a x a axali da uaxlesi l i istoriis sakiTxebi d a u a x l...

axali da uaxlesiistoriis sakiTxebi

axali d

a uaxl

esi ist

or

ii

s sakiT

xebi1 (23) 2019

1 (23) 2019

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2019

2

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

ISSN 1512-3154

Studies in Modern and Contemporary History

2019 № 1 (23)

Publishing House `UNIVERSAL~

Tbilisi 2019

3

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

ISSN 1512-3154

axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi

2019 № 1 (23)


Tbilisi 2019

4

uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/~... a-984

saredaqcio kolegia: EDITORIAL BOARD: irakli gabisonia

zurab gamezardaSvili

gia gelaSvili oTar gogoliSvili

haji-murad donogo

(mahaCyalis universiteti)

SoTa vadaWkoria

guntis zemitisi

(latviis istoriis instituti)

nugzar zosiZe

vasil kaWarava

igor kveselava

vaJa kiknaZe

uCa oqropiriZe

rimvidas petrauskasi

(vilniusis universiteti)

anjei puqSto

(vitautas didis universiteti)

gela saiTiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

lela saraliZe

avTandil sonRulaSvili

(redaqtori)

xaTuna qoqraSvili

(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

dodo WumburiZe


ivane jagodniSvili

niko javaxiSvili


oTar janeliZe

sagamomcemlo sabWo: irina arabiZe, lela miqiaSvili, Sorena murusiZe, mzia tyavaSvili.

PUBLISHING COUNCIL: Irina Arabidze, Lela Mikiashvili, Shorena Murusidze, Mzia Tkavashvili. gamomcemloba `universali~, 2019

Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Irakli Gabisonia Zurab Gamezardashvili Gia Gelashvili Otar Gogolishvili Hadji-Murad Donogo (University of Makhachkala) Shota Vadachkoria Guntis Zemītis (Institut of History of Latvia) Nugzar Zosidze Vasil Kacharava Igor Kveselava Vazha Kiknadze Ucha Okropiridze Rimvydas Petrauskas (Vilnius University) Andžej Pukšto (Vytautas Magnus University) Gela Saitidze (Deputy editor) Lela Saralidze Avtandil Songulashvili (Editor) Khatuna Kokrashvili (Executive secretary) Dodo Chumburidze (Deputy editor) Ivane Jagodnishvili Niko Javakhishvili (Deputy editor) Otar Janelidze

5

S i n a a r s i

Contents

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e G e o r g i a

arqimandriti miqael ejibiSvili................................................................. 9

qarTuli kultura ̀ mcire aRorZinebis~ xanaSi (XVI-XVII ss.)

Archimandrite Michael Ejibishvili Georgian Culture in the Period of `Small Revival~ (XVI-XVII Centuries)

daviT merkvilaZe................................................................................................... 17

imereTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis

sakiTxi (1783 wlis aprili-seqtemberi)

Davit Merkviladze The Issue of Adoption of Imereti Kingdom in Russian Protectorate in April-September 1783 niko javaxiSvili ................................................................................................... 34

saqarTvelos droSa damoukideblobis komitetis

wevrTa TvalsazrisiT (1917 weli)

Niko Javakhishvili Georgian State Flag by the Vision of the Part of Georgian Society in 1917

oTar gogoliSvili .............................................................................................. 39

brZola saxelisuflebo organoebis Camoyalibebi-

saTvis aWaraSi 1921 wels (mejlisebi)

Otar Gogolishvili Fight for the Formation of Government bodies in Adjara in 1921 dodo WumburiZe..................................................................................................... 54

akaki Cxenkelis mogoneba varlam CerqeziSvilis

Sesaxeb

Dodo Chumburidze Recollection of Akaki Chkhenkeli about Varlam Cherkezishvili

6

daviT javaxiSvili ................................................................................................ 70

qarTveli emigrantebis winaaRmdeg mowyobili

teroristuli aqtebis istoriidan / rogor da

ratom mokles grigol veSapeli?

Davit Javakhishvili From the History of the Terrorist Acts Conducted Against Georgian Emigrants / How and why Grigol Veshapeli was Murdered? aleko baqraZe........................................................................................................... 82

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da sagareo

politikuri orientacia

Aleko Bakradze Restoration of Independence of Georgia and Foreign Policy Orientation

G e o r g i a a n d t h e W o r l d

emzar faJava .............................................................................................................. 96

saqarTvelo evropuli orientaciis saTaveebTan

Emzar Pazhava European Orientation Genesis of Georgia ediSer jafariZe..................................................................................................... 112

mixeil musxeliSvili — evropuli Tanamegobrobisa da

erTiani evropuli kavSiris koncefciis pirveli

ideuri damaarsebeli da saqarTvelo

Edisher Japharidze Mikheil Muskhelishvili – One of the First Ideological Founder of the Concept of European Community and Georgia avTandil sonRulaSvili.................................................................................. 133

karibis (kubis) krizisi da saqarTvelo

Avtandil Songulashvili The Caribbean (Cuban) Crisis and Georgia

T h e H i s t o r y o f C a u c a s u s

mzia tyavaSvili ...................................................................................................... 154

haji-muradis politikuri portretisaTvis (nawili I)

Mzia Tkavashvili For a Political Portrait of Hadji Murad (Part I)

7

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e W o r l d

arCil CaCxiani ......................................................................................................... 167

XX saukunis pirveli fiureri

ArchilChachkhiani The First Fuhrer of the XX Century

S o u r c e S t u d y

gia gelaSvili .......................................................................................................... 187

elim henri d'avigdori Tbilisis Sesaxeb

Gia Gelashvili English Traveller Elim Henry D'Avigdor about Tbilisi

esma mania..................................................................................................................... 199

ilia WavWavaZis ubis wignakebis da piradi Canawerebis

istoriul-kulturuli mniSvnelobisaTvis

Esma Mania Personal Notes and Notebooks of Ilia Chavchavadze as Historical-Cultural Source

T h e P o l i c y

qeTi jijeiSvili, papuna maCaiZe.................................................................... 208

prezidentis institutis SedarebiTi analizi

germaniasa da saqarTveloSi

Keti Jijeishvili, Papuna Machaidze The Comparative Analysis of Presidential Institute in Germany and Georgia

maia kiknaveliZe...................................................................................................... 220

multikulturalizmis cneba, arsi da problemebi

Maia Kiknavelidze Notion, Sense and Problems of Multiculturalism

T h e I n f o r m a t i o n

saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia ̀ baTumi —

warsuli da Tanamedroveoba~ — X ........................................................ 232

The Tenth Anniversary International Scientific Caference `Batumi – Past and Prezsent~

8

krebuli gamodis weliwadSi orjer

krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs kanoniT presis

Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze da Sinaarsze pasu-

xismgebelia avtori.

redaqciis misamarTi:

Tbilisi, universitetis q. # 2, korpusi XI.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-

teti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti, axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba

9

arqimandriti miqael ejibiSvili

socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori, sa-

berZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia

qarTuli kultura `mcire aRorZinebis~ xanaSi

( XVI-XVII ss.)

saqarTvelos istoriaSi XVI-XVII saukuneebi urTulesi

periodi gaxldaT. yovelmxrivi Semosevebis fonze Zalzed Zne-

li iyo qveynis kulturul aRorZinebasa da raime axlis Seq-

mnaze saubari. albaT ufro swori iqneba vTqvaT, rom aseT

mZime periodSi arsebulis SenarCuneba, misi gadarCena ufro

mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre axlis Seqmna. rogorc didi qarTve-

li poeti da moazrovne SoTa rusTaveli `vefxistyaosanSi~ brZanebs, raimes Seqmnas `sibrZne da mocaleoba~ sWirdeba. qar-

Tvel kacs sibrZne arasodes aklda, Tumca aRniSnul epoqaSi

mocaleobisa ra mogaxsenoT. isev grZeldeboda Cven mier gan-

saxilvel periodSi uricxvi mtris Semoseva rogorc aRmosav-

leT, ise samxreT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi. `am dros dakar-

ga saqarTvelom Tavisi teritoriis TiTqmis mesamedi, romelic qarTuli feodaluri kulturis, mecnierebisa da qristiano-

bis erT-erTi burji iyo~ [1, 270]. teritoriis dakargva Tavis-

Tavad im kulturuli Zeglebis dakargvasac niSnavda, romle-

bic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi amSvenebdnen Cvens samSoblos.

mtris mTavari dartyma swored swavla-ganaTlebis kerebsa da

saeklesio centrebze modioda, vinaidan kargad icoda mom-

xvdurma, rom rodesac ers mTavar sazrdos, mTavar mkvebav

ZarRvs waarTmev, maSin aris misi moreva SesaZlebeli. amito-

mac, yovelgvar Rones xmarobda, rom es ZarRvi gaewyvita. mogexsenebaT, swavla-ganaTleba ZiriTadad eklesia-monas-

trebTan arsebuli saganmanaTleblo centrebiT iyo warmodge-

nili. eklesiebis ngrevis paralelurad arsebobas wyvetdnen

es centrebic da, Sesabamisad, eris sulieri dakninebac iwye-

boda. gansakuTrebuli zarali aRmosavleT saqarTvelom gani-

cada, sadac Sah abas I-is Semosevebis Sedegad kaxeTis mosaxle-

10

obis ori mesamedi ganadgurda. aoxrda da gacamtverda mrava-

li wlisa da saukunis ganmavlobaSi margalitebiviT SeZenili

da nakowiwebi sulieri saganZurebic: eklesia-monastrebi, sko-

lebi, wignTsacavebi, ferweruli Tu miniaturuli mxatvrobis

unikaluri nimuSebi, romlebsac dRemde badali ar hyavT

msoflio xelovnebaSi. miuxedavad am mZime ekonomikur-socialur-sulieri mdgo-

mareobisa, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis nebismier

epoqaSi, kulturuli ganviTareba ar Sewyvetila. sakmarisi

iyo qarTul samefo-samTavroebSi mcire droiT mSvidobisa da

simSvidis damyareba, rom es dro sakmarisi iyo kulturis, Zi-

riTadad literaturis dargSi axali SemoqmedebiTi niWis ga-

mosavlenad. am periodSi Seiqmna iseTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoe-

bebi, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebis periods `aRorZinebis xana~-c

ki ewoda. ra Tqma unda, es aRorZineba ar gaxldaT evropuli

renesansis msgavsi da toli, Tumca XII saukuneSi saqarTvelo-

Si ukve arsebuli renesansis niSnebi, jer kidev ar iyo mospo-

bili [1, 270]. ganaTleba. epoqis gaTvaliswinebiT am periodis swavla-ga-

naTlebis done mniSvnelovnad iyo daqveiTebuli Suasaukunee-

bis (XI-XII ss.) periodis donesTan SedarebiT. es TavisTavadac

cxadia, vinaidan `oqros xanad~ wodebuli Suasaukuneebis, ro-

gorc qveynis saSinao Tu sagareo politika, mtkice da moqni-

li zneobrivi da sulieri mdgomareoba saqarTvelosi, iZleo-

da imis saSualebas, rom qveynis kulturuli aRorZineba gan-

xorcielebuliyo. amas, mogexsenebaT, ar ganapirobebda mxolod

materialuri mxare, aramed ori mTavari komponentis: saxel-

mwifosa da eklesiis harmoniuli urTierToba, dawyebuli da-

viT IV aRmaSeneblis mier gatarebuli reformebiT, romelTa

saSualebiTac saqarTvelos politikurma da religiurma cno-

bierebam Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles wertils miaRwia. sa-

qarTvelos aRorZinebam misi kultura evropuli renesansis

donemdec ki aRamaRla da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cotaoden ga-

uswro kidec mas. upirveles yovlisa, saWiro iyo mosaxleobis

religiuri cnobierebis ganviTareba, Segnebuli qristianoba

da masze dafuZnebuli ltolva samSoblos ukeTesi momavli-

saTvis. swored Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesisaTvis qveynis

11

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi pirveli saxelos boZeba gaxda

is safuZveli, romelzec wminda mefem saqarTvelos momavali

daaSena. daviTis Semdeg qveynis aRmavali mdgomareoba misi mem-

kvidreebis mefobisas inerciiT grZeldeboda. ra Tqma unda,

Tamar mefis zeobis xanac umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelos

kulturuli aRorZinebisaTvis. marto rad Rirs msoflio

mniSvnelobis nawarmoebis _ `vefxistyaosanis~ Seqmna, rac ima-

ze metyvelebs, rom adreuli renesansis periodi Tavisi ganvi-

Tarebisa da aRmavlobis zenitSi iyo. Tumca, Tamaris perio-

dic daviT aRmaSeneblis mier gatarebuli reformebis Sede-

gad miRebuli mdgomareobis gagrZeleba gaxldaT, romelmac

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamokveba qarTuli saxelmwifo da

qarTveli eri.

XVI-XVII ss-Si ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba, romelic ek-

lesia-monastrebTan arsebuli saganmanaTleblo kerebis saSu-

alebiT miiRweoda, ukve gaZnelebuli iyo. gansakuTrebiT mZime

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen dabali socialuri fenis warmo-

madgenlebi, romelTac ar gaaCndaT saTanado pirobebi wera-

kiTxvis Sesaswavladac ki. aristokratTaTvis es `fufuneba~

arasodes warmoadgenda problemas. ganaTlebis saqmes eklesia

uZRveboda, xolo aRzrdis sistema ar gaxldaT mxolod sasu-

liero, aramed saeroc. vinaidan garda RvTismetyvelebisa, is-

wavleboda: istoria, filologia, filosofia, maTematika, ge-

ografia da sxva sagnebi. swavla-aRzrdis saqmeSi mowinave ideebi ekuTvnoda mefe

poet arCils [2, 313]. misi ideebiT, swavla-ganaTlebis miRebis

SesaZlebloba mosaxleobis farTo fenebs unda hqonodaT da

ara mxolod aristokratebs. mTavari roli maswavlebels

ekuTvnoda, romelic advilidan rTulisaken TandaTanobiT

gadasvlis meTodiT Znelad gasagebs advilad gadascemda mo-

wafes. eklesia-monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi, reformatori

mefis mier ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad, Tavadaz-

naurebis SvilebTan erTad mosaxleobis dabali fenebidan ga-

mosuli bavSvebic swavlobdnen. Tumca, skolebi aseve mefeTa

da mTavarTa sasaxleebSic arsebobda. rac Seexeba umaRles

saswavleblebs, erTaderTi varaudi gaxlavT akademiis arse-

12

boba gremSi, romelic Sah abasis Semosevebis Sedegad ganad-

gurda 1614-1617 ww. marTlmadidebluri saswavleblebis garda am periodis sa-

qarTveloSi arsebobda agreTve romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis

mier misioneruli moRvaweobisas daarsebuli saswavlo dawese-

bulebebic, sadac garda RvTismetyvelebisa, iswavleboda uc-

xo enebic. iseve rogorc nebismier qveyanaSi, CvenSic aRniSnu-

li misioneruli skolebis ZiriTad movaleobas ara imdenad

eris ganaTleba warmoadgenda, ramdenadac ideologiuri da

religiuri zemoqmedeba qarTvel erze. mogexsenebaT, rom ne-

bismieri religiis ZiriTad Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens

mrevli. misioneruli moRvaweobac Sesabamisad miznad isaxav-

da, sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis paralelurad, romaul-kaTo-

likuri eklesiisaTvis mrevlis Sematebas. amis naTeli dadas-

tureba gaxlavT samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi uamravi ka-

Tolike qarTveli da somexi erovnebis adamiani, romelTac

sarwmunoebis gamo `frangebs~ uwodeben. misionerebma, romlebic ZiriTadad dedaqalaqsa da msxvil

qalaqebSi moRvaweobdnen, daaarses sakvirao da dawyebiTi sko-

lebi. pirveli misioneruli skola gaisxna TbilisSi 1630 wels,

Semdeg samegreloSi, 1670 wels ki quTaisSi, gorSi da sxv. warCi-

nebuli moswavleebi igzavnebodnen romis papis mier daarse-

bul kolejSi, sadac kaTolike mRvdlebs amzadebdnen. aRniS-

nuli sistema kargad hgavs da SeiZleba iTqvas zusti aslia

muslimanuri TurqeTis mier ganxorcielebuli im proeqtisa,

romelic dResac moqmedebs Cvens qveyanaSi. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba mas aWaris mTianeTSi eqceva. patara bavSvebi sas-

wavleblad TurqeTis mier dafinansebul pansionatebSi mih-

yavT. warmatebul moswavleebs agzavnian TurqeTSi, sadac maT

momaval sasuliero pirebad amzadeben. Tavisuflad SeiZleba

imis Tqma, rom ideologiuri samsaxuri eklesiaSi gacilebiT

kargad moqmedebs, vidre saxelmwifoSi. tradiciul qveynebSi,

romelTa ricxvs jer-jerobiT saqarTveloc miekuTvneba, re-

ligiuri foni Zalzed maRalia, rasac kargad iyeneben sakuTa-

ri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad ucxo religiebis warmomad-

genlebi. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca Cven TviTon aranair ba-

riers ar vuwesebT maT moRvaweobas.

13

mecniereba. Cven mier gansaxilveli periodis mecniereba

ZiriTadad istoriografias moicavs. rogorc cnobilia, sa-

mecniero da zogadi kulturuli centrebi saqarTveloSi yo-

velTvis TbilisSi mdebareobda. gansakuTrebiT isini mefeTa

sasaxleSi iyvnen warmodgenilni. XVI-XVII ss-is meore naxevar-

Si aq Tavs iyridnen mecnierebi, mwerlebi, xelovanebi. XVII sa-

ukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos mariam dedoflis iniciativiT

gadaiwera `qarTlis cxovreba~. garda qarTuli istoriuli

wignebis Targmnisa, iTargmneboda ucxo enebidan ZiriTadad

samarTlis kanonebi. politikuri daSlisa da ekonomikuri

daqveiTebis pirobebSi qarTuli samarTlis xarisxic daqveiT-

da, ramac ucxoenovani samarTlis wignebis Targmnis aucileb-

loba gamoiwvia. samecniero muSaobas TviT samefo kari uwyobda xels,

romlis gareSec veranairi mecnieruli moRvaweoba ver ganvi-

Tardeboda. vaxtang V-is Svilebi: arCili, levani da giorgi

XI samecniero moRvaweobis organizatorebi iyvnen. TviT arCi-

li iyo poetic da mecnieric. levani iyo Semkuli iseTi epiTe-

tebiTac, rogoricaa: `brZeni da mecnieri~, `ganswavluli sa-

mecniero wignTa~ [1, 273]. qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawilia

qarTuli medicina, romelmac sxva dargebTan SedarebiT ma-

Ral dones miaRwia. amis dasturia XVI saukuneSi Seqmnili

Zegli `iadigar daudi~, romelic daviT XI-m stambolSi Sead-

gina. aRniSnuli wignidan irkveva, rom am periodis saqarTve-

loSi ara mxolod wamlebiT mkurnalobdnen, aramed qirurgi-

uli CarevebiTac.

XVII s-is umniSvnelovanesi moRvawe gaxlavT cnobili is-

torikosi farsadan gorgijaniZe (1626-1696 ww.), Tumca ro-

gorc mecnierebi askvnian, mas saTanado kritikuli alRo ar

gaaCnda da amitomac mravladaa Secdomebi mis naSromSi. man

1691 wels Targmna muslimanuri samarTlis wigni `jami abasi~

da Seadgina sparsul-arabul-qarTuli leqsikoni. aseve mas

udidesi roli miuZRvis firdousis `Sahnames~ qarTuli versi-

ebis SeqmnaSi. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi praqtikaSi yofila e. w.

`RvTis samsjavros~ _ ordalebis sistema. arqanjelo lamber-

14

tis, Sardenisa da farsadan gorgijaniZis cnobebiT, XVII s-Si gamoyenebuli yofila mduRriT gamocda da orTabrZola.

Tumca xSirad sasamarTlo uars ambobda xmliT gamocdaze da

ficiT kmayofildeboda. mterTa mravalwlianma batonobam daRi daasva aseve maRal-

ganviTarebul qarTuli xelovnebis dones, Tumca, gamorCeuli

Zeglebis ricxvi mainc didia. XVII s-Si am mxriv gamoirCeva ka-

xeTi. Sendeba axali dedaqalaqi gremi, aseve mravali sxva ta-

Zari Tu sasaxle. samSeneblo masalebidan did gavrcelebas

iZens aguri. amitomac, kaxeTis am periodis eklesia-monastre-

bisa da cixe-koSkebis ZiriTadi nawili aguriTaa aSenebuli.

amave periods miekuTvneba SuamTis monastris mSenebloba, ase-

ve ananuris cixe, mWadijvris eklesia duSeTsa da muxrans So-

ris, qsnisa da sxvilos cixeebi.

mxatvruli literatura da xalxuri sityviereba. XVI-XVII ss-is literaturas mecnierebi `aRorZinebis xanis~ mwerlobas

uwodeben. am periodis Semoqmedebas motivTa da JanrTa nair-

saxeobani axasiaTebs. erTi mxriv (ZiriTadad XVI s.) grZelde-

ba sparsuli poeziis nimuSebis Targmna da, meore mxriv, `vef-

xistyaosnis~ gagrZelebaTa Tu CamatebaTa mTeli cikli, ro-

melTa avtorebic iyvnen: sargis Tmogveli, manuCar mwerali,

ioseb tfileli, qaixosro ColoyaSvili da sxva.

gansakuTrebiT XVII s-Si Zlierdeba saero poezia, rome-

lic sasuliero mwerlobas aviwrovebs. qarTuli literatura,

rogorc iv. javaxiSvili brZanebs, saerTo-erovnuli intere-

sebis samsaxurSi Cadga da xalxis kulturul mTlianobas ga-

nasaxierebda. `amasTanave literaturaSi gaCnda aCrdili pesi-

mizmisa, rac umTavresad qveynis ekonomikursa da politikur

cxovrebaSi Seqmnili `Cixis~ anarekli iyo [3, 4]. saerTo erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas Tavisi ideologiac gauC-

nda literaturuli Txzulebebis saxiT. esaa Teimuraz I-is `wameba qaTevan dedoflisa~, arCilis `gabaaseba Teimurazisa

da rusTavelisa~, ioseb tfilelis `didmouraviani~, feSangi

xiTariSvilis `Sahnavaziani~ da sxva.

XVI-XVII ss. kvlavac mimdinareobda taZrebis moxatva. mi-

uxedavad imisa, rom qveyana daqucmacebuli iyo, mainc bevri

15

samxatvro skola arsebobda. ganskuTrebiT gavrcelebuli am

periodSi gaxldaT taZrebSi mefisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis

gamoxatva. Tumca naxatis Sesrulebis done gacilebiT daba-

lia wina saukuneebTan SedarebiT, rac isev da isev qveynis

ekonomikuri da sulieri regresiT aixsneba. kedlis mxatvro-

bas ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mxatvrebi asrulebdnen, Tumca

iwvevdnen ucxoel mxatvrebsac. magaliTad kaxeTSi umuSaviaT

rus mxatvrebsac da aRudgeniaT mxatvroba alaverdSi, mouxa-

tavT gremis eklesia da sxva. amave periods miekuTveba 1646 w. levan dadianis iniciativiT mamuka TavaqaraSvilis mier gada-

werili da 39 miniaturiT Semkuli `vefxistyaosani~. aseve 1628 w. pirveli qarTuli beWduri wigni gamoica italiaSi, romSi

nikifore irbaxis evropaSi elCobis dros, sadac stefano pao-

linis xelmZRvanelobiT da nikoloz ColoyaSvilis (nikifore

irbaxis) monawileobiT damzadda qarTuli Srifti da daibeW-

da locvani qarTuli anbaniT, xolo 1628-1629 ww. ki gamoqvey-

nda `leqsikoni qarTuli da italiuri Sedgenili stefano pa-

olinis mier, qarTveli nikifore irbaxis... daxmarebiT~.

XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis, literaturisa

da xelovnebis am mokle eqskursiTac ki sakmarisia danaxva, Se-

faseba da dafaseba im udidesi Rvawlisa, romelic politiku-

rad da sulierad daqveiTebul saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda.

miuxedavad uamravi siZnelisa, mravalricxovani Semosevebisa

da qveynis SigniT arsebuli daqsaqsvisa, qarTvelma erma mainc

SeZlo evropul da maradiul Rirebulebebze uari ar eTqva

da Tavisi wvlili Seetana am zogadsakacobrio saqmeSi. Zal-

zed Znelia, roca mteri gars gaxvevia, raime axali Seqmna,

Tqva axali sityva samyaroSi. magram Sinagani siZliere, sim-

tkice da RvTisadmi rwmena, romelic qarTvel kacs yovel-

Tvis Tan sdevda, yovelgvar dabrkolebas advilad gadasalaxs

xdida misTvis. amitomac saqarTvelo dRevandel dRemde

msoflios mraval qveyanas Soris isev da isev moiazreba ro-

gorc erT-erTi uZvelesi da umdidresi warsulisa da tradi-

ciebis mqone qveyana, romelmac kacobriobas mravali fasdau-

debeli da maradiuli mniSvnelobis saganZuri misca.

16

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. jamburia g., qarTuli kultura XVI-XVII ss., ciklidan

`saqarTvelos istoria~, 3, Tbilisi, 2010.

2. musxeliSvili d., samsonaZe m., dauSvili al., saqarTve-

los istoria uZvelesi droidan 2009 wlamde, Tbilisi,

2012. 3. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tbilisi, 1970.

4. delikostantisi k., saskolo religiuri aRzrda, aTeni,

2009 (berZnul enaze).

Archimandrite Michael Ejibishvili

Doctor of Social Sciences, Church of Greece

Georgian Culture in the Period of `Small Revival~

(XVI-XVII Centuries)

Summary

XVI-XVII centuries were one of the most difficult periods in the history of Georgia. Maintaining the status quo of this time was more important than creating a new one. Nevertheless, certain changes were observed in the development of education, science and literature. Despite the political decline in the country, the royal family tried to keep the steps of the world. Despite numerous invasions and internal unrest, the Georgian nation still managed not to reject European and eternal values and contribute to this universal cause.

17

daviT merkvilaZe

istoriis doqtori, Sefasebisa da ga-

mocdebis erovnuli centri, istoriis

jgufis specialisti

imereTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

miRebis sakiTxi (1783 wlis aprili-seqtemberi)

mfarvelobis sakiTxi yirimis aneqsiis Semdeg da podpolkov-

nik vasil tomaras misia imereTSi. 1783 wlis 8 aprils ekateri-

ne II-m xeli moawera yirimis saxanos gauqmebisa da misi miwa-

wylis ruseTTan mierTebis sagangebo manifests. yirimi, tama-

nis naxevrakunZuli da yubanis mxare ruseTis imperiis nawi-

lad gamocxadda. cota xanSi yirimis xani Sahin-gireic taxti-

dan `nebayoflobiT~ gadadga da yirimis saxanom arseboba sa-

mudamod daasrula. amieridan ruseTis mTavari mizani axalmi-

tacebuli teritoriebis uomrad SenarCuneba iyo. saomari

samzadisis dawyeba osmaleTSi SeiniSneboda. Tumca jer kidev

ucnobi iyo, ramdenad gabedavda momxdaris Sedegad dazafru-

li sulTnis xelisufleba ruseTTan axali omis atexvas.

am friad mniSvnelovani politikuri nabijis gadadgmis

droisaTvis saimperatoro karze ukve SemuSavebuli da Camoya-

libebuli iyo orive qarTul samefosTan uaxloes xanebSi po-

litikuri urTierTobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi mimarTule-

bebic: erekle II ekaterine II-is qveSevrdomoba-mfarvelobaSi

unda miRebuliyo, amave statusiT solomon I-is miReba ki ga-

daido iqamde, sanam osmalTa mxridan zavi narCundeboda, maTi

mxridan omis dawyebis damatebiTi safuZvlis micemis Tavidan

asacileblad (SegaxsenebT, rom quCuk-kainarjis zavis Tanax-

mad, solomon I-is interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, ruseTma mTe-

li dasavleT saqarTvelo sulTnis qveSevrdomad aRiara1).

amavdroulad imereTis mefis politikur ganwyobebSi antios-

maluri da prorusuli mimarTulebebis SenarCuneba da gaZli-

ereba aucilebel miznad isaxeboda [2, 112-114].

niSandoblivia, rom ekaterines karis didmoxele, general-

1 am sakiTxis Taobaze dawvrilebiT ixileT [3, 144-150].

18

anSefi gr. potiomkini saqarTvelos saqmeebis sakiTxze or

orders adgens da svlas aZlevs 3 aprils, roca yirimis aneq-

siis sakiTxi ukve gadawyvetili iyo da dRe-dReze imperatri-

cas xelmowerili Sesabamisi dadgenilebac unda gamocemuli-

yo. gr. potiomkinis erTi orderiT peterburgi Tavis mudmiv

warmomadgenel (`ministr~) polk. s. burnaSevs, Sesabamisi miTi-

Tebebis darTviT, miavlenda qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis sa-

mefoebis karze [12, 1-2]. meore da saidumlo orderiT gene-

ral-anSefi kavkasiis korpusis meTaurs, general-poruCik p.

potiomkins dawvrilebiT amcnobda umaRlesi xelisuflebis

gadawyvetilebas qarTul samefoebTan Semdgomi politikuri

urTierTobis Taobaze da am mimarTulebiT samoqmedo gegma-

sac udgenda [9, 155].

orderis bolo, me-4 punqtSi, romelic exeba imereTis sa-

kiTxs, gr. potiomkini iuwyeboda, rom mefe solomons Tavad

amcnobda mefe erekles `uzenaes mfarvelobaSi~ miRebis ga-

dawyvetilebis Taobaze [9, 155]1. am Sinaarsis werili imereTis

mefisaTvis gr. potiomkins ueWvelad amave dRes unda gaegzav-

na podpolkovnik vasil tomaras xeliT. vinaidan amave ofi-

cers gr. potiomkinis davalebiT, zemoxsenebuli orderi mih-

qonda p. potiomkinTan georgievskSi da Semdeg TbilisSi erek-

lesTvis unda mierTmia traqtatis proeqti. masve evaleboda

traqtatis Taobaze mefesTan uSualod molaparakebebis war-

moebac. am yovelives Sesrulebis Semdeg ki v. tomaras misiaSi

Sedioda quTaisSi solomon I-is monaxuleba, misTvis werile-

bis gadacema da ukan mefis sapasuxo werilis wamoReba.

v. tomaram gr. potiomkinis werilebi 6 maiss Cautana kav-

kasiis xazis sardals. sami dRis Semdeg, 9 maiss (xangrZlivi

mgzavrobis Semdeg v. tomaras, etyoba, georgievskSi sami

dRiT Seusvenia) p. potiomkini solomons Tavis mxriv wers,

rom masTan agzavnis Tavad grigol potiomkinis werils, sai-

danac mefe Seityobs, rom imperatoris keTili nebiT, erekle

mefe miiReba saimperatoro taxtis mfarvelobaSi, ris Sedega-

dac misi ojaxi da samefo daculi iqneba yvela xalxisagan,

1 es davaleba gr. potiomkins eketerine II-isgan hqonda miRebu-

li [9, 141].

19

romlebic daapireben mis Seviwroebas an Seuracxyofas. Semdeg

gamoTqvamda `gulrwfel survils, rom garemoebebs misi uga-

naTlebulobisTvisac (solomonisTvis _ d. m.) gaexsna gza,

esargebla igive upiratesobiT da yofiliyo daumarcxebeli

da guluxvi ekaterines mtkice faris qveS.~ iqve p. potiomkini

imereTis mefes atyobinebda imperatoris survils, rom `mud-

miv da keTil kavSirSi yofiliyo~ mefe ereklesTan, ris Tao-

bazec aseve apirebda, Seexsenebina qarTl-kaxeTis mefisaTvi-

sac. danarCens ki am werilis momtani podpolkovniki tomara

mogaxsenebso, dasZenda igi bolos [9, 157].

meore dResve, 10 maiss pavle potiomkini gr. potiomkins

upatakebda, rom mas tomaras xeliT mis mier gamogzavnili

traqtatis proeqti da werilebi ukve mieRo da wina dRiT

qarTveli mefeebiskenac gaeSva. pataks Tan axlda aseve mefe

solomonisadmi p. potiomkinis werilis asli [1, 63].

magram manamde samxreTisaken, yofili osmaluri samflo-

beloebisaken rusuli eqspansionizmiT aforiaqebuli sulTnis

xelisuflebis saomari samzadisi imereTis mefisaTvis, cxadia,

SeumCneveli ar darCenila. 27 aprils solomon I amis Taobaze

atyobinebs p. potiomkins: am mxareSi osmalTa jari grovdeba,

amzadeben did samxedro maragebs. mefe aRniSnavda, rom mis-

Tvis jer ucnobi iyo, ra mizniT ikribebodnen isini, an saiT-

ken apirebdnen daZvras. etyoba, mefis karze jer kidev ar mo-

eRwia yirimis aneqsiis `cxel-cxel~ ambavs. amitomac, mefe Si-

Sobda, rom misi mtris gaaqtiureba SeiZleboda imereTSi Se-

mosaWrelad yofiliyo gamiznuli. solomoni iTxovda, es amba-

vi saswrafod ecnobebinaT gr. potiomkinisaTvis, romelic

aseT SemTxvevaSi imperatoris saxeliT mas `Zlier mfarvelo-

basa da dacvas~ Sehpirebia. werilSi mefec am danapirebis aR-

srulebaze amyarebda imeds da Tan acxadebda, rom kavkasiis

korpusis rus sardals SemdgomSi aucileblad miawvdida

mtris moqmedebisa da ganzraxvis Sesaxeb dazverviT miRebul

ufro zust cnobebs [9, 156].

roca misTvis dakisrebuli saqme qarTl-kaxeTis mefis

karze moagvara, v. tomara gaemgzavra imereTSi. igi 5 ivniss

Cavida quTaisSi da mefes Camoutana orive potiomkinis mier

mowerili werilebi, romlebic saimperatoro karis mier misi

20

mfarvelobaSi miRebis gadadebas atyobinebdnen, Tumca sit-

yvier gamxnevebas ar aklebdnen. magram mesame dRes solomoni

avad gamxdara, ruseTidan warmogzavnili podpolkovniki

droulad veRar miiRo da rusi oficeri mxolod 14 ivniss ga-

moistumra ukan Tbilisisaken p. potiomkinTan gatanebuli

ori weriliTurT1.

solomons ruseTisagan mfarveloba-daxmarebis imedi ga-

uRviva tomaras stumrobidan erTi Tvis Tavze, 5 ivliss mas-

Tan s. burnaSevis wvevam. ruseTis sruluflebianma warmomad-

genelma daaTvaliera samefos yvela strategiuli adgili da

imereTSi Semomavali gzebi samxedro daniSnulebis gegmebis

Sesadgenad. gaxarebul solomons imedi mieca, rom ruseTi bo-

los da bolos sityvidan saqmeze iwyebda gadasvlas. mefe gr.

potiomkinisadmi miweril werilSi mis mimarT udides madlie-

rebas gamoxatavda gamoCenili yuradRebisaTvis da `yovlad

mowyale didi xelmwifisa da samSoblos dedisadmi~ (anu eka-

terine II-isadmi) erTgulebas kvlav adasturebda [9, 185]. ime-

reTis mefem ruseTis imperiis avtoritetis gamoyenebiT (iqi-

dan `umaRlesi brZanebis~ miRebis saSualebiT) dadianisa da

gurielis sruli damorCilebis SesaZleblobac mosinja. iqneb

saimperatoro kars keTili neba gamoeCina da samefos meti

usafrTxoebis mizniT am mTavrebisaTvis mefisadmi morCile-

bis brZanebac gaeca2.

s. burnaSevs imereTis mefem axali ambebi Seatyobina: por-

tas foTis cixeSi samTuRiani3 faSa gamougzavnia aTiaTasiani

jarisa da didZali muSaxelis TanxlebiT. muSaxelis naxevari

foTSive darCenila cixis gasamagreblad, xolo meore naxeva-

ri ki enguris SesarTavTan, anakliaSi gadaugzavniaT iq cixis

1 amis Sesaxeb v. tomara atyobinebda p. potiomkins 24 ivniss

Tbilisidan gagzavnili patakiT. ix. [9, 179-181]. 2 ix. solomon I-is werili p. potiomkinisadmi [8, 186]. werilis

rusuli Targmani daTariRebuli araa, qarTuli dednis mi-

xedviT ki isic imave dRes, 12 ivliss unda iyos dawerili _

`q’s aqeT CRpb welsa ivlissa Tormetsa~ [9, 186, Sen. c]. 3 osmaleTis imperiaSi TuRis raodenobiT ganisazRvreboda

faSis rangi. samTuRian faSad iwodeboda veziris Tanamde-

bobis mqone faSa [5, 78-79].

21

asaSeneblad. es ambavi TbilisSi dabrunebulma `ministrma~

sxva saWiro cnobebTan erTad myisve ruseTSi afrina [8, 188].

cxadia, sulTnis xelisuflebis es nabiji iyo reaqcia yirimis

aneqsiaze. CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi ruseTis fexis mokide-

bis sapasuxod porta aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi imyarebda

mdgomareobas1. osmaleTis mxridan SesaZlo Tavdasxmis molo-

dinisas ruseTSic Seudgnen Sesabamisi Tadarigis daWeras: ag-

vistos dasawyisSi general-anSefma gr. potiomkinma Tavis gan-

kargulebaSi myofi jari saswrafod srul sabrZolo mzad-

yofnaSi moiyvana [13, 222; 1, 64]. georgievskis traqtati da imereTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis

sakiTxi. georgievskis cixe-simagreSi, kavkasiis korpusis sar-

dlis rezidenciaSi, 1783 wlis 24 ivliss erekle II-is ufleba-

mosilma pirebma _ i. muxran-batonma da g. WavWavaZem xeli mo-

aweres qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis qveSevrdomoba-mfar-

velobaSi Sesvlis xelSekrulebas.

v. tomaras xeliT solomonis werilis miiRebis Semdeg p.

potiomkini imereTis mefes momdevno weriliT, pirvel rigSi

atyobinebda, rom imperatricam keTili ineba, mefe erekle da

misi samefo `mieRo Tavis Zlier mfarvelobaSi~, rac Sesabami-

si xelmowerili traqtatiTac damtkicdao. amieridan `qar-

TvelTa mefe miRebulia sruliad ruseTis vasalad~, xolo

`qarTvelTa samefo damokidebulia imperatoris skiptraze~,

ganagrZobda general-poruCiki da momavalSi solomonsac

ereklesnair mdgomareobaSi yofnas usurvebda. umaRlesi ne-

baa aseve, _ dasZenda p. potiomkini, _ orive samefo iyos er-

TmaneTTan mSvidobian da mokavSirul mdgomareobaSi, xolo

me, rogorc imperatoris xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli, viyo

arbitri anu umaRlesi msajuli Tqvens Soris urTierTuTan-

xmoebis SemTxvevaSio (aseTi instruqcia p. potiomkins unda

1 naklebadaa mosalodneli, es aqtiuroba dasavleT saqarTve-

los dakargvis SiSiT yofiliyo gamowveuli. Sdr. [1, 67]. am

dros osmalebs imereTze xeli isedac aRar miuwvdebodaT,

xolo maT xelSi arsebul dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvis-

pireTis mimarT raime amocanebi ruseTSi im etapze ar gaaC-

ndaT. peterburgSi mTeli yuradReba CrdiloeT SavizRvis-

pireTis dauflebisaken iyo mimarTuli.

22

mieRo gr. potiomkinisagan. am ukanasknels ki unda gaeTvalis-

winebina ekaterine II-is adre gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi, rom

urigo ar iqneboda, Tuki is uzrunvelyofda mSvidobis damya-

rebas ereklesa da solomons Soris da amisaTvis ikisrebda

Tavdebobasac mefeTa urTierTukmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi da

aseve _ maT Soris arbitris rolsac [7, 30-31]). p. potiomkini,

gamoxatavda ra kmayofilebas, imereTis mefis mier imperato-

ris samsaxurisadmi swrafvis gamo (ris Sesaxebac polk. toma-

ras uambnia misTvis), mefes saCuqrad sxvadasxva nivTebs ug-

zavnida1.

solomon I saxtad darCa, roca p. potiomkinisagan erekle

II-is ekaterines mfarvelobaSi miRebis ambavi Seityo2. misTvis

amgvari mfarvelobis martooden survili gaimetes, rasac

aranairi saqmiani winadadebebi ar sdevda Tan. es ki mfarve-

lobaSi miRebaze uaris tolfasi iyo. imereTis mefisTvis cxa-

di iyo, rom igi ratomRac `motexes~. sanam erekle II masze

sxvadasxva saSualebiT ganxorcilebuli zewolis Sedegad ga-

agzavnida ruseTSi Txovnas mfarvelobaSi miRebis Taobaze,

1 am saCuqrebs Seadgenda oqros saaTi, mrgvali saTuTune, sia-

samurisa da kvernis bewveuli, dasaluqi cvili, qaRaldebi da

kalendari. ix. [9, 220-221]. werilis publikaciaSi misi daweris

TariRi aRniSnuli ar aris. dokumentebis krebulis gamomcem-

lebi mas 2 agvistoTi aTariReben, Tumca ar uTiTeben, ris

safuZvelze. sapasuxo werilSi solomon I ki aRniSnavs, rom

man p. potiokinis 31 ivlisis werili miiRo agvistos 14-Si [9,

233]. vinaidan aq udavod erT da imave werilzea saubari, upi-

ratesobas vaniWebT Tanadroul monacems (31 ivliss), miT uf-

ro, rom zemoaRniSnul rusul gamocemaSi werilis 2 agvis-

toTi daTariRebis safuZveli gaurkvevelia. 2 v. maWaraZe werda, rom 12 ivliss miweril Tavis werilebze

`solomon mefes ruseTidan pasuxisaTvis ar daucdia~ da

`rogorc ki qarTl-kaxeTis mier ruseTTan traqtatis ga-

formebis ambavi Seityo~, 23 agvistos p. potiomkins man axa-

li werili gaugzavna. ix. [1, 67]. pativcemul mecniers etyo-

ba mxedvelobidan gamorCa p. potiomkinis 31 ivlisis (Tu 2

agvistos) zemoxsenebuli werili, romelic swored solomo-

nis 12 ivlisis werilis sapasuxod daiwera da imereTis me-

femac swored am weriliT 14 agvistos miiRo oficialuri

Setyobineba aRniSnuli traqtatis gaformebis Sesaxeb.

23

solomons aseTi mimarTva ukve orjer hqonda gagzavnili. ax-

la ki esoden sasurveli xelSekruleba imereTis mefisaTvis

kvlav miuRwevel miznad rCeboda. imereTTan traqtatis sa-

kiTxi gaurkveveli mizezebiTa da gaurkveveli droiT kvlav

gadadebuliyo, maSin roca qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dacva ru-

seTs Tavis Tavze ukve oficialurad aeRo (sxva sakiTxia, ra

Sedegebi moutana erekles samefos am `dacvam~).

23 agvistos imereTis mefem morigi weriliT mimarTa Crdi-

loeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis xelisuflebis umaRles warmomadge-

nels. am weriliT solomon I diplomatiur madlobas ucxadeb-

da p. potiomkins `megobrobis gamoxatvisa da micemuli rCevi-

saTvis, esargebla erekles msgavsi xvedriT,~ Tumca ki, iqve

ver malavda ukmayofilebasac: rogor miaRwia `Cvenma Zmam erek-

lem traqtatis damtkicebas~, roca didi xania, Cven Tavsa da

qveyanas ruseTis xelmwifis qveSevrdomad da mfarvelobis qveS

miviCnevTo. solomoni sityvebs ar iSurebda imperatorisadmi

Tavis erTgulebis saCveneblad da gaocebiT kiTxulobda, Tu

raSi gamoixateboda misadmi `yovladmowyale xelmwifis keTi-

li neba~, an Tundac imas mainc ratom ar eubnebodnen, ras iT-

xovdnen misgan, risi dauyovneblivi Sesrulebis mzadyofnasac

winaswar acxadebda. mefe aseve iTxovda, misTvis ecnobebinaT

ereklesTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi da forma1. so-

lomon I srul mzadyofnas gamoTqvamda uSualod traqtatis

dasadebad ruseTTan oficialuri molaparakebis dasawyebad,

roca p. potiomkins imereTSi umokles droSi rotmistr kazixa-

novis gagzavnas Txovda, raTa Semdeg Tavisi warmomadgenlebic

1 ara gvgonia, solomoni eSmakobda, roca rusi moxeleebisagan

traqtatis pirs iTxovda, im motiviT, rom mas araoficia-

luri wyaroebiT ukve ecodineboda misi Sinaarsi. Sdr. [4,

259]. aRniSnuli werilis daweramde (23 agvisto) imereTis me-

fis yuramde SeiZleba marTlac mieRwia ereklesTan gafor-

mebuli traqtatis zogad Sinaarss, magram sruliad buneb-

rivia, roca mefe rusuli mxarisagan iTxovda oficialurad

dadasturebul dokuments, rac mefes traqtatze naTeli

warmodgenis Seqmnis saSualebas miscemda. solomoni, rome-

lic TviTonac apirebda msgavsi xelSekrulebis dadebas,

logikuria, rom uaRresad dainteresebuli iyo, srulad

garkveuliyo mis WeSmarit arssa da calkeul detalebSi.

24

gaegzavna traqtatis gasaformeblad [9, 233-234]1.

ramdenime dRis Semdeg (3 seqtembers) solomon I ukve uSua-

lod gr. potiomkins mimarTavs. werilis dasawyisSi mefe imeds

gamoTqvams, rom `didi Tavadis~ meSveobiT `yovladmowyale de-

dofali~ Tavisi yuradRebiTa da mfarvelobiT gauwevs yovel-

gvar daxmarebas, rac ki misi samSoblosaTvis sasargeblo iqne-

ba. agreTve etyoba, agvistos bolosaTvis imereTis mefes amba-

vi misvlia, rom dadiani ruseTSi elCobis gagzavnas apirebda,

raTa saimperatoro karis SuamdgomlobiT imereTis mefisagan

sruli damoukideblobisaTvis mieRwia. amis Taobaze moaxseneb-

da solomoni imperiis didmoxeles da moiTxovda, rom dadianis

elCebisaTvis epasuxaT, rom ruseTSi mxolod erT mefes _ so-

lomons aRiarebdnen da yvela misi mowinaaRmdege ruseTis xel-

mwifis mtrad iqneboda miCneuli [9, 234-235].

kavkasiis xazis sardali imereTis mefis werilma Zalze da-

afiqra. igi erTi mxriv xedavda solomon I-is did wadils ru-

seTTan traqtatis gasaformeblad, raSic aseve didad iyo da-

interesebuli saimperatoro karic da iqidan mas davalebac

hqonda micemuli imereTis mefis ruseTis erTgulebisaken mi-

sadrekad, meore mxriv, ki peterburgidan ukve mieRo miTiTe-

1 igive werilis, oRond sxva Targmanis STabeWdilebas tovebs

solomon I-is werilis Semdegi publikaciac. amis safuZvels

iZleva ori garemoeba: 1. werilis teqsti Sinaarsobrivad

pirdapir miyveba zemoaRniSnuli werilis teqsts. maT Soris

gansxvaveba gamoixateba mxolod stilSi, oRond am ukanas-

knel variants boloSi aklia mefis madloba gamogzavnili

saCuqrebisa da mkurnalisaTvis; 2. orive werili p. potiom-

kinis mier erTi da imave dRes, 6 seqtembers aris miRebuli.

iqve aRniSnulia, rom pirveli varianti uTargmnia polkis

kvartermaister mixeil markovs, xolo meoris mTargmneli

miTiTebuli ar aris. vinaidan dedanSi werilis daweris Ta-

riRi, Cans, ar arsebula, gamomcemlebma misi daweris mxo-

lod zeda zRvari _ werilis miRebis dro, 6 seqtemberi miu-

TiTes [Sdr. 9, 237]. werilis daweris TariRad SecdomiT ad-

resatis mier misi miRebis TariRs, 6 seqtembers uTiTebs i.

cincaZec [6, 114]. SesaZlebelia, mecnieris es Secdoma mar-

Tlac n. dubrovinis SeniSvnidan [ix. 8, 55, Sen. 3] momdinare-

obs [1, 69, Sen. 1].

25

ba, Sesabamisi xelSekrulebis gasaformeblad aqamde arsebuli

xelisSemSleli garemoebebis arsebobis Taobaze [11, 155; 2,

113]. p. potiomkini SiSobda, rom traqtatis dadebis morig ga-

dadebas ruseTis mimarT mefis gulacrueba ar mohyoloda.

amitom miuweria, rom solomons sando kaci gamoegzavna mas-

Tan gasaformebeli traqtatis sakiTxze mosalaparakeblad,

rogorc amas TviTon mefe iTxovda, im imediT, rom es nabiji

mefes gauTavebeli sityvieri dapirebebidan uSualod saqmeze

gadasvlis STabeWdilebas Seuqmnida. yovelive amis Taobaze

werilis miRebis (6 seqtemberi) meore dResve p. potiomkini

ufros biZaSvils dawvrilebiT moaxsenebda da xazs usvamda,

rom misi 3 aprilis miTiTebis Sesabamisad, mondomeba ar dauk-

lia, solomon mefe ruseTis mfarvelobaSi misaRebad rom wae-

qezebina, magram saamisod mas zedmeti garja ar dasWirvebia,

radgan TviT solomonic amisaTvis didad mowadinebuli aRmo-

Cenila. imereTis mefis elCis mosvlamde ki sardali gr. poti-

omkinisagan iTxovda axal miTiTebebs: xom ar Seqmniliyo ukve

is xelsayreli politikuri viTareba, imereTTan xelSekrule-

bis gasaformeblad rom iyo saWiro [14, 260; 1, 68], xolo Tu

ara, maSin sulTnis karTan imereTis mefis ra pirobebiT Se-

Tanxmeba miiCneoda dasaSvebad [14, 260; 10, 193]. am dros ki, rogorc irkveva, ruseTis saimperatoro karze

imereTis mimarT naxevari wliT adre SemuSavebuli mkafio da-

mokidebuleba kvlavindeburad ucvleli rCeboda. sanam so-

lomon mefisa da p. potiomkinis werilebs miiRebda, gr. poti-

omkini al. bezborodkos, romelic imereTTan traqtatis da-

debas ukve SesaZleblad miiCnevda, azrs uwunebda da am nabi-

jis jer isev arasaimedoobaze miuTiTebda [15, 73; 10, 193-194].1

1 n. dubrovinTan werilis daweris TariRad 1785 wlis 5 seq-

temberia miTiTebuli (ix. [8, 55], magram es meqanikuri Sec-

doma unda iyos, werili 1783 wlis 5 seqtembersaa dawerili.

ekaterinesadmi bezborodkos erT werilSi imereTis mfarve-

lobaSi miRebis sakiTxis mimarT saimperio karze adreve Ca-

moyalibebuli azria gatarebuli (`...imereTis mefe amJama-

dac mihyveboda erekles magaliTs, xels rom ar gviSlides

misi portasadmi morCileba, romelic Cveni winamorbedebis

araSorsmWvretelobiTa da daudevrobiT, naTladaa Cadebuli

26

osmaleTis damokidebulebis cvlileba imereTis samefos mi-

marT yirimis aneqsiisa da georgievskis traqtatis Semdeg. kavka-

siis xazis sardlis SiSi imedgacruebuli solomon mefis mier

ruseTisadmi damokidebulis SesaZlo Secvlis gamo usafuZ-

vlo ar yofila. sulTnis kari SeSfoTebuli adevnebda Tvals

ruseTis erTdroul politikur gaaqtiurebas rogorc yirim-

yubanis, aseve amierkavkasiis mimarTulebiT. ruseTis mier yi-

rim-tamanis aneqsias umal mohyva qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTis qve-

SevrdomobaSi gadasvlac. dRe-dReze aq, osmaleTis sazRvre-

bis siaxloves mosalodneli iyo rusis jaris gamoCenac. am vi-

TarebaSi imereTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis Taobaze intensiuri

molaparakebebis warmatebiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi osmale-

bi Savi zRvis ukve aRmosavleT sanapiroebis dakargvis udide-

si safrTxis winaSec dgebodnen. ruseTs SesaZlebloba eZleo-

da momavalSi am sanapiro zolze ganlagebuli osmaluri gar-

nizonebisaTvis erTdroulad zRvidanac mietana ieriSi da

xmeleTidanac (imerlebTan erTad). am SemTxvevaSi gardauvali

iqneboda, TandaTan ruseTis xelSi gadasuliyo yvela zRvis-

pira osmaluri cixe ukve tamanidan baTumamde. es ki otomanTa

imperiis sruli kraxis dasawyisis tolfasi iqneboda.

yirimis mierTebiT ruseTma faqtobrivad uxeSad daarRvia

quCuk-kainarjis zavi, iseve rogorc ainali-kavakis1 konvencia.

konstantinepolSi Zneli misaxvedri ar iyo, kavkasiis mimar-

TulebiT ruseTis yvela politikuri nabiji amieridan uSua-

lod osmaleTis winaaRmdeg rom iqneboda mimarTuli. aseT pi-

robebSi imereTis mefis ase erTbaSad gaxSirebuli diploma-

tiuri urTierTobebi ruseTis didmoxeleebTan, rac cxadia,

osmaleTisaTvis SeumCneveli ar darCenila, am ukanaskneli-

kainarjis traqtatSi~, ix. [16, 469]). bezborodkos werils Ta-

riRi ar adevs, Tumca o. markova mis Seqmnas zogadad 1784

wliT aTariRebs da mis safuZvelze askvnis, rom bezborodkos

gr. potiomkinis Sexeduleba unda gaeziarebina. ix. [10, 194]. 1 1779 wlis 10 marts ainali-kavakSi (sulTnis sazafxulo re-

zidencia) osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris gaformebuli SeTan-

xmebis Tanaxmad orive mxare aRiarebda yirimis saxanos da-

moukideblobas da uars ambobda yirimis saSinao saqmeebSi

Carevaze [17, 688].

27

saTvis sul ufro SemaSfoTebel iers iZenda.

amdagvarad, erT dros uZleveli porta metismetad mZime

gamowvevis winaSe aRmoCnda. saWiro iyo saswrafo RonisZiebebi

mosalodneli katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad. sulTnis

kari mzad ver daxvda 1783 wels yirimis saxanosa da mimdebare

miwebis aneqsiiTa (8 aprili) da suverenuli qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefos ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi gadasvliT (24 ivlisi) ruse-

Tis poziciebis seriozul ganmtkicebas osmaleTis sazRvre-

bis uSualo siaxloves. ruseTSic yuradRebiT adevnebdnen

Tvals osmalTa reaqcias. rogorc rusi rwmunebuli konstan-

tinepolSi, s. bulgakovi ekaterines kars atyobinebda, 31 ag-

vistos osmaleTis umaRles sasuliero ierarqebs TavianT sa-

gangebo Sekrebaze kategoriulad ganucxadebiaT, rom ruse-

Tis qmedeba yirimis mimarT srulad ewinaaRmdegeba masTan da-

debul xelSekrulebas da rom islami ver Seegueba Tanamor-

wmune yirimelebis yofnas ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi. garda

amisa, _ acxadebdnen sasuliero meTaurebi, _ ruseTi dro-

dadro axal-axal moTxovnebsac wamoayenebs, sanam TviT kon-

stantinepolsac ar Caigdebs xelSi. amitom muslim liderebs

mouTxoviaT, rom mTavrobas dauyovnebliv daewyo omisaTvis

Tadarigis daWera. imperiaSi saomari samzadisic daiwyo: nab-

rZanebi iyo jaris mobilizacia aziasa da rumeliaSi, mimdina-

reobda ianiCarTa didi razmebis gadaadgileba, xazinidan ga-

moiyo saWiro Tanxebic, samxedro aRWurviloba igzavneboda

xmeleTiT erzrumisaken da zRviT _ sinopisa da saigalisken.

am foriaqis fonze aRelvebul xalxSi vrceldeboda Worebi,

rom TiTqos aziis mxareSi omi ukve daiwyo, radgan aRmosav-

leTidan qarTvelebi rusebTan erTad Tavs dasxmian osmalur

samflobeloebs da omi sacaa dunaizec gaCaRdebao [13, 239-

246; 1, 64-65]. miuxedavad imisa, rom sulTnis mTavrobas ruseTTan mosa-

lodneli omis SemTxvevaSi avstriis imperatorisagan neitra-

litetis pirobac miuRia, xolo safrangeTi samxedro xomal-

debis gadacemas Sepirebia, saero xelisuflebas ruseTTan

omis dawyeba mizanSewonilad mainc ver miuCnevia. imperia Si-

napolitikur kriziss moecva, qalaqebSi Savi Wiri da SimSilo-

ba mZvinvarebda [13, 239-246; 1, 64]. am viTarebaSi mTeli es sao-

28

mari samzadisi TavdacviTi mizniT miRebuli gadawyvetilebis

STabeWdilebas ufro tovebda, vidre _ SeteviTisas. amas unda

adasturebdes elC bulgakovis Setyobinebac, rom sasuliero

liderTa survilis winaaRmdeg, sulTani da misi mTavroba

omis Tavidan acilebas amjobinebdnen, Tuki qarTvelebi ru-

sebTan erTad ar daesxmodnen mis miwa-wyals [13, 247-248; 1, 66]. rogorc Cans, konstantinepolSi Zalian ufrTxodnen ukve ru-

seTis oficialuri qveSevrdomis, qarTl-kaxeTis jaris SemoW-

ras da es ufro gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT ruseT-osma-

leTis wina omis dros erekles laSqris mwvave samxedro rei-

debs axalcixis safaSos teritoriaze.

vinaidan aqamde miRebuli mZime politikuri marcxis sam-

xedro gziT gamosworeba sulTnis karisaTvis jer isev zedme-

tad sarisko saqmed moCanda da aqamde imereTis iaraRiT da-

morCilebis yvela mcdelobac warumateblad damTavrebuli-

yo, imisaTvis rom ruseTis qveSevrdomaSi imereTis gadasvla

da aq rusis jaris Semosvla mainc aRekveTa, stambulSic er-

TbaSad Seicvala politikuri strategia am qarTuli samefos

mimarT. osmaleTma xeli aiRo imereTis damorCilebisa da xar-

kis gadaxdis iZulebis adre warmoebul isedac uSedego poli-

tikaze. miT ufro, rom dasavleT saqarTvelodan xarkis moT-

xovnis ufleba kainarjis xelSekrulebis pirobebiT ukve ise-

dac dakarguli hqonda. gaZlierebuli ruseTis esodeni gaaq-

tiurebisa da amis Sedegad, qarTl-kaxeTis saxiT, SedarebiT

saimedo mezoblis dakargvis fonze (georgievskis traqtati)

osmaleTisTvis imereTis samefos friad mniSvnelovani fasi

daedo da erTgvari buferis rolic daekisra. JamTa cvlis

ironiiT, portasaTvis am samefos suverenitetis SenarCuneba

iseTi sasurveli gaxda, rogorc arasdros. osmaleTis xeli-

sufleba mzad iyo solomon mefesTan mraval sakiTxSi wasu-

liyo mniSvnelovan daTmobebze, oRond ki misi ruseTis mfar-

velobaSi, faqtobrivad ki am ukanasknelis qveSevrdomobaSi

Sesvla ar daeSva. cxadia, sulTnis karisaTvis jer kidev ara-

feri iyo cnobili ruseTSi SemuSavebuli poziciis Taobaze,

rac imereTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis gaurkveveli vadiT gada-

debas iTvaliswinebda.

imereTis samefos mimarT osmaleTis damokidebulebis sa-

29

fuZvliani cvlileba, pirvel rigSi, am saxelmwifoTaSoris

diplomatiur urTierTobaze aisaxa. erT dros (ruseT-osma-

leTis 1768-1774 ww. omamde) osmalTa mxridan morCilebis

moTxovniT iaraRis JRarunis fonze, warbSekruli osmalo

elCebis saSualebiT warmoebuli Cveuli molaparakebebi sabo-

lood warsuls Cabarda. 1783 wlis Semodgomaze imereTis me-

fis karze stumrobas mouxSires sulTnisa da faSebis mier

warmogzavnilma da mdidruli saCuqrebiT datvirTulma moci-

qulebma. pirmRimari elCebi TavianT xelisufalTa muqariT

savse SemonaTvalis nacvlad axla ukve keTilganwyobiT aRsav-

se werilebs aaxlebdnen mefe solomons, ruseTis arasaimedo-

obaze miuTiTebdnen, Crdiloeli imperatricasaTvis zurgis

Seqcevisaken mouwodebdnen da brwyinvale portasTan megob-

rul urTierTobas sTavazobdnen [10, 194; Sdr. 4, 259]. erT-

erTi aseT elCoba quTaisSi unaxavs solomon I-Tan p. potiom-

kinis mier wargzavnil oficer Steders. misi cnobiT, mefes-

Tan baTumidan werilebiTa da saCuqrebiT mosula faSis Zma

Svidi Turqis TanxlebiT [14, 320-321; 1, 74].

s. burnaSevi p. potiomkins auwyebda, rom imereTis samefo

kars urTierToba hqonda axalcixesTan da mis mier gagzavnil

mTargmnel tamazinis imereTSi yofnis drosac iq Casula (Cans,

axalcixidan) erTi Turqi da 13 oqtombers gabrunebula ukan.

rogorc iq ganumartavT, es kaci Turme xSirad Camodioda me-

fesTan, rogorc misi Zveli nacnobi. Tumca burnaSevi eWvob-

da, rom es nacnoboba mxolod sababi SeiZleboda yofiliyo

saqmiani Sexvedrebis gasamarTad. etyoba, rusi rezidenti Si-

Sobda, rom am Turqis saSualebiT axalcixis faSas, SesaZloa,

faruli molaparakebebi ewarmoebina imereTis mefesTan.

zemoxsenebuli `Turqi~ stumari solomon mefes ver Sex-

vdeboda, vinaidan mefe im dros mZimed avadmyofobda da misi

gamgzavrebidan mxolod erTi kviris Tavze moikeTa. magram

udavoa, rom osmalo elCebs Sesabamisi pativiT iRebdnen ime-

reTis mefis karzec da sruli diplomatiuri etiketis dac-

viT istumrebdnen ukan.

Tumca erTi somexi vaWris cnobiT, manamde konstantine-

polSi yofila erekle II-isa da solomon I-is erToblivi da

didi warmomadgenlobiTi elCoba (80 Tavadis SemadgenlobiT),

30

romelTac sulTnis kari winaswar gaufrTxilebiaT, rom sa-

qarTveloSi `didZali rusis jari~ imyofeboda da Tuki ruse-

Ti qarTvelebs aiZulebda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg oms, isinic

iZulebulni gaxdebodnen, omSi monawileoba mieRoT [9, 238]1.

elCebis dasaxelebuli raodenoba saeWvod didi moCans. amas-

Tan, im dros jer arc ruseTis jari iyo Semosuli saqarTve-

loSi (Tumca ki maTi Semosvlis sakiTxi georgievskis traqta-

tiT ukve gadawyvetili iyo da saamiso samzadisic mimdinare-

obda). Tumca am garemoebaTa gamo sulTanTan amgvari elCobis

gagzavnac ver gamoiricxeba. SesaZloa, qarTveli mefeebi Ta-

visTan rusis `didi~ jaris yofniT osmaleTs ruseTTan kavSi-

ris gamo maT sawinaaRmdego SesaZlo qmedebisagan TavSekavebi-

saken mianiSnebdnen, Tan ruseT-osmaleTs Soris SesaZlo omis

molodinSi erTgvarad Tavsac imarTlebdnen da ibodiSebdnen

kidec, aqaoda, TqvenTan omis survili ara gvaqvs, magram Tuki

amis gakeTeba ruseTma gvaiZula, misi amodena jari aqa dgas

da aba sxva raRa gza dagvrCebao.

maSasadame, yirimis aneqsiis gamo ruseTTan omis zRvarze

myofi osmaleTis xelisufleba mTel Tavis diplomatiur Za-

lisxmevas mimarTavda solomon I-is keTilganwyobis mosapo-

veblad da ruseTisagan mis CamosaSoreblad. saamisod ki

tkbil sityvebsa da saCuqrebsac ar iSurebda imereTis mefi-

sadmi. magram maTi es yovelgvari Zalisxmeva fuWi aRmoCnda _

rogorc Semdeg gamoCnda, mefe erTxel ukve aRebul politi-

kur kursze myarad idga da misgan gadaxvevaze arcki fiqrob-

da.

amrigad, yirimis aneqsiis Semdeg ruseTma quCuk-kainarjis

zaviT mis mier osmaleTis qveSevrdomad aRiarebuli imereTis

samefos mfarveloba-qveSevrdomobaSi miRebisagan kvlavac Ta-

vi Seikava, raTa osmaleTisaTvis masTan omis dawyebis damate-

biT safuZveli ar mieca da yirimi ubrZolvelad daenarCune-

bina. samagierod, ruseTis xelisuflebam mondomeba ar daiSu-

ra, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze Tavisi gavlenis oficialurad

1 es cnoba daTariRebuli ar aris, magram aSkarad 8 seqtem-

bramdea Cawerili, vinaidan am dRiT daTariRebuli rapor-

tiT es ambavi moxsenda gr. potiomkins.

31

dasadastureblad. marTalia, ruseTis mier yirimis mierTebis

gamo osmaleTis sulTnis karma misTvis sabolood omis ga-

mocxadeba ver gabeda, Tumca aqtiurad daiwyo erTi mxriv Sa-

vi zRvis aRmosavleTi sanapiroebis gamagreba da meore mxriv

erTianad Secvala politika imereTis samefos mimarT da dip-

lomatiur Zal-Rones ar zogavda imereTis mefis misamxrobad.

imereT-osmaleTs Soris urTierTobis mowesrigeba ruseTis

saimperatoro karis miznebs ewinaaRmdegeboda [4, 258], amitom

iqidan crudaimedebebis gacemiTa da sapasuxo diplomatiuri

gaaqtiurebiT cdilobdnen imereTis samefo karze antiosma-

luri da prorusuli ganwyobilebebis SenarCunebasa da SeZle-

bisdagvarad kidev ufro gaRvivebas.


1. v. maWaraZe, besiki diplomatiur sarbielze, Tbilisi, 1968.

2. d. merkvilaZe, imereTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarve-

lobaSi miRebis sakiTxi (1781-1783 wlis dasawyisi), axali

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 1-2, Tbilisi, 2018.

3. d. merkvilaZe, imereTis samefos sakiTxi quCuk-kainarjis

sazavo xelSekrulebaSi, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XIX-

XX, Tbilisi, 2017/2018.

4. m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema da saga-

reo orientacia XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1988.

5. m. svaniZe, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi,

Tbilisi, 1990.

6. i. cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati, masalebi

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tbili-

si, 1960.

7. Грамоты и др. исторические документы XVIII столетья относящие-ся к Грузии, под ред. А. А. Цагарели, т. II, вып. II, СПб, 1902.

8. Дубровин И., История войн и владычества русских на Кавказе, т. II, СПб, 1886.

9. Из истории российско-грузинских отношений, сборник докумен-тов, Москва, 2014.

10. Маркова О. П., Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в

32

XVIII веке, Москва, 1966.

11. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа с 1722 по 1803 год. П. Г. Буткова, ч. 2, СПб, 1869.

12. Новые Матеріалы для жизнеописанія и дѣятельности С. Д. Бурна-шева, бывшаго въ Грузіи съ 1783 по 1787 г., Собралъ и издалъ съ приложеніемъ картъ, портретовъ и факсимиле С. Н. Бурнашевъ, подъ редакціей профессора А. А. Цагарели, С.-Петербург, 1901.

13. Российский государственный военно-исторический архив (РГВИА), fondi ВУА (Военно-ученый архив), saqme 243.

14. Российский государственный военно-исторический архив (РГВИА), f. 52, aRw. 194, saqme 286.

15. Российский государственный военно-исторический архив (РГВИА), f. 52, aRw. 1/194, saqme 310, naw. 1.

16. Сборник Русского исторического общества (РИО), т. 26, СПб., 1879.

17. Симоненко Р. Г., Айнали-Кавакська конвенція 1779, Енциклопедія історіі Украіни, т. 1, Киев, 2003.

Davit Merkviladze

Doctor of History, National Assessment and Examinations Center, History Gro-up Specialist

The Issue of Adoption of Imereti Kingdom in Russian

Protectorate in April-September 1783

Summary

The adoption issue of the Imereti Kingdom in the protectorate of the Russian Empire in 1783, on the background of annexation of Crimea by Russia (April 8) on the one hand and the adoption of the Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom in the protectorate of Russian (August 23) on the other hand is discussed in the given article. The diplomatic correspondence between the Russian government officials and King of Imereti Solomon I in abovementioned period (April-September 1783) is analyzed as well.

Despite the request of the King of Imereti Solomon and the Russian

33

government’s desire, to adopt the Imereti Kingdom in the protectorate of the Impire, was again postponed due to fear of Ottoman irritation and King Solomon received only verbal promises.

As for the Ottoman government, which faced difficult challenges because of the Russian political activities in its neighborhood, was ready to make many important concessions with the King of Imereti to take him out the Russian political orientation through the diplomatic efforts.

34

niko javaxiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis gan-

yofilebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSrome-

li

saqarTvelos droSa damoukideblobis

komitetis wevrTa TvalsazrisiT (1917 weli)

1914 wels, petre surgulaZis mesveurobiT, JenevaSi Camo-

yalibda `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~ (igive _

damkomi), romelSic gaerTiandnen leo da giorgi kereseliZee-

bi, giorgi maCabeli, mixeil wereTeli, nestor maRalaSvili,

Salva vardiZe, meliton qarcivaZe, zia-beg abaSiZe da sxvebi.

I msoflio omis dawyebisTanave saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis komiteti berlinSi gadavida da mWidro kavSiri daamya-

ra germaniis mmarTvel wreebTan. maTive daxmarebiT, damkomma

osmaleTis imperiis teritoriaze, kerZod, WaneTSi Camoayali-

ba sajariso SenaerTi `qarTuli legioni~.

swored germaniis mxareze mebrZoli damkomisa da qarTu-

li legionis istorias ukavSirdeba pirveli qarTuli ordenis

_ Tamar mefis ordenis daweseba da arseboba. am warCinebis

niSnis kavalerTa Soris arian, rogorc germanelebi, aseve

qarTvelebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Tamaris ordeni, arsebiTad,

germanul-qarTuli samxedro-politikuri aliansis jildoa.

am ordenis kavaleri SeiZleboda gamxdariyo isic, vinc ar Se-

dioda legionSi, magram raime seriozul samsaxurs gauwevda

germanul-qarTul samxedro-politikur alianss. aseTTa So-

ris iyvnen, rogorc qarTvelebi, aseve germanelebi [1; 2, 26-

33].

vfiqrobT, interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos, Tu rogor

warmoedginaT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis Sem-

deg arsebuli qveynis droSa saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

komitetis wevrebs.

rogorc cnobilia, moqandake iakob nikolaZis mier Seqmni-

35

li samferovani (Savi, TeTri da Sindisferi) droSa, romelic

germaniis imperiis saxelmwifo droSis msgavsi iyo (im gansxva-

vebiT, rom am ukanasknels samive feri bolomde gasdevda), af-

rialda 1917 wlis 19 noembers, rodesac TbilisSi saqarTve-

los erovnuli sabWos pirveli yriloba gaixsna. am yrilobis

monawileebs gulze swored aseTi feris bafTebi ekeTaT [3, 6].

es droSa, sul ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, saqarTvelos demok-

ratiuli respublikis saxelmwifo droSad iqca.

sagulisxmoa, rom SemorCenilia oficialuri dokumenti,

gacemuli zemoxsenebul TariRamde naxevari wliT adre, sai-

danac irkveva, Tu rogor hqondaT warmodgenili damkomis

wevrebs saqarTvelos droSa.

1917 wlis 1 maisiT daTariRebuli aRniSnuli sabuTiT

dgindeba, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitets Tamar

mefis ordeniT daujildovebia grafi fridrix-verner fon

der Sulenburgi (1875-1944), romelic I msoflio omamde iyo

germaniis imperiis konsuli TbilisSi. mogvianebiT, is msaxu-

robda germaniis elCad ssr kavSirSi (omis dawyebamde). `anti-

saxelmwifoebriv SeTqmulebasa~ da 1944 wlis 20 ivliss, qalaq

rastenburgSi, e. w. `mglis bunagSi~, germaniis kancler ad-

olf hitlerze ganxorcielebul afeTqebaSi monawileobis

braldebiT, grafi Sulenburgi daapatimres da sikvdiliT da-

sajes.

osmaleTis imperiis dedaqalaq istanbulSi gacemul am do-

kuments, romelzedac dafiqsirebulia am qalaqis istoriuli

dasaxeleba _ konstantinopoli, xels aweren damkomis Tavmj-

domare petre surgulaZe da wevrebi: z. abaSiZe (memed-beg aba-

SiZis biZaSvili), o. qarcivaZe, m. maRalaSvili. es sigeli

gamoqveynebulia winamdebare krebulis garekanis bolo gver-

dze.

sabuTSi vkiTxulobT: `mosagoneblad im Zvirfasi samsaxu-

risa, romelic Tqven migiZRviT Cven saqmeSi, gvaqvs pativi mo-

gawodoT samaxsovro niSani qarTvelTa legionisa. niSani unda

itarebodes marcxena mkerdze qvemodan~.

dajildoebis damadasturebel am sigels, qveda marcxena

mxares aqvs dasmuli mrgvali, lurji feris beWedi, Semdegi

warweriT: `damoukidebel saqarTvelos partiis xelmZRvaneli

36

komiteti~.

sabuTze, teqstis zemoT, centrSi gamosaxulia Tamar me-

fis ordeni, romlis orive mxridan aRmarTulia droSa _ wi-

Teli (Sindisferi) da Savi horizontaluri zolebiT. aseTive

feris lenti mTlianad aqvs gars Semovlebuli am sigels [4,

21].

bunebrivia ismis kiTxva, ratom iyo droSaze maincdamainc

wiTeli (Sindisferi) da Savi ferebi?

SoTa rusTavelis genialur qmnilebaSi `vefxistyaosani~,

romelic garkveulwilad asaxavs qarTul sinamdvilesac,

vkiTxulobT: `avmarTe droSa mefisa, almiTa wiTel-SaviTa~.

profesorebi apolon silagaZe da goCa jafariZe Tavi-

anT broSuraSi, romelsac saTaurad aqvs `vefxistyaosnidan~

amoRebuli zemoxsenebuli sityvebi, werdnen: `droSebi ferTa

aseTi SexamebiT ar arsebobda Cvens mezobel arc islamur sam-

yaroSi, arc bizantiaSi. amjerad ara aqvs principuli mniSvne-

loba, motanili striqoni rusTveluria, Tu Canamati, _ orsa-

ve SemTxvevaSi saqarTveloSi arsebobda tradicia, rom Savi

feri alamze, wiTlis gverdiT, sulac ar aris araCveulebrivi

da miuRebeli~ [5, 30].

gamomdinare yovelive zemoTqmulidan, unda vivarau-

doT, rom damkomis wevrebs, rogorc qarTvel mamuliSvilebs

da ganaTlebul adamianebs, aRniSnuli ferebi SemTxveviT ar

SeurCeviaT droSisaTvis, romelsac, rogorc Cans, isini moi-

azrebdnen saqarTvelos momaval saxelmwifo droSad.

rasakvirvelia, aseTi droSa bevrad ufro tradiciuli

da Sesaferisi iqneboda saqarTvelosTvis, vidre samferovani

alami, romelic 1918 wels iqca pirveli qarTuli respubli-

kis saxelmwifo droSad.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom rogorc Cans, dajildoebis

sigelebs, msgavsi gaformebiT, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

komiteti mogvianebiT aRar gascemda. kerZod, damkomis mier

1918 wels gacemul sigelebze, droSis gamosaxuleba saerTod

aRar gvxvdeba [1].

rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetma

37

angariSi gauwia im faqts, rom samferovanma droSam imxanad

ukve oficialurad miiRo saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-

publikis saxelmwifo droSis statusi.

amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli dokumenturi masalidan na-

Teli xdeba, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis

wevrebs, romlebic I msoflio omis periodSi, saxelmwifoeb-

riobis aRdgenas germaniis mxardaWeriT cdilobdnen (rac

1918 wlis 26 maiss realobad iqca), Cveni samSoblos droSad

warmoedginaT alami _ wiTeli (Sindisferi) da Savi horizon-

taluri zolebiT. es ki exmianeba `vefxistyaosanSi~ dacul

zemoxsenebul cnobas.


1. niko javaxiSvili, Tamar mefis ordeni (germanul-qarTuli

samxedro-politikuri aliansis istoriidan), Tbilisi,

1998.

2. niko javaxiSvili, pirveli qarTuli ordeni, nawili pirve-

li, saistorio Jurnali ìstoriani~, Tbilisi, 2019, # 5

(100).

3. daviT kldiaSvili, Tanamedrove saqarTvelos heraldika,

Tbilisi, 2008.

4. niko javaxiSvili, pirveli qarTuli ordeni, nawili meore,

saistorio Jurnali ìstoriani~, Tbilisi, 2019, # 6 (101).

5. apolon silagaZe, goCa jafariZe, àvmarTe droSa mefisa,

almiTa wiTel-SaviTa~, Tbilisi, 1999.

38

Niko Javakhishvili Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhi-shvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhi-shvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Georgian State Flag by the Vision of the Part of Georgian Society in 1917

Summary

~Georgia’s Independence Committee~, which was functioning in

Berlin during the World War I assumed, that by the help of German’s they

could restore Georgia’s statehood.

By the help of German government the Committee established `Georgian Legion~ on the territory of Turkey (Lazistan). The establishment

and existence of the first Georgian reward – the Order of King Tamar was connected to the above mentioned Committee and Georgian Legion members, who fought on the side of Germans. The holder of the reward

could become a person of Georgian as well as German origin, who was not

a member of the Legion, but had successfully served German-Georgian

military-political alliance mission.

The document issued by the Committee on May 1, 1917 proves that a

German diplomat Graff Friedrich-Verner Schulenburg (1875-1944) was

awarded with the Order of King Tamar. By the same document it can be

also proved how `Georgia’s Independence Committee~ versioned Georgian

state flag, which would have had red and black horizontal stripes. This type

of flag is described by prominent Georgian poet of XII-XIII century _

Shota Rustaveli in his poem `The Knight in the Panther’s Skin~ as the

Georgian flag of that period.

39

oTar gogoliSvili

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo

universitetis profesori

brZola saxelisuflebo organoebis

CamoyalibebisaTvis aWaraSi 1921 wels

(mejlisebi)

aWaris mejlisebis istoria, maTi moRvaweobis are, prog-

ramebi, miuxedavad bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli literatu-

risa, jer kidev bolomde Seswavlili ar aris. aWaris pirveli

mejlisi (parlamenti) misi SeqmnisTanave (1919 wlis 31 agvis-

to) ucxoeTis intervenciis mZime wlebSi mTlianad iziarebs

manamde arsebul musliman qarTvelTa organizaciis `samusli-

mano saqarTvelos ganmanTavisuflebel komitetis~ (1918 wlis

15 maisi) saqarTvelos erTianobisTvis brZolis programas.

cnobilia, rom masTan erTad samuslimano saqarTveloSi saTa-

veSi Caudga erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobas da mtki-

ced da Tanmimdevrulad ibrZoda saqarTvelos erTianobis-

Tvis, misi saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisTvis.

mejlisi, miuxedavad imisa, rom kritikulad uyurebda

social-demokratebis (rogorc menSevikebis, ise bolSevikebis)

politikas, ar iyo sazogadoebis erTi romelime klasis in-

tresebis gamomxatveli, yvelaze maRla ayenebda zogadasaka-

cobrio Rirebulebebs, aqtiurad ibrZoda demokratiisa da

socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis, nebismieri klasisa da par-

tiis diqtaturis, nebismieri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg. saqarTve-

losa da misi Semadgeneli nawilis momavali warmoedgina, ro-

gorc Tavisufali, demokratiuli parlamentaruli respubli-

ka. mejlisi gamodioda saqarTveloSi arsebuli erebisa da

erovnebebis, sxvadasxva religiebis TanasworuflebianobisaT-

vis. mejlisis wevrebi, misi Tavmjdomare memed abaSiZe araer-

Txel aRniSnavdnen, rom isini rwmeniT muslimanebi arian da

amas maTTvis xeli ar SeuSlia yofiliyvnen qarTveli eris

Rirseuli Svilebi. ase mtkiced edga saTaveSi mejlisi musli-

man qarTvelTa brZolas interventebis winaaRmdeg. miaRwia ki-

dec sawadels. 1920 wlis 7 ivliss aWara da mTlianad samus-

40

limano saqarTvelo kvlav daubrunda istoriuli samSoblos.

is, rom am movlenis mTavar Zalad aRiarebuli iyo mejlisi,

imaSic gamoixateba, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub-

likis jaris nawilebs, romlebsac sastikad ebrZodnen bolSe-

vikebi da maTi momxreebi, raTa antantas saokupacio jarebis

wasvlis Semdeg ar SemoeSvaT isini aWaraSi, baTumTan axlos,

barcxanaSi xvdebian erTmaneTs inglisis saokupacio jarebis

mTavarsardali kuk-kolisi da mejlisis Tavmjdomare memed

abaSiZe, romelmac Tavis misasalmebel sityvaSi ganacxada,

rom mejlisis mTavari mizani ganxorcielebuliao.

mejlisi gamodis aramarto erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebe-

li brZolis medroSed, aramed demokratiuli wyobilebis mom-

xredac da, ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa wyobilebis winaaRmdeg [1,

113]. barcxanaSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ja-

ris nawilebTan Sexvedris dros warmoTqml misasalmebel sit-

yvaSi memed abaSiZem mouwoda bilSevizmis winaaRmdeg sab-

rZolvelad. mejlisis pozicia bolSevikebisa da bilSevizmi-

sadmi naTladaa gamoxatuli mejlisis erT-erTi aqtiuri wev-

ris jemal qiqavas sityvaSi, romelic man warmoTqva q. baTumis

profkavSirTa konferenciaze 1920 wlis 29 marts. man Tqva:

`aWaris mSromelebi, Tqven, batono bolSevikebo, ar gamogyve-

bian. es yvelasaTvis cnobilia. isini Tqven ar gamogyvebian,

sxvaTa Soris, imitomac, rom Tqvens Soris ar aris arc erTi

aWareli (xmebi adgilidan: `aris~). Tu Tqvens Soris aris qar-

Tveli muslimani, is TurqeTidan gamoqceuli avanturistia,

Turqia, panislamistia, romlebTanac Tqven, batono bolSevi-

kebo, dadeT kavSiri da TurqeTis panislamistebTan erTad

cdilobT daRupoT Cveni qveyana~ [2, 3]. amis Semdeg mejlisis

warmomadgenlebi demonstraciulad toveben profkavSirTa

konferencias da TavianTi beWdviTi organos gazeT `samusli-

mano saqarTvelos~ saSualebiT sastikad akritikeben konfe-

renciis bolSevikur gadawyvetilebas sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damyarebis Sesaxeb. werilSi aRniSnulia, rom `bolSevikebs

surT daumorCilon Cveni qveyana leninur ruseTs. Cven vaf-

rTxilebT maT, Cven vurCevT maT uari Tqvan TavianT avantu-

raze. aq ruseTi araa. Tu lenini ase uyvarT, wavidnen iq, mis

samSobloSi, da rogorc undaT, ise daSalon ruseTi~ [2, 4].

41

bolSevikebs ar daviwyebiaT mejlisis brZola maT mi-

marT da cxadia arc SemTxveviTi yofila sabWoTa xelisufle-

bi mier gatarebuli represiebi mejlisisa da misi wevrebis wi-

naaRmdeg. Tumca mejlisi arc menSevikebis mmarTvelobisa da

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis dros yo-

fila privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi. mas, miuxedavad misi

damsaxurebisa, mainc almacerad uyurebdnen, ar endobodnen,

devnidnen, Senobac ki ar gamouyves. maT mejlisi esaWiroebo-

daT mxolod TavianTi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis aWa-

raSi.

aseTive miznebs isaxavdnen bolSevikebic, rodesac sab-

WoTa xelisuflebis pirveli dRidan daSlilad ar gamoacxa-

des mejlisi, aramed neba darTes Sekrebiliyvnen da Sedgo-

modnen muSaobas. mas gamouyves Senoba, saWiro Tanxa, misi Tav-

mjdomare memed abaSiZe da erT-erTi wevri rejeb niJaraZe _

regionis mkvidrTagan pirveli iuristi Seiyvanes baTumisa da

misi olqis revoluciuri komitetis SemadgenlobaSi. revkomma

dauSva specialuri braZaneba mejlisis wevrebisa da Tanam-

Sromlebis qonebis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa xeli-

suflebis damyarebidan mesame dRes, rodesac baTumis samxed-

ro revoluciuri komitetis nacvlad Seiqmna baTumisa da ba-

Tumis olqis revkomi da romlis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes me-

med abaSiZe. revkomis Tavmjdomare bolSeviki sergo qavTara-

Ze masTan saubarSi aRniSnavda mejlisis did rolze erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi, musliman qarTvelTa erov-

nul TviTSegnebaSi da im brZolaze, romelic warmoebda mej-

lissa, menSevikebsa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis xelmZRvanelobas Soris. man xazi gausva imas, rom mejli-

sis moRvaweobas revkomi da piradad TviTon, misi Tavmjdoma-

re mxars dauWerdnen. revkomi da misi wevrebi _ komunistebi

ar malavdnen imasac, rom mejlisi maT esaWiroebodaT maTi

politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. mejlisi winande-

burad qarTuli orientaciis aqtiuri mebrZolis rolSi gamo-

dioda, aucilebeli iyo misi gamoyeneba aWaraSi im antiqarTu-

li atmosferos SenelebisaTvis, rac proTurqul organizaci-

aTa agitaciis Sedegad arasasurvel Sedegs Rebulobda. bo-

lSevikebma Turqofilur agitacias daupirispires qarTuli

42

orientaciis idea, rasac mejlisi Tavisi moqmedebis mTavar

principad aRiarebda.

amave dros mejlisi winandeburad muslimanur da qris-

tianul, sxva konfesiaTa Tanasworuflebianobis ideas aRia-

rebda, am mimarTebiT aWaris specifikas usvamda xazs da moiT-

xovda aWaris avtonomiur respublikad gamocxadebas, rac sa-

qarTvelos komunisturi partiisa da saqarTvelos ssr maSin-

del e. w. uklonistur xelmZRvanelobas ar moswonda.

saqarTvelos revkomis Tavjdomaris f. maxaraZis 1921

wlis 20 martis mejlisis saxelze gamogzavnili depeSis sapa-

suxod memed abaSiZe 24 marts werda, rom aWaram unda moawyos

Tavis sakuTari cxovreba Tavisi yofis, religiisa da sxvaTa

Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiTo, rac ufro metad ganamtki-

cebs samuslimano saqarTvelos mosaxleobis miswrafebas _

TqvenTan erTad ganaxorcielos Tavisi amocanebio. mejlisi,

misi Tavmjdomare gamoTqvamdnen rwmenas, rom saqarTvelos

revkomi, sabWoTa xelisufleba yvela Rones ixmardnen, raTa

cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebuliyo saqarTvelos revkomis dek-

laracia imis Sesaxeb, rom aWara miiRebs mTlian SesaZleblo-

bas moawyos Tavisi cxovreba damoukideblad, Tavisi yofis

TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, mejlisis mosazrebaTa sru-

li SesabamisobiT mSromelTa da samuslimano saqarTvelos

mTeli mosaxleobis sakeTildReod.

saqarTvelos revkomis misalmebaSi mejlisisadmi miTi-

Tebuli iyo, rom mxolod aWaris muSebi da glexebi miiReb-

dnen SesaZleblobas moawyon TavianTi cxovreba Tavisi yofis

TaviseburebaTa SesabamisobiT, mejlisi ki Tavis sapasuxo de-

peSaSi aRniSnavda, rom dasaxelebuli principebis ganxorcie-

leba unda momxdariyo ara mxolod muSebisa da glexebis, ara-

med mTeli mosaxleobis sakeTildReod.

rogorc Cans, erTis mxriv, komunistebisa da sabWoTa xe-

lisuflebis da meores mxriv, mejlisis interesebi sabWoTa

xelisuflebis pirveli dRidanve daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs.

saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da aWaris avtonomiis idea, rom-

lis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebisaTvis mejlisma da misma Tav-

mjdomarem memed abaSiZem xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi di-

di rudunebiTa da ZalisxmeviT iRvawes, mejlisi ar wavida

43

imaze, rom sazogadoeba ar gayofiliyo `wiTlebad~ da `TeT-

rebad~, ar daupirispira erTmaneTs. klasebi da fenebi, ar da-

Tanxmda imas, rom gaenadgurebinaT; mosaxleobis SeZlebuli

fenebi, moewyoT represiebi, gaeCaRebinaT samoqalaqo omi,

amiT igi, faqtobrivad daupirispirda kompartiasa da sabWoTa

xelisuflebas, romlebmac, arc daayovnes administraciuli

wesiT gaeuqmebinaT. igi da misi wevrebis mimarT, piradad misi

Tavmjdomaris m. abaSiZis mimarT gaetarebinaT usastikesi

represiebi.

mejlissa da mis wevrebs, piradad memed abaSiZes, kargad

hqondaT ra Segnebuli sazogadoebis erT nawilis moaxloebu-

li ubedureba, rasac moitanda im droisaTvis muSur-glexuri

avtonomia, gadawyvites wasuliyvnen bolo cdaze _ aWaris av-

tonomiis debulebis SemuSavebisaTvis saqarTvelos komparti-

isa da xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis xelmZRvanelo-

basTn ewarmoebinaT molaparakeba. am mizniT, 1921 wlis apri-

lis meore naxevris dasawyisSi mejlisis Tavmjdomerem memed

abaSiZem gamosca brZaneba mejlisis arCevnebis Sesaxeb. brZane-

baSi ganmartebulia mejlisis arCevnebis mizezebi. kerZod, aR-

niSnulia, rom mejlisis arCevnebi tardeba axali sabWoTa xe-

lisuflebis damyarebasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos revko-

mis Tavmjdomaris momarTvasTan aWaris mejlisisa da revkomis

saxelze, piradad mis mimrTvasTan aWaris mosaxloebisdmi aWa-

risaTvis avtonomiis micemis Taobaze. brZanebaSi naTqvamia,

rom mejlisi aWarisaTvis avtonomiis sakiTxs Tvlis princi-

pulad gadawyvetilad, magram miaCnia saWirod axali mejlisis

arCeva moxdes sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebis safuZvelze,

rac daedeba safuZvlad avtonomiuri mSeneblobis dawyebas

aWaraSio. mejlisis mier arCeul komisias evaleboda revkomis

warmomadgenelTan erTad Sedgomoda mejlisis arCevnebs. mej-

lisis Tamjdomaris aRniSnuli brZaneba, bunebrivia, ewinaaR-

mdegeboda sabWoTa xelisuflebis imdroindel saarCevno sis-

temas, sabWoTa avtonomiis principebsa da uflebebs. amitom.

mejlisis delegaciis molaparakeba saqarTvelos kompartiis

`uklonisturi~ centraluri komitetisa da mTavrobis xel-

mZRvanelobasTan, romelic aragulwrfeli, damcinavi, agdebu-

li da motyuebiTi toniT warmarTavda Sexvedrebs, didxans

44

gagrZelebula da orkviriani molaparakebis Semdeg uSedegod

damTavrebula, mejlisis delegacias ramazanis dadgomasTan

dakavSirebiT, droebiT Seuwyvetia molaparakeba da baTumSi

dabrunebula. maT aq SeutyviaT, rom baTumSi aryofnis dros

mejlisi dauTxoviaT. saqarTvelos kompartiisa da sabWoTa

xelisulebis xelmZRvanelobas ki arc ki CauTvlia mizanSewo-

nilad ecnobebinaT amis Sesaxeb mejlisis delegaciisaTvis.

miuxedavad amisa, mejlisis xelmZRvaneloba, rogorc sa-

qarTvelos erTianobis momxreebi, ar dadgomia separatizmis

gzas, isini ar gavidnen polotikuri arenidan, saqarTvelos

maSindel xelisuflebas arwmunebdnen kidec, rom axali mej-

lisi, romelic 1921 wlis 6 ivniss Seqmnila, Zalze SemWidro-

vebul vadebSi, saSiSroebas Seuqmnida ara marto saqarTvelos

erTianobas, aramed socialur politikasac, magram revolu-

ciamdel, brZolebSi gamowrTobili mejlisis progresuli

xelmZRvanelobisTvis ar mousmeniaT da yovelive es Zviradac

dajdomiaT. Rrmad Secdnen bolSevikebi, rodesac naCqarevad

daaskvnes, TiTqos axlad Seqmnili mejlisi `ganamtkicebs aWa-

ris mSromelTa Zmur, mWidro kavSirs saqarTvelos muSebTan

da glexebTan~ [3, 2]. arc axali mejlisis saxelze mosuli sa-

qarTvelos revkomis telegrama iyo gulwrfeli, romelSic

aRniSnuli iyo, TiTqos saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli sabWoTa

wyobileba niSnavda `yovelgvari eqsploataciisa da yovelgva-

ri Cagvris mospobas~ [3, 2]. saqarTvelos revkomma mouwoda

aWaris axal mejliss `mtkiced idges sabWoTa xelisuflebis

sawyisebze da cxovrebaSi gaataros misi winaswardasaxuloba~,

rom TiTqos `mxolod aseTi gziT SeiZleba aWaraSi sasurveli

mSvidobis aRdgena da mosaxleobis gadarCena ganadgurebisa-

gan, siRaribisa da SimSilisagan~, rom TiTqos `mxolod sabWo-

Ta xelisufleba _ TviT mSromrlTa xelisufleba _ iqneba

xalxis bednierebis garantia~ [3, 3].

ra Tqma unda, axali, TiTqosda sabWoTa mejlisi, saqar-

Tvelos revkomis aRniSnul telegramas ar Rebulobs serio-

zul dokumentad. mejlisi ar dgeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis

da kompartiis platformaze, ar Rebulobs komunistebis ide-

as sazogadoebis klasebad dayofisa da klasTa brZolis Sesa-

xeb, romelsac kolosaluri msxverpli mohqonda revoluciis

45

Semdgom, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi da romelic

mTeli klasebis fizikuri ganadgurebis saSiSroebas qmnida.

mejlisi yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe gamodis im RonisZiebaTa

winaaRmdeg, romelsac komunistebi da komkavSirlebi atareb-

dnen. is erTsaxovnad ewinaaRmdegeba begebis, aRebisa da sxva

SeZlebuli fenebis winaaRmdeg represiebs, agreTve mosalod-

nel represiebs muslimanuri sarwmunoebis mesveurTa winaaR-

mdeg. igi samoqalaqo omis nacvlad samoqalaqo mSvidobis po-

litikas uwevs propoagandas.

mejliss, rogorc xelisuflebis umaRles organos aWa-

raSi, ar surs gaxdes kompartiis saTamaSo Tojina, ufro me-

tic, is cdilobs daimorCilos revkomi, partiuli, profkav-

Siruli, komkavSiruli, sabWoTa organizaciebi da miaRwios

mejlisis erTxelisuflebianobas. man moamzada brZanebis pro-

eqti aWarisaTvis farTo avtonomiuri uflebebis miniWebis Se-

saxeb, sadac naTqvamia: `1. mejlisi, rogorc xelisuflebis

sruluflebiani organo, arCeuli aWaris mSromelTa mier, ga-

moxatavs am ukanasknelis survils Sevides saqarTvelos ssr

SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi nawili, farTo avtonomiis sa-

fuZvelze., romlis sabWoTa mmarTveloba organizebuli unda

iqnas Semdeg formebSi...~ da CamoTvlili iyo yvela komisaria-

ti, romlebSic unda Seqmniliyo, samxedro, sagareo vaWrobis

da a. S. CaTvliT. 2. aWaris sabWoebis pirveli yrilobis mow-

vevamde mTeli xelisufleba rCeba mejliss~ [4, 2]. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom aWaras avtonomia eZleoda

pirvel rigSi konfesiis safuZvelze, mejlisi Tavis prieqtSi

aWaris avtonomiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb iTxovda aWarisaTvis

mezobeli, muslimanuri moasaxleobiT dasaxlebuli axalcixis

raionis _ saqarTvelos farglebSi darCenili mesxeTis nawi-

lis mierTebas.

aWaris avtonomiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb mejlisis proeq-

tis momzadebaSi saq. kp. (b) aWaris saolqo komitets, baTumis

olqis revkoms, sabWoTa, profkavSirul, komkavSirul organi-

zaciebs araviTari monawileoba ar miuRiaT. mejlisi araerT-

xel moagonebda maT, rom aWaraSi mTeli Zalaufleba ekuTvnis

mas da amis Sesaxeb sanqcias Txovda saqarTvelos revkoms.

ase, aWaraSi axali, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi Se-

46

iqmna orxelisuflebianoba. erTis mxriv, xelisufleba ekuT-

vnoda baTumis olqis revkoms, romelic muSebisa da glexebis

xelisuflebis umaRles organod iyo gamocxadebuli da axor-

cielebda proletariatis diqtaturas, meore mxriv _ mej-

liss, romelic acxadebda, rom icavs aWaris mTel mosaxleo-

bas, maT Soris begebis, aRebisa da samRvdeloebis interesebs.

aWaris farTo avtonomiuri uflebebis mejlisis dasaxe-

lebuli proeqtis ganxilvisa da damtkicebis Semdeg, misi war-

dgenisaTvis saqarTvelos revkomSi mejlisma Seqmna delegacia

Tavisi Tavmjdomaris _ cnobili sazogado moRvawis, aWaraSi

erT-erTi pirveli iuristis xasan lorTqifaniZis xelmZRvane-

lobiT, romelmac TbilisSi saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas-

Tan molaparakebis safuZvelze nawilobrivi SesworebiT miaR-

wia Tavisi proeqtis damtkicebas. am mxriv man didi mxardaWe-

ra hpova i. b. stalinisagan, romelic 1921 wlis ivlisis da-

sawyisSi specialurad Camovida TbilisSi politikuri sakiT-

xebis gadawyvetisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, maT Soris aWarisaTvis

avtonomiis miniWebis Sesaxeb, agreTve rkp (b) amierkavkasiis

samxareo komitetis xelmZRvanelis g. k. orjonikiZisagan. mej-

liss uari eTqva aWarisaTvis axalcixis raionis mierTebis

moTxovnaze, erTiani muslimanuri avtonomiis Seqmnaze, ag-

reTve imaze, rom mejliss daemorCileboda partiuli, komkav-

Siruli, profkavSiruli organizaciebi.

mTavari mainc is iyo, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis piro-

bebSi saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobam aWaraSi axali, sabWoTa

xelisuflebis umaRles organod cno mejlisi. amave dros ar

gauqmebula baTumis olqis revkomi, romelic axorcielebda

umaRles xelisuflebas aWaraSi, rac niSnavda imas, rom mej-

lisis winaaRmdeg neli moqmedebis naRmi Caido. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi komunisturi, miT umetes, e. w. saqarTvelos kp (b)

ck `nacional uklonisturi~ xelmZRvaneloba, revkomis Tav-

mjdomare budu mdivani araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar wavidoda

imaze, rom 1921 wlis 16 ivliss miRebuli yofiliyo saqar-

Tvelos revkomis dekreti # 54 aWaris avtonomiis Sesaxeb,

romlis safuZvelze aWaraSi mTeli xelisufleba gadaeca mej-

liss. dekretSi naTqvamia: `aWaris assr mmarTvelobis organo-

ebia: mejlisi, saxkomsabWo da adgilobrivi sabWoebi, arCeuli

47

saqarTvelos ssr konstituciis safuZvelze. SeniSvna: me-4

punqtSi dasaxelebuli komisariatebis saxalxo komisrebi

iniSnebian saqarTvelos Sesabamisi komisariatebis mier aWaris

respublikis saxkomsabWosTan SeTanxmebiT da mtkicdebian aWa-

ris mejlisis mier~ [5, 32]. dekretSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom aWa-

ris assr Sinagan saqmeTa, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis, socia-

luri uzrunvelyofis da miwaTmoqmedebis saxalxo komisaria-

tebi TavianT moqmedebaSi avtonomiurebia da pasuxismgebeli

arian saqarTvelos umaRlesi organoebis winaSe aWaris mejli-

sis meSveobiT. dekretSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom `aWaris assr

sabWoebis pirveli yrilobis mowvevamde mTeli xelisufleba

aWaris assr-Si am dekretSi miTiTebul sazRvrebSi ekuTvnis

aWaris mejliss~.

naTlad sCans, rom am dekretiT aWaraSi mTeli xelisuf-

leba gadaeca mejliss. amave dros, dekretiT baTumis olqis

xelisuflebis sagangebo organo _ revkomi ar gauqmebula,

Tumc is dekretSi naxsenebic ar aris, laparakia jer ar arse-

bul saxkomsabWoze, romelic unda Seqmniliyo aWaraSi sabWoe-

bis arCevnebis Catarebis Semdeg.

rogor uyurebdnen da afasebdnen saqarTvelos komunis-

tebi aWaris mejliss da dekrets aWaris avtonimiis Sesaxeb,

romelmac mejliss ganumtkica xelisufleba, Cans baTumis

olqis revkomis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis, komunist k. sajaias

naTqvamidan. is wers: `am dekretiT Cven absoliturad vkargav-

diT aWaras, sadac mdgomareobis baton-patroni unda gamxda-

riyvnen qemalistebi. meore mxriv, es saxelganTqmuli mejlisi

baTumis baton-patroni da baTumis proletariatis xelmZRva-

neli xdeboda [6, 1].

es iyo mejlisis ara marto araswori, subieqturi Sefa-

seba, aramed isic, rom igi imyofeboda diqtatis qveS. mejli-

sis mTeli Semadgenlobis gamocxadeba qemalistebad, ar iyo

swori. isini SerCeuli iyvnen TviT aWaris revkomisa da saq. kp

(b) aWaris saolqo komitetis xelmZRvanelobis mier. saqme ima-

Si iyo, rom mejlisi Sedgeboda mxolod aWarlebisgan, romle-

bic, rogorc muslimanuri religiis mimdevrebi, bevri qarTve-

li komunisti _ xelmZRvanelis azriTac iTvlebodnen Turqe-

bad, TaTrebad, da bunebrivia, Turquli orientaciis gamta-

48

reblad. gamomdinare aqedan, rogorc wesi, Tbilisi maT mi-

marT gaaTkecebul sifrTxilesa da sifxizles iCenda. amis Se-

saxeb ruseTis kompartiis XII yrilobaze 1923 wels saqarTve-

los kompartiis erT-erTma maRalma rangis xelmZRvanelma, sa-

qarTvelos revkomis Tavmjdomarem budu mdivanma, sajarod

ganacxada da i. b. stalinis miTiTebiT xeli moawera dekrets

aWaris avtonomiis Sesaxeb. amitom, saqarTvelos kompartiis

erT-erT cnobil xelmZRvanels k. sajaias dauSveblad miaCnda

mejlisis, e.i. aWrlebis ufrosoba baTumSi. baTumis proleta-

riats Soris da saerTod baTumSi aWarlebi Zalze cotani iy-

vnen. ra Tqma unda, aseve cota iyvnen isini saqarTvelos kom-

partiis aWaris organizaciis SemadgenlobaSi. aseTi politika

nebsiT Tu uneblieT TiSavda ers or nawilad, aSoriSorebda

qarTvel muslimans qarTveli qristianisagan.

aWaris mejlisi eyrdnoboda aWaris mkvidr mosaxleobas,

_ aWarlebs, atarebda damoukidebel politikas, romelic ga-

momdinareobda aWaris cxovrebidan, misi specifikuri Tavise-

burebebidan. es politika ki saqarTvelos kompartiisa da misi

aWaris organizaciis mier Sefasda rogorc separatistuli,

rogorc aWaris izolacia bolSevizmisa da sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebis ideisagan. magram ar SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi ar miRebu-

liyo is, rom antisabWoTa Zalebi iyenebdnen aWaraSi Seqmnil

mdgomareobas, mejlisis Zalauflebas, gaaqtiurdnen, aZlie-

rebdnen brZolas sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da kompartiis wina-

aRmdeg, ganumartavdnen masebs, rom bolSevizmi da religia

SeuTavsebeliao, komunistebi sabolood mospoben muslimanTa

salocavebs, aWarelTa yofas da a. S. [7, 3].

komunistebi, komkavSirelebi, revkomebi Tavis mxriv iw-

yeben gaZlierebul agitacias antisabWoTa Zalebisa da mejli-

sis winaaRmdeg, diskreditacias uweven mis xelmZRvanelobas,

sazRvargareTis qveynebis jaSuSad acxadeben maT. axali mej-

lisis arCevidan ori Tvec ki ar iyo gasuli, rom baTumis ol-

qis Cekas, (jaSuSebis, diversantebisa da sxva antisabWoTa

elementebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sagangebo komisia) Tav-

mjdomare, saqarTvelos kompartiis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli

1921 wlis 3 agvistos avrcelebs yalb cnobas `TiTqos mejli-

si Sesdgeba mTlianad qemalistebisagan, maTi umravlesoba

49

mdidari begebia. mejlisis erT-erTi cnobili wevri beqir

abuseriZe _ TurqeT-germaniis yofili jaSuSia~ [6, 4]. sinam-

dviles ar Seefereboda agreTve komunistTa mtkiceba, TiT-

qos maT mier arCeuli mejlisi iswrafvoda saqarTvelosagan

moewyvita aWara.

aseTi propagandis garda, romliTac SeuZlebeli iyo mej-

lisis avtoritetis Seryeva aWarelTa Soris ise. rom miRweuli

yofiliyi misi daTxova, sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da partiis

xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita aWaris sofelSi klasTa brZolis

gamwvaveba. am mizniT daiwyo aWaris Rarib glexTa organizeba

damoukidebel Zalad da amiT maTi ganTavisufleba begebisa da

aRebis gavlenisagan, amrigad, aWaris soflebSi 1921 wlis agvis-

tos dasawyisSi daiwyo RaribTa komitetis Seqmna.

RaribTa komitetis funqciebSi Sedioda Raribi da saSu-

alo glexoba moewyvita begebis, aRebis, kulakebis, TviT mej-

lisis gavlenisagan da maTi urTierTdapirispirebis niadagze

gaeCaRebinaT soflad klasTa brZola, mejlisisaTvis gamoe-

calaT socialuri dasayrdeni, gaeuqmebinaT beguri revkome-

bi, begebis, aRebis da sxva SeZlebuli klasebis likvidaciiT

daSlilad gamoecxadebiaT mejlisi.

Tu ruseTSi RaribTa komiteti iqmneboda soflis sabWo-

ebTan paralelurad da isini maTTan erTad moqmedebdnen, aWa-

ris sofelSi RaribTa komitetebi, sabWoTa saxelmwifo xeli-

suflebis erTaderT organod gamodiodnen, vinaidan soflis

revkomebis umravlesoba mejliss emorCileboda, sabWoebi ki

jer kidev ar iyo Seqmnili. revkomis saTaveSi begebis, aRebisa

da sxva SeZlebuli pirebis moxvedra SemTxveviTi ar iyo. glex-

Ta absolituri umravlesoba wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo.

RaribTa komitetis Seqmna da maTi dapirispireba beguri

revkomebisadmi, maTi umaRlesi organos _ mejlisisadmi, ko-

munistebisaTvis yvelaze ufro momgebiani darCa, vinaidan

faqtobrivad Zalaufleba wera-kiTxvis ucodinari adamianebis

xelSi aRmoCnda da isini ise warmarTavdnen mas, rogorc sur-

daT. Sedegmac ar daayovna. RaribTa komitetebis Seqmnidan

sul cota dro gavida da naTlad gamoikveTa, rom mejlisis

Zala sustdeboda, misi avtoriteti iryeoda, mas soflis mo-

saxleobis didi nawili ecleboda xelidan. iqmneboda garkveu-

50

li undobloba mejlisisadmi. ufro metic, Rarib glexTa ga-

mosvlebma begebis, aRebisa da soflis mosaxleobis sxva SeZ-

lebuli fenebis winaaRmdeg mejlisi Rrmad Caafiqra, vinaidan

sofeli samoqalaqo omis alSi exveoda da es, pirvel rigSi

mis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. sabWoTa xelisuflebis xel-

mZRvanelebi aRniSnavdnen: `Tu adre begi laparakobda xalxis

saxeliT, xolo dabrmavebuli da dabeCavebuli Raribi glexo-

ba eTanxmeboda mas, axla is politikuri TviTSegnebiT Seiara-

Rebuli, begebs ar alaparakebda. is TviTon alaparakda, Tvi-

Ton ganacxada xmamaRla Tvisi gaWirvebisa da moTxovnebis Se-

saxeb da pirvel rigSi gamovida imave begebis winaaRmdeg~ [6,

11]. bunebrivia, rogorc aRiniSna, es iyo komunistebis muSao-

bis Sedegi da ara TviTon Rarib glexTa damoukidebeli moq-

medeba. komunistebi TavianT angariSSi Rarib da, miT umetes,

saSualo glexTa moqmedebasa da aqtiurobas begebis, aRebisa

da sxvaTa winaaRmdeg azviadebdnen, aZlevdnen araswor infor-

maciebsa da cnobebs. is, rom TiTqos xulos glexobam 1921 w.

18 agvistos mitingze miiRo dadgenileba SuamdgomlobiT mie-

marTa saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi mejlisis daTxovnis Sesa-

xeb, komunistebis mier iyo mowyobili. ar iyo swori agreTve

saqarTelos kompartiisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis umaRlesi

xelmZRvanelobis warmomadgenlis f. maxaraZis gancxadeba,

TiTqos aWaris RaribTa komitetebis xelmZRvanelebi `gadar-

Cenis eraTderT saSualebas komunizmis ganxorcielebaSi xeda-

ven~ [7, 4].

Seqmnes ra RaribTa komitetebi aWaris yvela mazraSi,

Temsa da sofelSi, komunistebi TviTon Caudgnen saTaveSi da

TavianTi survilisa da Sexedulebis mixedviT amoqmedebdnen

maT. isini TandaTanobiT gadaiqcnen im Zalad, romelTa saSua-

lebiT komunistebi axorcielebdnen TavianT miznebs. mej-

liss, romelsac komunistebis iniciativiT ewoda `Savi mejli-

si~, RaribTa komitetebis saxiT soflad sawinaaRmdego xeli-

sufleba gauCnda. saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis aWaris

saolqo komiteti, samazro RaribTa komitetebis xelmZRvane-

lad agzavnis mis wevrebs, baTumSi ki qmnis aWaris RaribTa ko-

mitetebis centralur komitets 15 kacis SemadgenlobiT da

mas aWaris mejliss upirispirebs.

51

mejlisi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia, kompromisze wa-

suliyo, Tumca eZebda agreTve manevrebis saSualebas. am miz-

niT, is Tanxmdeba wavides molaparakebaze revkommTan da Ra-

ribTa komitetebis centralur komitetTan. 1921 wlis 31 ag-

vistos mejlisis, revkomisa da RaribTa komitetebis ck-is

warmomadgenlebi xels aweren SeTanxmebas, ris safuZvelzec

aWaraSi xelisuflebis umaRles organod gamocxadda aWaris

revkomi, magram am gadawyvetilebas mejlisi ar emorCileba da

ganagrZobs brZolas Tavisi poziciebis SesanarCuneblad.

mdgomareoba sastikad iZabeba. saqmeSi ereva ruseTis komunis-

turi partiis amierkavkasiis samxareo komiteti, piradad misi

xelmZRvaneli g. k. orjonikiZe da 1921 wlis 8 seqtembers sa-

qarTvelos revkomi aqveynebs aWaris assr Seqmnis dekretis

damatebiT dokuments _ dadgenilebas, romelSic aWaraSi sab-

WoTa xelisuflebis umaRles organod gamocxadda aWaris re-

voluciuri komiteti. dadgenilebaSi araferi iyo naTqvami

mejlisze, mis rolsa da funqciebze, an misi gauqmebis Taoba-

ze. komunistebi winaswar mofiqrebul SeniRbul manevrireba-

ze midian da am mizniT 1921 wlis 9 seqtembers qmnian aWaris

revkomis prezidiums 5 kacis SemadgenlobiT, romelSic sami

warmomadgeneli Seiyvanes revkomidan (komunistebi), TiTo

mejlisidan (misi Tavmjdomare) da RaribTa komitetebis cen-

traluri komitetidan. revkomis Tavmjdomared formalurad

dainiSna mejlisis Tavmjdomare xasan lorTqifaniZe. komunis-

tebma mTeli Zalaufleba TavianT xelSi aiRes da mejlisis

rigebSi ganxeTqileba Caagdes, magram isini, politikuri mo-

sazrebis gamo, mejlisis daTxovas ar Cqarobdnen. misi daTxo-

va unda momxdariyo aWaris sabWoebis pirvel yrilobaze. mag-

ram, vinaidan sabWoebis arCevnebisaTvis niadagi jer kidev ar

iyo momzadebuli, rasac garkveuli dro, naxevari weli mainc

sWirdeboda, komunistebma gadawyvites male moeSorebiaT mej-

lisi. am mizniT gadawyvites RaribTa komitetis pirveli yri-

lobis Catareba da misi saSualebiT mejlisis gauqmeba. yri-

loba, romlis muSaobas tons aZlevdnen komunistebi, mowveu-

li iyo 1921 wlis 7 noembers da grZeldeboda 6 dRes _ 12 no-

embris CaTvliT.

RaribTa komitetebis yrilobam, miuxedavad imisa, rom

52

mejlisis gauqmebis ufleba mas ar hqonda, komunistebis wina-

dadebiTa da daJinebuli moTxovnis Sedegad miiRo gadawyve-

tileba e. w. `Savi mejlisis~ daTxovis Sesaxeb. yrilobaze air-

Cies RaribTa komitetbis axali centraluri komiteti, ro-

melsac yrilobis specialuri gadawyvetilebiT ewoda `wiTe-

li mejlisi~ _ komunistebis jibis parlamenti. `wiTeli me-

jlisis~ SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes komunistebi da upartio

Raribi glexobis warmomadgenlebi. yrilobam airCia revkomis

axali Semadgenloba, romelSic Sevidnen 5 `wiTeli mejlisis~

wevri da 4 saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis aWaris saolqo

komitetis Semadgenlobidan. yrilobam, ra Tqma unda, komu-

nistebis miTiTebiT `gansazRvra~ `wiTeli mejlisis~ funqci-

ac: aWaris glexTa masebis revolucionizireba da maTi gaer-

Tianeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis irgvliv~ [7].

1921 wlis dekemberSi aWaraSi Catarda sabWoebis arCevne-

bi. 1922 wlis 10 ianvars baTumSi moiwvies aWaris avtonomiuri

respublikis sabWoebis pirveli yriloba, yrilobaze aWaris

revoluciurma komitetma _ sabWoTa xelisuflebis sagangebo

organom _ moixsna Tavisi uflebamosileba. yrilobam irCia

aWaris sabWoTa saxelmwifo xelisuflebis axali, arCeviTi

organo_centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti (caki, romlis

pirvel sxdomaze 1922 wlis 15 ianvars Seiqmna aWaris avtono-

miuri respublikis saxalxo komisarTa sabWo. yrilobaze Ta-

visi formaluri uflebamosileba moixsna agreTve e. w. `wi-

Telma mejlisma~, magram misi Semadgenloba ar dauTxoviaT,

`wiTel mejliss~ saxeli Seucvala yrilobam da uwoda Rarib-

Ta komitetis centraluri biuro. 1923 wels, rodesac Rarib-

Ta komitetebi SeuerTes sabWoebs, likvidirebuli iqna maTi

xelmZRvaneli organic _ centraluri biuro.

ase Seiqmna aWaraSi komunistebis erTxelisuflebianoba

da diqtatura, romelsac, bunebrivia, ar moutania mSvidoba

da simSvide. arc Semdgomi wlebi gamoirCeodnen simSvidiT.

20-ian wlebSi dawyebulma represiebma imsxverples mejlisebis

mTeli Semadgenloba, arc revkomisa da RaribTa komitetebis

yofil wevrebs dadgomiaT kargi dRe.

53


1. memed abaSiZe, krebuli, baTumi, 1993.

2. gazeTi `samuslimano saqarTvelo~, № 328, 1920.

3. gazeTi `izvestia~, №34, 1921, 6 ivlisi.

4. gazeTi `socialist-federalisti~, № 109, 1921.

5. p. cqvitaria, aWaraSi revoluciuri moZraobis istoriis

narkvevebi, wigni II, baTumi, 1960.

6. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli fondi 1,

aRwera 1, saqme 40.

7. gazeTi `Правда Грузии~, № 278, 1921, 3 Tebervali.

Otar Gogolishvili

Professor of the Batumi Shota Rustaveli State Universiry

Fight for the Formation of Government bodies in Adjara in 1921

Summary

The history of majlises of Adjaria, activity area, programmes, in spite

of many works published in recent years, is not studied properly. The first majlis (parliament) of adjaria, which was created in the period of foreign intervention, August 31, in 1919, entirely shared the programe of struggle for freedom of georgian muslims’ preceding organization `Mussliman

Georgians liberation committee~ (May 15, in 1918). It is known that it

became a leader of national-liberation movement and firmly and successively was struggling for the unity of Georgia and consolidation of statehood

54

dodo WumburiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

akaki Cxenkelis mogoneba

varlam CerqeziSvilis Sesaxeb

varlam CerqeziSvili (1846-1925) is cnobili qarTveli

moRvawea, romelsac usazRvrod uyvarda samSoblo, yvela Te-

oriasa da praqtikul saqmeSi misi bednierebis formulas

eZebda, surda msofliosTvis eCvenebina is didi saganZuri,

rasac Tavad mudam guliT atarebda. am gancdam miiyvana jer

kidev Wabuki anarqizmis ideologiasTan.

anarqistuli ideologia ewinaaRmdegeba mmarTvelobis yve-

la formas da saSualebas. anarqistebi uaryofen saxelmwifos,

politikuri xelisuflebis an raime sxva ierarqiuli mmarTve-

lobis arsebobis saWiroebas da miiswrafvian maTi aRmofxvris-

ken. anarqizms safuZveli Caeyara uiliam godvinis (1756-1836)

nawerebSi. is presviterianuli eklesiis mRvdeli iyo, miatova

eklesia da mwerali gaxda, dawera `kaleb uiliamsi", sadac

anarqistuli ideologia gadmosca, Seqmna inteleqtualTa wre,

romelSic Sediodnen misi meuRle meri uolsTounqrafTi,

axalgazrda mwerlebi _ uiliam uordsuorTi, misi siZe _ Seli.

isini akritikebdnen avtoritarizms, amtkicebdnen ganaTlebis

aucileblobas adamianisaTvis, miaCndaT, rom Tanadgoma adamia-

nis WeSmariti, Tandayolili Tvisebaa [1, 116-122; 2].

saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul am ideologias

miemxrnen is qarTveli politikosebi, romlebic qarTveli xal-

xis ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas edgnen saTaveSi da erovnuli

TviTgadarCenisaTvis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ibrZodnen.

aseTi gamorCeuli politikosebi iyvnen mixako wereTeli da

varlam CerqeziSvili, _ qarTveli anarqistebis yvelaze gamor-

Ceuli warmomadgenlebi, maTTan erTad, anarqistul partiaSi

Sediodnen: Salva da komando gogeliebi da sxvebi.

55

es ideologia qarTveli anarqistebisTvis, pirvel rigSi

ki varlam CerqeziSvilisTvis, iqca im sabrZolo iaraRad, rac

koloniuri qveynis patriot Svils SeeZlo miemarTa ruseTis

mZlavri saxelmwifo manqanis winaaRdeg, eocneba Tavisufal

saqarTveloze da ebrZola misi mCagvreli qveynis dangrevi-

saTvis [3, 196-197].

erovnuli interesis primatiT qarTvel anarqistTa ideu-

ri mizandasaxuleba sruliad gansxvavdeboda ara marto evro-

peli, aramed im rusi anarqistebis azrovnebisagan, romlebTa-

nac isini aTwleulebis manZilze megobrobdnen [4]. magaliTad,

varlam CerqeziSvilis megobars, rus anarqists _ petre kro-

potkins (1842-1921), romelic emigraciis periodSi xSirad mas-

Tan erTad gamodioda evropuli sazogadoebis winaSe, ar SeiZ-

leboda CerqeziSvilTan Tanxmoba hqonoda damoukidebeli

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis sakiTxSi, risTvisac

sul ibrZoda es qarTveli patrioti.

Tu ra etapebi gaiara CerqeziSvilma cxovrebaSi am ocne-

bis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolis gzaze, kargad Cans akaki

Cxenkelis qvemoT motanil mogonebaSi. aq Cans, Tu ra mWid-

rod iyo gadanaskvuli CerqeziSvili qarTul erovnul fes-

vebTan, rogor arasdros mowyvetia am fesvebs, rogor ar da-

Sorebula Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis ideas. miuxe-

davad samSoblosTan xangrZlivi ganSorebisa, is misiT coc-

xlobda da xarobda. gamoCenili qarTveli mwerlis _ grigol

robaqiZis sityvebi STambeWdavad gamoxatavs varlam CerqeziS-

vilis erovnul sulsa da did mamuliSvilur gancdebs, rasac

is anarqistuli ideologiis gamarjvebasTan akavSirebda :`Tu

moiSleboda saxelmwifo wyobileba saerTod, _ anarqizmis mi-

zani esaa _ maSin ruseTic, romelic preistoriuli mamutiviT

Tavs awva saqarTvelos, daemxoboda saxelmwifoebrivi mxriT

da rogorc Sedegi amisa, saqarTveloc Tavisuflad amoisun-

Tqavda. ai, qveSecneuli xazi varlam CerqeziSvilis politi-

kuri brZolisa~, _ werda grigol robaqiZe.

rac Seexeba CerqeziSvilis Semoqmedebas da evropul moaz-

rovne wreebSi mopovebul popularobas, amas ganapirobebda

didi siTamame, mis mier avtoritetebis gabeduli kritika. is

erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelmac gaakritika marqsizmi, misi

mimdevrebi da Tavad marqsi. XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi, ev-

ropaSi gamoqveynebul naSromebSi, qarTveli anarqisti varlam

56

CerqeziSvili brals sdebda marqsizmis fuZemdeblebs da maT

mimdevrebs _ plagiatSi, dasavleli moazrovneebis naazrevis

miTvisebaSi. rac mTavaria, amisTvis mas mohqonda saTanado

argumentebi da mtkicebulebani.

1905 wels misi daxmarebiT qarTvelma socialist-federa-

listebma evropidan, holandieli anarqistebisgan, miiRes ia-

raRis didi partia, xolo ekipaJs meTaurobda misive megoba-

ri, cnobili holandieli anarqisti qristian kornelisi. 1907

wels, kornelisis didi ZalisxmeviT, CerqeziSvilma, sxva qar-

Tvel politikosebTan erTad, warudgina haagis saerTaSoriso

tribunals ramdenime aTasi kacis mier xelmowerili dokumen-

ti, sadac Camoyalibebuli iyo `saqarTvelos xalxis kanonieri

ufleba _ àRedgina erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba~. 1910 wels

CerqeziSvili monawileobda londonSi gamarTul `msoflio

Cagrul-dapyrobil xalxTa saerTaSoriso konferenciaze~ da

icavda saqarTvelos uflebebs. konferenciis mdivani iyo misi

meuRle _ frida.

varlam CerqeziSvilis publicisturi werilebi xSirad

ibeWdeboda rogorc qarTul, ise evropul presaSi; mraval

enaze iTargmneboda misi naSromebi da wignebi. 2011 wels sa-

qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis iniciativiT da-

iwyo varlam CerqeziSvilis TxzulebaTa gamocema, Txzulebe-

bis pirvel tomSi gamoqveynda gazeTebSi, ìveriasa~ da `cno-

bis furcelSi~ v. CerqeziSvilis mier 1893-1904 wlebSi dabeW-

dili werilebi. tomis Semdgeneli da redaqtori, istorikosi,

profesori dimitri SveliZe, aseve Seexo varlam CerqeziSvi-

lis damsaxurebas specialuri narkvevebiT _ `marqsizmis kri-

tika varlam CerqeziSvilis naSromebSi~ da ài, vin iyo, qar-

Tvelno, varlam CerqeziSvili~ [5; 6].

akaki Cxenkelis pirad arqivSi daculi dokumentis dabeW-

dva gadagvawyvetina im ramdenime pasaJma, Tundac mcire siax-

lem, rac varlam CerqeziSvilis naazreviT dainteresebul

specialistebs usaTuod gamoadgebaT.

saarqivo dokumenti avtografia, dawerilia Savi melniT.

es sityva warmouTqvams akaki Cxenkels 1925 wlis 27 seqtem-

bers, varlam CerqeziSvilis gardacvalebis gamo Sekrebili

parizis qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe. Semdeg igi `guSagSi~

dasabeWdad gaumzadebia da bevri ram amouklia, rasac mow-

mobs wiTeli fanqriT gadaSlili adgilebi. Cven dokumeti

57

srulad, pirveli variantiT movitaneT. teqstis es versia

emigrantul presaSi am saxiT arasdros gamoqveynebula;

rus emigrantTa Sekrebaze kropotkinsa da CerqeziSvls

(romelTa fizikuri aRwerac aseve sainteresoa) ufro did yu-

radRebas aqcevdnen, vidre iseT skandalur pirovnebas, rogo-

ric iyo krebaze damswre narodniki karpoviCi, ruseTidan ga-

moqceuli cnobili mkvleli;

varlam CerqeziSvilis meuRle _ frida _ yvelgan (vikipe-

diasa Tu samecniero kvlevebSi) frangad aris moxseniebuli,

is ki holandieli iyo, am ojaxTan ase axlos myofi Cxenkeli

ar SeiZleba cdebodes (holandielebi exmarebodnen varlam

CerqeziSvils saqarTveloSi 1905 wels iaraRis CamotanaSi, ha-

agis konferenciisTvis memorandumis gadacemaSi da da

sxva.)qristian kornelisoni, holandieli anarqisti da Cerqe-

ziSvilis megobari, romelmac 1905 wels, saqarTveloSi iara-

Ris Camosatanad holandiuri gemi SeaZenina iaponelTa daxma-

rebiT, iyo misi meuRlis naTesavi. Cxenkelis mogoneba am qals

Rirseul meuRled, qarTuli saqmisTvis gulSematkivar,

mzrunvel da Tbil adamianad warmogvidgens;

mogonebidan Cans, rom sazRvargareT mcxovreb varlam

CerqeziSvils saarsebo fuls ugzavnida WiaTuris Savi qvis

mrewvelTa sazogadoeba;

varlams uamravi megobari hyavda evropaSi, maT Soris iy-

vnen uordropebi, romlebmac misi saSualebiT Seiyvares sa-

qarTvelo. CerqeziSvili, CxenkelTan erTad, eswreboda 1910

wels sevenikSi marjoris dakrZalvas, man miitana gvirgvini

qarTveli eris saxeliT, romelic, marjoris anderZis mixed-

viT, micvalebuls Tan Caayoles;

sainteresoa haagis konferenciaze warsadgeni dokumentis

momzadebis istoria da CerqeziSvilis rolis Cveneba am saqme-

Si. `is momiTxrobda, ra did siZneleTa gadalaxva mouxdaT

mas da mis megobrebs, mefis reJimis dros, ramdensame aTas

qarTvelis xelmoweris Segroveba samSobloSi da misi iqidan

aralegaluraT gadmotana ucxoeTSi. is dasZenda, rom maT ar

warudgeniaT xelmomwerTa vinaoba konferenciisaTvis, iyo

mxolod naTqvami TviT peticiis qveS, rom sia inaxeba sando

adgilas da wardgenili iqneba im pirobiT, Tu mefis Jandarme-

bi javrs ar iyrian xelmomwerebzeo~;

CerqeziSvils miaCnda, rom qarTvelTa istoriuli ufleba

58

damoukideblobis moTxovnaze (Tundac avtonomiaze ruseTis

imperiaSi) georgievskis traqtatis moSveliebiT ufro xelsay-

reli da gasagebi iqneboda ucxoelebisaTvis. `advilaT warmo-

sadgenia, ramdenaT aucilebeli iyo varlamisaTvis traqtatis

momarjveba meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, roca aramcTu damou-

kidebeli arseboba, TviT sityva saqarTvelos konvertze war-

werac aRkveTili iyo!~_ ambobda Cxenkeli;

mogonebaSi ramdenime magaliTia motanili, sadac Cans

CerqeziSvilis miswrafeba _ praqtikulad daxmareboda qar-

Tvel xalxs: popularizacia gaekeTebina eris uZvelesi isto-

riul-kulturuli warsulisaTvis (xeTologebs megrul enas-

Tan da frazebis qarTuli enis konstruqciasTan msgavsebaze

miuTiTebda), cdilobda, qarTuli Sinamrewvelobis nimuSebis

evropaSi gatanisTvis xelSewyobas, ingliselebs umtkicebda,

rom evropaSi aRiarebul sajagrise jagars, mxolod saqarTve-

loSi Seisyiddnen, radgan kavkasiaSi mxolod qarTveli qris-

tianebi misdevdnen meRoreobas;

saarqivo dokumentSi saubaria qarTul presaSi gamoqvey-

nebul varlam CerqeziSvilis Sromebze, evropis presasTan mis

TanamSromlobasa da saqarTvelos Temis popularizaciaze,

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi mis Camosvlasa da 1921 wlis Te-

bervalSi rusi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg kojor-tabaxmelasTan

brZolaSi mxcovani patriotis Cabmasa da sxva detalebze.

bolSevikuri ruseTis mier okupirebuli saqarTvelodan

wasvlis Semdeg mas mxolod erTi Tve ucxovria parizSi da me-

uRlesTan erTad kvlav londonSi dabrunebula. swored am

dros mas umkacresi werili miuweria CiCerinisaTvis, sadac

`is amxelda axali mtarvalebis daujerebel utifrobas, vi-

Tom qarTvel mSromel xalxs TviTon Semoeyvanos rusis ur-

doebi Tavis miwa-wyalze. werilma moiara mTeli presa da di-

di STabeWdileba dastova~.

varlam CerqeziSvils Zlieri survili hqonia daewera me-

muarebi, magram ver mouswria am survilis ganxorcieleba,

arada man, rogorc aravin, bevri ram icoda ara marto ruse-

Tis imperiis, aramed evropis politikur cxovrebaSi mimdina-

re procesebze!.. mas aseve sdomia saqarTveloSi dabruneba

1922-1925 wlebSi, rac, bunebrivia, SeuZlebeli iyo. kidec rom

Camosuliyo, mas maSinve daapatimrebdnen.

ramdenime enis saukeTeso mcodne qarTvels qarTuli ena

59

gadaviwyebia,magram avadmyofobis Jams, sikvdilis win, mSobli-

uri ena imdenad gaxsenebia, rom sxva enaze aRar laparakobda,

maT Soris qarTulis armcodne meuRlesac Tarjimnis saSua-

lebiT esaubreboda. es ambavi, romelic Semdeg mxatvruli pa-

saJic gaxda literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, pirvelad akaki

Cxenkelma amcno sazogadoebas, am gamosvlis dros man Cerqe-

ziSvilis Zmiswulis stumrobasa da varlamis uecar `gaqarTu-

lebul~ saubarze mouTxro damswreT, ramac didi emocia ga-

moiwvia emigrant qarTvelebSi [7, 1-6].

akaki Cxenkeli: sityva parizis qarTuli sazogadoebis kreba-

ze 27 seqtembers, 1925 wels.

es iyo nislian Semodgomas 1909 w., londonis erT usufTao

ubanSi uaitseplSi, sadac pirveld Sevxvdi varlam CerqeziSvils:

is iq mosuliyo, rogorc me, Tavis megobar kropotkinTan1 er-

TaT, ruseTis emigrantTa erT-erT krebaze. or Tavad anarqists,

rogorc maT ingliselebi uwodebdnen, ufro megobrulaT, vinem

ironiiT, sapatio adgili eWiraT krebaze. damswreTa yuradReba

ufro maTken iyo miqceuli, vinem ruseTidan axlad gamoqceuli

sipiaginis2 mkvlel axalgazrda karpoviCisaken

3 .

didi gansxvaveba iyo maT Soris rogorc tanadobiT, ise sa-

xiT da gamometyvelebiT. patara, gamxdari, moZravi, mrgvalaT

SemokreWili WaRara wver-ulvaSiT, Zalze danaoWebuli piris ka-

niT da mkvircxli TvalebiT, varlami axdenda axalgazrda moxu-

cis STabeWdilebas. me maSin jer kidev ar menaxa kaxeTi, Torem

ufro Cqara gamovicnobdi masSi am mSvenieri kuTxis Svils.

1 kropotkini _ piotr aleqsis Ze (1842-1921). rusi revoluci-

oner-anarqisti, mecnieri, geografi da geomorfologi. is-

torikosi, filosofosi da publicisti, ruseTSi anarqistu-

li ideologiis gamavrcelebeli. 1876-1917 wlebSi imyofe-

boda emigraciaSi, 1917-Si, monarqiis dacemis Semdeg dab-

runda ruseTSi. 2 dimitri sergeis Ze sipiagini (1853-1902), ruseTis imperiis

Sinagan saqmeTa ministri 1899-1902 ww. eserebis SekveTiT

mokla eserma balmaSovma. 3 karpoviCi piotr vladimiris Ze (1874-1917), teroristi,

rsdmp-s wevri. Cxenkels SesaZloa eSlebodes faqti, radgan

karpoviCma ganaTlebis ministri n. p. bogolepovi (1846-1901) mokla da ara Sinagan saqmeTa ministri _ sipiagini.

60

gaTavda moxseneba, daiwyes diskusia,

da me kidev vgumanob, ar vecnaurebi varlams, araferia

ise bunebrivi, stiqiuri, Tu gnebavT, qarTvelebis ucxoeTSi

Sexvedris umal erTmaneTTan gacnoba, erTi, varlami kropot-

kinis gverdiT ijda, oric, _ da es umTavresia, _ cocxlaT

warmomidga varlamis cxare kamaTi, kauckisTan marqs-konside-

ranis nawerbze, roca jer kidev berlinSi viyavi, da mekrZale-

boda, vaiTu Tavze civi wyali gadamasxas-meTqi!

vnaxoT, varlami sityvas iRebs. laparakobs cotas, mij-

riT, ficxobs, magram am sivrceSi advilaT arCevT did grZno-

bas, siTbos. ver moeswro gaTaveba, rom me mis gverdiT gav-

Cndi.

rogor? Tqven londonSi xarT da me ar mnaxeT, miutevebe-

lia! _ mommarTa varlamma, Caiwera misamarTi da maSinve wa-

rudgina Cemi Tavi kropotkins. ukanaskneli TeTri, gabadru-

li wveriT, romelic mTlaT faravs mis mkerds, RimiliT miwo-

debs xels da Tan akvirvebs: qarTveli me sul sxvanairi myavda

warmodgenili, es ki ufro Cvens Zmasa hgavs!

meore dRes varlami ukve Cvensas gaCnda meuRliTurT, ga-

ufrTxileblaT, rasakvirvelia, ise mogvepara orive, rogorc

karg naTesavebs. gamogvkiTxes, rogor movewyveT, ras vakeTeb-

diT. ver vaswrebdiT pasuxs, rom myisve viRebdiT maTgan rCe-

va-darigebas. gavaTaveT imiT, rom me inglisuris gakveTilebi

varlamis meuRlesTan ameRo da amisTvis kviraSi orxel mevlo

maTTan. amis Semdeg Cven Zalian xSiraT vxvdebodiT erTama-

neTs, TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, e. i. sanam londons

davtovebdiT.

am gakveTilebis dros me davinaxe, Tu ra did ganZs warmo-

adgenda varlamisTvis misi SedarebiT axalgazrda meuRle.

tomiT holandieli, xolo guliT namdvili qarTveli, is did

daxmarebas uwevda qmars, an ukeT _ megobars samwerlo aspa-

rezze. CinebulaT mcodne samive didi evropuli enis, q-n

fridas swrafaT gadahqoda qaRaldze varlamis nakarnaxevi,

da Tan gza da gza Sehqonda mas Tavisi wvlilic rogorc for-

mis, ise Sinaarsis mxriT.

mTavar wyaros arsebobisa varlami iRebda maSin Savi qvis

61

mrewvelTa sabWosagan1, romelsac is awodebda saxeldaxelo

cnobebs msoflio bazris fasebze, da agreTve urdgenda mas

wlidan wlamde statistikur krebuls imave saganze. me ar mi-

naxavs, samwuxaroT, varlami mas Semdeg, rac moskovma Calis

fasaT miyida ucxoelebs es umniSvnelovanesi dargi qarTuli

mrewvelobisa. maqvs mxolod warmodgenili, Tu ra saSinel

STabeWdilebas moaxdenda es ambavi masze. zedmiwevniT mcodne

am kiTxvisa, sruliad iWvs gareSea, varlami did samsxurs gau-

wevda Tavis qveyanas kalmiT da sityviT, raTa emxila moskovis

es namdvili SeTqmuleba qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg.

varlami dabadebuli propagandisti iyo qarTuli saqmisa

ucxoeTSi. man iq moupova saqarTvelos mravali gulwrfeli

megobari, da yovel dalxineba-gaWirvebis dros, yovel amoZa-

xilze saqarTvelodan is uxvad sargeblobda megobrebis Ta-

nagrZnobiT da daxmarebiT saqveyno saqmisTvis.

sruliad gansakuTrebuli iyo varlamis megobroba qar-

TvelTa uangaro moamage da-Zma marjori da oliver uor-

dropTan2. am megobrobas, imedia, ufro mcodne aRmweri aRmo-

uCndeba. ver avuvli mxolod gverds SoTas mTargmnelis da-

saflavebas, romelsac daveswariT 1910 wlis zamTarSi seve-

nikSi (Svidi muxa), uordropebis sofelSi. ar damaviwydeba su-

raTi, roca varlami, raRac uzenaesi movaleobis moxdiT, uS-

vebda gansvenebulis saflavSi Cvens gvirgvins. marjoris Tvi-

Ton daubarebia anderZad, Tu vinicobaa qarTvelebma moita-

non gvirgvini, saflavSi CamataneTo.

varlami, rac kidev ufro sayuradReboa, namdvili pioneri

iyo Cveni saqmisa ucxoeTSi. man daayena iq pirvelaT Cveni sa-

kiTxi politikuraT: me vgulisxmob peticias, qarTveli eris

1 Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWo, _ daarsda 1896 wels, misi Tav-

mjdomare iyo giorgi zdanoviCi, moadgile kita abaSiZe. 2 oliver da marjori uordropebi _ ingliseli qarTvelo-

logebi, saqarTvelos megobrebi (oliver uordropi _ (1864-

1948. marjori uordropi _ 1869-1909). marjori uordropi

1909 wlis 7 dekembers buqarestSi gardaicvala. is gadaasve-

nes da dakrZales mSobliur sevenikSi. dakrZalvis droSi an

meqanikuri Secdoma unda iyos, anda dakrZalva mogvianebiT

moxda.

62

saxeliT wardgenils haagis samSvidobo konferenciaze 1907 w.

varlams uyvarda xolme am politikur nabijze laparaki. is

momiTxrobda, ra did siZneleTa gadalaxva mouxdaT mas da

mis megobrebs, mefis reJimis dros, ramdensame aTas qarTve-

lis xelmoweris Segroveba samSobloSi da misi iqidan arale-

galuraT gadmotana ucxoeTSi. is dasZenda, rom maT ar wa-

rudgeniaT xelmomwerTa vinaoba konferenciisaTvis, iyo mxo-

lod naTqvami TviT peticiis qveS, rom sia inaxeba sando adgi-

las da wardgenili iqneba im pirobiT, Tu mefis Jandarmebi

javrs ar iyrian xelmomwerebzeo. varlami xom mTelis Tavisi

warsuliT uebro konspiratori iyo! arc is aviwydeboda mas,

rom rogorc cnobili anarqisti, ganaZevebi iyo araerTxel

evropis erTi qveynidan meoreSi, uxerxuli iyo peticiis pira-

daT mis mier wardgena, amitom es Seasrules sxvebma.

erTs mSvenier dRes, _ miambobda varlami RimiliT, roca

sxdoma gaixsna, konferenciis yvela delegatebs, maT Soris

mefis delegats da Tavmjdomares, peticia win magidaze edoT!

am faqtma saTanado STabeWdileba moaxdina da gamoxmaureba

hpova presaSi, magram Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi nikolozis

gavlenas, romelic iyo momwvevi TviT konfernciisa, peticias

ganxilva ar Rirsebia.

aq saWiroa iTqvas oriode sityva peticiis Sinaarsze, sav-

sebiT dayrdnobili im traqtatze, romelic erekle meorem da

ekaterine meorem dades 1783 wels. xSiraT msmenia, umetesaT

ironiiT, varlami traqtatis fanatikosi iyoo. es marTalia.

varlami TviTonac swerda da sxvebsac sul imas CasCiCinebda,

xSiraT uSedegoT, samwuxaroT, ar daeviwynaT traqtatis ga-

moyeneba, es istoriuli dokumenti eris uflebebis dacvis

dros. dRes, vfiqrob, amdeni ambebis mowmeni, ar vsaWiroebT

imis mtkicebas, rom varlami uaRresaT marTali iyo. CagvCiCi-

nebda imitom, rom xedavda, ra udardelaT, meti rom ar

vsTqva, veqceodiT Cvens warsuls sazogadoT da am dokuments

kerZoT. magram es ar iyo umTavresi. anarqist varlams, jer

kidev pirovnebis usazRvro Tavisuflebis mociquls, kargad

esmoda axali principis _ erTa TviTgamorkvevis mniSvneloba,

da am saanbano ramis swvleba mas ar eWirveboda. is grZnobda

meores _ roca axali qveyana, romelzedac araferi gaegonaT

63

manamdis da arc ki ician sad unda eZion is, _ aziaSi Tu ame-

rikaSi, roca aseTi qveyana moiTxovs misi uflebis cnobas,

ramdenaT Znelia da ukmarisi marto TviTgamorkvevis princip-

ze dayrdnoba? es principi xom zogadia da ganyenebuli da

amitom ver axdens ucxoelze eris cocxal, xorcSesxmul tan-

jvisa da miswrafebis STabeWdilebas. marTalia, uistoriod

erebmac miaRwies damoukideblobas, magram ramdeni cda das-

WirdaT maT amisaTvis, vTqvaT, finlandiasTan SedarebiT? da

Cveni istoriuli ufleba xom ufro dasabuTebulia, vinem fi-

nebis. gana am cdis, dagvianebuli cnobis msxverpli ar gav-

xdiT TviTon Cven?

advilaT warmosadgenia, ramdenaT aucilebeli iyo varla-

misaTvis traqtatis momarjveba meoce saukunis dasawyisSi,

roca aramcTu damoukidebeli arseboba, TviT sityva saqar-

Tvelos konvertze warwerac aRkveTili iyo! varlamma kargaT

icoda ucxoelis fsiqologia. marto is faqti, rom didaT wo-

debulma ekaterinem saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba dado erek-

lesTan, sul sxva elfers sdebda saqarTvelos sakiTxs, mis

warsulsa da awmyos.

magram varlamis moRvaweoba marto amaSi rodi mdgomare-

obda, is acnobda ucxoeTs saqarTvelos istorias, mis kul-

turas, xelovnebas, ramdenaTac es martoxela da Rarib emig-

rantisTvis misawvdomi iyo. is Cveni londonSi yofnis dros,

sistematiuraT TanamSromlobda niu-iorkis erT did gazeTSi

da xSiraT gviCvenebda mis furclebze werilebs saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb, romelsac zed darTuli hqonda Cveni daba-qalaqebis,

cixe-monastrebis tipebis naxatebi.

meores mxriT, aRsaniSnavia, varlamis mokle da cocxali

werilebi `redaqciisadmi~, romelic dro da dro Tavsdeboda

did gazeTebSi, rogoricaa `taimsi~, `manCester gardian~ da

sxv. inglisSi werilebi redaqciisadmi publicistikis calke

dargs ekuTvnis. am saSualebas mimarTaven xolme cnobili

mwerlebi da saxelmwifo moRvaweni da aseTi werilebi did yu-

radRebas ipyrobs. varlamic ase iqceoda, rogorv vsTqvi, da

arc erTi redaqcia ar Sekadrebda mas gawbilebas, ise pativsa-

cemi iyo misi saxeli.

ar iyo iseTi SemTxveva, iseTi faqti, rom varlams ar ga-

64

moeyenebia maSinve Tavisi propgandisaTvis, sailustracioT

oriode patara epizodi:

gavixedoT, varlamma karze mogvayena erTi ucnobi ingli-

seli, patara ydiani wigniT xelSi. _ uecraT momagonda, _ me-

ubneba varlami, _ rom Tqven megruli iciT da es mecnieri

imitom moviyvane, rom dagvexmaroT am wignis Sinaarsis gageba-

Si. waikiTxes narCevi adgilebi, dawerili inglisuri asoebiT,

xolo sityvebi, Tu mexsiereba ar mRalatobs, xeTuri iyo, da

ekuTvnoda asureTis erT-erT mefes, romelic mogviTxrobda

mis omebze, Tu rogor mosra da gaanadgura man xeTelTa xal-

xi. davugde yuri da Cems gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda: momes-

ma bevri megruli sityva, TviT frazebis konstruqciaSi TiT-

qos msgavseba vigrZeni. varlams cremli moadga Tvalze sixa-

rulisagan, roca vuTargmnidi megrulidan. is gaeSura Tavis

fridasTan, rom exarebina es ambavi da mere xom megobrebsac

mosdo igi.

Camodis erTi qarTveli da Camoaqvs Cveneburi Salis ni-

muSebi. varlami dafacurda, Semogvarbenia bevri maRazia, ko-

operativis centralur dawesebulebebSic viyaviT, mTeli uba-

ni rom uWiravs. aRmoCnda, rom inglisis mdidrebi, ufro ki

aristokratebi, xeliT naqsov Sals ikeraven tansacmlaT.

Cvens Tanamemamules uTxres, CamoitaneT ramdenic SegiZliaT,

nardaT viyidiTo. varlami gaxarebulia, ara imisTvis, rasak-

virvelia, rames rom gamorCes, aramed mas SeeZina axali sabu-

Ti qarTul Sinamrewvelobis sailustracioT.

cota daaklda, varlamma lamis mejagred gamxada! mas gae-

gona erT mis inglisel megobar CoTqebis fabrikantisagan,

rom kavkasiis jagari mTels duniaze pirveliao. ra SuaSia

kavkasia, _ SekamaTebia mas varlami, _ iq xom qarTvelebis gar-

da mahmadianebia, Roric ara hyavT, es ueWveli qrTuli jaga-

riao. mimiwvies eqspertad da, ra Tqma unda, varlams davuWire

mxari, aba amas rogor davamadlebdi! sworeT am dros Cven

samSobloSi vbrundebodiT, miviRe dakveTa da bec fabrikan-

tisagan. gvian gamovgzavne fuTamde qarTuli jagari da var-

lammac daamtkica Tavisi Teza, magram me ver vawarmove saqme:

rogorc kargi qarTveli, cudi vaWari gamovdeqi!

varlami Tavisi eris namdvili moWirnaxule iyo. misi

65

mgrZnobiare agebuleba mTlad aRigzneboda xolme qarTvelTa

rogorc Wiris, ise lxinis gagonebaze. mravali da mravali

wlobiT samSoblosgan daSoreba mas guls uklavda. amitom,

rogorc ki dadga 1905 da 1906 wlebi, is mieqaneba iqiTken da

iRebs monawleobas moZraobaSi. mas Tan axlda qalbaton fri-

das garda, Cveni didi megobari, tomiT irlandieli qalbato-

ni draihorsti, romelic Camoatara mTels saqarTveloSi, ama-

ve dros is gzavnis sayuradRebo korespondenciebs inglis-

amerikis gazeTebSi.

reaqciis gamarjvebis Semdeg, is isev garbis inglisSi da

cecxls afrqvevs mtarvalTa winaaRmdeg, romelTac aaoxres

dasavleTi saqarTvelo, aarsebs qarTvel qalTa megobrobis

sazogadoebas da agrovebs fuls umweod darCenili Cveni

qvriv-oblebisaTvis. ufro gvian is aarsebs qarTul komitets

(jorjian komito) baton moraisis da qalb. draihorstis me-

TaurobiT. vin mosTvlis, ramdeni muSaoba ar gauwevia am ko-

mitets: ar darCenila arcerTi gamocema, arcerTi dawesebu-

leba, arcerTi cnobili pirovneba, visac ar miswvdomia misi

xma, sulis Camdgmelni, ase vsTqvaT kulisebSi, igive varlami

da qalbatoni frida iyvnen. bolos, rogorc vici, varlamis

sikvdilis win, maTve gadaakeTes es komiteti qarTvelTa me-

gobrebis farTe sazogadoebad da masSi Sedis bevri cnobili

ingliseli.

varlami gausworebeli optimisti iyo. ar Semxvedria erTi

qarTvelic, visac ise swamda saqarTvelos momavali, rogorc

mas. es iyo ara marto rwmena, aramed sarwmunoebac misTvis.

magram momavalic aris da momavalic. varlami masSi gulis-

xmobda Tavisufal da damoukidebel saqarTvelos. da es sar-

wmunoeba aTbobda mis keTilSobilur guls jer kidev maSin,

roca Cven bediswerad vTvlidiT ruseTis farglebSi yofnas.

ar damaviwydeba erTi grZeli da cxare kamaTi varlamTan. q-b

frida Tavazianad mTxovda meore dRes, aseTi ram ar ganmeo-

rebuliyo: kidev erTi aseTi kamaTi da varlami gadayvebao, _

mixsnida is. varlamis debuleba mdgomareobda SemdegSi: ruse-

Tis imperia Cqara ise daingreva (kamaTi iyo 1910 w.), rogorc

Zveli romis imperia da maSin saqarTvelo ganTavisufldebao.

me es ar davijere, an ukeT, _ ver davijere, da ai ram aria mo-

66

nasteri. damaviwyda ubralo ufros-umcrosobac, vimaRlebdi

xmas, vawyvetinebdi. varlamic Cemze metad cxarobda, magram

mas es Svenoda. misi bralic iyo! is iseTi gulwrfeli da Tav-

mdbali vinme iyo, rom balRsac ki gamoekamaTeboda. mec aman

gamaTamama. meored varlami ukve Tavisufal saqarTveloSi

vnaxe, 1920 wels. Sexvedris umal Cven Tvali Tvals gavuyareT

da TavSi londonis kamaTma gagvielva, ena ki ar dagviZravs, me

varlamis saxeSi vkiTxulobdi gamarjvebas, is ki CemsaSi _ da-

marcxebas...

mama daviTis aRmarTze Tqven dainaxavdiT erT soflur

qviTkiris odas, meore sarTulze mimavali kibe frTxilaT un-

da agevloT, rom ar damtvreuliyaviT, da iq ixilavdiT var-

lams da fridas or oTaxSi, mTels sarTulSi meti arc iyo.

esec naTesavs uTxovebia maTTvis. metad uWirdaT maT yovel

dRe qalaqSi daSveba da amosvla. isini xom aqac Tavisi SromiT

irCendnen Tavs, Tan sadilic dabla unda eWamaT. bevri ecaden

binis gamocvlas, megobrebic exmareboden, veras gaxden; var-

lami SerCa Tavis odas samSoblos damxobis Semdegac mTeli

erTi weli. ase gaumaspinZlda varlams Tavisufali saqarTve-

lo! cxovrobda gacilebiT uaresaT, vinem londonSi. miuxeda-

vad amisa, ver gaigonebdi misi piridan sayvedurs vismes an

rasmes mimarT. miTqma-moTqma da ukmayofileba mmarTvelebze

masze ar moqmedebda. araferia, _ miTxra man erTxel, axali

saxelmwifoa, jer gamoucdelebi arian, unda moviTminoT, Ta-

vi da Tavia gareSe mterma ar gagvsrisos, Tu amas gadavurCiT,

TandaTan gamoswordeba yvelaferio.

1922 w. genuaSi viyaviT, roca evropaSi axlaT dabrunebul

varlamisagan muqara werili miviReT CiCerinisadmi1 mimarTu-

li. aq is amxelda axali mtarvalebis daujerebel utifrobas,

viTom qarTvel mSromel xalxs TviTon Semoeyvanos rusis ur-

doebi Tavis miwa-wyalze. werilma moiara mTeli presa da di-

di STabeWdileba dastova. erTi Tve dahyo varlamma parizSi

1 CiCerini _ giorgi CiCerini (1872 — 1936) — rusi saxelmwifo

da politikuri moRvawe, politologi, istorikosi, musi-

kaTmcodne, literatori da kritikosi. sabWoTa ruseTis sa-

gareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari.

67

da Semdeg isev londonSi gadavida sacxovreblaT. mas odnava-

dac ar gastexia guli, misi imedebi exla ufro Zlieri iyo,

vinem odesme. muSaobda dauRalavaT Tavis sayvarel saqmis-

Tvis. erTxel man ganmicxada, rom fiqrobs saqarTveloSi was-

vlas, dee, rac undaT, miyon, erTi guli movijero maTi saja-

ro gamaTraxebiTo. magram mas ukve etyoboda saxeze, rom amas

ver SesZlebda fizikuraT, imdenaT moqanculi da daavadebu-

li iyo is.

me araferi miTqvams varlamis revoluciur warsulze ru-

seTSi, mis monawileobaze evropis muSaTa klasis politikur

da sindikatur moZraobaSi. es ar Sedioda Cems TemaSi. arc

sakmao masala maqvs amisaTvis. erTi ki vici: varlami moaruli

araki iyo, SeeZlo mTeli saaTebi eambna sakuTar da bevr sxva

cnobil pirTa Tavgadasavalze. ukanasknelaT is xSiraT daapi-

rebda xolme mogonebaTa weras, magram ver iclida. am rigaT,

es mdidari arqivic Tan gahyva mas.

varlami ideis kaci iyo. swamda misi sidiade da sabolooT

gamarjveba _ aqedan modioda misi enTuziazmi da Tavdadeba.

masSi harmoniulaT iyo Caqsovili sakacobrio da erovnuli

idealebi, misi guli sZgerda yvelasa da TviTeulis bedniere-

bisaTvis. ramdenad misabaZia is Cveni axalgazrdobisaTvis,

romelsac ara iSviaTi egoizmi asuldgmulebs da abuCaT ig-

debs ideisTvis aRtyinebas.

araCveulebrivi iyo varlamis sikvdili, ise rogorc mTe-

li misi cxovreba. man ena aidga! saqme imaSia, rom varlami bav-

Svobidan ruseTSi izrdeboda, ar exerxeboda qarTuli, Tum-

ca, esmoda da swerda kidec. guSinwin CemTan iyo eka CerqeziS-

vili, varlamis Zmiswuli, man gadmomca, rom varlami sikvdi-

lis win marto qarTulaT da isic gasaocrad wmindaT lapara-

kobdao; TviT bicola fridasac ar elaparakeboda sxva enazeo

da me mixdeboda misTvis Targmnao. varlami, imave ekas gadmo-

cemiT, Tavs saqarTveloSi grZnobda, ebaaseboda Turme iq

darCenil megobrebs, igonebda bavSvobas, erTi sityviT, ocne-

baSi scuravda.

erT Cems werilSi me vanugeSebdi q-b fridas, rom madlie-

ri da Tavisufali saqarTvelo ar dastovebs Zvirfas varla-

mis neSts ucxoeTSi-meTqi. varlami daswves, mxolod ferfli-

68

Ra dagvrCa, ramdenad gaadvilebulia misi gadatana CvenSi!

egec simboluria CvenTvis. varlamma Seswira mTeli Tavisi ar-

seba qarTvel xalxs da sikvdilis Jamsac imaze izruna, rom

mas, xalxs, ar gaZneleboda wminda movaleobis moxda dauviw-

yar moWirnaxules mimarT.


1. Иван Владимирович Аладышкин, На «окраине» общественно-поли-тической жизни Российской империи (К истории становления анархо-индивидуализма в первое десятилетие XX века), Анархис-ты в России: история и современность, Вестник, СПБГУ, Санкт-Петербург, 2009.

2. Иван Владимирович Аладышкин, Анархо-индивидуализм в среде отечественной интелигенции второи половины XIX _ первои дека-

ды XX века (На материалах Москва и Санкт-Петербург), Иваново, 2006. http://textarchive.ru/c-1520518-pall.html.

3. CerqeziSvili varlam, wignSi: rusudan dauSvili, grigol

kalandaZe, rusudan kobaxiZe, goCa jafariZe, Temur tar-

taraSvili, qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi, wigni 1, Tbilisi, 2012.

4. Tamar gvianiSvili, qarTvel anarqistTa socialur-poli-

tikuri Sexedulebebi, Tbilisi, 1990.

5. dimitri SveliZe, marqsizmis kritika varlam CerqeziSvi-

lis naSromebSi, Tbilisi, 1997.

6. dimitri SveliZe, ai vin iyo, qarTvelno, varlam CerqeziS-

vili! Tbilisi, 2001.

7. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri

arqivi, fondi 1831, aRwera 2, saqme 250.

69

Dodo Chumburidze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief Scientist-researcher of the Department of modern and Contemporary History

Recollection of Akaki Chkhenkeli about Varlam Cherkezishvili

Summary

The article deals with a report by Akaki Chkhenkeli in Paris, where

Chkhenkeli recalled his meetings with Georgian politician, Anarchist

Varlam Cherkezishvili. The archive document is an autograph, wich is

written by black ink. This speech was made by Akaki Chkhenkeli on

September 27, 1925, in front of the Georgian society in Paris due to the

death of Cherkezishvili. Later, the author has been prepared this text to

print in the Georgian magazine „Gushagi“, produced in Paris. To this

purpose, the text wos significantly reduced, which is confirmed by red

pencil removed. We have brought the document in full, with the first

option. This version of the text has never been published in the emigrant

press. Chkhenkeli describes Varlam Cherkezishvili's person, his national

spirit, endless love for his homeland in it.

70

daviT javaxiSvili

istoriis doqtori, saqarTvelos kultu-

ruli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli sa-

agentos TanamSromeli

qarTveli emigrantebis winaaRmdeg mowyobili

teroristuli aqtebis istoriidan /

rogor da ratom mokles grigol veSapeli?

sabWoTa ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis okupaciis Semdeg, qarTvel saxe-

lmwifo da politikur moRvaweTa mniSvnelovanma nawilma Tavi

emigracias Seafara.

samSoblodan gaxiznulTa Soris aRmoCnda saqarTvelos

pirveli respublikis cnobili saxelmwifo da politikuri

moRvawe _ grigol giorgis Ze veSapeli (1891-1926), igive _ ve-

SapiZe. is gaxldaT publicisti, erovnul-demokratiul par-

tiis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da Tavmjdomaris moadgile

(1917 wlis ivnisidan), SemdgomSi _ miwis mesakuTreTa erovnu-

li partiis damfuZnebeli da Tavmjdomare (1918 wlis dekemb-

ridan), erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile, xolo Sem-

deg _ erovnul-demokratiuli fraqciis Tavmjdomare jer

parlamentSi, Semdeg _ damfuZnebel krebaSi, bolos ki _ dam-

fuZnebel krebaSi warmoqmnili demokratiuli fraqciis wevri

(1921 wlis ianvridan).

emigraciaSi myofi grigol veSapeli teroristuli aqtis

msxverpli gaxda. qvemoT moTxrobilia misi emigrantuli moR-

vaweobisa da mokvlis garemoebaTa Sesaxeb.

***

1921 wlis 17 marts, baTumSi gamarTuli damfuZnebeli

krebis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos demokrati-

uli respublikis saxelmwifo da politikur moRvaweTa mniS-

vnelovani nawili emigraciaSi gaemgzavra. maT ar gahyvaT gri-

gol veSapeli, romelic baTumSi ori Tve darCa.

imave wlis maisSi, grigoli baTumidan gaemgzavra stambolSi,

sadac man revaz gabaSvilTan da daviT vaCnaZesTan erTad monawi-

leoba miiRo `stambolis politikuri komisiis~ muSaobaSi.

71

safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi damkvidrebulma grigol veSa-

pelma aqtiuri politikuri saqmianoba ganagrZo. igi monawi-

leobas iRebda 1922 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi vaSingtonSi ga-

marTul konferenciaSi, romelSic mis garda qarTuli mxri-

dan monawileobdnen: akaki Cxenkeli, irakli wereTeli, svimon

mdivani da zurab avaliSvili.

imave wlis gazafxulidan grigoli iyo demokratiuli par-

tiis warmomadgeneli interpartiul komitetSi.

imave wels g. veSapeli Sedioda saqarTvelos demokratiu-

li respublikis delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic gaig-

zavna genuis konferenciaze saqarTvelos sakiTxis dasayeneb-

lad.

igi monawileobas iRebda parizSi gamarTuli interparti-

uli konferenciis muSaobaSi, romelmac Camoayaliba `saqar-

Tvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti~ (igive `damoukideb-

lobis komiteti~) da Seqmna `saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kre-

bis gafarToebuli prezidiumi~. is airCies aRniSnuli prezi-

diumis wevrad. imavdroulad, igi iyo adamianisa da moqalaqe-

Ta uflebebis damcveli ligis qarTuli filialis wevric.

grigoli gaxldaT friad ganswavluli pirovneba, rome-

lic mSobliur enasTan erTad Tavisuflad flobda: rusul,

frangul, germanul da inglisur enebs. igi xSirad mogzau-

robda dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, imyofeboda italiaSi, did

britaneTSi, germaniasa da sxv.

politikuri saqmianobis paralelurad g. veSapeli muSaob-

da renos saavtomobilo qarxanaSi muSad.

1923 wlis dekemberSi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis

mTavarma komitetma ganixila misi personaluri sakiTxi Sida-

partiuli disciplinis sistematuri darRvevis gamo.

mas Semdeg, rac noe Jordaniam gamoacxada `saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis komitetis~ dadgenileba `saqarTvelos da-

mfuZnebeli krebis gafarToebuli prezidiumis~ gauqmebis Se-

saxeb, g. veSapeli gamoiyvanes emigrantuli mTavrobis Semad-

genlobidan.

1924 wlis maisidan grigol veSapeli mkveTrad daupiris-

pirda saqarTvelos devnil mTavrobas. ivnisSi igi Sexvda pa-

rizSi berlinidan Casul ssr kavSiris savaWro warmomadgenel

72

aleqsandre svaniZes da mas samSobloSi dabrunebis survili

gaando.

g. veSapelma dagmo saqarTveloSi antisabWouri SeiaraRe-

buli gamosvlis idea, romelic dasavleTidan realuri daxma-

rebis miRebis gareSe uazrobad miiCnia. imave wlis agvisto-

seqtemberSi saqarTveloSi momxdarma warumatebelma saxalxo

ajanyebam grigoli sabolood daarwmuna msgavsi tipis brZo-

lis gagrZelebis uperspeqtivobaSi.

im didma msxverplma da represiebma, rac saqarTveloSi

ajanyebis CaxSobas mohyva, ganapiroba veSapelis msoflmxedve-

lobis radikaluri cvlileba, ramac igi dasavleT evropaSi

moqmed ssr kavSiris xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan daaax-

lova.

cnobilia, rom evropis im qveynebSi, sadac emigrantebi

cxovrobdnen, ssr kavSiris xelisufleba farTod awarmoebda

kampanias `samSobloSi dabrunebis~ mowodebiT, raSic grigol

veSapelic aRmoCnda Cabmuli.

imave wlis 5 noembridan grigolma daiwyo gamocema gaze-

Tisa `axali saqarTvelo~, romelic parizsa da berlinSi ibeW-

deboda. aRniSnuli gazeTi mwvaved akritikebda social-de-

mokratiul (menSevikur) partias, emigrantul mTavrobas, xo-

lo qarTvel emigrantebs mouwodebda samSobloSi dabrunebi-

sa da iq arsebul sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan Serigebisaken. am

gazeTs farulad afinansebda sabWoTa xelisufleba parizSi

myofi ssr kavSiris sruluflebiani warmomadgenlis saSuale-

biT [1, 221-259; 2, 90; 3, 263; 4, 233-235, 5, 166].

grigol veSapelma sastikad gaakritika 1925 wlis 15 ian-

vars parizSi gamocemuli noe Jordanias broSura `ra moxda~,

miZRvnili wina wels momxdari antibolSevikuri ajanyebisad-

mi.

imave wels gamocemul gazeTSi `axali saqarTvelo~ gamoq-

veynebul statiaSi `noe Jordania ajanyebis Semdeg~ g. veSape-

li werda: `saboloo daskvna noe Jordaniasi Semdegia – gaT-

xrili saflavebi erTgulebisaken mogviwodebeno! daSnakele-

bic ase ambobdnen osmaleTSi: raRai aTasi daixoca, kidev un-

da gavagrZeloTo! ara batono, mTeli saqarTvelo saflavSi

ar unda Cawves `Jordanias saqarTvelosaTvis~ motyuebiT da-

73

RupulebTan. saqarTvelos momavali saflavSi ki ara, im ak-

vnebSia, dRes rom irweva. axal saqarTvelos sWiria gamravle-

ba, gamdidreba da ganaTleba da ara ajanyebani. axali saqar-

Tvelo Cexuri gziT wava da ara polonuriT. da rogorc mesa-

me dasis (`kvalis~) saqarTvelo ar gadayva 1830 wlebis mem-

kvidre Zveli Taobis (ilia WavWavaZis) politikur roman-

tizms, ise dRevandeli saqarTvelos axali Taobac ver gaday-

veba 1924 wlis ajanyebiT gabruebul Jordanias partiis menSe-

vikur ideologias~ [6].

grigol veSapelis aseTi saqmianoba erovnuli interesebis

Ralatad CaTvales saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-

deblobis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZolma Zalebma, romlebic sru-

liad miuReblad miiCnevdnen Cveni qveynis saokupacio reJim-

Tan raime saxis TanamSromlobas.

oTar janeliZis ganmartebiT, g. veSapeli `Cadga komunis-

turi reJimis samsaxurSi~, rac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma

Zalebma `Seuwynareblad miiCnies~ [5, 166].

1925 wlis 9 agvistos, g. veSapelis xelmZRvanelobiT pari-

zis kafe `volterSi~ Sedga sabWoTa saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa

koloniis damfuZnebeli kreba, romelic CaSala antisabWou-

rad ganwyobili axalgazrda emigrantebis SeWram. amas mohyva

1926 wlis 28 Tebervlis sisxliani Setakeba, rac cnobilia

`odenkuris ambebis~ saxelwodebiT.

imave wels veSapelma saqarTveloSi dabrunebis nebarTva

iTxova, risi mizezic gaxda rogorc radikalurad ganwyobil

qarTvel emigrantebTan dapirispireba, aseve safrangeTis po-

liciis meTvalyureoba.

imave wlis 10 ivniss, parizis sasamarTloSi gaimarTa

sxdoma, sadac ganixileboda qarTvel emigrantTa jgufis mier

wina wlis agvistoSi kafe `volterSi~ ganxorcielebuli Tav-

dasxmis saqme. sxdomis dasrulebis Semdeg, sasamarTlo darba-

zidan gamosul grigol veSapels taqsiSi Cajdomisas zurgSi

ori tyvia daaxala masTan daaxloebulma qarTvelma emigran-

tma avTandil merabiSvilma [2, 90; 3, 263; 4, 235]. arsebobs

cnoba, rom misi gvari iyo merabaSvili [5, 166].

arsebobs cnoba, rom avTandil merabiSvili (1902-1974)

swavlobda Tbilisis dramatul studiaSi. 1924 wlis ajanyebis

74

damarcxebis Semdeg, rodesac bolSevikebma dauxvrites mama

da naTesavebi, is emigraciaSi wavida. cxovrobda, berlinSi,

xolo Semdeg parizSi. gawevrianda imave wels Seqmnil organi-

zaciaSi `TeTri giorgi~ [2, 138]. veSapelis nekrologi da ga-

mosaTxovari werilebi gamoqveynda misi redaqtorobiT gamo-

maval gazeTSi `axali saqarTvelo~, aseve ssr kavSirSi gamoma-

val presaSi, kerZod, gazeTebSi _ `Заря Востока~ [2, 91] da `ko-

munisti~ [7].

grigol veSapeli dakrZales parizSi, monparanasis sasaf-

laoze, saidanac misi ferfli, mSoblebis TxovniT, 1928 wels

TbilisSi gadmoasvenes da didubeSi dakrZales. didubis sa-

saflaos panTeonad gadakeTebis (1937 w.) Semdeg, igi gadaasve-

nes vakis sasaflaoze.

qarTuli emigraciis cnobili warmomadgenlis, SemdgomSi

vermaxtis generlis Salva maRlakeliZis (1894-1976) memuareb-

Si moTxrobilia konkretulad ra procesebi uZRvoda win am

mkvlelobas, romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgenda politiku-

ri Sinaarsis mqone teroristul aqts.

aRniSnul mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT: `1923 wels budu mdi-

vani Camodis praRaSi da eZebs xalxs, romlebic dabrundebian

saqarTveloSi, e. i. vinc urigdeba sabWoTa xelisuflebas. Tan

moyveba levan RoRoberiZe. maT davalebuli hqondaT, rom mo-

ewyoT imaTi dabruneba, romlebic ukmayofiloni arian Jor-

daniasi... es saqme bolos miandes veSapels. veSapeli xom opo-

ziciaSi iyo aqac da iqac, gadauwyvetia ukan dabruneba. budu

mdivans mouxerxebia saidumlo molaparakeba masTan da misca

gazeT `axali saqarTvelos~ gamocemis saSualeba qarTulad.

es gazeTi ukan dambrunebel qarTvelTa organo iyo... visac

dabruneba surs, gadawyvites, rom Seikribebian parizSi da

iqidan wavlen saqarTveloSi... veSapelis jgufSi aris vinme

merabiSvili, veSapelis ndobiT aRWurvili piri Tbilisidan...

Seikribnen, ukan dabruneba visac surs, darbazSi, parizSi...

`TeTri giorgis~ organizaciam, romlis saTaveSi iyo leo ke-

reseliZe, moaxdina Tavdasxma am darbazSi, sadac aravin ara-

vis arasdros ar dasxmia. simonika bereJiani iyo, poeti da

mwerali, waiyvana biWebi, SeiWra darbazSi da daacxra Tavs. iq

arian sabWoTa saelCos warmomadgenlebic. saelCo istumrebs

75

amaT saqarTveloSi da amis Sesaxeb gazeSic gamoqveynes cno-

ba... SeiWrnen `TeTri giorgis~ organizaciis wevrebi da daiw-

yes amaTi garekva. gamorekes gareT. aravin amas ar eloda.

arasdros aseTi ra ar momxdara da SeSindnen. simonika Ronie-

ri biWi _ TayaiSvili iyo, eqvTime TayaiSvilis Zalian axlobe-

li, deidas uSvilebia... parizis presa ayayanda – eseni vin

ariano. saSualebas ar gvaZleven, rom Cveni wesebi daculi

iyoso. amitom misces pasuxisgebaSi simonika... procesze bral-

mdebeli iyo... torezis Zma... torezi komunisturi partiis

lideria. es Zma cnobili advokatia, ebraelia, sinagogaSi da-

dis. Tavad torezi ar dadis an rogor wava – komunistia,

frangi varo~ [8, 136-137].

s. bereJianis gasamarTlebis da veSapelis mkvlelobis pe-

ripetiebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo informaciaa daculi S. maR-

lakeliZis memuarebSi, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `bralmdebeli,

veSapelis da ukan (igulisxmeba ssrk. d. j.) dambruneblebis

interesebis damcvelic imave dros, ekiTxeba simonikas: _

`cnobT Tu ara Tavs damnaSavedo?~ _ `vcnobo~. _ `CawereT

oqmSio~ _ moiTxova torezma. _ `SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma mo-

awyveTo?~ _ `diaxo~. _ `SeitaneT oqmSio~ _ isev mimarTa mdi-

vans. _ `Tqven Tu gqondaT iaraRio?~ _ `diaxo~. _ `CawereTo~.

Caweres. e. i. simonika SeiaraRebuli daesxa Tavs am mitings. _

`ra iaraRiT iyavi SeiaraRebulio?~ _ `ra iaraRiTo~ da aswia

muWi maRla, _ `maRali RmerTis sulis CaberviT da Cemi mar-

jvena xeliTo~.

_ `mon dio!~ _ iyvira torezma, e. i. RmerTo Cemoo, amas

ras ambobso. mas egona, rom simonika ityvis, revolveriT an

xanjliT viyavi SeiaraRebulio da simonikam _ Cemi marjveni-

To. mis praqtikaSi aseTi ram ar momxdara, rom braldebulma

Caawerinos _ `SeiaraRebuli viyavio~ da `marjvenaTi viyavi Se-

iaraRebulio~. es `mon dio~ Seiqmna mere yvela advokatisaT-

vis salami. me vicnobdi frang advokatebs. erTmaneTs `bonJur

musieo~ ki ar etyodnen _ `mon dioo~ _ iseTi CaxleCli xmiT,

rogorc torezs hqonda...

procesi damTavrda imiT, rom gaamarTles simonika bere-

Jiani. gamodis veSapeli, taqsSi rom Cajdes. Tan moyveba mera-

biSvili. taqsSi rom Sedga fexi, merabiSvilma esrola zurgSi

76

revolveri da mokla. mokla misive kacma~ [8, 137-138].

1926 wlis 10 ivliss gamocemul gazeTSi àxali saqarTve-

lo~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi `vinaa mkvleli?~ avTandil mera-

biSvilis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `mkvleli ver asabuTebs, odnav

garkveviTac ki, Tavis danaSaulis motivebs... gazeTebSi gamoq-

veynebuli misi Cvenebebi stoveben garkveul STabeWdilebas

garedan nakarnaxev, zepirad Seswavlil trafaretul sicru-

is... viTomda merabiSvilma gadaswyvita veSapelis mokvla men-

Sevikebis (24 welSi) ugunuri ajanyebis Semdeg... am xnis ganmav-

lobaSi merabiSvili araTu ramdenjerme daeswro veSapelis

moxsenebas, aramed saxlSic midioda masTan da mimarTavda

xolme sxvadasxva TxovnebiT mravalgvar daxmarebaze... `me ara

var menSeviki~ _ acxadebs merabiSvili. ìs araa menSeviki~ _

bans aZlevs menSevikebis centraluri komiteti. Cven vamtki-

cebT kategoriulad, rom jer kidev berlinSi menSevikebi

sTvlidnen merabiSvils erTaderT saimedo pirad. amas ambob-

da 1924 welSi menSevikebis warmomadgeneli berlinSi... gasuli

wlis 9 agvistos menSevikebis mier konspiratiulad mowyobil

TavdasxmaSi qarTul sabWoTa koloniaze merabiSvilma miiRo

monawileoba... qarxanaSi, sadac is muSaobda, muSebSi iTvlebo-

da menSevikur liderad... sul ramdenime dRis win mkvlelobi-

sa, merabiSvili, Tavis Cveulebisamebr, saWiroebda fuls. er-

Ti dRis win ki is mivida qarxanaSi, gaistumra valebi, iqeifa

muSebTan da Tan eubneboda: àxla fuli aris!~ [9].

sasamarTlo procesze ssr kavSiris oficialurma warmo-

madgenlobam scada, rom veSapelis mkvleli warmoeCina saqar-

Tvelos social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partiis mier

marTul pirovnebad. amis gamo, emigrantuli mTavroba iZule-

buli gaxda, rom merabiSvilisaTvis daeqiravebina cnobili

advokati _ italieli miro jiaferi.

frangma politikurma moRvaweebma pier renodelma da

eduard markem es procesi saqarTvelos dasacav aqciad da

Cveni qveynis okupantTa gasamarTleblad aqcies.

sabolood, sasamarTlom gaiziara dacvis versia, romlis

Tanaxmadac merabiSvilma veSapeli ssr kavSiris xelisufle-

basTan TanamSromlobis, anu erovnuli interesebis Ralatis

gamo mokla da mkvleli SedarebiT msubuqad dasaja. mcire

77

xnis patimrobis Semdeg avTandil merabiSvili gaanTavisufles

[4, 235].

merabiSvilis sasamarTlo procesis mesame dRes, rodesac

torezma braldebulisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis gamo-

tana moiTxova, sityviT gamovida `vercxlis saukunis~ rusuli

poeziis erT-erTi gamoCenili warmomadgeneli, poeti-simbo-

listi da mTargmneli konstantine balmonti (1867-1942), ro-

melmac ganacxada: `me var rusi emigranti poeti, romelmac

vTargmne qarTvelTa erovnuli saunje `vefxistyaosani~ SoTa

rusTavelisa da amdenad, kargad vicnob am xalxis uZveles

tradiciebs da wes-Cveulebebs. es poema, romelic qarTveli

eris zneobis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa, gmobs megobris da

ideis Ralats! gansvenebulma grigol veSapelma uRalata Ta-

vis megobrebs da politikur ideebs _ dapyrobil samSobloSi

dampyroblebTan Serigeba da TanamSromloba mouwoda Tavis

Tanamemamuleebs, rac mas ar apaties!~ am gamosvlas imdenad

didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia frang mosamarTleebze, rom av-

Tandil merabiSvili gadarCa sasikvdilo ganaCens da mas mxo-

lod safrangeTidan gasaxleba miusajes~ [1, 234-235].

sayuradReboa, rom qarTuli emigraciis garkveuli nawili

Tavidanve eWvobda, rom avTandil merabiSvili iyo ssr kavSi-

ris uSiSroebis mier daqiravebuli mkvleli, romelic sagan-

gebod miugzavnes veSapels, raTa daaxloveboda da saWiro mo-

mentSi fizikurad gaenadgurebina. es eWvi kidev ufro gamyar-

da mas Semdeg, rac sasjelmoxdili da jer belgiaSi, xolo

Semdeg CileSi gadasaxlebuli merabiSvili, gansxvavebiT qar-

Tveli emigrantebis umravlesobisagan, uCveulod mdidrulad

cxovrobda.

S. maRlakeliZe igonebda: `azri emigraciisa iyo, rom mera-

biSvili CavTvaleT provokatorad, sabWoebis mier daqirave-

bul kacad, e. i. merabiSvili veSapelTan Sevida gangeb. sabWo-

Ta mTavrobisagan hqonda davalebuli veSapelis mokvla. misi

ukan dabruneba ar iyo sasurveli, imitom, rom ukiduresi me-

marjvene iyo. gamoiyenes Jordanias winaaRmdeg, magram aseTi

kacis yola maTTvisac ar iyo sasurveli. gamoiyenes da mok-

les... merabiSvili belgiaSi gadaasaxles. viTom mdidari bel-

gieli qali SeurTavs, magram Cven veWvobdiT, rom es moskovis

78

fulia. mere gadavida CileSi Tavisuflad. Svilebi rom SeeZi-

naT, viqtor nozaZe aiyvana qarTuli enis maswavleblad, Cile-

Si waiyvana. zogierTebi mainc patriotad Tvlidnen. me ki ka-

tegoriulad vambobdi, rom provokatoria-Tqo. mere amerika-

Si gadavida. gauxsnia didi restorani da es restorania bude

Cveni suxiSvilisa da ramiSvilis. anzor kavsaZe yofila, Cemi

yuriT movismine, rom yveboda rusTavelze _ `ra pativi gvca,

Citis rZe ar aklda, ranairad Segvxvda merabiSvilio~. amitom

me vTvli, rom me viyavi marTali. merabiSvili provokatori

iyo. mokles kaci, romelic rom dabrundeboda da naxavda ra

aris da rogor aris _ amas ityoda da ra saWiro iyo aseTi ka-

ci, romelic sul ruseTis winaaRmdeg ilaparakebda. ase, rom

ormocdaxuT kacs rom vaxSams gaumarTavs, sabWoeTidan Casu-

lebs (`Citis rZe ar akldao~) da mokla kaci, romelic ukan

brundeboda _ sabWoeTSi, Tan Jordanias da emigracias ebrZo-

da, rogorc reaqcias, axla xom mainc naTelia.

misi provokatoroba iqidanac Cans, rom rodesac omi Tav-

deboda, Cemi biZaSvili varlam maRlakeliZe, romelic tyved

iyo CemTan Cavardnili... venis sadgurze... vxedav ekamaTeba vi-

Racas. me merabiSvili ar menaxa, ar vicnobdi piradad. Turme

venaSi mosula. e. i. es kaci muSaobs bolSevikebis da sabWoe-

bis winaaRmdeg emigraciaSi maSin, rodesac arcerT organiza-

ciaSi ar Sedioda da edaveba Cems biZaSvils. Cemi biZaSvili

icavs sabWoebis pozicias. merabiSvili ki _ `Tqven aseTebi

xarT, Tqven iseTebi xarT~, e. i. zedmetad ilanZReba, did pat-

riotobas iCens. maSin veapelis mikvla Cvengan davalebiT unda

yofiliyo, magram es ase ar aris. ramiSvils misTvis es ar mi-

undvia. es faqtia. merabiSvili aravis ar ekareboda... me Cave-

rie laparakSi. ra gvari brZandebiT-meTqi. merabiSvili gaxla-

varTo. ara xarT patiosani kaci-Tqo. me arc Cemi biZaSvili

momwons, magram amaze meti qomagi sabWoTa xelisuflebisa

Tqven brZandebiT-Tqo. xma ar amouRia da wavida~ [8, 138-139].

aqve ganvmartavT, rom zemoxsenebuli anzor kavsaZe (1930-

2008) iyo sagundo reJisori da saqarTvelos saxalxo arti-

sti.

arsebobs cnoba, rom patimrobidan ganTavisuflebisa da

safrangeTidan gaZevebis Semdeg, avTandil merabiSvili cxov-

79

robda jer belgiaSi, Semdeg _ berlinSi. berlinis birJaze

vaWrobiT man mniSvnelovani qoneba daagrova. II msoflio omis

Semdeg, ssr kavSirma moiTxova misi gadacema, nacistebTan Ta-

namSromlobaSi braldebul sxva qarTvelebTan erTad. amis ga-

mo, igi gadasaxlda jer argentinaSi, Semdeg boliviaSi, bolos

ki CileSi, sadac gvarjilisa da spilenZis sabadoebi SeiZina

da soliduri qonebis patroni gaxda. sant-iago de Ciles max-

loblad, atlantikis okeanis sanapiroze man Seqmna restorne-

bis qseli da aaSena saagarako qalaqi, sadac quCebs daarqva

qarTveli mwerlebis da poetebis, maT Soris, SoTa rusTave-

lis (centralur prospeqts), ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis

da vaJa-fSavelas saxelebi. hyavda meuRle da oTxi Svili: gi-

orgi, ivane, tarieli da londa. 1954 wels Tavisi SvilebisaT-

vis qarTuli enis maswavleblad CileSi miiwvia viqtor nozaZe,

romelsac daufinansa operacia da rusTvelologiuri naSro-

mebis oTxi tomi. 1966 wels misi dafinansebiT espanur enaze

gamoica `vefxistyaosani~, romelic v. nozaZis daxmarebiT

Targmna gustavo dela torem. 1968 wels, Tbilisis universi-

tetis 50 wlisTavze, surda rom misTvis saCuqrad gadaeca Ta-

visi aSenebuli qalaqi, magram sabWoTa xelisuflebam es ar

moindoma. maspinZlobas uwevda CileSi Casul yvela qarTvels,

maT Soris suxiSvilebis ansambls, poet ioseb noneSvils da

sxvebs. 1974 wels Tavi moikla gaurkvevel viTarebaSi. varau-

dobdnen, rom am saqmeSi ssrk uSiSroebis xeli eria [2, 139].

* * *

amrigad, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis TvalsaCino

moRvawem _ grigol giorgis Ze veSapelma (1892-1926) emigraci-

aSi wasvlis Semdeg sicocxle tragikulad daasrula. misi

mokvlis garemoebaTa Sesaxeb gansxvavebul da zogjer urTi-

erTgamomricxav informacias gvawvdis imdroindeli emigran-

tuli presa, memuaruli da samecniero literatura. Tumca

erTi ram udavoa _ igi iyo 1921 wels samSoblodan wasuli

pirveli qarTveli emigranti, romelic teroristuli aqtis

msxverpli gaxda.

80


1. guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis isto-

ria, tomi I, Tbilisi, 2001.

2. qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi, diasporis sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo ministris aparatis gamocema, avtor-Semdgen-

lebi: rusudan dauSvili, grigol kalandaZe, rusudan ko-

baxiZe, goCa jafariZe, Temur tartaraSvili, wigni I, Tbi-

lisi, 2012.

3. uSangi sidamoniZe, veSapiZe (veSapeli) grigol giorgis Ze,

enciklopedia `saqarTvelo~, tomi 3, Tbilisi, 2014.

4. irakli xvadagiani, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, Tbi-

lisi, 2016.

5. oTar janeliZe, veSapeli grigol giorgis Ze, enciklope-

diuri leqsikoni `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

ka~, Tbilisi, 2018.

6. grigol veSapeli, noe Jordania ajanyebis Semdeg, gazeTi

`axali saqarTvelo~, parizi, 1925, #6.

7. gazeTi `komunisti~, Tbilisi, 13 ivnisi, 1926.

8. Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebani, wignSi: `qarTvelebi germa-

nuli droSis qveS meore msoflio omSi~, masalebi gamosa-

cemad moamzada, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo viq-

tor rcxilaZem, Tbilisi, 1994.

9. `vinaa mkvleli?~, gazeTi `axali saqarTvelo~, parizi,

1926, #26.

81

Davit Javakhishvili Doctor of History, National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia

From the History of the Terrorist Acts Conducted Against Georgian

Emigrants / How and why Grigol Veshapeli was Murdered?

Summary

After the occupation of the Georgian Democractic Republic by the military forces of the Soviet Russia, important part of Georgian public and

political figures escaped to foreign countries. Among them was Grigol

Giorgi Veshapeli (1891-1926), a prominant public and political figure of

Georgia’s first republic, the publicist (known under the name –

Veshapidze), and the founder and Deputy Chair of the National

Democractic Party (from January of 1917). Later he founded the Land

Property Holders National Party and was its Chair from december of 1918.

Grigol Veshapeli also was the Deputy Chair of the National Council, the

Chair of the National Democracts’ Parliamentary faction, the National

Democracts’ Deputy Chair in the Council, and later member of the

Democratic fation established in the Constituent Assambly of Georgia (from January of 1921).

Grigol Veshapeli was murdered in Paris in 1926 by the terrorist act.

The article tells about the story of the work and murder of this prominant Georgian public and political figure.

82

aleko baqraZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis magistri

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena

da sagareo politikuri orientacia

Tavisuflebisaken swrafva saerTod adamianis mTavari Tavi-

suflebaa da araferia amaSi arc, gaugebari arc moulodneli, arc gadametebuli da, rac mTavaria sxvebisagan gamosarCevi. pi-riqiT, Tuki gvamsgavsebs, swored es ukeTilSobilesi Tviseba Tu moTxovnileba gvamsgavsebs im bednier xalxebs, sxvebze adre rom gaiares TviTgamorkvevis, TviT damkvidrebis, TviT Semec-

nebis gza. es gza, adre Tu gvian, yvela xalxma unda gaiaros. totalitaruli sabWouri sistemis liberalizaciam erov-

nul moZraobas gaaqtiurebis saSualeba misca. saqarTveloSi am etapze erovnuli moZraobis masobrioba dakavSirebulia ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis, erovnuli damoukideblobis, erovnul

_ demokratiuli da respublikuri partiebis moRvaweobasTan. araformaluri jgufebis liderebma Cveni sazogadoebis ga-

mofxizlebisaTvis didi Sroma gaswies. maTi orientacia did gavlenas axdenda sazogadoebaze, radgan is arsebiTad Seesaba-meboda xalxis interesebs, gardaqmnisa da sajaroobis moTxov-

nebs. araformalebis gavleniT bevr movlenas Cveni qveynis is-toriaSi Tavisi saxeli daerqva da sworad Sefasda. gansakuTre-

biT SesamCnevi gaxda xalxis TviTSegnebis zrda, istoriuli warsulisadmi mibruneba, saTuTi damokidebuleba eris sulieri da kulturuli miRwevebisadmi.

aRniSnul periodSi as taZarze meti gadaeca qarTul mar-

Tlmadideblur eklesias. mTel rig qalaqebsa da raionebs da-

ubrunda Zveli istoriuli saxelebi. muSavdeboda qarTuli

erovnuli skolis koncefcia [1, 12]. erovnuli moZraobisa da qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis Se-

degs warmoadgenda qarTul istoriografiaSi dasmuli sakiTxi

1921 wels saqarTvelos okupaciisa da aneqsiis Sesaxeb. am Tema-

ze specialurad imsjela saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos 1989

wlis 18 noembris sesiam, romelmac moiwona sabWoTa ruseTsa da

83

saqarTvelos Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis darRvevis poli-

tikuri da samarTlebrivi Sefasebis sakiTxTa komisiis (Seiqmna

1989 wlis ivnisSi) daskvna, romelSic naTqvamia: `... sabWoTa ru-

seTis mTavrobis mier 1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis mTavrobasTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis darRveva _ saqarTveloSi jarebis Semoyvana da mTeli terito-

riis dakaveba _ samarTlebrivi TvalsazriziT warmoadgenda

samxedro Carevas (intervencias) da okupacias arsebuli poli-

tikuri wyobilebis Secvlis mizniT. es aqcia, misgan gamomdina-

re SedegebiT, politikuri TvalsazrisiT Sefasda, rogorc faqtobrivi aneqsia.

faqtia, rom araformalur jgufebs swori da keTilSobi-

luri strategiuli amocanebis gverdiT, aseve naTlad Camoya-

libebuli uaxloesi da realuri amocanebi ara hqondaT. isini did Zalas warmoadgendnen, did gavlenas axdendnen sazogado-

ebriv cxovrebaze, magram winaswar SemuSavebuli gonivruli da realuri programis gareSe moqmedebdnen.

1988 wlidan mravali uangaro adamiani iRvwoda saqarTve-

los keTildReobisaTvis. magram amdeni dasi, partia da sazoga-

doeba marto qveynis gasaWirs ar Seuqmnia! Cvenma ambiciurobam warmoSva sazogadoebaTa garkveuli nawili, ambiciurobam daq-

saqsa Zalebi, daaqucmaca sazogadoeba mikro dasebad, sazoga-

doebebad, asociaciebad gafanta eri. baltiispireTis respublikebis moqmedebidan Cven mxolod

ekonomikuri modelis gadmoRebaze gavamaxvileT yuradReba, Tumca maTi gamocdilebidan sxva ramis gadmoReba ufro gvWir-

deboda: es iyo politikuri taqti da taqtika. maT ipoves is ga-saRebi, rac Cvens sinamdvileSi Seqmnili urTulesi marwuxebi-

dan gamoiyvanda mcirericxovan ers. sruliadac ar mogvdebda Crdils, Tu am sakiTxSi erT bedqveS myofi xalxis mier didxans nafiqrsa da nakvalev gzas davadgebodiT. amave dros Canda, rom sxva saxis eqsperimentebi marcxiT mTavrdeboda. baltiispireT-

ma momavlis gezi gansazRvra imdenad naTlad, rom arad uRir-

daT piradi ambiciebi [2, 290]. did imedebs amyarebda sazogadoeba saxalxo frontze, rom-

lis pirveli sainiciativo jgufi qarTvel mweralTa erTi nawi-

84

lis TavgamodebiT _ CvenSi pirvelad swored mweralTa kavSir-

Si Seiqmna. mogvianebiT am wmindad dawyebul saqmes, romelmac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi uzarmazari roli Se-asrula, mere da mere imdeni saxelis gamtexi mietmasna, erovnu-

li moZraobis mtrebma ise dasces SebRales misi avtoriteti,

rom ukve 1990 wels bevrs aRar sjeroda misi. arada saxalxo frontSi mravali Tavgamodebuli mamuliSvili ibrZoda.

1988-1989 wlebSi erovnuli moZraobis liderebis da saer-

Tod politikuri partiebis iniciativiT cxovrebis wesad iqca mitingebi da SimSilobebi, gaficvebi da karis aWedvebi. saer-

Tod mitingebi aris politikuri brZolis saSiSi instrumenti. aq emociebs ver ikaveben da ar eZeben parlamentur urTierTo-

bebs. mitingebze xSirad gaismoda mowodeba, `sisxli, sisxli unda

daiRvaroso!..~ qarTveli gmiri samsxverploze gzavnida Tavis Tavs da ara sxvas. `okupantebis `gineba damoukidebeli saqar-

Tvelos misaRwevad araTu aTxelebda borkilebs, asqelebda mas

[2, 292-294]. komunisturi xelisufleba, cnobili mizezebis gamo, isedac

suls Rafavda. magram garkveul Zalebs politikuri kapitalis dagrovebisaTvis xels aZlevdaT dasaxelebuli aqciebi, raTa SemdegSi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros politikuri kulturis armqone masisagan mxardaWera hqonodaT. saqme iqamdec ki midio-

da, rom sakmarisi iyo abiturients aradamakmayofilebeli niSa-ni mieRo, igi maSinve mjdomare gaficvas da SimSilobis aqcias

awyobda (xSirad mSoblebTan erTad).

1989 wlis sagamocdo cieb-cxelebis Semdeg respublikis umaRles saswavleblebSi moulodneli ram moxda. maSin, roca misaReb abiturientTa ricxvi im dros yvelgan SezRuduli iyo da es ki TavisTavad iwvevda did konkurss, gamocdebis damTav-

rebis Semdeg yvela abiturienti, vinc gamocdaze CaiWra, stu-

denti gaxda. ara da, ramdenma Seikava Tavi konkursSi monawile-

obisagan! ramdenma miatova gamocdebi, roca pirvel saganSi sa-

miani miiRo! mxolod universitetma aseTi `eqsperimentis~ gamo

1600 studenti miiRo damatebiT. es gadawyvetileba saqarTve-

los komunisturi partiis ck-m miiRo, riTac Seecada Seryeuli

85

avtoriteti aseTi iaffasiani aqtiT gamoesworebina da mxar-

damWerebi gaeCina. mitingebsa da demonstraciebSi monawileobis misaRebad

erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebma daiwyes skolebidan da umaRlesi saswavleblebidan moswavleebisa da studentebis ga-moyvana, xolo fabrika-qarxnebidan muSa-mosamsaxureTa organi-

zebuli daswrebis mizniT samgzavro transports iyenebdnen. pa-ralizebuli gaxda saswavlo SromiTi procesi.

araformalebma didi gavlena moipoves farTo masebze, gansa-kuTrebiT dedaqalaqebSi. aseTma viTarebam maT Seuqmna Sexedu-

leba, rom gamoaRviZes eri da Caayenes qveynis samsaxurSi. buneb-

rivia, ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aseTi Sefaseba Seurac-

xyofa iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis TavSewiruli

qarTvelebisa, Tundac 1921, 1924, 1937, 1944, 1951, 1956, wlebSi zvarakad rom miitanes Tavi eris gadasarCenad samsxverploze.

sinamdvileSi qarTveli eris sifxizle, misi Rrma patrio-

tizmi, wina TaobaTa inteligenciis damsaxurebas warmoadgenda.

80-iani wlebis bolos araformalTa `politikur asparezze Se-moWram da gabatonebam ki ar ganapiroba qarTveli eris gamof-

xizleba, aramed piriqiT, qarTveli eris sifxizlem, Tavisuf-

lebisaken usazRvro ltolvam ganapiroba ultraradikaluri lozungebis popularoba da am lozungTa matareblebis gaba-

toneba politikur asparezze~ [3, 33]. erebma romelTac am momentisaTvis gaaCndaT patriotuli

sifxizlisa da inteleqtualuri mzadyofnis saTanado done,

ukve 1987 wlisTvis Seqmnes sisxlsavse politikuri cxovrebis pirobebi. am erebis politikur sarbielze gamoikveTa politi-

kur ZalTa mTeli speqtri. Tumca politikaSi eqscesebis sru-

lad gamoricxva Zneli warmosadgenia, urTierTmimarTeba am ZalTa Soris ZiriTadad civilizebulad warimarTa.

politikuri lozungebi pirvelad 1988 wlis dasawyisSi ga-

moCnda, kerZod, 25 Tebervlis _ saqarTvelos gasabWoebis sa-mocdameSvide wlisTavis glovis dRed gamocxadebiT daiwyo qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis axali etapi.

amdenad, qarTveli araformalebis moqmedeba gacxovelda

86

1988 wlis Semdeg, roca zemodan daSavebuli demokratizaciis procesi ukve sakmaod Rrmad iyo wasuli _ mitingebisaTvis, de-

monstraciebisaTvis, nebismieri xasiaTis lozungebisTvis aRa-

ravis sdevnidnen. Cveni araformalebis dapirispirebas imJamin-del xelisuflebasTan hqonda wminda lozungur-ultimaturi

xasiaTi; komunisturi xelisufleba eyrdnoboda uaRresad gan-totvil, gamowvlilviT damuSavebul filosofiur-ideologi-

ur moZRvrebas. araformalebs arc ki ucdiaT am moZRvrebis po-

zitiuri kritika, misi argumentirebulad uaryofa. grandio-

zul marqsistul spekulacias araformalebma daupirispires mxolod trafaretuli antimarqistul-antisabWouri lozun-

gebi da SeZaxilebi. agreTve, Zvel Tu axal `beladTa~ aramegob-

ruli SarJebi [3, 36].

1988 wlis 24 Tebervals studentebma, universitetis ezoSi moawyves mitingi daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis gada-

sarCenad. am periodisaTvis es marTlac mexis gavardnas hgavda `mowmendil~ caze. paralelurad daiwyo aqtiuri sazogadoeb-

rivi moZraoba sxvadasxva erovnuli moTxovnebiT. mwvaved idga agreTve sabWoTa armiaSi qarTveli jariskacebis diskriminacii-

sa da maT mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxi.

1988 wlis 12 noembers TbilisSi mTavrobis sasaxlis win da-

iwyo erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mier organizebuli ma-

sobrivi mitingi, romelic 22 noembers aseve masobriv SimSilo-

baSi gadaizarda. noembris aqciis sababad erovnul-demokratebma gamoiyenes

im xanebSi gamoqveynebuli ssr kavSiris konstituciis SeniSvne-bisa da damatebebis proeqtiT qarTvel xalxSi Seqmnili sayo-

velTao ukmayofileba. aRniSnuli proeqti xelyofda mokavSire respublikebis uflebebs kavSiridan Tavisufali gasvlisa da

saSinao saqmeebis gankargvis Sesaxeb. 119-e muxlis ZaliT ssr kavSiris xelisuflebas eniWeboda kavSiris nebismier regionSi samxedro Tu sagangebo wesebis SemoRebis ufleba.

konstituciis am reaqciuli Sesworebebis winaaRmdeg xma aRimaRles ara marto araformalurma organizaciebma, aramed inteligenciam, studentobam, mSromelebma, arsebiTad mTelma

saqarTvelom [1, 15-16].

87

saerTod, 1986-1988 wlebi SeiZleba Sefasdes e. w. gardaqmnis periodis erovnuli moZraobis pirvel periodad. am ori wlis manZilze unda Camogveyalibebina Cveni strategia da taqtika, unda gagverkvia, ra gvsurda da ra gziT gvevlo dasaxuli miz-

nisaken. radikalTa pirveli Taoba _ es iyo maRali inteleqtis mqo-

ne patriot axalgazrdaTa viwro wre. mas Semdeg, rac erovnuli moZraoba quCaSi gamovida da farTo masebis mxardaWera miiRo, mas uamravi SemTxveviTi pirovneba mietmasna. damnaSaveTa samya-rom cxoveluri instiqtiT igrZno, rom erovnuli moZraobis safarqveS xelis kargad moTboba SeiZleboda, masobriv aqciebs, konspiraciul muSaobas garkveuli Tanxebi sWirdeboda. Tavda-

pirvelad es Tanxa quCaSi aqciebis dros Semowirulobebis saxiT grovdeboda. magram male radikalTa liderebma saxsrebis dag-

rovebis gacilebiT saimedo da organizaciuli formebi mona-

xes. daiwyo warmoeba _ dawesebulebebisaTvis, calkeuli mdida-

ri adamianebisaTvis erovnuli moZraobis saxeliT `fulis Sewe-ris~ kampania.

ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebasa da mis irgvliv Tavmoyril inteleqtualur Zalebs ar moswondaT ara marto radikalTa erTi nawilis mier gamoyenebuli brZolis formebi da meTode-

bi, aramed pirvel rigSi, inteligenciis, eris zomieri nawilis mimarT misi damokidebuleba. WavWavaZis sazogadoebis erT-er-

Tma liderma zurab WavWavaZem brali dasdo zviad gamsaxurdias intrigebSi. saqme Rirsebis sasamarTloze mivida. sasamarTlom dapirispireba ver moxsna, piriqiT, konfliqti kidev ufro gaR-

rmavda [1, 14-15].

80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi gansakuTrebiT xSirad vaxse-nebdiT yvelasTvis cnobil `mesame Zalas~, romelic iyo upirve-

lesi inspiratori mzakvrulad dagegmili konfliqtebisa, eq-stremizmisa, terorisa... magram amasobaSi gvaviwydeboda an

droze ver SevamCnieT yvelaze veragi `meoTxe Zala~ – `qarTve-

lebi qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg!~ manamde Cven gamovcadeT yvela

saxeobis dartyma. maT Soris orlesuli niCbebic! magram Tavisi sisastikiT bevrad amazrzeni aRmoCnda es satanuri `meoTxe Za-

la~. Tanamedrove pirobebSi igi pirvelad (da samwuxarod war-

88

matebiT) gamoicada `studentur poligonze!~ am Zalis yvelaze `gegmazomieri~ demonstrireba moxda yofil politeqnikur in-stitutTan gamarTul mitingze, sadac cnobilma Zalebma erTma-

neTs miusies e. w. komkavSireli aqtivistebi da danarCeni axal-

gazrdoba! [3, 36]. movlenebi Semdegnairad ganviTarda: politeqnikuri insti-

tutis asamde komkavSirels 1989 wlis 18 Tebervals daavales mitingis darbeva, TavianTi Tanatolebisa da amxanagebis cema da Seuracxyofa. maTac `pirnaTlad~ aRasrules davaleba. komkav-

SirelTa aqtiuri monawileobiT xelisuflebam sastikad, daun-

doblad daarbia mitingi, romelic miznad isaxavda miemarTa af-

xazi xalxisaTvis mowodebiT: ar ahyoloda provokatorebs, romlebic afxazebs gadajiSebisaken mouwodebdnen. ai, am ke-

TilSobiluri Sinaarsis mitings xelisufleba sastikad gaus-

worda da mas erTa Soris SuRlis gaRviveba, Sovinizmi da nacio-

nalizmi daswama. 18 Tebervlis samarcxvino aqcia, rodesac qar-

Tvelma axalgazrdebma qarTvelive Tanatolebi scemes, mora-

luri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT did erovnul tragedias war-

moadgenda, vidre 9 aprilis Rame, roca qarTvelebi erTad iy-vnen marTalni, keTilSobilni da amaRlebulni.

saqarTvelos istoriis gayviTlebul foliantebs kidev er-

Ti tragikuli furceli Seemata 1989 wlis 9 aprilis saxiT. bo-

rotebis imperiam kvlav daanaxva mTel msoflios WeSmariti sa-xe, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi sisxliT SeReba. erT dros sakra-

luri cifri _ 9 _ didi xania CvenTvis sevdisa da glovis ris-

xvad iqca. 1956 wlis 9 marti ar gvakmares, 9 aprilic tkivilisa da SurisZiebis survilis TariRad gviqcies.

9 aprili yvelas Secdoma iyo _ araformalebis, respubli-

kisa da sakavSiro xelmZRvanelobis, samxedro uwyebebis... mTavrobis saxlis win gamofenili antisabWouri plakatebi

umal avtorTa gulubryvilobas adasturebdnen, vidre maTi po-

ziciis simtkicesa da siZlieres. mitingebze, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnis lo-

zungebis fonze, TiTqmis yoveldRe gaismoda qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da sacekvao motivebi. Cven gvaviwydeboda yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rom `damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba taSfan-

89

duriT ki ara _ erTsulovnebiT, moTminebiTa da tanjviT moi-

poveba ...~ [4, 80]. zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom saqarTvelos maSindeli xeli-

sufleba ar gadadgeboda da WeSmaritad erovnuli mTavroba ver Seiqmneboda. aseT rames moskovi ar dauSvebda. es maSin anba-

nuri WeSmariteba iyo. saqarTvelo 1989 wels damoukideblobas ver miiRebda. es procesi axlo momavlis saqme iyo. situacia qveyanaSi `mokavSire~ respublikebis sasurvelad isedac mimdi-

nareobda. am procesis `qvevidan~, xelovnurad daCqarebas mZime Sedegebi rom mohyveboda, unda scodnodaT politikosobis pretenziiT gamosul liderebs.

araformalTa liderebis moqmedebidan ki iqmneboda STabeW-

dileba, rom isini Segnebulad amwvavebdnen situacias, cdilob-

dnen samxedro formiani mxecis gaRizianebas rusofobuli lo-

zungebiT. amitomac iyo, rom aprilis aqciis organizatorTa moqmedeba dasavleTSi ZiriTadad Sefasda ara rogorc erov-

nul-politikuri idealebisaTvis brZola, aramed rogorc didi

skandalis moxdenis survili TviTreklamis mizniT [3, 100]. mravaldRiani mitingis mTavari lozungi iyo saqarTvelos

respublikis gamoyofa ssrk-s Semadgenlobidan, rac konstitu-

ciis darRvevas ar iTvaliswinebda. cnobilia, rom ssrk-s kon-

stituciis 72-e muxli amis uflebas iZleoda. sazogadoebis me-

ore nawili fiqrobda, rom saqarTvelom 1918 wlis 26 maiss ukve miiRo damoukidebloba, man Tavis droze gaakeTa arCevani da TviTgamosarkvevi aRaraferi sWirda. amitom es mSvidobiani mi-

tingi ZiriTadad iyo swori da 9 aprilis sisxlisRvra sazoga-

doebam savsebiT samarTlianad aRiqva, rogorc centrSi moqme-

di garkveuli reaqciuli Zalebis namoqmedari.

1991 wlis 17 marts sabWoTa imperiis xelisuflebis mier re-

ferendumi dainiSna. mosaxelobas pasuxi unda gaeca erTaderT kiTxvaze: `TvliT Tu ara saWirod sabWoTa socialisturi res-

publikebis kavSiris, rogorc Tanasworuflebiani suverenuli respublikebis ganaxlebuli federaciis SenarCunebas, romel-

Sic mTeli sisruliT iqneba garantirebuli nebismieri erovne-

bis adamianTa uflebebi da movaleobebi~. axal federaciaSi `ne-bismieri erovnebis~ uflebebis dacvas sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba

90

avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis damoukideblad Sesvlis gziT fiq-

robda. es garemoeba winaaRmdegobas marto mokavSire respub-

likebSi ar iwvevda. referendumSi monawileobaze uari eqvsma respublikam _ es-

toneTma, litvam, latviam, moldovam, somxeTma da saqarTvelom ganacxada. cxra respublikaSi referendumi mainc Catarda. mas-

Si monawileoba miiRo mosaxleobis 80 %-ma, romelTa 76 %-ma mxa-

ri dauWira ganaxlebuli saxiT sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebas, 21 %-ma ki winaaRmdeg misca xma.

17 marts referendumis sapirispirod, 1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos xelisuflebam damoukideblobis sakiTxze refe-

rendumi daniSna. qarTveli xalxis damokidebuleba am sakiTxi-

sadmi, TiTqos, araviTar eWvs ar iwvevda, magram am aqtiT xeli-

suflebas surda qarTveli xalxis ganwyoba samarTlebrivadac dadasturebuliyo.

qarTuli referendumis mimarT Tavisi dadebiTi damokide-

buleba gamoxata erovnul-demokratiulma partiamac. specia-

lur gancxadebaSi edp aRniSnavda, rom 31 martis referendumi

mxolod daadasturebs 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtso.

referendumi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gaimarTa ja-

vis, tyvarCelisa da gudauTis garda. igi didi aRmavlobiT Ca-tarda da rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mTlianad daadastura qarTveli xalxis miswrafeba damoukideblobisken. damoukideb-

lobas xma misca saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 97 %-ma.

1991 wlis 9 aprils gamsaxurdiam uzenaesi sabWos sagangebo sxdoma moiwvia. Tavis vrcel moxsenebaSi man ganmarta centra-

lur xelisuflebasTan saqarTvelos xelisuflebis maSindeli damokidebulebis xasiaTi. Cvens mier gamocxadebuli `gardama-

vali periodi~ _ aRniSna man _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis realuri safuZvlis momzadebas gu-

lisxmobda, rasac, Cveni varaudiT, minimum ori weli mainc da-

Wirdeboda. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, es sakavSiro xelisuflebis mier saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken gadadgmuli samar-

Tlebrivi nabijis aRiarebasac gulisxmobda. moxda ki piriqiT: qarTveli xalxis swrafvas damoukideblobisken sakavSiro xe-

91

lisuflebam represiebiT upasuxa. man namdvili omi gaaCaRa Si-da qarTlSi, riTac Seecada daveTanxmebineT axal samokavSireo

xelSekrulebaze. gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda ruseTis zewola 31 martis referendumis Semdeg. aman movlenebis forsireba gamo-

iwvia da Seamcira gardamavali periodis xangrZlivoba. `yove-

live zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom, referendumSi ga-moxatuli xalxis nebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflios civilize-

bul erTa winaSe gamoacxados saqarTvelos damoukidebeli sa-xelmwifobriobis aRdgena~.

mas Semdeg, rac aRsdga saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1991 wels, dRis wesrigSi kvlav dadga evropaze orientirebuli po-

litikis warmoeba, bunebrivia, im viTarebidan gamomdinare ram-

denadac es SesZlebeli iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg qarTvelebSi gamZafrda

Segneba sakuTari Tavis sxvisgan gamijvnisaken. rac mTavaria qarTvelTa winaSe dadga sakiTxi Semdegnairad: ruseTi, rogorc calke ganzomileba da meore, dasavleTi. saqarTvelo Tavis Tavs evropis nawilad moiazrebda. mis evropelobaSi igulis-

xmeboda is faqti, Tu rogor gamoixateboda dasavluri Rirebu-

lebebis gaziareba.

1992 wels gazeTi `eri~ aRniSnavda: `Cveni qveyana aris da un-

da iyos kidec orientirebuli evropisadmi, romelic, cxadia, aRarc kremlia da aRarc sxva ram imperiuli centri. evropas gaaCnia politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobe-

bis myari struqtura, tradicia da am tradiciaze dafuZnebuli inercia. vidre saqarTvelo evropis mraval aspeqtian proce-

sebSi CaerTveba da am procesebis subieqti gaxdeba, man unda Se-iswavlos is sabaziso struqturebi, romlebsac evropis saxel-

mwifoTa politikuri cxovreba emyareba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, saqarTvelo unda daeuflos evropis `profesias~, ev-ropa mxolod maSin giguebs, roca igrZnobs, rom Sen profesio-

nali xar, an darwmundeba, rom Sen swavlob am profesias an da

rom iswavli, amis potencia gagaCnia~ [5, 8].

1997 wels saqarTvelos saxalxo demokratiul kavSirs ev-ropeizaciis procesi Semdegnairad esmoda: ` dRes saqarTvelos winaSe aris unikaluri SesaZlebloba, daubrundes evropuli

92

civilizaciis wiaRs. evropeizmi Cven gvesmis, rogorc evropu-

li, istoriuli da Tanamedrove kulturul-politikuri fase-

ulobebis erToblioba. gamomdinare aqedan, Cven migvaCnia, rom evropeizmi unda iyos qarTveli xalxis yofa-cxovrebis gan-

msazRvreli, universaluri safuZveli. unda moxdes saqarTvelos politikuri, ekonomikuri, kul-

turuli, socialuri, samarTlebrivi da yofis sxva mxareebis evropeizacia, evropuli civilizaciis niSniT ganviTareba.

universaluri evropeizacia, rogorc: sagareo _ politikur sferoSi _ saqarTvelos gaerTianeba evropis TanamegobrobaSi. socialur sferoSi _ samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmna. ekonomi-

kur sferoSi _ evropuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis gziT erovnuli literaturis, xelovnebis, musikis, mxatvrobis, saer-

Tod, kulturis ganviTareba, misi TviTmyofadi integracia ev-ropis kulturul sivrceSi. mecnierebis sferoSi _ dasavluri da msoflio mecnierebis miRwevaTa danergva, gaziarebis gziT

qarTuli mecnierebis aRorZineba, ganviTareba da a. S.~ [5, 9]. saqarTvelos mier evropaze aRebuli kursi garkveul sir-

Tuleebsac uqmnida, qveynis erovnuli tradiciebis dacvaSi. ase

magaliTad, 1996 wels germaniis warmomadgeneli irmagard bro-

ier-hirli saqarTvelos prezidents ugzavnis Semdegi Sinaarsis werils: `pirvel yovlisa minda madloba mogaxsenoT Tqvens mi-er gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis yofili ssr kavSiris sagareo saqme-Ta ministris postze yofnisas, ris Sedegadac germaniis kvlav gaerTianeba realobad iqca.

devnil qristianTa daxmarebis komitetis xelmZRvanelis vladimer zardaCukisa da misi moadgilis hans oleSisagan, rom-

lebic CemTvis sandoni arian, Sevityve, rom Tqvens respublika-

Si evangelisti qristianebi TavianTi Sekrebebisas seriozul dabrkolebebs ganicdian TviT akrZalvis CaTvliTac ki. Tqveni qveynis konstitucia Seicavs demokratias da aRiarebs religiis Tavisuflebas.

... Cemi Txovnaa Tqveni mTavrobis mimarT, rom evangelist-

qristianebs hqondeT saSualeba Tavisuflad Sekrebisa da er-

Tad Cveni ufali ieso qristes mimarT locvisa. Cemi didi Txov-

naa am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT miiRoT zomebi~ [5, 13].

1996 wlis 27 ivniss saqarTvelos oficialuri vizitiT ewvia

93

evroparlamentis amierkavkasiis qveynebTan urTierTobis de-

legacia antonios trakatelosis xelmZRvanelobiT. delegacia Sexvda parlamentis evrokavSirTan urTierTobis mudmivmoqme-

di delegaciis xelmZRvanels giorgi kobaxiZes, agreTve, saqar-

Tvelos kaTalikos patriarqs ilia II-s. delegaciis mizans war-

moadgenda saqarTveloSi religiuri da erovnuli umciresobe-

bisadmi damokidebulebis garkveva. umTavresi amocana iyo eko-

nomikuri da samarTlebrivi reformebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis struqturebis Ca-moyalibeba.

arsebul masalebze dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom dasavleTi po-

litikuri da ekonomikuri kavSiris gasafarToeblad saqarTve-

los xelisuflebas qarTuli, erovnuli Rirebulebebis cvli-

lebebsac sTxovda. saqarTveloSi Camosuli dasavleTis warmo-

madgenlebi araerTxel aRniSnavdnen qarTuli saxelmwifoebri-

vi azrovnebis cvlilebis aucileblobaze. es pirvel rigSi ga-moixateboda religiuri Tavisuflebis mimarTulebiT.

daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnav, rom XIX s-is saqarTvelos erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi publicisturi fraza _ `Cveni Tavi Cve-nadve gveyudnis~, umTavres idead iqca Cveni qveynis cxovrebaSi. is istoriis xelaxla gaazrebas da aseve, warsulis memkvidreo-

bis xazgasmas gulisxmobda. ilia da `Tergdaleulebi~ energiulad cdilobdnen sulis-

kveTebisa da erovnuli ideebis gaRviZebas, riTac qveyanas moma-

vali damoukideblobisaTvis amzadebdnen. amisaTvis maT Seqmnes wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, gamouSves Jurnal-

gazeTebi, rasac male mohyva brZola eklesiis avtokefaliis aR-

sadgenad.

1918 wlis 26 maiss TbilisSi erovnulma sabWom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti miiRo. mis pirvel punqtSi mocemuli iyo is, razec Tavis droze uamravi adamiani ocnebobda: `amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da sa-qarTvelo sruluflebiani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa~.

damoukideblobis sam wliani (1918-1921 ww.) periodi sabWo-

Ta Zaladobrivma xelisuflebam Secvala. komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, daviwyebuli, Tu dakarguli mexsierebis dabruneba

XX s-is 70-80-ian wlebSi erovnuli moZraobis politikuri eli-

94

tis umTavresi mizani gaxda. es ki saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis istoriis win wamowevas iTvaliswinebda.

am process xeli Seuwyo 1989 wlis aprilis movlenebma, ro-

desac 9 aprils, sabWoTa jarma daarbia mSvidobiani manifesta-

cia. aman ki sabWoTa saqarTvelos arsebobas wertili dausva.

1990 wlis 28 oqtombers Cveni qveynis saTaveSi movida zviad gam-

saxurdia. 1991 wlis 31 marts referendumi gaimarTa, romelzec saqarTvelos mosaxleobam Tavisi arCevani gaakeTa da saqarTve-

los damoukideblovbas misca xma. amave wlis 9 aprils ki, uzena-

esi sabWos sesiaze miiRes saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, saqarTvelo arc dasav-

leTisaken iyureboda da arc natoSi gawevrianebaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. magram ruseTma afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni

faqtiurad wagvarTva da agvistos omamdec mTeli 18 weli Cveni qveynis iurisdiqciis gareSe rCeboda. amitom zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom TiTqos saqarTvelos dasavluri orientacia gax-da erTgvari mizezi ruseT-saqarTvelos dapirispireba. piri-

qiT ruseTis antiqarTulma politikam ganapiroba dasavluri Rirebulebebisaken swrafva. ruseTisaTvis miuRebelia erTiani, demokratiuli, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo.


1. bluaSvili u., politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba

saqarTveloSi 1988-1991 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 1994.

2. goguaZe v., me arc warsulis arc momavalis ar meSinia, Tbi-

lisi, 1993.

3. mirianaSvili T., Savbneli Jamis qronika, Tbilisi, 1993.

4. kalaZe a., is mainc brunavs, Tbilisi, 1991.

5. sonRulaSvili n., saqarTvelo da dasavleTi urTierTobis

ZiriTadi Strixebi 1991-2000, Tbilisi, 2014.

6. kveselava i., saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis qronikebi. II. zviad gamsaxurdia _ disidenti, prezidenti, mowame, Tbili-

si, 2009.

7. sonRulaSvili a., `samxreT oseTi~ saqarTveloSi?!, Tbilisi,

2009.

95

8. bluaSvili u., saqarTvelos politikuri istoria 1987-2003 ww.,

Tbilisi, 2015.

9. asmusi r., mcire omi romelmac msoflio SeZra, Tbilisi,

2010.

10. golci T., saqarTvelo _ omisa da politikuri qaosis qro-

nika postsabWoTa kavkasiaSi, Tbilisi, 2014.

Aleko Bakradze Master in International Relations, Geor-gian Technical Universit

Restoration of Independence of Georgia

and Foreign Policy Orientation

Summary

This work shows the Latest period of Georgian national movement,

which was ended by reinstating of independence. Destroying Russian

Empire made a great contribution to This prossess. This work reveals how

the leaders of national movement, especially. The future president Zviad

Gamsakhurdia, were fighting for The consolidation of national self-

awareness. The dissidents made every effort for maintaining Georgian

Values. This work also states, that inclination towards the western values

was conditioned by anti-Georgian, Russian policy.

96

emzar faJava

socialur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doq-

tori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri unversi-

tetis asocirebuli profesori

statia qveyndeba SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erov-

nuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis

_ `saqarTvelos evropuli orientaciis genezisi~ far-

glebSi (sagranto xelSekruleba # YS-18-200)

naSromSi warmodgenili mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtors da

SesaZlebelia ar emTxveodes SoTa rusTavelis saqar-

Tvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis Sexedulebebs.

saqarTvelos evropuli orientaciis saTaveebTan

miuxedavad mravali dabrkolebis da xandaxan wyvetilobisa, saqarTvelos evropul samyarosTan mudmivi kulturuli, re-

ligiuri, samxedro, diplomatiuri, politikuri da ekonomiku-

ri kavSirebi hqonda, ramac sabolood gansazRvra evropuli Ri-

rebulebebisadmi saqarTvelos damokidebuleba da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa qveynis evropul orientaciaze. amitomac dasav-

lur samyarosTan istoriuli urTierTobis Seswavlasa da ax-lebur gaazrebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTuli saxel-

mwifos momavlisTvis. vinaidan es Zveli urTierTobebi axlis winaSe SiSiT damokidebulebas aneleben.

saqarTvelos evropuli orientaciis genezisis procesis mravalmxrivi kvleva imavdroulad saSualebas mogvcems, gamo-

vavlinoT evropuli da dasavluri kulturis gavlena da urTi-

erToba qarTul kulturasTan, evropis roli qarTuli kultu-

ris CamoyalibebaSi. davadginoT Tu rogori iyo qarTul-evro-

puli Tanaarsebobis tradicia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, ra ur-

TierTobebi arsebobda maT Soris da rogor aisaxa igi qveynis identurobaze, saSinao da sagareo politikur orientaciaze.

istoriulad, saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri orienta-

ciis sakiTxi qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis qvakuTxeds war-

97

moadgens. rac Seexeba Tavad qveynis evropuli oriantaciis Te-

mas, moyolebuli uZvelesi droidan dRemde, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs qarTul istoriografiaSi.

amdenad, saqarTvelos evropuli orientacia ar dawyebula dRes. mas Rrma istoriuli fesvebi aqvs. swored saqarTvelos evropul samyarosTan mudmivma kulturulma, politikurma da

ekonomikurma kavSirebma (Tu ar CavTvliT wyvetil periods,

romelmac didi daRi daasva qveynis Semdgom ganviTarebas) gan-sazRvra evropuli Rirebulebebisadmi saqarTvelos damokide-

buleba da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos evropul orientaciaze.

amitomac, saqarTvelos evropuli orientaciis genezisis procesis kvleva saqarTvelos evrointegraciis gzaze gadau-

debel amocanas warmoadgens, vinaidan saqarTvelos dasavlur samyarosTan istoriuli urTierTobis Seswavlasa da axlebur gaazrebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis Semdgomi ganviTa-

rebisTvis. es ki SemoTavazebuli Temis aqtualobas erTiorad zrdis. amas emateba isic, rom saqarTvelom evrokavSirTan aso-

cirebis xelSekrulebas moawera xeli, ramac qveynis orientaci-

is sakiTxi mkafiod gamokveTa da politikuri da kulturuli arCevanic sabolood gansazRvra.

rogorc cnobilia, zogadad qveynis ganviTarebis veqtors gansazRvravs mravali faqtori, maT Soris kulturuli, isto-

riuli da geopolitikuri. dRes ki, istoriuli ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, qvey-

nis okupaciisa da aneqsiis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos sagareo po-

litikis prioriteti unda iyos evropa da mas sxva sxva alterna-

tiva ar gaaCnia. amitomac, saqarTveloSi evropul orientacias, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi sagareo politikuri veqtoris Sesa-xeb mosazrebas legitimacia sWirdeba.

aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos orientaciis kvlevas gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis ganviTarebisTvis, da axal realobas qmnis misi socialuri, politikuri, ekonomiku-

ri da kulturuli sivrcis Zireuli rekonfiguraciisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo-evropis urTierTobebze

ara erTi naSromi iwereba, dRemde saqarTvelos evropuli ori-

entaciis genezisis Temaze ganmazogadebeli xasiaTis naSromi

98

ar Seqmnila. aqamde saqarTvelo-evropis urTierTobebi, or qveyanas Soris anda saqarTvelosa da misi mezobeli qveynebis istoriuli urTierTobebis WrilSi ganixileboda.

amitomac, saqarTvelos evropuli orientaciis genezisisa da misi evoluciis Seswavla saintereso siaxle iqneba qarTuli istoriografiisTvis. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kvlevisas yurad-

Reba mieqceva istoriul, geografiul, kulturul da politi-

kur urTierTobebs. ganzogaddeba saqarTvelos evropuli ori-

entaciis genezisi, misi roli qveynis ganviTarebis saqmeSi, qar-

Tuli identurobis Camoyalibeba da misi evropulTan msgavseba. warmodgenili sakiTxis kvlevisTvis ganisazRvreba Tu ras niS-navs sityva evropa da evropuli identoba, rodis Semodis mi-moqcevaSi aRniSnuli sityva, ra geografiul areals moicavs is.

rac Seexeba sityvas èvropa~, zogierTi avtoris azriT,

(berZnuli èurusi~ (ευρύς) niSnavs `farTos~; zogierTis azriT ki is warmodgeba aqaduri sityvisgan èrib~/èrebu~, rac niSnavs

Casvlas anu qveyana sadac mze Cadis (dasavleTi), gansxvavebiT aziisgan _ àsu~/àku~ niSnavs amosvlas anu amomavali mzis qve-

yanas [1]. erT-erTi legendis mixedviT evropas saxeli aziis sa-winaaRmdegod daerqva.

ise, zogadad, evropa berZnuli Eurōpē sityvisgan momdinare-

obs da dasavleTs niSnavs. zogierTi avtoris azriT es termini dakavSirebulia qalaq-

Tan, romlis saxelic aris evropa da romelic mdebareobs mcire aziis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi.

saxeli evropa pirvelad naxsenebia homerosis iliadaSi, romlis mixedviT `finikieli mefis feniqsis asuli evropa moi-

taca zevsma, miiRo ra xaris forma da waiyvana kretaSi [2, 56]. amaves imeorebs herodotec da ambobs evrope iyo finikieli

mefis asuli, romelic berZnebma moitaces da kunZul kretaze

miiyvanes [3, 12]. rogorc Cans am istorias sfuZvlad udevs sxva-dasxva miTi. erT-erTi versiiT es aris ZvelxeTuri Tqmuleba aqavelebis mier mcire aziis qalRvTaebis motacebis Sesaxeb,

romelic XII saukunes ekuTvnis. xolo meore versia berZnulia, romelsac homerosi iyenebs. herodotes varaudiT ki, SesaZle-

belia, agenoras qaliSvilma daarqva evropas es saxeli [4, 198].

99

rogorc vxedvT, sityvis èvropa~ etimologia araerTgva-

rovania da am sityvis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi erTi-

ani azri ar arsebobs. Tumca, savaraudoa, rom sityva evropa ma-inc sakuTari saxelidan momdinareobs. evropa, rogorc geogra-

fiuli termini pirvelad ixsenieba hesiodesTan Cv. w-aR-mde VIII saukuneSi. poemaSi àpolon piTieli~ hesiode axsenebs xalxs, romlebic cxovroben peloponessa da evropaSi, romelsac is kontinenturi saberZneTis patara nawilad ganixilavs.

Zvelma berZenma geografma hekate miletelma, Tavis naSrom-

Si `dedamiwis irgvliv~, pirvelma dayo dedamiwa or nawilad _

azia da evropa. rogorc Cans, Zvel wyaroebSi sakmao informacia moipoveba

evropis Sesaxeb. ionelebi (Zv. berZnuli Ἴωνες, Ίωνες — erT-er-

Ti ZvelberZnuli tomi) amtkiceben, rom msoflio sami nawilis-

gan Sedgeba _ evropa, azia da libia... [3, 12] _ werda herodote, ar eTanxmeboda am versias da ambobda, rom mas unda daematos egvipte.

herodote Tavis ìstoriaSi~ xSirad axsenebs evropis geog-

rafiul sazRvrebs: erTgan is ambobs: mdinare istri (berZ.

Ἴστρος), (dunai) iwyeba keltebis qveyanaSi... da kveTs evropas [4,

90]. sainteresoa aseve herodotes cnoba evropesa da misi Svile-

bis Sesaxeb `rodesac kretaze evropes Svilebi sarpedoni da mi-nosi ZalauflebisTvis waiCxubnen, gaimarjva minosma da sarpe-

doni gandevna Tavis momxreebTan erTad~ [4, 65]. akravs Tu ara evropas zRva aRmosavleTidan da CrdiloeTi-

dan zustad aravin icis... wers herodote. misTvis arc isaa cnobili, ratom ewodeba am nawils qalis saxeli. aseve gaugeba-

ria misTvis nilosi da fazisi kolxeTSi ratom aris evropis

sazRvari [4, 298]. rogorc Cans, herodotesTvis evropis sazRvrebi bolomde

daudgeneli da gaurkvevelia, Tumca aSkaraa, rom am droisTvis ukve arsebobs garkveuli warmodgena am geografiuli erTeu-

lis mimarT da misi teritoriuli konturebic metnaklebad ga-mokveTilia.

kidev erTi Zveli berZeni istorikosi Tukidide aRwers od-

100

risebis samefos da aRniSnavs, rom `marTlac evropis saxelmwi-

foebs Soris ioniisa da pontos eqsinosis (berZ. Πόντος Εὔξενος) zRvebs Soris mcxovreb xalxs simdidriT veravin Seedreba... rac Seexeba samxedro Zalas da jarebis Zlierebas, evropelebi

da azielebi skviTebis samefos Zalian CamorCebian ... [5, 198]. evropa moxseniebulia, aseve aristoteles traqtatSi `po-

litika~, sadac is wers, rom elinebi dasaxlebulni arian Crdi-

loeT evropasa da azias Soris; garda amisa CrdiloeT evropis mosaxleoba vaJkacobiT jobia azielebs, magram CamorCebian in-

teleqtiT [6, 314]. isokrate Tavis naSromSi `panegiriki~ mouwodebda berZnebs

gaerTianebisken, raTa ar SemoeSvaT barbarosebi evropaSi. cnobili istorikosi polibiosi Tavis naSromSi `sayovel-

Tao istoria~ evropisa da aziis sazRvrad uTiTebs mdinare ta-

naiss (mdinare ruseTis federaciaSi da ukrainaSi, mdinare do-

nis marjvena Senakadi). aRniSnuli istorikosi moxsenebuli hyavs strabons Tavis `geografiaSi~, sadac is wers: `rodesac polibiusi gvauwyebs, rom evropa sididiT naklebia liviasa da

aziaze erTad aRebulze, akeTebs araswor daskvnas ...~ [7, 20]. strabonis `geografiaSi~ bevrjer moixsenieba evropa, er-

Tgan is wers `aki aleqsandrem gaxsna CvenTvis, rogorc geogra-

febisTvis, aziis didi nawili da evropis CrdiloeTi mdinare istramde, xolo romaelebma evropis mTeli dasavleTi nawili

mdinare albisamde (romelic germanias or nawilad yofs) da is-

tris olqi mdinare tirasamde [7, 109].

straboni axsenebs eforis traqtats `evropis Sesaxeb~ [7,

41], marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi uSualod evropis Sesaxeb raime cnoba ar aris warmodgenili, magram aSkaraa, rom es naSromi

mraval cnobas Seicavda evropis Sesaxeb (aRniSnuli traqtati

eforis `saberZneTis sayovelTao istoriis~ berZ. Ἱστоριαὶ

κоινῶν πράξεων). 30 wignis IV wigns Seadgenda. nawarmoebi meoTxe saukunes ekuTvnis. Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod umniSvnelo nawil-

ma. straboni aseve iSveliebs cnobil berZen mecniers, aleqsan-

driis biblioTekis xelmZRvanels eratosTenes (276-194 Zv. w.),

101

romelic aseve ganixilavs evropis sakiTxs [7, 70]. straboni er-

Tgan ar eTanxmeba mas, imis Sesxeb, rom TiTqos evropa sami kon-

cxisgan Sedgeba, radgan miaCnda, rom mas mravali ganStoeba

hqonda [7, 90]. `evropa gamoiyofa mravali koncxiT, romelic qmnis naxe-

varkunZuls da misi aRwera polibioss eratosTenze ukeTesi

aqvs, Tumca is mainc arasakmarisia~ [7, 110] _ ambobs straboni. straboni erTgan mdinare evropasac axsenebs, da wers, rom

mdinare evropis saTaveebi iwyeba titarinis mTebSi, romelic

akravs olimps [7, 309]. strabons dedamiwa dayofili hqonda sam nawilad-evropa,

azia da livia. sazRvari ki iyo mdinareebi tanaisi da nilosi. strabonis es dedamiwiseuli dayofa absoluturad emTxveva he-rodotes aRwerilobas. xolo evropa, strabonis mixedviT, moi-

cavda azovis zRvasa da mdinare dons, teritoriebs pirineis na-

xevarkunZulsa da reins Soris, bretans, iberiasa da keltias [7,

20]. skandinavia da baltiispireTi, rogorc Cans, ucnobi iyo, rogorc strabonisTvis, ise misi winamorbedebisTvisac, radgan, rogorc avRniSneT, straboni ufro adrindel avtorTa, gansa-kuTrebiT, herodoteseul informacias eyrdnoba.

amdenad, straboni mraval avtors uxmobs Tavis geografia-

Si da, rogorc Cans, manamde evropas ara erTi avtori icnobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom geografiul WrilSi am droisTvis es ter-

mini ukve sakmao xnis damkvidrebulia. rogorc vxedavT, dasaxelebul wyaroebSi evropa erTiani

organizmi araa, mas ZiriTadad geografiuli datvirTva aqvs, Tumca Tu evropes motacebasa da aqedan gamomdinare finikie-

lebsa da berZnebs Soris arsebul dapirispirebas gaviTvalis-

winebT, romelic mTeli istoriis manZilze grZeldeba, SegviZ-lia davaskvnaT, rom masSi kulturul-politikuri aspeqtebic SeiniSneba.

rac Seexeba, uSualod, evropul Rirebulebebs, msgavsad sxva Rirebulebebisa, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mraval sfe-

ros moicavs. RirebulebiTi orientirebi, romelic damaxasia-

Tebelia garkveuli sociumisTvis, qmnis erTian sistemas da aqvs Tavisi Sinagani logika, romlis prioritetebic icvleba epoqa-

lurad, sxvadasxva imperativebTan Sejaxebisas. droTa ganmav-

102

lobaSi xdeba am Rirebulebebis evolucia da dRis wesrigSi dgeba ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnilebis gansazRvra. Se-

sabamisad, evropuli identobac cvalebadia drosa da sivrceSi, romelic sxvadasxva periodSi warmoqmnil RirebulebaTa er-

Tobliobaa. vinaidan, Cvens mizans uSualod evropuli identobis kvleva

ar warmoadgens, davjerdebiT mxolod am sferoSi arsebul wya-roebsa da literaturas.

qarTveli filosofosis merab mamardaSvilis msjelobis Tanaxmad `evropuli identoba ori elementis: berZnul-romau-

li samyaros samoqalaqo ideisa da qristianobis, kerZod, saxa-

rebis ideis sinTezs warmoadgens~ [8]. pol valeri evropuli identobis ganuyofel komponente-

bad romaul kanonmdeblobas, qristianul rwmenasa da berZnebis

kritikul suls moiazrebda [9]. kristian meieris azriT ki, Zvelma berZnebma evropas Tavi-

sufleba uanderZes, rac evropuli identobis mTavar kultu-

rul maxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebas warmoadgens. berZnebis poli-

tikuri kultura Zveli samyaros sxva politikuri tradicie-

bisgan gansxvavdeboda imiT, rom is pirovnebis Tavisuflebas

efuZneboda [10].

antoni pagdeni evropis identobis mTavar komponentebs –

kanonis uzenaesobas, SejibrebiTobas, qalaqis faqtors (anu kavSirs cxovrebis urbanul wessa da civilizirebulobas So-

ris), swrafvas erTiani kanonmdeblobisken, sakuTrebis flobas,

mecnierebas, codnas – antikurobaSi moiazrebs [11]. rac Seexeba evropis identurobis aTvlis wertils, mecni-

erTa nawilis azriT, antikuri periodidan iRebs saTaves.

evropis ideis mecnieruli kvlevis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli – italieli mecnieri f. kabodi evropuli identobis safuZvels antikur periodSi xedavs, kerZod, berZenTa Tavisuflebisa da aziuri despotizmis urTierTdapirisprebis sokratiseul xe-dvaSi.

denis de ruJmoni, evropis ideis/identurobis aRmocenebaSi antikurobas did rols aniWebda. misi azriT, berZnuli civili-

zacia refleqsirebulia evropelTa cnobierebaSi. amasTan, mec-

103

nieri evropis ideis SeqmnaSi gadamwyvet rols frankebis impe-

rias (VII-VIII ss.), kerZod ki, karlos dids miakuTvnebda.

Jak le gofs miiCnda, rom evropa, rogorc realoba, XI-XIII saukuneebSi gaCnda, rodesac evropas qristianobis farTo tal-

Ram gadauara. is antikurobasac uTmobs yuradRebas da Tvlis, rom sakuTari identobis garkveuli nawili evropam am civili-

zaciidanac miiRo. kristian meieri, aigivebs ra berZnebs evropasTan, sparseTs

ki – aRmosavleTTan, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs evro-

pis aRmosavleTTan dapirispirebas. avtori askvnis, rom evropis, rogorc kulturuli sivrcis

identoba, sakmaod Soreul warsuls, antikur periods ukavSir-

deba. amdenad, mecnerTa, mweralTa da filosofosTa sakmaod di-

di nawili miiCnevs, rom evropuli identobis safuZvlebi anti-

kuri civilizaciis wiaRSi warmoiSva. xolo evropis kulturu-

li memkvidreobis qvakuTxedebad tradiciulad moazrebuli

iyo: goneba samarTlianoba da mowyaleba [9]. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, evropis rogorc kulturuli

sivrcis identoba, sakmaod Soreul warsuls ukavSirdeba da Se-saZlebelia, es antikurobasac scildeba. vinaidan, rogorc ze-

moT avRniSneT, RirebulebiTi orientirebis prioritetebi,

Tavisi Sinagani logikidan gamomdinare, icvleba epoqalurad, sxvadasxva imperativebTan Sejaxebisas, Sesabamisad, evropuli identobis Camoyalibeba, Seswavlil unda iqnas ara mxolod sin-qronul, aramed diaqronul WrilSic.

aqedan gamomdinare, urigo ar iqneboda antikuri epoqis kulturuli identobis kvlevisTvis imis garkveva, Tu romeli kulturuli komponentebi edo safuZvlad mas istoriis adrin-

del etapze. aq ki bunebrivia, gverds ver avuvliT im xalxebs,

romlebic uxsovari droidan monawileobdnen xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi mimdinare procesebSi, romlebTanac berZnebs hqondaT Sexeba da romlebic jer kidev maT mosvlamde binadrobdnen am teriatoriaze. niSandoblivia, rom sxvebTan erTad aq iyvnen qarTveluri tomebic. qarTul da ucxour istoriografiaSi amis, Sesaxeb araerTi saintereso dokumenti moipoveba.

am mxriv gansakuTreiT sainteresoa herodotes cnobebi, ro-

104

melic egeosis avtoqtonebad moiazrebs pelasgebs, amasve adas-

turebs Tukidide. amave azris arian sxva berZeni da romaeli av-torebic, maT Soris straboni, stefane bizantieli, romelic imowmebs nikoloz damaskels, romlis mixedviT eladis sxvadas-

xva mxareTa aborgenebi pelasgebi arian [16, 110]. evropeli mecnierebi kreCmeri, blumenbaxi iseve, rogorc

qarTveli mecnierebi, Tvlidnen rom protoqarTvelebi eTniku-

rad, lingvisturad da kulturulad ukavSirdebian evropel

aborigenebs – pre-indoevropelebs, pre-arielebs, pre-keltebs, maT Soris, etruskebs, pelasgebsa da proto-baskebs... Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi evropis am upirveles mcxovreblebs

eZaxdnen iberielebs [12, 9]. qarTvelTa eTnogenezisze saubrobs saqarTvelos pirveli

prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia naSromSi `saqarTvelos sulieri misia~, sadac mas damowmebuli hyavs araerTi qarTveli da ucxo-

eli mecnieri. pirvel rigSi is iSveliebs vilhelm humboldts, romlis az-

riT, samxreT evropis: pirineebis, italiis, xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebis pirveladi avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba iyo iberiuli. am mosaxleobas uwodeben protoiberebs, maTgan momdinareobs gviandeli evropuli mosaxleoba, romelic saxlobda pirinee-

bis naxevarkunZulidan xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, balkanebze, Ta-

namedrove saberZneTSi, kavkasiaSi, agreTve, mcire aziasa da pa-lestinaSi. es aris gavrcelebis areali im protoiberiuli mod-

gmisa, romelsac vilhelm humboldtis gamokvlevebis mixedviT

hqonda mravali ganStoeba [14, 193]. germaneli filosofosi Selingi pelazgur epoqas saberZne-

Tis ganviTarebaSi ganmartavda rogorc saizms, e. i. naTelxil-

viTi sibrZnis epoqas. Semdgomdroindel berZnul miTologiaSi persevsma da sxva gmirebma naTelxilveluri, pelazguri kul-

tura gadaiyvanes azrovnebiT kulturaze, kerZod, inteleqtis-

mier elinur kulturaze [14, 193]. furnees, romelsac ekuTvnis mniSvnelovani gamokvleva wi-

naberZnulis, anu pelazguris da qarTveluris Sesaxeb miaCnda, rom troa ufro Zveli kulturuli samyaroa, vidre elinuri samyaro. elinebi troaSi laSqroben sakraluri, misteriuli sibrZnisa, anu paladiumis mopovebisaTvis. troa aris igive

105

kolxuri samyaro, vinaidan troelebTan aqaelebis davis dros troelebi xsnian elenes motacebas, rogorc erTgvar SurisZie-

bas adre maT mier medeas motacebisaTvis [14, 195]. rac Seexeba Zvel berZnul miTebs, gamsaxurdias miaCnia, rom

is Seqmnilia pelazgebis mier da elinebis mier aris interpre-

tirebuli. homerosi da hesiode ar arian Semoqmedni Zvelber-

Znuli miTebisa, isini pelazguri epoqis miTosis sistematiza-

torebia, ganmmartebelni. pelazguri epoqis miTosis Semoqmed-

Ta, miTografosTa saxelebma Cvenamde ar moaRwia, magram moaR-

wies RvTaebebma, miTosis personaJebma. ZiriTadi RvTaebebi ZvelberZnuli panTeonisa warmoSobiT pelazgurni arian. maT Sorisaa zevsi. arsebobs pelazguri qtonuri zevsi, romlis

kultic muxasTan aris dakavSirebuli; hera anu haera, romelic

aris uZvelesi pelazgur-iberiuli qalRmerTi; agreTve demet-

re, romlis fuZis ganmartebisas akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili mianiSnebda imaze, rom `de~ fuZe savsebiT ucxoa ZvelberZnuli enisaTvis. `meter~ marTalia dedas niSnavs, magram `de~ aris sufTa iberiuli warmoSobis fuZe, `de~, anu `deda~, deda-qal-

RmerTis aRmniSvneli. amrigad demetre aris is saxe, romelic uZvelesi kolxuri, pelazguri deda-qalRmerTis aRmniSvnelia. amrigad demetre aris is saxe, romelSic uZvelesi kolxuri, pe-lazguri deda-qalRmerTi Seerwya ZvelberZnul qalRmerTs. es aris ZvelberZnuli panTeoni, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, damynobili

protoqarTul, protoiberiul, anu pelazgur panTeonze [14,

197]. promeTes miTi gamsaxurdias azriT, umniSvnelovanesia, ro-

gorc kacobriobis evoluciis, ise qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis TvalsazrisiTac, vinaidan berZnuli miTosis es umTavresi mo-

mentebi SemTxveviT ar aris kavkasiasTan dakavSirebuli. `pro-

meTel~ ZvelberZnulad niSnavs winaswarmetyvelur azrovnebas,

winaswarganWvretas, epimeTe – misi Zma – niSnavs Tanadroul,

gansjismier azrovnebas. ra aris promeTe? promeTe aris im ka-cobriobis warmomadgeneli, romelmac unda ganaviTaros winas-warmetyveluri, anu intuitiuri azrovneba, xolo epimeTe _ romelmac unda ganaviTaros gansjiTi, anu inteleqtualuri

azrovneba. visi Zea promeTe? igi aris Ze iapetosisa [14, 197].

106

niko maris versiiT ki, qarTuli tomi iyo noes vaJis, iafe-

tis STamomavali da warmoadgens evropaSi iberiis indigenur mosaxleobas, romelic mogvianebiT SeuerTda keltebs. amis Se-degad kelt-iberielebi gaxdnen da mogvianebiT gaerTiandnen

goTebTan, germanul tomebTan [12, 9]. rac Seexeba miTs argonavtebis laSqrobis Sesaxeb, Zvelber-

Znul misteriebSi gadmocemuli iyo, rogorc oqros sawmisis Zi-eba. xolo oqros sawmisi iyo kolxeTSi. Tavdapirvelad oqros verZi saberZneTidan aris wasuli kolxeTSi, miaCnia gamsaxurdi-

as da askvnis, rom es im periodis saberZneTia, rodesac iq yvavis pelazguri kultura, kerZod, pelazguri argosis kultura. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom xomaldsac `argo~ hqvia da `argo~ Ta-

visi ZiriT kolxeTidan momdinareobs – argo, argveTi, egrisi,

`gr~ – fuZe. laSqroba kolxeTSi simbolurad, imaginatiurad aris laSqroba sulieri sibrZnis, misterialuri sibrZnis mosa-

poveblad, romelic imJamad Semonaxuli iyo mxolod kolxeTSi da aRar arsebobda ukve saberZneTis teritoriaze, aRarc xmel-

TaSua zRvis auzis qveynebSi. iseve rogorc Tezeosis kretaze wasvla aris agreTve im sibrZnis mopoveba, romelic elinur sa-

berZneTSi imJamad aRar arsebobda [14, 202]. amdenad, gamsaxurdias mixedviT, kolxuri, pelazguri, tro-

uli, minosuri samyaroebi monaTesave samyaroebia, ufro swo-

rad, erTi samyaroa da amis argumentad (moyolebuli homerosi-

dan Tanamedroveobis CaTvliT) mravali avtoris naSroms iSve-liebs.

sainteresoa am mxriv rismag gordezianis naSromebi. erTgan is uTiTebs, rom `Cvens qveyanaSi saerTo evropuli memkvidreo-

bisaken ltolvas, erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtori asazrdo-

ebs. Cveni qveyana uxsovari droidan monawileobda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi mimdinare procesebSi. rogorc irkveva, qarTve-

lur tomebs, SesaZloa, genetikuri urTierTobebi hqondaT wi-

naberZnuli civilizaciis matarebel xalxebTan (pelasgebTan,

lelegebTan, minoselebTan da a. S.), aseve italiis uZveles mo-

saxleobasTan, etruskebTan. mikenuri epoqidan moyolebuli, rogorc Cans, saTaves iRebs berZnul-qarTuli urTierTobebis mravalsaukunovani istoria. aman Tavisi arekvla hpova elinTa

107

miTebSi promeTesa da argonavtTa laSqrobaze. Zveli kolxida iqca saberZneTis gareT mdebare erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan qveynad, sadac argonavtikis ciklis miTTa siuJeti viTardebo-

da. medeam, aietma, kirkem, afsirtosma da sxva kolxma miTolo-

giurma personaJebma myarad daikaves adgili berZnul mwerlo-

baSi. ufro metic, Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa gamoTvlebiT, medea

saerTod msoflio literaturis erT-erT yvelaze ufro popu-

larul saxed iqca, romelsac dRemde uamravi nawarmoebi eZRvne-

ba... mravalricxovani qarTveluri tomebi, geografiuli punqte-

bi sakmaod xSirad figurireben, rogorc mxatvrul literatu-

raSi, aseve antikur istoriografiasa da samecniero xasiaTis TxzulebebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom berZnuli da romauli wyaro-

ebi antikuri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb umTavres werilobiT wyarod miiCneva da arqeologiur monacemebTan erTad Cveni qveynis uZve-

lesi istoriis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. aman ganapiroba is, rom antikuri literaturis Zeglebi... Cveni qveynis Sesaxeb

mniSvnelovani informaciis Semcveli teqstebia~ [13, 8]. Zvel berZen da romael avtorebTan, romlebic Tavis mxriv

uZveles gadmocemebs eyrdnobodnen, xSirad vxvdebiT arapir-

dapir miTiTebebs pelasgebisa da kavkasiuri tomebis identu-

robis Sesaxeb. palasgi Tesalielebi, mcireazieli troelebi, kunZul lemnosis mkvidri pelasgi sintebi da sxvebi kolxTa mo-

naTesave tomebadaa miCneuli [16, 121]. amdenad, mcire azia, kunZuli kreta da xmelTaSua zRvis

mravali punqti winaelinuri-pelasguri mosaxleobis samkvid-

rebeli iyo. kretis uZveles e. w. `minosur mosaxleobaSi~ kol-

xur tomebs didi adgili unda sWerodaT [15, 192] da am modgmis xalxebma wina aziis vrcel teritoriaze da samxreT evropaSi

didi kulturuli centrebi Seqmnes [16, 111]. rac Seexeba pelasgTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxs, mecnierTa Se-

xedulebebi gansxvavebulia. nawili miiCnevs, rom maTi warmomav-

loba araindoevropulia, nawili ki _ piriqiT. Tavad knosis

(kretis) arqeologiuri gaTxrebis xelmZRvaneli evansi ambob-

da, rom minosuri damwerlobis samive, xatovani (hierografiu-

li), A da B xazovani, kretis uZvelesi mkvidrebis mier aris Seq-

108

mnili da am damwerlobis ena araa indoevropuli da, maSasadame,

berZnuli. amasve mtkicebs kretis B xazovani damwerlobis ven-

trisisa da Cedvikiseuli gaSifvrac [16, 121]. xolo sxva mecnierebi da maT Soris v. georgievi pelasgebs

wminda indoevropel tomad, berZnebis uSualo winaprebad miiC-

nevs [16, 118]. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mecnierTa garkveuli nawilis

azriT, xmelTaSua zRvis kultura, cnobili elinuri kultu-

ris saxeliT, aRmocenebuli aris winaelinuri-pelasgur-anato-

liuri kulturis bazaze [16, 112]. rac Seexeba antikur periods, am droisTvis qarTul-ber-

Znuli urTierTobebi intensiuri xdeba, gansakuTrebiT e. w. di-

di berZnuli axalSenebis daarsebidan (Zv. w-is VIII-VI ss.).

Zv. w-is VI s-dan berZnebma Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiro-

ze araerTi axalSeni daaarses. magaliTad fazisi (qalaq foT-

Tan), gienosi (qalaq oCamCiresTan), dioskuria (qalaq soxumTan),

pitiunti (qalaq biWvinTasTan). axalSenebis dawinaurebas xels uwyobda `didi abreSumis~ savaWro gza, romelic iwyeboda in-doeTidan Sav zRvamde, qalaq fazisamde da aqedan ukve berZnu-

li samyarosken miemarTeboda. berZnebi kolxeTTan ZiriTadad savaWro urTierTobebiT

iyvnen dakavebulni. saberZneTidan SemohqondaT qsovilebi, sam-kauli, WurWeli da fufunebis sxva sagnebi. SemohqondaT aseve zeTi. saqarTvelodan gahqondaT seli da selis nawarmi, bewveu-

li, tyavi, agreTve xis Zvirfasi jiSebi, oqro da rkina. berZnuli axalSenebis daarsebam uciloblad mniSvnelovani

roli Seasrula Savi zRvispireTis mosaxleobis antikur samya-rosTan kulturul-ekonomiuri urTierTobis gacxovelebaSi da saerTodac, xeli Seuwyo am adgilebSi savaWro-ekonomiuri cxovrebis dawinaurebas da garkveulad daaCqara socialur-

ekonomiuri ganviTarebis procesi adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi

[17, 276].

kolxeTi, rogorc Cans, Zv. w-is VI-IV saukuneebSi kargad ganviTarebuli qveyanaa. maRal dones miaRwia rkinis damuSave-

bam. mravlad aRmoCenili qvevrebi miuTiTebs mevenaxeoba-meRvi-

neobis dawinaurebaze. ganviTarebis uaRresad maRal safexurze

109

idga oqromWedloba. kolxeTis maRalganviTarebulobaze miu-

TiTebs adgilobrivi fulis arseboba. Zv.w-is VI-III saukuneebSi kolxeTSi iWreboda vercxlis fuli, romelsac `kolxuri TeT-

ri~ ewoda. kolxuri TeTri aRmoCenilia saqarTvelos farglebs

gareTac (yirimSi, trapizonis maxloblad, Sua aziaSi _ ferRa-

nis velze), rac miuTiTebs mis gamoyenebaze saerTaSoriso vaW-robaSic.

samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi qarTuli tomebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebia daculi qsenofontes `ana-bazisSi~. qsenofonte wers, rom `am dros iq mefobda aietis Ca-momavali~.

amrigad, kolxeTis, anu egrisis, samefo warmoadgenda poli-

tikurad da ekonomikurad dawinaurebul, ganviTarebuli kul-

turis mqone saxelmwifos, romelsac aqtiuri ekonomikuri, kulturuli da politikuri urTierToba hqonda imdroindel civilizebul samyarosTan da gansakuTrebiT saberZneTTan.

axalSenebis daarsebas xmelTaSua zRvis elinizacia mohyva da misi gavlena adgilobriv mosaxleobaze religiuri, kulturuli, politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT didi iyo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom antikur samyarosTan urTierTobebis pirvel etapze mxolod kolxeTi iyo CarTuli, xolo mogviane-

biT mas iberiac SeuerTda, unda iTqvas, rom es urTierTkavSiri organuli iyo da gaucxoebisa da dapirispirebis gareSe mimdi-

nareobda, rac Rrma istoriuli mexsierebiTa da mravalsauku-

novani TanaarsebobiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, azia-evropis gzagasayarze myofi qveynis evropu-

li orientaciac bunebrivad gamoiyureba. amdenad, saqarTvelosTvis, antikur samyarosTan mraval-

mxrivi urTierTobebis garda, udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qristianobis miRebasac, rasac aziuri samyarosgan saqarTve-

los saboloo civilizaciuri gamijvna mohyva. es iyo gadamwyve-

ti etapi qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriaSi da man sabolood gan-sazRvra qveynis evropuli identoba. es gadawyvetileba imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom miuxedavad gareSe mtrebis mier saqar-

Tvelos mravalgzis dapyrobisa, evropasTan urTierTobebis wyvetilobisa, qveyanam sakuTari TviTmyofadoba da saxelmwi-

foebrioba dRemde SeinarCuna.

110

da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveluri tomebi uxso-

vari droidan monawiloebdnen xmelTSua zRvis auzSi mimdinare procesebSi, saqarTvelos evropuli orientaciis genezisi an-tikuri periodidan unda daiwyos, vinaidan am etapze miCneulia, rom Tanamedrove evropuli Rirebulebebi swored drois am mo-

nakveTidan iRebs saTaves.


1. Mikkeli H., Europe as an Idea and an Identity, Basingstoke, Palgrave

Publishers, 1998.

2. homerosi, iliada, Tbilisi, 1979.

3. herodote, istoria, wigni I, Tbilisi, 2008.

4. Геродот, История в девяти книгах, Москва, 1972.

5. Фукидид, История, Москва, 1981.

6. Аристотель, Политика, Москва, 1911.

7. Страбон, География, Ленинград, 1967.

8. Ciqovani g., evropuli identoba, konrad adenaueris saxelo-

bis fondis publicisturi werilebis krebuli, Tbilisi,

2014. 9. nadareiSvili q. WeiSvili T., evropuli identoba antikur

konteqstSi, konferenciis `evropuli Rirebulebebi da

identoba~ masalebi, Tbilisi, 2014.

10. Meier Chr., A Culture of Freedom: Ancient Greece and the Origins of

Europe, New York, 2012.

11. Pagden A., Europe: Conceptualizing a Continent, 33 in: Pagden A.

(ed.), The Idea of Europe from Antiquity to the European Union~,

Cambridge, 2002.

12. anCabaZe z., evropuli saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 2015.

13. gordeziani r., tonia n., antikuri literatura sauniversi-

teto kursi. Tbilisi, 2007.

14. gamsaxurdia z., werilebi esseebi, saqarTvelos sulieri mi-

sia, Tbilisi, 1991.

15. janaSia s., xeTebis istoriisa da enis sakiTxisTvis, Sromebi.

t. III, Tbilisi, 1959.

111

16. uruSaZe a., Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tbi-

lisi, 1964.

17. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tbilisi, 1970.

Emzar Pazhava

Doctor in Social Science, Associate professor of the Technical University of Georgia

The article is published in the framework of the

project – `European Orientation Genesis of Georgia~, funded by Shota Rustaveli Georgian National Science Fund. (Grant treaty № YS-18-200).

European Orientation Genesis of Georgia

Summary

In the article, the European orientation genesis of Georgia, etymology

of the word `Europe~ and its usage in the works of different authors, the

views of the respectable Georgian and foreign authors towards the European values are reviewed. Besides, the relationships of the Kartvelian tribes with

the Greek world both – in ancient and pre-antique (Crete-Mycenaean or

Aegean culture) period and their role in the formation of Greek civilization are considered.

According to the work, the ancient period is considered as a genesis of

the European orientation of Georgia, though the Kartvelian tribes actively

participated in the formation of the Greek culture from the Crete-

Mycenaean period. Correspondingly, since the ancient period Georgian

ancestry people represent the recipient of the European culture, whereas in

the pre-antique period, they are regarded as the donor of the Greek culture,

together with other peoples. In spite of these viewpoints are based upon the

works of different Georgian and foreign scientists, the complete answer to

the question should be given after the thorough study of new archeological materials and Minoan script.

112

ediSer jafariZe

politikur mecnierebaTa akademi-

uri doqtori, saqarTvelos teqni-

kuri universiteti

mixeil musxeliSvili _ evropuli Tanamegobrobisa

da erTiani evropuli kavSiris koncefciis pirveli

ideuri damaarsebeli da saqarTvelo

aRniSnuli statia ibeWdeba saqar-

Tvelos teqnikuri universitetis

samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso ur-

TierTobebis fakultetis gran-

tis farglebSi

msoflioSi cnobili profesori, iuristi, adamianis ufle-

baTa damcveli, saerTaSoriso samarTlis dargis specialisti, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, evropis xalxTa kongresis prezidenti, `federaluri evropis moZraobis~ centraluri ko-

mitetis wevri, evropis formirebis internacionaluri cen-

tris biuros vice-prezidenti, evropis universitetTa asocia-

ciis damaarsebeli da generaluri mdivani, mTamsvleli, mecnie-

ri da `akademiuri palmis~ jildos kavaleri mixeil musxeliSvi-

li daibada 1903 wlis 8 (21) ivliss qalaq TbilisSi. mixeil musxeliSvilis mSoblebis ojaxi keTilSobili da

ganTqmuli yofila Zvel TbilisSi. mama _ vaxtang solomonis Ze musxeliSvili, cnobili ofTalmologi da akaki wereTlis pira-

di eqimi iyo. deda _ natalia mirzaSvili metad keTili, saTno da lamazi qali yofila. eqimis ojaxSi oTxi vaJi izrdeboda. oTxivem umaRlesi ganaTleba sazRvargareT miiRo: levan musxe-

liSili cnobili istorikosi da arqeologi iyo, akademikos da-

viT musxeliSilis mama. giorgi musxeliSvili cnobili inJineri, romelic samxreT afrikaSi profesiuli muSaobisas daiRupa, xolo solomon musxeliSvili cnobili eqimi gaxda, romelic

1934 wlamde parizSi moRvaweobda. vaxtang musxeliSvilis oTxive vaJi TbilisSi, levandovskis

gimnaziaSi swavlobda da oTxivem warCinebiT daamTavra. gimna-

ziis damTavrebis Semdeg mixeil musxeliSvili midis 1921 wlis

113

oqtombridan (18 wlis) jer giotingenisa da miunxenis, Semdgom ki parizis da lionis universitetebSi saswavleblad, sadac

iRebs umaRles iuridiul ganaTlebas. 1929 wels daasrula sor-

bonis universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis specialobiT. sorbonis universitetSive daamTavra

erTwliani `agregasin~ (sakandidato gamocdebi) da miiRo kandi-

datis xarisxi. muSaoba daiwyo amave universitetis saerTaSo-

riso samarTlis institutis privat-docentad, xolo parale-

lurad 1932-33 wlebSi igi leqciebs kiTxulobda parizis uni-

versitetis saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa umaRles institutSi. mixeil musxeliSvilis piradi ojaxis Sesaxeb bevri cnobebi

ar mogvepoveba, nekrologebidan mxolod ramdenime cnobas mo-

vuyareT Tavi. mixeil musxeliSvilis meuRle ulamazesi ukrai-

neli qalbatoni iyo _ saxelad nina, romelic brwyinvaled sa-ubrobda rusulad, maTTan erTad cxovrobda ninas asakovani deda natalia lisenko. maT sakuTari Svili ar hyavdaT, Tumca hyavdaT frangi Svilobili nikola sambari, romelic daojaxe-

buli iyo.

m. musxeliSvili emigraciaSi 1921 wels wavida, roca moxda saqarTvelos aneqsia sabWoTa ruseTis mier. igi ver egueboda arsebul mdgomareobas da sruliad daufaravad akritikebda mas. sainteresoa mis mier gakeTebuli iuridiuli Sefaseba, sa-

dac man 1783 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos traqtats saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dasasruli uwoda. aman gamoiwvia m. musxeliS-

vilis politikuri devna da misi istoriografiis srulad gaq-roba-amoZirkva saqarTveloSi bolSevikTa mier. Tumca masze fragmentulad mainc moipoveba garkveuli saxis informaciebi

emigrantul JurnalebSi [1], sadac weria, rom m. musxeliSvili iyo mudam mgznebare, ficxi temperamentis kaci, dauRalavi mkvlevari da maZebari, mCxrekavi, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom igi ver kmayofildeboda iurisprudenciiT da aqtiur monawileo-

bas iRebda politikur saqmianobaSic. garda amisa m. musxeliSvilis pirovnul daxasiaTebas vxvde-

biT agreTve cnobili mecnieris ilia tabaRuas naSromSi, sadac

detalurad aris aRwerili maTi Sexvedra parizSi, 1961 wlis ma-isSi. igi wers, rom `m. musxeliSvili iyo maRali, axovani, simpa-

114

tiuri da rainduli Sesaxedaobis kaci. musxeliSvils piradad

vicnobdi, rodesac 1961/62 saswavlo wlebSi safrangeTSi, pa-rizSi muSaobis dros, arqivebsa da biblioTekebSi strasburgSi Cavedi. erTxel saRamos mis binaze davureke, movaxsene vinc vi-yavi da Sexvedra vTxove. pasuxi, romelSic didi siTbo igrZno-

boda, iyo mokle, `Tu gnebavT, axlave gelodebiT~. mivedi, dam-

xvda TviTon da misi meuRle. miReba iyo Zalian gulTbili, vax-Sami, saubari..., batoni mixeili aRmoCnda uaRresad sasiamovno,

momxiblavi pirovneba, mravali enis mcodne (qarTuli, rusuli,

franguli, inglisuri, germanuli), saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso politikis namdvili didi specialisti, Rrmad erudirebuli. daveswari mis leqciebs strasburgis universi-

tetSi frangul da inglisur enebze. am enebze ise Tavisuflad, mWevrmetyvelurad da oratorulad kiTxulobda leqciebs, rom TiToeuli am enis qveynis mkvidri gegonebodaT. leqciebs zepirad yovelgvari Canawerebis gareSe, oratorulad sasiamov-

no maneriT kiTxulobda. Cveni saubris dros sul detalebSi me-kiTxeboda saqarTvelos ambebs. mas yvelaze metad ufro ainte-

resebda qarTvelis (sabWoTa moqalaqis) uflebrivi mdgomareo-

ba. CemSi gaoceba gamoiwvia sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis misma Rrma codnam. visac m. musxeliSvilTan urTierToba honda yvela miu-

TiTebdnen mis maRal kulturaze, elegantobaze, gulwrfeloba-

ze, saqmisadmi erTgulebaze, maRal erudiciaze, adamianebTan sa-erTo enis gamonaxvis iSviaT Tvisebaze, keTilSobilebasa da mis

Tbil damokidebulebaze kolegebTan da studentebTan~ [2, 129].

mixeil musxeliSvili 1935-1948 wlebSi muSaobda kairos sa-

marTlis franguli skolisa da kairos universitetis jer eq-

straordinaluri, Semdgom ki ordinarul profesorad. 1946-

1948 wlebSi iyo amave universitetis samarTlis kaTedris gamge da aseve egviptis xelisuflebis mrCveveli saerTaSoriso sa-marTlisa da politikuri mecnierebebis mimarTulebiT. amis

Semdgom mixeili brundeba safrangeTSi da 1948 wlidan sicoc-

xlis ukanasknel wlebamde iyo strasburgis iuridiul da poli-

tikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis wamyvani profesori.

1948-1949 wlebSi man Seqmna ssrk-isa da aRmosavleT evropis

(e. w. socialisturi) Semswavleli samecniero kvleviTi centri,

115

romelsac 18 weli saTaveSi edga. Semdgom centrs `musxelis~ sa-

xeli miakuTvnes [3]. (safrangeTis respublikis oficialur ga-zeTSia cnoba, sadac weria, rom qairos franguli skolis pro-

fesorma Michel Mouskhelishvili-ma mimarTa qairoSi iusticiis sa-ministros, misi gvaris Secvlis Taobaze. universitetis profe-

sorma mixeil musxeliSvilma Seicvala gvari da is iwodeba dRe-

idan miSel musxelad, Michel Mouskell) axlac musxelis centri hqvia. `musxelis~ centri warmoadgenda politologiisa da sa-erTaSoriso samarTlis, sovetologiis dargis erT-erT mniS-vnelovan centrs safrangeTSi, sadac muSavdeboda evrointeg-

raciis da evropuli sazRvrebis moSlis idea. igi iyo pirveli qarTveli da erT-erTi pirveli politikuri moRvawe msoflio-

Si, romelmac evrogaerTianebis da evropuli sazRvrebis moS-

lis idea wamoayena da daicva. misi politikuri da samarTleb-

rivi xedva asaxulia monografiaSi `evropis federalizmis struqtura~. amave centrSi daarsa saerTaSoriso samecniero krebuli, romelSic aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen msoflioSi cnobili mecnierebi: JorJ kedeli, rober mosse, gui ero, anri Sambri da mravali sxva. profesorma amave centrSi gamosca ori krebuli, romelsac uZRvis misi vrceli winasityvaoba, orive tomma maleve hpova saerTaSoriso gamoxmaureba msoflios wam-

yvan mecnierTa wreebSi [4]. amitomacaa, rom m. musxeli dRemde rCeba politologiis franguli skolis erT-erT mniSvnelovan da wamyvan liderad, xolo musxelis centrSi misi redaqciiT da TanaavtorobiT gamocemuli politologia-samarTalmcodneo-

bis dargis fundamenturi ortomiani monografia dResac dasav-

leTis politologTa samagido wignad iTvleba. saintereso mosazrebebia asaxuli agreTve evropuli fede-

raciis momavali formis da misi gaerTianebis Sesaxeb musxeliS-

vilis naSromebSi, romlebic frangma gamomcemlebma Jan fran-

sis biionma da Jan luk prevelma moiZies, Sekribes da erT wignad

gamosces 1930-40-50-ian wlebSi musxeliSvilis mier dawerili

statiebi, saerTo saTauriT `konfederacia da federacia~. 2012

wlis 20 ivnisis nomerSi dabeWdili anotacia gvamcnobs fede-

ralizmis raobas: federacia es aris suverenitetis cneba, ro-

melic asafuZvlebs gansxvavebas federaciasa da konfederacias

116

Soris. konfederacia efuZneba xelSekrulebas, federacia ki _ konstitucias. konfederacia qveynebis gaerTianebaa, federa-

cia ki amasTan erTad _ individebis sazogadoeba. federaciaSi

kanoni dominirebs Zalaze. federacia aRWurvilia uflebamosi-

lebiT, romlis ganxorcielebac aRar an ar aris mizanSewonili

federirebuli saxelmwifosaTvis (Tavdacva, sagareo politika,

ekonomikuri politika da a. S). uflebamosilebaTa gadanawile-

ba xdeba sufsidiarul principebze: federirebuli saxelmwi-

foebi floben yvelanair uflebamosilebas, romelic ar iyo formalurad miniWebuli federaluri saxelmwifosaTvis. es uflebebi ganekuTvneba nacionalur, regionalur, kantonalur

(Sveicaria) saqmeebs, romelTa gangebac TviT maT srulyofilad

SeuZliaT (ganaTleba, samoqalaqo da sisixlis samarTlis kanon-

mdebloba, saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebi, sayofacxovrebo

momsaxureba da a. S.). musxeliSvili wers, rom federalizmSi `Zalasa da Tavisuflebas Soris nacionaluri avtonomia mori-

gebulia sazogado wesrigis morCilebasTan. wevr-saxelmwifoe-

bis sakonstitucio avtonomiis, samTavrobo dawesebulebebis, zemdgomlobis, kavSiris survilebis formirebaSi monawileo-

bis, kompetenciebis gadanawilebis da arbitraluri xasiaTis federaluri sasamarTlos dawesebis saSualebiT~. miSel musxe-

li aseve saubrobs federalur konstituciaze da aRniSnavs, rom igi unda iyos mokle da SemogvaTavazos `saerTo ideali~.

ra iqneba es ideali evrokavSirisaTvis?! [5]. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom Tanamedrove evrokavSiris kon-

stitucia dgas mixeil musxeliSvilis mier dawerili konstitu-

ciis fundamentalur principebze. m. musxeliSvilma, gaston

stefanTan erTad 1949 wels dawera evropuli konstitucia, sa-dac gawerilia politikuri da socialuri demokratiis princi-

pebi, rac dafuZnebulia mSvidobasa da socialur samarTalze federaciis erTianobaSi da federaciuli saxelmwifoebis sxva-dasxvaobaSi. musxeliSvili ganmartavs, rom Tu `konstituciam miiRo garkveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri logika, is Semoi-

tans federaciaSi ganxeTqilebis sxvadasxva motivebs, romel-

Tac SeeZlebaT fataluri diskusiebis provocireba kavSiris SenarCunebaze~. marTlac Zneli warmosadgenia, rom federaciis

117

konstitucia iRebs garkveul ekonomikur da socialur ideo-

logias wevr-saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis dapirispirebis ris-

kis fasad, evropeli xalxis demokratiuli kontrolis qveS myof federalur moZraobazea damokidebuli iseTi arCevanis gakeTeba, romelsac SeeZleba Semdgomi arCevnebis mimdinareo-

bis Seryeva. dRes im siZnelis winaSe, rasac evropis doneze ga-dawyvetilebis miReba qvia, kavSiris konfederaluri bunebis ga-mo, mTavrobebi cdiloben gadawyvetilebaTa konstitucionire-

bas, magaliTad, sabiujeto xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, rome-

lic ar unda iyos konstituciuri xasiaTis. Cven moxaruli viq-nebiT, davrCeT maastrixtis SeTanxmebis farglebSi. es mdgoma-

reoba faqtobrivad aris aRiareba umweobisa, romelic, pirvel-

yovlisa, gamowveulia kavSiris cudi mmarTvelobisagan. dasas-

ruls igi werda, rom `unda gamovideT evropuli realobebidan da federalizmi SeuTavsoT am realobebs. evropa ki ar unda da-

eqvemdebaros federalistur principebs, aramed ufro federa-

listuri principebi unda moergos evropul realobas~. es ar niSnavs imas, rom evropuli federalizmis forma kidev gamosa-

gonebelia? naSromis dasasruls igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs fede-

raciuli principis moqnilobas da simdidres, romelic iTva-

liswinebs yvela rTul da mgrZnobiare de faqto situacias. eWvs gareSea, rom evropuli federacia ar miiRebs formas, adaptirebuls Zlier individualizmTan da misi Semqmneli naci-

onaluri saxelmwifoebis xangrZliv istoriasTan. amitom SeiZ-leba apriori iTqvas, rom evropuli federacia ar iqneba arc

erTi manamde arsebul federaluri sistemis msgavsi. es iqneba, faqtobrivad, erTi suverenuli saxelmwifo sxvebs Soris, erTi etapi msoflio federaciisaken, romelic erTaderTi saSualeba iqneba federalizmis sruli realizaciisa omis logikis uni-

versaluri gadaWris gziT, romelic Sedegia saxelmwifoebis

suverenitetisa, misi usasrulo mSvidobis logikiT Secvla da samarTlis gabatoneba Zalmomreobaze. erTi sityviT, mokled rom SevafasoT mixeil musxelis mosazrebebi, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom misi moRvaweoba politikur sarbielze mniSvnelovania ara marto saqarTvelosTvis, aramed mas gaaCnia msoflio mniSvne-loba. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom es faqti mowmobs qar-

Tuli politikuri elitis da konkretulad mixeil musxelis ma-

118

Ral samecniero Tu politikur codnas da amas garda mis aqti-

ur TanamSromlobas praqtikul doneze sxvadasxva cnobil sa-zogado moRvawesTan. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom misi moRvaweoba da aqtiuroba evropaSi emTxveva im periods, rode-

sac saqarTvelo sabWoTa ruseTis mier aris okupirebuli. ami-tom misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli aqtiuroba ormagad mniSvne-lovania qarTuli saxelmwifosa da politikuri azrovnebisaT-

vis. mixeil musxeliSvili aqtiurad monawileobda adgilobriv

da saerTaSoriso konferencia-kongresebze. igi yovelTvis sa-intereso da vrceli moxsenebebiT gamodioda evrointegraciis da erTiani evropuli sazRvrebis, evropis saerTo bazris Seq-mnis iniciativiT da erTiani evropuli ganaTlebis sistemis mo-

dernizaciis ideiT. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos misi moxse-

neba da istoriuli gamosvla 1950 wlis 6 agvistos evrokonfe-

renciaze strasburgSi, romelic Catarda misi uSualo inicia-

tiviT. evrokonferenciis gaxsnis wina dRes, evropis 8 qveynis

300-ze metma studentma, evrogaerTianebis mgznebare iniciato-

ris mixeil musxeliSvilis da sami sxva momxre profesoris wi-namZRolobiT, moSala safrangeT-germaniis sasazRvro infras-

truqtura da aRmarTa erTiani evropis droSa `Cven mxolod pa-tara koconi davanTeT, didi cecxli exla strasburgSi unda gaCaRdes, rom evropuli gulebic ainTos ...~ Tqva maSin m. musxe-

lma.

1948-1951 wlebSi m. musxeliSvili sauniversitetTaSoriso

federaciis prezident-damaarsebelia. 1952 wlis 25 seqtembers

parizSi Seiqmna specialuri komisia [7], romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen m. musxeliSvili, m. ore, s. bergstoni, a. nikuraZe, g. miSo, al. marki, r. norTi da sxva. am komisias unda SeemuSavenina debuleba evropel profesorTa asociaciis Sesaqmnelad, xolo

1955 wlis seqtemberSi q. triestSi moiwvies kongresi, romelSic

warmodgenili iyo 18 qveynis 120 warmomadgeneli. aq Seiqmna ev-ropel profesorTa asociacia, romlis mizani iyo evropuli in-teleqtualuri da kulturuli erTianobis organizaciis da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. triestis kongresze mTavarma momxse-

nebelma miSel musxelma Tqva, axla dadga sakiTxi evropelTa in-

119

teleqtualuri da kulturuli erTobis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom triestis kongresis mizani iyo evropis qveynebis umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlebis meTodebis Camoya-

libeba, evropis umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesor-maswavle-

belTa da studentTa daaxloeba, gonivruli urTierTobebis ganviTareba. es igivea, rasac dRes boloniis procesi gulis-

xmobs, romlis mizania evropuli qveynebis ganaTlebis sisteme-

bis daaxloeba da harmonizacia, erTiani evropuli sivrcis Seq-mna umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. triestis kongresze Seiqmna ev-ropel profesorTa asociacia da dafuZnda sakiTxebis safuZ-

vlianad SemuSavebisaTvis komisiebi, asociaciis prezidentad arCeul iqna profesori v. aranjo-ruizi _ linCeis erovnuli akademiis prezidenti italiidan, vice-prezidentad profesori s. dempfi _ miunxenidan, aseve profesorTa saWos wevri al. ni-kuraZe _ germaniidan da generalur mdivnad profesori m. mus-

xeli _ safrangeTidan.

gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia agreTve misi gamosvla da iniciativa saerTo evropuli bazris Seqmnis Sesaxeb briuselSi.

1958 wlis 23-27 aprils briuselSi msoflio gamofenis CECA-s pavilionSi Sedga evropel profesorTa asociaciis morigi kon-

gresi, romlis muSaobis dRis wesrigSi iyo ori sakiTxi: evropis saerTo bazari da evropis saerTo dawesebulebebi. moxsenebebi exeboda evropis ekonomikuri mTlianobis iuridiul bunebas da mis saerTo aspeqts, mis fsiqologiur mxares. m. musxeliSvilma

ki vrceli moxseneba waradgina evropis saerTo bazris Seqmnis,

misi integraciis (mTlianobis) Sesaxeb da mis samarTlebriv as-peqtebze, romelmac didi gamoxmaureba hpova, rogorc adgi-

lobvriv ise saerTaSoriso presa-publikaciebSi. igi miiCnevda, rom evropis gaerTianebis Semdgom unda moxdes evropis bazris gaerTianeba, rac gaaadvilebda savaWro kavSirebs qveynebs So-

ris da Seqmnida erTian sabazro sistemas evropis kontinentze. evropis saerTo bazris sistemis Seqmna xels Seuwyobda evropu-

li qveynebis gaerTianebas da gaerTianebis Semdgom misi saerTo

simtkicis SenarCunebas [6, 43-44]. m. musxeliSvili aqtiurad monawileoda safrangeTSi `er-

Tiani evropis warmomadgenelTa arCevnebSi, iyo Jurnal `evro-

pis formirebis~ redaqciis komitetis wevri da Jurnal `socia-

120

listuri azris~ damaarsebeli da redaqtor-gamomcemeli. zemoT aRniSnuli naTlad mowmobs miSel musxelis farTo

aqtivobas sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. igi ara marto politikuri moRvaweobiT Semoifargleba, aramed exeba saganmanaTleblo, socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom iSvi-aTi iyo pirovneba miTiTebul qronologiur monkaveTSi, rome-

lic aseT farTo Tvalsawieris ideebs sTavazobda dasavlur sa-zogadoebas da swored amitomac SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom misma ideeba ara marto gauZlo, aramed gauswro dros. ami-tom sxvadasxva sakiTxis Sefasebasa da SeswavlasTan erTad mniS-vnelovania im pirovnebaTa Rvawlis gamoaSkaraveba, romlebmac wvlili Seitanes ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed msoflio mas-StabiT. dRes, rodesac saqarTvelos gaaCnia miswrafeba evroin-

tegraciaze, amgvari faqtebis wina planze wamoweva da farTo sazogadoebisTvis gacnoba ormagad mniSvnelovania.

1953 wlis 10 agvistos oficialurad daarsda strasbugSi

`qarTul-evropuli moZraoba~, romlis sulisCamdgmeli da ini-ciatori aseve mixeil musxeliSvili iyo. `qarTul-evropuli moZraobis~ sainiciativo wrem daarsa samdivno Semdegi Semad-

genlobiT: al. jinWaraZe, k. salia, m. alSibaia, v. cxomeliZe. samdivno xelmZRvanelobda moZraobis muSaobas yrilobis mow-

vevamde. `qarTul-evropuli moZraobis~ sapatio Tavmjdoma-

red arCeul iqna profesori mixeil wereTeli, xolo sapatio

wevrad grigol robaqiZe. `qarTul-evropuli moZraoba~-s sa-

fuZvalad daedo 1953 wlis 7 aprils, q. miunxenSi Sekrebili damfuZnebeli krebis mier SemuSavebuli da damtkicebuli Sem-

degi debulebebi: 1) qarTvelTa Soris evropis saxelmwifoTa kavSiris da masSi suverenuli, demokratiuli saqarTvelos Ses-

vlis aucileblobis ideis gavrceleba. 2) gacnoba ucxoelTaT-

vis, rom saqarTvelo mudam iyo sulierad da kulturulad na-wili evropisa da surs gaxdes misi wevri. am mizanTa misaRwevad, igi ukavSirdeba kavkasiel mezobelTa da evropis sxva erTa ev-ropul moZraobebs. moZraobis wesdebaSi xazgasmulia, rom `qarTul-evropuli moZraoba~ ar iyo kuTvnileba romelime partiisa an jgufisa. masSi monawileobis miReba SeeZlo nebismi-er qarTvels, ganurCevlad religiuri mrwamsisa da politiku-

ri Sexedulebebisa, vinc aRiarebda saqarTvelos suverenobas

121

da iziarebda evropis mTlianobis ideas [8, 30-31].

miSel musxeli 1954 wlidan iyo evropis universitetTa aso-

ciaciis damaarsebeli da orjer arCeuli generaluri mdivani. amave wlebSi politikur mecnierebaTa saerTaSoriso sazogado-

ebis damaarsebeli, mecnieruli presis saerTaSoriso kavSiris

(am kavSiris vice prezidenti iyo kalistrate salia) da sxva uamravi samecniero Tu sazogadebrivi gaerTianebis wevri.

cnobil mecniers xSirad iwvevdnen leqciebis wasakiTxad msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi, maT Soris norvegiaSi, italiaSi, aSS-Si, skandinaviis qveynebSi, holandiaSi, SveicariaSi da sxva.

m. musxeliSvili 1954 wels miwveuli iyo The American Friends

Service Committee-s mier aSS-Si leqciebis wasakiTxad. profesor-

ma waikiTxa moxsenebebi CrdiloeT amerikis yvela did qalaqSi da universitetSi, politikur da diplomatiur wreebSi, reli-

giur sazogadoebebSi. mis leqciebs yvelgan uamravi xalxi es-wreboda. vaSingtonSi erT mis moxsenebaze movidnen mTeli dip-

lomatiuri warmomadgenlobis kulturul seqciaTa xelmZRva-

nelebi. iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg igi gaemgzavra skandinaviaSi oslosa da upsalas universitetebis miwveviT, moxsenebis Tema iyo evropis civilizaciis krizisi da evropis kulturis ga-

cocxlebis aucilebloba [9, 30]. m. musxeliSvilis statiebi da naSromebi ibeWdeboda fran-

gul, germanul, inglisur enebze. `Monde Nouveau~, Trvaux et En-

quetes krebulebSi, aseve nino da kalistarte saliebis parizSi gamomaval qarTul JurnalSi `bedi qarTlisa~. esenia: `saqar-

Tvelo da evropa~, èrTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebisaTvis~, `ru-

seTi ar aris evropa~, `damonebul erTa wamomadgenlobisaTvis~, `ssrk anu miTi bednier erebze~, `proletariatis diqtatura sa-xelmwifo leviaTanSi~, `sabWoTa federalizmi~, èrovnebebi da lingvistika ssrk-Si~, ìuridiuli buneba sabWoTa kavSirSi~ da mravali sxva.

mixeil musxeliSvilis pirveli, yvelaze cnobili da popu-

laruli naSromebi gamocemulia frangul enaze. esenia: 1) Mi-

chel Mouskhely. La theorie juidique de l’Etat federal: 60 fr. (J. Pedone)

1931; (parizis samecniero JurnalSi àxali literatura~ (1931

wlis 18 ivlisi, #457) cnobaa, rom gamovida musxelis naSromi _

122

`federaluri saxelmwifos iuridiuli Teoria~); 2) Michel

Mouskhely. L’equite en Droit International Modern. Paris, 1933; 3) Michel

Mouskhely. Le Plebiscite de la Sarre, 1933; 4) Michel Mouskhely.

Autonomie, 1934; 5) Michel Mouskhely, Gaston Stefani, `Draft of a

European Federal Constitution~ 1948 (pirveli sami naSromi gamos-

vlisTanave miSel musxelma didi siyvaruliTa da enTuziazmiT

1933 welis maisSi gamougzavna Tavis dedas warweriT `Cem sayva-rel da Zvirfas dedikos saxsovrad misi sayvareli Svilisagan~,

romelic daculia musxeliSvilebis pirad arqivSi). m. musxeliSvili gatacebuli iyo alpinizmiT, is xSirad da-

dioda salaSqrod. 1964 wlis 16 ivliss erT-erTi asvlis dros italiis alpebSi, aostas xeobaSi mwverval sevinis dapyrobis Semdeg, daSvebisas igi kldidan Camovarda da tragikulad dai-

Rupa. gardacvalebis mizezi frangulad ufro detaluradaa

aRwerili nekrologSi, romlis Targmani aseTia: m. musxeli 1964

wlis ivlisis dasawyiSi gaemgzavra strasburgidan vale d’aos-

taSi italiaSi, evropis federalizmis universitetSi leqcie-

bis wasakiTxad. igi amas yovelwliurad akeTebda ardadegebis dros. man gadawyvita, rom jer asuliyo italiis alpebSi, serve-

nis masivSi `didi tornalinis mwvervalze (3.378 m), xolo Semdeg Casuliyo qalaq aostaSi da leqciebi waekiTxa, romelic mdeba-

reobs CrdiloeT italiis alpebSi safrangeTisa da Sveicariis sazRvarTan. mas axlda sami pirovneba: Tavisi Svilobili, ho-

landieli megobari Jan vesternbroeki da erTi germaneli stu-

denti. `1964 wlis 11 ivliss diliT m. musxeliSvili avida mwver-

valze da ukan dabrunebisas fexi dausxlta da gadaiCexa klde-

ze. Zalzed sainteresoa am ubeduri SemTxvevis aRwera vester-

nbroekis mier, romelic detaluradaa frangul nekrologSi gadmocemuli: `samSabaTs Cven diliT davtoveT valturmanSi. `didi tornalinis~ mwvervalze asvlis Semdgom visauzmeT da suraTebi gadaviReT. amindi iseTi kargi iyo, rom samwuxarod ukan davbrundiT mxolod dRis sam saaTze, rodesac ukve yi-nuls dnoba daewyo. Cven viyaviT naxevar gzaze, tornalinis did da patara mwvervalebs Soris, rodesac gzaze profesori wa-borZikda da fexi dausxlta. ramdenadac Cven TokebiT ukve aRar viyaviT erTmaneTTan gadabmuli, Cven arafris gakeTeba

123

aRar SegveZlo, Tu ara marto gveyvira, `buCqebs moeWideT~, man

verafers mosWida xeli da pirdapir gadaeSva 150 metridan ci-

cabo SiSvel kldeze~. profesoris mxlebelni maSinve gaeSuren valturmanSTan axlos mdebare patara sofel Seneilisaken da uxmes maSvelebs. maSvelebis mobilizebas da iq misvlas aTi saa-Ti dasWirda, ra drosac profesori ukve gadracvlili ipoves da misi cxedari aostaSi Camoasvenes. am ubeduri SemTxvevis ga-gebis Semdgom musxeliSilis meuRle qalbatoni nina Camovida aostaSi da misi cxedari strasburgSi gadaasvena, sadac misi da-

saflaveba moxda 17 ivliss paraskevs 16 saaTze strasburg-ro-

bertsos CrdiloeT sasaflaoze. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom misi da-

saflaveba moxda orTodoqsuli wesiT da am mesas xelmZRvane-

lobda mama Jan arnu. vinaidan musxeliSvils sakuTari Svili ar

yavda (Tu ar CavTliT mis frang Svilobils), tradiciisamebr misi kubo Caasvena saflavSi misma yofilma uaxloesma eqvsma studentma.

m. musxelisSvilis dakrZalvas mTeli universiteti daes-

wro, samgloviaro sityva warmosTqva strasburgis universite-

tis reqtorma d. f. anJelosma, profesorma a. vielma da iuri-

diuli fakultetis dekanma profesorma ruaerma. aseve evropis sabWos generaluri mdivnis moadgilem pol modinma. orive pro-

fesorma gansakuTrebiT aRniSna miSel musxelis sikeTe, sisada-

ve, sulieri keTilSobileba, inteligentoba, cocxali xasiaTi da mgznebareba, rac namdvilad axasiaTebda am qarTvel kacs, romelic ver moeswro Tavisi mSobliuri universiteti daemSve-

nebina~ [10, 184-186].

61 wlis mecnieris dakargvam didi sinanuli gamoiwvia mTel ev-ropaSi. es Cans franguli wamyvani gazeTebis `mondis~ da `figa-

ros~ furclebidan, sadac vkiTxulobT: `piradi vaJkacoba da Se-marTeba, gasaocari enTuziazmi, inteleqtualuri simdidre Sead-

genda, xasiaTis siZlieresa da nebisyofis simtkicesTan erTad, am SesaniSnavi pirovnebis Tvisebebs. evropis universitetTa da evro-

pul moZraobaTaTvis es aunazRaurebeli danaklisia, miSelis dak-

rZalvam gviCvena, Tu raoden didi pativiscemiT da siyvaruliT sargeblobda igi kolegebsa da studentebSi. misi saxiT Cven dav-

kargeT naTeli gzis da maRali kvalifikaciis profesori, sulie-

rebiT, keTilSobilebiT da gonierebiT gamorCeuli~.

124

aseve vkiTxulobT gazeTi `figaro~-Si, rom niWieri profe-

soris siyvaruli da pativiscema imdenad didi iyo, rom musxe-

liSvilis gardacvalebis wlisTavze orma romaelma studentma

23 wlis jani rutma da 22 wlis karlo gracianim mon blanze er-

Tiani evropis droSa aRmarTa, erTiani evropisaTvis mxurvale mebrZolis saxelis ukvdavsayofad. maT es diadi qcevis aqti say-vareli strasburgeli profesoris xsovnisadmi miuZRvniaT [11].

evrokavSirSi gasawevrianeblad jer kidev bevri gamowveva arsebobs, magram arc Tu ise miuRwevadia da saamisod qmediTi nabijebi ukve gadadgmulia. Cven vimedovnebT, rom evropuli erebis ojaxs saqarTveloc male SeuerTdeba. m. musxeliSvilis Semoqmedebis mizani da natvrac swored es iyo, saqarTvelo yo-

filiyo demokratiuli da evropuli yaidis qveyana. man saami-sod parizSi da briuselSi Cauyara safuZveli evropuli idee-

bis damuSavebas da evropuli samarTlis safuZvlebs (evrokav-

Siris fundamentur konstitucias) _ adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvas.

diax, saqarTvelo evropulia, Tavisi kulturiT, istoriiT, religiiT da Tavisufali miswrafebebiT, amitomacaa, rom evro-

kavSiris wevri qveynebis mier droulad moxda amis gacnobiere-

ba-aRiareba da saqarTvelos vizaliberalizaciis implementa-

cia. vizaliberalicazia es iyo istoriuli momenti saqarTve-

losa da qarTveli xalxisTvis.

2017 wlis 2 Tebervals evropis parlamentma saqarTvelos

moqaleqeebisaTvis 553 xmiT 66-is winaaRmdeg (28 debutatma Tavi

Seikava xmis micemisagan) mxari dauWira savizo reJimis gauqme-

bas. saqarTvelosTvis uvizo mimosvlis SemoReba dafuZnebulia

Cven mier liberalizaciis samoqmedo gegmis (VLAP-Visa Libe-

ralisation Action Plan) SesrulebiT da gulisxmobs mogzaurobas

yovel 6 TveSi 3 Tve anu 90 dRe, evrokavSiris 22 wevr, 4 arawevr

(islandia, lixtenSteini, norvegia da Sveicaria) da Sengenis 4

kandidat (bulgareT, kviprosi, rumineTi da xorvatia) qveyanaSi

(gamonakliss warmoadgenen evrokavSiris ori wevri qveyana didi

britaneTi da irlandia). igi ZalaSi 2017 wlis 28 marts Sevida.

ZalaSi SesvlisTanave 2017 wlis 28 marts saqarTvelos maSinde-

li premier-ministri giorgi kvirikaSvili warCinebul studen-

125

tebTan da profesor maswavleblebTan erTad simboluri vizi-

tiT pirvelad, uvizod jer aTenSi, Semdgom ki briuselSi gaem-gzavra. amiT kidev erTxel xazi gausva mis istoriul da poli-

tikur mniSvnelobas adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso asparezze. es niSnavs qarTveli xalxis dabrunebas Tavis pirvandel samSob-

loSi _ evropaSi, romelic sul mudam iswrafoda da ibrZoda amisaTvis, ganacxada erT-erT interviuSi premierma.

viza liberalizacia ar niSnavs evrokavSiris qveynebis te-

ritoriaze xangrZlivi cxovrebis an muSaobis uflebis miRebas. saqarTvelosaTvis evrokavSiris qveynebSi uvizod mimos-

vlam SesaZloa moitanos rogorc dadebiTi, aseve, uaryofiTi Sedegebi. orive maTgani, bunebrivia, gamomdinareobs vizalibe-

ralizaciis raobidan. Sedegebi logikurad SeiZleba ase dava-

lagoT:

● evrokavSiris qveynebSi Tavisuflad gadaadgileba, rac gamoiwvevs biurokratiuli wesebis moxsnas sazRvris gadakve-

Tisas;

● saqarTvelos evropasTan integracia, rac xels Seuwyobs da daaCqarebs evrointegraciul procesebs saqarTvelos sa-

sargeblod;

● ekonomikuri sargebeli, romelic gulisxmobs zogadad saqarTvelos ekonomikuri bazris mierTebas evropis msxvil da

konkurentul bazarTan;

● okupirebul teritoriaze afxazi da osi mosaxleobisaT-

vis saqarTvelos pasportebis SeTavazeba, rac moaxdens afxaze-

Tis da cxinvalis regionis saqarTvelosTan gamwvavebuli ur-

TierTobis sabolood deeskalacias;

● politikuri, kulturuli da socialuri pirobebis gaum-

jobeseba da evropul standartebTan daaxloeba; rac Seexeba uaryofiT Sedegebs, SeiZleba Semdegnairad mo-

vaxdinoT misi mokled formulireba:

● demografiuli problema, sazRvrebis gaxsnam mTeli ev-ropis maStabiT SesaZloa gamoiwvios adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis ufro meti doziT Semcireba saqarTvelodan mig-

raciis xarjze;

● migraciuli procesebis gazrda, vinaidan mosaxleobis

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umetesi nawili dausaqmebelia da saarsebo minimumis mosapoveb-

lad aq Tu mTeli erTi Tve muxlCauxrelad muSaobs, evropaSi SesaZloa ufro meti anazRaureba hqondes `Sav muSas~, vidre sa-qarTveloSi. Sesabamisad, mas gacilebiT ufro gauadvildeba iq

Tavis gatana;

● profesionali da niWieri kadrebis gadineba ucxoeTSi. bunebrivia, karg profesionals da niWier adamians evropaSi uf-

ro meti SesaZlebloba da anazRaureba aqvs, vidre saqarTvelo-

Si niebismieri maRali rangis sajaro mosamsaxures, Sesabamisad yovelgvari biurokratiuli wesebis gavliT da zedmeti Sez-

Rudvebis gareSe moxdeba profesionali adamianebis ucxoeTSi

gadineba, rac saqarTvelosTvis didi danakargi iqneba;

● ucxoeli ltolvilebis miReba, roca qveyanas sakuTari ltolvilebi hyavs. iseT qveyanas, rogoric saqarTveloa, ro-

melsac sakuTari ltolvilebic bevri hyavs qveyanaSi, vfiqrob, gauWirdeba vizaliberalizaaciiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba, rac gulisxmobs saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi garkveuli raodenobis ltolvilebis miRebas siiridan da axlo aRmosav-

leTis sxva qveynebidan; saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan vizaliberalizaciis SeCerebis

mTavari aqtori evrokomisiaa, igi uwevs kontrols da monito-

rings aRniSnul TanamSromlobas. saqarTveloSi warmatebiT ganxorcielebul reformaTa cikli da asocirebis xelSekru-

leba gaxda sawindari vizaliberalizaciis miRebisa, ramac ki-dev erTxel erTi orad gazarda Sansi saqarTvelos dabrunebisa evropul ojaxSi. qarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis es gaxlavT sabo-

lood daaxloeba evropul faseulobebTan da RirebulebebTan, romliskenac saukuneebis manZilze miiswrafodnen. amitom sa-zogadoebisa da saxelmwifos erToblivi Zalisxmeva moiTxovs koordinirebulad muSaobas, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli Se-saZlo mosalodneli eqscesebi `vizaliberalizaciisTvis~, `Se-

Cerebis meqanizmis~ amoqmedeba. `SeCerebis meqanizmi~ amoqmed-

deba im SemTxvevaSi Tuki:

● moxda readmisiis SemTxvevebis gaxSireba, anu qveyanaSi 90 dRiani yofnis vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi, Sengenis qveynis teritoriaze piris yofna CaiTvleba aralegalurad da aseTi piri moZebnili iqneba orive mxaris mier. povnis SemTxvevaSi

127

moxdeba misi saqarTveloSi dabruneba. amasTan erTad aseT Sem-

TxvevaSi moqalaqes SeezRudeba Sengenis teritoriaze Sesvla 5 wlamde vadiT, xolo alternativis saxiT SesaZloa gamoyenebul

iqnas administraciuli jarima 3000 evromde odenobiT, gadaux-

delobis SemTxvevaSi kanondamrRvevs aekrZaleba Sesvla Sesaba-mis qveyanaSi an zogadad Sengenis teritoriaze, an uares Sem-TxvevaSi moxdeba misi gonivruli vadiT deportacia. amitom sa-qarTvelos TiTeulma moqalaqem unda gaacnobieros arsebuli pasuxismgebloba, raTa aseT qmedebebs ar mieces masiuri xasia-Ti, rac saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris urTerTobebze negatiu-

rad SeiZleba aisaxos momavalSi;

● gaizarda aralegalurad darCenilTa raodenoba;

● safrTxe Seuqmnes maspinZeli qveynis sazogadoebas, mona-

wileobas miiReben sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis nebismi-eri saxis RonisZiebebSi da gamovlindeba maTi mxridan Cadeni-

li kriminaluri moqmedebebi;

● SesamCnevad gaizrdeba deportirebuli da ukan gamobru-

nebuli mosaxleobis raodenoba; vizaliberalizacia warmoadgens saqarTvelosa da evrokav-

Sirs Soris aRmosavleT partniorobis farglebSi gaTvaliswi-

nebul urTierTobaTa saboloo Sedegs, romlis SesaZleblobe-

bi ukve amowurulia da saboloo mizani miRweuli. saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan uvizo mimosvla, rogorc aRvniSneT aris kidev erTi win gadadgmuli nabiji saqarTvelosTvis Tavis evropul ojaxSi sabolood integraciisa. Tumca im garemoebis gaTvalis-

winebiT, rom saqarTvelos evrokavSiriSi gawevrianeba aqtiu-

rad jer ar ganixileba, saqarTvelo mainc mimzidveli rCeba ev-

ropisaTvis (nakisri valdebulebebis jerovnad SesrulebisaT-

vis), mTavaria saqarTvelom ar SeaCeros dinamiuri politika da praqtikuli winadadebebis ganxilva ormxriv urTierTobebSi evrokavSirSi asocirebis an srul wevrobaze gadasasvlelad. amisTvis saqarTvelos mTavrobam yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos ZiriTadad sam mTavar aspeqtze: qveynis mdgradi demokratiu-

lobis procesebis Seuqcevadobasa da kanonis uzenaesobaze, ekonomikur integraciasa da qveynis samxedro da TavdacviT sa-kiTxebze, romelic gulisxmobs: qveyanaSi uzrunvelyofili un-

128

da iyos mdgradi demokratiuli ganviTareba, romlis gareSec evrointegracia warmoudgenelia. saqarTvelos mTavrobam ar unda Secvalos pilitikuri kursi da maqsimalurad xeli Seuw-

yos demokratiul procesebs qveynis SigniT da moaxdinos sazo-

gadoebis mobilizeba, raTa ar modundes yuradReba da miswra-

feba evrokavSirSi gasawevrianeblad. vizaliberalizacia Tavisi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare am etap-

ze ar gulisxmobs ekonomikur integracias, evropis ekonomikur zonaSi CarTva am etapze saqarTveosTvis momgebiani ver iqneba, gamomdinare iqidan rom saqarTvelo sagareo vaWrobis libera-

lur politikas atarebs, saqarTvelom Tavi unda Seikavos saga-reo vaWrobis SemzRudveli xelSekrulebebis xelmowerisa da mi-

si implimentaciisagan (mag. evrokavSiris sabaJo kavSiri) da aseve Seecados, moiZios ormxrivi molaparakebebis safuZvelze sxva alternatiuli gzebi ekonomikuri kavSirebisaTvis, raTa moxdes drouli da miznobrivi ekonomikuri integracia.

rac Seexeba samxedro resurss da usafrTxoebas, saqarTve-

lom ar unda SeaCeros natoSi integraciis miswrafeba da aqtiu-

rad iTanamSromlos evropis TavdacviT saagentoebTan da yvela samxedro intituciur warmomadgenlobasTan, romelic kars ga-uRebs da daexmareba dinamiuri samxedro da TavdacviTi poli-

tikis gatarebaSi. dRevandeli vizaliberalizaciis miReba erTgvarad warmo-

adgens miSel musxelis im oTx ZiriTad koncefcias evrogaer-

Tianebisa, romlisTvisac igi ibrZoda. aRniSnuli koncefcia ma-

Sinve gulisxmobda: evropuli qveynebis gaerTianebas (evropu-

li kavSiri, konfederacia), evropis saerTo bazris Seqmnas, ev-ropis qveynebs Soris sazRvrebis moSlas, evropis erTiani ga-naTlebis sistemis Seqmnas da harmonizacias. aqedan bolo or koncefciaSi saqarTvelo ukve aqtiurad monawileobs xolo da-

narCeni ki kvlav rCeba qveynis mTavar gamowvevad. vimedovnebT, rom warmatebuli RonisZiebebis gatarebiT saqarTvelo male SeuerTdeba evropis saerTo bazars da amavdroulad moxdeba misi sabolood dabruneba evropul ojaxSi.

amrigad, qarTul istoriografiaSi saarqivo masalebze, axlad Semotanil levilisa da harvardis koleqciebSi dacul dokumentebze, emigrantTa STamomavlebis pirad arqivebze

129

dayrdnobiT, kompleqsurad SeviswavleT Semdegi ZiriTadi as-peqtebi, sadac pirvelad gaanalizda:

1. mixeil musxeliSvilis biografiis da Semoqmedebis mniS-vnelovani da dRemde ucnobi unikaluri istoriuli masalebi, romelic evrointegraciaSi Setanili mniSvnelovani wvlilis warmoCenas exeba. misi Semoqmedebis Seswavlis Sedegad gamok-

vleuli da gamovlenili iqna Semdegi axali faqtebi: a) 1948 wels man frang konstitucionalist stefan gastonTan erTad Seqmna evropis federaluri konstituciis proeqti, romlis mniSvnelovani debulebani safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove ev-

ropuli kavSiris samarTals, b) erTiani evropuli bazris Seq-

mnisa da evrogaerTianebis instituciebis daarsebis idea (rac mere ganxorcielda evroparlamentis, evrokomisiis, evrokavSi-

ris sabWos da sxvaTa SeqmniT).

g) evropuli saganmanaTleblo sivrcis modernizacia da evro-puli saganmanaTleblo sistemebis da programebis harmonizacia

(rac mere ganxorcielda e. w. `boloniis procesis~ saxiT da a. S).

d) evropaSi sazRvrebis moSlis koncefcia (rac mogviane-

biT ganxorcielda e. w. Sengenis vizis saxiT, ramac evrokavSir-

Si faqtobrivad sazRvrebi moSala).

2. mixeil musxeliSvilis ideis realizacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi vizaliberalizaciis saxiT.

3. mixeil musxeliSvili `evropis sabWos sakonsultacio asambleis warmomadgenlis mandats flobda, romelic daTari-

Rebulia 1952 wliT, xolo aRniSnuli sabWo Seiqmna 1949 wlis 5 maiss londonSi dasavleT evropis aTi saxelmwifos mier, rom-

lis Stabbina strasbugrSi mdebareobs, savaradod, am sabWos da-

arsebaSi qarTveli evropolitikosis wvlili Semdgomi klevis sagania.

130


1. Jurnali `kavkasioni~, parizi, X, 1965.

2. saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan.

evropisa da amerikis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, 1,

mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1994.

3. Journal Officiel de la Republique Francaise # 73, 1944, 31 agvisto.

4. gazeTi `figaro~, 2, 3, 1965.

5. La Taurillon _ evromoqalaqis Jurnali, miSel musxeli, kon-

federacia da federacia: antiTeza, 2012, 20 ivnisi, statiis avtori jonaTan levegli.

6. Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #28-29.

7. JurnalSi `bedi qarTlisa~, #21-22.

8. Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #15, 1953 wlis seqtemberi.

9. Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, 1954, #17.

10. Revue de Kartvelologie, #45/46, Paris.

11. Figaro, 12.08.1965.

12. Berdiev, Les sources et le sens du communism russe.

13. Preface au livre de G.Jorre, L’URSS,la terre et les homes,1946.

14. Ils’agit de la terminologie de Sir Harold Mackinder, Democratic Ideals

and Reality. 15. Jurnali `mond nuvo~, #89-90. 1955, `sabWoTa kavSiri da ev-

ropa~ avtoris werilidan, romelic dabeWdili iyo frangu-

lad.

16. Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #24-25, 1957.

17. Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, m. musxeliSvili, parizi, #18,

1954.

18. m. musxeliSvili, qarTul-evropuli moZraobis gamocema,

1952, parizi.

19. m. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo da evropa, parizi, 1953.

20. saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan.

evropisa da amerikis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, 2,

1995.

131

Edisher Japharidze Doctor in Political Science, Georgian Technical University

Mikheil Muskhelishvili – One of the First Ideological Founder of the Concept of European Community and Georgia

Summary

Georgia has always been the centuries long to aspire to Europe. Today

Georgia is pursuing thoroughly the path of western orientation. From the

beginning of European History, Georgia participated in the development of

Humanity of spiritual, cultural, political and economic formations in

forming, which it constituted the essence of European life. We became

Europeans then, when we got Christianity and to became part of Hellenistic

world and share of Roman and Greek Civilization. Georgia is giver of share

in the European creative works. It is very important to designate Georgian

emigrant professor merits in the development and forming of European Union. Muskhelishvili was the first Georgian European who preached about

the idea of Creating European Union in his way and erasing frontiers among European countries. He formed the European Center of scientific research

and study in Strasburg named `Muskheli~Center ( where it is operating with

the name) which researched European integration issues. After the War he

raised the idea of uniting Europe and its federation and protected it. To his

opinion, European federalism is not only surviving necessity for European

people but also a guarantee of peace and for general flourishing in Europe,

freedom and integrity of human race…` he wrote in his work` The structure

of Europe’s federalism~.

Till Jean Monnet became founder of EU, for this time M. Muskhe-

lishvili had publish many publications about European confederation and they found many scientific Center of EU for EU. While Robert Schuman

and Jean Monnet talked about the idea of uniting Europe, M.

Muskhelishvili were publishing articles on the same subject in the leading newspapers and magazines and actively participated in the processes of creating the European Union.

In Strasburg in August of 1950, Michel Mouskheli with him students

132

and supporter of European Union was demolished France-German frontier

infrastructure and he hoisted common European flag. He said that we had

light a fire, the big one fire should be kindling in Strasburg now that

European Heart will be relight.

M. Muskhelishvili talked also about European common market

creating and European common educational system creating and harmonization which it meant bologna process today. We hardly can say

that bologna process ideology is on the base of M. Muskhelishvili’s law

conceptions. The aim is getting close to European countries educational

system and harmonization, and creating of European common educational

system for high education.

Georgia got EU visa liberalization in 2 February of 2017 (VLAP-Visa

Liberalisation Action Plan). It was result of success reforms which it was

realized by Georgian Democratic Government and we hope that it will be the beginning of integration process of Georgia to European Union.

At the present time Visa liberalization represents Michel Mouskheli’s four main conception for the creating of European Union, which he fought

for it. The conception meant at that time, European Countries Union (EU,

Confederation), Creating of European common market, Demolish border

between European countries and creating of European common educational system and harmonization. Georgia already participated in last two

conception and another conceptions are also main provoke for Georgia too.

We hope that Georgia will connect with success follow up reforms to European common market and finally Georgia will return own in European family.

133

avTandil sonRulaSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profe-

sori ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eT-

nologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi

istoriis ganyofilebis gamge

karibis (kubis) krizisi da saqarTvelo

XX saukune kacobriobis istoriaSi ori msoflio omisa

da mravali lokaluri dapirispirebis arenad iqca, ramac mi-

lionobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. planetas ganadgure-

bis safrTxe daemuqra masobrivi mospobis _ atomuri da wyal-

badis iaraRis SeqmniT. saukunis meore naxevarSi or sistemas

Soris metoqeobam kidev ufro gaamZafra politikuri proce-

sebi. berlinis, koreis da Semdeg gansakuTrebiT, karibis kri-

zisma msoflio yofna-aryofnis zRurblTan miiyvana.

sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvaneloba grZnobda, rom ganvi-

Tarebul kapitalistur samyarosTan `paeqrobisaTvis~ Zlieri

kunTebi sWirdeboda. amisTvis igi, upirveles yovlisa, aq-

cents birTvul da saraketo SeiaraRebaze akeTebda. 1950-iani

wlebis bolos sabWoTa kavSirma marTlac mniSvnelovan warma-

tebebs miaRwia. 1957 wels man pirvelma msoflioSi gamoscada

kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketa, rac imas niSnavda,

rom aSS-is usafrTxoeba seriozuli kiTxvis niSnis qveS dge-

boda. imave wels sabWoTa kavSirma dedamiwis kosmosur orbi-

taze xelovnuri Tanamgzavri `sputniki~ gauSva, rac msoflio

masStabis sensaciad iqca. sabWoTa mecnierebis am warmatebebma

msoflioSi bevri aRafrTovana, bevri ki sevdianad daafiqra.

pesimistebs eWvis safuZveli aSkarad hqondaT _ Semdegi nabi-

ji uTuod `sputnikebze~ birTvuli iaraRis ganTavseba iqne-

boda.

miuxedavad amisa, birTvuli potencialis TvalsazrisiT

sabWoTa kavSiri jer kidev mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda aSS-s,

rac xruSCovs saSinlad aRizianebda. `birTvuli ukmarisobis~

kompleqsis dasakmayofileblad igi xSirad blefobda kidevac

da arwmunebda dasavleTs, rom sabWoTa samxedo industria

134

erTimeoris miyolebiT `sosisebiviT~ awarmoebda birTvul ra-

ketebs. erT-erT did Tavyrilobaze man ganacxada, rom am

uzustesi raketebiT buzebis Camogdebac ki SeiZleboda. xruS-

Covis Savi iumori bevr dasavlel politikoss sagonebelSi ag-

debda. ase magaliTad, amerikel senator h u b e r t h e m f r i s

nikita sergis Zem sTxova, rukaze eCvenebina, Tu sad iyo misi

mSobliuri qalaqi mineapolisi: `Tu raketebi mag mxares ga-

mofrindeba, Sevecdebi avacilo am qalaqso~ _ daawynara me-

gobrulad man amerikeli stumari. mogvianebiT Tavis mogone-

bebSi xruSCovma aRiara, rom yvelaferi es gazviadebuli da

dasavleTis dasaSineblad iyo gamiznuli.

xruSCovis baqibuqi aSS-Si seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvev-

da. 1956 wlidan pentagonma daiwyo U-2 tipis TviTmfrinave-

biT sabWoTa teritoriis dazverva. amerikelebma male aRmoa-

Cines, rom didi simaRlidan am TviTmfrinavebis Camosagdebad

sabWoelebs SeiaraReba ar hqondaT da amerikelma mzveravebma

leningradisa da moskovis fotografireba daiwyes. gacecxle-

buli xruSCovi samxedroebisgan kategoriulad iTxovda Sesa-

bamisi zomebis miRebas. am faqtebs moskovi gamudmebiT apro-

testebda, riTac Tavs uxerxul mdgomareobaSi igdebda, rad-

gan Cndeboda kiTxva: ratom ar esvrian am TviTmfrinavebs

uzustes sabWoTa raketebs?

amerikelma mzveravebma male isic daazustes, rom xruS-

Covis baqibuqi sabWoTa birTvuli raketebis raodenobis Sesa-

xeb realobas aranairad ar Seesabameboda [1, 74-75]. magram,

1960 wlis 1 maiss amerikuli mzveravi TviTmfrinavebis bogins

sabWoTa teritoriaze bolo moeRo. axali tipis haersawinaaR-

mdego sabWoTa raketam U-2 swored erT-erTi sabWoTa kolme-

urneobis teritoriaze Camoagdo da misi piloti f r e n s i s

p a u e r s i cocxlad Caigdes xelSi.

es incidenti moskovma zedmiwevniT ostaturad gamoiyena.

kerZod, TviTmfrinavis Camogdebis faqti kremlma myisierad ar

gaaxmaura, da amerikelebis reaqcias daeloda. marTlac, ameri-

kul presaSi male gaCnda cnoba, rom TurqeTSi ganTavsebuli

amerikuli samxedro bazidan afrenili TviTmfrinavi sabWoTa

kavSiris sazRvarTan gauCinarda. xruSCovi swored amas eloda.

man umaRlesi sabWos sxdomaze didi Sou moawyo da amcno mTel

135

msoflios, rom U-2 saWoTa uzustesma raketam Camoagdo da,

rom amieridan sabWoTa teritoriaze cxvirs veravin Semoyof-

da. vaSingtonSi U-2-is piloti mkvdari egonaT, amitom katego-

riulad daiwyes am faqtis uaryofa, rasac nikitam kidev ufro

Zlieri dartymiT upasuxa: saqveynod gamoamzeures saR-salama-

Ti pauersi, romelmac yvelaferi aRiara.

Sokirebul vaSingtonSi jer imis mtkiceba daiwyes, rom

prezidenti eizenhaueri am sahaero dazvervis Sesaxeb saqmis

kursSi ar iyo, magram sabolood iZulebuli gaxdnen eRiare-

binaT, rom yvelaferi es prezidentis miTiTebiT keTdeboda

aSS-is usafrTxoebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.

am incidentidan sul oriode kviraSi parizSi gaimarTa

sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is, inglisisa da safrangeTis saxelmwi-

foebis meTaurTa Sexvedra. Sexvedra prezidentma de golma

gaxsna, ris Semdegac sityva xruSCovma moiTxova. misi ketego-

riuli gancxadebiT, TaTbiri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gagrZel-

deboda, Tuki aSS-is prezidenti bodiSs mouxdida sabWoTa

kavSirs sadazvervo provokaciisaTvis. prezidentma eizenhau-

erma bodiSi ar moixada. amis Semdeg sabWoTa delegaciam sru-

lad datova sxdomis darbazi [1, 75-76].

mogvianebiT amerikel pilots frensis pauerss sabWoTa

sasamarTlom 10 weli Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja. aSS-s

prezidentma ukve Tavadve daadastura jaSuSobis faqti. man

aseve aRniSna, rom rusebic am saqmiT iyvnen dakavebuli da ma-

galiTisaTvis polkovniki abeli daasaxela. presam maSinve `Se-

moagdo~ idea: ratom ar SeiZleba gavcvaloT abeli pauersze?

magram es yvelaferi cota mogvianebiT moxda. ubralod

cnobilia, rom nebismieri jaSuSobis faqtis saxalxod aRiare-

ba yvelaze mowinave sagareo politikis diskreditaciasac iw-

vevs.

polkovniki rudolf ivanes Ze abeli _ am gvariT iyo

cnobili suk-is pirvel mTavar sammarTveloSi. sinamdvileSi

mas eZaxdnen vilhelm fiSers, romelic daibada londonSi

germaneli `kominternelis~ ojaxSi. polkovniki abeli daapa-

timra aSS-is gamoZiebis federalurma biurom niu-iorkSi, ro-

gorc sabWoTa agenti. misi sasamarTlo procesi sensaciad iq-

ca [2, 103-104].

136

amerikis mxaris winadadebiT pauersi gacvales abelze.

gacvla moxda 1962 wlis 10 Tebervals germaniis demokratiu-

li respublikis teritoriaze _ glinka-briukes xidze [2, 106].

amerikis poziciebis kidev ufro gaZlierebis mizniT,

axalma prezidentma jon kenedim 1961 wels TurqeTis qalaq

izmiris garSemo xuT wertilSi `iupiteri~-s tipis 15 balis-

tikuri raketa ganaTavsa. TiToeul raketas 1,44 megatoni

trotilis ekvivalentis simZlavris erTi birTvuli qobinis

gadatana maqsimalur 2400 km-ze SeuZlia. misi moqmedebis ra-

diusSi moskovic xvdeboda. swored am procesebma wamowia wina

planze kubis sakiTxi.

axla cota ram kubis Sesaxeb: kubis respublika mdebare-

obs karibis zRvis CrdiloeTiT, romelic kunZulovan saxel-

mwifoTa rigs miekuTvneba. saxelwodeba momdinareobs sityvi-

dan `a k o b a~, rac adgilobrivi indielebis enaze `miwas, xme-

leTs~ niSnavs. qveyana Sedgeba kunZul kubisagan, kunZul hu-

ventudisa da patara kunZulebisagan _ marjnis rifebisagan

(sul 1600 kunZuli). sanapiroebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Rrma

yureebi. kubas xSirad adareben xvliks, romelsac Tavi mimar-

Tuli aqvs atlantikis okeanisken, kudi ki _ meqsikis yuris

SesasvlelSi. kubis samxreTiT mdebareobs karibis zRva, Crdi-

lo-dasavleTiT _ meqsikis yure, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT _ at-

lantis okeane.

kubasa da aSS-s Soris umoklesi manZili floridis sru-

teze gadis da 180 km-s Seadgens. kunZl haitamde 77 km-ia, meq-

sikamde 140 km.

2013 wlis aRweriT, kubis mosaxleoba 11, 4 milions Se-

adgenda. aSS-Si cxovrobs daaxloebiT 1 milioni kubeli. ku-

baSi espanelebis gamoCenamde aq cxovrobdnen indielebis to-

mis s i b o n e e b i s warmomadgenlebi. agreTve, haitidan gadmo-

saxlebuli indielebi. espanelebma, rodesac kuba koloniad

aqcies, iafi muSaxeli Seiyvanes _ ZiriTadad, afrikeli mone-

bi. maTi STamomavloba dRes 35-40%-ia. espaneTidan ki, ZiriTa-

dad, gadmosaxldnen galiselebi, kastilielebi da navarelebi.

kunZulze cxovroben frangebisa da italielebis STamomavle-

bic. saerTod ki, kubis mosaxleobis 65% _ evropelTa STamo-

mavalia, 20% _ mulati; 12% _ afrikeli; cxovroben, agreTve

137

Cinelebic. dedaqalaqi havana 2,2 milion mosaxleobas iTvlis

[3, 26].

espanelTa batonobis 400 wlis Semdeg [4, 156] kuba aSS-is

gavlenaSi aRmoCnda. 1934 wels gauqmda kuba-amerikis xelSek-

rulebis p l a t i s diskriminaciuli Sesworeba, romelic aSS-s

kubis saqmeebSi Carevis uflebas aZlevda. amerika TiTqmis

srulad akontrolebda am qveynis, rogorc sagareo, aseve sa-

Sinao politikas da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kuba garkveulwi-

lad amerikis proteqtorats warmoadgenda. amerikelebi iq

laTinuri amerikis sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT gacilebiT

ufro myarad grZnobdnen Tavs. xangrZlivi politikuri, eko-

nomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli gavlena maT paterna-

listur grZnobebs uCenda.

1950-iani wlebisaTvis karibis samoTxed wodebuli kuba

mdidar amerikelTa garTobis erT-erT udides da metad po-

pularul centrad iqca, sadac azartuli TamaSebi, prosti-

tucia, loToba da seqsualuri Souebi yvaoda. SeerTebuli

Statebis puritanizms gamoqceuli mdidari amerikelebi swo-

red aq ikmayofilebdnen yvelaze miwier vnebebs da verc war-

moedginaT, rom aseTi viTareba bevri kubelisaTvis SeiZleba

damamcirebeli yofiliyo [5, 221]. marTalia amerikuli tu-

rizmi kubas sakmaod did Semosavals aZlevda, magram kuba rom

amave dros amerikis saroskipod da kazinod iqca, dadebiT

grZnobebs namdvilad ar aRZravda kubis sazogadoebaSi.

kubis kazinoebs amerikeli gangsterebi flobdnen. moge-

bis nawils ki kubis prezidents da faqtobriv diqtators

f u l g e n s i o b a t i s t a s uxdidnen. magaliTad, havanas

mTavar kazinoebs amerikeli gangsteri m e i e r l a n s k i akon-

trolebda da diqtators TveSi milionze erT dolars uxdi-

da [5, 222].

batistas reJimis periods 20 aTasi kubelis sicocxle

Seewira. misi garemocvidan iyvnen mkvlelebi, romelTagan Ti-

Toeulze asamde msxverpls angariSobdnen. mxolod erT dRes,

batalionis ufrosis brZanebiT, 50 glexi daxvrites [6, 46].

1957 wlisaTvis batistas reJims gauareseba daetyo da

amerikis saxelmwifos departamentSic imata skepticizmma mis

138

mimarT. rodesac batistas kontrolqveS myofi media fidel

kastros damarcxebaze qadagebda, misi aRaravis sjeroda. sa-

magierod kubelTa umravlesobas swamda fidelis radios yo-

veli informaciisa. amave periodSi rogorc amerikelma, aseve

evropelma swavlulebma kastros saqebari uamravi wigni dawe-

res. maT Soris iyvnen rait milsi, kolumbiis universiteti-

dan, norman baili, samuel Sapiro, Jan pol sartri, ualdo

franki da sxvebi. franki kastros geniossac ki uwedebda da

ufro poetad miiCnevda, vidre politikosad [5, 225].

faqtia, rom fidel kastros gavlena ukve imdenad Zlie-

ri iyo kubaSi, rom batistas Semcvleli zomieri politikosis

moZieba ukve SeuZlebeli Seiqmna. amjerad amerikelebma daig-

vianes, da es maTi diplomatiis seriozuli marcxi iyo. kubaSi

ki sul ufro met adamians kastro legendarul, tiraniis wi-

naaRmdeg mebrZol gmirad esaxeboda.

sabolood, rodesac 1958 wlis bolos kastro siera ma-

estras mTebidan barSi Camovida, mis ramdenime aTasi mebrZo-

lisgan Semdgar samxedro dajgufebas batistas 40 aTasma ja-

riskacma da 30 aTasma policielma TiTqmis veRaraferi daupi-

rispira. kubaSi Casuli amerikelebi gaaogna fidelis da misi

`26 ivlisis moZraobis~ mimarT saSualo fenis, rotarianele-

bis, profesionalebis TiTqmis upirobo mxardaWeram [5, 226].

1959 wlis 8 ianvars fidel kastro WeSmarit triumfa-

torad Sevida havanaSi. es iyo SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi

udidesi marcxi `civi omis~ ganmavlobaSi, romelmac ara mar-

to amerikis usafrTxoeba daayena riskis qveS, aramed mniSvne-

lovnad Searyia misi avtoriteti da gavlena msoflioSi, gan-

sakuTrebiT ki laTinur amerikaSi. kubam yvelas aCvena, rom

Turme SesaZlebeli yofila amerikis damarcxeba da isic mis

uaxloes, TiTqmis sakuTar teritoriaze. yovelive es cota

ufro gvian, jon kenedis mmarTvelobis wlebSi gaxda naTeli

[5, 231].

1961 wels fidel kastrom ganacxada, rom kuba irCevda

socializmis gzas. sabWoTa kavSirma maSinve daiwyo kunZuli-

saTvis daxmarebis gaweva. ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi gaiSa-

la grandiozuli samxedro mSenebloba. aerodromebi, sazRvao

navsadgurebi, sastarto moednebi da yvela aucilebeli in-

139

frastruqtura... aseve, iaraRis sawyobebi, yazarmebi da pata-

ra qalaquri dasaxlebebi samxedroebisaTvis. daiwyo mZlavri

mravalfunqciuri radioeleqtronuli sadazvervo centris

mSenebloba, risTvisac gamoiyo havanis samxreT gareubanSi _

l u r d e s e s teritoriaze miwis nakveTi.

karibis krizisis periodSi, rodesac msoflios bedi bew-

vze ekida, lurdeses centridan Semodioda obieqtebis koor-

dinatebi, romelzec damiznebuli iyo kubaSi ganlagebuli

sabWoTa raketebi. aRniSnul iaraRs aucileblobis SemTxveva-

Si SeeZlo ramdenime wuTSi moexdina amerikis samxreTi sanapi-

roebis paralizeba.

garda ZiriTadi amocanebisa _ samxedro dazverva _ cen-

tri, aseve, eweoda teqnikur-ekonomikuri informaciis Segro-

vebas. centris SesaZleblobebi imdenad mZlavri iyo, rom

dazvervis erT-erTma veteranma is Seadara `TeTri saxlis

ovalur kabinetSi damagrebul `xoWos~.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom gaxurebuli `civi omis~ periodSi

centrSi muSaobda 3 aTasi specialisti da momsaxure persona-

li. sistema icavda kubas, rogorc xmeleTidan, aseve haeri-

dan. misi mSenebloba da aRWurva sabWoTa kavSirs 3 miliardi

dolari daujda. miuTiTebdnen, rom centri amerikelebisTvis

iyo, rogorc `TvalSi SerWobili ekali~ [7, 6].

ram gamoiwvia kubaSi sabWoTa raketebis ganlageba, ro-

melmac kacobrioba mesame msoflio omis dawyebis safrTxis

winaSe daayena? gansvenebuli mkvlevris, aleqsandre ronde-

lis mosazrebiT `imisaTvis, raTa sabWoTa raketebis kubaSi

ganlagebiT Tavi usafrTxod egrZno, fidel kastrom didi

dawola ganaxorciela kremlze, romelic adre Tavisuflebis

kunZulis dacvis pirobas iZleoda. kastrom imdens miaRwia,

rom sabWoTa balistikuri raketebi kubaSi ganlagda (cxadia,

amis winaaRmdegi arc sabWoTa kavSiri yofila)~ [8, 144]. aseTi

axsna imdenad primitiulia, rom kritikasac ar eqvemdebareba.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli versiiT, revoluciur kubaSi

sabWoTa birTvuli iaraRis ganTavsebis idea xruSCovs pirve-

lad Tavdacvis ministr malinovskisTan erTad Savi zRvis sa-

napiroze seirnobis dros mouvida. ministrma premieris yu-

radReba imaze gaamaxvila, rom Savi zRvis meore mxares _

140

TurqeTis teritoriaze ganlagebul amerikul raketebs 6-7

wuTis manZlze SeeZloT gaenadgurebinaT ukrainis da ruse-

Tis samxreTi nawilis msxvili qalaqebi. maSin xruSCovma hkiT-

xa malinovskis, Tu ratom ar SeeZlo sabWoTa kavSirs gaekeTe-

bina igive, rasac akeTebda aSS. magaliTad, raketebi ganelage-

bina revoluciur kubaSi, miTumetes, rom amerikas sabWTa kav-

Siri garSemortymuli hyavda samxedro bazebiT, xolo sabWo-

Ta raketebi da atomuri bombebi, mxolod sabWoTa teritori-

aze iyo ganTavsebuli. aSkara uTanabroba!

calmxrivi Sefaseba rom ar gamogvivides da sabWoTa

birTvul-qobiniani raketebis gamSvebi danadgarebis ganTavse-

ba kubis teritoriaze, saidanac aSS-ze ieriSis mitanas sul

ramdenime wuTi dasWirdeboda mxolod xruSCovis axirebiT ar

avsxnaT, gavixsenoT, rom 1961 wels amerikam TurqeTis teri-

toriaze damatebiT ganalaga iupiterebi.

`kubis revoluciis gadasarCenad saWiroa gabeduli nabi-

ji~ _ farisevlurad ganacxada xruSCovma mis agarakze gamar-

Tul `Caize~ skkp politbiuros yvela wevris, agreTve, a. gro-

mikos da ramdenime samxedro sardlis TandaswrebiT... `magram

kastrom ar unda icodes, _ aRniSna xruSCovma, _ rom Cven uk-

ve gadawyvetili gvaqvs aseTi raketebis ganlageba kubaSi da

viTom axla vayenebT aseT winadadebas~.

`raketebi~ _ ganmarta xruSCovma _ aucilebelia Cavita-

noT da ganvalagoT yvela wesis dacviT da amerikelebi ukve

momxdari faqtis winaSe davayenoT. mniSvnelovania _ aRniSna

man _ Tavidan aviciloT presaSi am ambis gaJonva aSS-Si Suale-

duri arCevnebis periodSi, raTa ar gamwvavdes iq viTareba.

roca arCevnebi Catardeba da winasaarCevno maraToni miwyde-

ba, amerikelebs araferi darCebaT garda imisa, rom gadayla-

pon es mware abi~ [9, 367-368]. gaurkvevli iyo mxolod erTi

ram: SeiZleboda Tu ara saidumlod ganelagebinaT saraketo

mowyobiloba kubaze da moeyvanaT isini samxedro mzadyofna-

Si. kunZuli patara iyo da yoveli mxridan grSemortymuli

amerikuli sadazvervo aviaciiT. isic gaurkveveli iyo, daTan-

xmdeboda Tu ara kubis xelisufleba ssrk-is winadadebas. am

sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad uaRresad saidumlo viTarebaSi ku-

baSi sabWoTa delegacia gaigzavna. sabWoTa elCi kubaSi aleq-

141

seevi igonebda, rom fidelma misda gasakvirad, wynarad miiRo

sabWoTa winadadeba birTvuli raketebis kubaSi ganlagebis Se-

saxeb. misi pasuxi aseTi iyo: Tuki es saWiroa socializmisaT-

vis, me mzad var gadavdga aseTi nabiji.

sabWoTa kavSiris elCi vaSingtonSi dobrinini aRniSnavs,

rom 1962 wlis maisidan, mkacri saidumloebis viTarebaSi miR-

weul iqna mniSvnelovani konfidencialuri SeTanxmeba sabWo-

Ta xelmZRvanelobasa da kastros Soris kubaSi birTvuli ra-

ketebis Setanis Taobaze. amave wlis ivnisSi aRniSnuli ideis

samxedro aspeqtebis gansaxilvelad moskovs legendaruli Ce

gevara da raul kastro ewvivnen. raul kastrom Tavdacvis mi-

nistr malinovskisTan moaxdina xelSekrulebis parafireba,

kubaSi raketebis ganlagebis Sesaxeb [9, 368].

kremlis gegmiT raketebis ganlagebas kubis teritoria-

ze ori mizani hqonda: pirveli, rogorc Tavad xruSCovi am-

tkicebda, es iyo kubis dacva, radgan arsebobda seriozuli

albaToba imisa, rom vaSingtoni kastros reJims ar Seurigde-

boda. Tumca isic naTeli iyo, rom kunZulze raketul-bir-

Tvuli bazebis Seqmna ufro metad zrdida amerikelebis kun-

Zulze SeWris risks. aseT riskze rom midioda, xruSCovi er-

Tdroulad cdilobda, Seecvala ssrk-sa da aSS-s Soris ZalTa

strategiuli balansi, eCvenebina sabWoTa siZliere da Seeqmna

pirobebi samxedro Tu ara, politikuri paritetisa mainc. ra

Tqma unda, xruSCovs mSvenivrad esmoda, rom omis SemTxvevaSi

sapasuxo dartymiT amerikas SeeZlo daengria sabWoTa kavSiri

da gaenadgurebina misi mosaxleobis naxevarze meti.

savaraudoa, rom xruSCovs sxva mosazrebebic hqonda. mas

surda Seeqmna aSS-Tan molaparakebis axali pirobebi da Tana-

bari kompromisebis miRwevis saSualebebi. igi aseve cdilobda

am gziT mieRo is, riskenac iswrafvoda 1958-1962 wlebis gan-

mavlobaSi, kerZod, gdr-is aRiareba, dasavleT berlinis axa-

li statusi, omis Semdgomi sazRvrebis cnoba, agreTve serio-

zuli cvlilebebi sabWoTa kavSir-amerikis urTierTobebSi [1,

89-90].

1962 wlis ivlisis bolodan seqtembris Sua ricxvebamde

sabWoTa kavSirma kubaSi daaxloebiT 100 xomaldi gagzavna.

amjerad maT did nawils iaraRi gadahqonda. amerikelTa gaT-

142

vliT gadaizida saSualo moqmedebis radiusis mqone 42 rake-

tis danadgari `dedamiwa-haeri~ tipis sazenito mowyobilobe-

bi da sxv. garda amisa, rogorc es mogvianebiT dadginda, ku-

baSi gadaisroles daaxloebiT 40 aTasi sabWoTa jariskaci [1,

90].

unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela es nabiji Zalzed gasaidum-

loebuli iyo ara marto sazogadoebisaTvis, aramed mTeli

diplomatiuri korpusisaTvis. sabWoTa elCma aSS-Si dobri-

ninma da gaeroSi ssrk-s mudmivma warmomadgenelma valentin

zorinma amis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen. ufro metic, maT in-

struqcia hqondaT: yvela saxis SekiTxvaze raketebis Sesaxeb

gascen pasuxi, rom kubas Cven vawvdiT mxolod Tavdacvis ia-

raRs da araviTari dawvrilebiTi pasuxi ar gaecaT raime bir-

Tvuli iaraRis Sesaxeb kubaSi. Cven Tavdapirvelad arcerTi

amerikeli ar gvisvamda kiTxvas _ ixsenebs elCi, vinaidan ara-

vis TavSi, maT Soris mec ar mogvividoda `aseTi daujerebeli

azri~.

moskovma, saidumlos Senaxvis mizniT faqtiurad sabWo-

Ta elCi motyuebis iaraRad gadaaqcia, rodesac, es ukanaskne-

li amerikel Tanamosaubreebs umtkicebda, rom kubaSi mxo-

lod sabWoTa TavdacviTi xasiaTis iaraRi iyo Setanili. gae-

ros uSiSroebis sabWoSic igives amtkicebda zorini, romel-

mac aseve araferi icoda [9, 368].

TeTr saxls am dros mTeli yuradReba germaniis prob-

lemaze hqonda gadatanili. moulodnelad ki moxda mexis ga-

vardna: aSS-s usafrTxoebas ori aseuli kilometris manZili-

dan sasikvdilo safrTxe daemuqra.

bunebrivia, sabWoTa xomaldebis gadaadgileba ar SeiZ-

leboda SeumCneveli darCeniliyo amerikelebisaTvis. amerikis

mTavrobam Tavisi SeSfoTeba acnoba sabWoTa elCs da, amave

dros, kubis maxloblad didi wvrTnebi Caatara, romlebSic 45

samxedro xomaldi da 10 aTasi sazRvao samxedro monawileob-

da. TviTmfrinavebi awarmoebdnen kubis teritoriis fotog-

rafirebas. seqtembris bolos da oqtombris dasawyisSi Zli-

erma Rrublianobam xeli SeuSala fotodazvervis gagrZele-

bas. amerikelebma mxolod 10 oqtombers SeZles ganeaxlebinaT

dazverva. paralelurad, srulma saidumlo informaciam Sem-

143

degnairad gaJona: sabWoTa suk-is maRali Tanamdebobis piri

oleg penkovski, romelic mogvianebiT jaSuSobis gamo dax-

vrites, TviTon gavida kavSirze amerikis dazvervasTan. kubaSi

sabWoTa birTvuli raketebis Catanis Sesaxeb arsebuli sai-

dumlo informacia dasavleTis dazvervam misi meSveobiT mii-

Ro.

garda amisa, 1962 wlis 14 oqtombers TviTmfrinavma U-2

kubaSi aRmoaCina sastarto moednebi, romelic gankuTvnili

iyo saSualo siSoris raketebis montaJisa da moqmedebisaT-

vis. mopovebulma monacemebma vaSingtonis Soki gamoiwvia. 16

oqtombers fotogadaRebebi da eqspertis daskvnebi preziden-

tis magidaze ido. kenedis brZanebiT TeTr saxlSi saswrafod

`krizisis jgufi~ Seiqmna. pentagonis generalitetis da kon-

gresis liderebis mxardaWeriT xelisuflebis nawili moiT-

xovda gamomJRavnebuli raketebis sastarto moednebis dau-

yovnebliv dabombvasa da amerikis jarebis gadasxmas kubaSi.

zogierTi generali birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebasac ki moiT-

xovda, Tumca es sakiTxi seriozulad ar dauyenebiaT [9, 369].

kenedis pozicia gamosavals diplomatiuri saSualebebis ga-

moyenebaSi xedavda. amave dros samxedro wvrTnebis motiviT

saswrafod daiwyo mzadeba Zalebis sruli mobilizaciisaTvis

[1, 90-91].

18 oqtombers TeTr saxlSi gaimarTa kenedis Sexvedra

sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan andrei gromi-

kosTan, romelic aSS-Si gaeros generaluri asambleis sesiaSi

monawileobis misaRebad imyofeboda.

Sexvedris dawyebamde kenedis magidaze edo utyuari in-

formacia (fotoebi, dazvervis monacemebi) kubaSi sabWoTa

birTvuli iaraRis arsebobis Sesaxeb. rodesac saubari kubis

Temas Seexo, prezidenti dainteresda, xom ar apirebda mosko-

vi kubisaTvis raime `SeteviTi xasiaTis~ iaraRis miwodebas,

razec gromikom kategoriuli uari, anu misi cnobili `Нет~ ganacxada. cota xnis Semdeg prezidenti kvlav daubrunda am

Temas, magram kvlav dabejiTebiTi `Нет~ miiRo.

momdevno wlebSi, Tundac dRemde, bevrs msjeloben ima-

ze, Tu ratom ar daudo win sabWoTa ministrs kenedim utyua-

ri faqtebi. netav ras ityoda am SemTxvevaSi gromiko?

144

rogorc Cans, prezidents jer ar hqonda srulad mofiq-

rebuli Semdgomi moqmedebis gegma. Sexvedris Semdeg kenedis

mTavari daskvna is iyo, rom sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis ndoba

aranairad ar SeiZleboda. maTTvis tyuilsa da marTals erTi

fasi hqonda. aba sxvanairad rogor SeiZleboda aexsna aseTi

utifari saqcieli?

am istoriuli saubris Semdeg ki gromikom kremlSi ase-

Ti saxis informacia gagzavna: `vaSingtonma araferi icis~.

Tavis mogonebebSi gromiko wers: `dasavleTSi gavrcele-

buli cnobebis miuxedavad, mTeli saubris ganmavlobaSi kene-

dis saerTod ar dauyenebia sakiTxi kubaSi sabWoTa saraketo

iaraRis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, me ar viyavi valdebu-

li gameca pasuxi imaze, iyo Tu ara aseTi iaraRi kubaSi~ [10,

393]. amgvarad, gromikom mogvianebiT ara marto daadastura

Tavisi saqcieli, aramed Seecada gaemarTlebina kidec igi,

rac, albaT, isev da isev uzneobaa. Tumca gromiko aRiarebda,

rom mis xangrZliv diplomatiur cxovrebaSi es yvelaze rTu-

li Sexvedra iyo.

faqtia, rom sabWoTa elCma amerikaSi dobrininma es yo-

velive Seityo 22 oqtombers saxelmwifo departamentSi, sa-

dac mas gadasces kenedis werili xruSCovis saxelze da gamos-

vlis teqsti, romliTac ramdenime saaTSi kenedim amerikel

xalxs mimarTa [11, 65].

Tavis istoriul gamosvlaSi kenedim isaubra im saSiSro-

ebaze, rac aSS-is usafrTxoebas Seuqmna sabWoTa kavSiris am

upasuxismgeblo gadawyvetilebam. manamde ki robert kenedi,

prezidentis davalebiT, TiTqmis yoveldRe esaubreboda

ssrk-s elCs vaSingtonSi, gadakvriT acnobda `krizisul

jgufSi~ Seqmnil mkacr ganwyobilebas, dramatuli saxiT xa-

tavda samxedroebis dawolas prezidentze da prezidentis mi-

er maT Sekavebas, raTa sabWoTa mxarisgan mieRo Tanxmoba ku-

bidan raketebis gatanaze [9, 375].

viTareba kidev ufro daiZaba mas Semdeg, rac kenedim mi-

marTa amerikel xalxs da xruSCovs gaugzavna werili. sabWoTa

mTavrobam aSS-s prezidentis mimarTvas da werils upasuxa mu-

qariT: `ssrk-s ar eSinia da igi mzad aris, muqaras upasuxos

mis Sesabamisad, Tu amerikis xelmZRvaneloba ar mouxmobs ke-

145

Tilgonierebas~ [9, 377].

23 oqtombers gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom sagangebo sxdo-

maze ganixila kubaSi Seqmnili viTareba. es iyo yvelaze daZa-

buli sxdoma gaeros arsebobisa da Semdgomi wlebis manZilze.

amerikis elCis SekiTxvas, ganalaga Tu ara moskovma ku-

baSi saraketo SeiaraReba, sabWoTa elCma `zRaprebis moyo-

liT~ upasuxa. `gTxovT mipasuxoT, konkretulad _ xo Tu

ara!~ _ kategoriulad moiTxova amerikis elCma. sabWoTa dip-

lomatis pasuxi kvlav mikibul-mokibuli iyo [1, 93].

amave dRes 19 saaTsa da 36 wuTze (grinviCis droiT) pre-

zidentma kenedim xeli moawera `3504 proklamacias~, romelic

acxadebda, rom 1962 wlis 24 oqtombridan kubis irgvliv ka-

rantini myardeboda. proklamacia `Semtev iaraRad~ Tvlida

ara marto raketebs `dedamiwa-dedamiwas~, aramed bombdamSe-

nebsac. Tavdacvis saministros mieca miTiTeba prezidentis

gadawyvetilebis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. mTavro-

bam karibis zRvis auzSi Tavi mouyara samxedro-sahaero Za-

lebs, paraSutistebs da sazRvao Zalebs. sabrZolo mzadyof-

naSi iqna moyvanili amerikis jarebi dasavleT evropaSi. haer-

Si mudmivad imyofeboda strategiuli aviaciis bombdamSenebis

50 procenti, romlebic birTvuli raketebiT iyvnen aRWurvi-

li. wyalqveSa navebma, romlebic aseve SeiaraRebuli iyo ba-

listikuri birTvuli raketebiT _ `polarisiT~, daikava ope-

ratiuli poziciebi. msoflio idga TermobirTvuli omis sa-

SiSroebis winaSe. ai, ra Sedegebamde SeiZleba miiyvanos kacob-

rioba totaluri reJimis dros erTma pirovnebam _ kacobrio-

ba daRupos da sruli mospobis saSiSroebis winaSe Tu ara,

udidesi katastrofis winaSe daayenos. xruSCovi ki, Tavis

ojaxTan da politbiuros sxva wevrebTan erTad didi Teat-

ris speqtaklebiT nebivrobda. amaze meti cinizmi da kacobri-

obis aseTi saxiT abuCad agdeba, aravis gaukeTebia.

Cven zogadad aRvniSneT aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

mzadyofnaSi moyvanis situaciis Sesaxeb, magram, albaT, ara-

naklebi Zalebi mzadyofnaSi moyvanili hyavda sabWoTa mxares,

Tumca es dRevandlamde gasaidumlebulia [9, 374].

dadga 24 oqtomberi. mTeli amerika pirdapir eTerSi

uyurebs, Tu rogor sruldeba kenedis mier gamocxadebuli

146

karantini kubis garSemo. yvela aRelvebuli Sescqeris rogor

uaxlovdeba `wiTel xazs~ sabWoTa xomaldi, romelzec, al-

baT, birTvuli iaraRia. rCeba 20 mili... 10 mili... 5 mili...

sabWoTa xomaldma gadakveTa `wiTeli xazi~, magram amerike-

lebma es `gadaylapes~. rogorc sabWoTa elCi kubaSi aleqsee-

vi igonebs `amerikis samxedro gemebma ar gaxsnes cecxli, gaa-

tares igi, Semdeg saerTo amosunTqva SvebiT, pirvel rigSi

saelCos TanamSromlebisa~ [9, 380].

imave dRes kubisaken miemarTeboda kidev sabWoTa ori

savaWro gemi wyalqveSa navebis TanxlebiT. 500 milis daSore-

biT kunZul kubidan, Ria zRvaSi Sexvdnen aSS-is samxedro ge-

mebs. amerikis gemis kapitnebs brZaneba hqondaT miRebuli,

rom CaeZiraT wyalqveSa navebi, Tu isini uars ityodnen zRvis

siRrmidan amosvlaze. sabWoTa gemebi damorCildnen da SeCer-

dnen. am ambis Sesaxeb cnobis miRebis Semdeg saxelmwifo mdiv-

nama raskma SvebiT amoisunTqa da Tqva: `Cven ermaneTs Tvali

TvalSi gavuyareT da me vfiqrob, rom Cvenma mterma Tvalebi

daaxamxama~. amrigad, 24 oqtombers, oTxSabaTs, diliT sabWo-

Ta gemebi daemorCilnen amerikis prezidentis mier gamocxa-

debul karantins.

magram krizisi kvlav grZeldeboda. 25 oqtombers sabWo-

Ta samxedroebma kubaSi Camoagdes U-2, daiRupa pilotic. mag-

ram es iyo sabWoTa samxedroebis moskovTan SeuTanxmebeli

moqmedeba, ris gamoc maT sayveduri miiRes. U-2 TviTmfrinavis

Camogdebam, ara marto vaSingtonSi, aramed moskovSi erTgvari

Soki gamoiwvia. amerikis prezidentma marTlac maRali politi-

kuri neba gaamJRavna, ar daemorCila `qorebis~ zewolas da ua-

ri Tqva SeiaraRebul aqciebze kubis winaaRmdeg da sabWoTa ra-

ketebis dabombvaze... daeloda xruSCovis pasuxs [9, 382].

paralelurad, aSS-is samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebi da

mzveravi TviTmfrinavebi karibis zRvaSi kunZulisken mimaval

sabWoTa xomaldebs daeZebdnen. aSS-is Tavdacvis ministris,

robert maknamaras davaleba samxedroebisadmi Semdegi iyo:

nebismieri ucnobi wyalqveSa navis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi ame-

rikul samxedro xomaldebs is unda eiZulebinaT, amosuliyo

wylis zedapirze, gamoeaSkaravebina Tavi da rac mTavaria,

arafris didebiT ar unda daeSvaT misi miaxloeba kubasTan.

147

erT-erTi aseTi wyalqveSa `navi~ iyo Б-59 (nato-s klasifika-

ciiT f o q s t r o t i) _ umZlavresi SeiaraRebiT _ birTvul

qobiniani torpedoebiT aRWurvili es submarini, kidev oTx

sxva wyalqveSa navTan erTad kubis mimarTulebiT micuravda.

maTi amocana aSS-is samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis mier kunZulis

garSemo Seqmnili sazRvao blokadis daZleva da kubis Crdi-

lo sanapiroze, marielis yureSi wyalqveSa navebis bazaSi SeR-

weva iyo. aRniSnul submarins vitali savicki meTaurobda. mas

ori TanaSemwe hyavda _ erTi, vasil arxipovi da meore, moad-

gile politikur nawilSi. submarinis am sam ufros oficers

sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobisgan winaswarve hqonda nebarTva, rom

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, erToblivad mieRoT birTvuli iara-

Ris gamoyenebis gadawyvetileba.

1962 wlis 27 oqtombers, dRis meore naxevarSi movlene-

bi elviseburad ganviTarda. amerikuli saeskadro naRmosnebis

jgufma sabWoTa wyalqveSa navebi aRmoaCina. amerikelebs ver

warmoedginaT Tu saqme bortze birTvuli SeiaraRebis mqone

submarinTan eqnebodaT da wylis siRrmeSi bombebis gaSveba

daiwyes, raTa wyalqveSa navebi aeZulebinaT zedapirze amoey-

vinTaT [12, 62-63].

siRrmuli bombebi, romelsac amerikuli naRmosnebi uS-

vebdnen, sabWoTa submarinis korpusis siaxloves skdeboda.

Б-59-is ekipaJi panikam da qaosma moicva... bortze myofi kavSi-

ris oficeri orlovi ixsenebda: `iseTi SegrZneba gvqonda,

TiTqos rkinis kasrSi visxediT, romelsac garedan viRac Ca-

quCs urtyamda~. da am dros meTauri savicki, romlis fsiqo-

logiuri mdgomareoba ukve kritikul zRvarze iyo, kidev er-

Txel Seecada moskovTan dakavSirebas, maram amaod. sasowar-

kveTili ekipaJi ki amerikelebisaTvis sapasuxo dartymis miye-

nebas moiTxovda. meTaurma, romelic fiqrobda, rom aSS-sa da

sabWoTa kavSirs Soris omi ukve gaCaRda birTvuli torpedoe-

bis gaSveba gadawyvita, miuxedavad imisa, rom kargad icoda es

rogorc misi, ise mTeli ekipaJis aRsasruls niSnavda. `ava-

feTqebT maT. yvelani daviRupebiT, magram CavZiravT maT xo-

lamdebsac!~ _ ambobda da uxmo kidec Tavis or TanaSemwes,

raTa Canafiqris aRsrulebisTvis maTgan aucilebeli nebar-

Tva mieRo.

148

karibis zRvis siRrmeSi, rodesac irgvliv bombebi skde-

boda samma sabWoTa oficerma TaTbiri Caatara da, praqtiku-

lad, kacobriobis bedi gadawyvita. savicki birTvuli torpe-

dos gaSvebis winadadebiT gamovida. igive mosazreba gaiziara

meTauris TanaSemwem politikur nawilSi da gadamwyveti sit-

yva vasil arxipovzea. dabejiTebiT veravin ityvis, zustad

ram ganapiroba arxipovis `ara~ da, albaT, amas arc aqvs arse-

biTi mniSvneloba. faqtia, rom umZimes wuTebSi mxolod im er-

Ti kacis civsisxlianobam, sijiutem da gonierebam aarida

planetas katastrofa, saxelad birTvuli omi.

arxipovma daiyolia savicki, xeli aeRo sapasuxo cec-

xlis gaxsnaze da amoeyvinTaT wylis zedapirze. marTlac, sab-

WoTa wyalqveSa navma, kremlTan kavSirze gasvlamde, SeZlo

aSS-is samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis operatiul jgufs garide-

boda. ramdenime saaTis Semdeg ki kenedim da xruSCovma, miaR-

wies kidec SeTanxmebas... msofliom SvebiT amoisunTqa. Tumca

ki, erTeulebs garda, maSin aravin icoda, rom im SabaT dRes

msoflio birTvuli omis dawyebisgan praqtikulad erTma ada-

mianma _ vasil arxipovma ixsna.

am istoriis Sesaxeb farTo sazogadoebisTvis cnobili

mxolod 2002 wels gaxda. karibis krizisidan meormoce wlis

Tavze, havanaSi gamarTuli konferenciis dros, robert makna-

maram aRiara, rom sinamdvileSi birTvuli omis dawyebis alba-

Toba gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre bevrs warmoedgina. konfe-

renciis organizatorma, aSS-is nacionaluri usafrTxoebis

arqivis direqtorma, tomas blentonma ki ganmarta: `maSin

msoflio erTma kacma, vasil arxipovma gadaarCina~.

am dros samxedro-sazRvao flotis vice-admirali vasil

arxipovi cocxali aRar iyo. is 1998 wlis 19 agvistos, 72

wlis asakSi gardaicvala. 2012 wels didma britaneTma da ru-

seTma gmiris Sesaxeb erToblivi dokumenturi filmi gadai-

Res, romelic 1962 wlis movlenebis monawileTa interviueb-

zea agebuli [12, 63].

molaparakebis procesi ki Semdegnairad warimarTa: mos-

kovsa da vaSingtonSi naTlad gaacnobieres, rogor ekida bew-

vze msoflios bedi da ra myife iyo saerTaSoriso mSvidoba.

xruSCovi kenedis kompromiss sTavazobs, igi mzadaa gaitanos

149

kubidan sabWoTa raketebi, Tuki aSS ivaldebulebs kastros

reJimis xelSeuxeblobas. aseve, vaSingtonma TurqeTidan unda

gaitanos saraketo birTvuli SeiaraReba.

28 oqtombers sabWoTa sainformacio saagento avrce-

lebs cnobas, romelsac msoflio gafacicebiT elis _ krizisi

dasrulebulia!

kubaSi sakiTxis saboloo mogvarebisaTvis moskovma gag-

zavna skkp-s ck-is politbiuros wevri anastas miqoiani. 1962

wlis 3 noembers miqoiani Sexvda kastros. fidelma ukmayofi-

leba gamoTqva sakiTxis aseTi mogvarebis gamo. imaze ki ar

laparakobda, rom msofliom Tavidan aicila birTvuli omi,

aramed imaze, rom Seiqmna Rrma imedgacrueba. rogorc Cans,

kubis lideri Tavs birTvul saxelmwifod warmoidgenda. ig-

rZno, rom ori didi saxelmwifos TamaSSi igi paikis rols as-

rulebda, man xruSCovs `mamaZalRli~ uwoda da uari Tqva Ta-

namSromlobaze ruseTTan raketebis gatanasTan dakavSirebiT.

Tumca misi daxmarebis gareSe es saqme rusebma keTilsindisie-

rad Seasrules [9, 389].

a. rondeli kastros gazviadebul uflebebs aniWebs da

TviTnebobas avtoritetad warmoaCens. kerZod, misi Sexedu-

lebiT `kubaSi sabWoTa raketebiT gamowveuli krizisis Semde-

gac kastro urCobda da sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas didi Za-

lisxmeva dasWirda imisaTvis, rom igi gaeros mier inspeqtire-

baze daeTanxmebina~ [8, 146]. vin ekiTxeboda fidels iaraRis

Setanas an gamotanas kubidan, rodesac 1961 wlidan aq faqti-

urad sabWoTa samxedro baza da mTeli saokupacio sistema

funqcionirebda.

kenedi acxadebda, rom ar iyo winaaRmdegi sabWoTa mxa-

ris mier iaraRis miwodebisa kubisaTvis da TviT sabWoTa ja-

rebis yofnisa kubaSi, magram strategiuli SeteviTi birTvu-

li raketebis ganlageba kubaSi niSnavda aSS-ze Tavdasxmis

momzadebas da ra Tqma unda, amerika am garemoebas gulxel-

dakrefili ar Sexvdeboda [9, 395].

noembris Sua ricxvebSi sabWoTa kavSirma kubidan gaita-

na strategiuli iaraRi. aseve, 21 noembers aSS-m moxsna sam-

xedro-sazRvao blokada da ukan gaiZaxa yvela samxedro gemi

am raionidan. cota xanSi kubidan sabWoTa balistikuri rake-

150

tebis sanacvlod aSS-ebma TurqeTidan yvela ìupiteri~ gai-

tana.

`sabWoTa xalxs~ da maT Soris Cvens samSoblos warmod-

genac ar hqonda imaze, rom sabWoTa birTvuli raketebis ku-

baSi ganlagebis Sedegad ra ubedureba moeloda mas da mTel

msoflios Tu birTvuli omi gaCaRdeboda. presa Zalian mok-

led da zedapirulad aSuqebda Seqmnil viTarebas da cdilob-

da, daefara is gamanadgurebeli saSiSroeba, romelic am avan-

tiuristul moqmedebas SeiZleba mohyoloda.

axla avxsnaT, ra safrTxe emuqreboda saqarTvelos ka-

ribis krizisidan gamomdinare. birTvuli omis SemTxvevaSi,

TurqeTidan amerikuli ìupiterebi~ umiznebdnen Cveni qveynis

(da ara marto saqarTvelos) teritoriaze ganlagebul msxvil

strategiul punqtebsa da samxedro obieqtebs. ìupiterebis~

da ufro mcire radiusis amerikuli birTvuli raketebis sa-

mizneSi iyo Tbilisic, rogorc udidesi mniSvnelobis sabWoTa

samxedro-politikuri centri. saqme imaSia, rom 1989 wlamde

Cveni samSoblo msoflioSi erT-erTi militarizebuli qveyana

iyo. CvenTan imdeni sabWoTa birTvuli qobini inaxeboda, rac

mTeli kontinentis gasanadgureblad ikmarebda.

`civi omis~ dros saqarTveloSi albaT xvdebodnen, rom

sabWoTa birTvuli SeiaraReba sadRac iyo gadamaluli, magram

es im dros zesaidumlo Temas warmoadgenda da vinmes mcire

dainteresebac rom gamoexata, suk-is `klanWebs~ ver gadaur-

Ceboda [13, 50].

sabWoTa kavSirma pirveli atomuri asafeTqebeli mowyo-

biloba 1949 wels gamoscada, oTxi wliT gvian aSS-Tan Seda-

rebiT. 1951 wels moskovs mxolod 35 atomuri bombi hqonda,

romelTa gasatanad TU-4 tipis 22 bombdamSenisagan specialu-

ri polki Seiqmna.

gasagebia, rom atomuri iaraRis aseTi mcire maragis ga-

mo isini sabWoTa kavSiris mTel teritoriaze, da maT Soris

saqarTveloSi, ar ganTavsdeboda. kremlis samxedro-politi-

kuri xelmZRvaneloba asaidumloebda birTvuli qobinebis Se-

sanax adgilebs. Tavdapirvelad, 1951 wlisTvis birTvuli ia-

raRis Sesanaxi oTxi saWiro baza Seiqmna, romelic Soreuli

aviaciis oTxi aerodromis siaxloves iyo ganTavsebuli. es

151

taqtika gasagebi iyo, radgan maSindeli saaviacio bombebi

qarxnidan sawyobebSi daSlili saxiT igzavneboda, romlebsac

sajariso bazebSi awyobdnen.

momdevno wlebSi moskovi agrZelebda birTvuli iaraRis

Semnaxveli centraluri da sajariso bazebis mSeneblobas

mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, maT Soris _ saqarTeloSic. Cvens te-

ritoriaze pirveli birTvuli qobinebi 60-iani wlebis dasaw-

yisidan Semoitanes, rac savaraudod 70-ian wlebSic grZelde-

boda. aRniSnul periodSi kopitnarsa da senakSi SedarebiT

Tanamedrove reaqtiuli sabrZolo TviTmfrinavebi ganTavsda,

xolo gomborze da SaumianSi saraketo nawilebi Seiyvanes.

dRes ukve cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze

inaxeboda taqtikuri da operatiul-taqtikuri SeiaraRebis-

Tvis gankuTvnili 320 erTeuli birTvuli qobini. es sakmaod

didi cifria, radgan safrangeTs amJamad mxolod 350 cali

birTvuli qobini aqvs, did britaneTs _ 225, israels _ 150-

mde, indoeTsa da pakistans _ as-asi. CineTis birTvuli arsena-

li 400 qobiniTaa Sefasebuli. aRarafers vambobT ssrk-sa da

aSS-ze. aRniSnul periodSi somxeTSi 200 aseTi saSiSi `saTama-

So~ inaxeboda, xolo azerbaijanSi _ 75. birTvuli qobinebis

raodenobiT saqarTvelo sabWoTa respublikebs Soris meeqvse

adgils ikavebda [13, 52].

rogorc vxedavT, amqveynad yvelaferi erTmaneTzea ga-

dabmuli, _ erTi SexedviT Soreul kubaSi mimdinare movlene-

bi naklebad unda Sexeboda saqarTvelos... orive mxaris mier

momakvdinebeli iaraRis gamotanam Seanela is safrTxe, rom-

lis baiburSic ar iyvnen imdroindeli saqarTvelos moqalaqe-

ebi [14, 47].

karibis krizisis Semdeg aSS-Si da ssrk-Si daiwyo upre-

cedento gamalebuli birTvuli SeiaraReba. miuxedavad orive

mxaris dainteresebisa birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobaze,

orive es zesaxelmwifo cdilobda, erTmaneTisTvis gaeswro

da upiratesoba moepovebina birTvul SeiaraRebaSi. moskovma

birTvuli iaraRi ganalaga germaniasa da CexoslovakiaSi, xo-

lo aSS-m da didma britaneTma ki _ dasavleT germaniasa da

italiaSi. dasavleTis wamyvanma qveynebma inglisma da safran-

geTma naxes ra, rom maT interesebs aravin icavda da vaSin-

152

gtonsa da moskovze iyo damokidebuli maTi bedi, iwyes Tavisi

qveynis uSiSroebisaTvis damoukideblad zrunva da birTvuli

SeiaraRebis Seqmna.


1. z. abaSiZe, civi omi warsuli Tu dRevandeloba? Tbilisi,

2009. 2. a. sonRulaSvili, dazvervis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2008.

3. gaz. `saqarTvelo da msoflio~, 2015, #9.

4. a. meqvabiSvili, msoflio dRes, Tbilisi, 2006.

5. v. kaWarava, kubis revolucia da eizenhaueris administra-

cia, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbi-

lisi, 2010, #2.

6. Антонио Нуньес Хименес, В походе с Фиделем 1959, Москва,

1984. 7. К. Ришес, Нам дорогой друг, Журн. `Загадки истории~, 2019, №6.

8. a. rondeli, patara qveyana saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, Tbi-

lisi, 2008.

9. n. nanitaSvili, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 100 wlis

istoria _ XX saukune, Tbilisi, 2002.

10. А. Громыко, Помятное, Книга первая, Москва, 1988.

11. А. Добрынин, Сугубо доверительно, Москва, 1996.

12. g. uSariZe, adamiani, romelmac kacobriobas mesame msof-

lio omi aarida, Jurn. àrsenali~, 2015, #5.

13. i. aladaSvili, saqarTveloSi 320 birTvuli qobini inaxe-

boda, Jurn. àrsenali~, 2012, #23.

14. i. aladaSvili, kubidan birTvuli raketebis gataniT sa-

qarTvelomac ixeira, Jurn. àrsenali~, 2012, #24.

153

Avtandil Songulashvili Doctor of History, professor, Ivane Java-khishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, the Head of Department of the Modern and Contemporary History

The Caribbean (Cuban) Crisis and Georgia

Summary

The Caribbean (Cuban) Crisis and Georgia Resume Confrontation

between two systems reached its culmination in the autumn of 1962, when the Soviet Union deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The whole mankind was put on the threshold of inevitable destruction. in the end, the bilateral negotiations had a successful outcome _ Moscow withdrew nuclear missiles from Cuba and Washington removed its "Jupiters" from the territory of Turkey. In case of Nuclear war, Georgia (and not only our country) would be exterminated, as from the beginning of 1960s, 320 units of nuclear warheads were stored on the territory of Georgia and it would become one of the main targets for the US military strikes from the bases located in Turkey. It became known only in 1989.

154

mzia tyavaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis sa-

xelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-

ti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis axali da uax-

lesi istoriis ganyofilebis mecnier-Ta-

namSromeli

haji-muradis politikuri portretisaTvis

(nawili I)

`me, haji-muradi da xunZeTis maSindeli mmarTveli (xani)

omar-xani, yazi-molas dros viyaviT mSvidobianebi. amis gamo

yazi-mola Cven gvmtrobda da yvela saSualebiT cdilobda

xunZeTi miemxro~ [6, 525] _ ase iwyebs ruseTis winaaRmdeg kav-

kasiis xalxTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis Tvalsa-

Cino meTauri haji-muradi Tavis politikur biografias, ro-

melic misi cxovrebis SeswavlisTvis ZiriTadi wyaroa da ru-

seTis mxares misi gadasvlis (1851 wlis 23 noemberi) [6, 525]

Semdeg gvardiis rotmistr loris-meliqovis saxelzea dawe-

rili. pirvel pirSi dawerili moxsenebiTi baraTi lakonuri

da uSualoa.

aSkaraa, rom haji-murads Tavisi ganvlili cxovrebis Se-

saxeb kiTxvebs usvamdnen da mis pasuxebs iwerdnen, romelsac

bolos gaukeTes redaqtireba da oficialuri dokumentis sa-

xe misces. es procesi ramdenime dRis (SesaZloa kviris) gan-

mavlobaSi grZeldeboda da masSi CarTuli iyo Tarjimani.

moxsenebiT baraTs asec ewodeba: haji-muradis monaTxrobisa

da Cvenebebis mixedviT loris meliqovis mier gakeTebuli Ca-

naweri [6, 525-530].

kavkasiis mefisnacval m. voroncovis TqmiT, loris meli-

qovs `aseT pirovnebebTan urTierTobis didi gamocdileba

hqonda~ [13, 185]. swored misi meTvalyureobis qveS imyofeboda

haji-muradi Crdilo kavkasiidan tiflisSi gadmoyvanis Semdeg

(nuxaSi gamgzavrebamde _ 1852 wlis 18 aprilamde) [6, 538].

155

haji-muradis politikuri biografiisTvis moxsenebiTi

baraTi ar aris erTaderTi wyaro. misi cxovrebis zogierTi

detalis dazusteba kavkasiis rusuli administraciis moxele-

ebis oficialuri werilebidan, daRestneli istorikosebis:

muhamed al-karaxis (Samilis biografi), alkadaris, rusi av-

torebis: a. neverovskis, v. pottos da sxvaTa naSromebidanac

xerxdeba.

haji muradi warmoSobiT xunZaxis saxanodan, aul celme-

sidan iyo. misi dabadebis dRis Sesaxeb pirdapiri cnobebi ar

gvaqvs, miuxedavad amisa mkvlevrebma, sxvadasxva monacemebis

urTierTSejerebiT, misi am qveynad movlinebis dro miaxloe-

biT gansazRvres (1815, 1816, 1818 wlebi). moyvanili TariRebi-

dan CemTvis yvelaze misaRebi 1815 welia. am SemTxvevaSi amo-

saval wertilad miviCnev haji-muradis moxsenebiT baraTSi

arsebul informacias, romlis mixedviTac is 1830 wels da-

RestanSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi monawileobda

(igulisxmeba yazi-molas Tavdasxma xunZeTis saxanos centr

xunZaxze), rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom am dros is srulwlovani,

anu daRestnelTa tradiciis mixedviT, 15 wlis iyo [9, 325].

aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom igi 1815 wlis Semdeg ver gaC-

ndeboda.

rac Seexeba mis bavSvobas, ver gaviziareb samecniero wre-

ebSi gavrcelebul mosazrebas, rom misi bavSvobis Sesaxeb ara-

feria cnobili [13, 160]. haji-muradi iyo xunZeTis xanis ahme-

dis vaJebis ZiZiSvili, rac bevr rameze metyvelebs. kerZod

ki, aRniSnuli informacia misi ojaxis socialur mdgomareo-

baze da statusze gviqmnis warmodgenas. xunZeTSi arsebuli

tradiciiT, xanebi TavianT Svilebs mxolod pirveli xarisxis

uzdenis ojaxSi aZiZavebdnen, pirveli xarisxis uzdenebi meo-

re xarisxis uzdenebTan da a. S. [9, 324]. am cnobaze dayrdno-

biT, Tamamad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom haji-muradis ojaxi pirve-

li xarisxis uzdenis kategorias miekuTvneboda.

pirveli xarisxis uzdenebi mZlavri da gavleniani fena

iyo daRestanSi.

kavkasiis mTielebSi ZuZumteoba sisxliT Zmobaze wmindad

miiCneoda [9, 324].

ojaxs, romelsac xunZeTis xanis vaJi dabadebisTanave mia-

156

bares, misi saTanadod aRzrda unda uzrunveleyo. kavkasiaSi

vaJebis CamoyalibebaSi samxedro Cvevebis ganviTarebas gansa-

kuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen. xunZeTis xanis vaJis sauke-

Teso meomrad aRzrda ZuZumtis ojaxis mTavari movaleoba da

mamamZuZis funqcia iyo. amis gamo ojaxis SerCevisas upirve-

lesad iTvaliswinebdnen ojaxis ufrosi mamakacis daxelovne-

bas samxedro saqmeSi.

momavali xanis aRzrdasTan erTad mamamZuZes sxva aranak-

leb mniSvnelovani valdebulebac hqonda Sesasrulebeli. mas

sakuTar SvilebSi gansakuTrebuli Cvevebis Canergva da im sa-

patio movaleobisTvis momzadeba evaleboda, rac tradiciiT

ZuZumtes ekisreboda _ piradi mcvelis. es ZuZumtis karg sam-

xedro momzadebas gulisxmobda (unda daecva da saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi uyoymanod gaewira sakuTari sicocxle mis gada-

sarCenad), mrCevlis, erTguli megobris... ZuZumtes elementa-

ruli ganaTlebac aucileblad eqneboda miRebuli. xunZeTis

xanis vaJi srulwlovanebis Semdgom Tavis ojaxs ubrundebo-

da. ZiZiSvili amis Semdegac misi ganuyreli mxlebeli xdebo-

da. e. i. haji-muradi iseve izrdeboda rogorc xunZeTis saxa-

nos upirvelesi piri.

zemoT moyvanili garemoebebidan gamomdinare, ZuZumte

zedmiwevniT erkveoda rogorc dabali, aseve maRali wris

cxovrebis, da zogadad, sazogadoebrivi yofis yvela niuan-

sSi. igi uSualod monawileobda yvela mniSvnelovan politi-

kur procesSi (rogorc gadawyvetaSi, ise mis ganxorcieleba-

Si), mas piradi nacnoboba akavSirebda kavkasiis politikur

elitasTan (anu icoda maTi niWisa da xasiaTis Taviseburebebi

_ maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebi). im SemTxvevaSi Tu

ZuZumte, bedis wyalobiT, niWieric aRmoCndeboda, anu bune-

bac izrunebda masze, igi saxanos pirveli pirisTvis Seucvle-

li xdeboda da bunebrivia, misi gavlena saxanos sagareo Tu

saSinao cxovrebaze sakmaod didi iyo (erTguli da brZeni

mrCeveli, saimedo mcveli _ mokled SeiZleba ase davaxasia-

ToT ZuZumte).

haji-muradis biografia imis SesaniSnavi magaliTia, rom

xunZeTis xan ahmeds (1802-1823) (misi Svilis ZuZumte iyo haji-

muradi) gaTvla ar SeSlia da ojaxic SesaniSnavad SeurCevia.

157

Seudarebeli meomrebi iyvnen xunZeTis xanis vaJebi. isini sak-

maod adre gardaicvalnen, Tumca is mwiri cnobebi, romelic

maTi sabrZolo biografiidan SemorCa, simamacesa da karg sam-

xedro momzadebaze mianiSnebs [5, 575]. Tamamad SeiZleba iT-

qvas, rom haji-muradi da misi Zma osmanic yvela im TvisebiT

iyvnen dajildoebulni, rac ZuZumtes moeTxoveboda _ iyvnen

erTgulebi, guladebi, Tavganwirulebi.

ojaxi, romlis vaJis ZuZumtec haji-muradi iyo, rusebis

mimarT gansakuTrebuli siZulviliT gamoirCeoda.

1802 wels jenguTais erT-erTma bekma sulTan-ahmedma [3,

25] xunZeTis uma-xanis (1774-1801) gardacvalebis Semdeg mis

[15, 325] qvriv gixilze iqorwina da am gziT xunZeTis xani gax-

da [11, 354; 12, 3]. 1802 wels man ruseTis erTgulebaze daifi-

ca da daeniSna yovelwliuri jamagiri 5000 man. vercxliT,

Tumca amis Semdeg maleve iyo SemCneuli RalatSi. 1803 wels

ruseTis xelisuflebam (saqarTvelos mTavarsardalma p. ci-

cianovma) mas urCobis gamo jamagiris micema Seuwyvita.

Semdgom periodSi garTulebuli sagareo viTarebisa da

sparseTTan da osmaleTTan saomari konfliqtebis (1804-1813

wlebis ruseT-sparseTisa da 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-osmale-

Tis omebi) gamo ruseTma kavkasiis mTis samflobeloebis mi-

marT xist damokidebulebas daTmobebis politika arCia.

aRniSnul periodSi amas daemata ahmed-xanis mier ruseTis

xelisuflebis mimarT gamoCenili damsaxurebac, kerZod ki,

1806 wels Waris lekebis morCilebaSi moyvanaSi Setanili

wvlili [11, 355].

1807 wels _ saqarTvelos mTavarsardal gudoviCis (1806-

1809) dros _ ruseTis imperatorma Tanxmoba ganacxada ruse-

Tis safarvelis qveS xunZeTis Sesvlaze. ahmed xanma kapitan

orbelianTan ruseTis erTguleba kvlav ficiT daadastura

da tiflisSi `amanaTi~ gagzavna. mas kvlav dauniSnes pensia da

uboZes general-maioris Cini [11, 355].

ruseTis xelisuflebaSi kargad xvdebodnen, rom es moCve-

nebiTi qmedeba iyo [14, 197] _ kavkasiis administracias infor-

macia informaciaze misdioda ruseTis sawinaaRmdego gamos-

vlebSi xunZebis monawileobis Sesaxeb. 1812 wels ki xunZeTis

xani sparseTTan urTierTobaSic iyo SemCneuli [2, 639] _ Tum-

158

ca, radganac kavkasiaSi ruseTs mcirericxovani samxedro kon-

tigenti hyavda da isic sparseTTan da osmaleTTan saomar

moqmedebebSi iyo CarTuli, xolo xunZeTis xani ruseTis wina-

aRmdeg aSkara da masStaburi gamosvlebisgan Tavs ikavebda,

ruseTic mis mimarT damsjeli RonisZiebebis gatarebas Tavs

aridebda.

ahmed xanis `mSvidobianoba~ 1818 wlamde gagrZelda. ro-

gorc ki rusebma (kavkasiis mTavarmmarTebeli inf. gen. al.

ermolovi _ 1816-1827) Crdilo kavkasiis dablobze cixesimag-

reebis: groznaias [8, 298], vnezapnaias, burnaias mSenebloba

daiwyes da daRestnelebs dablobTan kavSiri SeuzRudes, ah-

med-xani daRestnelTa antirusul brZolas maSinve Caudga sa-

TaveSi [3, 4; 8, 301]. am brZolaSi mas gverdidan ar moSorebia

Zma _ jenguTais xani hasani, romelic daRestnelebSi didi av-

toritetiT sargeblobda [8, 308].

ruseTsa da xunZeTis xanebs Soris daZabulobam kulminacias

aleqsandre batoniSvilis xunZeTSi yofnis gamo miaRwia, rome-

lic aq 1818 wlis Semodgomamde imyofeboda. amis Sesaxeb ahmed

xanis ojaxma mxolod maSin acnoba ruseTis administracias, ro-

desac qarTvelma batoniSvilma datova xunZeTi da sparseTSi ga-

emgzavra. es faqti, ra Tqma unda, xunZeTis xanis ojaxis ruseTis

orgulobis aSkara dadasturebas warmoadgenda. ucnobi avtori

werda: `1818 wels, general ermolovis brZanebiT, sulTan ahmed-

xans kvlav Seuwyvites jamagiris micema, radganac misma colma

ruseTis kavkasiur administracias droulad ar miawoda dapire-

buli cnobebi batoniSvil aleqsandreze. amas daemata gavrcele-

buli xmebi xanis mtruli moqmedebebisa da daRestnis ajanyebaSi

monawileobis Sesaxeb~ [11, 355].

am periodSi xunZeTis xanis erT-erTi vaJi haji-muradis

ojaxSi izrdeboda. zogi istorikosis mtkicebiT (maT Tavian-

Ti mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad argumentebi ar mohyavT), xun-

ZeTis xanis ufrosi vaJi _ abu-sulTan nusal-xani _ iyo haji

muradis Zmis, osmanis ZuZumte da e. i. misi Tanatoli [7, 206];

a. neverovskis gadmocemiT ki, meore vaJi _ uma (omari) iyo ha-

ji-muradis ZuZumte [10, 31]. me neverovskis Tvalsazriss vem-

xrobi _ Tavis moxsenebiT baraTSi haji-muradi yovelTvis ax-

senebs uma-xans (omar-xans) (is araerTgzis wers: `me da omar

159

xani~), romlis ganuyreli mxlebelic, moxsenebiTi baraTidan

Cans, rom TviTon aris. haji-muradi uma-xanis ZuZumte rom ar

yofiliyo, am ukanasknels sxva mxlebeli (anu sxva ZuZumte)

eyoleboda. Tumca, aqve aRvniSnav, rom osmanis abu sulTan

nusal-xanis ZuZumteobasac Tavisi argumenti aqvs. kerZod,

xunZeTis xanisa da misi Zmis mkvlelobaze SurisZiebisas mTa-

vari roli swored osmanma Seasrula.

1819 wlis agvistoSi ahmed-xani daRestnelTa da CeCenTa (6

aTasi CeCeni) gaerTianebuli ZalebiT rusul mSenebare cixesi-

magre vnezapnaias siaxloves (6 versze) dabanakda [3, 11, 26-27].

al. ermolovi iZulebuli gaxda 29 agvistos urCebis dasas-

jelad vnezapnaiadan razmi gaeyvana. daRestnelebi damar-

cxdnen [3, 10]. ermolovi werda: `3 seqtembris RamiT moRalate

sulTan-ahmed-xani, misi Zma hasan-xani, romelic jariT mis da-

saxmareblad iyo mosuli, pirvelebi gaiqcnen. maT danarCenebi

iseTi siswrafiT mihyvnen, rom puric ki, romelic Zalian sWir-

debaT, datoves da simsubuqisTvis gadayares tansacmlis nawi-

lic. me marSiT gaviare mTeli mTa. yvelgan vTesavdi SiSs... ga-

vanadgure ramdenime auli da mindorSi mTeli puris naTesebi

da gzaze arcerTi adamiani ar Semxvedria. mteri mTlianad gai-

fanta~. ermolovi vnezapnaiaSi 5 seqtembers dabrunda [3, 27].

saqarTvelos mTavarsardali mxolod daRestanSi laSqro-

bas ar dasjerda. man sulTan ahmed-xanis ojaxs xanis tituli

CamoarTva da surxai-xans gadasca. am ukanasknelis Sesaxeb

1819 wlis 27 seqtembers al. ermolovi aleqsandre I-s swerda:

`xunZeTSi movZebne yofili xanis naTesavi, axalgazrda kaci,

romelsac yvela wesiT ekuTvnis saxanos marTva, rasac is mok-

lebuli iyo yofili xanis colis siveragis gamo, romelic am-

Jamad aris gamyidveli xanis coli. mis mxares Cemi wyalobiT

ukve bevri xalxia. avarias vaWroba SevuzRudeT. me amJamad am

kacs vgzavni xunZeTSi, rom isargeblos xelsayreli situaci-

iT, rac Seiqmna moRalate xanis damarcxebis Semdeg. ase rom

daisjeba moRalate~ [3, 27].

arsebuli cnobebiT, ermolovis mier naxsenebi surxai iyo

xunZeTis xanis uma V-is Zmis _ gebekas _ ukanono Svili. alkada-

ri aRniSnavs, rom gebekac ukanono Svili iyo [7, 176]. radganac

surxai gebekas Cankasgan (mdabio qalisgan) hyavda, daRestnelTa

160

adaTis mixedviT, mas ar hqonda xanis titulis miRebis ufleba,

ris gamoc iyo yvelasTvis ucnobi da imyofeboda damcrobil

mdgomareobaSi [11, 354]. 1819 wlis dekemberSi surxais xunZeTis

xanis tituli ukve ruseTis imperatorma daumtkica [11, 356].

ermolovma xunZebis winaaRmdeg sanqciebic gaamkacra _

maT ruseTis kontrolirebad teritoriaze (maT Soris nuxasa

da kaxeTSi) vaWroba aekrZalaT [3, 26], rac Zalze didi dar-

tyma iyo maTTvis, radganac aRniSnuli saxano simwiriT gamo-

irCeva da mis mcxovreblebs sakuTari mosavliT Tavis gatana

mxolod sami-oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SeuZliaT [16, 19]. es Ro-

nisZieba ruseTis kavkasiurma administraciam odnav mogviane-

biT axali xanis _ surxais _ gavlenis ganmtkicebis mizniTac

gamoiyena _ ermolovma mxolod im xunZebs darTo barTan vaW-

robis nebarTva, romlebic gamSveb punqtze surxais beWdian

bileTs waradgendnen [3, 26].

1820 wels gardaicvala jenguTais xani hasani [3, 11, 28],

romelic, rusi moxeleebis SefasebiT, `ufro didi SfoTisTavi

iyo~, vidre misi Zma, xunZeTis xani ahmedi [3, 4, 11, 22, 23]. am

ukanasknelma ki amqveyniuri cxovreba 1823 wels datova [3, 18].

1828 wlidan rusul dokumentebSi kvlav Cndebian xunZe-

Tis xanis ahmedis ojaxis wevrebi. 1828 wlis zafxulSi xunZe-

Tis xanis sulTan-ahmedis ufrosma vaJma abu-sulTan nusalma

mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis TxovniT mimarTa ruseTis xelisufle-

bas [4, 520], 9 seqtembers ki ojaxisa da qveSevrdomebis saxe-

liT ruseTis erTgulebaze sazeimod daifica.

kavkasiis mTavarmmarTebelma gen. feldm. grafma i. f. pas-

keviCma (1827-1831) 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoCenili erTgule-

bisTvis, xunZeTis xanis tituli SeunarCuna surxai-xansac,

oRond moaxdina samflobeloebis gamijvna, anu 1828 wlidan

ruseTma xunZeTSi ori mmarTveli dasva (abu-nusal-xani da

surxai-xani), radganac es ruseTis interesebisTvis sasargeb-

lod miiCnia. 1829 wlis martSi imperatoris brZanebiT, xunZe-

Tis orive xans: abu-nusal sulTans da surxai xans mieniWaT

polkovnikis Cini da daeniSnaT yovelwliuri pensia 2000 man.

vercxliT. maT aseve gadaecaT droSebi saimperatoro RerbiT

da Zvirfasi xmlebi warweriT. abu-nusal-xanis ojaxis wevreb-

ma ki saCuqrebic miiRes. abu-sulTan-nusal-xani da surxai xa-

161

ni paskeviCisgan mkacrad iqnen gafrTxilebulni, rom impera-

toris wyalobiT mxolod mas Semdeg isargeblebdnen, rodesac

urTierTSoris mtrobas Sewyvetdnen [11, 356-357].

1828 wels daRestanSi mniSvnelovani movlena moxda _ miu-

ridebis pirveli imami yazi mola gaxda (1828-1832). igi warmo-

SobiT xunZeTidan iyo. miuridebi daRestnis mcxovreblebSi Sa-

riaTis danergvas cdilobdnen, romelic mxolod sasuliero

xelisuflebas cnobda da yvela musulmanis Tanasworobas qa-

dagebda [11, 357]. am principidan gamomdinare miuridebisa da

xunZeTis xanebis interesebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli iyo. 1830 wels yazi-molam xunZeTis abu-sulTan nusal-xans

mis mxareze gadasvla da SeerTebuli ZalebiT akuSaze galaS-

qreba mosTxova. gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi igi yazi-yumuxze

laSqrobas, aslan-xanis damarcxebas da rusul jarze Tavdas-

xmas gegmavda. xunZeTis xani abu-nusali da misi deda, rome-

lic xunZeTis saxanos realuri mmarTveli iyo, mas ar miem-

xrnen [11, 357].

imamad gaxdomidan ori wlis Semdeg, yazi-molas brZanebiT,

miuridebma ieriSi xunZeTis xanebis rezidenciaze (aul xunZax-

ze) ganaxorcieles. haji muradi am dros ukve srulwlovani

iyo da piradad iRebda monawileobas aRniSnul ambebSi. swored

am movlenis aRweriT iwyebs igi Tavis moxsenebiT baraTs:

`yazi-molas dros me, haji-muradi da xunZeTis maSindeli

mmarTveli omar-xani, viyaviT mSvidobianebi. amis gamo yazi-mola

Cven gvmtrobda da yvela saSualebiT cdilobda xunZeTi Tavis

mxares gadaeyvana. dainaxa ra, rom molaparakebebiT amis miRweva

SeuZlebeli iyo, Seagrova momxreTa didi partia da alya Semo-

artya xunZaxs. xunZebma Tavdacva gadawyvites. yazi-mola ukuiq-

ca da moklulTa saxiT daaxloebiT 100 adamiani datova. maT-

Tvis warTmeuli `niSnebi~ Cven maSin tiflisSi saqarTvelos mTa-

varsardalTan gamovgzavneT [6, 525]. am dros mokles mamaCemic~.

saqme exeba 1830 wlis Teberval-martSi momxdar ambebs.

haji muradi `mSvidobianobaSi~ ruseTis erTgulebaze xunZe-

bis daficebas gulisxmobs. aRniSnul movlenebze maiori yor-

Ranovi paskeviCs 1830 wlis 15 marts Semdegs werda: `Teber-

valSi yazi-molam Seutia avarias. mivida xunZaxSi da moiTxo-

va, rom avariis xani damorCileboda da mis partias SeerTebo-

162

da. Semdeg is rusebze Setevas gegmavda. avariis xani cixesi-

magreSi gamagrda da ar miiRo misi winadadeba. yazi-molam ie-

riSi miitana. avariis xani cixidan gamovida da daamarcxa ya-

zi-mola, romelmac moklulTa da daWrilTa saxiT dakarga

380 adamiani. amboben, rom TviT yazi-molac daiWra~ [4, 515].

miuridebze gamarjvebisTvis ruseTis kavkasiurma administra-

ciam xunZeTis xans wyalobis sigeli, xolo misi ojaxis wev-

rebs saCuqrebi gaugzavna [11, 356-357].

1831 wels yazi-molas momxreTa ricxvi gaizarda [5, 532,

534]. igi gamudmebul Tavdasxmebs axorcielebda rusul sam-

xedro postebze. erT-erTi rusuli oficialuri dokumentis

mixedviT, am dros (1831 wlis bolos) yazi-molas mxares ukve

gadasula xunZeTis xanis ojaxi, romelTa qveSevrdomebi miu-

ridebTan erTad monawileobas iRebdnen rusebis winaaRmdeg

1832 wlis oqtomberSi aul gimrTan brZolaSi [5, 574]. pirveli

imami gimris alyis dros mokles rusebma [5, 564]. masTan er-

Tad sangarSi myofi cameti miurididan cocxali mxolod Sa-

mili gadarCa [7, 201].

yazi-molas Semdeg imami hamzaT beki gaxda (1832-1834).

rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi hamzaT bekma jer kidev ya-

zi-molas sicocxleSi gamoiCina Tavi. mis dapatimrebas, ruse-

TisTvis gadacemas an likvidacias araerTgzis sTxovda xunZe-

Tis xanis ojaxs ruseTis kavkasiuri administracia, Tumca

isini amaze kategoriul uars acxadebdnen [5, 565-566, 567].

hamzaTic warmoSobiT xunZeTis saxanodan iyo. is aul go-

catlSi cxovrobda [5, 585]. ymawvilobaSi mSoblebma saswav-

leblad aul xunZaxSi gagzavnes da xanis ojaxma Seifara. mas-

ze didi amagi hqonda xunZeTis xanis col paxu-bikes (paxu-bike

iyo xunZeTis xan uma V-is qaliSvili, romelic, xunZeTis xanis

titulis ganmtkicebis mizniT, ukve xunZeTis xan ahmeds co-

lad SerTo dedinacvalma gixilma, romelic TviTonac ahmed

xanze iyo daqorwinebuli). Tumca mxolod hamzaTTan piradi

nacnoboba ar iyo xunZeTis xanis ojaxis mxridan ruseTisTvis

mis gadacemaze uaris Tqmis mizezi. paxu-bikes ruseTis mom-

xreoba mxolod moCvenebiT xasiaTs atarebda da sinamdvileSi

is maTi Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdege iyo. hamzaTis gadacemaze

misi uari iyo garkveuli ganacxadi, rom rusebis erTguleba-

163

ze daficebis miuxedavad xunZeTis xanis ojaxi ruseTis karna-

xiT saxanos marTvas ar apirebda.

paxu-bikes (marTvis saqmeebSi Svilis – axalgazrda abu nu-

sal xanis _ gamoucdelobis gamo, xunZeTs faqtiurad paxu-bike

ganagebda) sapasuxo werilSi vkiTxulobT: rom marTalia, ham-

zaT beki maT rezidenciasTan axlos cxovrobs da misi mokvla

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, Tumca es Zalian rTulia, radganac is

aris islamis damcveli da rCeuli da aseTi qmedeba SariaTis

darRvevas niSnavs. misi naTesavebic siyvaruliT emsaxurebian

xanis ojaxs, ris gamoc mis dasjas ar apirebs [5, 570].

aRniSnuli werili metad sainteresoa, radganac misi Sina-

arsidan irkveva, rom xunZeTis xanis ojaxi ukve miuridebis

mxares gadasula, yovel SemTxvevaSi `SariaTis darRvevaze~

ganacxadi, am moZraobisadmi maT TanagrZnobaze metyvelebs.

1833 wlis 14 seqtembris rozenis CerniSevisadmi miweril

werilSi ukve pirdapir weria, rom xunZeTis xanis qvrivma Ta-

visi vaJebiT hamzaT beks rusebis winaaRmdeg erTobliv moqme-

debaze Tanxmoba ganucxada da SariaTTan SeerTebis fici da-

do [5, 571]. isini erToblivad cdilobdnen rusebis winaaR-

mdeg mTiani daRestnis ajanyebas [5, 572].

1834 wlis dasawyisidan ruseTis xelisufleba xunZeTis

xanis ojaxs jamagirs aRar aZlevda da maTTan yovelgvari ur-

TierTobac gawyvita [5, 575].

am xerxma imoqmeda. xunZeTis xanis ojaxma hamzaTisgan gan-

dgoma daiwyo [5, 575]. maT Soris mdgomareoba ukiduresad da-

Zaba hamzaTis Tavdasxmam xunZeTis xanis ojaxis kuTvnil

cxvris faraze. xunZeTis axalgazrda xanebma Tavdacvisas ham-

zaTs cxra adamiani moukles, maT Soris misi biZaSvili da uax-

loesi megobari. mZimed daiWra hamzaTic [5, 575]. qonebis dac-

visas Cadenili mkvleloba arc SariaTis da arc adaTis mixed-

viT sasjels ar eqvemdebareba.

1834 wlis 12 aprils baroni rozeni swerda CerniSevs: `nu-

sal-xanisa da misi axloblebisTvis jamagiris Sewyvetam, eSmak

paxu-bikes saCivrebze yuradRebis miuqcevlobam... sasurveli

warmateba mogvitana. paxu-bikesa da hamzaT beks Soris Tavda-

pirvelad warmoiSva ukmayofileba, romelic bolos aSkara

mtrobaSi gadaizarda~ [5, 576].

164

paxu-bike iZulebuli gaxda daxmareba rusebisTvis eTxova

_ man 1834 wlis aprilSi erTgulebis dasamtkiceblad meore

vaJi uma-xani (omar-xani) àmanaTad~ (mZevlad) gagzavna tif-

lisSi. masTan erTad imyofeboda haji muradic, romelic am

ambis Sesaxeb Semdegs yveba:

`rusebis mier yazi-molas mokvlis Semdeg gamoCnda ham-

zaT-beki; isic ganadgurebiT gvemuqreboda. me da omar-xani

iZulebulni gavxdiT aTi dRiT CamovsuliyaviT tiflisSi da

mis winaaRmdeg daxmareba gveTxova. Tumca vicxovreT ra tif-

lisSi aTi dRe da ver miviReT sasurveli daxmareba, saxlSi

davbrundiT~ [6, 525].

1834 wlis zafxulSi viTareba xunZeTSi dramatulad wari-

marTa. orive mxare momxreebs ikrebda da erTmaneTis winaaR-

mdeg saomrad emzadeboda [5, 578]. ivlisSi hamzaTma alya Semo-

artya xunZeTis xanebis rezidencias da mokla xunZeTis xanis

vaJebi [5, 581]. haji muradi am movlenas ase aRwers:

àvariaSi Cveni misvlidan maleve, xunZaxs alya Semoartya

hamzaT-bekma. ar gvyavda ra TavdacvisTvis sakmarisi Zalebi,

gadavwyviteT misTvis àmanaTebi~ migveca, romelTa Sorisac

iyo xunZeTis xanis umcrosi Zma; mZevlebis micemis momentSi

mterTan gaimarTa kamaTi: omar-xani Tavis or ZmasTan da

ocamde momxresTan erTad sicocxles gamoasalmes. amis Sem-

deg hamzaT-bekma daikava xunZaxi da ori Tvis manZilze mar-

Tavda mTel xunZeTs~ [6, 526].

am dros hamzaT beks 10000 meomari hyavda [5, 587]. Tumca

is Semdgom periodSi ganicdis warumateblobas wudaxareleb-

Tan da akuSelebTan brZolaSi [5, 588].

xunZeTSi momxdarma tragediam daRestnelebze mZime ze-

gavlena moaxdina. seqtemberSi xunZeTis saxanoSi hamzaT bekis

winaaRmdeg mRelvareba daiwyo. 7 seqtembers SeTqmulebma, ro-

melTa erT-erTi meTauri haji muradi iyo, meore imami xunZa-

xis meCeTSi mokles [5, 588]. misi aRweriT:

`gamudmebiT visaxavdi ra miznad damebrunebina Cemi sam-

SoblosTvis Tavisufleba da msurda, rom Camomegdo hamzaTi,

Cems ufros Zma osmanTan erTad Tavi movuyare 10 Tanamoazres

da meCeTSi movkaliT is. Cemi Zma osmani, romelmac hamzaTs

xanjali Caartya, misma nuqerebma mokles. hamzaTis axloblebi

165

xanis saxlSi gamagrdnen. maT ar surdaT danebeba, magram iqi-

dan gamovdevneT da xramSi gadavyareT~ [6, 526].

mxolod amis Semdeg Sevida rusuli razmi kliuki fon

klugenaus xelmZRvanelobiT xunZeTSi. 1834 wlis 20 oqtom-

bers xunZeTis mamasaxlisebma sazeimod daifices ruseTis er-

Tgulebaze da dades piroba, rom gardacvlili xunZeTis abu-

nusal xanis axladdabadebuli vaJis srulwlovanebamde, dae-

morCilebodnen maTi surviliT arCeul axal mmarTvels, yazi-

yumuxisa da kiuris xan aslans [5, 593].

haji muradi moxsenebiT baraTSi wers: `amis Semdeg avare-

lebma TavianT ufrosad amirCies da didi xnis manZilze vmar-

Tavdi avarias~ [6, 526].


1. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиcсией, III, Тифлис, 1869.

2. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиcсией, V, Тифлис, 1873.

3. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиcсией, VI, 2, Тифлис, 1875.

4. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиcсией, VII, Тифлис, 1878.

5. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиcсией, VIII, Тифлис, 1881.

6. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиcсией, X, Тифлис, 1885.

7. Алкадари, Асары Дагестана, Махачкала, 1929. 8. Дубровин Н., История войны и владычества Русских на Кавказе,

VI, СПб, 1888. 9. Кавказ. Адаты горских народов, Нальчик, 2010. 10. Неверовский А. А., Истребление Аварских ханов в 1834 году, От-

рывок из рукописи подполковника генерального штаба, СПб, 1848. 11. Неизвестный автор, Записка о сношениях наших аварскими хана-

ми, История, география и этнография Дагестана XVIII-XIX вв. Ар-хивные материалы, Москва, 1958.

12. Мехтулинские Ханы, Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах, вып. 2, Тифлис, 1869.

166

13. Потто В. А., Гаджи-Мурат (Биографический очерк), Военный сборник, № 11, СПб, 1870.

14. Потто В. А., Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, Эпизодах, легендах и биографиях, Т. 2-й, Эрмоловское время, СПб, 1887.

15. n. javaxiSvili, uma V, krebulSi: istoriani, Tbilisi, 2014. 16. m. tyavaSvili, saqarTvelo-daRestnis urTierToba XIX sa-

ukunis pirvel mesamedSi, Tbilisi, 1990.

Mzia Tkavashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History And Ethnology, Scientist-Researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

For a Political Portrait of Hadji Murad (Part I)

Summary

Hadji Murad was one of the outstanding commanders of national liberation struggle of the Caucasian people against Russia.

He was presumably born in 1815 in Khuzait Khanate. Hadji Murad

was Nanny’s son of the sons of Khuzait Khanate Khan Ahmed, one of the

most authoritative and influential rulers of Dagestan, which meant he

participated personally in political processes in Dagestan.

The first half of the XIX century was a difficult period for Dagestan people. Mourides established their influence in North-East Caucasus, which

was related to many difficulties and blood. They had special irreconcilable

attitude towards the family of Khuzait Khanate Khan, which ended in

liquidation of Avar Khanate in 1834. In a few months after this incident

Khuzait conspirators took revenge and killed the Second Imam, Hamzat

Beck, who had ordered to kill the family of Khuzait Khanate, in the

mosque. Hadji Murad and his brother – Osman participated in these events.

Since 1818, the Russian government started to implement active

politics to subjugate Dagestan, which takes advantage of the feud between

Mourides and Khuzaits and appoints his loyal man as Khuzait Khan. Since

1834, Hadji Murad practically rules in Khuzait.

167

arCil CaCxiani

daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis saqar-

Tvelos erovnuli Tavdacvis akademiis

sameTauro-saStabo kolejis Tavdacvis

strategiebisa da resursebis marTvis

mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, Tadarigis

polkovniki, sruli profesori

XX saukunis pirveli fiureri

1919-1920 wlebSi moskovs xSirad eZaxdnen mravalricxovani

`aRmosavleTis Cagruli xalxebis~ `meqas~. maSin kremlSi erebisa

da saxelmwifoebis mowyobis sruliad warmoudgeneli geopoli-

tikuri proeqtebi muSavdeboda, romlebic eyrdnoboda ara mar-

to sistemur da politikur, aramed ideologiur, konfesiur da

eTnikur maCveneblebs. istoriis Semdgomma msvlelobam gviCvena,

rom es procesebi mxolod istoriis kuTvnileba ar aris da im-

droindeli politikosebis ideebis miRebisa da maTi praqtikuli

ganxorcielebis teqnologiebi dResac aqtualuria. sul ukanas-

knel xans yofili sabWoTa imperiis yofil teritoriebze (sa-

qarTvelo, ukraina, moldova) ganviTarebuli movlenebi calsa-

xad metyveleben amaze. aq kremlsa da mis ideologiur lidereb-

ze, ruseTis mier dawyebul samxedro-politikur intervencia-

zea saubari.

marTalia, XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis bolosa da 20-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi kremlis samxedro-politikuri aqtivoba erTa

TviTgamorkvevis uflebebiTa da msoflio proletaruli revo-

luciis miTiT iniRbeboda, romelsac Tavisufleba unda moetana

msofliosa da `aRmosavleTis Cagruli xalxebisaTvis~, magram es

wamowyeba realurad sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara rusuli mesianuri

ideisa da samxedro eqspansiis sxva WrilSi gadatanis farisev-

luri mcdeloba. rusi revolucionerebi da proletari misione-

rebi kargad iniRbebodnen am politikuri satyuaraTi da ganax-

lebuli rusuli imperiis Seqmnisaken iswrafvodnen, romlis sa-

168

moqmedo iaraRsac rusuli imperiuli da slavianofiluri mesia-

nizmis ideologia warmoadgenda. arada ivane mrisxanis droinde-

li moskovis monRoluri samTavros arsebobis Semdeg ukve bevri

ram iyo Secvlili. caristuli imperiisagan gansxvavebiT, amje-

rad leniniseuli revoluciuri mesianizmis suli ukve mTels ev-

raziis kontinents dastrialebda Tavs. globaluri masStabis

`msoflio proletaruli revoluciis~ leninur-trockistul

proeqtSi ki mTeli msoflio iyo CarTuli. proletari misione-

rebi am procesebSi mTavar aqcentebs e. w. àRmosavleTsa~ da is-

lamur saxelmwifoebze akeTdebdnen. bolSevikma misionerebmac

Sesabamisi ideologia da instrumenti gamoiyenes. marTalia, ru-

suli `mesame romis~ koncefciis xorcSesxma ar gamovida da igi

ideologemad darCa, samagierod, gamovida proletaruli III in-

ternacionalis Seqmna. swored III internacionalis, anu `komin-

ternis~ egidiT unda aRsrulebuliyo is diadi Canafiqri, rom-

lis scenarebic kremlis bnel kabinetebSi iwereboda. maSin,

1919-1920 wlebSi, kremlisa da III internacionalis interesTa

veqtori aRmosavleTisaken iyo mimarTuli. aRmosavleTis lide-

ri saxelmwifos rolSi osmaleTis sasulTnosa da saxalifos is

memkvidre saxelmwifoebrivi subieqti moiazreboda, romelic I

msoflio omis Semdeg daSlili imperiis nangrevebze unda aRmo-

cenebuliyo. aq ki bolSevikTaTvis saintereso ori mimdinareoba

ikveTeboda: pirveli _ TiTqosda ukve politikurad gakotrebu-

li àxalgazrda TurqTa~ itihadisti liderebi, romelsac saTa-

veSi osmalTa imperiis yofili mmarTveli triumviratis lideri

da samxedro eqsministri, generali ismail enver faSa edga, da

meore _ anatoliaSi nacionalistTa mier axlad dawyebuli moZ-

raoba, romelsac aseve yofili eqsosmalo generali, SemdgomSi

aTaTurqad wodebuli, mustafa qemal faSa xelmZRvanelobda.

metad niSandoblivia erTi momentis xazgasmac. Tu mimdinare

movlenebs analizis induqciuri meTodikis kuTxiT ganvixilavT,

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom àxalgazrda TurqTa~ da bolSevikTa

mier XX saukunis dasawyisSi warmoebuli politika bevr rameSi

hgavda erTmaneTs. orive es partia revoluciis mamoZravebel

Zalas warmoadgenda da, garda wminda politikuri miznebisa, rac

monarqiis gauqmebas an mis dasustebas isaxavda miznad, sxva fa-

ruli amocanebis gadawyvetasac iTvaliswinebda. saubari ori

169

msoflio religiis, marTlmadideblobisa da sunizmis sayrdeni

burjebis _ osmalTa imperiisa da caristuli ruseTis ngrevis

procesebs Seexeba. osmalo itihadistebis SemTxvevaSi dromoW-

mul panislamizms panTuranizmi unda Canacvleboda, bolSevike-

bis SemTxvevaSi ki dromoWmul rusul marTlmadideblobas _

marqsizm-leninizmi. am TvalsazrisiT, 1920-1922 wlebSi, erTi

mxriv, kremlsa da meore mxriv, osmalTa imperiis mmarTveli

triumviratis liderebs Soris Rrmad gasaidumloebuli kavSi-

rebi, erTi SexedviT, istoriisaTvis amoucnob enigmas warmoad-

genda, magram mas Tavisi axsnac gaaCnda. ismail enver faSa da

itihadistTa liderebi, romelTa zegavlenac islamur samyaro-

ze jer kidev ganuzomlad didi iyo, bolSevikebis daxmarebiT

fiqrobdnen postosmalur politikur sivrceSi TavianTi dakar-

guli poziciebis aRdgenas. am rTul da metad saxifaTo poli-

tikur TamaSebSi maT mTeli rigi insinuaciebisa da gamomgoneb-

lobis demonstrireba moaxdines. isini mswrafl gardaiqmnen re-

volucionerebad da mSromelTa interesebis mxurvale damcve-

lebad. eqsitihadistebma wina planze enver faSas hibriduli

ideologia wamoswies _ probolSevikuri da panTuranuli.

1920-1921 wlebSi osmaleTTan mimarTebaSi kremlis mesveur-

Ta mierac enver faSa, es ukvdavi `maradiuli meomari~, rusuli

`civi omis~ mTavar figurad moiazreboda. oficialur rusul

istoriaSi msgavs subieqtebs `stavlenikebad~ (Ставленник), xel-

dasmulebad moixsenieben, dRevandeli terminologiiT ki _ mari-

onetebad. rusuli termini _ Ставленник, romelic TargmanSi uf-

ro mets niSnavs, vidre marioneti, ukeT aRwers am individis

rolsa da funqcias. esaa sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli, rome-

lic moskovis xelisuflebis gamoCenamde eloliaveba da aqtiu-

rad emsaxureba rusul saqmes. mas Tavi moskovis warmomadgen-

lad miaCnia im qveyanaSi, romelSic ruseTi sabolood unda gaba-

tondes. amisaTvis `stavleniki~ dasapyrobi qveynis warCinebul

da cnobil ojaxs unda warmoadgendes, sasurvelia, qveynis mmar-

Tvel dinastiasac ki. swored ase. `stavleniksa~ da marionets

Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom marioneti, rogorc wesi, arenaze ru-

suli jarebis mier qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg gamodis, xolo

`stavleniki~ sakuTar samSobloSi iwyebs moqmedebas mtris Se-

mosvlamde. igi cdilobs, iseTi anarqia Seqmnas qveyanaSi, rom

170

rusuli jarebi Tofis gasrolis gareSe da minimaluri danakar-

gebiT Sevidnen iq da ufro metic _ qveynis mTavrobam Tavad mo-

iTxovos jarebis Seyvana. Tavad `stavleniki~ ki, romelsac damo-

ukidebel pirovnebad moaqvs Tavi, verc ki grZnobs, rom igi mar-

Tuli figuraa. faqtobrivad, igi rusi despanis xelmZRvanelo-

biT moqmedebs. jaric mxolod iq da maSin Cndeba, sadac saWiroa

da roca saWiroa [1, 140].

diax, postosmaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis sawyis etapze, 1920

wlidan, swored enver faSa mzaddeboda kremlis mier `stavleni-

kad~. am rolSi swored mas unda ekisra jer anatoliaSi da Sem-

deg mTels TurqeTSi promoskovuri da probolSevikuri fonis

Seqmna. Tumca, 1921 wlis bolosaTvis qemalistTa mier berZneb-

Tan miRweuli samxedro warmatebisa da anatoliaSi samxedro-po-

litikuri viTarebis SecvlasTan erTad, kremlma enver faSa

uaryo da uceb `gamoacxo~ momavali `revoluciuri~ TurqeTis

axal `stavlenikiad~ dardanelis brZolebis gmiri, general mus-

tafa qemali.

enver faSasTan dakavSirebiT zustad aRniSnavda Turqesta-

nis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri,

mustafa Cokai: `osmalTa armiis mTavarsardlis bolSevikTa ba-

nakSi gamoCenas misi mowinaaRmdegeni ar gaukvirvebia. `enverisa-

gan yvelafers unda velodoT~, _ ganacxades maT. aseTive reaq-

cia iyo maSin, roca moskovTan mWidro urTierTobis Semdeg igi

centraluri aziis amboxebulTa mxareze gadavida... ar Rirs im

Sefasebaze yuradRebis SeCereba, rasac bolSevikebi aZlevdnen

enver faSas. maTTvis is pativsacem da sasurvel stumars warmo-

adgenda, romlis daxmarebiTac saukeTeso propagandas gaswev-

dnen manam, sanam igi maT politikas atarebda. is im droSas mih-

yveboda, romelsac bolSevikebi iyenebdnen muslimani xalxebis

TvalSi. mas unda gaeerTianebina centralur aziaSi moqmedi

erovnuli Zalebic, jadidi-reformatorebic, nacional-komunis-

tebic da am ukanasknelis platformaze mdgari yazaxi modernis-

tebic. garda amisa, yvela maTgani sabWoTa orbitaze moeqcia [2].

magram moskovis am futuristul Canafiqrebs asruleba ar ewe-

ra. kremlis mier SekveTili da enver faSas mier gamoyenebuli

`recepti~, romlis morgebasac igi cdilobda centraluri azii-

saTvis, daaxloebiT im situacias mogvagonebs, rodesac eqimi pa-

171

cients kuWis tkivilis wamals aZlevs da Tavisi moqmedebis gasa-

marTleblad ambobs: `janmrTeli Tvalebi rom hqonoda, albaT,

uars ityoda am wamlis dalevaze~. magram enver faSam kremls

imedebi gaucrua. igi Tavis fesvebs daubrunda. rogorc ki enve-

ri opoziciaSi gadavida, igi umal iqca `britanuli imperializ-

mis daqiravebul agentad~ [3].

diax, 1920 wlis zafxulidan dawyebuli, mwvane naxevarmTva-

rem wiTeli varskvlavis orbitaze daiwyo brunva. magram Zalian

male, ukve 1921 wlis bolos, kominternis islamuri variantis _

ìslaminternis~ beladad Seracxuli eqsosmalo generali, sxva

mravalTa msgavsad, bolSevikTa mier SerisxulTa banakSi gaamwe-

ses. kremlidan ki misi misamarTiT sul sxva epiTetebi gaisma:

`britaneTis agenti~, ìngliselTa laqia~, `saerTaSoriso avanti-

uristi~, `sisxliani faSa~, àntantis damqaSi~ da a. S. ukve 1923

wels sabWoTa istoriografia ase axasiaTebda enver faSas _

àvantiuristi, romelmac TurqeTisa da Semdeg buxaris istori-

aSi yvelaze sisxliani furclebi Cawera~ [4, 281], an: `mousvenari

avantiuristi, romelic maSin, roca TurqeTis saukeTeso Svile-

bi TavianTi samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZodnen, buxaraSi

Cavida, isargebla iq arsebuli mZime mdgomareobiT da Tavisi

sisxliani xelebis faTuri daiwyo buxaris revoluciaSi~ [4, 283].

1921 wlis bolodan, mas Semdeg, rac itihadisti liderebi

sabolood gaemijnnen bolSevikebs, enver faSam damoukidebeli

TamaSebi wamoiwyo. faqti isaa, rom bolSevikTa mier anatoliur

proeqtSi gawbilebuli enver faSa, romelic 1921 wlis bolos

centralur aziaSi Cadis, Zalian male aRmosavleT buxaraSi ga-

dadis da basmaCTa erT-erT razms udgeba saTaveSi. am ukvdavma

`maradiulma meomarma~ centralur aziaSi didi Temur lengis

axali saxelmwifos Seqmna daisaxa miznad. àxalgazrda Turqeb-

ma~ osmalTa imperiaSi Tavisi sagareo da saSinao politikis ide-

ologiur koncefciad panTurqizmi da masze mibmuli `panTura-

nizmi~ gaixades, romlebic, dawyebuli 1876 wlidan, Seecadnen,

imperiaSi liberaluri reformebis gatarebiT konstituciuri

saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba SeeqmnaT. sabolood, 1908 wlisaT-

vis àxalgazrda TurqTa~ èrTianobisa da progresis~ partiam

swored enver faSas liderobiT SeZlo `wiTeli sulTnis~, ab-

dul hamid II-is Camogdeba da saxelmwifoSi garkveuli prodasav-

172

luri reformebis gatareba. xolo balkanur omebSi miRweuli

warmatebis Semdeg igi umal iqca ganmaTavisufleblad da saxal-

xo gmirad. àxalgazrda TurqTa~ liders fortuna aSkarad uRi-

moda.

TurqeTis istoriaSi Znelad moiZebnebian iseTi pirovnebebi,

romelTa aRzeveba da dacema ise swrafad momxdariyos, rogorc

es ismail enver faSas SemTxvevaSi moxda. albanuri warmoSobis

yvelasaTvis ucnobi saimperio samxedro saswavleblis kursdam-

Tavrebuli, romelic maSin mxolod 26 wlisa iyo, 1908 wlis

àxalgazrda TurqTa~ revoluciis periodSi umal iqca `Tavi-

suflebisaTvis mebrZol gmirad~. aqedan daiwyo meteoruli sis-

wrafiT zrda misma karieram kapitnidan diqtatoramde. male man

osmalTa samefo saxlis asulzec iqorwina, amiT sulTnis ojaxs

daukavSira Tavisi cxovreba da samsaxurebrivi kariera. enverma

swrafad miaRwia imperiaSi arsebul yvela rangsa da tituls da I

msoflio omis win generali da imperiis samxedro ministric

gaxda [5, 40]. triumviratis mmarTvelobis periodSi ki, 1914-1918

wlebSi generali ismail enver faSa osmalTa imperiis faqtobriv

mmarTveladac iqca.

`rkinis~ Temuri1 da enver faSa sxvadasxva droSi cxovrob-

dnen, maT erTmaneTisagan saukuneebi aSorebdaT. miuxedavad ami-

sa, maT mainc bevri ram hqondaT saerTo. sakuTari kariera ori-

vem praqtikulad nulidan daiwyo. Temur lengi wvrili feoda-

li iyo maveranahrSi, enver faSa ki _ aseve wvrili Cinovnikis

Svili sulTnis TurqeTSi. orive maTgani strategiul miznad

erTiani Suaaziuri islamuri imperiis Seqmnas isaxavda, Tumca

Tavisi samxedro da politikuri karieris sawyis etapze enver

faSasa da àxalgazrda TurqTa~ partiis mamoZravebel mTavar

ideologias panTurqizmi da panTuranizmi warmoadgenda. swored

am ideologiebze dayrdnobiT apirebda Tavdapirvelad osmalo

generali Sua aziaSi miTiuri saxelmwifos _ `didi Turanis~ Seq-

mnas. `didi Turanis~ Seqmnis dasaxuli proeqtis Sesaxeb I msof-

lio omis dasawyisSi, 1914 wlis Semodgomaze gaaJReres general-

ma enver faSam da itihadistTa sxva liderebma, rodesac aRmo-

1 Temur lengis sruli saxeli iyo Temur ibn TaraRai barlasi (Te-

mur TaraRais Ze, barlasis tomidan). CaRaTaur da monRolur ena-

ze sityva `Temuri~ rkinas niSnavs.

173

savleT anatoliaSi gaSlili osmalTa me-3 armia ruseTis kavka-

siis armiis winaaRmdeg SeteviTi operaciis dasawyebad emzadebo-

da: `Cveni CarTva msoflio omSi adasturebs Cveni nacionaluri

idealebisadmi erTgulebas. Cveni erisa da xalxis ideali moiT-

xovs moskoviti mtrebis ganadgurebas, raTa Cveni imperiisaTvis

movipovoT bunebrivi sazRvrebi, romelSic Cveni rasis yvela

Sto iqneba CarTuli~, _ acxadebda maSin imperiis samxedro minis-

tri [6, 198].

CvenTvis ucnobia, Temur lengis msgavsad ocnebobda Tu ara

enver faSa Tavisi samxedro da politikuri karieris dasawyisSi

umaRlesi xelisuflebis mopovebaze, magram is faqti, rom mTe-

li cxovrebis manZilze igi am miznisaken dauRalavad iswrafvo-

da, udavoa. isic sakiTxavia, didi Temuris msgavsad, romelmac

Temuridebis dinastias Cauyara safuZveli, warmatebis mopovebis

SemTxvevaSi gaxdeboda Tu ara enver faSa enveridebis axali di-

nastiis fuZemdebeli, magram erTi ram aqac udavoa _ igi swored

amisaTvis iyo mowodebuli. orive maTgani, Temur lengic da en-

ver faSac erTi da igive pirovnuli TvisebebiT iyvnen dajil-

doebulni. oriveni mamaci, energiuli, sastiki da cbieri mmar-

Tvelebi iyvnen, romlebic TavianTi miznis misaRwevad Zal-Rones

ar iSurebdnen. da brZolis iaraRadac orivem sabolood erTi

da igive ideologia _ islami airCia. Temur lengma SeZlo Tavisi

didi imperiis Seqmna, xolo enver faSa, itihadistebisTvis mim-

xrobiTa da 1908 wlis revoluciaSi monawileobiT momdevno eq-

vsi wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelasaTvis ucnobi kapitnidan generlad

iqca da imperiis mmarTveli triumviratis lideric gaxda. male

ki osmalTa imperiis samxedro ministrad da SeiaraRebuli Zale-

bis genStabis ufrosadac dainiSna. man Zalian kargad `moawyo~

Tavisi piradi cxovrebac. igi sulTnis kars dauaxlovda da 1914

wlis 5 marts samefo saxlis siZec gaxda, riTac gamorCeulTa

zedwodeba _ `damad~ miiRo, rac `sruliad muslimanTa xalifas

siZes~ niSnavda. enver faSam colad emine najie sulTani moiyva-

na, romelic princ Sehzade suleiman efendis qaliSvili iyo. Ta-

vis mxriv, Sehzade suleiman efendi sulTan abdulmejid I-is Svi-

li iyo. ase rom, misi biZebi iyvnen Semdgomi sulTnebi _ mehmed V

da mehmed VI, iseve rogorc osmalTa imperiis ukanaskneli xali-

fa, Seix-ul-islami abdulmejid II. enver faSasa da emine najie

174

sulTans sami Svili hyavdaT _ ori qaliSvili da erTi vaJi: qa-

liSvilebi _ mahfeiqar enver hanimsulTani (1917-2000), Turqan

enver hanimsulTani (1919-1989) da vaJi _ ali enver beiefendi

(1921-1971) [7]. sainteresoa enver faSas ojaxis Semdgomi bedic.

enver faSas daRupvis Semdeg misi col-Svili berlinidan stam-

bolSi dabrunda. magram maleve, 1923 wlidan, ojaxi osmalTa di-

nastiis mTel SemadgenlobasTan erTad mustafa qemalma gaaZeva

qveynidan. mustafa qemalis gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, 1938 wels,

samefo ojaxs samSobloSi dabrunebisa da cxovrebis ufleba mi-

eca. enveris ojaxi stambolSi dasaxlda. enveris Svilebma ki, ma-

misadmi pativiscemis niSnad da misi saxelis ukvdavsayofad, gva-

rad `enveri~ airCies.

enver faSas msgavsad misi vaJis, ali enveris cxovrebac me-

tad winaaRmdegobrivad warimarTa. mamis msgavsad, manac samxed-

ro kariera airCia cxovrebis gzad. magram kuriozia is, rom igi

ara TurqeTis armiis, aramed didi britaneTis SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis, kerZod, samefo samxedro-sahaero Zalebis oficeri gaxda

(Sic!), sadac aviaciis kapitnis Cinsac miaRwia. mas inglisSi gadas-

vlasa da didi britaneTis samefos moqalaqeobis miRebaSi mus-

tafa qemal aTaTurqis Zveli megobari da TanamebrZoli, rauf

orbei daexmara, romelic im droisaTvis TurqeTis respublikis

sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi iyo did britaneTSi. rode-

sac rauf orbeim ali enveri didi britaneTis premier-ministrs,

uinston CerCils warudgina, man xumrobanarevi kiloTi mimarTa

alis: `mamaSenma Cemi cxovrebiseuli da politikuri kariera

mTeli 20 wliT daswia ukan~. marTlac, bedis ironia iyo is faq-

ti, rom ali enveri, osmalTa yofili mmarTveli dinastiis wevri

da imperiis samxedro ministris vaJi, didi britaneTis moqalaqe

gaxda. diax, amieridan ali enveri im saxelmwifos samsaxurSi

dgeboda, romelTan brZolasac Sealia mamamisma Tavisi aqtiuri

cxovrebis didi nawili. magram bedis ufro didi ironia is iyo,

rom ali enver beiefendi II msoflio omSi iRebda monawileobas,

cxadia, didi britaneTis samxedro-sahaero Zalebis Semadgenlo-

baSi... (Sic!) igi germanelebs, enver faSas I msoflio omisdroin-

del mokavSireebsa da megobrebs ebrZoda... omis dasrulebis

Semdeg ki, ali enver beiefendi avstraliaSi dasaxlda, sadac da-

qorwinda kidec 1955 wels. magram misi cxovrebis Semdgomi gza

175

sakmaod xanmokle gamodga. igi 1971 wels, 50 wlis asakSi daiRupa

saavtomobilo katastrofaSi. mas erTaderTi qaliSvili darCa _

arzu enveri [7].

ojaxis mowyobis msgavsi detali koWl TemurTanac SegviZ-

lia movnaxoT. manac brZolebiT gaikafa xelisuflebisaken mima-

vali gza. warmatebuli Sinaomebis Sedegad ki, 1362 wels Temur

lengi vilaieTis mmarTveli gaxda da colad balxisa da samar-

yandis mmarTvelis, huseinis da SeirTo. enver faSas msgavsad, es

warmatebuli meomaric monarqis ojaxis wevri gaxda. Temurisa

da enveris mier ganvlil cxovrebiseul gzebs Soris is msgavse-

bacaa, rom orive maTgani erTsa da igive regionSi _ Sua aziaSi

aResrulnen [8, 58].

`igi Cveni saukunis pirveli beladi, pirveli fiureri iyo~,

_ aRniSnavs enver faSas Sesaxeb cnobili aRmosavleTmcodne,

moskovis saxelmwifo saolqo universitetis iuridiuli fakul-

tetis dekani, iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori viq-

tor gilenseni [8, 59]. veTanxmebiT am daskvnas da ai, ratom. en-

ver faSa sazogadoebis ubralo fenis warmomadgeneli iyo, ro-

melmac uswrafesad gaikeTa samxedro kariera da manamde yvela-

saTvis ucnobi rigiTi oficeri umokles droSi iqca imperiis

samxedro ministrad, mmarTveli triumviratis politikur xel-

mZRvanelad da islamuri samyaros liderad. sakuTari SesaZleb-

lobebis araadamianuri daZabvis xarjze man moaxerxa, imperiis

faqtobrivi pirveli piri gamxdariyo da sulTan-xalifas moqme-

debebic ki sakuTari neba-survilisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina. di-

ax, enver faSa fiureri iyo, XX saukunis pirveli fiureri.

gasagebia, rom aq oponentebi gamoCndebian da ityvian _ ki,

magram raRa unda vTqvaT maSin im gamorCeul `beladebze~, ro-

gorebic iyvnen, magaliTad, hanibali, atila, Cingiz yaeni? isinic

xom didi dampyroblebi da tiranebi iyvnen? Tundac aleqsandre

makedoneli, iulius keisari an sulac napoleoni? ratom ar iy-

vnen isini `fiurerebi~? aleqsandre makedonelma xom sparseTi

da TiTqmis naxevari azia daipyro, iulius keisarma ki naxevari

evropa? napoleonmac xom asobiT da aTasobiT meomris mobili-

zeba SeZlo, masac xom eTayvanebodnen, brmad sjerodaT misi si-

diadisa da mzad iyvnen, misi gulisaTvis Tavic daedoT? napole-

oni ar iyo, rom acxadebda: `me mxolod erTi vneba, erTi qalba-

176

toni myavs da es qalbatoni safrangeTia. me mZinavs masTan. mas

arasdros ar gavuwbilebivar da uxvad moucia CemTvis Tavisi

sisxli, Tavisi simdidre. da Tu damWirdeba xuTasi aTasi kaci,

igi uyoymanod momcems maTac~ [9, 211].

marTalia, ase iyo. magram fiureris cneba XX saukunis feno-

menia, totalitaruli reJimis Semqmneli beladis statusi. ase

rom, aq sakiTxi amowurulia. oponentebs ki aucileblad gauC-

ndebaT kontrSekiTxva _ magram XX saukuneSic xom iyvnen tota-

litaruli reJimis Semqmnelebi da didi fiurerebi, iseTebi, ro-

goric iyvnen, magaliTad, lenini da stalini? diax, marTalia.

leninic da stalinic udidesi politikuri da saxelmwifo moR-

vaweebi iyvnen, romlebmac XX saukunis umZlavresi imperia Seq-

mnes marTvis mkacrad centralizebuli sistemiTa da umkacresi

totalitaruli reJimiT. diax, lenini didi diqtatori iyo, sis-

xlismsmeli diqtatori. cnobili sabWoTa publicistis, feliqs

Cuevis wignSi `Сто сорок бесед с Молотовым: Из дневника Ф. Чуева~, molotovi leninis Sesaxeb ambobs: `mkacri iyo, zog rameSi _

stalinze mkacric. waikiTxeT mis mier ZerJinskisadmi gagzavni-

li werilebi. igi xSirad mimarTavda ukidures zomebs, roca es

saWiro iyo... adgilebze esroleT da morCa! ai, aseTi ambebi iyo.

es ki diqtaturas, zediqtaturas warmoadgenda... mtkice xasiaTi

hqonda. roca saubari revolucias, sabWoTa xelisuflebas da

komunizms exeboda, qeCoSi wvdeboda maT da am saqmeSi igi Seuri-

gebeli iyo~ [10]. moskovis saxelmwifo iuridiuli institutis

saxelmwifos Teoriisa da samarTlis kaTedris gamge, iuridiul

mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori elxon rozini Tavis naSrom-

Si `Ленинская мифология государства~ ki wers: `ori revoluciiT

gamoRviZebulma xalxma 1917 wlis Tebervlis Semdeg Zlivs ig-

rZno Tavi Tavisuflad. magram male igi leninis mier organize-

buli masobrivi represiebis Sedegad usaxo da uformo masad ga-

daiqca, romliTac bolSevikebi ise manipulirebdnen, rogorc

moesurvebodaT. bolSevizmis totaluri ideologiisa da tota-

luri teroris pirobebSi saxelmwifoebrivi masStabebis mliq-

vneloba da farisevloba gaifurCqna. da yvelaferi es gantot-

vil saxelmwifoebriv qselad iqca. zustad leninma Seqmna msof-

lio istoriaSi pirveli totalitaruli saxelmwifo, totali-

taruli reJimi, romelic diqtaturisa da tiraniis erT-erT

177

tips warmoadgenda, romelsac saxeSecvlili formiT SemdgomSi

hitlerizmis totalitaruli reJimi baZavda. es iyo ganuyofe-

li, sruli xelisuflebis damkvidrebis reJimi, e. w. `xalxis

mtrebis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTuli reJimi. xolo Tu rogor xdebo-

da maSin `xalxis mtrad~ Seracxva, kargadaa cnobili. bolSevike-

bi Semdeg princips misdevdnen: `mteri Tu ar nebdeba, mas anad-

gureben~. magram am princips leninma Tavisi debulebac daamata:

`da Tu nebdeba _ mainc anadgureben~ [11]. 1921 wels stalini

werda: `kompartia maxvilis matarebelTa garkveuli tipis orde-

nia saxelmwifos SigniT, romelic am ukanasknelis organoebis

moRvaweobas anxorcielebs~ [12, 71]. bolos rozins aseTi daskvna

gamoaqvs: `masiuri saxelmwifo teroris organizatori, romel-

mac udanaSauloTa sisxliT waleka ruseTis qalaqebi, soflebi

da dabebi, ara vinme sxva, aramed bolSevikuri partiis beladi,

XX saukunis dasawyisis am maxvilis matarebelTa ordenis meTau-

ri, lenini iyo. ukanasknel dromde misi pirovnebis gaTeTrebas

yovelnairad cdilobda oficialuri propaganda. mas mSvidobis-

moyvaris SaravandediT amkobdnen, misi pirovneba ki keTilSobi-

lebisa da gulmowyalebis marmaSiT iyo Seburvili. bolos da

bolos, imis droc dadga, rom Tundac im gamoqveynebuli doku-

mentebis safuZvelze, romelsac adre gverds uvlidnen mkvlev-

rebi, vaCvenoT am daundobeli politikuri moRvawis namdvili

saxe da gamovamzeuroT is gaugonari ulmobloba, romelsac igi

mimarTavda Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad... stalini leninis ideebi-

sa da saqmeebis kargi gamgrZelebeli gamodga, magram sabWoTa

totalitaruli saxelmwifos arqiteqtori da Semqmneli ara

stalini, aramed v. i. lenini iyo~ [11, 236]. am Sefasebas ar SeiZ-

leba ar daveTanxmoT. diax, vladimir leninsac da ioseb sta-

linsac, iseve rogorc ismail enver faSas, asobiT da aTasobiT

udanaSaulo adamianis, Tavisi Tanamemamuleebis sisxlSi hqondaT

xelebi gasvrili, romlebic Tavisi tiranuli mmarTvelobis me-

Todebs diadi ideebiTa da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis dacvis

aucileblobiT amarTlebdnen. gaRebuli uzarmazari adamianuri

msxverpli ki gadarCenilTa bednieri cxovrebis sawindari unda

gamxdariyo.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, arc lenini da arc stalini fiu-

rerebi ar yofilan. sabWoTa ideologiasa da istoriografiaSi

178

leninma sabolood daimkvidra `proletariatisa da mSromelTa

didi beladis~, xolo stalinma _ `yvela xalxTa mamis~ tituli.

isini didi `beladebi~ da `mamebi~ iyvnen, magram ara _ fiurerebi.

saqmis mTeli arsi TviT sityva `fiureris~ gagebasa da am termi-

nis mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaSia.

fiureri iseTi tipis beladia, romelic cdilobs, indus-

triuli da teqnologiuri epoqis rTuli sazogadoebrivi orga-

nizmi pirvelyofil Temad gadaaqcios, romlis wevrebic sisxli-

Ta da geniT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. es fenomeni

traibalizmisganac unda gavmijnoT. fiurerizmi gansxvavdeba

traibalizmisagan, radgan traibalizmis dros saxelmwifos biu-

rokratuli aparatis nepotisturi mowyobis modeli Sorsa dgas

fiurerizmis modelisagan. fiurerizmis SemTxvevaSi saintereso

filosofiur triadasTana gvaqvs saqme _ `erTi xalxi, erTi sa-

xelmwifo, erTi beladi~. aq tomobrivi da rasobrivi erTianobis

ideaa mTavari. fiureri cdilobs, mkvdreTiT aRadginos adamia-

nuri da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis arqauli formebi, sis-

xlismieri da tomobrivi erTianobis tradiciebi da misiT gada-

faros Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi institutebi. da miuxeda-

vad amisa, yvelaferTan erTad, fiureri da misi Zalaufleba

warmoudgenelia mZlavri industriisa da teqnologiebis gareSe,

komunikaciebis gantotvili qselis gareSe, mZlavri masobrivi

informaciis saSualebebisa da teqnikuri progresis gareSe.

fiurerisa da fiurerizmis mTavari gansxvaveba beladis in-

stitutTan SedarebiT isaa, rom fiureris SemTxvevaSi saqme

gvaqvs arqauli ideebis metad ucnaur SerwymasTan Tanamedrove

civilizaciis materialistur bazasTan. isini aRmocendebian siv-

rcisa da drois im wertilSi, sadac ori giganturi ideologiu-

ri talRa erwymis erTmaneTs _ erTis mxriv, Soreuli warsuli-

dan wamosuli arqauli ideologia, da, meores mxriv, Tanamedro-

ve teqnologiebTan Serwymuli metad bundovani futuristuli

momavali.

am TvalsazrisiT, itihadistTa beladi, ismail enver faSa,

XX saukunis fiurerTa Soris marTlac rigiT pirveli fiureri

iyo. Turqizmis ideologiaze dayrdnobiTa da islamis droSis

qveS gaerTianebiT swored man moindoma efemeruli `didi Tura-

nis~ Seqmna da tomobrivi principebis dacviT yvela Turquleno-

179

vani da Turquli warmomavlobis xalxebis erTian saxelmwifoeb-

riv sivrceSi moqceva. Turquli rasa da Turquli eTnosis is-

toriuli sacxovrisi, legendaruli Suaaziuri Turani da Tura-

nuli modgmis xalxebi isev Tavis istoriul fesvebs unda dab-

runebodnen, magram amjerad ukve axali tipis hipersaxelmwifos

_ `didi Turanis~ saxiT.

gasagebia, rom am TvalsazrisiT XX saukunis iseTi didi be-

ladebi da omis protagonistebi, rogorebic iyvnen, magaliTad,

benito musolini da adolf hitleri, sworedac rom fiurerebs

warmoadgendnen. faSistTa beladi Zveli romisa da romaelebis

didebis aRdgenaze ocnebobda da iseTi saxelmwifos Seqmnas geg-

mavda, sadac `Tanamedrove romaelebs~ gansakuTrebulad privi-

legirebuli statusi eqnebodaT garantirebuli. ukve 1928 wels

musolini siamayiT acxadebda: `dRes ukve SegviZlia ganvucxa-

doT msoflios erTiani, Zlieri italiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb... Cven

SevqmeniT iseTi italiis gaerTianebuli saxelmwifo, romelic

ar arsebobda italiis imperiis Semdgom~ [13]. amave dros, faSis-

tebis duCe xmelTaSua zRvis `Sida zRvad~ (Mare Nostrum) gadaq-

cevas gegmavda da romis imperiis msgavsad, moaxerxa kidec impe-

riis garkveuli eqspansia balkaneTsa da afrikis kontinentze. am

TvalsazrisiT, igi romis imperiaze ufro Sorsac wavida abisini-

is okupaciiT.

marTalia, Tavisi mokavSiris _ nacisturi germaniis msgav-

sad, faSisturi italia oficialurad ar iyo rasistuli saxel-

mwifo, magram misi lideri, benito musolini mTeli cxovrebis

manZilze xazs usvamda rasis mniSvnelobas da drodadro SeSfo-

TebiT saubrobda TeTri rasis SesaZlo dakninebis Sesaxeb: `Cveni

ocdaaTsaukunovani istoria nebas gvaZlevs, zemodan vuyuroT

im sacodav doqtrinas, romelsac alpebs gadaRma RaRadeben

uwignurebis sacodavi naSierebi im xalxTan, roca roms hyavda

iuliusi, virgiliusi, avgustusi... me rasisti jer kidev 1921

wels gavxdi. zogierTebi fiqroben, rom amaSi TiTqos hitleris

imitirebas vcdilob, magram es ase araa. saWiroa, rom italie-

lebma pativi scen sakuTar rasas~ [14]. musolini oficialurad

rasistul Teoriebs uaryofda, Tumca italiis Crdilo-aRmosav-

leTis teritoriebis SemoerTebis konsolidaciis procesSi ewe-

oda slovenieli xalxis devnasa da eTnikur wmendas. jer kidev

180

Tavisi politikuri moRvaweobis gariJraJze, 1920 wlis seqtem-

berSi, benito musolini aRniSnavda: ìseT dabla mdgom da barba-

ros xalxTan urTierTobisas, rogoric slavuri rasaa, mkacri

politika unda gavataroT... ar unda SegveSindes axali msxver-

plis... italiis sazRvrebi unda gadiodes breneris uReltexi-

lis, monte nevosa da dinarikuli alpebis gaswvriv... amasTan da-

kavSirebiT unda ganvacxado, rom adviladaa SesaZlebeli 500

aTasi barbarosi slavi msxverplad SevwiroT 50 aTas itali-

els...~ [15, 17]. nacistTa beladi, adolf hitleri, TviT fiurerizmis

TvalsazrisiTac ki, ufro Sors wavida. igi germanuli tomebis

dakavSirebas cdilobda miTiur ariul rasasTan da am amocanis

gadasawyvetad Tavis mzeras aRmosavleTs apyrobda. Tavisi dia-

di ideebis realizaciis gzaze axali mistificirebuli religiu-

ri instrumentis Seqmnas cdilobda da erTdroulad uaryo yo-

velgvari monoTeisturi religia. faqtia, rom Tavisi mistikuri

moZRvrebis òqros gasaRebs~ hitlerma himalais mTebsa da ti-

betSi dauwyo Zebna. germanuli fiurerizmis eqspansionisturi

politikis ideologiad ki hitlerma ariuli rasis primati dasa-

xa III raixSi, riTac àriul-germanuli~ rasis gabatonebaze ocne-

bobda mTel msoflioSi. sxva, meorexarisxovani rasebisa da xal-

xebis didi nawili ki, unda ganadgurebuliyo, xolo darCenili

mcire nawili germanelTa ariul rasas damorCileboda. Tavis

saprogramo naSromSi `Mein Kampf~ nacistTa fiureri werda:

`msoflioSi asobiT samagaliTo saxelmwifoa, magram sakmarisia

daixSos ariuli kulturis saTave, rom yvelaze mowinave erebic

daemxon. aqedan daskvna _ saxelmwifos keTildReobisaTvis ki ar

unda viRvawoT, aramed rasis xarisxisaTvis. nacionaluri saxel-

mwifos umTavresi mizania Sekribos da daicvas uZvelesi rasob-

rivi elementebi, romlebic kacobriobis umaRlesi jiSisa da

modgmis siamayes warmoadgenen. amrigad, germanuli saxelmwifos

mizania, Tavis sazRvrebSi moaqcios yvela germaneli, SearCios

maTgan saukeTeso rasobrivi niSan-Tvisebebi, daicvas isini ucxo

sisxlis Serevisagan, raTa droTa ganmavlobaSi maT Sesaferisi,

gabatonebuli mdgomareoba daikavon [16].

adolf hitleri da ismail enver faSa erTmaneTs ar icnob-

dnen. I msoflio omis msvlelobisas am ukanasknels samxedro da

181

politikuri xelisuflebis ierarqiis umaRlesi safexurebi

hqonda ukve dapyrobili, maSin roca adolf hitleri germaniis

armiis yvelasaTvis ucnob erT feldfebels warmoadgenda. da

miuxedavad amisa, `pirvel fiurers~ _ enver faSas, `meore fiu-

reri~ _ hitleri, didad afasebda. jer kidev 1925 wels, germani-

is xelisuflebaSi nacional-socialistTa mosvlamde didi xniT

adre, adolf hitleri xazgasmiT gamoyofda enver faSas organi-

zatorul da liderul Tvisebebs. Tavis `Mein Kampf~-Si hitle-

ri sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom I msoflio omis Semdeg germaniis

mdgomareoba imitom iyo mZime da autaneli, rom `qveynis [germa-

niis] saTaveSi enver faSa ki ara, aramed kancleri kuno idga~

[16].

garegnuli ieriTa da samxedro pewiTac Zalian hgavda `pir-

veli fiureri~ momdevno fiurerebs. musolinisa da hitleris

msgavsad, enveric ar iyo maRali. mxarbeWians welSi gamarTuli

samxedro dgomi hqonda da kitelis yvela Rilic mudam bolom-

de Sekruli. hitlerisa da musolinis msgavsad, isic Savgvremani

iyo, moZravi da metyveli Savi Tvalebi hqonda, Zalian energiu-

li mimoxvriT gamoirCeoda da epoqis Sesabamis zemoT aprexil

ulvaSs atarebda. igi `gasuli saukunis baironiseul gmirs hgav-

da~ [8, 60]. musolinisa da hitleris msgavsad isic omis prota-

gonisti da suliT xorcamde militarizebuli fiureri iyo _

`maradiuli meomari~. erTi ramac hqondaT fiurerebs saerTo _

samive maTgani xalxSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda da mar-

Tlac qarizmatul liderebs warmoadgendnen _ es udavoa.

axla ukve gasagebia, Tu ratom ar mivakuTvneT lenini da

stalini fiurerebs. marTalia, isini XX saukuneSi moRvaweob-

dnen, magram fiurerebi ar iyvnen. isini sul sxva yaidis belade-

bi iyvnen, romlebic Sors idgnen tomobrivi, rasistuli da na-

cionaluri ideebisagan. maTi politikuri aqtivobis mTavar ma-

moZravebel Zalas yvela qveynis proletarTa da `mSromelTa~

gaerTianeba warmoadgenda, mTavar mizans ki _ `msoflio prole-

taruli revoluciis~ rusul mesianur ideaze dayrdnobiT Zve-

li samyaros ngreva da axali komunisturi samoTxis aSeneba.

enver faSasaTvis amierkavkasia da kavkasiis nawili mxolod

is sastarto moedani iyo, saidanac unda ganvrcobiliyo `didi

Turanis~ samefo. 1918 wlis seqtemberSi azerbaijansa da daRes-

182

tanSi osmaluri SenaerTebis SeyvaniT is placdarmi igdes xelT,

saidanac astraxanisa da yazaxeTis gavliT osmalebi Tavis isto-

riul sacxovrisSi, centralur aziaSi unda gadasuliyvnen da

aqedanve daewyoT aRmosavleTis yvela Turquli modgmis xalxis

gaerTianeba. magram realurad es Canafiqri iseTive utopia aR-

moCnda, rogorc leniniseuli komunizmis aRTqmuli qveyana an

petre didis mefobis Semdgomi periodis rusuli samyaros xili-

asturi molodinebi. marTebulad aRniSnavda mamed amin rasul-

zade, azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis erovnuli sab-

Wos Tavmjdomare, panTuranizmisa da Turquli nacionalisturi

ideologiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis, mehmed zia gokalfis kon-

cefciis Sesaxeb: `zia gokalfi Tavisi wignis, `Turqizmis safuZ-

vlebi~, romelic angoraSi gamoica 1925 wels, me-20 gverdze

wers: `dRes SesaZlebelia mxolod oRuzuri Turqmenebis gaer-

Tianeba. TurqeTis, azerbaijanis, iranisa da xorezmis Turqmene-

bi ki, oRuzTa tomebs miekuTvnebian. ai, amitomaa, rom Turqiz-

mis uaxloesi ideali oRuzTa an TurqmenTa ideali unda iyos~

[16, 17]. Semdeg rasul-zade agrZelebs: `...Cems mier zemoT moyva-

nil abzacs oRuzuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb zia bei panTuraniz-

mze msjelobiT asrulebs: `panTuranizmi _ es leninis komuniz-

misa da muhamedis samoTxis msgavsi utopiaa. rogorc ideali, igi

Rirebulia imiT, rom mxolod romantikul aRmafrenasa da mase-

bis revolucionizirebas emsaxureba~ [16, 17].

enver faSas mier 1921 wlis bolodan centralur aziaSi sab-

WoelTa winaaRmdeg dawyebuli SeiaraRebuli brZola pirvel

etapze metad efeqturi gamodga. mojahedTa razmis meTauris

rolSi enveri unariani xelmZRvaneli aRmoCnda. am brZolebSi

man did warmatebebsac miaRwia. wiTeli armiis nawilebis winaaR-

mdeg basmaCTa mier gamoyenebuli sabrZolo taqtika gansxvavde-

boda partizanuli omis warmoebis standartuli meTodebisagan.

basmaCebi efeqturad iyenebdnen im upiratesobas, rasac maT ad-

gilmdebareobisa da bunebrivi pirobebis zedmiwevniT kargi

codna da misi unariani gamoyeneba aZlevdaT. basmaCebi Tavs ari-

debdnen mravalricxovan da kargad SeiaraRebul mowinaaRmde-

gesTan pirdapir Setakebebsa da aqcents Znelad misadgom adgi-

lebSi bazirebaze, Casafrebebis organizebasa da dasaxlebul

punqtebSi Catarebul swraf sakavalerio reidebze akeTebdnen.

183

magram enveris warmatebuli brZolebi didxans ar gagrZelebu-

la. nacionaluri Turanuli da islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis

gzaze, basmaCuri moZraobis organizebisa da Tavis daqvemdebare-

baSi moqcevis procesSi, enver faSas mier daSvebuli strategiu-

li Secdoma centralur aziaSi arsebuli imdroindeli politi-

kuri, ideologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis ga-

uTvaliswinebloba iyo. pirvel rigSi, rac enver faSas ar esmo-

da, iyo is, rom basmaCebi im momTabareebs warmoadgendnen, rom-

lebic Tavisi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis aRdgenisaTvis ib-

rZodnen. maT SemakavSirebel Zalas islami warmoadgenda da ara

nacionalizmi. rogorc jadidebTan, aseve itihadistebTan da re-

formistebTan, maT msoflmxedvelobebTan basmaCebs Zalian mci-

re ram Tu akavSirebdaT. maTi Sexebis saerTo wertili mxolod

da mxolod sabWoelebis gandevna iyo okupirebuli teritorie-

bidan da ara Temur lengis axali saxelmwifos anda miTiuri sa-

mefos _ `didi Turanis~ Seqmna.

sabolood, yvelafers wertili daesva _ osmalTa imperiis

mmarTveli triumviratis yofilma wevrebma Tavisi amqveyniuri

codvili cxovrebis winaaRmdegobrivi gza Zalian dramatulad

daasrules. istoriam ulmobeli ganaCeni gamoutana maT _ 1921

wlis 15 marts daSnakma soRomon terilianma TavSi erTi gasro-

liT berlinSi mehmed TalaaT faSa mokla. generali ahmed jemal

faSa da misi Tanmxlebi pirebi 1922 wlis 21 ivliss Cekistebma

mokles Tbilisis centrSi, ori kviris Semdeg ki, 4 agvistos, en-

ver faSas, am ukvdavi `maradiuli meomris~ winaaRmdegobebiT aR-

savse cxovrebis gzac dasrulda. duSanbesTan axlos, pamiris

mTebSi, XX saukunis pirveli fiureri Sahidi meomris mowameob-

rivi sikvdiliT aResrula muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis qveda-

nayofTan SetakebaSi.

`axalgazrda TurqTa~ revoluciis gmiri da osmalTa impe-

riis faqtiuri mmarTveli sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTamde iseTi-

ve romantikosad da avantiuristad darCa, rogoric Tavisi sam-

xedro da politikuri cxovrebis gariJraJze iyo, roca `wiTeli

sulTnis~, abdul hamid II-is winaaRmdeg iwyebda brZolas. ro-

gorc ityvian, did politikaSi mudmivi megobrebi ar arseboben.

bolSevikebTan mimarTebaSi ki, es Teza ormagad marTebulia. di-

ax, moskovma sakmaod male daasrula eqsitihadist generlebTan

184

didi politikuri TamaSebi da maT Sesabamisi ganaCenic gamouta-

na. aseTi iyo istoriuli realoba...

rogori Sefasebebic unda miscen istorikos-mkvlevrebma

bolSevikur-itihadistur urTierTobebs da im CaxlarTul enig-

mas, romelic kremlsa da osmalTa imperiis yofili mmarTveli

triumviratis wevrebs Soris arsebobda, ra tipis analizic unda

Catardes am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, faqtia, rom 1922 wlis 4

agvistos yvelafers wertili daesva. am dRes XX saukunis pirve-

li fiureris, general ismail enver faSasa da eqsitihadistebis

mier 1919 wels wamowyebuli bolSevikur-revoluciuri sulis-

kveTebiT uxvad gajerebuli didi politikuri TamaSebi das-

rulda. enver faSas gabeduli Canafiqrebi, misi revoluciuri

panislamizmis ideologia da islaminternisa da panTurqizmis

ideebze mibmuli didi Turanis Seqmnis masStaburi proeqtebi sa-

mudamod dasamarda...


1. ivane nanuaSvili, ra unda icodes yvelam Tavisufal samya-

roSi ruseTis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 2012.

2. Бахыт Садыкова, Мустафа Чокай, Научные консультанты:

профессор Шанталь Лемерсье-Келькежей (Франция), доктор фи-

лософских наук, профессор Кенжебаев С. Д. (Казахстан).

http://www.continent.kz/library/mustafachokay/soderjanie.html.

3. Мустафа Чокай Оглы, Энверпашав Советской Россиии Туркестане

(«Orient et Occident»), Paris, Перевод с французского языка и пуб-

ликация принадлежат Бахыт Садыковой, http://kh-davron.uz/kutub-

xona/tarix/mustafa-chokaj-enver-pasha-v-sovetskoj-rossii-i-turkestane.

4. Соловейчик JI. M., Очерк возникновения и развития современного

басмачества в Бухаре, Москва, 1923.

5. Șuhnaz Yilmaz, An Ottoman Warrior Abroad: Enver Pasha as an

Expatriate, Middle Eastern Studies, A Frank Cass Journal.

6. Caroline Cox and John Eibner. Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: War in

Nagorno Karabakh. The Pincers of Pan Turkism. Walker, 1980.

http://sumgait.info/caroline-cox/ethnic-cleansing-in-progress/pincers-

of-panturkism.htm.

185

7. Enver Pasha and His Times. The son and the daughters of Enver.

http://www.oocities. Org/enver1908/.

8. В. М. Гиленсен, Сотрудничество красной Москвы с Энвер-пашой и Джемаль-пашой, “Восток~, 1996, №3, http://siberia-miniatures.ru/

forum/showthread.php?fid=12&tid=10&block=90. 9. J. Christopher Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, New York, 1955.

10. Чуев Ф., Сто сорок бесед с Молотовым: Из дневника Ф. Чуева;

Послесловие С. Кулешова. – М.: ТЕРРА, 1991. – 623 с.: ил. ISBN

5-85255-042-6. http://grachev62. narod.ru/molotov_140/content.htm.

11. Розин Э., Ленинская мифология государства. Москва: Юристъ,

1996. В. И. Ленин – организатор советского террора,

http://www.liveinternet.ru/tags/%EB%E5%ED%E8%ED%F1%EA%

E8%E5+%E4%EE%EA%F3%EC% E5%ED%F2%FB/.

12. Сталин И. В., Сочинении, Т. 5. 13. Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism, (Only Complete Official

Text on the Internet), 1932, http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmas-ter/reading/germany/mussolini.htm.

14. Вячеслав Прокофьев, Дуче глазами любовницы, В Италии опубли-кована первая часть дневников Кларетты Петаччи, Рим, 2009, http://www.rg.ru/2009/11/18/italiya.html.

15. Pirjevec, Jože (2008). "The Strategy of the Occupiers", Resistance, Suffering, Hope: The Slovene Partisan Movement 1941-1945.

16. Мамедамин Расул-Заде, Пантуранизм и проблема Кавказа, Доклад, прочитанный в Париже перед аудиторией, состоящей из предста-вителей кавказской, украйнской и туркестанской эмиграции, в ма-

рте 1930 года, Источники, №2 (10), 2004, http://irs-az.com/pdf/ 090622152150.pdf.

186

Archil Chachkhiani Doctor of History, David Agmashe-nebeli Georgian National Defense Academ, professor

The First Fuhrer of the XX Century

Summary

In 1919-1920 Moscow was often called as the `Mecca~ of numerous

enslaved people from East. At that time completely unimaginable geopolitical projects of arranging the nations and states were developed in Kremlin. They were based on not only systemic and political indicators, but also ideological, religious and ethnic ones. In the global scale Lenin-Trotsky’s project of `World Proletarian Revolution~, proletarian missioners

made main accents on so called `East~ and Islamic states. Key ideologists

of Kremlin and the 3d International considered a heir state of Ottoman Sultanate and Caliphate as the leader state in the East to be born on the ruins of the empire dismantled after the world war. They thought that the principal figure of a new state would be the governing triumvirate and ex-military minister of the Ottoman Empire, general Ismail Enver Pasha.

On the backdrop of the tough ideological events, the article discusses the notion of the phenomena ofFuhrerism, It shows that a Fhurer is a kind of a leader, who tries to make complex common body of industrial and technological era into a primitive community, members of which are connected to each other with blood and gene. Thus, we should discuss Ismail Enver Pasha rather than Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as the first Fuhrers of the XX century. Based on the ideologies of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turanism, Enver Pasha struggled for creating new super state, `Great Turan~ where people of Turkish bloodline would be united.

187

gia gelaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

siteti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis is-

toriisa da eTnologiis institutis axa-

li da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

elim henri d’avigdori Tbilisis Sesaxeb

ingliseli mogzauri elim henri d'avigdori (1841_1895)

daibada nicaSi, safrangeTSi. iyo ufrosi vaJi franko-ebrae-

li grafis solomon henri d'avigdorisa da ingliseli qalba-

tonis raqel goldsmidis. mSoblebi gaiyarnen mis bavSvobaSi

da dedam waiyvana londonSi. aq is msaxurobda samoqalaqo in-

Jinrad. 1866 wels daqorwinda henrieta jakobsze, romelTa-

nac hyavda xuTi Svili. 1880 wels is Seudga literaturul

moRvaweobas da dawera eqvsi novela sarisko Temebze (metwi-

lad nadirobaze) fsevdonimiT `mogzauri~. damatebiT mas

ekuTvnis samogzauro wigni, Zalze saintereso naSromi _ `Ca-

nawerebi kavkasiis Sesaxeb~ (londoni, 1883). wignSi mocemulia

mTeli saqarTvelos met-naklebi aRwera, romlis mesame Tavi

exeba Tbiliss, rac amJamad warmovadgineT.

tfilisis aRwera

(tfilisis sazogadoeba _ saxalxo garTobebi _

abanoebi _ zne-Cveulebebi da sxva)

tfilisi mniSvnelovani qalaqia, nawilobriv evropuli,

nawilobriv aziuri; gaSenebulia mdinare mtkvris (an kirusis)

gaswvriv, unayofo (SiSvel) mTebs Soris moqceul xeobaSi. mas

dedaqalaqobisTvis mouxerxebeli mdebareoba aqvs, maSin roca

erTi miliT zeviT mdinaris orive napirze aris mSvenieri gaS-

lili teritoriebi. amis mizezia cxeli mineraluri wylis

abanoebi, mdebare viwro xevSi, cicabo mTebis qvemoT. isini

ufro dafasebulia qarTvelebisa da sparselebis mier, rom-

188

lebsac, Crdilo azielebis msgavsad, ejavrebaT civi ganbanva.

Tavdapirveli qalaqi maT irgvliv Camoyalibda.

originalur aziur qalaqs rusebma miumates evropulic _

sxvaTa Soris, umravles rusul qalaqebze gacilebiT ukeT na-

Seni, mniSvnelovanwilad daproeqtebuli ucxoelTa da agebu-

li berZeni da sparseli kalatozebis mier. tfiliss uWiravs

3-4-jer meti farTi, vidre saukunis dasawyisSi; is umjobes-

deba da progresirebs yovelwliurad. aq aris oTxi sakmaod

kargi sastumro (franguli), ori didi klubi, Teatri, ipod-

romi da sami sazogado baRi; aseve, mravali germanuli ludis

baRi da msgavsi. is ukve ukavSirdeba rkinigziT Savi zRvis

foTisa da baTumis navsadgurebs [1], male kaspiis zRvasac.

ucxo elementi kargadaa warmodgenili; Tu yvela ara, ev-

ropeli da mravali aziuri erovnebebis subieqtebi yovelTvis

saxezea. evropuli nawilis kafeebSi mogzauri aRmoaCens

frangs, italielebs, germanelebs, avstrielebs, polonelebs,

civilizebul somxebs, berZnebs; iSviaTad serbebs, moldave-

lebs, ungrelebs, Turqebs da sirielebs (qarvaslebSi, Tuki

moindomebs da SeuZlia Turqulad saubari, daubrkoleblad

gamonaxavs Crdilo aziis, xorasnis, sparselebis, Turqmanebis,

yirgizebis, yalmuxebis, noRaeli TaTrebis warmomadgenlebs;

xandaxan xivelebs, kokandelebs da avRanelebsac). rac Seexeba

evropelebs, rusebis Semdeg yvelaze bevria germaneli, Semdeg

modian polonelebi, frangebi, italielebi da bolos ingli-

selebi, romlebmac, miuxedavad imisa, rom daagegmares da Se-

asrules sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis umetesoba, rkinigzebi

da a. S., arian yvelaze cotani.

tfilisis sazogadoebas warmoadgens mefisnacvlis Stabi,

sadac yovelTvis msaxuroben maRali (warCinebuli) gvarebis

da rangis oficrebi; samoqalaqo mmarTveloba _ gubernatori,

vice-gubernatori, mosamarTleebi, qalaqis sabWos wevrebi da

a. S. rac Seexeba adgilobriv aristokratias, esaa qarTveli

Tavadebi da maTi ojaxebi, oficrebi generaluri Stabidan,

romelTa umetesoba profesiuli da socialuri Tvalsazri-

siT Zalze dawinaurebuli pirovnebebi arian; dabolos mdida-

ri kontraqtorebi da vaWrebi (umTavresad somxebi) da sxva da

sxva samwyobro polkebis oficrebi.

189

rogorc mosalodnelia, tfilisis sazogadoebaSi ar aris

sakmao erToba (solidaroba). xalxi garegnulad sakmaod me-

gobrulia Sexvedrisas da uyureben erTmaneTs Cumad, sanam

formalurad ar gaicnoben (rogorc amas ingliselebi akeTe-

ben klubebsa da sxvagan). Tumca rusebs ratomRac ar uyvarT

germanelebi; germanelebsac moCvenebiTad uyvarT da ejavre-

baT rusebi. orives ezizRebaT somxebi, asevea sapasuxo grZno-

bebi. amas garda polonelebs ejavrebaT rusebi, germanelebi

da somxebi (yvela, faqtiurad xSirad pirovnuladac). mahmadi-

anebs ZiriTadad ar akareben rusul samsaxurebs. me vfiqrob,

rom qarTvelebi arian yvelaze Semwynareblebi (tolerantu-

lebi) da saerTod yvelasTan kargad arian.

ucxoelebs, romlebic miCveulni arian dRis cxovrebas,

tfilisis sazogadoeba uqmnis dabrkolebas, radgan sakmaod

gamorCeviT ewevian Ramis cxovrebas. zrdili rusebi (tfilisi

rusificirebulia) [2] dgebian dilis 10-11 saaTze, svamen Cais,

aboleben erT an or sigarets da midian TavianTi ofisebisken,

sadac isini ufro mets ewevian, layboben da cotas muSaoben.

saxlSi brundebian 2-3 saaTze sadilad, rac sakmaod grZeli

saqmianobaa; sadilis mere iZineben; bevri maTgani gaxdili wve-

ba 6-7 saaTamde; amis Semdeg miirTmeven saRamos Cais, rac mo-

wevasa da Semosul stumrebTan saubarTan erTad grZeldeba 9

saaTamde. axla dgeba dro saRamos garTobis, an klubSi, an pi-

radi stumrobiT; aq cekvaven, saubroben da TamaSoben karts,

rac yovelTvis grZeldeba 12 saaTamde, xSirad dilis 3-4 saa-

Tamde. Sedegad ucxoeli, romelsac surs `CaerTos dinebaSi~,

unda eziaros rusuli cxovrebis wesebs; da es Seexeba pirov-

nebas, romelsac ar SeuZlia daiZinos dilis 7 saaTis Semdeg

da SeCveulia isauzmos diliT adre da diliTve Seudges muSa-

obas. yovelive niSnavs CveulebaTa srul Secvlas.

es araa yvelaferi, radgan rusi momsaxure pirebis mier

saqmis gadadeba da usaqmuroba cnobilia da saxezea maT mier

garTobisTvis pirveladi, xolo saqmisadmi meoradi mniSvne-

lobis miniWeba. inteligenti ucxoeli amaSi xedavs gadamdebs.

Sedegad cota ucxoeli uerTdeba rusebs; isinic ki, romle-

bic xSirad wuxdnen, rom es Caidines.

zemoT asaxuli cxovrebis saxe, sakvirvelia, ar unda uS-

190

lides xels samxedro Tu samoqalaqo saqmianobas. rusi sam-

xedroebi saerTod ar arian Zalze Sewuxebuli paradebiT,

wesrigiT, an `movaleobiT~; paradebi Tuki tardeba, iniSneba

saRamoTi, an warmoebs adiutantis1 xelmZRvanelobiT, radgan

Tavmomwone polkovniki da misi ufrosi oficrebi arSiyoben,

karts TamaSoben, an sZinavT (araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT

`arasdros~). rusi oficrebi ar naxuloben polkebs (nawilebs),

garda savele manevrebisa da sazeimo viTarebisas.

is specifikuroba, rom mudmivad iyvnen uniformaSi, sxva-

Ta Soris, aris butaforia (moCvenebiToba), damaxasiaTebeli

ruseTisTvis. ara marto moqmedi samxedroebi, aramed yvela

saxis Cinovnikebi, eqimebi, safosto klerkebi, rkinigzis msa-

xurebi da a.S., romlebsac araferi aqvT armiasTan saerTo,

atareben xmlebs da efeqtur uniformebs. yvelaferi, rac

`turistis~ Tvals xvdeba, afiqrebinebs maT, rom rusebi arian

uzarmazari meomruli xvedris, yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi da-

kavebuli Tavisi profesiisadmi keTilganwyobiT.

davubrundeT Cven Temas, vestumroT tfilisis sazogadoebas,

klubebs da kartis partiebs. klubebi sinamdvileSi arian `samori-

neebi~, romlebsac xSirad stumroben qalbatonebi; aq yovel saRa-

mos imarTeba cekvebi, xandaxan ki didi balebi da nadimebi.

`Cinebuli~ klubia kruJoki; Semdeg modis somxuri klubi,

romelic ucxoelTaTvis ufro sainteresoa. kruJoki aris sa-

xalxo TavSeyris oTaxi, romelsac stumroben maRali sazoga-

doebis wevrebi, iseTi, romelic SeiZleba yvelgan ixilo saku-

Tari fuliT. meore mxriv, somxur klubSi Sexvdebi kavkasiis

aziuri modgmis yvela subieqts, kacsac da qalsac; aq aziuri

cekvebi da musika enacvleba polkas, mazurkas da valss.

karti, vaxSami da sma, aseve bevri damaxasiaTebeli saubari

da saintereso informacia qveynis Sesaxeb SeiZleba moismino

da gaigo, rom araferi vTqvaT uricxv flirtze nuSisTvala

qarTvel da somex lamazmanTa jgufebTan, rac bunebrivad di-

dad izidavs axalgazrda subieqtebs.

1 esaa yovelTvis Zalze dakavebuli oficeri, romelsac ar

ainteresebs `sazogadoeba~ da asrulebs yvela davalebas; is

faqtiurad meTaurobs polks.

191

germanuli kolonia [3] esaa grZeli farTo quCa mtkvris

marcxena sanapiroze, romelsac mivyavarT muStaidis baRebam-

de, did saseirno adgilamde, ipodromamde da rkinigzis sad-

guramde. mas iyeneben saRamos fexiT, cxeniTa da etliT seir-

nobisTvis. quCis orive mxares saxlebi da baRebia. es aris

kargi adgili, sadac gazafxulisa da Semodgomis mSvenier sa-

RamoobiT ixilavT tfilisis aristokratias; zafxulobiT ki

yvela midis agarakebze an mTebSi. muStaidis baRebSi kviraSi

orjer ukravs samxedro orkestri (bendi). es gaxlavT sparsu-

li stilis lamazad gamarTuli sasiamovno parki mdinaris na-

pirze. sinamdvileSi is ekuTvnoda sparsel muftis anu muSta-

hids; aqedan warmosdga misi saxelic. faetoni qalaqidan [4]

wagiyvanT iqiT da ukan maneTad.

stumrobis Rirsia tfilisis muzeumi [5], gansakuTrebiT

arqeologebisTvis. kargadaa warmodgenili eTnologiuri da

bunebis istoriis ganyofilebebi. mas mTlianad kurirebs pro-

fesori radde [6], germaneli swavluli, Seupovari mkvlevari,

romelmac bevri imogzaura mecnierebaTa dasaufleblad ara

marto kavkasiaSi, aramed ruseTis imperiis mraval mxareSi1.

aziuri qalaqi iwyeba erevnis moednis [7] aRmosavleT mxa-

res; am moedanze ganlagebulia ori mTavari sastumro, banki,

generaluri Stabi da sxva yuradsaRebi Senoba. aqve imarTeba

yoveldRiuri bazroba, garda kvira dRisa, rac daaxloebiT

dilis 11 saaTis farglebSi warmoebs.

moednis datovebisTanave aRmoCndebiT somxur bazarSi, an

ubanSi _ esaa grZeli, viwro quCa, romelic TandaTan eSveba

mdinarisken; aqaa grZeli rigebi iuvelirebis, vercxlis saqmis

ostatebis, metyaveebis, meiaraReebis, adgilobrivi samkerva-

lo duqnebis da sxva. Tqven SegiZliaT aq SeiZinoT sruli kav-

kasiuri an Cerqezuli Casacmeli: Coxa, axaluxi, Salvari, fa-

faxi (bewvis qudi) da yabalaxi; aseve mTeli kompleqti piradi

SeiaraRebis _ xmali, xanjali da dambaCa (es ukanaskneli Sec-

1 ganaTlebulma adamianma, vinc tfiliss stumrobs, unda gaic-

nos niWieri profesori berJe, mTavrobis istorikosi, doku-

mentebis mflobeli da a. S. esaa uzarmazari da mravalfe-

rovani informaciis mcodne pirovneba da erT-erTi pirveli

orientalisti dRes.

192

vala inglisurma revolverma) _ 100 maneTad, an 10 funti

sterlingis banknotad, Tuki gadawyvet ixetialo cxeniT qve-

yanaSi garkveuli xniT (esaa qveynis SecnobisTvis saukeTeso

gza). Cemi azriT, es araa cudi samosi gareT dabanakebis dros.

is gadagirCenT Tqven evropul tansacmels, romelic SegiZli-

aT ataroT qalaqebSi. Tqven arasdros gamoiyurebiT masSi

WuWyianad da arafaqizad, Tuki daibanT xel-pirs, rasac al-

baT yovelTvis akeTebT. maSin roca mTebSi erTi kvira siaru-

lis mere Cveulebriv evropul samosSi geqnebaT mawanwalis

Sesaxedaoba. is Zilis dros Seudarebelia alpuri klubis wev-

rebisTvis; kargi iqneboda zemodasaxelebuli samosi CaedoT

bargSi RamiT gamosacvlelad. me mjera, rom batonebi grouvi,

muri, an freSfildi kavkasionis xelaxali stumrobisas gaizi-

areben Cem rCevas da madlobeli darCebian [8]. Tumca, Tu SeeC-

vie mis tarebas, unda SegeZlos rusulad an Turqulad lapa-

raki... ar unda davuSvaT, TiTqos me vfiqrob STvagono mogza-

urs ataros fraki an uniforma mTel qveyanaze _ mag., ararat-

ze an yazbegze asvlisas. magram, Tu mas surs isiamovnos, unda

erT-erTi ataros roca miiwveven maRalCinosanTan, an elode-

ba mipatiJebas sadilad. qalaqebSi Cemodani ar daamZimebs; Tu

is emorCileba am tradiciebs, es aamaRlebs rusebis TvalSi,

razec iqneba damokidebuli misi mogzaurobis warmateba.

somxuri bazris mere, zed mdinaresTan, romelic aq Zalze

Rrmaa da miedineba viwro, cicabo da sakmaod maRal kldeebs

Soris moqceul kalapotSi, da gadebulia ori, erTmaneTis ax-

los agebuli xidi, aris daxuruli bazari, didi savaWro cen-

tri sacalo saqonlis da manCesteruli qsovilebis. Tuki mas-

ze gaivli, gaxval TaTris maidanze (esaa Zveli Turquli sa-

bazro adgili); is mdebareobs cixis nangrevebs [9] qvemoT, ro-

melic augia mustafa faSas XVI saukuneSi [10], roca osmalebi

erT xans batonobdnen kavkasiaSi. am adgilis SuagulSi dgas

grZeli SeRebili Zeli, romelic gamoyenebulia flagStokad.

es Zelebi (isini dResac imave daniSnulebisaa indoeTSi Cvens

banakebsa da samxedro dasaxlebebSi) miuTiTeben warsuli

dReebis uzarmazar Turqul da TaTrul gasaCerebel (sabana-

ko) adgilebze da dRevandel bazarze aris orientiri karve-

bis, aRalis, aqlemebis da urmebis simravleSi, romliskenac

193

adgilobrivi ikvlevs gzas Semotanili sanovagiT.

aq mogzaurs SeuZlia Tavis aRWurvilobas miumatos wyvi-

li `xurjini~, an yvela fasis da xarisxis unagiris sapalne,

xolo Semdeg xidiT gadavides [11] sparsuli qarvaslisken, sa-

dac SeiZens `burkas~ an qeCis mosasxams (nabadi _ g. g.), urom-

lisodac cudad igrZnobs Tavs mTebSi. aziuri yovelgvari

unagiri aq Zalian kargi xarisxisaa da xelmisawvdomi. `nukta~

anu avSara da Rvedi aucileblad saWiroa, aseve kazakuri maT-

raxi. Zlieri aziuri lagami (aRviri), daboloebuli grZeli

calfa knutiTa da caluRiT, ufro gamosadegia da mosaxerxe-

beli, vidre maTi evropuli oreuli.

rogorc ki gadaxvalT qveda xidiT, ramdenime iardze, av-

labris cixe-sapatimros qvemoT (esaa bastiliis msgavsi fla-

teze, romelic dabla gadmoscqeris mdinares), gauvliT erTa-

derT meCeTs tfilisSi. esaa upretenzio Senoba lurji minare-

TiT [12]; marcxniv Sexvevisas mixvalT namdvil `TaTris bazram-

de~, romelsac mivyavarT abanoebisken. aq yovelTvisaa mraval-

ferovani brbo, romelic brZoliTa da ZaliT miiwevs viwro qu-

Caze, rac svel amindSi gadaiqceva Sav talaxian saflobad. gan-

sakuTrebuli suni gecemaT cxvirSi; Tuki gadaurCebiT da Zirs

ar dagcaT aqlemebma, jorebma, saxedrebma, romlebsac, mZimed

datvirTulebs, swrafad erekebian, Tqven gejaxebaT sxvadasxva

veluric. sazidrebis mwkrivi, cxenosani mogzaurebis jgufebi,

kazakebi da safosto sazidrebi aseve xSirad griyaven gzidan,

romlis orive mxares Camwkrivebulia sparselTa sasauzmeebi da

sasadiloebi. dabindebisas gaufrTxilebel mogzaurs SeiZleba

unagiridan aaWran sapalne: es gansakuTrebuli `patara TamaSi~

aris `TaTris bazris~ maxasiaTebeli.

bunebrivi mineraluri wyaroebis cxeli wyali, Tumca arc

ise cxeli, rom ver gauZlo, kargi saabazano oTaxi vestibiu-

liT an gasaxdeliT, erTi saaTi Rirs erTi maneTi; oci wuTi

savsebiT sakmarisia umravlesi xalxisTvis. momsaxurebaSi Se-

dis saponi da pirsaxocebi. Tavis dabanva miRebuli wesiT da-

matebiT Rirs. Tqven banaobT zemodasaxelebul droSi; Tu ga-

daacilebT mas, ixdiT meore saaTis safasurs. ori adamiani

imaze mets ar ixdis, vidre erTi (oTaxebi samyofia eqvsi ka-

cisTvisac). civi frinveli, Rvino boTlebSi da sxva momsaxu-

194

reba SegiZliaT miiRoT calke SekveTiT da gadaxdiT.

mas Semdeg, rac ofls moidens, gaisapneba, Tavs daibans,

gadaivlebs civ wyals (TiTo saabazanoSi dgas civi wylis cis-

terna), stumars SeuZlia miiRos finjani yava mezobel TaTris

duqanSi, sadac, Tuki laparakob Turqulad an rusulad, SeiZ-

leba xSirad gaigo gasayidi kargi cxenis Sesaxeb. an stumars

SeuZlia Seamowmos Rvinis sardafebi, romlis erTi an ori qu-

Ca esazRvreba (uerTdeba) maidans _ miuxedavad Zalze aramim-

zidvelobisa, sacavi flobs uamrav saukeTeso adgilobriv

Rvinos. an kidev stumars SeuZlia estumros sparsul qarvas-

las da saguldagulod gasinjos (daaTvalieros) sxvadasxva

naxelavi noxebi daRestnidan, xorasnidan da TurqmaneTidan;

anda moinaxulos vercxlis saqmis ostatTa maRaziebi.

bevri kuriozuli ambebia dakavSirebuli am abanoebTan,

romelTa umravlesoba sakmaod uxerxuli dasabeWdia.

iyo aq leitenanti z-, rusi oficeri, romelic iyo kargi

gvaris da hqonda maRali kavSirebi. ramdenime wlis win man

mokla meetle, romelmac uari uTxra waeyvana leitenanti da

ori megobari qalbatoni (aseve maRali sazogadoebidan), rom-

lebic iyvnen jer balze da Semdeg estumrnen abanos, muStai-

dis baRebisken, sadac surdaT Ria cis qveS, sufTa haerze gae-

tarebinaT darCenili saRamo (iyo daaxl. dRis 3 saaTi).

disciplinis aseTi darRvevisTvis leitenanti gadaeca sam-

xedro tribunals da miusajes cimbirSi gadasaxleba. Tumca sa-

bolood gadarCa erTwliani mkacri patimrobis Semdeg mTavar

sayarauloSi da Cinis CamomcrobiT, radgan hyavda gavleniani me-

gobrebi. me vfiqrob, rom bolo omis dros aRidgina dakargu-

li.1 erTxel rusi oficrisgan gavige am `incidentis~ Sesaxeb,

1 ai, ra daemarTa leitenant b-s: axalgazrdam `miitaca~ skami,

romelsac eyrdnoboda imperatori balebis dros st.-peter-

burgSi. man saqme ufro gaifuWa, roca Tavisi Secdoma Semdeg-

nairad axsna: `mapatieT Tqveno udidebulesobav; me vifiqre,

rom es romeliRac generals ekuTvnoda~. imperatorma uTxra:

`me gaswavli generlebis pativiscemas~ da ubrZana gaegrZele-

bina samsaxuri rogorc kerZo pirs kavkasiaSi. Tumca socialu-

rad da materialurad Zveleburad kargad grZnobda Tavs: sa-

195

rom damnaSave mTlianad meetle iyo da leitenanti ar unda dae-

sajaT; rom man samarTlianad daartya muSti meetles, romelmac

uari uTxra wayvanaze da Seuracxyofda masTan myof qalbato-

nebs uwmawuri sityvebiT. meetlem uxeSad staca xeli z-s da

scada Zirs gadagdeba. z- iyo uniformaSi; es ki udides Seurac-

xyofad iTvleboda formis. amiT amarTlebda is SurisZiebas.

rogorc mosalodnelia nairgvari mosaxleobisgan, rome-

lic cxovrobs sardafis bnel labirinTebSi da viwro Sesaxve-

vebSi, xSirad miwis qveSac aziur qalaqSi, Tavdasxmebi, Cxubi,

yaCaRoba da motacebebi ar unda warmoadgendes iSviaTobas. me

mjera, rom `Zaladobrivi yaCaRoba~ unda xdebodes ufro

tfiliss gareT, vidre TviT qalaqSi, sadac yvelaferi poli-

ciurad efeqturadaa yuradRebamiqceuli.

saerTod saqarTveloSi (georgiaSi) aris erTi-ori cnobi-

li yaCaRi, garda stepebis TaTrebisa da Turqebisa, romlebic

arian araprofesionalebi, xSirad realurebi, rogorc mesa-

qonleebi.

ukanaskneli cnobili yaCaRi iyo tato salokiZe, romelic

CamoaxrCves tfilisSi 1880 wels. is iyo kargi qarTuli oja-

xidan, magram mudam `veluri~; yaCaRobda ramdenime weli gzeb-

ze tfilissa da sazRvrebs Soris. iyo patara bandis meTauri;

mis saxelzea 12 Tu 15 mkvleloba.

me erTxel Sevxvdi mas patara duqanSi Zvel Turqul cixe

jelal oRlisTan, sadac davrCi Ramis saTevad aleqsandropo-

lidan momaval gzaze, zustad omis win. ra Tqma unda, maSin me

ar vicodi vin iyo is. misi dasjis mere moxda ise, rom SeviZi-

ne misi da misi erTi amxanagis foto, gadaRebuli sapatimroSi

borkilebSi. me gavixsene misi mkacri, ufro sworad sevdiani

(melanqoliuri, daTrgunuli) gamometyveleba. tato xSirad

modioda tfilisSi. 1878 wels man da misma `megobarma~ mokles

maRaziis patroni qalaqis yvelaze feSenebelur quCaze, didi

mTavris sasaxlis [13] axlos, daaxloebiT saRamos 6 saaTze,

Semdeg mSvidad moSordnen iqaurobas. am mkvlelobis gamo

ori udanaSaulo kaci daiWira policiam imave saRamos Cxubis-

dilobda saukeTeso sastumroebSi, eswreboda balebs, nadiro-

bas da kargad iRebdnen yvelgan maRal sazogadoebaSi.

196

Tvis da dasajes. SemdgomSi tatom gasroliT mokla policie-

li TaTris maidanze, romelmac moindoma misi dakaveba, roca

is jdeboda sazogado transportSi; Semdeg mSvidad gaemgzav-

ra. is daiWires yarsis axlos, Cemi azriT, roca eZina erT-

erT Rvinis duqanSi.

rac Seexeba kavkasiaSi mogzaurobisas dayaCaRebis saf-

rTxes, me ar vfiqrob, rom aq ufro saSiSia, vidre siciliaSi,

kalabriaSi, albaneTsa da sxva velur mxareebSi, sadac adamia-

nebi mogzauroben, magram windaxeduloba mainc aucilebelia...

me bevri vimogzaure, xSirad martod-martom dasavleT kavka-

siaSi da samxreT provinciebSi; aseve CerqezeTSi, orjer kas-

piis zRvisken, anda xSiri gasvlebi tfilisis irgvliv mTebsa

da tyeebSi, magram arasdros Tavs ar damsxmian, Tumca maf-

rTxilebdnen. me yovelTvis SeiaraRebuli vjdebodi cxenze

da viyavi mzad. me mjera, rom garda `Zalian magrebisa~, yaCaRi

ar daesxmeba Tavs kargad SeiaraRebul mxedars, romelic io-

lad ar `daTmobs~ cxensa da iaraRs.....

[avtori exeba soflad mosavlis qurdobas da ambobs] _

kriminali virtualurad rCeba dausjeli; soflis policia da

mosamarTle TviTon uwyoben xels, an arian kavSirSi qurdeb-

Tan da yaCaRebTan... mosaxleobis yvela fenas aqvs Tavisi me-

Todebi: ganswavluli somexi, romelic arafers warmoadgens,

Tu araa civilizebuli, miznad arCevs daxvewil evropul qur-

dobas, TaRliTurad gabankrotebas, aferistul qmedebas, sa-

dazRvevo ofisebis gaqurdvas da sxva. qarTvelebi _ `indus-

triuli~ qurdebi, tyuian kartis TamaSisas, iparaven cxenebs...

TaTrebi fiqroben naZarcv alafze, rogorc omis Sedegze;

stilia ganadgureba; ayaCaReben baRebs da msgavs mcire biz-

ness. msxvili rqosani saqonlis parva maRal donezea _ 1000

cxvariani faris, an mozvrebis naxiris gadarekva da a. S.

mcire komentarebi:

[1] foTi-Tbilisis rkinigza gayvanil iqna 1865-1872 wlebSi.

[2] `tfilisi rusificirebulia~ _ ase xazgasmiT sxva mogza-

urebs ar uTqvamT.

[3] saqarTveloSi germanelTa gadmosaxleba xdeba aleqsi

197

petres Ze ermolovis (1816-1827) mTavarmarTeblobisas.

1818 wels Tbilisidan 3 versze, sofel kukiasTan daar-

sda kolonia `noi-tiflisi~ (axali tfilisi). Semdeg is

gafarTovda yofili mixeilis (amJamad daviT aRmaSeneb-

lis) gamzirisken da 1852 wels SeuerTda qalaqs.

[4] muStaidis baRebi albaT jer ar iTvleboda uSualod qa-

laqis teritoriad.

[5] kavkasiis muzeumi daarsda 1852 wels, rogorc samxareT-

mcodneo dawesebuleba. 1864 wels is daixura; aRdgenil

iqna 1865 wels gustav raddes iniciativiT. sazeimod ga-

ixsna 1867 wlis 2 ianvars. 1911 wels daixura avariulo-

bis gamo, magram iqve daiwyo axlis Seneba. 1919 wels da-

arsda saqarTvelos muzeumi kavkasiis muzeumis bazaze,

romelic 1947 wlidan atarebs simon janaSias saxels.

[6] gustav ivanes Ze radde (1831-1903) cnobili germaneli

bunebismetyveli da geografi. 1867 wlidan cxovrobda

TbilisSi. yvela Camosul mogzaurs uwevda daxmarebas.

TviTonac bevri imogzaura saqarTveloSi da uZRvna naS-

romebi: `oTxi moxseneba kavkasiis Sesaxeb~, `xevsurebi da

maTi qveyana~, `mogzauroba samegrelos maRal mTebSi~,

`mogzauroba svaneTSi~.

[7] dRevandel `Tavisuflebis moedans~ erqva `erevnis moe-

dani~ mTavarmarTebel graf paskeviCis (1827-1831) mier

erevnis aRebis pativsacemad.

[8] XIX saukunis meore naxevris cnobili mecnier-mTam-

svllebi, romlebmac dalaSqres kavkasioni.

[9] esaa `deda cixis~ (`Sai taxtis~) nangrevebi.

[10] qalaqis citadelis (`Tavadi cixis~) umaRles wertilze

iyo didi mrgvali koSki (vaxuStis mixedviT, `stambolis

godoli~), romelic, Sardenis TqmiT, auSenebia mustafa

faSas 1576 wels. sulTan suleimanis es sardali iyo

cnobili mustafa lala faSa; cixe ki 1578 wels unda

iyos agebuli.

[11] am xidiT gadadiodnen avlabarSi _ metexis xidi `TaTris

moedanTan~.

[12] minareTi idga xidis TavSi, romelic kargad Cans Zvel

fotoebze.

198

[13] es gaxldaT 1865-1868 wlebSi gadakeTebul-gafarToebu-

li mTavarmarTeblis sasaxle (igive yofili pionerTa sa-

saxle rusTavelis gamzirze).

Gia Gelashvili Doctor of Hidtory, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

English Traveller Elim Henry D'Avigdor about Tbilisi

Summary

The description of Tbilisi given by foreign travellers gives us an

opportunity to watch the evolution of the city. One of these travellers is Elim Henry D'Avigdor (1841-1899). He wrote his travel book "Notes on the Caucasus" (London,1883) under the pseudonym "Wanderer".

We translated suitable material from D'Avigdor's work, where he describes the conditions of Tbilisi, its parts, streets, bridges, fortifications, merchandize, museum. He describes Tiflis society, its population, public amusements (clubs, card parties, dancing), baths, menners and customs. He tells also about brigand Tatoo Salokidze.

199

esma mania korneli kekeliZis saxelobis saqar-

Tvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli cen-

tri, xelnawer siZveleTa dacvisa da aRricxvis departamentis mecnier-

TanamSromeli

ilia WavWavaZis ubis wignakebis da

piradi Canawerebis istoriul-kulturuli

mniSvnelobisaTvis

ama Tu im moRvawis ubis wignakebi da Canawerebi ireklavs

ara mxolod mis pirad interesebs, Sexedulebebsa da saWiroe-

bebs, aramed istoriul-kulturul garemosa da mimdinare msoflio procesebsac. ilia WavWavaZis werilobiTi memkvidre-

obis amsaxveli es farTo da mravalSriani masala dRemde gamo-

uqveynebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerlis piradi da Semoq-

medebiTi portreti sadReisod kargad aris Seswavlili, am specifikuri wyaroebis monacemebi sagulisxmo danamatia ro-

gorc misi portretis Sesavsebad, ise im garemos Sesafaseblad, romelSic mwerals cxovreba da moRvaweoba uwevda.

mecnierTa mier saTanadod aris Sesawvlili ilia WavWava-Zis iseTi dokumenturi xasiaTis teqstebi, rogorebicaa: pub-

licisturi da piradi werilebi, Tumca yuradReba naklebadaa gamaxvilebuli pirad Canawerebze (ubis wignakebi, amonawerebi, minawerebi), romlebSic xSirad gaerTianebulia sxvadasxva warmomavlobis asobiT SemoqmedebiTi Tu samoqalaqo impulsi, romlebSic avtori sakuTari SegrZnebebisa da garemos fxize-

li moyuradea. am specifikur wyaroebSi maRali xvedriTi wili modis

iliasTvis sasurveli Tu saWiro literaturis CamonaTvalze. saqarTvelos korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erov-

nul centrSi daculi sxvadasxva dros Sesrulebuli 10 ubis wignakidan (№№56-65) 5-Si vxvdebiT am xasiaTis Canawerebs. Ca-moTvlili wignebis saTaurebidan gamomdinare, mwerlis inte-

resTa sfero moicavs warmoudgenlad farTo speqtrs _ Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriiT dawyebuli, oTaxis meyvavileobisa da TevzWeris problemiT damTavrebuli. dainteresebuli piri aq Sexvdeba Rirsebis sakiTxebsac filosofiasa da samarTalSi da

200

ZaRlebis wvrTnis meTodebsac, civilizaciis fsiqikur faqto-

rebsac da mefutkreobis sakiTxebsac, Sua saukuneebis qalTa problemasac da samkurnalwamlo mcenareebis gamoyenebis gzebsac, yvela droisa da eris zRaprebs, legendebsa da gad-

mocemebsac da mRrRnelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul brZolasac, nebisyofis wvrTnis sakiTxebsac da buRalteriis TviTmaswav-

lebelsac. ilia flobs informacias ara mxolod rusulenova-

ni, aramed rusulad Targmnili samecniero, samecniero-popu-

laruli da sayofacxovrebo literaturis Sesaxeb. aqve vxvde-

biT saWiro literaturis moZiebis konkretul detalebsac _

wignis gamyidvelTa da maRaziis misamarTebsac. ubis wignaks zogadad droisa da resursebis optimalu-

rad marTvis meqanizmadac miiCneven. misi mniSvneloba is aris, rom adamianebi iq maTTvis saWiro monacemebs martivad da swrafad iniSnaven da Tan daatareben. amis gamo ilias ubis wig-nakebSi Zalian bevri saWiro, praqtikuli daniSnulebis Canawe-ri gvxvdeba. am mxriv, sayuradReboa `xeebze Wia-Wuas gasawyve-ti wamlis~, `wyalSi gamZle webos~ recepti, `laqirovani tyavis ganaxlebis~ meTodi, sicivisgan damZrali xilis Tu mwvanilis Senaxvis gzebi, revmatizmis sawinaaRmdego wamali da a. S. im praqtikul midgomebs, romlebiTac ilia dainteresebula, dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba.

am wyaroebSi xSiria aseve sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sxva Canawerebi. rogorc Cans, ilia gansakuTre-

biT iyo dainteresebuli teqnikis siaxleebiT. 1880-iani wle-

bisTvis saguramos mamulSi misi Sromis iaraRebis CamonaTval-

Si ukve vxvdebiT marcvleulis samkal da salew manqanas. ubis wignakSi erTgan saubrobs yinulis mosamzadebel aparatzec [4] peterburgSi maRaziis miTiTebiT da trienteSi gamosul Zmebi galiebis 16 giuldenad Rirebul raRac aparatze (daniSnuleba CvenTvis ucnobia) [4]. misi interesis sagania prizmuli Wogri-

tic (Бинокль призматический) [6], Tavidan misi gamomgoneblis _

hercis, xolo sxva adgilas ki, savaraudod, kerZo qarTveli mflobelis _ erisTavis (`bino[kl]i erisTavisa~) miTiTebiT [4]. unda vivaraudoT, rom am axali, saintereso mowyobilobis saqarTveloSi Semosvla ilias ar gamorCeboda.

ubis wignakSi saubaria fisis nedleulze damzadebul er-

Tgvar samkurnalo daniSnulebis saponze (`Дегтерное _ стирное

201

мыло Бергера~; `Глицерино-дегторное мыло Бергера~) [6], romelic efeqturad gamoiyeneba fsoriazisa da seboreis dros.

rogorc cnobilia, ilias uwevda mSeneblobis sxvadasxva sakiTxSi garkveva, rac mas am dargSi arcTu mwir gamocdilebas ugrovebda. bunebrivia, es mocemuloba Sesabamisad unda asaxu-

liyo mis ubis wignakebSi, romlebic adasturebs kidec amas. aq xazgasasmelia misi midgomebi rogorc samSeneblo masalis xa-risxis, ise komfortuli mowyobis da, rac mTavaria, danaxar-

jebis racionalizaciis TvalsazrisiTac. masalis siiafes is xazs usvams, magaliTad, am SemTxvevaSi: `Дешевыя краски на молокѣ, керасинѣ и скипидарѣ, Инжинера Степанова~; `Дешевыя несгораемыя постройки Грудистона~ [5]. interesdeba broSuriT, romelSic saubaria alizisa da kupris gamoyenebiT naSeneb na-gebobebze. saubrobs `gallandiis saJaze~ _ Sav saRebavze, ro-

melic gamoyeneba ferwerasa da poligrafiaSi, aseve asanTis Tavebis damzadebaSi.

ramdenime SemTxvevaSi ilia detalurad aRwers asaSene-beli oTaxebis farTobs, kar-fanjris zomebs, Werisa da iata-

kis saWiroebebs _ SeRebvas an SpalieriT gawebvas... [3]. es Cana-werebi ilias axasiaTebs rogorc karg praqtikossa da karg me-urnes.

erT-erT ubis wignakSi vxvdebiT xuTi punqtisgan Sem-

dgar erT Canawers, romelTagan pirveli Seexeba galvanizebu-

li, TuTiiT dafaruli rkinis qarxanas, meore _ gamocemas `marqsizmidan idealizmamde~, mesame _ Tojinas, romelic ici-

nis, mReris, sZinavs da saubrobs, meoTxe _ sapons, xolo mexu-

Te _ yinulis mosamzadebel aparats [4] _ es Canaweri ilias in-teresTa sferos mravalmxrivobaze miuTiTebs.

ubis wignakebi, bunebrivia, zustad ireklavs ilias, ro-

gorc publicistis, moqalaqeobriv miswrafebebs. am wyaroebSi, rogorc mosalodnelia, araerTgzis vxvdebiT meTauri weri-

lebis Temebis eskizebsac. qvemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxTa es wre kargad asaxavs ilia WavWavaZis Tvalasawieris proeqciebs. `me-Taurebi: 1. soflis ganaCeni, rogor upatronon sofelsa. 2. ka-xeTis rkinis gzis gamo. 3. sakomloebis gausyidavoba. 4. miwebis ganawileba, venaxebSi rom bevrgvari yurZenia. 5. №28 Русския Ведомости. 6. poliakebis gamodevna ruseTis winaaRmdegi unda iyos im mxriT, rom poliakebi avstriisaken miaxedes, Tqveni

202

xsna aq ariso. 7. Civili muSebis uvargisobazed. kargad Senaxva muSisa saWiroa da ara savnebeli ~ [7]. es Savi Canaweric, romel-

sac, bunebrivia, sapublikacio produqtad realizebis dros ar daakldeboda avtoriseuli skrupulozuroba, siRrme, mka-fio da mizanmimarTuli aqcentebi, ukve, am formiTve, ambobs saTqmels qarTul sofelzec da saerTaSoriso politikazec, agrarul seqtorzec da urbanistulzec, socialur sakiTxeb-

zec da administraciulzec... am wyaroebis sagulisxmo blokia avtoris intensiuri

dakvirveba lingvistur masalaze, ZiriTadad, zmnur formebze (magaliTad, vinaxule, vibargule, vimarxule, vidgomile), obi-

eqturi piris niSnis madiferencirebel mniSvnelobaze paroni-

miis SemTxvevebSi (miyide _ mihyide, flavs _ hflavs, yrian _

hyrian, devs _ h/sdevs, hSvelis _ Svelis...), Tandebulebze (garda, qveS, Soris), rusul-qarTul leqsikur Sesatyvisebze (mcodinaroba _ знание; терраса _ baqani, peitroba _ умнича-ние...). is gamudmebiT eZebs saintereso leqsikur da gramati-

kul formebs qarTul folklorSi da iniSnavs ubis wignakebSi. erT-erTi ubis wignakis [8] TiTqmis 6 gverdi Sevsebulia

rusul-germanuli leqsikoniT, rac, savaraudod, 1900 wels ilias germaniasa da avstriaSi samkurnalod yofnas ukavSirde-

ba. am leqsikonSi rusul sityvebs axlavs germanuli Sesatyvi-

sebi rusuli transkrifciiT. sanimuSod mogvyavs amonaridi leqsikonidan: Где = во, Готово = фертиг, Длинный = Ланг, До = Биз, Дверь = тюре, Довольно = Ганц, Дорога = Вег, Далеко = вайт, Дешевый = биллигес, Ждать = вартен, Забыть = фергсен, Замок = шлосс, Звать = руфен, Если = ванн, Есть = эссен, Идти = геен, Курица = huhn...

ilias am memkvidreobis saintereso nawilia sxvadasxva pe-riodSi sxvadasxva ubis wignakSi CaniSnuli cnobebi msoflio qveynebis sakanonmdeblo organoebis wevrTa partiuli, religi-

uri da eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, `prusiis landtagSi konservatorebi da nacional-liberalebi, momxreni bismarkisa sul 250 kacia, klerikalebi 100 mde, Tavisufal mo-

azreni 43, polakebi 16 _ sul winaaRmdegi 160 kacia~ [6] an kidev: `italiis parlamentSi sul 508 deputatia~. `safrangeTis pala-

taSi sul 584 deputatia, maT Soris konservatorebi – 184."

203

Zalze sainteresoa Canawerebi, romlebSic Cans ilia Wav-WavaZiseuli politikuri Sefasebebi, magaliTad, erTgan mwe-rals Cauweria: `inglisis mTavrobis xasiaTi: yovelTvis uT-

mobs xalxsa da ar ufrTxis zogierTebisamebr, rom uRonobaSi CamomarTmeveno~ [7]. mwerlisave minaweridan `meTaurisTvis~ Cans, rom maT avtori sagazeTo statiebis mosamzadeblad iniS-navda.

ilia WavWavaZe Tavis CanawerebSi yuradRebis miRma ar tovebs me-19 saukunis mTavar politikur da sazogadoebriv tendenciebs. im faqts, rom misi Tanamedrove msoflio masSta-

bis sociologebi, istorikosebi, filosofosebi, samarTal-

mcodneebi, ekonomistebi SemTxveviT ar arian moqceuli mis in-teresTa sferoSi, isic adasturebs, rom ubis wignakebSi xSi-rad vxvdebiT im avtorTa da literaturis CamonaTvals, ro-

melTa fundamentur Sromebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda msoflio istoriis ganviTarebis xazis gansazRvraSi. ilia Wav-WavaZe zrunavs maTi naSromebis ar mxolod SeZenaze, aramed zogjer aTobiT gverds uTmobs am teqstebis damuSavebas.

am skrupulozurad damuSavebul wignebs hyavs metad an-gariSgasawevi avtorebi: karl marqsi, rudolf Stamleri, lui brentano, karl biuxeri, ferdinand lasali, beltovi (giorgi plexanovi), jon stiuart mili, herbert spenseri, tomaS masa-riki, gabriel Sefle, gustav Smoleri, ogiust kanti, fridrix engelsi, antonio labriola, lester uordi, verner zombar-

ti, adam smiti, daviT rikardo, karl kaucki da sxvebi [11]. ec-

noboda ilia maT Sromebs, akeTebda saWiro amonaridebs, iSvia-Tad, magram mainc urTavda SeniSvebs, ajgufebda, paralelebs uZebnida da sistemur xasiaTs aZlevda. is brmad rom aravis misdevda, yvelafers rom kritikuli TvaliT afasebda da mxo-

lod misTvis misaRebs iziarebda, Cans misi erTi gamonaTqvami-

danac: `TviT ikvlie, Tu SeZleba da garemoeba Segwevs, Seamow-

me da Tu avtoritetis azri gamarTlda, daijere mxolod maSin da am saxiT Sens sakuTar rwmenad gardahqmen sxisgan aRmoCeni-

li da nakvlevi~ [12, 391]. swored amgvari gamocdilebiT iqmne-boda ilias publicisturi werilebi TviTmmarTvelobis, kon-

stituciuri monarqiis, ekonomikuri konservatizmis, kerZo sakuTrebis, saarCevno sistemebis, liberalizmis da a. S. Sesa-xeb. 90-iani wlebis bolos ki am literaturas, rogorc soli-

204

dur Teoriul bazas, iyenebda social-demokratebTan polemi-

kisas. savaraudoa, rom ilia am masalas eyrdnoboda istori-

ul-SedarebiTi kvlevis meTodis aqtualizaciisTvisa da sa-mecniero terminologiis erTgvar bazadac.

rogorc Cans, zogierT amonawers ufro konkretuli da-

niSnuleba aqvs, ilia mas sagangebo saWiroebisTvis, raRacis dasasabuTeblad iyenebs. misi nafiqrali argumentaciis siste-

mis srul formirebamde rTul gzas gadis. is eZebs damatebiT masalas, literaturas imisaTvis, rom safuZvlianad gaecnos gansaxilvel sakiTxs, Semdeg amuSavebs, aanalizebs da werilo-

biT ayalibebs. amonawerebSi erTgan Cveni yuradReba miiqcia

iliaseulma SeniSvnam _ `интеллигенцiя" Жорданiя~. amonaride-

bis, Canawerebis, fragmentebis, zogadad, rTuli specifikuri wyaroebis konteqstebis dasadgenad aseT komentarebs Seuc-

vleli mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc Cans, 1898 wels ilia WavWavaZe gaecno noe Jor-

danis `kvalSi~ gamoqveynebul werils, sadac is ase msjelobda: `goniereba sazogadod iSviaTi ram aris, is sanTlis saZebaria, xolo ugunureba yvelgan da yovelTvis advilad misagnebia. cxadia, pirvelis WurWeli _ inteligencia _ Zlier cotaa, sul erTi muWaa, meoris ki (ese igi, ugunurebis) mTeli xalxi, mTeli eria~ [2]. bunebrivia, es mosazreba ilias ar gamorCenia, magram pasuxi maSinve ar gaucia. rogorc Cans, man (vinc eWvis TvaliT uyurebda noe Jordanias mier sakuTari Tavis marqsis-

tad aRqmas) amgvari azrovnebis wyarod marqsizmi miiCnia da daiwyo marqsistul literaturaSi ìnteligenciis~ amgvari definiciis kvalis Zieba. am polemikisTvis saWiro codniTa da argumentebiT SeiaraRebulma iliam 1900 wlis aprilSi gazeT ìveriaSi~ dabeWdil ciklSi `patara saubari~ pasuxi gasca Jordanias mosazrebebs, maT Soris, mosazrebas ìnteligenci-

is~ Sesaxeb. `maxsovs, _ wers ilia _ sadRac momikravs yuri ru-

sul literaturaSi inteligenciis ase gabiabruebisaTvis, mgo-

nia, rusis axirebuli marqsisti beltovia ese avad mxsenebeli inteligenciisa... RonisZiebaa miRebuli, rom sadme beltovis naweri am saganze rogorme viSovo, maSin yvelaferi cxadi iqne-ba~ [3]. swored am droidan iwyebs is beltovis naSromis Ziebas. beltovi marqsizmis Teoretikosisa da propagandistis, saer-

TaSoriso da rusuli socialisturi moZraobis TvalsaCino

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warmomomadgenlis _ giorgi plexanovis fsevdonimia. ilia WavWavaZe swored misi naSromidan amonaridebs iwers Cvens sak-vlev saarqivo erTeulSi, sadac yuradRebas aqcevs iseTi cne-

bebis Sepirispirebas, rogorebic aris `критически мыслящiй~

человекъ/ `критически мыслящие~ личности~ da `Масса~ da `толпа~; inteligencia, rogorc `gonierebis WurWeli _ da xalxs, ro-

gorc `ugunurebis WurWels~. Tumca arguments imis dasamtki-

ceblad, rom Jordaniaseuli mosazreba beltovis ideebs efuZ-

neba, naSromi ar iZleva. amiT ki kidev erTxel gausva xazi imas, rom noe Jordania Sors aris marqsistuli azrovnebisagan.

zemoT dasaxelebuli naSromebidan amonaridebSi SesaZ-loa gamoiyos sakiTxTa is wre, romliTac ufro metad yofila dainteresebuli avtori. aseTebia: mSvidobisa da omis adgili civilizaciis konteqstSi; Zveli azrovnebisgan Tavisufali gonis meufebis mniSvnelobaze fiqri; pirovnebaTa da erTa in-teleqtualuri da zneobrivi solidarobis aucileblobis propaganda; aqcentebis dasma sazogadoebis pativismcemeli xe-lisuflebis valdebulebebze, rom man unda misces moqalaqes sityvis da azris Tavisufleba, uzrunvelyos misi piradi xel-

Seuxeblobis ufleba; biurokratiis upasuxismgeblobis alag-

mvis erTaderT gzad dasaxos sazogadoebrivi kontroli da a. S. [11]. es da momijnave sakiTxebi mkafiod sazRvravs ilia Wav-WavaZis msoflmxedvelobriv da faseulobiT sistemas.

Tu ilia WavWavaZe misTvis xelmisawvdomi rusulenovani literaturidan akeTebs sazogadoebriv-politikuri xasaiTis Canawerebs, romlebic sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebis mow-

yobis alternatiul gzebsa da Tvalsazrisebs exeba, ilias mi-er amowerili andrezuli azrovnebis qarTuli nimuSebi ki ada-

mianuri bunebis farul mankierebebzea aqcentirebuli. maga-liTad, aseTebs: `qarTveli qariania, Torem `qarT veli~ aRar erqmevoda; suleli imitom aris suleli, rom `sul elis~ da TiTon ki gulxeli daukrefia; Tavi rom kargi iyos, `avis~ zmad aRar iqneboda; Wkvai swored `vaia~, amitomac aris dawerili vai Wkvisagan; Znelia, rom kacma Cini iSovos, rom TvalSi `Cini~ ar dahkargos; maRla wamsvleli dabla unda ixrebodes; didTan Tafli, patarasTan balRami didkacobas niSnavs; ufrosi rom Tavi ar iyos, xelqveiTebs sakuTari Tavebi esxmebodaT~ da a. S... [9] ilia am TvalasazrisiT kidev erT saintereso meTods

206

mimarTavs: `qilila da damanasa~ da `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstebi-

dan iwers da anbanze alagebs aforizmebs [10]. metad sagulis-

xmoa, aseve ilias, rogorc leqsikografis muSaoba, rodesac is qarTul-rusuli leqsikonis dokumentur wyarod iRebs, zoga-

dad, yvelaze avTentur da leqsikurad kargad damuSavebul bibliur teqstebs, Tumca is am saSur Sromas ver asrulebs.

ubis wignakebi da piradi Canawerebi _ ilia WavWavaZis we-rilobiTi memkvidreobis es nawili _ sagulisxmoa araerTi TvalsazrisiT. mwerlis aq gamoxatuli piradi miswrafebebi xSirad iSleba ara mxolod erovnul, aramed msoflio ganviTa-

rebis sibrtyeze, zogjer erovnuli masStabis problema ilia-

seuli gaazrebiTa da interpretaciiT msoflio masStabebs iZens da msoflios istoriis TiTqos ganyenebuli faqtebi mis pirad CanawerebSi erovnuli realobis Sefasebis sworupovar argumentebad iqceva. swored am gadasaxedidan kvleva, erTi mxriv, ilias portretis gamdidrebis, meore mxriv, ki me-19 sa-ukunis realobis erTi Sris konturebis rekonstruqciis mcdelobaa.


1. gazeTi `iveria~, 1900, №88. 2. gazeTi `kvali~, 1898, №12. 3. i. WavWavaZis piradi saarqivo fondi №56, korneli kekeli-

Zis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. 4. i. WavWavaZis piradi saarqivo fondi №57, korneli kekeli-







207


Zis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. 12. i. WavWavaZe, aTtomeuli, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1987.

Esma Mania Korneli Kekelidze Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts, Department of Manuscript Preservation and Registration, Scientific Researcher

Personal Notes and Notebooks of Ilia Chavchavadze as Historical-

Cultural Source

Summary

Personal notebooks and notes of any public figure describe not only their interests, views and necessities, but also historical-cultural environment and ongoing processes in the world. This wide and multi-layered material from Ilia Chavchavadze’s written heritage has never been published before. Though personal and creative portrait of Ilia Chavchavadze is very well studied today, information given in these specific sources is significant addition to his portrait and for understanding environment, in which writer had to live and work.

We are very familiar the documental texts like personal letters and diaries, but little attention is paid to personal notes (notebooks, extractions, postscripts, remarks), which very often include hundreds of civil or creative impulses of different origin in which we see the author as a wakeful watchman of his perceptions and environment.

Article based on these specific sources is an attempt to enrich portrait of Ilia Chavchavadze, as well as to reconstruct contours of at least one layer of life in 19th century.

208

qeTi jijeiSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,

samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebis fakultetis profesori

papuna maCaiZe



bebis fakultetis doqtoranti

prezidentis institutis SedarebiTi

analizi germaniasa da saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi gaxorcielebuli sakonstitucio cvlile-

bebis Sedegad saqarTvelos prezidentis insituti ZiriTadad morgebulia germanul modelze, magram Cveni realobisagan

gansxvavebiT, germaniis prezidents sxvadasxva formiT saga-

reo politikaze gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia. warmodgenil sta-

tiaSi SevecadeT dawvrilebiT gagveanalizebina germaniisa da saqarTvelos prezidentTa funqciebisa da uflebamosilebebis

msgavsebani da gansxvavebani; amasTanave, gamogvekveTa da Segve-fasebina is dilemebi da gamowvevebi, romlebsac saqarTvelos politikuri sistemis specifikidan gamomdinare qarTuli po-

litikis dRis wesrigSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. germania-

Sic, iseve rogorc CvenTan, prezidentis funqciebi, ZiriTa-

dad, formaluria da sakanonmdeblo an aRmasrulebeli Zala-

ufleba mas ar gaaCnia. magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Cveni

realobisagan gansxvavebiT, germaniis prezidents sajaro siv-

rceSi Ria diskusiis wamowyebis gziT sazogadoebrivi proce-

sebis gaaqtiureba da, Sesabamisad, sagareo politikaSi gar-

kveuli koreqtirebis Setana SeuZlia, radganac mas saprezi-

dento institutis funqcionirebis sakmaod didi gamocdile-

ba gaaCnia. pirveli bundesprezidenti Teodor hoisi iqna ar-

Ceuli 1949 wels. kanonmorCili germanelebi pativs scemen

prezidentis instituts, romelic, Tavis mxriv, dafuZnebulia

209

kanonis uzenaesobisa da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis evro-

pul Rirebulebebze. germanelebi, erTi mxriv, pativs scemen

prezidentis instituts da prezidentis politikur mesijeb-

ze xSir SemTxvevaSi akeTeben sworebas, magram, meore mxriv,

prezidents ar patioben kanongadacdenas, rogorc vulfis

SemTxvevaSi moxda, da erovnuli Rirsebis Selaxvas, rogorc

es CaTvales koleris dros. germaniisagan gansxvavebiT, saqar-

Tvelo jerjerobiT, kisinjeris perifrazas Tu movaxdenT, is

qveyanaa, sadac apatimreben da pasuxs Txoven mxolod postis

datovebis Semdeg. germaniis mecxre bundesprezidents horst kolers, Ta-

namdebobis datoveba sakamaTo komentaris gamo mouxda, rome-

lic avRaneTSi germanuli armiis (bundesveris) rols exeboda.

avRaneTSi vizitis Semdeg, man gaakeTa gancxadeba, romliTac

gamokveTa armiis roli qveynis ekonomikuri interesebis dac-

vaSi. misi TqmiT, germaniis samxedro misiebi sazRvargareT

qveynis ekonomikur interesebs icavda. germaniis erT-erTi

radiosTvis micemul interviuSi kolerma Tqva, rom eqspor-

tze orientirebuli saxelmwifosTvis, rogoric germaniaa,

qveynis interesebidan gamomdinare,zogjer aucilebelia Seia-

raRebuli Zalebis sazRvargareT gagzavna. qveynis interesebis

magaliTad man Tavisufali vaWrobis mxardaWera daasaxela. prezidentis militaristuli gancxadeba germaniaSi aRiqves,

rogorc mowodeba biznes interesebis mxardaWerisTvis omSi

CarTvisaken, ramac qveynis memarcxene ZalebSi protesti gamo-

iwvia. koleri agresiuli diplomatiis propagandaSi daadana-

Saules. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mmarTveli partiebis arc

erTi warmomadgeneli ar gamoeqomaga prezidents. TviT ange-

la merkelsac ki, romelic koleris mokavSired moiazreboda,

am gancxadebaze komentari ar gaukeTebia.

prezidentis presmdivnis TqmiT, koleris gancxadeba aras-

worad gaiges. Tavisufali vaWrobis mxardaWeraSi is gulisxmob-

da afrikis rqis naxevarkunZulTan Casatarebel samxedro opera-

cias somaleli mekobreebis winaaRmdeg da ara avRaneTis oms. germaniis kancleris, angela merkelis gancxadebiT, misTvis pre-

zidentis gadawyvetileba moulodneli aRmoCnda da, mcdelobis

miuxedavad, ver gadaafiqrebina postis datoveba [1].

210

meaTe prezidentis kristian vulfis, germaniis yvelaze

axalgazrda prezidentis, Tanamdebobaze yofnis vada yvelaze

xanmokle aRmoCnda. sul male gaprezidentebidan vulfi er-

Tdroulad ramodenime skandalSi aRmoCnda gareuli. 2011

wlis zafxulSi igi cdilobda aeZulebina erT-erTi gazeTi

ar gamoeqveynebina statia, romelic exeboda prezidentis bav-

Svobas da mis urTierTobas sakuTar dasTan. gazeTis redaq-

cia irwmuneba, rom statiis avtori daibares prezidentis ad-

ministraciaSi, iq ki mas piradad prezidentma uTxra, rom

statiis gamoqveynebas avtorisTvis da gazeTisTvis arasasia-

movno Sedegebi mohyveboda. aRniSnulis miuxedavad statia ga-

moqveynda. meore popularuli germanuli gazeTis Bild-is re-

daqciamac daadastura, rom kristian vulfi Seecada gazeTis-

Tvis xeli SeeSala publikaciis gamoqveynebaSi. amjerad lapa-

raki iyo 2008 wels vulfis mier nacnobi biznesmenis meuR-

lisgan 500 000 evros odenobis SeRavaTiani kreditis miReba-

ze (2008-Si vulfi qvemo saqsoniis mTavrobis meTauri iyo).

Tan damatebiT dekembris Sua ricxvebSi gazeTis mTavar re-

daqtors TiTqosda piradad prezidentma gaugzavna Setyobi-

neba, rom publikaciis gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi Bild-is wina-

aRmdeg sasamarTlos mimarTavda [2]. bolo skandali exeboda

qveda saqsoniis premierobis dros Zalauflebis gadametebasa

da adgilobriv biznesmenebTan Seuferebel kavSirebs. gamom-

Zieblebma bundestags korufciuli braldebebis gamo misi

imunitetis SeCereba mosTxoves. germanul mediaSi mis pativsa-

cemad neologizmic gaCnda, romelic aSkara tyuilis Tqmis

gareSe arapirdapirobas aRniSnavda. samarcxvino dasasrulis

garda, kristian vulfis prezidentoba RirsSesaniSnavi iqneba

misi gancxadebiT. politikosma Tqva, islami qristianobasTan

da iudaizmTan erTad germaniis nawiliao. amiT vulfma mul-

tikulturalizmis momxreTa simpaTiebi da konservatorTa

risxva daimsaxura. sabolood igi korufciuli skandalis ga-

mo gadadga. meTerTmete prezidenti yofili disidenti, protestanti

pastori da adamianis uflebebis aqtivisti ioahim gauki erT-

erTi TvalsaCino piri iyo mSvidobian saprotesto moZraoba-

Si, romelmac berlinis kedlis dacemaSi mniSvnelovani roli

211

Seasrula. qveynis gaerTianebis Semdeg gauki federalur saa-

gentos Caudga saTaveSi. es uwyeba aRmosavleT germaniis sa-

dazvervo samsaxuris arqivebis kvlevas Seudga. man Zveli re-

Jimis warsuli danaSaulebis gamoaSkaravebiT samarTlianobis-

Tvis mebrZolis reputacia moipova. ioahim gauki cnobilia

Tavisi kritikuli damokidebulebiT ruseTis xelisuflebi-

sadmi. 2012 wels prezidentad arCevis Semdgom is oficialu-

ri vizitiT erTxelac ar wvevia ruseTis federacias, 2012

wlis ivnisSi vladimer putinTan dagegmili Sexvedra ki ga-

datvirTuli grafikis motiviT CaSala. igi protestis niSnad

arc soWis zamTris olimpiadas daeswro ruseTSi 2014 welis

TebervalSi. misi boikotis mizezi iyo ruseTis xelisuflebis

mier adamianis uflebebis masobrivi darRveva da opoziciis

Seviwroeba. germaniis prezidentis protestis erT-erTi mize-

zi ruseTSi ramdenime Tvis win miRebuli kanonicaa, romelic

`homoseqsualobis propagandas~ krZalavs. gauki Tavis wignSi

umTavres politikur faseulobad Tavisuflebas aRiarebs.

igi icavs kapitalizms rogorc sistemas, romelsac sakuTari

Secdomebis gamosworeba SeuZlia. antikapitalistebs politi-

kosi romantikosebs uwodebs. merkels gaukTan piradi megob-

roba da komunistur saxelmwifoSi cxovrebis gamocdileba

akavSirebs, ase rom ioahim gaukis prezidentobisas, germaniis

gaerTianebidan 21-e wlisTavze, qveynis or mTavar Tanamdebo-

baze aRmosavleT germanelebi iyvnen. movlenaTa amgvar ganvi-

Tarebas saxelmwifo televiziam `politikuri saswauli~ uwo-

da [3]. im faqtis dasadastureblad, rom germaniis prezidentebs,

Tanamedrove qarTuli realobisagan gansxvavebiT, sakuTari mosazrebis sajarod gamoxatviT Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT politi-

kur procesSi, SeiZleba moviyvanoT prezident ioahim gaukis mi-er soWis olimpiadaze gamgzavrebisgan TavSekaveba, riTic man Tavisi politikuri pozicia daafiqsira, konferenciaze misi ga-mosvla, romelSic gaukma germaniis sagareo politikis erT-er-

Ti sayrdeni principis gadaxedvis sakiTxi wamoWra. prezidenti

Seexo samxedro operaciebisa da usafrTxoebis TematikasTan dakavSirebiT germaniis ukiduresad frTxil midgomas, romel-

sac yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri gido vestervele `samxed-

212

ro TavSekavebulobis kulturas~ uwodebda. misi mTavari gzav-

nili germanuli politikuri elitisadmi is iyo, rom droa, ger-

mania saerTaSoriso politikur arenaze axali, damoukidebeli, Zlieri moTamaSis rolSi gamovides; ioahim gaukis mimarTva, ro-

melsac Wall Street Journal-ma `adamiani obobas doqtrina~ uwoda

[4], mokled marTlac SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes – `didi Zala did pasuxismgeblobas moiTxovs~. germaniis prezidenti aRniS-

navda, rom misma qveyanam miiRo sargebeli globaluri ekonomi-

kuri sistemidan, evropuli integraciidan, aSS-is uSiSroebis qolgidan da axla germania mzad unda iyos uSiSroebis garanti-

rebisTvis, romliTac aTwleulobis ganmavlobaSi Tavad sar-

geblobda. germaniis prezidentma isaubra uSiSroebis sakiTxe-

bisadmi germanuli sazogadoebis tradiciul, frTxil damoki-

debulebazec da aRniSna, rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi germanuli pacifizmi pasiurobis farad an qveynis msoflio procesebidan gamoTiSvisTvis ar unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. is, rom germaniis prezidentis sityvas wona aqvs germanuli sazoga-

doebisaTvis dasturdeba im faqtiT, rom mis sityvas umal mxar-

damWeri gancxadebebi mohyva mmarTveli gundis wevrebis mxri-

dan da realurad daiwyo saubari saerTaSoriso krizisebSi met CarTulobasa da samxedro misiebis, magaliTad, afrikaSi saf-

rangeTis mxardasaWerad gaaqtiurebaze, samxedro kontingentis zrdaze, TumcaRa sabrZolo misiebis Sesrulebis mandatis ga-reSe. swored germaniis prezidentis gzavnilsa da mis mier miun-

xenis uSiSroebis konferenciaze gamoTqmul mosazrebebs moh-

yva safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris – loran fabiusisa da germaniis maSindeli sagareo saqmeTa ministrisa da dRevan-

deli prezidentis frank-valter Stainmaieris 21 ianvris er-

Toblivi deklaracia, sadac isini Tanxmdebian evrokavSiris sa-mitebamde erTmaneTTan konsultaciis gavlaze, erToblivi sa-gareo vizitebis ganxorcielebaze, saerTaSoriso krizisebis identificirebasa da prevenciaze erTobliv muSaobaze.

germaniis dRevandeli prezidenti frank-valter Stainmaie-

ri aqtiur sagareo politikas axorcielebs. eqsvicekancleri da sagareo saqmeTa ministri Srioderis politikis gamgrZeleb-

lad miiCneva. 2007 wels man ganacxada, rom mxars ar uWers evro-

komisiis SeTavazebas energetikul qselebze sakuTrebis ufle-

213

bis dayofasTan dakavSirebiT. sagareo saqmeTa ministrobis pe-riodSi saqarTvelos megobarTa jgufis farglebSi Stainmaier-

ma afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebis sametapiani gegma waradgi-

na. pirveli etapi Tbilissa da soxums Soris ndobis gazrda iyo. meore etapi berlinSi donorTa konferenciiT afxazeTis eko-

nomikur rekonstruqcias iTvaliswinebda. mesame etapi ki afxa-

zeTis politikuri statusis ganxilva iyo. samwuxarod, Stain-

maeris gegma afxazuri mxarisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. amrigad, prezidenti germanul saparlamento modelSi niS-

navs mmarTvelobas avtoritetis ZaliT da ara _ Zalis avtori-

tetiT, rogorcaa saqarTveloSi, TumcaRa aris msgavsebac. sa-qarTveloSi, iseve rogorc germaniaSi, prezidenti ar unda iyos politikosi, ar unda iyos qarizmatuli lideri, is unda iyos akademiuri tipis moRvawe, arbitri, gaaCndes iseTive sta-

tusi da uflebamosilebani, rogoric aqvs prezidents klasiku-

ri saparlamento mowyobis qveyanaSi _ germaniaSi. saqarTvelos

konstituciis axali redaqciis mixedviT prezidents CamoeWra

rigi uflebamosilebani, prezidents aRar gaaCnia aRmasrule-

beli xelisuflebis meTauris formalur-iuridiuli, konsti-

tuciuri statusi. konstituciis axali redaqciis mixedviT, sa-qarTvelos prezidenti aris saxelmwifos meTauri, warmoad-

gens saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebSi, agreTve, saqarTve-

los samxedro Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali [5]. preziden-

tis funqciebi da uflebamosilebebi prezidentis konstituci-

ur statusTan unda iyos SesabamisobaSi, amitom saxelmwifos meTauris statusidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos prezidentma unda Seasrulos qveynis erTianobisa da erovnuli damoukideb-

lobis garantisa da saxelmwifo organoTa funqcionirebis uz-

runvelmyofi arbitris funqciebi. saqarTvelos prezidenti aRiqmeba, rogor `saqarTvelos erTianobisa da erovnuli damo-

ukideblobis garanti~, romelic ukve aRar `warmarTavs da gana-

xorcielebs saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikas~ [6]. mi-si statusidan gamomdinare, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda gaaC-ndes sxva ganStoebebze gavlenisa da zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi, magram ar unda hqondes am ganStoebaTa funqciebis ganxorcie-

lebis ZiriTadi uflebamosilebebi. prezidents ar unda hqon-

des pirdapiri sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebi. prezidents

214

ar unda hqondes sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba. parlamen-

tze zegavlenis erT-erT meqanizmad SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos

prezidentis SeyovnebiTi (suspensiuri) vetos ufleba. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom axali redaqciis mixedviT es veto, arsebulTan SedarebiT ufro `rbilia~, misi gamoyenebiT an gamoyenebis muqa-

riT, prezidentma SeiZleba aacilos qveyanas naCqarevad an cu-

dad gaazrebuli kanonis miReba. TumcaRa am etapamde preziden-

tis mier vetos dadebas ufro simboluri xasiaTi mieca, magram imedi gvaqvs, saprezidento institutis demokratiuli tradi-

ciebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, veto qmediTi meqanizmi gaxdeba da misi gadalaxva parlamentis mier ase erTsulovnad ver miiR-

weva. magaliTisaTvis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis preziden-

tma franklin de lano ruzveltma 631-jer gamoiyena veto da

kongresma mxolod 9-jer moaxerxa misi gadalaxva, bil klin-

tonma – 38-jer da kongresma mxolod orjer gadalaxa misi veto

[7, 228].

gamomdinare prezidentis axali statusidan – igi aRar aris qveynis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli sagareo urTierTobebSi, Se-sustda misi wamyvani roli rogorc sagareo politikis gansaz-

Rvris, agreTve ganxorcielebis sferoSi da misi aqtivoba am sferoSi xelisuflebis ufro metad TanamSromlobis da ara Se-kaveba-gawonasworebis komponentiT aris nakarnaxevi. es gamoi-

xateba imaSi, rom prezidenti sxva saxelmwifoebTan an saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebTan molaparakebebs mxolod mTavrobas-

Tan SeTanxmebiT axorcielebs. agreTve, mTavrobasTan SeTanxme-

biT mas SeuZlia, dados saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba an SeTan-

xmeba. Tu adre saqarTvelos prezidenti sakuTari iniciativiTa da parlamentis TanxmobiT niSnavda saqarTvelos elCebsa da sxva diplomatiur warmomadgenlebs, axali redaqciis mixedviT aRar aris saWiro parlamentis Tanxmoba, magram dasaniSnad an gasaTavisuflebad kandidaturebs mas mTavroba warudgens. da-

moukideblad saqarTvelos prezidenti verc sxva saxelmwifoTa elCebisa da sxva diplomatiur warmomadgenelTa akreditacias

miiRebs – amisaTvis savaldebuloa mTavrobasTan winaswari Se-Tanxmeba. Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvnis, gaTavisuflebis da ar-

Cevis, dasaniSnad Tu dasamtkiceblad wardgenis sferoSi prezi-

215

dentis kompetenciam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar ganicada da misi diskreciuli uflebebi sakmaod mniSvnelovnad gamoiyure-

ba, rac mas gavlenisa da zegavlenis garkveul saSualebebs aZ-

levs. esenia: – prezidentis ufleba, daniSnos saqarTvelos sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos sami wevri, erovnuli uSiSroebis

sabWos wevrebi; – ufleba, daniSnos an Tanamdebobidan gadaaye-

nos saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidenti. radganac pre-

zidentis funqciebi unda gamomdinareobdes misi statusidan,

uflebamosilebebi – funqciebidan da, Sesabamisad, samives So-

ris unda arsebobdes sistemuri urTierTkavSirebi, amitomac icvleba prezidentis arCevis wesi da nacvlad pirdapiri da sayovelTao arCevnebisa, prezidenti airCeva kolegiis 300 wev-ris meSveobiT, raTa mas ar qondes konstituciaSi gawerili uf-

lebebis Seusabamo legitimaciis maRali xarisxi. magram qar-

Tul praqtikaSi, gansxvavebiT germanulisagan, Tu Cven gaviTva-

liswinebT demokratiuli institutebis sisustesa da maTdami naklebi politikuri ndobis arsebobas, aseve Tavad parlamen-

tis Semadgenlobasa da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis arCevne-

bisas dafiqsirebul praqtikul problemebs, rac mmarTveli gundis dominirebas iwvevs, saboloo jamSi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Zalian rTuli iqneba am wesiT arCeuli prezidentis legi-

timaciis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelyofa.

garda amisa, migvaCnia, rom germanuli modelis gadmoReba saqarTveloSi sxva problemebTanacaa dakavSirebuli. zogadad,

politikuri praqtika gviCvenebs, prezidentis arCeva parlamen-

tis mier naklebad aris gamarTlebuli erTpalatiani parlamen-

tis pirobebSi. erTpalatiani, proporciuli saarCevno siste-

miT formirebuli parlamentis mier gadawyvetilebebis miReba niSnavs, umravlesobis mqone politikuri Zalis gadawyvetile-

bis dominirebas. orpalatiani sistemebis pirobebSi aRniSnuli safrTxe SedarebiT Semcirebulia regionaluri warmomadgen-

lobebis damoukidebeli palatis arsebobiT. palatebis ufle-

bamosilebis gansxvavebuli vadebi da Semadgenlobis periodu-

li ganaxleba damatebiT uzrunvelyofs ufro met warmomadgen-

lobiTobas, gansxvavebuli da SedarebiT farTo diapazonis po-

ziciebis asaxvas prezidentis amrCevTa Soris. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, marTalia, prezidents arapirda-

216

piri wesiT specialurad Seqmnili kolegia airCevs da ara er-

Tpalatiani parlamenti, magram Tavad parlamentis Semadgenlo-

ba da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis arCevnebisas dafiqsirebu-

li is praqtikuli problemebi, rac mmarTveli gundis domini-

rebas iwvevs, saboloo jamSi albaT mainc ver uzrunvelyofs am wesiT arCeuli prezidentis legitimaciis maRal xarisxs da, Se-sabamisad, avtoritaruli gadacdomebis safrTxe maRalia. ara-

samTavrobo organizaciaTa mosazrebiT, `marTalia, es modeli uzrunvelyofs prezidentis arCevis procesSi gansxvavebuli politikuri jgufebis CarTulobasa da azrTa mravalferovne-

bas, Tumca es ar aris garantirebuli, radgan saqarTveloSi ar-

sebuli praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, parlamentsa da adgilob-

riv xelisuflebaSi erTi da igive Zala dominirebs. es gamomdi-

nareobs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis saarCevno sistemis xarvezidan, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs mmarTvel gunds, miiRos meti mandati, vidre imsaxurebs amomrCevelTa

mxardaWeridan, rac iwvevs erTi partiis monopolias~, – naTqva-

mia veneciis komisiisadmi arasamaTavroboTa (ISFED, GYLA, TI,

OSGF) mimarTvaSi. amrigad, SesaZloa Seiqmnas viTareba, roca mTeli politikuri xelisufleba moeqceva erTi partiis gavle-

nis qveS da politikuri xelisuflebis (sakanonmdeblo da aR-

masrulebeli) Stoebs srulad gaakontrolebs saparlamento arCenebSi gamarjvebuli, umravlesobis mqone partia. am Sem-

TxvevaSi gamarjvebul partias saSualeba eZleva iribad gaakon-

trolos sasamarTlo xelisuflebac, radgan sakanonmdeblo xe-lisufleba prezidentTan erTad monawileobas iRebs sasamar-

Tlo sistemaSi mosamarTleTa gamwesebaSi _ sakonstitucio da uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrebis arCeva, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos wevrebis nawilis SerCeva, romelic Tavis mxriv saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa SerCevas uzrunvelyofs.

aseT viTarebaSi, didi albaTobiT, prezidentis saxiT Se-saZloa miviRoT erTi konkretuli partiis mier kontrolire-

badi figura, romelic loialuri iqneba misi amrCevi umravle-

sobis mimarT. gansakuTrebiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ganmeorebiT arCevis SesaZleblobas, safiqrebelia, rom prezidenti ar moi-

survebs parlamentis im umravlesobasTan dapirispirebas, Tun-

dac amis safuZvliani mizezi arsebobdes, romlis xelSic misi

217

xelmeored arCevis meqanizmia. meore mxriv, radgan prezidentis xelSia parlamentis daTxovnis berketi, qveynis meTauris kan-didaturis SerCevisas parlamenti izrunebs imaze, rom maqsima-

lurad misaRebi da loialuri figura SearCios. amgvarad, Se-saZlebelia arapirdapiri wesiT prezidentis arCevisas, umaR-

lesi xelisuflebis doneze ar darCes organo, romelic parti-

uli gavlenis miRma iarsebebs. sagulisxmoa, rom prezidentis pirdapiri arCevis wesi moq-

medebs saparlamento mmarTvelobis modelis mqone evropul sa-xelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi. pirdapiri, sayovelTao arCevnebi aris imis garantia, rom arCeuli piri _ saxelmwifos meTauri _

mTeli qveynis prezidenti iqneba da ara romelime konkretuli jgufis warmomadgeneli.

bunebrivia, arc erTi wesi ar aris panacea. konkretul sa-xelmwifoSi moqmedi konstitucia unda iTvaliswinebdes am qveynis Taviseburebebs da adgilobriv gamocdilebas, unda pa-suxobdes qveynis winaSe arsebul gamowvevebsa da saWiroebas. amdenad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobis, demokratiuli institutebis sisustis, maTdami naklebi politikuri ndobis arsebobis, erTpalatiani parlamentis arsebobisa da saxeli-

suflo partiis siZlieris gaTvaliswinebiT, vTvliT, rom ar aris sasurveli germanuli modelis kopireba da pirdapiri de-

mokratiis Sesusteba. Cveni politikuri realobis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT, jer kidev Camoyalibebis da ganmtkicebis stadiaSi myofi demokratiis pirobebSi, qveynis pirveli piris pirdapiri arCe-

vis wesis SenarCuneba saSualebas iZleva, isedac mcire ufleba-

mosilebebis mqone prezidenti, ar iqces konkretuli partiis gavlenis mZevlad da, rogorc qveynis meTauri, realurad moq-

medebdes amomrCevelTa umravlesobis mandatiT, iyos saxelmwi-

fos da ara konkretuli politikuri Zalis/partiis preziden-

ti, politikuri krizisisa da partiuli dapirispirebis piro-

bebSi SeZlos arbitris funqciis Sesruleba, principulobis gamovlena da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi parlamentis winaSe sawina-aRmdego poziciis dacva.

218


1. germaniis prezidenti gadadga, Jurnali tabula, 7 ivnisi, 2010,

http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/52660-germaniis-prezidenti-gadadga

2. i. gunia, germaniis Semdegi pastori prezidenti, Jurnali

tabula, 2012 wlis 4 ianvari, http://www.google.com/search?q.

3. Der Spiegel: germaniis prezidenti soWis olimpiadas boikots

ucxadebs, http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/77910.

4. g. nasraSvili, germaniis aRmosavleT _ evropuli politika,

http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/81146-germaniis-aghmosavlet-evropuli-politika

5. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 49, konsolidirebuli

versia, 23/03/2018.

https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/30346?publication=35. 6. veneciis komisiis 2010 wlis 15 oqtombris daskvna, CDL-

AD(2010)028, punqti 35.

7. Pierre Ractet et Ferdinand Melin-Soucramanien. Droit constitutionnel,

Paris, Dalloz, 2009.

Keti Jijeishvili Georgian Technical University, professor of (at) the Faculty of Law and International Relations

Papuna Machaidze Georgian Technical University, Doctoral student of (at) the Faculty of Law and International Relations

The Comparative Analysis of Presidential Institute in

Germany and Georgia

Summary

In their article, `The Comparative Analysis of Presidential Institute in

Germany and Georgia~, the authors, Djidjeishvili K.and Machaidze P.

extensively discuss the similarities and differences of the functions and responsibilities of the Presidents in both countries. The authors provide an

219

analysis of different roles performed by the Presidents and diverseinfluence they can have on a course of foreign policy in the case of exercising the similar limited and formal functions/powers. While evaluating these political processes, the authors have considereda long history of functioning

of Germany’s presidential institution (Theodor Heuss wasthe first president elected to the German Bundestag in 1949) and Georgia’s context, (in particular, the country’s unicameral parliament,a considerable power of the ruling parties, weak democratic institutions anda lack of political trust towards these institutions). In the end, the authors highlight the challenging issues existing on a Georgian political agenda which have remained unresolved due to the peculiarities of Georgian political system. Considering that Georgia is still in a process of a democratic consolidation, the authors also voice their positions on a threat of copying the German model in Georgia’s context.

220

maia kiknaveliZe



bebis fakultetis doqtoranti

multikulturalizmis cneba,

arsi da problemebi

istoriis manZlze, xalxTa gadaadgilebam Seqmna plura-

listuri sazogadoebebi. me-20 saukuneSi Seicvala globalur

ZalTa balansi, gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdeg.

gamoCnda ori super Zala da is imperiebi, romlebic gasul sa-

ukuneSi koloniebis mTel CamonaTvals flobdnen, realuri

Zalauflebis miRma aRmoCndnen. postkolonialuri periodis

mTavari maxasaiTebeli niSani ki gaxda migraciis gazrda evro-

pul qveynebSi [1, 49-69].

multikulturalizmi wina da axlandeli imigraciis Sede-

gia. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropaSi omis Semdgomi mdgomareo-

ba ar iyo mTlad saxarbielo samuSao Zalis misazidad, im

qveynebTan SedarebiT, romelsac migrantebi tovebdnen evropa

namdvili samoTxe iyo. magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis ganmavlo-

baSi, vietnameli ltolvilebis masiuri imigracia evropaSi

kambojis aneqsias da komunisti qimerebis reJimis damarcxebas

ukavSirdeba. ltolvilebis umetesi nawili safrangeTSi, aSS-

Si, kanadasa da avstraliaSi Cavida. swored am movlenam gana-

piroba multikulturalizmis, rogorc ideologiis Camoya-

libeba. es aris kompleqsuri sakiTxi, romelsac bevri gansxva-

vebuli aspeqti gaaCnia.

termini `multikulturalizmi~ gamoiyeneba ara mxolod

kulturulad mravalferovani sazogadoebis aRsawerad, ara-

med amavdrolad igi exeba politikasac, romelic miznad isa-

xavs kulturuli mravalferovnebis dacvas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom multikulturuli sazogadoebebi

uZvelesia da kulturuli gansxvavebebi yovelTvis arsebobda,

nebismier istoriul TemSi, multiklturalizmi, rogorc ide-

ologia sakmaod axalia. politikuri instrumentis saxiT igi

1970 wels kanadaSi ganviTarda [2], rogorc pragmatuli pasuxi

221

iq Seqmnil mdgomareobaze. Tavdapirvelad misi mizani fran-

gul-kanadur sazogadoebebSi, umetesad kvebekSi Seqmnili

rTuli viTarebis marTva da gamosworeba iyo, mogvianebiT ki

es politika Casuli migrantebis jgufebzec gavrcelda da

mTlianad moicva qveyana.

mogvianebiT sxva qveynebmac daiwyes multikulturaliz-

mis politikis gamoyeneba. pirveli am rigebSi aSS, gaerTiane-

buli samefo da avstralia idgnen. qveynebma, sadac eTnikurad

da kulturulad ufro mravalferovani sazogadoebebi iyo,

ufro advilad moirges es politika, vidre naklebad plura-

lurma sazogadoebebma. multikulturalizmis miRebiT, poli-

tikurma memarcxeneebma faqtiurad gaakeTes `kulturuli Se-

motrialeba~, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli `politikebis

kulturalizacias~, romelic filosofos slavoi JiJekis Ta-

naxmad, bolo ramdenime dekadas gansazRvravs [3]. Sedegad ki

kultura, religiis CaTvliT ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda Tana-

medrove politikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis ukeT gasa-

gebad.

kanadeli filosofosebi uili kimlika da Carlz teilo-

ri, romelTac SemogvTavazes kompromisuli pozicia komuni-

tarul da liberalur xedvebs Soris, multikulturalizmis

erT-erTi wamyvani Teoretikosebi arian. maTma kvlevebma

cxadyo, rom multikulturalizms xSir SemTxvevaSi Tu gadam-

wyveti ara, centraluri adgili mainc ukavaia SemuSavebuli

politikebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis procesSi. maTi az-

riT, multikulturalizmis kvlevis safuZvlebi, jer kidev,

pluraluri sazogadoebebis Camoyalibebis dros ikveTeba [4].

ufro metic, geograf furnivalis azriT [5], tipiuri plura-

luri sazogadoebebi kolonizatorebis mier imarTeboda wle-

bis win. aseTi SeiZleba yofiliyo britanuli birma, malaizia,

iamaika an mavritusi.

socialuri urTierTgageba pluralistur sazogadoebaSi

koloniuri mmarTveli Zalis mier gatarebul politikaze iyo

damokidebuli [6]. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, gamomdinare iqe-

dan, rom kolonizatorebi warmoadgendnen dominantebs, aseT

sazogadoebaSi is kulturuli Tu eTnikuri jgufi winaurde-

boda, romelTac kolonizatorebisTvis ufro strategiuli

222

da politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda. amitomac koloniebis

daSlis Semdeg gaCnda problemebi, romelic pluraluri sa-

zogadoebis marTvis gonivrul dagegmvas moiTxovda. ukve am

droidan saWiro gaxda anTropologebis analizi, ramdenadac

yvela pluraluri sazogadoeba identuri ar iyo da moiTxov-

da individualur kvlevas. kerZod, raze iyo es mravalferov-

neba dafuZnebuli: kanis ferze, kuluturaze, religiaze Tu

a.S. magaliTad, iamaika ufro klasebisa da feris mixedviT iyo

dayofili, vidre eTnikuri xaziT.

Tanamedrove gagebiT multikulturalizmi asaxavs koleq-

tiur sazogadoebebs, romlebic mraval-eTnikurobiTa da mra-

val-sarwmunoebiT xasiaTdebian da gansxvavebuli warmoSobis

adamianTa jgufebisgan Sedgebian. kulturuli mravalferov-

neba didi xania Tanamedrove sazogadobaSi mniSvnelovanad

aris warmodgenili. Tanamedrove politikis Teoretikosebi

multikulturalizms, rogorc fenomens afaseben, sxvadasxva

kulturis Tanaarsebobas erTsa da imave geografiul sivrce-

Si [7].

multikulturalizmis politikuri da wminda aRwerilo-

biTi mniSvnelobis ganmarteba sakmaod rTulia, ramdenadac ar

arsebobs universaluri gansazRvreba. Tumca, saerTo Sinaarsi

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi exeba erTdroulad eTnikurad da

kulturulad kompleqsur sazogadoebebs da politikebs, ro-

melTa mizanic eTnikur jgufebs Soris Tanasworobis miRwe-

vaa.

oqsfordis inglisur leqsikonSi multikulturalizmis

pirveli gamoCena 1957 wels SveicariaSi gamoqveynebul stati-

as ukavSirdeba. am droidan moyolebuli dRemde araerTi ver-

sia arsebobs multikulturalizmis Sesaxeb, romlebic sxva-

dasxvagvarad ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, stiuar holi gamo-

yofs eqvs multikulturalizms: konservatiuli, liberalu-

ri, pluralisturi, komerciuli, korporaciuli da kritiku-

li anu `revoluciuri~ [8, 72-80]. TiToeuli maTganis mTavari

problemisadmi midgoma gansxvavebulia, kerZod ki, gansxvave-

buli sazogadoebebis socialuri solidarobisken miswrafe-

bis xelSewyoba. vertoveki, aseve ganasxvavebs rva saxis mul-

tikulturalizms [9], xolo delantma am fenomenis cxra nair-

223

saxeoba gamoyo [10, 47-60]. yvela SemTxvevaSi, dRemde arsebu-

li Teoriebi cdiloben mkveTri xazi gaavlon ukidures asimi-

laciasa da segregacias Soris. erTi mxriv, zedmetad didi

gansxvavebuloba solidarobasa da demokratiul monawileo-

bas rTulad gansaxorcielebels xdis. meore mxriv, ki sruli

kulturuli homogenuroba miuRweveli mizania, Tundac kul-

turulad homogenur sazogadoebaSi, ramdenadac nebismier

kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iarsebebs religiuri

seqtebi da seqsualuri umciresobebi.

multikulturalizmis koncefciam bolo 40 wlis ganmav-

lobaSi bevri mniSvneloba SeiZina. 1970 wels berim, kalinma da

teilorma multikulturalizmis sami mniSvneloba ganasxvaves

[11, 1].

pirveli, multikulturalizmi aris demografiuli faqti:

msoflios umetesi sazogadoeba kulturulad gansxvavebulia.

meore, multikulturalizmi ideologiaa: individebi da jgu-

febi zogad Sexedulebas floben kulturuli gansxvavebebis

miReba-uaryofasTan dakavSirebiT. mesame, zogierTi mTavro-

bebi artikulireben sajaro politikebs da aviTareben prog-

ramebs gansxvavebulebis pativiscemis formiT. es sami maxasia-

Tebeli mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli [12, 45].

multikulturuli ideologia ganisazRvreba, rogorc

diversifikaciis dafaseba da kulturuli gansxvavebulobis

mxardaWera, rac Tanabar Tanamonawielobas gulisxmobs. Tum-

ca, zogierT sazogadoebaSi multikulturalizms arasworad

aRiqvamen da miiCneven fenomenad, romelic aRiarebs qveyanaSi

sxvadasxva kulturuli jgufebis mxolod arsebobas. kultu-

rul mravalferovnebas _ interkulturuli urTierTobebisa

da Tanabari monawileobis gareSe aRiqvamen.

multikulturalizmis mxolod kulturul mravalferov-

nebad aRqma evropuli sazogadoebis umetesi nawilis azrovne-

bis safuZvels warmoadgens (magaliTad germania, niderlande-

bi da gaerTianebuli samefo).

multikulturalizmi ideologiur WrilSi emyareba er-

Tobliv Rirebulebas, swrafvas kulturuli mxardaWerisken

da Tanabari monawileobisken. multikulturuli ideologie-

bi gansxvavdeba qveynebisda mixedviT. magaliTad, ocdaSvidi

224

evropuli qveynis maCveneblis mixedviT, SeTanxmeba, rom eTni-

kuri mravalferovneba erovnul kulturas amdidrebs 32-dan

86 procentamde, meryeobs maltadan SvedeTamde. amasTan, azri

rom parlamentSi ufro meti eTnikuri umciresobebis warmo-

madgenlebi unda iyvnen, 17-dan 66 procentamde meryeobs, daw-

yebuli bulgareTiTa da kviprosiT, damTavrebuli safrange-

Ti-SvedeTiT [13, 772, 789].

bevr qveyanas multikulturalizmis politikuri dRis

wesrigi aqvs SemuSavebuli. umetes maTganSi integracia Tama-

Sobs wamyvan rols politikis SemuSavebis procesSi. am poli-

tikis efeqturoba TvalsaCino xdeba eTnikuri jgufebis da-

saqmebis, wamyvan poziciebze muSaobis SesaZleblobis uzrun-

velyofis dros. Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi, debatebi calkeul

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT permanentul saxes iZens. magali-

Tad, jer kidev 2004 wels daiwyo ganxilvebi safrangeTSi,

muslimebis mier hijabis tarebasTan dakavSirebiT. Sedegad

parlamentma xma misca hijabis tarebis akrZalvis kanonpro-

eqts, aseve qristianuli jvarisa da ebraelebis kipas (kippas)

tarebas.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom multikulturalizmma da pluralu-

robam sakmaod bevri problema moitana globalur doneze da

im qveynebSic, sadac eTnikuri umciresobebis xvedriTi wili

sakmaod maRalia. gamowvevebis ZiriTadi nawili mowyvladi

jgufebis mimarT rasizmis, diskriminaciisa da stereotipuli

damokidebulebis gamovlenas ukavSirdeba, es gansakuTrebiT

e.w. `axalmosulebisadmi~ arasamarTlian mopyrobaSi vlindeba.

multikulturalizmis gamowveva socialur-ekonomikur kon-

teqstSi xSirad aRiqmeba im sazogadoebebSi sadac, maRalia sa-

muSao adgilze konkurencia, rac Tavis mxriv eTnikur umcire-

sobebs Soris siRaribis, umuSevrobis donis gazrdas iwvevs. es

fenomeni britaneTis calkeul urbanul centrebSi sakmaod

TvalsaCinoa, rac xSirad TeTr da Sav britanelebs Soris dapi-

rispirebasac iwvevs. swored aseT adgilebSi xdeba Semdeg uf-

ro advili, esqtremisti jgufebis mier rigebis Sevseba. aman

ara erTxel gamoiwvia londonis CrdiloeT nawilSi eqstremis-

tul muslim jgufebsa da ultra memarjvene frTis faSisti

inglisuri dacvis ligis wevrebs Soris dapirispireba [14].

225

garda imisa, rom multikulturalizms sxavadsxva gamow-

vevebi aqvs da zogierT qveyanaSi ar aris saTanadod implemen-

tirebuli, rigi mkvlevrebis azriT Tavad am fenomenis arse-

bobac iwvevs kiTxvebs. kerZod, arsebobs diskusia imasTan da-

kavSirebiT, Tu romeli kulturuli jgufebi SesaZloa iqnnen

aRiarebuli. amdenad, zogierTi Teoretikosi gamoxatavs

mRelvarebas, rom multikulturalizmma SesaZloa konkuren-

cia gamoiwvios im kulturul jgufebs Soris, romelTac aRi-

areba surT. amasTan dakavSirebiT marqsistebi da feministebi

apelireben, rom mxolod kulturul gansxvavebulobaze aq-

centirebam SesaZloa ugulebelyos iseTi jgufebi, romlebic

Tavs umciresobad grZnoben, ara mxolod kulturis, aramed

klasisa da sqesobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo [15].

melidoros SexedulebiT, kulturuli mravalferovneba

liberalur-demokratiuli mmarTvelobis farglebSi saf-

rTxed aRiqmeba, ramdenadac undobloba arsebobs umcireso-

baTa integraciis politikebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT musli-

muri jgufebis mier.

multikulturalizmi problematuri xdeba maSin, rode-

sac kulturuli gansxvavebulobebi liberaluri demokratie-

bis fundamentur principebs ewinaaRmdegeba.

pirvelad multikulturalizmis, rogorc ideologiis ga-

azreba kanadaSi da avstraliaSi moxda. swored am qveynebSi

ganviTarda es fenomeni Teoriul doneze, ramac im daskvnamde

miiyvana mkvlevrebi, rom Tu kulturuli mravalferovneba

saTanadod ar aris gaanalizebuli, mas SeuZlia, rogorc kon-

ceptualur, ise praqtikul doneze seriozuli problemebis

Seqmna.

multikulturalizmis mier Seqmnil gamowvevebs Soris

zogierTi Teoretikosi asaxelebs _ individis ugulebelyo-

fis faqtors. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria mxolod jgufebis Ta-

nasworobaze da ara pirovnul Tanasworobaze. amasTan azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs saxelmwifos rolze multikultura-

lizmis ganxorcielebis procesSi. erTi jgufi acxadebs, rom

zemodan momdinare regulaciebma SesaZloa negatiuri emocie-

bi gamoiwvios dominantur kulturul jgufebSi da agresiis

gaZlierebas Seuwyos xeli. Tumca, rogorc melidoro acxa-

226

debs saxelmwifos, rogorc damcvelis roli umniSvnelovane-

sia multikulturul sazogadoebebSi. misi TqmiT saxelmwi-

fom unda uzrunvelyos, rom individebis fundamenturi uf-

lebebi daculi iyos da `umciresobebi ar daiCagron ufro

Zlieri jgufebis mier~ [16].

`multikulturalizms~ ori gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs: pirveli aris is, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT mravalferov-

nebis gamocdileba, meore aris politikuri procesi, romlis

mizanic gaxlavT mravalferovnebis marTva.

ocdaaTi wlis win bevrma evropelma dainaxa multikultu-

ralizmi _ yovlismomcveli, mravalferovani sazogadoeba _

rogorc pasuxi evropul socialur problemebze. Tumca dRes,

aseve mzardi ricxvi piriqiT miiCnevs, rom swored multikul-

turalizmis da mravalferovani sazogadoebis mizezia Tanamed-

roveobis bevri problema. es aRqma gamoiwvia zogierTi wamyvani

politikosis, maT Soris britaneTis premier ministris devid

kameronisa da germaniis kancleris angela merkelis Ria gan-

cxadebebma. isini sajarod uaryofen multikulturalizms da

saubroben misgan momdinare safrTxeebze [17]. igi `dadanaSau-

lebulia~ memerjvene partiebisa da populisti politikosebis

evropis masStabiT gamravlebaSi, iseTebi rogoric aris nider-

landebis Tavisuflebis partia da safrangeTis nacionaluri

fronti. yvelaze ukidures SemTxvevebSi, mas bralad edeba

ucenzuro aqtebis Zaladoba, rogoricaa anders birrin breivi-

kis mier norvegiis kunZul utoiaSi 2011 wlis ivlisSi, mowyo-

bili teraqti da axali zelandiis meCeTebSi brenton tarantis

mier, 49 adamianis mkvleloba 2019 wlis martSi.

ram gamoiwvia es transformacia sainteresoa. multikul-

turalizmis kritikosebis azriT, evropam dauSva gadaWarbe-

buli imigracia, romelsac sakmarisi integraciis xelSemwyobi

principebi ar axlda Tan _ Seusabamoba, romelic arRvevda

socialur integracias, Searyia erovnuli identoba da mog-

vca deformirebuli sazogadoebrivi ndoba. multikultura-

lizmis momxreebi [18], meores mxriv, amtkicben, rom problema

ara Tu mravalferovneba, aramed Zalian didi raodenobiT ra-

sizmia.

multikulturalizmi rogorc politikuri instrumenti,

227

ara mxolod mravalferovnebis sapasuxod funqcionirebs,

aramed SezRudvebis saSualebebiTac. es ganwyoba cxadyofs

paradoqsul mxareebs. multikulturuli politika miCneu-

lia, rogorc sazogadoebebis mravalferovanebis winapiroba,

magram cxadia rom aseTi mravalferovneba mTavrdeba umcire-

sobis Temebis uflebebis kideebze. isini cdiloben mravalfe-

rovnebis institucionalizebas xalxSi eTnikuri da kultu-

ruli jgufebidan _ singularuli, erTgvarovani muslimanuri

sazogadoebisadmi _ maTi moTxovnebisa da uflebebis Sesabami-

sad.

multikulturizmis Sesaxeb arsebuli debatebis momxreTa

da kritikosTa didi nawili aRiarebs imas, rom masobrivma

imigraciam evropuli sazogadoebebi Secvala da ufro mra-

valferovani gaxada. garkveulwilad, es aSkarad Cans. dRes,

germania aris msoflioSi yvelaze popularuli imigrantebis

raodenobiT da maT mimarT gatarebuli politikiT, SeerTebu-

li Statebis Semdeg. 2011 wels, daaxloebiT aTi milioni ada-

miani (an ufro meti), mosaxleobis 12% daibada sazRvargareT.

avstriaSi es maCvenebeli 16% iyo. SvedeTSi es maCvenebeli

15% gaxlavT, safrangeTSi da gaerTianebul samefoSi daaxlo-

ebiT 12% [19]. istoriuli perspeqtividan da Tanamedrove kri-

zisebidan gamomdinare es qveynebi dRes bevrad ufro mrav-

lferovani sociumiT xasiaTdeba da sazogadoebac metad Wre-

lia, vidre odesme iyo. mecxramete saukunis evropuli sazo-

gadoebebi dRevandeli TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovnad gamoiyu-

reba.

Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoebebis aRwerisas calsa-

xad iwereba, rom is uaRresad mravalferovania, Tumca mul-

tikulturalizms bzari gauCnda dRevandeli pilitikuri da

socialuri problemebidan gamomdinare. aRsaniSnavia, rom ga-

suli sami aTwleulis manZilze, bevrma evropulma saxelmwi-

fom miiRo multikulturuli politika, an scada multikul-

turli pilitikisTvis damaxasiTebeli zogierTi principis im-

plementacia, magram qveynebma es gaakeTes mkafio gzebiT, ris

Sedegebic wlebis Semdeg gamomJRavnda.

qenan malikis azriT, evropuli politikis erT-erTi yve-

laze gavrcelebuli miTi is aris, rom mTavrobebma miiRes

228

multikulturuli politika, raTa umciresobebis gansxvave-

bebis ganmtkiceba surdaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli

asimilaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi politikur elitas namdvilad

hqonda, maT ar gaaCndaT msgavsi tipis gamocdileba am sakiT-

xebTan mimarTebaSi [20].

aRsaniSnavia, rom gaerTianebul samefosa da germaniaSi

mTavrobebma ver SeZles identobis kompleqsurobis, drekado-

bisa da sijiutis aRiareba. muslimanuri Temis Sesaxeb dRes

bevrs saubroben evropaSi warmoqmnil saWiroebebze, Sexedu-

lebebsa, Tu miswrafebebze. evropuli qveynebi dRes axali di-

lemebisa da gamowvevbis winaSe dganan. maT mier SemuSavebuli

multikulturuli politikebi, romlebic garkveulwilad Ta-

vis TavSi nakleb integracias moicavda, sazogadoebis sxva-

dasxva nawilebis mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis nacvlad kidev

ufro dayo da daanawevra dominantur da minorul Temebad.

Casulebis problema kidev ufro mwvaved dgas Tanamedrove

dasavleTis qveynebSi. garkveulwilad es naklebi komunikacii-

Tac SeiZleba aixsnas, vinaidan migrantebi calke, maTTvis ga-

moyofil gareubnebSi cxovroben, iqve Rebuloben ganaTlebas

da socialuri daxmarebis miRebac amave dasaxlebebTan axlo

mdebare biuroebSia SesaZlebeli. amis naTeli magaliTia Sve-

deTi, germania, safrangeTi da Statebi.

evropuli sazogadoeba, romelic adre dayofili iyo mdi-

darTa da RaribTa, didebulTa da mdabioTa klasebad, dRes

rasobrivad da kulturulad dayofil sazogadoebas asaxavs.

bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ki, klasi evropaSi, rogorc

politikuri kategoria da socialuri identobis maformire-

beli mniSvnelobiT, Semcirda. amavdroulad, kultura gaxda

ufro metad centralizebuli saSualeba, romlsac adamianebi

socialur ganmasxvaveblad aRiqvamen [21, 9]. erTi mxriv, li-

beraluri demokratiis principebi ewinaaRmdegeba msgavsi ti-

pis segregacias, Tumca Tu gadavxedavT mimdinare politikur

procesebs, aSkaraa msgavsi tendencia. am fonze evropaSi mul-

tikulturuli sazogadoebis wevrebs, SesaZloa iTqvas, er-

TmaneTTan mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis garkveuli problemebi

aqvT, romelic politikuri dRis wesrigiT saWiro regulaci-

ebis naklebobas ganicdis. problemebi garkveulwilad momde-

229

nareobs integraciis dabali donis maCvenebliT da garkveuli

gaucxoebiT, romelic ZiriTadi mosaxleobidan modis.

arsebuli mTeli rigi politikuri principebis an politi-

kuri filosofiebis fonze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom multikul-

turalizmi aris mravalferovani da misi forma ganisazRvreba

politikur, socialur da istoriul konteqstSi.

migrantebma da gasTarbaiTerebma garkveuli cvlilebebi

Seitanes evropis qveynebis socialuri da kulturuli cxov-

rebis ritmSi, romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi sensitiur,

nacionalistur ganwyobebs aRviZebs. aman moitana memarjvene,

neo-nacionaluri politikuri partiebis ricxvis zrda da ma-

Ti amomrCevelTa ricxvis paraleluri mateba. garda amisa

clilebebi SeimCneva TviTon moqalaqeebis individualur qme-

debebSi, romlebic mwvave reagirebiT gamoxataven TavianT

saTqmels. amis naTeli magaliTia 2011 wlis norvegiis da 2019

wlis axali zelandiis teraqtebi.


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Maia Kiknavelidze Georgian Technical University, Doctor of International Relations

Notion, Sense and Problems of Multiculturalism

Summary

The work consists of the introduction, the main part and the

conclusion. Throughout history, movement of the people created pluralistic societies. Migration of refugees in Western countries has led to the development of multiculturalism as an ideology. This is a complex issue that has a lot of different aspects.

Multiculturalism as ideology is quite new. As a political instrument, it was developed in Canada in 1970.

The term "multiculturalism" is not only used to describe a culturally diverse society, but at the same time it deals with a policy aimed at protecting cultural diversity.

In the wake of a number of political principles or political philosophies, multiculturalism is diverse and its form is defined in the political, social and historical context that brought many problems and activated the right wing political parties around the world

232

saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia

`baTumi — warsuli da Tanamedroveoba~ — X

2019 wels (30 aprili-1 maisi) baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetSi, saxalxo dResaswaulis `baTumobis~ farglebSi, me-10 saiubileo saerTaSoriso samecniero konfe-

rencia `baTumi _ warsuli da Tanamedroveoba~ Catarda. ori dRis ganmavlobaSi sami seqciis mimarTulebiT 65-mde qarTvel-

ma, ebraelma, ukrainelma da somexma mkvlevrebma samecniero moxsenebebi warmoadgines qalaqis istoriis, Tanamedroveobis, arqeologiis, ganaTlebis, literaturis, eTnografiis, turiz-

misa da urbanuli ganviTarebis sakiTxebze. saerTaSoriso sa-mecniero konferencia baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis ni-ko berZeniSvilis institutisa da qalaq baTumis meriis organi-

zebiT Catarda. konferencia 2009 wlidan sistematiurad tar-

deba, romlis ideis avtori da sulisCamdgmeli, aseve, amave da-

saxelebis seriuli gamocemebis saredaqcio kolegiis Tavmjdo-

mare, cnobili mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe, istoriis mecnie-

rebaTa doqtori, profesori, aw gansvenebuli malxaz sioriZe iyo. batoni malxaz sioriZe 1987 wlidan gardacvalebamde niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi mu-

Saobda, aqatiurad monawileobda mis samecniero Tu sazogado-

ebriv cxovrebaSi. konferenciis ideis xorcSesxmaSi da organi-

zebaSi institutis direqciasTan da TanamSromlebTan erTad, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli institutis maSindeli samecniero sab-Wos Tavmjdomare, cnobili qarTveli eTnologi da kulturis istorikosi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-kores-

podenti, profesori vaxtang SamilaZe. samwuxarod, batoni vax-tangi da batoni malxazi, mxolod, ori konferenciis Catarebas moeswrnen. maT mier dawyebul saqmes Rirseulad agrZelebs in-stitutis direqcia, mecnier-TanamSromlebi. konferenciis or-

ganizebasa da masalebis wignad gamocemis saqmeSi didia baton biWiko diasamiZis, roin malaymaZis, oleg jibaSvilis wvlili.

Tavisi strategiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, baTums saqarTvelos qalaqebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs. kon-

233

ferenciis ideis avtorebma baTumis warsulis da dRevandelo-

bis safuZvliani Seswavla daisaxes miznad, risTvisac konferen-

ciaze warmodgenili yvela moxseneba uSualod qalaqis istori-

as, mis warsulsa da Tanamedroveobas exeba. Sesabamisad,gamoce-

mulia konferenciis amsaxveli 9 samecniero krebuli, romelTa Rirebuleba qarTuli istoriografiisTvis Zalzed mniSvnelo-

vania. krebulSi Sesuli samecniero naSromebi exeba da Seiswav-lis, rogorc baTumis warsul istorias, arqeologias, eTno-

logias, arqiteqturas, toponimias, ise qalaqis Tanamedrove yofas, kulturis, turizmis, konfesiuri viTarebis da demog-

rafiis sakiTxebs. warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis kompleqsuri kvleva, kidev ufro amaRlebs da faseuls xdis, rogorc aRniS-

nuli konferenciis, aseve, wignad gamocemuli sakonferencio masalebis Rirebulebas.

konferenciis daarsebisTanave, masSi aqtiurad arian Car-

Tuli Tsu istoriis da eTnologiis institutis TanamSromle-

bi. baTumis istoriis Seswavlas TeoriulTan erTad, praqtiku-

li mniSvnelobac eniWeba, rac mniSvnelovnad xels Seuwyobs qa-laqis momaval urbanul ganviTarebas, ucnobi istoriuli faq-

tebis dazustebas. konferenciis saorganizacio saqmeebSi, Ta-

vidanve aqtiurad iyo CarTuli aWaris avtonomiuri respubli-

kis mTavroba, qalaq baTumis meria. saboloo mizani aris Seiq-mnas dasrulebuli Semajamebeli naSromi qalaq baTumis isto-

riis Sesaxeb. samecniero sazogadoeba male ixilavs konferen-

ciis masalebis amsaxvel meaTe saiubileo gamocemas. meaTe saerTaSoriso samecniero forumi saxalxo zeimis,

baTumobis erTgvar gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. qalaqis meriis iniciativiT, gadawyda _ saxalxo dResaswauli yovelwliurad seqtembris nacvlad, 28 aprils aRiniSnos, radgan baTums qala-

qis statusi 1888 wlis 28 aprils mieniWa. tradiciulad konfe-

renciis yvela programas wamZRvarebuli aqvs didi akakis leq-

sis striqonebi: `viT spilo ar mwams spiloda, Tu aRara aqvs xorTumi, ise kavkasi _ kavkasad, Tu ar eqneba baTumi~. Tavis droze, es sityvebi didma mgosanma baTumisa da mTlianad aWaris dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis emociiT Seqmna.

konferenciis monawileTa Soris iyvnen mecnierebi saqar-

Tvelos sxvadasxva regionidan (baTumi, Tbilisi, quTaisi, gori, Telavi, axalcixe), agreTve, ucxoeTis qveynebidan (ukraina, is-

234

raeli, TurqeTi, somxeTi da sxva). moxsenebaTa speqtri mraval-

ferovani iyo da exeboda baTumis istoriisa da Tanamedroveo-

bis, arqeologiis, eTnologiis, literaturis, turizmisa da urbanuli ganviTarebis sakiTxebs. ase, magaliTad: baTumeli profesoris biWiko diasamiZis naSromi mimoixilavda 2500-wlo-

van baTums, igive baTeas, matiums, rogorc TviTmmarTvel qa-laqs; xarkoveli mecnierebi ekaterina iureva da iuri boiCuki baTumisa da xarkovis zogierT saganmanaTleblo da samecniero kavSirze mouTxrobdnen kolegebs; lela saraliZem 1920-1921 wlebSi, inglis-osmaleTis xelisufalTa gegmebSi arsebuli ba-Tumis istoria warudgina sazogadoebas; giumrelma lilit aso-

ianma gasul saukuneebSi baTumSi arsebul somex qalTa kavSirze isaubra; quTaiselma avTandil nikoleiSvilma niko nikolaZis TvaliT danaxuli osmalobis droindeli baTumi mimoixila; ufelma zilia xabibulinam baTumi ruseTis muslimTa hajis mar-

SrutebSi baTumis arsebobis ucnob detalebze gaamaxvila yu-

radReba; Telaviveli emili dorfisa da baTumeli Temur zoi-

Zis moxseneba ucxoeli turistebis TvalTaxedviT danaxul ba-Tumur turebs exeboda; eldar nadiraZisa da nodar SoSitaSvi-

lis naSromi, arTvinis mxaris (TurqeTi) sameurneo-kulturul tipsa da baTums mimoixilavda; Tina ivelaSvilma 1918 wlis ba-Tumis konferenciisa da samcxe-javaxeTis sakiTxi gaacno sazo-

gadoebas; abesalom aslaniZem religiis sakiTxebi warmoadgina baTumis mxareSi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis da-

sawyisSi; malxaz CoxaraZis, jemal karaliZisa da gulnaz samni-Zis naSromiT, 1989 wlis 14 aprils baTumsa da mis universitet-

Si qarTuli enis dasacavad ganviTarebul procesebs gaecnen; ucxour wyaroebSi baTumis Sesaxeb saintereso moxseneba warmo-

adgina gia gelaSvilma _ `britaneTis vice-konsuli frederik guaraCino baTumis Sesaxeb (1840)~; siaxliT gamoirCeoda ramaz surmaniZis moxseneba: `grigol volskis saflavis saidumlo (na-ratiuli wyaroebi)~; oTar gogoliSvilis: `azerbaijanlebi ba-TumSi~; eTer qavTaraZe, qeTevan xiTariSvili `qarTuli saqvel-

moqmedo sazogadoebis baTumis ganyofilebis saqmianoba~; no-

dar kaxiZe, `dimitri baqraZe baTumisa da misi Semogarenis Sesa-xeb~; oleg jibaSvili, xaTuna diasamiZe, irakli baramiZe, `tra-

pizonSi britaneTis vice-konsulis jeims branTis cnobebi ba-Tumis Sesaxeb~; uCa oqropiriZe, `baTumi – 9 aprilidan 9 apri-

235

lamde~; goderZi vaWriZe, sulxan kupraSvili, `XIX-XX saukune-

ebis mijnaze baTumSi arsebuli saaqcionero sazogadoebebi da firmebi baTumis notariusis saarqivo fondis mixedviT~; Tina-

Tin jabadari, `baTumis botanikuri baRis istoriisaTvis (1912-1923 ww.)~; naila CelebaZe, `baTumis ganaSenianebisa da adminis-

traciul-teritoriuli mowyobis istoriidan (saarqivo masa-lebis mixedviT); merab megreliSvili, nikoloz megreliSvili, ìranelebi baTumSi~, oTar nikoleiSvili, àxali britanuli wyaro XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis baTumis Sesaxeb~; irma bagra-

tioni, ozgun gunaidini, `baTumis istoriuli eqskursi eTikur-

esTetikuri TvalTaxedviT~; SoTa zoiZe, `memed abaSiZis weri-

lebi baTumis Sesaxeb~; maia azmaifaraSvili, `mdgradi ganviTa-

rebis erovnuli miznebis ZiriTadi prioritetebi qalaq baTum-

Si~; oTar TurmaniZe, `baTumis mosaxleoba da qalaqis ganaSenia-neba 1880-1920 wlebSi~; Tamar makasaraSvili, giuli giguaSvili, ìnovaciuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebis aspeqtebi baTumis sas-tumroebSi~ da sxva.

saerTaSoriso forumis monawileebma baTumis RirsSesa-

niSnaobebi daaTvalieres da goniosac ewvivnen. daaTvalieres gonio-afsarosis arqeologiur-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nak-

rZali, romelic moicavs gonios cixes da mis mimdebare teri-

toriebs, sadac arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebulia keramikis, brinjaos, vercxlisa da oqros nivTeb, maT Soris bi-zantiis imperator iustiniane pirvelis spilenZis moneta. kon-

ferenciis monawileebma baTumis sapatio moqalaqed arCeva miu-

loces emeritus-profesors, cnobil enaTmecniers, qalbaton SuSana futkaraZes.

konferencia metad nayofieri iyo. qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarTa saintereso sja-baasisa da azrTa urTierTgacvlas-

Tan erTad, samomavlo TanamSromlobis gegmebic daisaxa.

lela saraliZe istoriis doqtori, regionaliz-

mis kvlevis institutis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli


Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4. : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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a x a axali da uaxlesi l i istoriis sakiTxebi d a u a x l...

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