�WUDQVIHULU�QXHVWUD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�D�QLQJXQD�SHUVRQD��(O�KHUPDQR�-RVp�0DQXHO�0DUWtQH]� HV� QXHVWUR� SRUWDYR]�� FRQ� TXLHQ� QRV� XQH� XQD� JUDQ�FRQILDQ]D� \� VREUH�WRGR� KD� VLGR� SUHSDUDGR� SDUD� OD� ODERU� TXH� GHVDUUROOD� DFWXDOPHQWH�� ÒQLFDPHQWH� HO� VHxRU�0DUWtQH]� WLHQH� QXHVWUR� SHUPLVR�� SXHV� VLJXH� ILHOPHQWH� QXHVWUDV� LQGLFDFLRQHV�� 1R� SRGHPRV�FRQIHULU� D� QDGLH�PiV�TXH� VH� KDJD� HFR�GH�QXHVWURV�PHQVDMHV�� \� WRGR�DTXHO� TXH�GLJD�TXH� HV�GLVFtSXOR��DQWH�WRGR�GHEH�VHU�UHVSHWXRVR���3RU�RWUR� ODGR�� QR� HVWDPRV� HQ� FRQWDFWR�QL� SHUWHQHFHPRV�� QL� DSR\DPRV�QLQJXQD� OtQHD�GH� ORV�DFWXDOHV� DXWROODPDGRV� PDHVWURV� GH� HVWH� PRPHQWR�� VHD� TXH� DFW~HQ� SRU� YROXQWDG� SURSLD� R�VHJ~Q�HOORV�VLHQGR�OD�YR]�GH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��(VWDPRV�FRPSOHWDPHQWH�VHJXURV�TXH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�WLHQH�VX�DXWpQWLFR�YRFHUR��HO�FXDO�KXPLOGH�\�UHVSHWXRVR�QR�KD�TXHULGR�KDFHU�JDOD�GH�GLFKR�DWULEXWR��D�pO�OR�FRQRFHPRV�SHUVRQDOPHQWH�\�QRV�DOHJUD�VDEHU�TXH�LJXDO�TXH�QRVRWURV�SUHILHUH� KXPLOGHPHQWH� FXPSOLU� VX� ODERU�� 1RVRWURV� OH� D\XGDPRV� HQ� VX� WDUHD� QREOH�� SRUTXH�KHPRV�VLGR�SRU�VLJORV��JXDUGLDQHV�\�FRODERUDGRUHV�GH�HVWD�QREOH�WDUHD���1R�HV�HVH�YRFHUR�HO�VHxRU�TXH�VH�LGHQWLILFD�HQ�ODV�OLVWDV�FRQ�HO�QRPEUH�GH�20$5�*$//(*2��$O� VHxRU� *DOOHJR� QR� OR� FRQRFHPRV� \� DXQTXH� UHVSHWDPRV� D� ODV� SHUVRQDV� TXH� HVFULEHQ� \�PDQGDQ� HVRV� PHQVDMHV�� QRV� SDUHFH� TXH� KD\� PXFKR� HQJDxR� \� IDQWDVtD� GH� SRU� PHGLR��/ODPDUtDPRV� D� OD� FRPSUHQVLyQ� \� D� OD�PHGLWDFLyQ� DQWHV� TXH� DO� GHEDWH� \� DO� RUJXOOR� KHULGR��3RUTXH�XQ�DXWpQWLFR�PDHVWUR�(6�81�),(/�&803/,'25�'(�/$�/(<��8Q�PDHVWUR�DXWpQWLFR�-$0È6�9,2/$5Ë$�/$�/(<��\�HVWD�VDJUDGD�HQVHxDQ]D�GHO�EHQGLWR�6$0$(/�$81�:(25��HV�XQD�FODYH�GH�RUR�HQ�Vt�PLVPD��\�QRV� LOXVWUD�HQ�PHMRU� IRUPD��SRU�TXp�HO�0DHVWUR�QR�SRGUtD�HVWDU� DSDUHFLHQGR� DKRUD� FRQWUDGLFLHQGR� VX� HQVHxDQ]D� QL� YLROHQWDQGR� OD� OH\�� 7RGRV� ORV�FRODERUDGRUHV�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�QR�HVWDPRV�HQ�FRPEDWH�FRQWUD�FXDOTXLHUD�TXH�VH�GHGLTXH�D�HQJDxDU�DOPDV��0DV�GHER�LQIRUPDUOHV�TXH�ORV�6HxRUHV�GH�/D�OH\��HVWiQ�GH�DIiQ�WRPDQGR�QRWD�\�FREUDQGR�FXHQWDV��\�DQWH�ORV�KHFKRV�LUUHEDWLEOHV�H�LUUHIXWDEOHV�KHPRV�GH�UHQGLUQRV���6p�TXH�DOJXQRV�KHUPDQRV��FRPR�OD�VHxRUD�9LYLDQD�*RQ]iOH]�GH�*KLR��DFWXDQGR�VLQ�QXHVWUR�SHUPLVR��KDQ�GLYXOJDGR�QXHVWURV�PHQVDMHV��SHUR� OH�KDFHPRV�XQ�DWHQWR� OODPDGR��DVt�FRPR�D�ORV�TXH�VH�KDQ�GDGR�D�HVD� WDUHD��D�UHVSHWDU�QXHVWUD�GHFLVLyQ��(Q�VX�PRPHQWR�� ORV�PHQVDMHV�OOHJDUiQ�D�TXLHQHV�ORV�EXVTXHQ�\�D�TXLHQHV�HV�OtFLWR�TXH�OHV�OOHJXH���(V�SUREDEOH�TXH�DQWH�HVWH�OODPDGR�KD\D�GLVJXVWR�\�VREUH�WRGR�FRQIXVLyQ��SHUR�QR�QRV�DQLPD�D�SRQHUQRV�HQ�FRQWUD�GH�QDGLH��OR�TXH�SUHWHQGHPRV�HV�KDFHU�YHU�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�GHEHQ�OOHYDUVH�D�

Page 48: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

FDER�GH�DFXHUGR�D�XQ�SODQ�TXH�QR�HVWi�HQ�QXHVWUDV�PDQRV�� VLQR�HQ� OD�YROXQWDG�VDJUDGD�GH�TXLHQ�QRV�LQVWUX\H��1XHVWUR�SURSyVLWR�HV�GDU�OD�REMHWLYLGDG�GH�OD�HQVHxDQ]D��\�HVWR�QR�HV�SDUD�SHOHDUOR� R� GLVSXWDUOR�� VLQR� SDUD� DFODUDU�� (Q� WRGD� HVFXHOD� GHEH� KDEHU� UHVSHWR� DO� RUGHQ� \�MHUDUTXtD�� <� VL� QR� VRPRV� FDSDFHV� GH� VHJXLU� LQGLFDFLRQHV�� QL� ORV�PiV� JUDQGHV�PDQXDOHV� GH�VDELGXUtD�VDJUDGD�SRGUiQ�D\XGDUQRV��$�HVR�VH�GHELy�HO�IUDFDVR�GH�/8=%(/��TXLHQ�FUH\y�TXH�SRGtD� KDFHU�PiV� GH� OR� SHUPLWLGR�� /D� WHQWDFLyQ� JQyVWLFD� SRU� H[FHOHQFLD� HV� HO� SHFDGR� GH� OD�VREHUELD�\�RUJXOOR��(O�JUDQ�PDHVWUR�JQyVWLFR�6$172�720È6�'(�$48,12�QRV�HQVHxD�TXH�QR�GHEHPRV�SUHWHQGHU�VDEHU�PiV�TXH�QXHVWUR�6HxRU�TXLHQ�HV�HO�YHUGDGHUR�JXtD��\�VL�EDMR�VX�DXWRULGDG�QRV� VRPHWHPRV�HQFRQWUDUHPRV�PiV�VDELGXUtD�\� WDPELpQ�PiV�VDQWLGDG��6L� WRGD� OD�KXPDQLGDG� VH� GHMDUD� JXLDU� SRU� HO�3DGUH�� VL� QRV� SXVLpVHPRV� WRGRV� GH� URGLOODV� SDUD� TXH�eO�REUH�SRU�QRVRWURV��VL�IXHUD�SRVLEOH�TXH�DQLTXLOHPRV�DO�HJR�SDUD�TXH�DFW~H�HQ�PHMRU�IRUPD�HO�6(5��HVWDUtDPRV�VLHPSUH�HQ�DUPRQtD��FRQ�HVSLULWXDOLGDG��FRQ�DPRU�\�VDELGXUtD���0iV�TXH�XQ�UHJDxR��FRQVLGHUR�TXH�PL�OODPDGR�HV�D�UHIOH[LyQ��PHGLWDFLyQ��\�HVSLULWXDOLGDG��2V�KH� SUHWHQGLGR� DFRQVHMDU� FRPR� XQ� SDGUH� D� VXV� KLMRV�� SDUD� TXH� ODV� FRVDV� VH� GHVHQYXHOYDQ�PHMRU��(V�XQD�REOLJDFLyQ�\�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�GH�PL�SDUWH�DFODUDU�S~EOLFDPHQWH��HQ�YLVWD�GH�TXH�KHPRV� UHVSRQGLGR� HQ� IRUPD� SULYDGD� FRQ�PXFKD�PRGHUDFLyQ� \� FXLGDGR�� \� VLQ� HPEDUJR� ODV�SHUVRQDV�KDQ�KHFKR�OR�TXH�KDQ�TXHULGR�VLQ�QLQJ~Q�UHVSHWR��6DEHPRV�TXH�HV�SRVLEOH�TXH�QR�VH�DFHSWHQ�QXHVWUDV�SDODEUDV��PDV�HV�EXHQR� VDEHU�TXH�HQ�HO�/,%52�'(�/$�9,'$� WRGR�TXHGD�DQRWDGR�SRU�QXHVWUR�(6&5,%$�,17(5,25�325�(;&(/(1&,$��(/�*5$1�,%,6�'(�7+27���&RQ�PL�VDOXGR�PiV�DIHFWXRVR��TXH�OD�SD]�GHO�&ULVWR�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R���8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV����UHVSXHVWD�D�GLYHUVDV�FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV�YHUWLGDV�SRU�DOJXQRV�KHUPDQRV��

Page 49: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

5HVSXHVWDV�YDULDV�D�LQTXLHWXGHV�4XHULGRV�KHUPDQRV�JQyVWLFRV��3D]�\�DPRU�SDUD�XVWHGHV�HQ�HO�%LHQ��(VWH� OHPD� SRU� DxRV� QRV� KD� REOLJDGR� D� UHVSRQGHU� FXDQGR� HV� SUHFLVR�� \� D� FDOODU� WDPELpQ�LQFOLQDQGR�OD�FDEH]D�DQWH�OD�EHQGLWD�PDMHVWDG�GH�'LRV��FXDQGR�OR�RUGHQD�HQ�YDULDV�IRUPDV�\�HO�SULQFLSDO�HVSHMR�HV�OD�LQTXLHWXG�GH�OD�KHUPDQGDG��1R� TXHUHPRV� VHU� IXHQWH� GH� GLVFRUGLD�� \� VL� GLPRV� XQD� UHVSXHVWD� IXH� SRUTXH� WDPELpQ� FDOODU�FXDQGR�KD\�XQD�UHVSXHVWD��FRQVWLWX\H�IDOWD�GH�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG���(Q� HVWD� RFDVLyQ�� DO� KDEHU� GLFKR� \D� OR� TXH� WHQtDPRV� TXH� GHFLU�� KDEODQGR� FRQ� H[DFWLWXG� \�SUHFLVLyQ��HQ�IRUPD�PDWHPiWLFD�\�SUHFLVD��QR�QRV�TXHGD�PiV�ODERU�TXH�LQYLWDUORV�D�PHGLWDU��UHIOH[LRQDU��WUDEDMDU�\�RUDU�PXFKR���(V�PHMRU�HOOR�TXH�WHQHU�ODV�HVSHUDQ]DV�HQ�SHUVRQDV��HQ�KRPEUHV�GH�FDUQH�\�KXHVR��FRPR�OR�HV�PL�SHUVRQD�\�FRPR�OR�VRQ�PXFKRV�PiV��(Q�PHGLR�GH�OD�FDUQH�VLHPSUH�KDEUi�SHFDGR��SRU�HOOR�KDEODQGR�GHVGH�HO�VHFUHWR�RV�LQYLWDPRV�D�PRULU�HQ�ORV�GHIHFWRV��D�GHVSHUWDU�FRQFLHQFLD��TXH�HV�PXFKR�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH�\�GH�PXFKR�PiV�YDORU��+D\� TXH� WUDEDMDU� PXFKR� SRU� OD� KXPDQLGDG� TXH� GHPDQGD� GH� QRVRWURV� DPRU� \� FDULGDG��SDODEUDV�GH�DOLHQWR�\�GH�PXFKD�DUPRQtD��3DUD�HOOR�HV�EXHQR�%/$148($5�(/�/$7Ï1�� OR�FXDO�QR� VyOR� FRQVLVWH� HQ� OLPSLDU�QXHVWUD�SUiFWLFD�DOTXtPLFD� VH[XDO�� SXULILFiQGROD�GH� YDQRV�DIHFWRV� H� LPSXUDV� DPELFLRQHV� HVRWpULFDV�� VLQR� WDPELpQ� VHU� FDGD� GtD� PHMRUHV� SHUVRQDV��EXVFDQGR� ORV�PiV�DOWRV�SULQFLSLRV�\� ORV�PiV�QREOHV� LGHDOHV�GH�DPRU�\�GH�VHPHMDQ]D�FRQ� OD�'LYLQLGDG�� 6HPHMDQ]D� TXH� KHPRV� SHUGLGR�� \� SRU� OR� FXDO� QR� YDOH� OD� SHQD� JUDQMHDUQRV�VHJXLGRUHV� GH� QLQJ~Q� WLSR�� GH� QLQJXQD� PDQHUD�� /R� QXHVWUR� HV� VyOR� XQD� PLVLyQ� PiV��LQPHUHFLGD�H�LQGLJQDPHQWH�DVLJQDGD�D�QRVRWURV��SRUTXH�\D�OR�KHPRV�GLFKR�QR�VRPRV�PiV�TXH�VHUHV� KXPDQRV� OXFKDQGR� SRU� VHU� FDGD� GtD�PHMRUHV� \� DSHJDGRV� D� OD� HQVHxDQ]D� GH� OD� VDELD�GRFWULQD�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��HO�~QLFR�FDSDFLWDGR�\�DXWRUL]DGR�SDUD�FRQGXFLUQRV�SRU�HO�YHUGDGHUR�FDPLQR���1R� VH� FRQIXQGD� QXHVWUD� FODULGDG� HQ� OD� SRVWXUD� FRQ� LQYLWDFLRQHV� D� SHOHD�� D� GLVJXVWR� R�FRQWURYHUVLD��VL�OR�TXH�GHFLPRV�SDUD�DOJXLHQ�QR�YDOH�OD�SHQD��HVR�QR�QRV�TXLWDUi�SDUD�QDGD�YDORU�DOJXQR��FRPR�WDPSRFR�QRV�YD�DJUHJDU�PiV��\�VREUH�WRGR�OR�TXH�\D�WHQHPRV�FRPR�NDUPD�R�FRPR�GDUPD�VLQ�PiV��+HPRV� KHFKR� OODPDGRV� D� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� QR� D� ORV� DSHJRV� R� WUDXPDV� GH� QDGLH�� <� HVR� HV�VXPDPHQWH�GLItFLO�FRPSUHQGHUOR��<�PXFKR�PiV�YLYLUOR��%ODQTXHDU�HO� ODWyQ�WDPELpQ�VLJQLILFD�6(5�81�+20%5(�<�81$�08-(5�9(5'$'(526��KRPEUHV�QXHYRV�TXH�SXHGDQ�WUDQVIRUPDU�OD�KLVWRULD��QR�D�IXHU]D�GH�EDOD�GH�IXVLO�QL�JULWRV�SHQGHQFLHURV�R�JXHUUHULVWDV��VLQR�KRPEUHV�QXHYRV��FRPSOHWDPHQWH�HVSLULWXDOHV�FDSDFHV�GH�FRPSUHQGHU�ORV�JHVWRV�GH�DPRU���+DEODU�FRQ�FRQILDQ]D�D�QXHVWURV�KHUPDQRV�HV�XQ�JHVWR�GH�DPRU��QR�GH�SHOHD�QL�GH�HQJDxR��0DV�HV�REYLR�TXH�FDGD�FXDO�PLUDUi�FRQ�HO�FULVWDO�TXH�HVWi�DFRVWXPEUDGR�D�YLYLU��6L�OD�WyQLFD�IXQGDPHQWDO� KD� VLGR� OD� YLROHQFLD�� ODV� FRVDV� ODV� YHUi� FRQ� YLROHQFLD�� 6L� ODV� FRVDV� ODV�DFRVWXPEUD� D� PLUDU� FRQ� FRPSUHQVLyQ� \� PDGXUH]�� HO� PHQVDMH� QR� WHQGUtD� UHSHUFXVLRQHV� QL�HQRMRV��VLQR�PiV�OX]�\�VDELGXUtD��1RVRWURV� QR� QRV� SUHFLDPRV� GH� JUDQGHV� OXPEUHUDV� QL� WDPSRFR� HVWDPRV� H[LJLHQGR� QDGD� D�QDGLH��6yOR�KHPRV�SHGLGR�TXH�VH�UHVSHWHQ�QXHVWUDV�SRVWXUDV��FRPR�VRPRV�FDSDFHV�GH�UHVSHWDU�D�ORV�GHPiV�TXH�QR�HVWiQ�GH�DFXHUGR�FRQ�QRVRWURV��3HUR��QRV�KDQ�KHFKR�SUHJXQWDV�\�KHPRV�

Page 50: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

UHVSRQGLGR� HQ� S~EOLFR� SRUTXH� VRQ� YDULDV� ODV� LQTXLHWXGHV� \� VRQ� FRLQFLGHQWHV� WDQWDV� TXH�MXVWLILFDED�OD�H[SOLFDFLyQ��6RPRV�OR�VXILFLHQWHPHQWH�KXPLOGHV�SDUD�SHGLUOH�GLVFXOSDV�D�TXLHQ�VLHQWD�KHULGR�VX�RUJXOOR�R�VX�YDQLGDG��PDV�HVR�QR�VHUtD�DPRU��VLQR�DOFDKXHWHUtD��VREUH�WRGR�VL�QR�WUDWDPRV�GH�H[SOLFDU�PHMRU�OD�LQWHQFLyQ�GH�HQVHxDU�\�FRPSUHQGHU���$Vt� KHUPDQRV�� HV� EXHQR� %/$148($5� (/� /$7Ï1� \� HVR� VyOR� HV� SRVLEOH� YROYLpQGRQRV�+20%5(6� 36,&2/Ï*,&26�� GLVSXHVWRV� D� PRULU� FRQVWDQWHPHQWH� HQ� QXHVWURV� GHIHFWRV��FHQVXUiQGRQRV�FRQVWDQWHPHQWH�D�Vt�PLVPRV��\�DSUHQGLHQGR�GH�WRGR�OR�TXH�QRV�URGHD��DVt�VHD�OD�PiV�tQILPD�KRUPLJD�TXH�VH�QRV�DFHUTXH��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�DQKHOD�DKRUD�\�VLHPSUH��WUDEDMDGRUHV�HVRWpULFRV�JQyVWLFRV�UHVSRQVDEOHV��TXH�HVWpQ�PHGLWDQGR�\�SUDFWLFDQGR�WRGR�HO�WLHPSR��/R�GHPiV��OR�H[WHUQR�QR�WLHQH�LPSRUWDQFLD���0L�SHUVRQD�QR�TXLHUH� VHJXLGRUHV�� VL� ORV�TXLVLHUD��KDFH� WLHPSR� OHV�KDEUtD�HQYLDGR�QRPEUHV��GLUHFFLRQHV��FXHQWDV�GH�EDQFR��VHGHV��HWF��0L�SHUVRQD�FXPSOH�XQD�PLVLyQ��\�HV�HVD�PLVLyQ�OD�TXH�YDOH�OD�SHQD��8Q�VLUYLHQWH�FRPR�\R�QR�WLHQH�YDORU�DOJXQR��/DV�LPiJHQHV�OR�~QLFR�TXH�KDQ�KHFKR�HV�RFDVLRQDU�GLYLVLRQHV�\�GRORU�� \�QR� VHUtD� MXVWR�SDUD� OD�REUD�GHO�*UDQ�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�VXPDU�PiV�GRORU�H�LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��0L�PHQVDMH�HV�HO�PLVPR��³KD\�TXH�PRULU��SUDFWLFDU��GHVSHUWDU�FRQFLHQFLD��\�HVR�HV�WRGR�´�4XH�OD�SD]�GH�&ULVWR�HVWp�FRQ�XVWHGHV�\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX���8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV���

Page 51: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

)LQDOLGDG�GH�OD�HQVHxDQ]D�JQyVWLFD�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��XQ�6DOXGR�GH�3D]�\�%LHQ�SDUD�WRGRV��/D� ILQDOLGDG� GHO� JQRVWLFLVPR� HV� OD� IHOLFLGDG� GH� WRGRV� ORV� VHUHV�� <� QR� KD\�PD\RU� IHOLFLGDG��VHJ~Q� OD� HQVHxDQ]D� VDJUDGD�� TXH� WHQHU� D� 'LRV� DGHQWUR�� 3RU� HOOR� HV� QHFHVDULR� WUDEDMDU�LQFDQVDEOHPHQWH� YHQFLHQGR� QXHVWUDV� UHVLVWHQFLDV�� HJRtVPRV�� PLHGRV�� DWDGXUDV��LGHQWLILFDFLRQHV��HVTXHPDV��YLHMRV�SDUDGLJPDV��IXQFLRQDOLVPRV�OHWDOHV�GHO�HJR�HQ�HO�HVSDFLR�\�HQ�HO�WLHPSR���/D� JQRVLV� QR� HV� FRPR�PXFKDV� RWUDV� HVFXHODV� R� FOXEHV� GH� DVRFLDFLyQ� VRFLDO�� /D� JQRVLV� QR�GHEHUtD�VHU�FRPR�FXDOTXLHU�RWUD�DVRFLDFLyQ��HQ�TXH�HO�EULOOR�HQJDxRVR�GHO�LQWHOHFWR��HO�GLQHUR��HO� SRGHU�� \� ODV� KHJHPRQtDV� IDOVDPHQWH� RUWRGR[DV�� R� HQ� HO� SHRU� GH� ORV� FDVRV�� DEXVLYDPHQWH�VLQFUHWLVWDV�X�KROtVWLFDV��TXH�UHGXFHQ�D�ODV�SHUVRQDV�D�H[SORWDU�VX�SHUVRQDOLGDG��VX�YDQLGDG��RUJXOOR��\�DQVLDV�GH�SRGHU�\�GH�GRPLQLR�KRUULEOH�VREUH�ORV�GHPiV��/D� PHMRU� GH� ODV� WDUHDV� HV� VDOLU� GHO� HQJDxR� \� GH� OD� LJQRUDQFLD�� <� SDUD� HOOR� HV� QHFHVDULR�75$%$-$5�'852�� HQ� IRUPD� LQGHFOLQDEOH� HQ� OD�PXHUWH� GHO� Pt�PLVPR�� HQ� UHQDFHU� \� HQ� HO�VDFULILFLR�YHUGDGHUDPHQWH�GHVLQWHUHVDGR�VLUYLHQGR�D�ORV�GHPiV��6L� XQD� HVFXHOD� JQyVWLFD� FXPSOH� FRQ� HVWRV� SRVWXODGRV�� VHUi� XQD� YHUGDGHUD� HVFXHOD� GH�UHJHQHUDFLyQ�GH�DOPDV��&DVR�FRQWUDULR� VHUi�GLYXOJDGRUD�SRU�H[FHOHQFLD�GH� ODV� IDODFLDV�GHO�TXHULGR�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR��7RGR�DTXHOOR�TXH�QRV�GLVWUDH�GHO�WUDEDMR�SHUVRQDO�LQWHULRU�SURIXQGR��GH�UHVFDWH�SVLFROyJLFR�\�GH�PXHUWH�HQ�HO�Pt�PLVPR��HV�HYDVLyQ�\�SpUGLGD�GH�WLHPSR��/DV�LQLFLDFLRQHV�VDJUDGDV�VRQ�tQWLPDV��VRQ�LQWHUQDV��GRQGH�DSHQDV�OOHJD�XQ�SXxDGR�GH�DOPDV�TXH�HVWiQ�QDFLHQGR�GH�QXHYR��OLEHUWiQGRVH�GH�ODV�FDGHQDV�WLUiQLFDV�GHO�\R�R�Pt�PLVPR��$�HVDV�LQLFLDFLRQHV�QR�HV�SRVLEOH�OOHJDU�FRQ�OD�SUHSRWHQFLD��OD�SHWXODQFLD��OD�DUURJDQFLD�R�HO�RUJXOOR��ORV�YLHMRV�SHUJDPLQRV�GH�OD�YDQD�SHUVRQDOLGDG��TXH�HQ�UHDOLGDG�GHEH�PRULU�SDUD�TXH�HO�&ULVWR�VH�PDQLILHVWH��6L� HVWR� QR� VH� FRPSUHQGH� DVt�� QR� KD\� GXGD� TXH� QR� KD\� FODULGDG� GH� OR� TXH� GHEHUtD� VHU� OD�GLIXVLyQ�\�YLYHQFLD�GH�ODV�HQVHxDQ]DV�JQyVWLFDV�GH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU���$OJXQDV� SHUVRQDV� KDQ� LGR� GHPDVLDGR� OHMRV� HQ� OD� FUHDWLYLGDG�� \� SRU� LPSULPLUOH� VX� VHOOR�SHUVRQDO� SDUWLFXODU�� KDQ� WHUPLQDGR� SRU� VXVWLWXLU� WRWDOPHQWH� OD� HQVHxDQ]D� JQyVWLFD�� <� GH� OR�YHUGDGHUDPHQWH� JQyVWLFR� QR� TXHGD� VLQR� DSHQDV� XQD� VRPEUD� R� HILJLH�PHQWDO� GH� OD� GRFWULQD�FRPSOHWDPHQWH�GLVWRUVLRQDGD��/D�OHFWXUD�\�SUiFWLFD�GH�ORV�OLEURV�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�VRQ�OD�ULFD�IXHQWH�GH�OD�VDELGXUtD��WRGD�YH]�SRU�VXSXHVWR�TXH�VHDPRV�VLQFHURV��0XFKRV�KDEODPRV�GH�ODV�REUDV�GHO�0DHVWUR��SHUR�QR�SDVDPRV�GH�OHHU�XQ�SDU�GH�FDStWXORV��SRUTXH�SURQWR�QRV�DVDOWD�OD�FXULRVLGDG�\�HO�LQWHUpV�\�QRV�YDPRV�GHWUiV�GH�RWUDV�WHQGHQFLDV��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�QRV�GLMR��³1R�HV�SRVLEOH�PH]FODU�HVWD�GRFWULQD� FRQ� RWURV� WLSRV� GH� FRQRFLPLHQWR� R� HQVHxDQ]D�´� 3RUTXH� OD� HQVHxDQ]D� GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�SURFHGH�GHO�(7(512�3$'5(�&Ï60,&2�&20Ò1��0LHQWUDV�TXH�RWUDV�KRQRUDEOHV�SURYLHQHQ� GH� OD� LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ� VDJUDGD� GH� PHWRGRORJtDV� GH� DSUHQGL]DMH� KLVWyULFR�� TXH�VXVWLWX\HQ� OD� UHYHODFLyQ� \� OD� LPDJLQDFLyQ� REMHWLYD�� SRU� OD� IDQWDVtD�� HO� PHQWDOLVPR� \� OD�H[SHULHQFLD�VREUHQDWXUDO�LPEXLGD�HQ�HO�HJR���

Page 52: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�HQVHxDQ]D�JQyVWLFD�WLHQH�VXV�SURSLRV�HOHPHQWRV�ORV�FXDOHV��VL�OHHPRV�D�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��SHUR� WDPELpQ� VL� SUDFWLFDPRV� VX� GRFWULQD� FRQ� VHULHGDG�� FRPSURPLVR�� SHUVHYHUDQFLD� \�FRQWLQXLGDG��DSDUWH�GH�OD�GLVFLSOLQD�\�HO�RUGHQ��QR�FDEH�GXGD�TXH�ODV�HYLGHQFLDV�GH�YLYHQFLD�GLUHFWD�VHUiQ�ORV�PHMRUHV�WHVWLPRQLRV�GH�p[LWR��4XH�OD�3D]�GHO�&ULVWR�HVWp�FRQ�WRGRV��\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX���8Q�VHUYLGRU��

Page 53: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0DGXUH]�HVSLULWXDO�%HQGLWRV�KHUPDQRV��3D]�\�ELHQ�GHVGH�PL�FRUD]yQ��(Q�UHDOLGDG��PH�VLHQWR�PX\�FRQWHQWR�GH�SHUFDWDUPH�TXH�H[LVWH�PDGXUH]�HVSLULWXDO��FXDQGR�\D�KD\� KHUPDQRV� TXH� QR� WDQ� IiFLOPHQWH� TXLHUHQ� �FUHHU�� R� �GDUOH� IH�� D� ORV� PHQVDMHURV� TXH�HYHQWXDOPHQWH�DSDUHFHPRV��(V�HQ�UHDOLGDG�SDUD�VHQWLUVH�PX\�IHOLFHV��SRUTXH�HVR�TXLHUH�GHFLU�TXH�ORV�KHUPDQRV�\D�HVWiQ�GHMDQGR�GH�VHU�HQJDxDGRV�SRU�WDQWRV�SHUVRQDMHV�TXH��HQ�DOJXQDV�RFDVLRQHV��VH�KDQ�FDUDFWHUL]DGR�SRU�µYLYLU�GH�OD�HQVHxDQ]D¶��SUHGLFDU�REWHQLHQGR�JDQDQFLDV�\D�VHDQ�HQ�SRGHUHV��GLQHUR�\�SRVHVLRQHV�WHUUHQDOHV��<D�OR�GHFtD�HO�*UDQ�0DHVWUR�GH�0DHVWURV�-HV~V�GH�1D]DUHWK���%XVFDG�HO�5HLQR�GH�'LRV�\�VX�-XVWLFLD��TXH�WRGR�OR�GHPiV�RV�YHQGUi�SRU�DxDGLGXUD���3RU�HOOR��QRVRWURV�QXQFD�GLUHPRV�QXHVWUR�QRPEUH��QL�QRV�KHPRV�SURFODPDGR�FDEH]D�GH�QDGD��$QWH� WRGR�� \� ~QLFDPHQWH�� OH� KHPRV� GDGR� pQIDVLV� DO� PHQVDMH�� D� OD� HQVHxDQ]D�� SRUTXH� ORV�SRUWDYRFHV�R�UHFDGHURV�FRPR�QRVRWURV�QR�PHUHFHPRV�JORULD�DOJXQD��%XVFDPRV�HVR�Vt�TXH�ODV�VDJUDGDV�HQVHxDQ]DV�VH�GHQ�D�FRQRFHU�FRQ�H[DFWLWXG�\�SUHFLVLyQ���6RPRV�PLVLRQHURV�TXH�EXVFDPRV�OD�OX]��OXFKDQGR�WRGRV�ORV�GtDV�FRQWUD�HO�IXHJR�GHO�Pt�PLVPR��LQYLWiQGRORV�D�RUDU��PHGLWDU��SUDFWLFDU�� OHHU�\�FRPSUHQGHU� OD�VDJUDGD�GRFWULQD�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��\�VHUOH�ILHO�GDQGR�EXHQRV�WHVWLPRQLRV�\�HMHPSORV���-DPiV�VH�QRV�RFXUULUtD�LQYLWDU�D�ORV�KHUPDQRV�D�IXQGDU�LQVWLWXFLRQHV�R�DVRFLDFLRQHV��VLQR�D�FXPSOLU�OD�OH\�GLYLQD��OD�YROXQWDG�GHO�3DGUH��3RUTXH�UHFRQRFHPRV�TXH�HQ�YDULDV�LQVWLWXFLRQHV�KD\�SHUVRQDV�TXH�VRQ�PX\�EXHQDV�\�SUDFWLFDQ�LQFHVDQWHPHQWH�OD�HQVHxDQ]D�HQ�VXV�OXJDUHV�GH�SUiFWLFD�\�FHQWURV�GH�UHWLUR���1DGLH�VH�DXWRUUHDOL]D�YLHQGR�TXp�KDFHQ�R�GHMDQ�GH�KDFHU�ORV�GHPiV��1LQJXQR�SXHGH�D\XGDU�D�RWUR�D�TXH�VH�KDJD�WUDVFHQGLGR��\�PXFKR�PHQRV�HQ�IRUPD�YLUWXDO��(O�EXVFDU�OD�LQLFLDFLyQ�QR�HV�DOJR�TXH�VH�ORJUD�DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH�HVFULELHQGR�R�FULWLFDQGR��HVSHFXODQGR��HWF��3RUTXH�OD�LQLFLDFLyQ�HV�WRGD�XQD�UHDOLGDG�VL�VH�GHVSLHUWDQ�ORV�PiJLFRV�SRGHUHV�GH�OD�PDUDYLOORVD�0DGUH�'LYLQD��(OOD�HV�OD�JUDQ�LQLFLDGRUD�HQ�ORV�PXQGRV�VXSHULRUHV��4XLHQ�GD�HO�QRPEUH�VDJUDGR�HV�HO�3$'5(��(/�6(5��eO�QRV�YLVWH�FRPR�TXLHUH��eO�QRV�FDO]D�FRPR�TXLHUH��eO�QRV�QRPEUD�FRPR�TXLHUH��(O�TXH�VH�DWUHYH�D�GDUVH�QRPEUHV�VLQ�VDEHU�QL�SRU�TXp�HVWi�DTXt��QR�FDEH�GXGD�TXH�QR�KD�FRPSUHQGLGR�OD�HQVHxDQ]D���<D�OR�KHPRV�GLFKR�HQ�RWURV�FRUUHRV��TXH�JHQWLOPHQWH�-RVp�0DQXHO�QRV�KD�VHUYLGR�GH�FRQWDFWR��QR� HVSHUDPRV� UHFRQRFLPLHQWR�� QL� WDPSRFR� VHJXLGRU� DOJXQR�� 1R� KHPRV� H[LJLGR� QDGD� D�FDPELR��QL�HVWDPRV�VRPHWLHQGR�D�PiV�FRQVLGHUDFLyQ�R�FRQYHQFLyQ�DOJXQD�OD�HQVHxDQ]D�TXH�SURSRUFLRQDPRV��6L�SRUTXH�QR�DXWRUL]DPRV�D�DOJXLHQ��VH�DUUHPHWH�FRQWUD�QXHVWUD�PLVLyQ��HO�TXH�HVR�KDJD��HV�UHVSRQVDEOH�DQWH�OD�OH\��QR�DQWH�QRVRWURV�SRUTXH�QDGD�YDOHPRV��3RUTXH�FDGD�XQR�HV�5(63216$%/(�'(�686�$&726��3$/$%5$6��20,6,21(6�<�&20,6,21(6��<�HVD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�HV�,1(/8',%/(��<�QR�SRUTXH�PL�SHUVRQD�OR�GHFUHWH��VLQR�SRUTXH�DVt�VH�QRV�KD�HQVHxDGR���4XH�H[LVWH�XQ�UHSUHVHQWDQWH�DTXt�HQ�HO�SODQR�ItVLFR�GH�OD�EHQGLWD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�HV�XQD�JUDQ�UHDOLGDG��<�pO��HQ�VX�PRPHQWR�\�D�VX�KRUD��OR�GDUi�D�FRQRFHU�S~EOLFDPHQWH��\��FUpDQOR�R�QR��QR�YLHQH�D�SHGLUOHV�GLQHUR��SDODFLRV��SOHLWHVtD��KRQRUHV��JORULDV��SHUJDPLQRV�H�LQVWLWXFLRQHV���$OJXQRV��HQ�IRUPD�GLIHUHQWH��DVt�OR�KDQ�KHFKR��\�TXH�SRU�FLHUWR�H[SORWDQ�VX�QRPEUH�VDJUDGR�SHFDQGR�KRUULEOHPHQWH�FRQWUD�HO�(63Ë5,78�6$172��3RUTXH�HO�QRPEUH�VDJUDGR��VL�DFDVR�HV�

Page 54: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

YiOLGR�R�YHUGDGHUR��GHEH�FRUUHVSRQGHU�FRQ�HO� UHVSHWR�GHO�6HJXQGR�0DQGDPLHQWR�GH� OD�/H\�'LYLQD�� �+RQUDUiV� D� WX� 3DGUH� \� D� WX�0DGUH��� (O� TXH� YXOJDUL]D� OD� HQVHxDQ]D�� TXLHQ� QR� HV�FDSD]�GH�JXDUGDU�(/�6(&5(72�0È6�3852�'(�/$�25'(1��VHD�DQDWHPD���'H�OD�PLVPD�IRUPD�QR�SLGR�TXH�PH�FUHDQ��QL�TXH�PH�VLJDQ��(VFXFKHQ�PL�YR]����HVFXFKHQ�HO�PHQVDMH��(VR�HV�WRGR��<�GHVGH�HO�FRPLHQ]R�OR�KH�GLFKR��(6�/2�0È6�,03257$17(���<�UHSLWR�OR�TXH�GLMH�HQ�PL�~OWLPR�PHQVDMH��QR�TXHUHPRV�FDXVDUOH�PiV�GRORU�\�VXIULPLHQWR�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG�FRQ�PiV�LPiJHQHV��/D�PtD�QR�HV�JUDWD��QR�HV�SHUIHFWD��QR�HV�LQIDOLEOH��6DQWR�VyOR�HV�'LRV��3HUIHFWR�VyOR�HV�'LRV��(O�6HxRU�HV�QXHVWUR�'LRV��e/�(6�(/�Ò1,&2�6(f25���<�RMDOi�TXH�WDQWR�VHJXLGRU�LQFDXWR�GH�WDQWRV�\�WDQWDV�SRU�DOOt��FRPSUHQGLHUDQ�HO�PHQVDMH���4XH�OD�SD]�GHO�&ULVWR�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�XVWHGHV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 55: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��8Q�VDOXGR�GH�SD]��DPRU�\�FRPSUHQVLyQ�SDUD�WRGRV��+HPRV�OHtGR�FRQ�LQWHUpV�HO�UHTXHULPLHQWR�GH�DOJXQRV�KHUPDQRV�DQKHODQGR�VDEHU�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�DOJXQD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�D�WUDYpV�GHO�KHUPDQR�2PDU�*���+HPRV�GH�LQIRUPDUOHV�D�WRGRV�TXH�GHWUiV�GHO�KHUPDQR�*��H[LVWH�WRGR�XQ�JUXSR�GH�SHUVRQDV�FRQ�PX\�EXHQDV�LQWHQFLRQHV��VLJXLHQGR�D�XQ�VHxRU�GH�DYDQ]DGD�HGDG��JQyVWLFR�PLVLRQHUR�PX\�DQWLJXR� HQ� &RORPELD� TXH�� GHVGH� ILQHV� GH� ORV� QRYHQWD�� VH� HQFXHQWUD� HQYLDQGR� PHQVDMHV�VXSXHVWDPHQWH� GHYHODGRV� SRU� HO�0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�� GHVGH� OD� FXDUWD� FRRUGHQDGD�R�GLPHQVLyQ��6HJ~Q�HO�VHxRU�HQ�PHQFLyQ��\�FRQ�OD�D\XGD�GH�XQ�VHxRU�&��/���SHUGyQHQQRV�SRU�QR�FLWDU� VX� QRPEUH��� HVWiQ� GLYXOJDQGR� GLFKRV�PHQVDMHV�� ORV� FXDOHV� WLHQHQ� FRPR� FDUDFWHUtVWLFD�TXH� HO� KHUPDQR� HQWUD� HQ� YHUGDGHUR� µWUDQFH¶�� SDUD� SRGHU� GDU� D� FRQRFHU�� FRQ� OHQJXDMH�PX\�SDUHFLGR�DO�0DHVWUR��VXV�VXSXHVWRV�PHQVDMHV���$O�PLVPR� WLHPSR��HQ�RWUR�PRPHQWR��RWUD�KHUPDQD�\�XQ�KHUPDQR�PiV�VLUYHQ�GH�µDQWHQDV¶�R�µFDQDOL]DGRUHV¶�GH�PHQVDMHV�GH�6$1$1'$��HO�&ULVWR��HO�FRPDQGDQWH�[�GHVGH�XQD�QDYH��HWF���3RU� FXDQWR� TXH� HVWRV�PHQVDMHV� FRQVWLWX\HQ� XQD� YHUGDGHUD� FRQWURYHUVLD� \� XQ� FRQWUDVHQWLGR�WRWDO�GH�OR�TXH�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�KD�HQVHxDGR��KHPRV�UHFLELGR�OD�LQGLFDFLyQ�SUHFLVD�GH�SDUWH�GH�ORV�0XQGRV�6XSHULRUHV�SDUD�KDFHU�XQ�OODPDGR�PX\�VHULR�D�WRGD�OD�FRPXQLGDG�JQyVWLFD��OD�FXDO�KDUi�TXH�FDGD�FXDO� MX]JXH�SRU�Vt�PLVPR�OD�FDOLGDG�GH�HVWRV�PHQVDMHV�\�VREUH� WRGR�� OD�FUHGLELOLGDG�\�HO�VHJXLPLHQWR�SUHFLVRV�D�RWRUJDU�D�HVWRV�PHQVDMHV���(Q�SULPHU�OXJDU��URJDPRV�D�WRGRV��OD�OHFWXUD�FRQFLHQ]XGD�\�D�IRQGR�GH�OD�REUD�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU� OODPDGD� �1RFLRQHV� IXQGDPHQWDOHV� GH� (QGRFULQRORJtD� \� &ULPLQRORJtD���HVSHFLDOPHQWH� HQ� HO� FDStWXOR� TXH� WUDWD� VREUH� OD�&ODULYLGHQFLD�� &RPR� VH� SRGUi� FRPSUREDU��SDUD� TXH� QR� VRODPHQWH� VH� FUHD�� HQ� GLFKD� REUD� HO� 0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� '(6$358(%$� <�'(6$&216(-$� 325� &203/(72� &5((5� (1� (63,5,7,67$6�� 0e',806��36(8'2&/$5,9,'(17(6��9,'(17(6��(7&���SRUTXH�FRQVWLWX\HQ�PDQLSXODFLRQHV�GH�PDJLD�QHJUD��SRU�SDUWH�GH�HQWLGDGHV�WHQHEURVDV�TXH�VH�KDFHQ�SDVDU�SRU�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO��R�SRU�FXDQWD�SHUVRQD�GLYLQD�VH�FUHDQ�ORV�\RHV�GH�HVWDV�SHUVRQDV���(Q� VHJXQGR� OXJDU�� URJDPRV� OD� OHFWXUD� GHO� OLEUR� GHO�0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO�³/D�5HYROXFLyQ� GH� OD�'LDOpFWLFD´��SDUD�TXH�HVWXGLDQGR�D�IRQGR�VH�FRPSUHQGD�GH�TXp�FRVDV�HV�FDSD]�HO�(*2�R�0Ë�0,602�� SDUD� HQJDxDU� D� ORV� LQFDXWRV�� (Q� GLFKR� OLEUR� VH� FRQWLHQHQ� ODV� FODYHV� SUHFLVDV� \�FLHUWDV�SDUD�QR�VHU�HQJDxDGRV�SRU�IDOVRV�SURIHWDV�\�YLGHQWHV�GH�WRGR�WLSR��(Q�WHUFHU�OXJDU��1,1*Ò1�$3$57$'2�'(�3,67,6�623+Ë$�DYDODQ�GLFKD�DFWLWXG�GHO�JUXSR�TXH�DFXHUSD�DO�6DPDHO�TXH�2��*��\�VX�JUXSR�SDWURFLQDQ��\D�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�TXH�RFXUUHQ�HQ�HO�3/(520$�QDGD�WLHQHQ�TXH�YHU�FRQ�HO�(*2��VLQR�FRQ�OD�&21&,(1&,$��<��VL�HO�VHxRU�*��VH�SURFODPD�GRUPLGR��OR�PLVPR�TXH�HO�VHxRU�PpGLXP�TXH�WUDQVPLWH�OD�HQVHxDQ]D�GH�HVWH�6DPDHO��DO� LJXDO� TXH� HO� VHxRU� &� �/�� ¢TXp� VHQWLGR� UHSUHVHQWD� TXH� 6$0$(/� $81� :(25�� XQ�683(5+20%5(��81�+20%5(�62/$5�� VH�YDOJD�GH�KRPEUHV� VLQ�FRQFLHQFLD�\� OR�SHRU�HQ�PDQRV�GH�VXV�HQWLGDGHV�WHQHEURVDV�TXH�D~Q�PRUDQ�HQ�VXV�FRUD]RQHV"�/D�FLHQFLD�JQyVWLFD�HV�SDUD�'(63(57$5�&21&,(1&,$��QR�SDUD�DGRUPHFHU�D~Q�PiV��SRU�OR�TXH� QXHYDPHQWH� ,19,7$026� $� 72'26�� ³0HGLWDG� SURIXQGDPHQWH�� PRULU� HQ� ORV� GHIHFWRV��FRPSUHQGHG�TXH�D�ORV�JUDQGHV�PLVWHULRV�QR�SRGHPRV�LU�FRQILDQGR�D�SLH�MXQWLOODV�HQ�KHUPDQRV�FX\RV�\RHV�GH�SRU�Vt�QR�QRV�RIUHFHQ�QLQJXQD�JDUDQWtD�´�

Page 56: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

$OJXQRV� PH� SRGUiQ� SUHJXQWDU�� µ¢<� XVWHG�� KHUPDQR�� TXp� JDUDQWtD� QRV� RIUHFH"¶� +HUPDQRV��6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU� KD� HVFULWR� HVDV� REUDV� TXH� KH� FLWDGR�� /D� HQVHxDQ]D� GHO� 0DHVWUR�FRPSUHQGLGD�\�SUDFWLFDGD�HV�OD�0(-25�*$5$17Ë$��³PRULU�HQ�ORV�GHIHFWRV��QDFHU�GH�QXHYR�\�VDFULILFDUQRV�SRU�OD�KXPDQLGDG�´�<�UHSHWLPRV�GH�QXHYR��³QDGLH�VH�KDFH�WUDVFHQGLGR�SRU�OR�TXH�RWURV�KDJDQ�R�GHMHQ�GH�KDFHU��HV� HO� WUDEDMR�SHUVRQDO�HO�TXH�QRV� OOHYD�GH� OD�PDQR�D� OD�UHYHODFLyQ�GH�ORV�JUDQGHV�PLVWHULRV�´��1RVRWURV�QR�SRGHPRV�FRQILDU�HQ�QLQJ~Q�KRPEUH��QR�YDOH�OD�SHQD����(V�HO�FDPLQR�GHO�&ULVWR�OR�~QLFR�TXH�QRV�SXHGH�DXWRUUHDOL]DU��&RQ� OD�FRQFLHQFLD�GH� OD� UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�RV� UHSLWR��³QR�FUHDQ�D�WDQWR�HPEDXFDGRU��TXH�RV�GLJD��µKH�DTXt�HO�&ULVWR��KH�DTXt��KH�DTXt¶���´�3RUTXH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�HVWi�DTXt�PLUiQGRQRV�\�HVSHUDQGR�TXH�KD\D�YDOLHQWHV�TXH�YD\DQ�FRQ� eO� D� ORV� PXQGRV� VXSHULRUHV� SDUD� VHU� LQVWUXLGRV� HQ� OD� 6DJUDGD� GRFWULQD� GHO� $GRUDEOH�6DOYDGRU�GHO�0XQGR���3D]�\�ELHQ�SDUD�WRGRV��GHVGH�PL�FRUD]yQ��8Q�6HUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV���

Page 57: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

6DELGXUtD�GH�OR�DOWR��$� WRGRV� ORV� KHUPDQRV� JQyVWLFRV�� XQ� DEUD]R� IUDWHUQDO� \� XQ� VDOXGR� GH� DPRU� \� FRQRFLPLHQWR�SDUD�WRGRV��/D�,JOHVLD�*QyVWLFD�HVWi�IRUPDGD�SRU�DOPDV�TXH�HVWiQ�OXFKDQGR�SRU�FRQTXLVWDU�VX�DOPD��HV�GHFLU� TXH� HVWiQ� UHJHQHUDQGR� VXV� DOPDV� HQ� ODV� DJXDV� SXUDV� GH� 9LGD�� HQ� DTXHOODV� TXH� OH�RIUHFLHUD�-HV~V�HO�*UDQ�0DHVWUR�D�OD�6DPDULWDQD���(VWDV�DOPDV�SURYLHQHQ�GH�WRGRV�ORV�FRQILQHV�GH�OD�WLHUUD��UD]DV��UHOLJLRQHV��PLOLWDQFLDV��HWF���\�VH� HQFXHQWUD� HQ� ORV� 0XQGRV� 6XSHULRUHV�� HQ� FX\R� 3UHWRU� VH� RILFLDQ� ORV� JUDQGHV� PLVWHULRV�GHYHODGRV�SRU�HO�0DHVWUR�-HV~V�HQ�ORV�SULPHURV����DxRV�SRVWHULRUHV�D�VX�UHVXUUHFFLyQ��\�SRU�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO����/D�,JOHVLD�*QyVWLFD�H[LJH�GLVFLSOLQD�\�DSHJR�D�OD�GRFWULQD�TXH�VH�HQFXHQWUD�HQ�OD�0Ë67,&$�683(5,25� 2%-(7,9$�� SURYHQLHQWH� GHO� &Ë5&8/2� 62/$5� &216&,(17(�� HV� GHFLU� GH� OD�*UDQ�)UDWHUQLGDG�2FXOWD�TXH�ULJH�D�OD�+XPDQLGDG�HQ�HO�SODQR�HVSLULWXDO��6L� VH� FRPSUHQGH� OR� TXH� HV� HO� 3/$12� (63,5,78$/�� D� QDGLH� OH� TXHGDUi� GXGD�� GH� TXH� VH�UHILHUH�D�ORV�GLVWLQWRV�QLYHOHV�GH�FRQRFLPLHQWR�TXH�\D�HO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�HQ�OD�H[SOLFDFLyQ�GH�OD�JQyVWLFD�OLWXUJLD�QRV�LOXVWUy��(O�FRQRFLPLHQWR�YXOJDU��HO�HOHYDGR�\�HO�FRQFLHQWH��(O�FRQRFLPLHQWR�YXOJDU�HV�DTXHO�TXH�HV�QHFHVDULR�SDUD�OD�,*/(6,$�)5$&$6$'$�<�$81�/$�,*/(6,$�0,/,7$17(��'HSHQGH�GH�WtWXORV�H[WHUQRV�SDUD�KDFHU�OOHJDU�HOHPHQWRV�GRFWULQDOHV�UHIHULGRV�~QLFDPHQWH�D�OD�35È&7,&$�3Ò%/,&$�2�(;7(51$�GH�ODV�IRUPDV�UHOLJLRVDV��3RU�HOOR��HO�EHQGLWR�3DEOR�GH�7DUVR�IXH�HO�DXWRU�GH�HVWD�IRUPD�S~EOLFD�R�H[WHUQD��HO�HQFDUJDGR�GH�GDUOH� IRUPD�D� OD� ,JOHVLD� JQyVWLFD� FRPSUHQVLEOH� D� ORV� JHQWLOHV� �WRGRV� ORV� RFFLGHQWDOHV� KDVWD�QXHVWURV�GtDV���\�QRV�LOXVWUy�TXH�OD�LJOHVLD�HVWDED�IRUPDGD�SRU�RELVSRV�\�VDFHUGRWHV���0DV� OD� LJOHVLD� 7ULXQIDQWH�� DTXHOOD� TXH� HVWi� IRUPDGD� SRU� ORV� *UDQGHV� 6HUHV� \D� LQLFLDGRV��DTXHOORV� TXH� \D� HVWiQ� HQ� ORV� 0,67(5,26�� HVRV� QR� SUHFLVDQ� GH� IRUPDV� H[WHUQDV�� VLQR�SHUWHQHFHQ�SRU�FRPSOHWR�DO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�HOHYDGR�\�FRQVFLHQWH��TXH�QDGD�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�OR�H[WHULRU��FRQ�OR�H[WHUQR��$OOt�VyOR�HO�0DHVWUR�R�*XU~��DOOt�VyOR�HO�*UDQ�3DWULDUFD��DOOt�VyOR�HO�6802�6$&(5'27(�-(6Ò6�(/�&5,672��(/�',9,12�$%(5$0(17+2��QRV�LQVWUX\HQ�HQ�OD�FRQFLHQFLD��FX\R�yUJDQR�GH�FRQWDFWR�\�H[SUHVLyQ�HV�HO�&25$=Ï1���(O�JQRVWLFLVPR�WLHQH�ELHQ�GHILQLGDV�VXV�HWDSDV�GH�DSUHQGL]DMH��PDV�YDOH�OD�SHQD�TXH�VX�HVWXGLR�VH�SURIXQGLFH�\�VH� OOHQH�GH� OD�/8=�� OD�FXDO�QRV� OOHYD�DO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�SOHQR��FXDQGR�KHPRV�SXULILFDGR�HO�FRUD]yQ�GH�ORV�DIHFWRV��DSHJRV��GH�ODV�WLQLHEODV�KRUURURVDV�GHO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR��GHO� \R� IDULVHR� \� GHO� \R� VDGXFHR�� GH� OD� VDQWXUURQHUtD� YDJD� H� LPSUHFLVD�� \� GH� OD� VDELKRQGH]�UHFDOFLWUDQWH��(O� HTXLOLEULR�HV� OD� UHJOD�\� HO� HVStULWX�GH� ORV�DFWRV�GH� OD�FRQFLHQFLD��3RU�HOOR��LQYLWDPRV�D�PHGLWDU��UHIOH[LRQDU��YRFDOL]DU��SUDFWLFDU��'HGLFDU�GH�OOHQR�D�OD�OHFWXUD�\�SUiFWLFD�GH�ODV�REUDV�GHO�EHQGLWR�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��&DGD�REUD�HVFULWD�SRU�eO�VRQ�PDQXDOHV�SDUD�OD�DXWRUUHDOL]DFLyQ���+D\�TXH�SUHSDUDUQRV�SDUD�TXH�HO�6HU� LQWHULRU�SURIXQGR�QRV�FRQGX]FD�SRU�HO�FDPLQR�GH� ORV�JUDQGHV�PLVWHULRV���8Q�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO�FRQ�WRGR�HO�FRUD]yQ��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 58: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�GLYHUVLGDG�HVWi�HQ�OD�8QLGDG�4XHULGRV�KHUPDQRV��XQ�VDOXGR�GH�SD]�\�DPRU�SDUD�VXV�QREOHV�FRUD]RQHV��(Q�HVWH�PHV�PDUDYLOORVR�HQ�TXH�FHOHEUDUHPRV�HO�QDWDOLFLR�HVSLULWXDO�GH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��OHV�HQYLDPRV�XQ�DEUD]R�OOHQR�GH�JR]R�IUDWHUQDO��(Q�OD�DQWLJ�HGDG��ORV�DQWLJXRV�3DGUHV�GH�OD�,JOHVLD��ILOyVRIRV�\�SHQVDGRUHV��VH�GLVSXWDEDQ�OD�FODULGDG�VREHUDQD�\�OD�OXFLGH]�GH�VXV�PHQWHV�SDUD�SRGHU�SURFODPDU�OD�YHUGDG��ORV�PLVWHULRV��OD�UHYHODFLyQ�GH�OR�RFXOWR��HO�HQWHQGLPLHQWR�GH�WRGR�OR�GLYLQR��HWF��0DV�HQ� OD�PHQWH�GH�'LRV�TXH�HV� OD�6835(0$�0$-(67$'��FDEtDQ� WRGDV� ODV�SRVLELOLGDGHV�SRUTXH�'LRV� VLHQGR�DPRU� \�PLVHULFRUGLD�� REUD� FRQ� LQWHOLJHQFLD�PDUDYLOORVD�� FRQ� VDELGXUtD�LQILQLWD��\�SHUPLWtD�TXH�WRGRV�DFHUWDUDQ�\�VH�HTXLYRFDUDQ�HQ�UHODFLyQ�FRQ�VX�FHUFDQtD��FRQ�HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�HQ�UD]yQ�GH�VXV�SRVLELOLGDGHV�GHO�6HU�LEDQ�FUHFLHQGR�GHELGR�D�VX�PLVPR�DPRU��2EYLDPHQWH�HVWR�QR�TXLHUH�GHFLU�TXH�VH�SHUPLWtD�SHQVDU�GH�WRGR��HTXLYRFDUVH�HQ�WRGR��\�KDFHU�PH]FODV�R�HQUHGRV�FRQ� OD� ILORVRItD�\� OD�DQWURSRORJtD��(Q�DOJXQRV�FDVRV��D�PHGLGD�FUHFLy�HO�LQWHOHFWR� WDPELpQ� DSDUHFLy� HO� RUJXOOR�� \� HQWRQFHV� 'LRV� VH� GLVWDQFLy� GH� VX� PDQLIHVWDFLyQ� R�UHYHODFLyQ�SXUD��SRUTXH�HO� RUJXOOR�\� HO� DPRU�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH� VRQ�GRV� FRVDV�TXH�QR�SXHGHQ�PH]FODUVH�� \� VRQ� LQFRPSDWLEOHV� HQWUH� Vt� GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�� 6LHQGR�GRV� IXHU]DV� FRQWUDULDV�� VRQ�H[FOX\HQWHV�� (O� KRPEUH� HQWRQFHV� DEDQGRQy� HO� DPRU� D� OD� FLHQFLD� \� D� OD� VDELGXUtD�� \� VH�SURFODPy�µVHPLGLyV¶�FRQ�HO�RUJXOOR�\�OD�YDQLGDG��1RVRWURV� KHPRV� GH� SHGLU� SHUGyQ� D� OD� KXPDQLGDG� DO� UHYHODU� FRVDV� VDQWDV�� R� DO� LQWHQWDU�H[SOLFDUODV�� SRUTXH� QR� TXHUHPRV� TXH� VH� IRUPHQ� LPiJHQHV�� VLQR� HQFRQWUDU� OD� YHUGDG�� \� OR�KDFHPRV�DFHUFiQGRQRV�DO�$PRU�TXH�HV�OD�PHMRU�IRUPD�GH�FRQRFLPLHQWR�\�VDELGXUtD��(O�DPRU�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG�HV�OR�TXH�QRV�XQH�D�OD�'LYLQLGDG��&XDQGR�H[LVWHQ�RUJXOORV��SRGHUHV��KHJHPRQtDV��HVFDODV��DSDUHFH�OD�IDOWD�GH�DPRU��<�SURFODPDUQRV�FRPR�~QLFRV�SRVHHGRUHV�GH�OD�YHUGDG�QR�VHUtD�DPRU��+HUPDQRV��HQ�OD�GLYHUVLGDG�HVWi�OD�8QLGDG��SHUR�FXDQGR�KD\�DPRU��$�OD�PiV�DOWD�UHYHODFLyQ�GH�ORV�PLVWHULRV�QR�SRGHPRV�OOHJDU�FRQ�ORV�SLHV�OOHQRV�GHO�ORGR�GH�OD�LQPXQGLFLD�GHO�RUJXOOR��3RU�HVR��ORV�PiV�JUDQGHV�VDELRV��ORV�YHUGDGHURV�PiUWLUHV��KDQ�PXHUWR�GHVSUHFLDGRV�SRU�OD�KXPDQLGDG��SRUTXH�OHV�LPSRUWy�PiV�HO�DPRU�TXH�OD�YDQLGDG���(V�DKRUD�LPSUHVFLQGLEOH�LPSUHJQDUVH�GH�DPRU�SDUD�FRPSUHQGHU�\�FRQRFHU�PiV�D�'LRV��6L� QR� OR� KDFHPRV�� ORV� 0DHVWURV� QR� SRGUiQ� FXPSOLU� OD� PLVLyQ� GH� UHVFDWDUQRV� GH� OD�FRQGHQDFLyQ�HWHUQD��(OORV��ORV�0DHVWURV�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD��6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�\�HO�&ULVWR�D�OD�FDEH]D��QRV�KDQ�GDGR�HQVHxDQ]DV�TXH�HVWiQ�DKt��HQ�ORV�OLEURV�PDUDYLOORVRV�TXH�HVFULELHURQ�R�TXH�GLFWDURQ�HQ�VX�pSRFD�D�ORV�HYDQJHOLVWDV��8QD�IRUPD�VXSHULRU�GH�HVSLULWXDOLGDG�YLHQH�HQ�FDPLQR��GRQGH�QR�H[LVWHQ�PiV�EDUUHUDV�QL�LQWHUPHGLDULRV�TXH�XQR�PLVPR�EXVFDQGR�D�'LRV�HQ�VX�LQWHULRU��/DYHPRV�QXHVWURV�SLHV�\�QXHVWUR�FRUD]yQ�HQ�OD�6DQJUH�GHO�&RUGHUR��HO�HYDQJHOLR�GHO�&ULVWR�HV�HO�HYDQJHOLR�GHO�$PRU��4XH�ODV�EHQGLFLRQHV�GH�'LRV�HVWpQ�FRQ�WRGRV��\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R���8Q�VHUYLGRU��

Page 59: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

8Q�PHQVDMH�FRQ�WRGR�UHVSHWR��8Q�6DOXGR�GH�3D]�\�ELHQ�SDUD�WRGRV��5HDOPHQWH� XQD� SHUVRQD� HV� SRU� VXV� DFWRV� OR� TXH� WDPELpQ� SXHGH� PHGLUVH� HQ� VXV� SDODEUDV��&XDQGR�DOJXLHQ�HV�FDSD]�GH� VHU� ILHO� \�GH�PRVWUDU�FRQ�SURGXFWRV�GHO�6HU�TXH�VH�DSHJD�D� OD�HQVHxDQ]D��QR�HQFXHQWUD�FDXVDV�R�PRWLYRV�GH�GLVFULPLQDUORV�SRU�HO�KHFKR�GH�QR�SHQVDU�FRPR�QRVRWURV��R�SRUTXH�UD]RQDGDPHQWH�SHQVDPRV�TXH�KD\�DOJXLHQ�PiV�TXH�PHUHFH�PpULWRV��0L�SHUVRQD�QDGD�YDOH��OR�TXH�YDOH�HV�PL�PHQVDMH��8QD�SHUVRQD�QR�HV�SRU�VX�QRPEUH�GH�SLOD�R�QRPEUH�VDJUDGR��OR�TXH�Vt�HV�FDSD]�GH�DFUHGLWDU�HQ�ORV�PXQGRV�VXSHULRUHV��/yJLFR��VL�QR�KD\�FRQFLHQFLD�� REYLDPHQWH� SRFD� FRPSUHQVLyQ� \� FRPSUREDFLyQ� KDEUi� GH� HVWR�� 6LQ� HPEDUJR�� HO�VHQWLGR� FRP~Q� HV�PDQGDWDULR�� ¢TXp� REMHWR� WLHQH� SRQHUQRV� HQ� FRQWUD� GH� TXLHQHV� GH� DOJXQD�PDQHUD�KDQ�OOHJDGR�D�OD�FRQILUPDFLyQ�GH�TXH�ORV�TXH�VH�LGHQWLILFDQ�FRPR�PDHVWURV�VRQ�IDOVRV�DXQTXH�HVR�QRV�GLVJXVWH"��5HDOPHQWH�OR�TXH�VH�GLVJXVWD�HV�HO�IDQDWLVPR�R�OD�LOXVLyQ�TXH�KHPRV�SXHVWR�HQ�HOORV��\�HVR�HV�WRGR��+HPRV�GLFKR�VLHPSUH�QR�KD\�TXH�VHJXLU�D�QDGLH��VLQR�TXH�VH�GHEH�YLYLU�OD�HQVHxDQ]D��TXH�HV�HQ�UHDOLGDG�OR�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH���/DV�UHDFFLRQHV�GHO�HJR�D�YHFHV�QR�ODV�UHFRQRFHPRV��R�PiV�ELHQ�ODV�MXVWLILFDPRV�FRPR�FHOR�R�ILGHOLGDG�D� OR�TXH�SHQVDPRV�R�FUHHPRV�HV�FLHUWR�R�YHUGDGHUR��3HUR�VL� OD�PLVPD�FRQFLHQFLD�QXHVWUD� HVWi� GRUPLGD�� SRFR� YDOH� TXH� OH� GHPRV� WRGD� OD� FUHGLELOLGDG� SRUTXH� ODV� DSDULHQFLDV�SXHGHQ�HQJDxDUQRV��(VR�PLVPR�KHPRV�SURPRYLGR�QRVRWURV�DO�FRQILUPDU�TXH�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�OR�TXH�EXVFD�VRQ�ILHOHV� \� OHJtWLPRV� KHUPDQRV� JQyVWLFRV� GHVSURYLVWRV� GH� SUHMXLFLRV� \� SHUMXLFLRV�� \� DELHUWRV� DO�WUDEDMR� \� DO� FDPLQR� VHJXUR�GH� OD� FDVWLGDG�� HQ�SHQVDPLHQWR�� SDODEUD� \� REUD�� 6LQ� tQIXODV� GH�JUDQGH]D��QL�GHOLULR�GH�TXH�VH�QRV�UHFRQR]FD�FRPR�JUDQGHV��(O� VHxRU� PDHVWUR� +�� 6�� X� 2�� 3��� FRPR� VH� KDFH� OODPDU�� GHILQLWLYDPHQWH� QR� HV� PDHVWUR����3UHVHQWD�XQ� VHVJR� ODPHQWDEOH� HQ� VX�GHVDUUROOR�� SXHV� WUDLFLRQy�� QL�PiV�QL�PHQRV�� TXH�D�XQ�DXWpQWLFR�0DHVWUR�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD��HO�0DHVWUR�*��.��(VWR�HVWi�GRFXPHQWDGR���3RU�OD�UD]yQ�TXH�IXHUD��OD�WUDLFLyQ�QR�WLHQH�H[FXVDV�MDPiV��(O�QRYHQR�FtUFXOR�GDQWHVFR�HV�HO�SUHPLR�GH�OD�WUDLFLyQ�HQ�WRGDV�VXV�IRUPDV��VHJ~Q�ODV�SDODEUDV�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU���&XDQGR�MXVWLILFDPRV�XQ�<2�GH�WDO�PDJQLWXG�HV�VHxDO�LQHTXtYRFD�GH�TXH�QR�KD\�FRPSUHQVLyQ��SUiFWLFD�\� ILGHOLGDG�FLHUWDV�D� OD�HQVHxDQ]D�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��8Q�\R�HV�XQ�\R��DXQTXH�ODV�MXVWLILFDFLRQHV�ODV�SLQWHPRV�GH�OD�IRUPD�PiV�YDOHGHUD�SRVLEOH��1RVRWURV�FRPSUHQGHPRV�TXH�SRGHPRV�DSUHFLDU�D� ODV�SHUVRQDV�HQ�KRQRU�D� VX� WUDEDMR��D� VX�ODERU��SHUR�FXDQGR�pVWD�VH�PDQLILHVWD�FRQWDPLQDGD�SRU�DOJR�WDQ�JUDYH�FRPR�OD�WUDLFLyQ��SRU�PXFKR�TXH�VHD�OD�ODERU��pVWD�VHUi�HQ�YDQR���/R�LPSRUWDQWH�HV�OD�REUD��/R�LPSRUWDQWH�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�HV�OD�DFFLyQ��<�VL�WRGD�EXHQD�REUD�VH�KDFH� FRQ� 385(=$� <� /,03,(=$� '(� &25$=Ï1�� REYLDPHQWH� KDEUHPRV� DFWXDGR� FRQ�ILGHOLGDG�� SHUR� VL� KHPRV� GHMDGR� LU� OD� FHQL]D� GH� XQ� <2�� LQGXGDEOHPHQWH� WDO� REUD� HV� \� VHUi�VLHPSUH��PDOD�VHPLOOD���&RQ�ODV�PHMRUHV�EHQGLFLRQHV��SD]�D�ORV�KHUPDQRV�JQyVWLFRV��8Q�VHUYLGRU��

Page 60: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

$�WRGDV�ODV�OLVWDV��+HUPDQD�9LYLDQD�(VWHU�*RQ]iOH]�GH�*KLR��5HVSHWDGD�KHUPDQD��3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��5HDOPHQWH� ODPHQWDPRV� VX� GLVJXVWR� \� FRPSUHQGHPRV� VXV� UD]RQHV�� ODV� FXDOHV� KXPLOGHPHQWH�UHFLELPRV� FRQ� HO� PLVPR� UHVSHWR� FRQ� TXH� KLFLPRV� OOHJDU� QXHVWUD� DFODUDFLyQ�� \D� TXH� DVt� HV�SUHFLVR�SDUD�OD�RULHQWDFLyQ�GH�ODV�SHUVRQDV�TXH�FRPSRQHQ�ODV�OLVWDV�JQyVWLFDV��+HPRV� KDEODGR� FRQ� OD� YHUGDG� \� HVR� KD� FDXVDGR� YXHVWUR� GLVJXVWR�� \� OR� DFHSWDPRV� GH� WRGR�FRUD]yQ�� (V� LPSRVLEOH� UHDOPHQWH� KDVWD� UD]RQDU� ELHQ� FXDQGR� HO� HJR� VH� UHVLVWH� D� DFHSWDU�DOJXQDV�FRVDV��\�HVR�HV�QDWXUDO��(VWDPRV�EDWDOODQGR�WRGRV�DO�PLVPR�QLYHO��SRU�PXFKR�TXH�PH�HQGRVH�µTXH�VR\�XQ�PXHUWR�YLYLHQWH¶��/DPHQWDEOHPHQWH�HV�XQD�YHUGDG�TXH�HO�PLVPR�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�HQGRVD�D�WRGD�OD�+XPDQLGDG��LQFOX\HQGR� ORV�*UDQGHV�0DHVWURV� FXDQGR� WLHQHQ� HO� HJR� HQFDUQDGR�� \�PLHQWHQ� \� WUDLFLRQDQ��HQJDxDQ�\�FRQIXQGHQ��VDFDQ�SDUWLGR�GH�VXV�µYDQLGDGHV�WLWXODGDV¶�R�SRU�WLWXODU��0DQLSXODQGR�ODV�PHQWHV�DMHQDV�\�FRQGHQDQGR�DO�HJRtVPR�\�D�OD�LJQRUDQFLD�WRWDO�D�OD�SREUH�KXPDQLGDG��6yOR�OH�SHGLUtD�TXH��SRU�IDYRU��QR�YXHOYD�D�UHHQYLDU�PLV�PHQVDMHV��\D�TXH�REYLDPHQWH�HV�XQD�ODERU�TXH�QR�YD�HQ�FRQFRUGDQFLD�FRQ�YXHVWUDV�LGHDV��\��GHVGH�HO�LQLFLR��QRV�RSXVLPRV�D�HOOR�SRU� OD� GLVSDULGDG� GH� FULWHULRV� FRQ� TXH� VXHOH� FRQWUDGHFLUVH�� \D� TXH� SDUHFLHUD� HQ� XVWHG�FRH[LVWLU�GRV�SHUVRQDV�GLVWLQWDV��FXDQGR�QR�PiV��SRUTXH��HQ�XQRV�FRUUHRV��PH�KD�VROLFLWDGR�VHU�PL� SRUWDYR]�� \�� HQ�RWURV�� FRPR� HO� GH� KDFH�XQRV� GtDV��PH� HQGLOJD� LQVXOWRV� HQ� IRUPD� WDQ�DJUHVLYD�TXH��SRU�XQ�PRPHQWR��SHQVp�TXH�VH�WUDWDED�GH�DOJXLHQ�VXSODQWDQGR�OD�SHUVRQD�VX\D�WUDV�VX�PLVPD�LGHQWLGDG���6L� pVH� IXHUD� HO� FDVR�� HV� ODPHQWDEOH�� 3HUR�� VL� QR� OR� HV�� QXHYDPHQWH� OH� KDJR� YHU� OD� HQRUPH�QHFHVLGDG�GH�TXH�VDQH�VX�DOPD�� OD�FXDO�SRGUtD�HVWDU�FD\HQGR�HQ�QLYHOHV�SHOLJURVRV�SDUD�VX�FRQFLHQFLD��\�FRPR�KHUPDQR�\�0DHVWUR��QR�SXHGR�VHU� LQGLIHUHQWH�D�HVD�VLWXDFLyQ��\D�TXH� OH�DPDPRV� \� DFHSWDPRV� WDO� FXDO� HV�� 3HUR�� WDPELpQ� VHQWLPRV� OD� UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�� PiV� TXH� GH�FRQGHQDUOD� \� MX]JDUOD�� GH� DSHODU� D� VX� HVHQFLD� SDUD� TXH� VH� DFHUTXH� GH� QXHYR� D� QXHVWUR�FRUD]yQ�\�UHFLED�ORV�HIOXYLRV�FXUDWLYRV�TXH�QHFHVLWD�SDUD�ELHQ�GH�VX�DOPD���8Q�DOPD�TXH�HVWi�FRQWDPLQDGD�FRQ�LGHDV�HTXLYRFDGDV��FLHUWDPHQWH�FRPHWH�HUURUHV�WHUULEOHV�\�KDFH�\�GLFH�FRVDV�TXH�HO�HJR�SURYRFD��0DV�OD�HVHQFLD�UHVSODQGHFH�KHUPRVD�\�SXHGH��VL�DVt�OR�TXLHUH��UHFXSHUDU�VX�VDOXG�FRQ�XQD�JRWD�GH�DPRU�\�FRPSUHQVLyQ�FRPR�OD�TXH�OH�EULQGDPRV��(Q� UHDOLGDG�� WRGD� OD� KXPDQLGDG�� LGHQWLILFDGD� SRU� HO� IDQDWLVPR� DO� VHJXLU� D� PHQVDMHURV�HUUDGRV��FDH�HQ�H[WUHPRV�GH�DSOD]DU�VX�WUDEDMR�HVSLULWXDO�\�VH�FRQGHQD�D�Vt�PLVPD�D�YLYLU�HQ�ORV�ODEHULQWRV�WHUULEOHV�GH�OD�PDTXLQDFLyQ�GHO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR���<��HQ�HVH�SODQR��FRPR�KHUPDQR�YXHVWUR�� UHDOPHQWH�QR� WHQJR�YHQWDMD�DOJXQD��(VWDPRV�HQ� OD�PLVPD�EDWDOOD�GLDULD�FRQWUD�HO�Pt�PLVPR��\�HO�TXH�VH�DXWRGHQRPLQH�PDHVWUR�\� OOHQR�GH� OX]��TXH� UHDOPHQWH� DFHSWH� TXH�QR�SXHGH�KDEHU� OX]� DOJXQD� FXDQGR�MXVWLILFDPRV� HUURUHV� SDVDGRV��SUHVHQWHV�\�IXWXURV��\�HQJDxDPRV�D�ORV�GHPiV�REOLJiQGRORV�D�PDQWHQHU�XQD�PLOLWDQFLD�TXH�D�QDGD�QRV�FRQGXFH��SRUTXH�OD�ILQDOLGDG�GHO�JQRVWLFLVPR�VDPDHOLDQR�HV�OD�PXHUWH�GHO�Pt�PLVPR�\�HO�GHVSHUWDU�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD���

Page 61: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

8Q�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO�GHVGH�HO� IRQGR�GH�QXHVWUR�FRUD]yQ��SDUD�HO�FXDO��KD\�XQ�OXJDU�OOHQR�GH�FRPSDVLyQ�\�GH�IXHQWH�LQDJRWDEOH�GH�JR]R�\�SHUGyQ�DXQ�SDUD�TXLHQHV�QRV�PDOGLFHQ�FXDQGR�FXPSOLPRV�QXHVWUD�PLVLyQ���8Q�DEUD]R�IUDWHUQDO�SDUD�WRGRV��8Q�VHUYLGRU����UHVSXHVWD�D�UHDFFLRQHV�SURGXFLGDV�DQWH�OD�GLYXOJDFLyQ�GHO�PHQVDMH��WLWXODGR�³XQ�PHQVDMH�FRQ�WRGR�UHVSHWR´��

Page 62: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0RULU��5HVXFLWDU��1DFHU�GH�QXHYR�\�$VFHQGHU�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��OD�SD]�GH�QXHVWUR�6HxRU�',26��HVWp�FRQ�XVWHGHV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��0RULU�UHSUHVHQWD�HQ�UHDOLGDG�XQ�WUDEDMR�GH�WLWDQHV��0RULU�HQ�ORV�GHIHFWRV��DSHJRV��YDQLGDGHV��RUJXOORV�� WUDGLFLRQHV�� KiELWRV� \� FRVWXPEUHV�� (VWD� FXHVWLyQ� QR� UHSUHVHQWD�� HQ�PRGR� DOJXQR��DOJR�PX\�VHQFLOOR�R�IiFLO��SRUTXH�HVD�VLWXDFLyQ�VH�KD�JHVWDGR�GXUDQWH�VLJORV��GHVGH�OD�SULPHUD�YH]� TXH� YLQLPRV� DO� PXQGR�� LQFOX\HQGR� D� RWUDV� UD]DV� \� pSRFDV�� 0LOHV� GH� DxRV� GH�HTXLYRFDFLRQHV� YXHOYH� LPSRVLEOH� HQXPHUDU� ODV� IDOODV�KXPDQDV��6RQ� WDQWDV� FRPR� ODV�DUHQDV�GHO� PDU�� 7RGR� HOOR� KD� LGR� SURFHViQGRVH� HQ� QXHVWUD� VLPLHQWH�� HQ� OD� VDQJUH�� D~Q� HQ� OD�FRQFLHQFLD� OyJLFDPHQWH��\�SRU� OR� WDQWR��HO�DOWR�JUDGR�GH�µFRQWDPLQDFLyQ�SVtTXLFD¶�KDFH�TXH�VHD�PX\�H[LJHQWH�HO�WUDEDMR�GH�OD�PXHUWH�GHO�Pt�PLVPR��6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU�� HO� PiV� JUDQGH� 0DHVWUR� GHO� VLJOR� ;;�� H� LQFOXVR� GHO� VLJOR� ;;,�� FRQ� VX�H[WUDRUGLQDULD� VDELGXUtD� GHMy� LQYDOXDEOHV� FODYHV� HQ� VXV� OLEURV�PDUDYLOORVRV�� HVSHUDQGR� VHU�DSURYHFKDGRV� SRU� ORV� GLYLQRV� \� ORV� KXPDQRV�� \D� TXH� WRGRV� SRU� LJXDO�� WDQWR� DVWURV� FRPR�SHTXHxRV�SODQHWDV��VRPRV�FDUQH�\�WHQWDFLyQ�FRQVWDQWHV��/D�PXHUWH� HQ� WRGRV� ORV� SODQRV� FRQFLHQWLYRV� HV� XQ� DFWR� GH� UHQXQFLD� KHURLFD�� HV� XQ� DFWR� GH�YDOHQWtD�VXSUHPD��HV�HO�JHVWDGRU�GH� OXFHV�SRU�H[FHOHQFLD�� ,QFXHVWLRQDEOHPHQWH�� OD�VDELGXUtD�GHSRVLWDGD�HQ�ODV�REUDV�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�QRV�GDQ�GRV�IRUPLGDEOHV�JDQDQFLDV�SUiFWLFDV��D��/D�DFHSWDFLyQ�SUHFLVD�GH�QXHVWUD�VLWXDFLyQ��E��/D�RSFLyQ�GHO�FDPELR�UDGLFDO��5HVXFLWDU�GH�HQWUH�ORV�µPXHUWRV�YLYLHQWHV¶�HV�DVFHQGHU�SRU�OD�HVFDOD�DQJpOLFD�GH�-$&2%��(VH�WUDEDMR� DOTXtPLFR�� HVWi� JUDEDGR� HQ� IRUPD� PDUDYLOORVD� HQ� HO� 021$67(5,2� '(� (/�(6&25,$/��REUD�PRQXPHQWDO�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�KXPDQR��GHO�HVRWHULVPR�SXUR��/D�(VFDOD�GH�-DFRE�HV�OD�(6&$/(5$�'(�/$�9,'$��7DQWR�OD�LQWHUQD��FRPR�HV�QXHVWUD�$53$�6$*5$'$��FRPR�OD�H[WHUQD��OD�GH�ORV�TXH�VH�VDOHQ�GH�OD�KRUL]RQWDO�\�SHQHWUDQ�D�OD�YHUWLFDO��&ODYH�PDMHVWXRVD�GHO�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�� HO�PiV�JUDQGH�DOTXLPLVWD�\� HVRWHULVWD�GH�HVWD�JHQHUDFLyQ�FDGXFD�\�GHJHQHUDGD���,QFXHVWLRQDEOHPHQWH� QR� FDEH� HQ� HVWH� DSRUWH� VHQFLOOR� GHVFULELU� OD� GRFWULQD� JLJDQWHVFD��+D\�TXH�SUHSDUDU�HO�FRUD]yQ�\�SXULILFDUOR�SDUD�EHEHU�GH�ODV�DJXDV�SUtVWLQDV�GH�VDELGXUtD�GH�ORV�DXWpQWLFRV�*85Ò6�GHO�5D\R�GHO�$PRU�\�GH�OD�&LHQFLD���(O�1$&(5�'(�18(92�HV�HO�1$&,0,(172�'(/�&5,672��HO�FXDO�RFXUUH�HQ�HO�SHVHEUH�GHO�FRUD]yQ� GHO�081'2�� DUUHSHQWLGR� GH� VXV� YDQLGDGHV�� RUJXOORV�� VREHUELDV� \� DERPLQDFLRQHV��1DFHU� HQ� HO� YLHQWUH� GH� OD� %HQGLWD� 'LRVD� 0DGUH� GHO� 0XQGR� HV� XQ� PLVWHULR� SDUD� ORV�&ULVWLILFDGRV��DTXHOORV�TXH�UHQXQFLDURQ�D�WRGD�IRUPD�GH�)251,&$&,Ï1��ODVFLYLDV��RUJXOORV��YDQLGDGHV��PDOHGLFHQFLD��LQIUDVH[XDOLGDG��HWF���$6&(1'(5�� SDUD� HOOR�� OD� 0$'5(� ',9,1$� HV� PX\� H[LJHQWH�� 1R� WRGRV� ORV� %XGKDV� VH�FRQYHUWLUiQ�HQ�'\DQL�%XGKDV��1R�WRGRV�ORV�%RGGKLVDWZDV�VH�OHYDQWDUiQ��1R�WRGRV�ORV�FKHODV�SRGUiQ�DVSLUDU� VLTXLHUD�HO� VHU�$6&(1','26��/D�PHQWH�QR�DVFLHQGH�D�QDGLH��/D�PHQWH�QR�UHDOL]D� D� QDGLH�� (O� PHQWDOLVPR�� OOiPHVH� HVSLULWXDOLVPR� R� PHWDItVLFD�� FRQGXFWLVPR� R�SVLFRDQiOLVLV�� MDPiV�KDQ�KHFKR�D�QDGLH�$87255($/,=$'2��(O�SODQR�GHO�UD]RQDPLHQWR�HV�GLVWLQWR�DO�GHO�6(5��(O�6HU�HV�OD�&21&,(1&,$��(O�6HU�HV�OD�YR]�GH�'LRV��(O�UD]RQDPLHQWR�HV�

Page 63: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

OD� YR]� GH� OD�PHQWH� \� HO� LQWHOHFWR�� \� FRQ�XQ�SRFR�GH�(*2�� VH� SXHGH� FRQYHUWLU� HQ� OD� YR]� GHO�6$7È1�,17(5,25��$VFHQGHU�HV�FDUGLQDO�\�QHFHVDULR��PDV�HVWR�QR�VHUtD�SRVLEOH�VLQ�HO�$025�HQFDUQDGR�TXH�HV�QXHVWUD� 0$'5(� ',9,1$�� (OOD�� OD� JUDQ� ,QLFLDGRUD�� QRV� HQVHxD� D� SHUGRQDU�� D� ROYLGDU�� D�WROHUDU��D�FRPSUHQGHU��\�D�VHJXLU�DPDQGR�D�SHVDU�GH�WRGR�D�ORV�GHPiV��2IUHFHPRV� DPRU�� RIUHFHPRV� OD� SRFD� OX]� TXH� VH� QRV� SHUPLWH� GDU�� RIUHFHPRV� QXHVWUD� PDQR�FRPR�DPLJRV�\�KHUPDQRV�HQ�OD�VHQGD��$PDPRV�D�WRGRV�VLQ�GLVWLQFLyQ��SRUTXH�SDUD�'LRV�ODV�RSRUWXQLGDGHV�VRQ�SDUD�WRGRV�VXV�KLMRV��\�QRVRWURV�VLHQGR�VXV�KLMRV�GHEHPRV�EXVFDU�LPLWDUOH�\�VHJXLUOH��0L�JUDWLWXG�LQPHQVD�SDUD�PL�KHUPDQR�-RVp�0DQXHO�0DUWtQH]��D�TXLHQ�IXL�\R�TXLHQ�OH�SLGLy�PH�VLUYLHUD�GH�PHQVDMHUR��\D�TXH�pO�QR�VH�KD�RIUHFLGR��VLQR�TXH�\R�VH�OR�KH�SHGLGR�\�OH�DJUDGH]FR�VX�SDFLHQFLD�\�VX�DFRPSDxDPLHQWR�OHDO�HQ�HVWH�GXUR�FDPLQR���&RQ�PL�PHMRU�DPRU�SDUD�WRGRV��HVSHFLDOPHQWH�SDUD�+HQU\�0DQ]XHWD�\�9LYLDQD��PLV�DPLJRV�\�KHUPDQRV��GHVGH�HO�IRQGR�GH�PL�FRUD]yQ�XQ�DEUD]R�VLQFHUR�\�IUDWHUQDO��8Q�VHUYLGRU����UHVSXHVWD�D�UHDFFLRQHV�SURGXFLGDV�DQWH�OD�GLYXOJDFLyQ�GHO�PHQVDMH��WLWXODGR�³XQ�PHQVDMH�FRQ�WRGR�UHVSHWR´��

Page 64: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�GHVSHUWDU�\�HO�SHQVDU�4XHULGRV�KHUPDQRV��OD�SD]�GHO�6HxRU�(O�&ULVWR�VHD�FRQ�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�HO�HVStULWX�WX\R��+HUPDQRV��(Q�HVWRV�WLHPSRV�GH�FULVLV�HV�PX\�GLItFLO�GHVSHUWDU��1XHVWUR�*UDQ�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�QRV�SLGLy�025,5�HQ�ORV�GHIHFWRV��DPDU�LQWHQVDPHQWH�D�OD�0DGUH�'LYLQD��VHU�ILHOHV�DO�*85Ò�,17(5,25�� UHVSHWDU� OD� 9ROXQWDG� GHO� 3DGUH�� HQFDUQDU� OD� YROXQWDG� GHO� 3DGUH�� VHJXLU� FRQ�ILGHOLGDG�FRQ�OD�FUX]�GLDULDPHQWH��\�VDFULILFDUQRV�FRQ�YHUGDGHUR�DPRU�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��6L� VH� OHHQ� \� VH� FRPSUHQGHQ� VXV� OLEURV�� HQFRQWUDUHPRV�PXFKDV� FODYHV�PDUDYLOORVDV�TXH�QRV�SXHGHQ�D\XGDU�HQ�IRUPD�H[WUDRUGLQDULD��0iV�TXH�FRPR�PLVLRQHUR��OHV�KDEOR�FRPR�FRPSDxHUR�GH�OD�VHQGD��OXFKDQGR�GtD�D�GtD��SDUD�HQFRQWUDU�VLHPSUH�HO�UXPER�TXH�QRV�OOHYH�GH�UHJUHVR�D�QXHVWUR�3DGUH��1R�SXHGH�KDEHU�PtVWLFD�YHUGDGHUD��VL�QR�KD\�DPRU�HQ�QXHVWURV�FRUD]RQHV��\� WDPSRFR�VL�QR�FRQWURODPRV�QXHVWURV�SHQVDPLHQWRV�\�QXHVWUD�PHQWH��(Q�HOORV�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ�HQUDL]DGRV�GHVGH�KDFH�PXFKtVLPR�WLHPSR�ODV�IRUPDV�UHWDUGDWDULDV�SDUD�HO�DYDQFH�HVSLULWXDO�TXH�WDQWR�SUHFLVD�QXHVWUD�FRQFLHQFLD��&RPSUHQGHPRV� FXDQGR� QRV� HVFULEHQ� TXH� HV� PX\� GLItFLO� GHVSHUWDU�� 3HUR� WDPELpQ� KD\� TXH�UHFRQRFHU� TXH� HV� GLItFLO� GHVSHUWDU�� SRUTXH� DKRUD� HV� D~Q� PiV� GLItFLO� 025,5� (1� /26�'()(&726��/D�HVSHFLH�KXPDQD�VH�KD\D�GHPDVLDGR�LGHQWLILFDGD�FRQ�OD�PDWHULD��/D�HVSHFLH�KXPDQD� WRGD�HVWi�GHJHQHUDGD�\� FRUUXSWD��3DUD�FUHDU� ORV�YHKtFXORV� VRODUHV�FHOHVWLDOHV�� KD\�TXH�025,5�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�D�WRGR�OR�TXH�KXHOD�D�PDWHULD��,QFXHVWLRQDEOHPHQWH�TXH�HVR�DKRUD�HV�PXFKR�PiV�GLItFLO��1L�VLTXLHUD�KHPRV�DSUHQGLGR��\�OR�GLJR�SRU�DOJXQRV��D�SRQHU�HQ�EODQFR�OD�PHQWH��SDUD�DSURYHFKDU�DO�Pi[LPR�OD�PHGLWDFLyQ��1L�VLTXLHUD� VRPRV� FDSDFHV� GH� UHIOH[LRQDU�� PXFKR� PHQRV� D� GHWHQHUQRV� D� UHFDSDFLWDU� HQ� ORV�DOFDQFHV�GH�QXHVWURV�KHFKRV�\�GH�QXHVWURV�SHQVDPLHQWRV�\�GHFLVLRQHV���$WUDSDGRV�FRPR�HVWDPRV�HQ�ORV�GHIHFWRV��HQ�HO�Pt�PLVPR��VH�YXHOYH�FDVL�LPSRVLEOH�025,5�\�SRU�HQGH�'(63(57$5��+D\�TXH�KDFHU�YDULDV�FRVDV�HQ�QXHVWUR�LQWHULRU��'HEHPRV�VDEHU�TXH�',26�HVWi�HQ�QRVRWURV��\�SRU�HOOR�FRUUHVSRQGH�WHQHU�FRQWHQWR�D�QXHVWUR�6HxRU�LQWHULRU��D�QXHVWUR�&ULVWR�ËQWLPR��(VR�QR�VHUtD�SRVLEOH�VL�QR�KD\�DXWR�REVHUYDFLyQ��VL�QR�KD\�GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�HO�DQKHOR�WDQ�VLTXLHUD�GH�PRULU�HQ�Vt�PLVPRV���'HEHPRV�WDPELpQ�DX[LOLDUQRV�FRQ�OD�0DGUH�'LYLQD��VLHQGR�EXHQRV�KLMRV��(OOD�SRU�PHGLR�GH�QXHVWUD� PLVPD� FDVWLGDG�� HQ� SHQVDPLHQWR�� SDODEUD� \� REUD�� WHUPLQD� FRQ� ODV� IXQHVWDV�FRQVHFXHQFLDV�GHO�yUJDQR�.XQGDUWLJXDGRU��ODV�FXDOHV�VRQ��LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�\�PDWHULDOLVPR��ORV�HQHPLJRV�RFXOWRV�GH�QXHVWUR�PRULU�\�GH�QXHVWUR�GHVSHUWDU��3HQVDU� GH� QRVRWURV� TXH� VRPRV� OR�PHMRU� R� OR�Pi[LPR�� TXH� QR� HVWDPRV� HUUDGRV�� TXH� \D� QR�WHQHPRV�QDGD�TXH�DSUHQGHU��TXH�GHEHPRV�VHJXLU�UXWDV�HTXLYRFDGDV�VLQ�OD�PtVWLFD�SUHFLVD�GH�025,5�(1�/$�&58=�72'26�/26�'Ë$6��HV�HQJDxDUQRV�WHUULEOHPHQWH��+HUPDQRV��6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�HVWi�FRQ�QRVRWURV��QRV�HVFXFKD�\�QRV�DVLVWH�VL�VRPRV�WDPELpQ�ILHOHV� FXPSOLGRUHV� GH� OD� GRFWULQD�� VLHQGR� ILHOHV� DO� 3DGUH� 'LYLQR� \� DPRURVRV� FRQ� QXHVWUD�0DGUH�6DQWtVLPD��

Page 65: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

+D\� TXH� VHQWLU� DPRU� SRU� OD� KXPDQLGDG�� \� HO� IUXWR� VXSHULRU� GHO� DPRU� QRV� KDFH� WUDVFHQGHU�OH\HV��\�SDUD�'LRV�HQWRQFHV�HV�SRVLEOH�HQYLDUQRV� VXV�GRQHV�HVSLULWXDOHV�TXH� VH� WUDGXFHQ�HQ�GHVSHUWDU��HQ�FRQFLHQFLD��VL�PRULPRV�WRGRV�ORV�GtDV�HQ�HO�Pt�PLVPR��+D\�XQD�JUDQ�UHODFLyQ�GH�WUDEDMR�tQWLPR�FRQ�HO�SURJUHVR�FDSLWDO�GH�PRULU�HQ�ORV�GHIHFWRV��<�UHSLWR�FRQ�KXPLOGDG�XQD�IUDVH�DPRURVD�TXH�QXHVWUD�0$'5(�/,7(/$17(6�QRV�GLMR�PXFKDV�YHFHV���/D�IH�\�OD�SHUVHYHUDQFLD�QR�QRV�GHEHQ�IDOWDU�MDPiV���4XH� OD� SD]� UHLQH� HQ� YXHVWURV� FRUD]RQHV� \� QXHVWUR�3DGUH�6DQWtVLPR�\� OD�%HQGLWD�0DGUH�� RV�DVLVWDQ�VLHPSUH��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 66: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�GLIHUHQFLD�(VWLPDGR�KHUPDQR�+HQU\�0DQ]XHWD��0LV� yUGHQHV� VRQ� SUHFLVDV�� GDUiV� XQ� PHQVDMH� \� HVR� HV� WRGR�� 1R� KHPRV� YHQLGR� D� UHFODPDU�LQVWLWXFLRQHV��QL� WDPSRFR�GLH]PRV��SHRU�D~Q�D� IXQGDU�QXHYDV� LQVWLWXFLRQHV�\�D�HQJDxDU�D� OD�KXPDQLGDG�SDUD�TXH�QRV�VLJDQ��'XUR� HQFDUJR�� SRUTXH� GHVGH� HO� VLOHQFLR� R� DQRQLPDWR� FRPR� XVWHG� PH� HQURVWUD�� QR� WHQJR�RSFLRQHV��\D�TXH�VR\�UHVSHWXRVR�GH�OR�TXH�PH�KDQ�GDGR�FRPR�RUGHQ��0H�LQVXOWDQ�WDPELpQ�SRU�GHFLU�TXH�VR\�0DHVWUR�GH�0LVWHULRV�0HQRUHV��FRPR�VL�HVR�IXHUD�XQD�YHUJ�HQ]D� R� SHFDGR�� R� SHRU� D~Q� FRPR� VL� IXHUD� XQ� GHOLWR�� $ILUPR� OR� TXH� VR\�� SRUTXH� HV� OR�~QLFR� TXH� SXHGR� RIUHFHU� GH� JDUDQWtD� \� SRUTXH� HO� VHQWLGR� GH� KXPLOGDG�PH� REOLJD� D� GHFLU��³KHUPDQRV� QR� VR\� QDGLH� JUDQGH�� VR\� LQGLJQR�� WHQJR� HJR� TXH� GHER� D~Q� YHQFHU� \� FRPEDWLU��SRUTXH�OD�PD\RUtD�GH�PHQVDMHURV�HVWiQ�GHVDFUHGLWDGRV�GHELGR�D�TXH�KDEODQ�JUDQGH]DV�\�VH�DGRUQDQ�FRQ� WtWXORV�GH�QREOH]D´��0DV�VH�KDQ�ROYLGDGR�GH� OR�TXH�QRV�GLFHQ�D� WRGRV� ORV�TXH�SDVDPRV� SRU� OD� ,QLFLDFLyQ�� IUDVH� TXH� QR� YDPRV� D� UHSHWLU� SRUTXH� HV� SDUD� QXHVWUR� ,17,02�6$*5$'2��<R� D� GLIHUHQFLD� GH� DOJXQRV� VHxRUHV� PX\� UHVSHWDEOHV�� QR� YLYR� GH� OD� DGXODFLyQ�� QL� GH� OD�JUDQGH]D�DUULELVWD�GH�ORV�SRGHUHV�FRQFHGLGRV�SRU�OD�PLWRPDQtD�HQUDL]DGD�HQ�ORV�VHJXLGRUHV�HQJDxDGRV��TXH�ODVWLPRVDPHQWH�VRQ�XQD�LUUHVSRQVDELOLGDG�\�XQD�YHUGDGHUD�HVWDID�HVSLULWXDO��1R� SXHGR� RIUHFHU� WDPSRFR� SXHVWRV� GH� FRQILDQ]D�� \� PXFKR� PHQRV� LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV�FDSULFKRVDV�TXH�PH�IDYRUH]FDQ�\�TXH�PH�KDJDQ�JDQDU�SURVpOLWRV��SRUTXH�OD�PLVLyQ�PtD�HVWi�FODUD�� FRODERUDU� SDUD� TXH� HO� PHQVDMH� GH� 6DPDHO� $XQ� :HRU� VHD� UHVFDWDGR�� FRPSUHQGLGR��WUDQVSDUHQWH�� VLQ� DGRUQRV� QL� WURSLH]RV� QL� FRQGLFLRQHV� SUHVFULWDV� SRU� GRUPLGRV� TXH� VDFDQ�SDUWLGR� GH� WRGR� OR� TXH� QR� OHV� KD� FRVWDGR�� SHUR� H[SORWDQ� YDQLGRVDPHQWH� FRQ� HQJDxRV� ELHQ�IXQGDGRV�KDVWD�HO�LUUHVSHWR�PiV�JUDQGH�TXH�SRGHPRV�KDFHU�GH�OR�VDJUDGR��DWDFDU�D�KHUPDQRV�TXH� QL� VLTXLHUD� WLHQHQ� UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�� \� TXH� OyJLFDPHQWH� QR� SXHGHQ� GHIHQGHUVH� SRU� OD�SRVWXUD�WDQ�IDOWD�GH�FDULGDG�\�DPRU��'XUD� FUX]���� TXH� DFHSWDPRV� FRQIRUPHV�� SLGLpQGROH� DO� 3DGUH� TXH� QRV� Gp� OD� IRUWDOH]D� \� OD�HVSLULWXDOLGDG�VXILFLHQWH�SDUD�DPDU�\�SHUGRQDU�D�TXLHQHV�QRV�SHUVLJXHQ��\�OR�SHRU��SHUVLJXHQ�D�TXLHQHV�QRV�D\XGDQ�HQ�HVWH�FDOYDULR�QHFHVDULR��SRUTXH�ODV�FRVDV�KD\�TXH�GHFLUODV�GH�XQD�YH]�\�SDUD�VLHPSUH�FRPR�GHEH�GH�VHU��³KD\�TXH�YROYHU�DO�3DGUH�6DQWtVLPR��D�eO�VHD�OD�JORULD��D�eO�VHDQ�ODV�DODEDQ]DV��D�eO�VHD�QXHVWUD�V~SOLFD�\�QXHVWUD�ILGHOLGDG�´�/RV� KRPEUHV�� WRGRV�� FXDOTXLHUD� TXH� VHD�� iQJHO�� PDHVWUR�� PDUTXpV� R� GHPRQLR�� QR� YDOHPRV�QDGD��QR�VRPRV�QDGD��VRPRV�SROYR��VRPRV�FHQL]D��VRPRV�tQILPRV�DQWH�OD�*ORULD�'LYLQD��<�VL�SRU�GHFLU�HVWR��\D�TXH�GHEHPRV�025,5�(1�/$�&58=�'(/�&5,672�72'26�/26�'Ë$6��QRV�GLFHQ�OR�TXH�TXLHUDQ��ELHQ�YHQLGR�VHD��$O�KHUPDQR�-RVp�0DQXHO�0DUWtQH]�)HLWR��XQD�YH]�PiV�OH�GDPRV�ODV�JUDFLDV�SRU�HO�IDYRU�TXH�OH�KDFH�D�HVWH�PHQVDMH��1RVRWURV�QR�YDOHPRV�OD�SHQD��\�SDUD�VDWLVIDFFLyQ�GH�QXHVWUR�KHUPDQR�+HQU\�0DQ]XHWD��TXLHUR�GHFLUOH�TXH�VR\�XQD�SHUVRQD�FRP~Q��OXFKDQGR�FRPR�pO��(O� 3DGUH�� TXHULGR� KHUPDQR�� 'LRV� QXHVWUR� 6HxRU�� OD� MHUDUTXtD� 'LYLQD�� HO� &tUFXOR� 6RODU�&RQFLHQWH��OD�)UDWHUQLGDG�2FXOWD��HOORV�WLHQHQ�OD�OX]�TXH�WDQWR�DQKHOD��+D\�TXH�EXVFDUOD�FRQ�DPRU�� FRQ� UHVSHWR�� FRQ� OD� PXHUWH� GHO� <R�� SRUTXH� FRQ� ORV� SLHV� VLQ� ODYDU� HQ� OD� 6DQJUH� GHO�&RUGHUR��LPSRVLEOH�OOHJDU�D�OD�PLVHULFRUGLD�LQILQLWD�GHO�$PRU�'LYLQR��

Page 67: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

&RPSUHQGHPRV� TXH� ODV� DFFLRQHV� KDQ� VLGR� IRPHQWDGDV� SRU� HO� IDQDWLVPR� \� OD� LJQRUDQFLD��FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�TXH�QR�VyOR�XQRV�SDGHFHQ�VLQR�WRGRV��SRUTXH�ROYLGDPRV�OD�SUiFWLFD�GH�LUQRV�D�PHGLWDU�HQ�VLOHQFLR�SDUD�TXH�OD�YHUGDGHUD�OX]�LQWHULRU�QRV�FRQGX]FD�\�QR�HO�HJR�GHO�RUJXOOR�KHULGR���(O�DPRU�\�OD�VDELGXUtD�TXHGHQ�FRQ�WRGRV��\�TXH�HO�3DGUH�&HOHVWLDO�QRV�Gp�VXV�EHQGLFLRQHV�HQ�HVWD� KRUD� WUHPHQGD�� 'LULMDPRV� OD� PHMRU� DODEDQ]D� TXH� SRGHPRV� KDFHU� DO� 3DGUH�� D� 'LRV�QXHVWUR� 6HxRU�� FRPR� VRQ� QXHVWUDV� PHMRUHV� REUDV� GH� FDULGDG�� JHVWRV� GH� DPRU� SRU� OD�KXPDQLGDG��SRU�QXHVWURV�KHUPDQRV�TXH�WDQWR�OR�QHFHVLWDQ��<�QR�SHUGDPRV�HO�WLHPSR�DODEDQGR�R�DGXODQGR�D�JHQWH�FRPR�QRVRWURV��TXH�QR�YDOH� OD�SHQD��SRUTXH�HO�6HxRU�GH�0LVHULFRUGLDV��'LRV��HV�HO�~QLFR�TXH�PHUHFH�OD�JORULD��7RGD�URGLOOD�GyEOHVH�DQWH�'LRV��/RV�KXPDQRV��LQVLVWR��QR�YDOHPRV�OD�SHQD��<�RMDOi�TXH�DQWH�HO�QREOH�6HxRU�6DPDHO�SRGDPRV�HQWUHJDU�REUD�\�QR�WDQ�VyOR�EXHQDV�LQWHQFLRQHV���3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV�����UHVSXHVWD�D�UHDFFLRQHV�SURGXFLGDV�DQWH�OD�GLYXOJDFLyQ�GHO�PHQVDMH��WLWXODGR�³XQ�PHQVDMH�FRQ�WRGR�UHVSHWR´��

Page 68: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

$GYHQLPLHQWR�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��/X]�\�FRPSUHQVLyQ��DPRU�\�FRQRFLPLHQWR�GHO�FLHOR�YHQJDQ�SURQWR�SDUD�WRGRV��(O� SDQ� GHO� VDELR� HV� OD�PHGLWDFLyQ�� (VWD� HQVHxDQ]D� GHO�0DHVWUR� 6DPDHO� HV� HYLGHQWH� SRU� Vt�PLVPD��/D�PHGLWDFLyQ�QRV�LQVWUX\H��QRV�GD�HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�SUHFLVR�GH�Vt�PLVPRV��<�D�WUDYpV�GH�OD�PHGLWDFLyQ�SRGHPRV�ORJUDU�DFXPXODU�OD�HQHUJtD�SVtTXLFD�HQ�XQD�RFWDYD�VXSHULRU�SDUD�ORJUDU�PX\�SURQWR�HO�GHVSHUWDU��'HVSHUWDU�FRQFLHQFLD�HTXLYDOH�D�GHFLU�TXH�HVWDPRV�PXULHQGR�HQ�Vt�PLVPRV��(Q�HO�OXJDU�TXH�GHEHPRV�GHVSHUWDU�DQWHV�TXH�QDGD�HV�HQ�HO�081'2�)Ë6,&2��0XFKRV�FUHHQ�TXH�� SRUTXH� WLHQHQ� H[SHULHQFLDV� JUDQGLRVDV�� PDUDYLOORVDV� YLVWDV�� JORULDV� LQHIDEOHV� GH� ORV�FKLVSD]RV� YLYLGRV� FRQ� TXH� VRPRV� SUHPLDGRV� PiV� GH� DOJXQD� YH]�� \D� WLHQHQ� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�GHVSLHUWD��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�QRV�GLMR�TXH�HVR�HUD�DSHQDV�XQD�PLOORQpVLPD�SDUWH�GH�OR�TXH�SXHGH�ORJUDU�HO�YHUGDGHUR�,QLFLDGR�FRQ�FRQFLHQFLD�FRQWLQXD���4XLHQHV� GH� YH]� HQ� FXDQGR� WLHQHQ� OD� DOHJUtD� GH� WHQHU� HVRV� GHVWHOORV� GH� OX]� GH� ORV� PXQGRV�LQHIDEOHV�� TXH� QR� FDQWHQ� YLFWRULD� FUH\pQGRVH� D� Vt� PLVPRV� \� SRU� Vt� PLVPRV� TXH� VRQ�WUDVFHQGLGRV��/D�FRQFLHQFLD�FRQWLQXD��HVD�TXH�QRV�SHUPLWH�VDOLU�D�YROXQWDG�FRQFLHQWHPHQWH�HQ�FXHUSR�DVWUDO��HVD�HQHUJtD�GLYLQD�TXH�QRV�OOHYD�DO�PXQGR�GH�ODV�FDXVDV��HO�YHKtFXOR�DWyPLFR�TXH�QRV�OOHYD�DO�PXQGR�VXSUHPR�GH�OD�PHQWH�\�GH�ORV�%XGKDV��DTXHOORV�TXH�\D�KDQ�YLVWR�D�VX�3$'5(�62/$5�FRPSOHWDPHQWH�GHVSLHUWRV����HVRV�SXHGHQ�KDEODU�IUDQFDPHQWH�\�VLQ�DPEDJHV�GHO�YHUGDGHUR�GHVSHUWDU��/D�FRQFLHQFLD�FRQWLQXD�REMHWLYD�\�SHUIHFWD�HV�GH�ORV�TXH�KDQ�08(572�(9,'(17(0(17(�(1� 6Ë� 0,6026�� GH� ORV� TXH� WLHQHQ� DO� &5,672� (1&$51$'2�� GH� DTXHOORV� TXH� QR� KDQ�SLVRWHDGR� DO� &ULVWR� FRQ� RUJXOORV� YDQRV�� /RV� SHQVDPLHQWRV� SURIDQRV� \� ODV� YDQDV� SDVLRQHV��QDGD�WLHQHQ�TXH�YHU�FRQ�HO�HVRWHULVPR�FUtVWLFR�GHO�9(5%2�(1&$51$'2���£7~� TXH� KDV� VDOYDGR� D� RWURV�� ViOYDWH� \� ViOYDQRV� D� QRVRWURV� WDPELpQ���(Q� YDQR� JULWDUi� HO�0$/�/$'5Ï1�� HO� QHFLR�&$&2�DPHQD]DQWH� \� GLDEyOLFR�� WHQWDGRU� \� EODVIHPR��0DV� WRGD� OD�KXPDQLGDG�QRV�HQFRQWUDPRV�FRPR�pO��UHQHJDQGR�GH�OD�VDOYDFLyQ��HYDGLHQGR�JUDFLDV�DO�HJR�R�Pt�PLVPR��OD�PDQR�VDOYDGRUD�GHO�&5,672�5(68&,7$'2��eO� HVSHUD� SDFLHQWHPHQWH� HO� $55(3(17,0,(172�� HO� VDJUDGR� PRPHQWR� GH� FRQPRFLyQ�VREUHKXPDQD�� GRQGH� HO� FRUD]yQ� SRU� ILQ� KXPLOODGR� \� DUUHSHQWLGR� H[FODPD�� �1RVRWURV� D� OD�YHUGDG� QRV� KHPRV� JDQDGR� OD� FRQGHQDFLyQ�� PDV� pVWH� HVWi� DTXt� LQRFHQWH� GH� WRGR�� 6HxRU��DFXpUGDWH�GH�Pt�FXDQGR�HVWpV�HQ�WX�5HLQR����7RGRV�GHEHPRV�EXVFDU�HQFDUQDU�HO�$025��OD�WROHUDQFLD��OD�SD]�\�OD�KXPLOGDG��SDUD�TXH�FRQ�VXEOLPH�PDMHVWDG�� DOJ~Q� GtD��PHUH]FDPRV� OD�PLVHULFRUGLD� GH� DQLGDU� HQ� QXHVWUR� FRUD]yQ� DO�(63Ë5,78�',9,12�SDUD�HQFDUQDUQRV�FRQ�e/�� WULXQIDQWHV�HQ� OD�FUX]�YLFWRULRVD�TXH�QRV�KD�UHGLPLGR��4XH�OD�VDQJUH�GHO�&RUGHUR�QRV�UHGLPD�SURQWR��6t��YHQ�VHxRU�-HV~V�HO�&ULVWR�D�QXHVWUDV�DOPDV��\�DSDFLHQWD�WX�UHEDxR�GH�PDQVDV�RYHMDV�TXH�KDQ�PXHUWR�HQ�Vt�PLVPRV��3D]�LQYHUHQFLDO��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 69: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

(O�(YDQJHOLR�6RODU�4XHULGRV�KHUPDQRV��/X]�\�SD]�SDUD�WRGRV�ORV�FRUD]RQHV��8QD� GH� ODV� FRVDV� PiV� GLItFLOHV� HV� GHVDUUROODU� HO� VHQWLGR� GH� OD� FRPSUHQVLyQ�� 9DQR� HV� HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�VLQ�HVWH�VHQWLGR�SRUTXH�VyOR�VH�DSUHQGH�SDUD�WHQHU�OD�QRFLyQ�GH�ODV�FRVDV��0DV��VL�QR�KD\�FRPSUHQVLyQ��HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�QR�HV�~WLO��QL�WDPSRFR�HV�YDOLRVR��SDUD�WRGRV��/D�HQVHxDQ]D�GHO�&ULVWR�QRV�KD�LQVWUXLGR�SRU�VLJORV�TXH�OR�TXH�HQJDxD�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG�HV�VX�HJRtVPR��VX�IDOWD�GH�DPRU��&XDQGR�ODV�SHUVRQDV�QR�DSUHQGHPRV�D�DPDU��PX\�GLItFLO�HV�WHQHU�OR�RtGRV�DELHUWRV�D�'LRV��\�ORV�RMRV�FHQWUDGRV�HQ�OD�PDUDYLOORVD�REUD�GH�VXV�PDQRV��(O�6HxRU�'LRV�QRV�GLFH��³&RQWDGRV�HVWiQ�WXV�FDEHOORV��1DGLH�FRPR�\R�SDUD�VDEHU�TXLpQ�HUHV�SRUTXH�WDPELpQ�FRQR]FR�FXiQWRV�GtDV�YLYLUiV�´�eO�HV�QXHVWUR�3DGUH�\�&UHDGRU��\�QRV�KD�GDGR�HQ� OD�YLGD�XQ�VXSUHPR�GRQ�SDUD�DSUHQGHU�D�YROYHU�D�VX�$025�',9,12��/D� IDOWD� GH� DPRU� FRPLHQ]D� FRQ� OD� LGHQWLILFDFLyQ� HQ� OR� PDWHULDO�� /DV� SHUVRQDV� ROYLGDQ� HO�SURSyVLWR�TXH�WLHQH�VX�YLGD��FXDQGR�YLHQHQ�DO�PXQGR�\�VH�DOXFLQDQ�FRQ�ODV�FRVDV�PDWHULDOHV�\�FRQ�ORV�DSHJRV��/D�IDOWD�GH�DPRU�QDFH��FUHFH��VH�UHSURGXFH�\�FRQWLQ~D�KDVWD�QXHVWUD�PXHUWH��FXDQGR�KHPRV�ROYLGDGR�TXH��VLHQGR�SDUWH�GH� OD�2EUD�GH�'LRV��GHEHPRV�VHJXLU� OD�UXWD�TXH�QRV�KD� WUD]DGR�SRU�VLJORV��FRQVXPDU�OD�REUD�GH�SHUIHFFLyQ�\�QR�KD\�QDGD�PiV�SHUIHFWR�QL�TXH�QRV�5(',0$�7$172�&202�/$�)8(5=$�'(/�$025��(O�DPRU�LQVWUX\H��(O�DPRU�UHYHOD��(O�DPRU�QRV�GD�HO�VXSUHPR�FRQRFLPLHQWR�GLYLQR��(O�DPRU�QRV�GD�OD�VHQVLELOLGDG�H[TXLVLWD�TXH�VyOR�SXHGHQ�GHVDUUROODU�ORV�TXH�KDQ�DPDGR��DXQ�HQ�ODV�PiV� JUDQGHV� EDWDOODV� GH� OD� YLGD�� SRUTXH� D� DOJXQRV� ORV� PRPHQWRV� GXURV� ORV� HQGXUHFHQ�� D�RWURV��ORV�GHVWUX\H��\�D�PX\�SRFRV�WHQDFHV��TXH�DSUHQGHQ�D�PHGLWDU�\�D�DSUHQGHU�GH�Vt�PLVPRV�D�WUDYpV�GH�OD�RUDFLyQ��OHV�GD�OD�SRVLELOLGDG�GH�HQFDPLQDUVH�DO�FUHFLPLHQWR�HVSLULWXDO��(O�(YDQJHOLR�6RODU�HV�HO�HYDQJHOLR�GHO�$PRU��(O�HYDQJHOLR�HV�HO�FDPLQR�DO�&ULVWR��'LRV�TXLHUH�TXH�WRGRV�VHDPRV�HQ�OD�YLGD�XQ�FDStWXOR�LQHIDEOH�GHO�(YDQJHOLR�6RODU�GHO�&ULVWR���3RUTXH�WRGRV��D�SHVDU�GH� OD�VHPLOOD�GH�GHVWUXFFLyQ�� WDPELpQ�WHQHPRV�XQ�iWRPR�DQtPLFR�GHO�6HU���'LVWLQJDPRV� HO� LQWHOHFWR� GH� OD� VDELGXUtD�� 'LVWLQJDPRV� HO� DPRU� GH� OD� HPRWLYLGDG� VXEMHWLYD��'LVWLQJDPRV� OD� SRHVtD� SXUD� TXH� UHSUHVHQWD� FXPSOLU� OD� 9ROXQWDG� GHO� 3DGUH�� eVH� HV� HO�(YDQJHOLR� 6RODU� TXH� UHYROXFLRQD� ODV� FRQFLHQFLDV�� FXDQGR� FDGD� KRPEUH� \�PXMHU� DSUHQGH� D�DPDU�\�SHUGRQD�D�ORV�GHPiV��VLQ�LPSRUWDU�OR�TXH�FXHVWH��/D�GDJD�GHO�$PRU�KL]R�XQ�VXUFR�GH�VXIULPLHQWR�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ�GH�0$5Ë$��OD�0DGUH�GH�-HV~V�HO�&ULVWR��SHUR�D�OD�YH]�OD�KL]R�XQ�DSyVWRO�GH�$PRU�\�VXSUHPD�IHOLFLGDG��3RUTXH��VL�'LRV�PLVPR�DPD�D�DTXHO�TXH�GD�OD�YLGD�SRU�VXV�DPLJRV�\�KHUPDQRV��DPD�D~Q�PiV�D�OD�0XMHU�\�D�WRGDV�ODV�DOPDV�TXH�GDQ�GH�Vt��FRPR�KLMR�VX\R��XQD�REUD�GH�DPRU�FRQVWDQWH��VDFULILFDGR�\�EHQLJQR��(O�(YDQJHOLR�6RODU�HV�HO�HYDQJHOLR�GH�OD�0XHUWH�GHO�<R�TXH�KD�VLGR�GDGR�D�FRQRFHU�SRU�WDQWRV�\�WDQWDV�D�WUDYpV�GH�ORV�VLJORV��$OPDV�VDQWLILFDGDV�TXH�GLHURQ�GH�Vt�WRGR�HQ�KRQRU�D�OD�REUD�GHO�3DGUH� %HQGLWR� SRUTXH� OD� VXSUHPD� IHOLFLGDG� GH� WRGRV� ORV� VHUHV� HV� $35(1'(5� $� $0$5��

Page 70: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

3(5'21$5�<�2/9,'$5��(VR�HV�PiV� LPSRUWDQWH�TXH� ODV�JORULDV�H[WHUQDV�\�PiV�HGLILFDQWH�TXH�REWHQHU�XQ�WURQR�GH�RUR�VyOLGR��(O� RUR� SXUtVLPR� GHO� (YDQJHOLR� 6RODU� PX\� SURQWR� VHUi� GDGR� D� OD� KXPDQLGDG�� (QWUH� WDQWR�RUHPRV� \� PHGLWHPRV� HQ� HVWDV� FRVDV�� FXPSODPRV� OD� YROXQWDG� GHO� 3DGUH�� \� QR� GHWHQJDPRV�QXHVWURV� SDVRV� KDVWD� FRQTXLVWDU� OD� SD]� HQ� HO� FRUD]yQ� \� OD� VDELGXUtD� SUHFLVD� SDUD� UHVXUJLU�FRPR�DOPD�FRPSOHWDPHQWH�HVSLULWXDOL]DGD�\�QXHYD��FRQ�OD�VDQJUH�GH�QXHVWUR�6HxRU�HO�&ULVWR��HO�PHMRU�WHVWLPRQLR�TXH�KD�UHFLELGR�KDVWD�KR\�OD�KXPDQLGDG���&RQ�PLV�PHMRUHV�GHVHRV�SDUD�PLV�DPLJRV�\�FRPSDxHURV��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 71: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

8Q�UD\R�GH�OX]�\�GH�DPRU�(VWLPDGRV� KHUPDQRV�� OD� SD]� \� HO� DPRU� YHQJDQ� SURQWR� D� YXHVWURV� FRUD]RQHV� \� D� YXHVWURV�HVStULWXV��+HUPDQRV�� (Q� RWUR� WLHPSR�� WXYLPRV� OD� GLFKD� GH� FRQWDU� FRQ� XQ� JUDQ�0DHVWUR� FRPR� OR� IXH�-(6Ò6� (/� &5,672�� DTXt� HQ� HO� SODQR� ItVLFR�� eO� LUUDGLDED� DPRU�� LUUDGLDED� FRPSDVLyQ��LUUDGLDED� VDELGXUtD� \� VREUH� WRGR� OD� YROXQWDG� GLYLQD�� $KRUD�� GHVGH� XQ� 6$*5$'2�+2*$5�FRPR� HV� OD� %HQGLWD� /RJLD� %ODQFD�� HO� 0DHVWUR� QRV� HQYtD� D� WRGRV� VX� OX]�� VX� DPRU�� VX�FRPSDVLyQ��VX�VDELGXUtD��0DV�SDUD�HOOR�GHEHPRV�VHQVLELOL]DUQRV�GH�WRGR�FRUD]yQ��HOLPLQDQGR�OD�GXGD��HO�HJRtVPR��HO�IDQDWLVPR�\�OD�YLROHQFLD��TXH�VRQ�HQIHUPHGDGHV�TXH�KDQ�FRQWDJLDGR�D�WRGD�OD�KXPDQLGDG���6L� KD\� IH�� KD\�PLODJURV�� 6L� KD\� RUDFLyQ�� VH� GHVDUUROOD� OD� KXPLOGDG�� 6L� KD\� FRPSUHQVLyQ� VH�GHVDUUROOD�OD�SDFLHQFLD��6L�KD\�DPRU��GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�QR�QRV�IDOWDUiQ�WDPSRFR�QL�OD�VDELGXUtD�QL�WDPSRFR�OD�OX]��DXQ�HQ�ORV�PRPHQWRV�PiV�GLItFLOHV��(VH�OHJDGR�GHO�0DHVWUR�-HV~V�HO�&ULVWR��HO�6$*5$'2�<�',9,12�$%(5$0(17+2��QRV�DEUH�ODV�SXHUWDV�GH�5HGHQFLyQ��EXVFDQGR�HO�DPRU�VDJUDGR�GH�QXHVWUR�3$'5(�62/$5��6L�DEULPRV�QXHVWURV�FRUD]RQHV�\�QXHVWUDV�PHQWHV��VL�HOLPLQDPRV�WRGD�OD�FRUUXSFLyQ�R�HO�FDRV�GHO�HJR��R�Pt�PLVPR��LQGXGDEOHPHQWH�TXH�HO�UHVXOWDGR�VHUi�HO�GHVDUUROOR�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD��/D� FRQFLHQFLD� QR� HV� XQD�PDQHUD� GH� SHQVDU�� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� HV� PiV� TXH� HVR�� HV� HO� YHKtFXOR�VXSHULRU�GH�ORV�SRGHUHV�GH�QXHVWUR�5($/�6(5��(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU��HO�JUDQ�$YDWDUD�GH�$FXDULR��QRV�HQVHxy�KDVWD�HO�FDQVDQFLR�TXH�GHEtDPRV� DVSLUDU� D� OD� VDELGXUtD� PDV� QR� FRGLFLDUOD�� GHVDUUROODU� ORV� SRGHUHV� \�� XQD� YH]�DOFDQ]DGRV��UHQXQFLDU�D�HOORV�SRU�DPRU�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��(O�&ULVWR�PXHUH�VLHPSUH�HQ�OD�&UX]�SXGLHQGR�OLEHUDUVH�GHO�NDUPD�PXQGLDO�\�XQLYHUVDO��0DV�VX�DPRU� LQILQLWR� OH�KDFHQ�UHQXQFLDU�D� OD�JORULD�GH�SRGHU�UHVJXDUGDUVH�\�VX�VDQJUH�FRPR�HO�VDJUDGR�;,3(�727(&��VH�GHUUDPD�SDUD�GDUQRV�YLGD�\�GiUQRVOD�HQ�DEXQGDQFLD��5HFLELG�OD�EHQGLFLyQ�FyVPLFD�.20�20�3$;�GH�OD�6DJUDGD�2UGHQ�GH�OD�)UDWHUQLGDG�2FXOWD��GRQGH� WRGRV� ORV� 0DHVWURV� UXHJDQ� \� DVSLUDQ� D� TXH� OD� KXPDQLGDG� VH� GHFLGD� D� PRULU� HQ� Vt�PLVPD�\�UHVXFLWDU�GH�HQWUH�ORV�PXHUWRV�SDUD�DVFHQGHU�YLFWRULRVRV�DO�3DGUH���4XH� YXHVWUR� 3DGUH� TXH� HVWi� HQ� 6HFUHWR� VH� PDQLILHVWH� HQ� YRVRWURV� \� eO� VHD� HQ� YXHVWURV�HVStULWXV��8Q�VHUYLGRU�\�KHUPDQR�GH�WRGRV��

Page 72: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

8Q�PHQVDMH�GH�HVSHUDQ]D�(VWLPDGRV�\�UHVSHWDGRV�KHUPDQRV��OD�SD]�GH�&ULVWR�VHD�FRQ�YRVRWURV�\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX��+HUPDQRV��/D�QHFHVLGDG�HVSLULWXDO�GH� OD�KXPDQLGDG�HV�JUDQGH��PDV�GHEH�SUHYDOHFHU� HQWUH�QRVRWURV� OD� IH� \� OD�RUDFLyQ�TXH�FRQVWLWX\HQ�GRV�DUPDV�PX\�SRGHURVDV��(VR�PiV� ODV�EXHQDV�REUDV�GH�'LRV�QXHVWUR�6HxRU�QRV�KDFHQ�DFUHHGRUHV�D�OD�PLVHULFRUGLD�LQILQLWD���9HDPRV�DO�PXQGR�QXHVWUR�FRQ�HVSHUDQ]D�GH�TXH��HQ�FXDOTXLHU�PRPHQWR��HQ�DOJ~Q�ULQFyQ��OD�RSRUWXQLGDG�GH�VHUYLU�QRV�GDUi�UHJLDPHQWH�OD�JUDQ�YLVLyQ�GH�OR�TXH�GHEHPRV�VHU�HQ�OD�YLGD��XQD�IXHQWH�GH�FRQVXHOR��VHUYLFLR�\�DOWUXLVPR��\�XQD�RSRUWXQLGDG�SDUD�WDQWD�DOPD�TXH�\D�QR�WLHQH�IH��QL�WDPSRFR�DOHJUtD�HQ�VX�FRUD]yQ��'LRV�QRV�HQFXHQWUD�D�QRVRWURV�D�FDGD�PRPHQWR��PLHQWUDV�QRVRWURV�QR�OR�YHPRV�HQ�QXHVWURV�SDVRV��DIHUUDGRV�FRPR�HVWDPRV�D�OR�PDWHULDO�\�D�OR�VXSHUIOXR��'LRV� QRV� EXVFD� \� QRV� VRQUtH� HQ� WDQWR� URVWUR� QHFHVLWDQGR� GH� QRVRWURV�� OR� FXDO� HV� PiV� TXH�FRQVWDQWH�HQ�WRGRV�ORV�GtDV�GH�QXHVWUD�YLGD��3RU�HOOR��HV�LQGLVSHQVDEOH�GHVDUUROODU�HO�DPRU��OD�WROHUDQFLD��OD�FRPSUHQVLyQ�\�VREUH�WRGR�OD�SDFLHQFLD�SDUD�QXHVWURV�VHPHMDQWHV��FRPR�GRQHV�GHO�HVStULWX�SDUD�JORULD�\�KRQUD�GH�QXHVWUR�3DGUH�FHOHVWLDO���6yOR�DVt�SRGHPRV�UHDOPHQWH�YLYLU�\�GHMDU�KXHOOD�HQ�FDGD�XQR�GH�ORV�VHUHV�TXH�QRV�FRQRFHQ�\�QRV� DPDQ�� &XDQGR� VXIUDPRV�� QR� UHFLEDPRV� HO� VXIULPLHQWR� FRPR� FDVWLJR�� VLQR� FRPR�RSRUWXQLGDG� GH� DSUHQGL]DMH�� &XDQGR� VHDPRV� IHOLFHV�� QR� OR� WRPHPRV� FRPR� XQ� SUHPLR�� VLQR�FRPR�XQ�GHVFDQVR�R�UHOHYR��&XDQGR�HVWHPRV�UHIOH[LYRV�TXH�QR�VHD�SRU�OD�WULVWH]D��VLQR�SRU�HO�PRPHQWR�TXH�WDPELpQ�PHUHFHQ�QXHVWURV�UHFXHUGRV�\�YLYHQFLDV��&XDQWR�HVWHPRV�SUHRFXSDGRV��KDJiPRVOR�QR�FRQ�LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�\�FRQ�PLHGR��VLQR�FRQ�DVWXFLD�H�LQWHOLJHQFLD�SDUD�REWHQHU�OD�OHFFLyQ�TXH�QHFHVLWDPRV��<�FXDQGR�HVWHPRV�HQWUH�DPLJRV��KHUPDQRV�R�FRPSDxHURV��YLYDPRV�DO�Pi[LPR�SRUTXH�HO�FRUD]yQ�QHFHVLWD�HMHUFLFLR�GH�DPRU�\�FRPSUHQVLyQ���$PHPRV� WRGRV� ORV� LQVWDQWHV� GH� QXHVWUD� YLGD� SDUD� TXH� QXHVWUD� YLGD� VH� WUDQVIRUPH� HQ�(63(5$1=$��<�QR�ROYLGHPRV�TXH�SDUD�'LRV�GHEHPRV�VH�$/(*5(6�'$'25(6�'(�9,'$�<�)(�6,(035(���8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV���

Page 73: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

/D�UHFWLWXG��4XHULGRV�KHUPDQRV��OD�SD]�GH�&ULVWR�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�XVWHGHV��+HUPDQRV��1R�KD\�QDGD�WDQ�KHUPRVR�TXH�VHU�UHFWR�HQ�WRGR�WLHPSR��5HFWR�HQ�HO�PRPHQWR�GH�OD� SUXHED�� 5HFWR� HQ� HO� PRPHQWR� GH� OD� SD]�� 5HFWR� DQWH� XQR�PLVPR�� D� VRODV�� UHFWR� DQWH� ORV�GHPiV��5HFWR�SRU� FRQYLFFLyQ�\�QR�SRU� FRQYHQLHQFLD�� 6LHPSUH�5HFWLWXG�SRUTXH�QRV� VREUD�HO�YDORU�SDUD�HQIUHQWDUQRV�D�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV���7HQHU� UHFWLWXG� HV� WHQHU� IH� HQ� QRVRWURV� PLVPRV�� 7HQHU� UHFWLWXG� HV� TXH� SDVH� OR� TXH� SDVH�� \�VXFHGD�OR�TXH�VXFHGD��QR�FDPELDPRV�OD�SRVWXUD�TXH�\D�VDEHPRV�HV�OD�YHUGDGHUD�\�OD�DSHJDGD�D�OR�MXVWR��SRU�WHPRU�R�SRU�LQVHJXULGDG���/D� UHFWLWXG� SURFHGH� GH� XQ� HVWDGR� GH� FRQFLHQFLD� VXSHULRU�� /D� UHFWLWXG� HV� OD� FRQVHFXHQFLD�OyJLFD�GH�HQFDUQDU�OD�OH\�GLYLQD��6yOR�ODV�JUDQGHV�DOPDV�TXH�VH�KDQ�VDFULILFDGR�YHUGDGHUDPHQWH�SRU�ORV�GHPiV�FRQRFHQ�OR�TXH�HV�OD�5HFWLWXG��SRUTXH�KDQ�KHFKR�SUHFLVDPHQWH�GHO�6$&5,),&,2�HO�DSRVWRODGR�GH�UHQXQFLD�DO�EHQHILFLR�SURSLR�SRU�DPRU�D�ORV�GHPiV��SRU�DPRU�D�OR�HVSLULWXDO��/D� UHFWLWXG� HQQREOHFH� ODV� DOPDV�� /D� UHFWLWXG� QRV� GD� OD� FHUWH]D� GH� DQGDU� HQ� HO� FDPLQR�YHUGDGHUR�\�FRUUHFWR��/D�UHFWLWXG�QRV�D\XGD�D�HYDOXDU�FRQVWDQWHPHQWH�VL�OR�TXH�KDFHPRV�HVWi�ELHQ� R� GHILQLWLYDPHQWH� HVWDPRV� VLHQGR� HQJDxDGRV� SRU� OD� WHQWDFLyQ� GH� DFWXDU� HQ� IRUPD� QR�FRUUHFWD���&XDQGR� VRPRV� WHQWDGRV� D� KDFHU� FRVDV� VyOR� SRUTXH� ORV� GHPiV� OR� KDFHQ�� R� SRUTXH� HV�VRFLDOPHQWH�DFHSWDGR�SRU�OD�PD\RUtD��\D�QR�WHQHPRV�UHFWLWXG���+HUPDQRV��(Q�WRGR�WLHPSR��VHU�OHDO��VHU�ILHO��VHU�FRUUHFWR��VHU�YHUD]�\�VHU�VLQFHUR��HV�XQ�WHVRUR�HQ�HO�DOPD�GH�TXLHQ�SRVHH�WDOHV�GRQHV�HVSLULWXDOHV���(V�QRUPDO�TXH�VLHQGR�µFDUQH�\�KXHVR¶�DO�VHU�WHQWDGRV�VH�FRQPXHYD�QXHVWUR�(*2�\�FDHPRV�HQ�OD�WHQWDFLyQ��PDV�VLHQGR�UHFWRV�HV�LQGLVFXWLEOH�TXH�YDPRV�D�YHQFHU�DO�(*2�\��UHQXQFLDQGR�D�OD�WHQWDFLyQ��YHQFLHQGR�HO�IXHJR�GHO�SHFDGR�R�GH�OD�LJQRPLQLD��VHOHFFLRQDPRV�VHU�YHQFHGRUHV�GH�OR�PXQGDQR��GH�OR�FDUQDO���+HUPDQRV�� +D\� TXH� FUHDU� OD� YROXQWDG� HQ� QRVRWURV�� VL� HV� TXH� HQ� YHUGDG� DQKHODPRV� VHU�FRUUHFWRV��VLQFHURV��YHUGDGHURV�\�GH�UHFWR�DFWXDU���/D�UHFWLWXG�QRV�FRQGXFH�DO�YHUGDGHUR�FRQRFLPLHQWR�GH�OD�VDELGXUtD�GLYLQD��SRUTXH�QRV�KDFH�FRVHFKDU�HQ�QXHVWUR�LQWHULRU�HO�EXHQ�MXLFLR��OD�PLVHULFRUGLD��OD�DUPRQtD�\�OD�SD]�LQWHULRU��&RQ�PL�PHMRU�VDOXGR�IUDWHUQDO��XQ�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 74: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

1XHVWUR�KXPLOGH�OODPDGR��5HVSXHVWD�D�LQTXLHWXGHV��(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��%HQGLFLRQHV�SDUD�WRGRV��+HUPDQRV�� QXHVWUD� SRVWXUD� HV� FRPSOHWDPHQWH� HVSLULWXDO�� \� SRU� OR� WDQWR� QR� KDEODPRV� GH�SHUVRQDV��QL�WDPSRFR�GH�FXHVWLRQHV�RUJDQL]DWLYDV��\D�TXH�QXHVWUD�PLVLyQ�FRQVWD�SOHQDPHQWH�GH�REMHWLYRV�WUD]DGRV�SRU�OD�EHQGLWD�/RJLD�%ODQFD���(Q�OD�PHQWH�GH�'LRV�QR�KD\�HJRtVPR�DOJXQR��QL�GLYLVLyQ�WHVRQHUD��(Q�OD�PHQWH�\�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ�GH� 'LRV� QXHVWUR� 3DGUH�� KD\� LQILQLWD� SDFLHQFLD�� VDELGXUtD�� DPRU� \� WROHUDQFLD�� OD� FXDO� QRV�LQVWUX\HQ�GtD�D�GtD��SDUD�VHU�FRPSDVLYRV�FRQ�TXLHQHV�QRV�DPDQ��\�WDPELpQ�FRQ�TXLHQHV�VH�KDQ�H[WUDYLDGR� HQ� HO� FDPLQR� \� VLJXHQ� SHQVDQGR� \� DFWXDQGR� FRPR� FXDQGR� OD� 'LYLQD� *QRVLV�FRQWLQXDED�RFXOWD��3LVWLV�6RSKtD�SDJy�XQ�SUHFLR�PX\�DOWR�DO�GHVDILDU�D�ORV�DUFRQWHV�GH�OD�/H\����3LVWLV�6RSKtD�QRV�LQVWUX\H�FXDQGR�VH�DOHMD�GH�OD�OX]�SDUD�9(5�&21�0È6�(9,'(1&,$�/$�,1)/8(1&,$�'(�/$6�7,1,(%/$6��\�OXHJR�VH�GHVDItD�D�Vt�PLVPD�SDUD�92/9(5�$�/$�/8=�9(5'$'(5$��FRQ�IH�UHQRYDGD�\�FRQ�HO�DOLHQWR�GLYLQR�GHO�&5,672��(O� TXH� FRQRFH� HO� 3ULPHU� \� 6HJXQGR�0LVWHULRV� QR� SURIDQDUtD� MDPiV� HVD� IXHU]D� GLYLQDO� GHO�&ULVWR� FD\HQGR� HQ� HO� KRUULEOH� SHFDGR� GH� OD� PDOHGLFHQFLD�� GHO� RUJXOOR�� GH� OD� YDQLGDG�� GHO�DWDTXH�YLUXOHQWR�KDFLD�ORV�GHPiV�SRU�PHGLR�GHO�IDQDWLVPR�\�GHO�RGLR��1R�VH�SXHGH�FRQTXLVWDU�OD� /8=�� VL� VXEVLVWH� XQ� iWRPR� GH� 2',2� \� GH� FUXHOGDG� H� LQWROHUDQFLD� KDFLD� ORV� GHPiV� HQ�QXHVWUR�FRUD]yQ��'H�WRGRV�ORV�GRQHV�GHO�HVStULWX��HV�OD�PXHUWH�PtVWLFD�OD�PiV�YDOLRVD��(O�KDFHU�FDUQH�\�VDQJUH�HO�DPRU�GHO�&ULVWR��PXULHQGR�DO�RGLR�\�UHVXFLWDQGR�DO�$025�',9,12�HV�UHDOPHQWH�HO�FDPLQR�GHO�DSRVWRODGR�TXH�HV�JUDWR�DO�3DGUH��1XHVWUD�SRVWXUD�HV�GH�UHVSHWR�\�GH�FRPSUHQVLyQ��1XHVWUD�SRVWXUD�QR�WLHQH�FRPSURPLVRV�FRQ�SHUVRQD�DOJXQD��SHUR�KDEODPRV�FRQ�OD�YHUGDG�\�RIUHFHPRV�OD�PDQR�DPLJD�D�TXLHQ�OD�QHFHVLWH�R�UHTXLHUD�HVFXFKDU��+HUPDQRV�� QR� SHUGDPRV� PiV� HO� WLHPSR� HQIUHQWDGRV� SRU� HO� IDQWDVPD� GHO� WLHPSR���� SRUTXH�HQWRQFHV�ORV�WUHV�HQLJPDV�GHO�WLHPSR�KDEUiQ�WULXQIDGR�HQ�QRVRWURV�\�DWUDSDGRV�SRU�HO�HJR��OR�TXH�HV��OR�TXH�IXH��\�OR�TXH�VHUi�HV�(*2�2�0Ë�0,602�6,(035(���+D\�TXH�KDFHU�PRULU�ORV�DIHFWRV�\�YDQLGDGHV��RUJXOORV�\�DXWRFRPSODFHQFLDV��&LHUWDPHQWH��HV�PX\�GLItFLO�PDV�QR�HV�LPSRVLEOH��SRUTXH�WRGRV�DO�ILQDO�VRPRV�DOPDV��KLMRV�GHO�PLVPR�3DGUH��PRUDGRUHV�WRGRV�GH�OD�WLHUUD��D�OD�TXH�GHEHPRV�DPDU�KDVWD�HO�ILQDO��1DGD� JUDWR� SXHGH� SURVSHUDU� R� SURJUHVDU� VL� FRQWLQXDPRV� DWDGRV� D� ODV� YLHMDV� IRUPDV� GH�SHQVDU�� D� ODV� DFRVWXPEUDGDV� IRUPDV� GH� RGLDU�� D� ODV� YDQLGDGHV� DIHUUDGDV� SRU� QXHVWUD�WHQGHQFLD� D� FUHHUQRV� LQIDOLEOHV�� SXHV� FDGD� GtD� TXH� SDVD� DOJR� DSUHQGHPRV� D~Q� GH� ODV�KRUPLJDV�PiV�tQILPDV�GH�QXHVWUR�SODQHWD��&RQ�PLV�PHMRUHV�VDOXGRV��TXH�OD�3D]�VHD�HQ�YXHVWURV�FRUD]RQHV�\�FRQ�WX�HVStULWX��8Q�6HUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV��

Page 75: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

0LVLyQ�6DJUDGD�(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV��/RV�0DHVWURV�GH�OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�FXPSOHQ�FRQ�XQD�PLVLyQ�VDJUDGD��RULHQWDU�\�WUDQVPLWLU��D�WRGDV� ODV� SHUVRQDV� GH� EXHQD� YROXQWDG�� XQ�PHQVDMH� SDUD� HO� WLHPSR� \� ODV� VLWXDFLRQHV� TXH� VH�HVWiQ�GDQGR�HQ�VX�PRPHQWR��+D\��HQ�HOOR��XQD�IDFHWD�LQWHUQD�\�RWUD�H[WHUQD��OD�FXDO�GHSHQGHUi�GH�OD�6DJUDGD�9ROXQWDG�GH�OD�-HUDUTXtD�'LYLQD��EDMR�FX\RV�PDQGDWRV�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ� ORV�0DHVWURV�DVLJQDGRV�D�FXPSOLU�WDUHDV�HVSHFtILFDV��/D� IDFHWD� LQWHUQD� WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ� OD�SUHSDUDFLyQ� LQLFLiWLFD�\�FRQ�HO�JUDGR� tQWLPR�TXH�KD�ORJUDGR�GHVDUUROODU��FRQ�OD�D\XGD�GH�VX�*XU~�\�GH�ORV�0DHVWURV�TXH�KDQ�WHQLGR�D�VX�FDUJR�GDUOH� OD�PDGXUH]� \� OD� FRQILDQ]D�SDUD�TXH�PDQLILHVWH�D� ORV�KHUPDQRV� OR�TXH� HV� OtFLWR�GDU�D�FRQRFHU���/D� IDFHWD� H[WHUQD� FRQWHPSOD� HO� PLVPR� SURFHVR� GH� SHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWR�� SXHV� DQWH� WRGR� XQ�0DHVWUR�GHEH�VHU�&803/,'25�'(�/$�/(<��SRUTXH�QR�HVWi�H[HQWR�GH�HOOD��VLQR�DO�FRQWUDULR��GHEH�GDU�WHVWLPRQLR��VREUH�WRGR�SHUPDQHFLHQGR�FRQ�ILGHOLGDG��JXDUGDQGR�HQ�WRGR�PRPHQWR�HO�DSHJR�D�OR�TXH�WLHQH�TXH�FXPSOLU�DQWHV�TXH�EXVFDU�VX�SURSLR�ELHQHVWDU�R�YHQWDMD���(O�0DHVWUR�6DPDHO�GLR�HQ�VX�PRPHQWR�XQ�JUDQ�HMHPSOR�GH�VDFULILFLR�\�GHGLFDFLyQ��5HDOPHQWH�VX�DPRU�SRU�OD�0DGUH�'LYLQD�HV�WRGD�XQD�OHFFLyQ�GH�IH�\�GH�DPRU�SDUD�WRGRV�QRVRWURV���(O�0DHVWUR�GH�0DHVWURV�� -HV~V�(O�&ULVWR�� GLR� WDPELpQ�HO�PiV�JUDQGH�HMHPSOR�GH�DPRU�SRU�WRGRV�EULQGDGR��PRULU�SRU�FDXVD�GH�WRGRV�ORV�SHFDGRV�GHO�PXQGR��GDQGR��FRQ�VX�PHQVDMH�GH�IXHJR��HO�VHOOR�LQHIDEOH�GH�WRGRV�ORV�*XU~V�GH�*UDQ�&RPSDVLyQ��VLQ�LPSRUWDU�SHUGHU�OD�YLGD�ItVLFD�� HQWUHJiQGRVH� HQ� KRORFDXVWR� VDJUDGR� FRPR� &RUGHUR� TXH� VH� LQPROD� YROXQWDULDPHQWH�VLJXLHQGR�HQ�REHGLHQFLD�DO�3DGUH�6RODU��8Q�0DHVWUR�YLHQH�D�VHUYLU��-DPiV�D�VHU�VHUYLGR����8Q�0DHVWUR�YLHQH�SRUTXH�D�OD�/H\�'LYLQD�VH�OH�HQFDUJD�TXH�EXVTXH�DOJXLHQ�TXH�VH�KD�SUHSDUDGR�SDUD�WUDHU�XQ�PHQVDMH��/R�TXH�LPSRUWD�HV�OD� YR]�� QR� HO� HQYDVH�� (O� HQYDVH� LPSHUIHFWR� GH� OD� SHUVRQDOLGDG� SXHGH� HFKDU� D� SHUGHU� HO�PHQVDMH�� (O� DOPD� SHUIHFFLRQiQGRVH�� EXVFDQGR� VHU� FDGD� YH]� PHMRU�� SXHGH� GHVDUUROODU� \�HQWUHJDU�HO�PHQVDMH���&DGD�XQR�GH�XVWHGHV��KHUPDQRV��WLHQH�VX�HVHQFLD�GLYLQD��\�HO�SODQ�&yVPLFR�DVLJQD�XQ�OXJDU�SDUD�FDGD�XQR��%XVFDG�ORV�GRQHV�GHO�HVStULWX��HVWUHFKDG�YXHVWUR�FRUD]yQ�FRQ�HO�PHQVDMH�GH�$PRU�GHO�3DGUH� \� HQWUHJDRV�GH� OOHQR�DO� VHUYLFLR�GHVLQWHUHVDGR�GH� ORV�GHPiV��SRUTXH� WRGRV�WHQHPRV�XQ�0DHVWUR�6HFUHWR��XQ�2ILFLDQWH�TXH�EXVFD�TXH��HQ� OD�PXHUWH�GHO�\R�� WHQJDPRV� OD�SRVLELOLGDG�GH�HQFDUQDUOR�\�GHMDUOR�TXH�FXPSOD�HO�VDFUR�RILFLR�GH�UHSUHVHQWDU�HQ�HO�PXQGR�XQ�SDSHO�GH�LPLWDGRU�GHO�&ULVWR��GH�YLYHQFLDGRU�GH�VX�SDODEUD�\�GH�WHVWLPRQLR�GH�VX�DPRU��3D]�FRQ�DPRU��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV�

Page 76: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

�0HQVDMH�GH�1DYLGDG��DxR����GH�OD�(UD�GH�$FXDULR�(O�$PRU�GH�'LRV�VHD�FRQ�WRGRV�QRVRWURV��(VWLPDGRV�KHUPDQRV���(O�QDFLPLHQWR�HVSLULWXDO�GHO�&ULVWR�HV�HO�PiV�JUDQGH�PLODJUR�GH�$PRU�TXH�SXHGH�RFXUULU�HQ�QXHVWUR�WLHPSR�HQ�HO�VHQR�GHO�FRUD]yQ�GH�WRGD�OD�KXPDQLGDG��6LQ�HPEDUJR��HV�SUHFLVR�TXH�H[LVWDQ�FRQGLFLRQHV�SUHSDUDWRULDV��PpULWRV�JDQDGRV��OD�9ROXQWDG�GHO�3DGUH��\�OD�D\XGD�GH�QXHVWUD�0DGUH�'LYLQD��/DV�FRQGLFLRQHV�SUHSDUDWRULDV�VRQ�ORV�7UHV�)DFWRUHV�GH�OD�5HYROXFLyQ�GH�OD�&RQFLHQFLD��6LQ�VX� GHVDUUROOR�� HQ� SOHQD� DFFLyQ�� UHVXOWD� LPSRVLEOH� FXPSOLU� OD� 9ROXQWDG� 6DJUDGD� GHO� 3DGUH��YROYHU�DO�YHUGDGHUR�&DPLQR��&DVL� WRGRV� QRVRWURV�� SRU� QR� GHFLU� WRGRV�� KHPRV� ROYLGDGR� HO� REMHWLYR� SDUD� HO� FXDO� ODV� OH\HV�GLYLQDV�QRV�HQYLDURQ�D�HVWH�SODQHWD�\�FXiO�HUD�OD�PLVLyQ�VDJUDGD�TXH�GHEtDPRV�FXPSOLU�HQ�OD�WLHUUD���(V�SUHFLVR�ERUUDU�GHO�/LEUR�GH�QXHVWUD�YLGD�ORV�FDStWXORV�GHO�HUURU�\�GHO�H[WUDYtR�GH�QXHVWUD�KXPDQD�FRQGLFLyQ��GHELGD�DO�HPERWHOODPLHQWR�GH�QXHVWUD�(VHQFLD�HQ�HO�\R��/RV�PpULWRV� JDQDGRV� FRQ� HO� FRUD]yQ� VRQ� ODV�PRQHGDV� SRU� H[FHOHQFLD� FRQ� TXH� QHJRFLDPRV�QXHVWUR�NDUPD��FXDQGR�FRQVHJXLPRV�KDFHU�VXELU��SRU�HO�FDQDO�PHGXODU�GH�ORV�DUUHSHQWLGRV��OD�VXSUHPD� HQHUJtD� PtVWLFD� HQ� SOHQD� FDVWLGDG�� (VRV� PpULWRV�� SRU� VXSXHVWR�� VH� WUDGXFHQ� HQ�GHYRFLyQ�\�VDFULILFLR�GHVLQWHUHVDGR�\�VDFULILFDGR�SRU�QXHVWURV�KHUPDQRV��/D� 9ROXQWDG� GHO� 3DGUH� SOHQDPHQWH� FXPSOLGD� QR� HV� RWUD� FRVD� TXH� OD� FODYH� YLWDO� SDUD�'(63(57$5�&21&,(1&,$��(O� ILHO� FXPSOLGRU� GH� OD�/H\� UHFLEH� FRPR� FRURODULR� SUHFLVR� OD�EHQGLFLyQ�GH�WHQHU�&RQFLHQFLD�REMHWLYD�FRQWLQXD��OD�FXDO��REYLDPHQWH��OH�SHUPLWH�WUDVFHQGHU�FXDOTXLHU�OH\���<��SRU�VXSXHVWR��HO�7UDEDMR�5HJLR�FRQ�OD�D\XGD�GH�QXHVWUD�0DGUH�'LYLQD��OD�*UDQ�,QLFLDGRUD��HV�LQGXGDEOHPHQWH�HO�SXQWR�GH�DSR\R�SDUD�VHU�VLHPSUH�GHYRWRV�FXPSOLGRUHV�GH�OD�/H\��SRUTXH�(OOD�HV�TXLHQ�QRV�FRQFHGH�HO�)XHJR�6DJUDGR��PLHQWUDV�HO�3DGUH�QRV�SURSRUFLRQD�HO�,PSXOVR�9ROLWLYR� SDUD� TXH�� GH� HVH� 6DJUDGR� 5LWXDO�� HPHUMDQ� QXHVWURV� GRQHV� HVSLULWXDOHV�� QXHVWUDV�YLUWXGHV�HQ�DFFLyQ�HQ�ELHQ�GH�QXHVWURV�KHUPDQRV�\�GH�QRVRWURV�PLVPRV��(O�SUHPLR�FRQ�TXH�VH�UHFRPSHQVD�OD�ILGHOLGDG�D�OD�9ROXQWDG�GHO�3DGUH�\�OD�'HYRFLyQ�VLQFHUD�D� OD� 0DGUH� 6DQWtVLPD�� LQGXGDEOHPHQWH�� VH� UHYHODUi� HQ� SRGHURVDV� D\XGD�� SURWHFFLyQ��LOXPLQDFLyQ�� \�� GHILQLWLYDPHQWH�� HQ� PD\RU� &RQFLHQFLD�� 3DUD� ORJUDU� HVWD� GLFKD�� QRV�FRUUHVSRQGH�FRQWLQXDU��FRQ�LQDJRWDEOH�IH�\�FRQ�DEXQGDQWH�IRUWDOH]D��HQ�RUDFLyQ�\�DUPRQtD��D�ILQ�GH�FRQVHUYDU�HQ�QXHVWUR�LQWHULRU��HQ�IRUPD�SHUVHYHUDQWH��QXHVWUR�SURSyVLWR�LQTXHEUDQWDEOH�GH�QR�SHUGHU�OD�UXWD�KDFLD�HO�&DPLQR�GHO�3DGUH�6RODU��(V�SRU�HOOR�TXH�HVWH�WUDEDMR�QR�UHVXOWD�SRVLEOH�FRQVXPDUOR�FRQ�HO�HJR�HQFDUQDGR���6L�QR�KD\�$025�HQ�QRVRWURV�FRPR�SDUD�DFHSWDU�HVWD� WDUHD��FRQ�KHFKRV��QR�HV�SRVLEOH�TXH�YXHOYD�D�QRVRWURV�/$�/8=��6L�QR�KD\�/X]��GLItFLOPHQWH�KDEUi�SD]�HQ�HO�PXQGR��

Page 77: 28 31 preparando el camino

� �������

6L�QR�KD\�SD]�HQ�HO�PXQGR��KDEUi�GHVWUXFFLyQ�\�PiV�FDRV��1R�H[LVWH�$PRU�PiV�JUDQGH�TXH�FRQVDJUDU� OD�YLGD�SRU�QXHVWURV�KHUPDQRV��(VH�PHQVDMH�GH�DPRU�GH�QXHVWUR�6HxRU�HO�&ULVWR�FREUD�DFWXDOLGDG��DKRUD�TXH�PHGLWDPRV�\�UHIOH[LRQDPRV�HQ�OR� LPSRUWDQWH� TXH� UHVXOWD� 92/9(5� $/� &$0,12�� OXFKDU� FRQWUD� HO� Pt� PLVPR�� FXPSOLU� OD�9ROXQWDG�GHO�3DGUH�\�RIUHQGDU�QXHVWUD�HQWUHJD�GH�$PRU�D�OD�KXPDQLGDG��(O� (YDQJHOLR� 6RODU� GHO� &ULVWR� HV� KDFHU� 9(1,5� $� /$� 7,(55$� /$� 92=� '(� $025� '(/�3$'5(��3HUR�WUDG~]FDVH�FRQ�KHFKRV��FXPSOLHQGR�OD�/H\��6yOR�DVt�KDEUi�&RQFLHQFLD��VyOR�DVt�KDEUi�/X]��VyOR�DVt�KDEUi�*126,6�9(5'$'(5$��+HUPDQRV�PtRV��QHFHVDULR�HV�TXH�QXHVWUD�$OPD�\�QXHVWUR�&RUD]yQ�VH�FRQPXHYDQ�SDUD�YLYLU�OD�3DVLyQ��OD�0XHUWH��OD�5HVXUUHFFLyQ�\�OD�$VFHQVLyQ�GHO�&ULVWR�HQ�QRVRWURV���(Q�HVWRV�GtDV�HQ�TXH�FRQPHPRUDPRV�OD�1DWLYLGDG�6DJUDGD�GHO�&ULVWR��SUHFLVR�HV�TXH�WDPELpQ�UHIOH[LRQHPRV�HQ�HO�'UDPD�&yVPLFR�GH�OD�5HGHQFLyQ�GHO�+RPEUH��1R�H[LVWH�RWUR�FDPLQR��QL�RWURV�FDPLQRV��'HEHPRV�UHQXQFLDU�\�OXFKDU�SDUD�HQFRQWUDUQRV�GH�QXHYR�HQ�HO�JUDQ�DEUD]R�XQLYHUVDO�GH�OD�)UDWHUQLGDG�2FXOWD��GH�OD�%HQGLWD�/RJLD�%ODQFD���1XHVWUR� 6HxRU� HO�&ULVWR�� 6DPDHO�$XQ�:HRU�� /LWHODQWHV� \� ORV� JUDQGHV�0DHVWURV� GH� OD�/RJLD�%ODQFD�� 6,(035(� (67È1� &21� 12627526�� D\XGiQGRQRV�� DVLVWLpQGRQRV� LQWHUQDPHQWH��GiQGRQRV� VX� $PRU� \� VX� /X]� SDUD� TXH� QR� DEDQGRQHPRV� MDPiV� HO� &DPLQR�� 6XV� HQVHxDQ]DV�PDUDYLOORVDV�� HVFULWDV� FRQ� OHWUDV� GH� RUR� PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO�� VRQ� YHUGDGHUD� VDELGXUtD� TXH� D�WRGRV�QRV�FRQGXFHQ�D�OD�5HGHQFLyQ�\�D�OD�OLEHUDFLyQ�WRWDO��(OORV�HVWiQ�VLHPSUH�FRQ�QRVRWURV��QXQFD�VH�KDQ� LGR��3RU�HOOR��GHEHPRV�VHU�UHVSHWXRVRV�FRQ�VXV�HQVHxDQ]DV��D�ILQ�GH�PHUHFHU�OD�D\XGD�\�OD�DVLVWHQFLD�TXH�SUHFLVDPRV�HQ�HVWRV�WLHPSRV��\D�TXH�OD�)LGHOLGDG�\�HO�$PRU�D�ORV�6DQWRV�*XU~V��VRQ�VHxDOHV�LQHTXtYRFDV�GH�TXH�QXHVWUR�6HU�LQWHULRU�SURIXQGR�HVWi�HQ�HO�&DPLQR�\�QRV�FRQGXFH�SRU�HO�%LHQ��%HQGLWRV� ORV�TXH�YLHQHQ�HQ�QRPEUH�GHO�6HxRU��SURFODPDQGR�VX�(YDQJHOLR�\�KDQ� ODYDGR�VXV�SLHV�HQ�OD�6DQJUH�GHO�&RUGHUR�SDUD�SXULILFDU�VX�9HUER�\�VXV�SDVRV�HQ�OD�5HQXQFLDFLyQ�\�HQ�HO�$PRU�YHUGDGHUR��*UDFLDV� LQILQLWDV�D� WRGRV�DTXHOORV�TXH� WUDEDMDQ�HQ� OD�HVSLULWXDOLGDG�FRQ�$PRU�\�VLQ�QLQJ~Q�LQWHUpV�SURIDQR�SRU�OD�*UDQ�&DXVD���*UDFLDV� D� WRGDV� ODV� DOPDV� TXH� DPDQ� \� RUDQ� HQ� VLOHQFLR� DO� 3DGUH� FHOHVWLDO�� SLGLpQGROH�PLVHULFRUGLD�\�SLHGDG�SDUD�WRGRV�ORV�TXH�VXIUHQ�\�SRU�WRGRV�QRVRWURV��ORV�TXH�YLYLPRV�HQ�HVWH�VXIULGR�SODQHWD��£4XH�OD�SD]�GHO�3DGUH�6RODU�HVWp�FRQ�XVWHGHV�\�FRQ�YXHVWURV�HVStULWXV��£4XH�ODV�EHQGLFLRQHV�GH�'LRV�VHDQ�FRQ�WRGRV�XVWHGHV��8Q�VHUYLGRU�GH�WRGRV���