Ciencias Sociales Polochic 2

7/23/2019 Ciencias Sociales Polochic 2

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Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y

Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb2<;° Abnmciidrbtg - Erupg \gignmcn

^deufkg sdjdstrd - CEDQ



;° Abnmciidrbtg - Erupg \gignmcn^deufkg sdjdstrd - CEDQ

2<Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y

Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb



Ncdfncbs ^gncbids yOgrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb^deufkg sdjdstrd

Qdsdrvbkgs tgkgs igs kdrdnmgs. Rudkb rceurgsbjdftd prgmcackb ib rdprgkunncþf tgtbi g pbrncbikd dstd jbtdrcbi dkunbtcvg, pgr nubiqucdr jdkcg g prgndkcjcdftg, scf ib butgrczbncþf kdi CfstctutgEubtdjbitdng kd Dkunbncþf Qbkcgoþfcnb, CEDQ. ^deðf brtênuig ;1 kd ib Ngfstctuncþf \giêtcnb kdEubtdjbib qud sd rdodrd b ib butgrêb.

© Cfstctutg Eubtdjbitdng kd Dkunbncþf Qbkcgoþfcnb, CEDQ.Ds ufb garb prgkunckb pgr di Kdpbrtbjdftg kd Qdkbnncþf y Kcsdòg, pbrb di

Cfstctutg Eubtdjbitdng kd Dkunbncþf Qbkcgoþfcnb, CEDQ.

22 bvdfckb 2=-;4, Ncukbk Fudvb, zgfb 1Ncukbk kd Eubtdjbib.

\A]0 1;21 ????Obx0 1;21 ?5<;

Ngrrdg didntrþfcng0 cedrLcedr.dku.et\âecfb wda0 www.cedr.dku.et

Dkcncþf 1<24Cjprdsg df CEDQ tbiidrds erâongs

Nþkceg0

C^AF0



cccNcdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ Êfkcnd

Êfkcnd

¡Acdfvdfckg y acdfvdfckb! ......................................................................................................................................... 2

^DJBFB 2=Dkunbncþf pbrb ib vckb .................................................................................................................................................... 2>

Bydr... mgy...Igs nubtrg pcibrds kd ib dkunbncþf ............................................................................................................................. 2;Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsDi sdr mujbfg ds uf sdr sgncbi .................................................................................................................................... 24

Ib dkunbncþf dsngibrczbkb ............................................................................................................................................. 2?Di scstdjb dkunbtcvg eubtdjbitdng ........................................................................................................................... 25Dkunbncþf acicfeùd cftdrnuiturbi ................................................................................................................................. 2=Dkunbncþf y dquckbk ....................................................................................................................................................... 23Dsnudib y pbrtcncpbncþf ncukbkbfb ............................................................................................................................. 1<Fudvbs jgkbickbkds kd dkunbncþf ........................................................................................................................... 12Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrDi bprdfkczb`d nggpdrbtcvg ............................................................................................................................................ 11Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1>Qdsujdf .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1>Butgngftrgi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt ..................................................................................................................................................... 1=Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................... 1=

^DJBFB 23^biuk, acdf y kdrdnmg kd igs eubtdjbitdngs ........................................................................................................ 13

Bydr... mgy...Ib ngncfb jbyb .................................................................................................................................................................. ><Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsIb sbiuk kd igs eubtdjbitdngs .................................................................................................................................... >2Abrrceb iidfb, ngrbzþf ngftdftg .................................................................................................................................. >1^bfgs y oudrtds .................................................................................................................................................................. >>Ju`dr y sbiuk ...................................................................................................................................................................... >4Di kdrdnmg b ib bicjdftbncþf ........................................................................................................................................ >?Di scstdjb kd sbiuk eubtdjbitdng .............................................................................................................................. >5^biuk bitdrfbtcvb y sbiuk cftdrnuiturbi ....................................................................................................................... >=Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrJgkdigs kd sbiuk cfniuydftd ....................................................................................................................................... >3Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................... ;<Qdsujdf .............................................................................................................................................................................. ;<



cvCEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Butgngftrgi ....................................................................................................................................................................... ;2Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt ..................................................................................................................................................... ;;Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................... ;;

^DJBFB 1<Bkbptbncþf bi nbjacg nicjâtcng .................................................................................................................................. ;4

Bydr... mgy...Di nicjb0 ·scdjprd mb sckg di jcsjg7 ........................................................................................................................ ;?Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbids·Ruã ds di nbjacg nicjâtcng y nþjg fgs bodntb7 ................................................................................................. ;=Di nbjacg nicjâtcng y sus dodntgs df fudstrb nbickbk kd vckb y gpgrtufckbkds kd kdsbrrgiig .......... ;3Ib jctcebncþf y ib bkbptbncþf ngjg rdspudstbs bi nbjacg nicjâtcng .......................................................... 42Bnncgfds qud pgkdjgs tgjbr pbrb jctcebr igs dodntgs kdi nbjacg nicjâtcng ........................................ 41Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrKdsbrrgiig sgstdfcaid ngjg uf kdrdnmg b uf bjacdftd sbfg ........................................................................ 4;Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................... 44

Qdsujdf .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4?Butgngftrgi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt ..................................................................................................................................................... ?<Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................... ?<

^DJBFB 12Ib fudvb rurbickbk ............................................................................................................................................................ ?2

Bydr... mgy...Ib bercnuiturb tbjacãf nbjacb ................................................................................................................................ ?1Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbids\bsgs mbncb di kdsbrrgiig sgstdfcaid .......................................................................................................................... ?>Bercnuiturb sgstdfcaid ..................................................................................................................................................... ?;\rgkunncþf jâs icjpcb ................................................................................................................................................... ?4Dfdreêbs rdfgvbaids ......................................................................................................................................................... ??Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr[rbab`bfkg `uftgs pgr uf jd`gr bjacdftd ............................................................................................................. ?5Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5<Qdsujdf .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52Butgngftrgi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt ..................................................................................................................................................... 5;Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................... 5;

^DJBFB 11

Bercnuiturb y kdsbrrgiig .................................................................................................................................................. 54

Bydr... mgy...Bercnuiturb, absd kd ibs ncvciczbncgfds .................................................................................................................. 5?Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsMgebrds bergpdnubrcgs eubtdjbitdngs ................................................................................................................... 55



vNcdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ Êfkcnd

\rgkunncþf berêngib ......................................................................................................................................................... 5=Ju`drds y tcdrrb .................................................................................................................................................................. 53Bercnuiturb kd dxpgrtbncþf ........................................................................................................................................... =<Kdsbrrgiig rurbi .................................................................................................................................................................. =2Dfnbkdfbjcdftgs prgkuntcvgs .................................................................................................................................... =1Sufus, di abfqudrg kd igs pgards .............................................................................................................................. =>Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr [cdrrb ngjpbrtckb0 Nggpdrbtcvb ^bjbn, Bitb _drbpbz ........................................................................................ =;Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................... =4

Qdsujdf .............................................................................................................................................................................. =4Butgngftrgi ....................................................................................................................................................................... =?Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt ..................................................................................................................................................... ==

Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................... ==

^DJBFB 1>

Fudvbs ogrjbs kd djpidg ............................................................................................................................................ =3

Bydr... mgy...Dkunbncþf pbrb di trbab`g ........................................................................................................................................... 3<Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsNbpctbi mujbfg ................................................................................................................................................................. 32[bidftg y ogrjbncþf ......................................................................................................................................................... 31Kdsbrrgiig ncdftêong y tdnfgiþecng df Eubtdjbib ............................................................................................... 3>Kdsbrrgiig brtêstcng df Eubtdjbib ........................................................................................................................... 3;Ju`drds df ib oudrzb ibagrbi ...................................................................................................................................... 34[rbab`g df uf jufkg eigabiczbkg .......................................................................................................................... 3?Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrDi vgiuftbrcbkg, kbr pbrb bprdfkdr ......................................................................................................................... 35

Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3=Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3=Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 33Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 2<<

Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 2<<

^DJBFB 1;

^bicr bkdibftd .................................................................................................................................................................. 2<2

Bydr... mgy...

Kdsbrrgiig ngf kdjgnrbncb ..................................................................................................................................... 2<1Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsGtrgs sdntgrds prgkuntcvgs ....................................................................................................................................... 2<>Ib dngfgjêb cfogrjbi .................................................................................................................................................. 2<;Jcerbncþf y rdjdsbs .................................................................................................................................................... 2<4Djprdfkcjcdftg d cffgvbncþf .................................................................................................................................. 2<?Qdspgfsbacickbk sgncbi djprdsbrcbi ........................................................................................................................ 2<5Djprdsbs sgncbids .......................................................................................................................................................... 2<=Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrNrgwkoufkcfe .................................................................................................................................................................. 2<3



vcCEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22<Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 22<Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 222Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 221Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 221

^DJBFB 14

Qdpbsg0 sdjbfbs 2= b 1; ........................................................................................................................................ 22>

^DJBFB 1?

Di Dstbkg eubtdjbitdng .............................................................................................................................................. 215

Bydr... mgy...Eubtdjbib ds ufb rdpðaicnb kdjgnrâtcnb ....................................................................................................... 21=Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbids

Dstrunturb y grebfczbncþf kdi Dstbkg .................................................................................................................... 213\rdsdfncb cfstctuncgfbi kdi Dstbkg ........................................................................................................................... 2>2Kdsndftrbiczbncþf ........................................................................................................................................................... 2>1Di Dstbkg df ausnb kd ib dquckbk0 pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs ....................................................................................... 2>>Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrDi ^cstdjb kd Ngfsd`gs kd Kdsbrrgiig Trabfg y Qurbi „^NKTQ„ ................................................................ 2>;Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2>4Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2>4Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 2>5Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 2>=Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 2>=

^DJBFB 15 [rcaufbr, uf kdadr ncukbkbfg ................................................................................................................................... 2>3

Bydr... mgy...[rcautgs, kdsbrrgiig pbrb tgkgs ............................................................................................................................. 2;<Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbids\rdsupudstg fbncgfbi ................................................................................................................................................... 2;2Ebstg pðaicng .................................................................................................................................................................. 2;1Qdnbukbncþf trcautbrcb ................................................................................................................................................. 2;>Cferdsgs kdi Dstbkg ....................................................................................................................................................... 2;;C_B d C^Q, kgs cjpudstgs cjpgrtbftds .................................................................................................................. 2;4Cferdsgs kd ibs jufcncpbickbkds .............................................................................................................................. 2;?Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr\bebr cjpudstgs, uf kdadr kd tgkgs ..................................................................................................................... 2;5Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2;=Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2;=Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 24<Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 241Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 241



vccNcdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ Êfkcnd

^DJBFB 1=^deurckbk y ùstcncb ...................................................................................................................................................... 24>

Bydr... mgy...Qdspdtg y fgrjbs kd ngfvcvdfncb ........................................................................................................................... 24;Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsCfsdeurckbk ncukbkbfb y kdsbrrgiig mujbfg ..................................................................................................... 244Igs kdictgs ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24?Di odjcnckcg y ib vcgidfncb ngftrb ib ju`dr ............................................................................................................ 245^deurckbk y ùstcncb ....................................................................................................................................................... 24=Ib nbkdfb kd ùstcncb .................................................................................................................................................... 243Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrKdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg Nm–grtc– ............................................................................................................................ 2?<Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2?1Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2?1Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 2?>Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 2??

Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 2??

^DJBFB 13Nuiturb kd pbz ................................................................................................................................................................. 2?5

Bydr... mgy...Igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz y ib rdngfncicbncþf fbncgfbi ............................................................................................. 2?=Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsIb Jdjgrcb Mcstþrcnb ................................................................................................................................................... 25<Mbncb ufb nuiturb kd pbz ............................................................................................................................................ 252

Jdkcbncþf kd ngfcntgs .............................................................................................................................................. 251Dspbncgs kd dxprdscþf kd igs `þvdfds pbrb ogjdftbr ufb nuiturb kd pbz ............................................... 25>Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrDi kcâigeg cftdrnuiturbi ................................................................................................................................................. 25;Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 254Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 254Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 25?Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 25=

Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 25=

^DJBFB ><Eubtdjbib, vcdfkg mbncb gtrgs pbêsds .................................................................................................................. 253

Bydr... mgy...Di sudòg kd Jgrbzâf .................................................................................................................................................... 2=<Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsCftderbncþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb .................................................................................................................................... 2=2Dsqucpuibs y igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz ........................................................................................................................... 2=1\giêtcnb dxtdrcgr ............................................................................................................................................................... 2=>Ib pgiêtcnb jcerbftd ...................................................................................................................................................... 2=;



vcccCEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr·Cftderbncþf g ckdftckbk ndftrgbjdrcnbfb7 ........................................................................................................ 2=4Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2=?Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2=?Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 2=5Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 23<Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 23<

^DJBFB >2Ib nurcgsckbk ncdftêocnb ............................................................................................................................................... 232

Bydr... mgy...Ibs ncdfncbs y di Nmgiq–c` ........................................................................................................................................... 231Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsIgs mdnmgs sgncbids ....................................................................................................................................................... 23>Igs prcfncpcgs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi ............................................................................................................... 23;Di prgndkcjcdftg kd ib cfvdstcebncþf ..................................................................................................................... 234

Ogrjuibncþf kd uf prgaidjb kd cfvdstcebncþf ................................................................................................. 23?Oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf .............................................................................................................................................. 235Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrBpgrtds kd ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi b gtrgs nbjpgs .......................................................................................... 23=Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 233Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 233Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 1<<Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 1<1Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 1<1

^DJBFB >1

Kcsdòg kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi ....................................................................................................................... 1<>

Bydr... mgy...Df ausnb kd uf jãtgkg prgpcg kd cfvdstcebncþf ........................................................................................ 1<;Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsDi kcsdòg kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi ..................................................................................................................... 1<?Jãtgkgs kd cfvdstcebncþf .......................................................................................................................................... 1<5Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr\uftgs kd vcstb kcodrdftds, pdrg cftdrrdibncgfbkgs .......................................................................................... 12>Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12;Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12;

Butgngftrgi .................................................................................................................................................................... 124Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 12?Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 12?

^DJBFB >>Kcsdòg kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi ....................................................................................................................... 125

Bydr... mgy...Ausnbfkg di drrgr sd bprdfkd b trbab`br jd`gr ............................................................................................ 12=



cxNcdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ Êfkcnd

Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsDi cfogrjd kd cfvdstcebncþf ........................................................................................................................................ 123Ibs pbrtds kdi cfogrjd kd cfvdstcebncþf ............................................................................................................... 123[cpgs kd cfogrjd ............................................................................................................................................................ 112Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcrDi kdnâigeg kd igs sgncgiþegs .................................................................................................................................. 11>Bi iidebr bi ofbi kd dstd icarg ..................................................................................................................................... 11;

Eigsbrcg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 114Qdsujdf ........................................................................................................................................................................... 114Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt .................................................................................................................................................. 11?Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d ................................................................................................................................................ 11?

^DJBFB >; Qdpbsg0 sdjbfbs 1? b >> ........................................................................................................................................ 115

Nibvds ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1;4

Acaicgerboêb

....................................................................................................................................................................... 152



xCEDQ ∑ \gignmcn



2Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ¡Acdfvdfckg y acdfvdfckb!

¡Acdfvdfckb y acdfvdfckg!

[cdfd df sus jbfgs di iarg kdi nursg kd Ncdfncbs ̂ gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb kdi erupg

[bnbfâ (qucftg erbkg abnmciidrbtg). Ngfstb kd kcdncscdtd sdjbfbs df ibs qud sd kdsbrrgiibrâf

trds ngjpdtdfncbs dstbaidnckbs df di Nurrênuig Fbncgfbi Absd (NFA).

\drg bftds kd dftrbr bi kdtbiid kd ibs ngjpdtdfncbs kd dstd nursg, dnmdjgs ufb jcrbkb b ib

pgrtbkb. ¡Djpdndjgs!

Ib pgrtbkb kd su icarg qucdrd sdr ufb jgtcvbncþf pbrb binbfzbr ibs ngjpdtdfncb. Ngjpbrtb-

jgs bieufbs ckdbs kd dstb cjbedf.

• _cvcjgs df ngjufckbk y sgjgs pbrtd kd ib objcicb mujbfb. Ib [cdrrb rdprdsdftb

di mgebr qud ngjpbrtcjgs y tgkbs ibs pgscacickbkds qud dstd pibfdtb fgs gordnd0

fbturbidzb, ncdfncb, brtd, nuiturb…

• Df dstd jufkg kcvdrsg dstbjgs df ngfstbftd ngftbntg ngf gtrbs pdrsgfbs y nbkb vdz

ds jâs cjpgrtbftd ngfgndr gtrbs nuiturbs y ngfgncjcdftgs pbrb ngjpbrtcr, ngfvcvcr yngjpbrtcr. Ibs jbfgs rgkdbfkg uf ngrbzþf fgs cfvctbf b vcvcr df uf jufkg kd pbz

y brjgfcb.

• Ib cjbedf kd uf erupg kd pdrsgfbs fgs rdnudrkb ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ib pdrsgfb, kdi

erupg y kd ib ngjufckbk pgrqud vcvcjgs df sgncdkbk y ausnbjgs di acdf ngjðf y di

acdfdstbr ngidntcvg.



1CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

·Nþjg binbfzbrâ ibs ngjpdtdfncbs kd dstd nursg7

Fgs dfognbrdjgs df trds ngjpdtdfncbs dstbaidnckbs df di NFA. Bi cfcncg kd nbkb sdjbfb, sd cfkcnb quã

sd prgpgfd igerbr. \brb sbadr sc mb binbfzbkg di kdsbrrgiig kd ibs ngjpdtdfncbs, di Nurrêuig Fbncgfbi

Absd prgpgfd cfkcnbkgrds kd igerg qud df fudstrg icarg ustdk jcsjg dvbiubrâ df di nubkrg Qdvcsd

su bprdfkczb`d, di nubi sd dfnudftrb bi fbi kd nbkb sdjbfb. Dstgs cfkcnbkgrds g nrctdrcgs sgf ngjguf tdrjþjdtrg qud jckd su kdsdjpdòg df nbkb ngjpdtdfncb. Crdjgs bvbfzbfkg pbsg b pbsg. _byb

`âfkgsd quã sdnncgfds kdi icarg mbndf pgscaid qud ustdk kdsbrrgiid ibs ngjpdtdfncbs qud prdsdftbjgs

b ngftcfubncþf.



>Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ¡Acdfvdfckg y acdfvdfckb!

Ngjpdtdfncb 2 ^dnncþf kdi icarg^djbfb

Bpicnb idyds,

nbtdegrêbs yngfndptgskd ibs ncdf-ncbs sgncbidsdf ib cftdr-

prdtbncþf kdigs odfþjd-fgs sgncbidskdrcvbkgskd ib eig-abiczbncþf

dngfþjcnb,pgiêtcnb,nuiturbi y

tdnfgiþecnb.

Bydr... mgy...

Di jufkg kd ibsncdfncbs sgncbids

Bprdfkdr bngfvcvcr

Fbvdeud dfCftdrfdt

Butgngftrgi

2= 23 1< 12 11 1> 1; 14 1? 15 1= 13 >< >2 >1 >> >;

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Ngjpdtdfncb 1 ^dnncþf kdi icarg^djbfb

\rgjudvd ibpbrtcncpbncþf

pbrb ibngfstrunncþf

kd ufbsgncdkbk

kdjgnrâtcnb,absbkb df dingfsdfsg, dingjprgjcsgcfkcvckubi y

ngidntcvg.

Bydr... mgy...


Bprdfkdr bngfvcvcr

Fbvdeud dfCftdrfdt

Butgngftrgi

2= 23 1< 12 11 1> 1; 14 1? 15 1= 13 >< >2 >1 >> >;

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;CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Ib ngfstbfncb y di trbab`g kcbrcg sdrâf sus bicbkgs pbrb igerbr trds tcpgs kd ngftdfckgs0

Kdnibrbtcvgs0 Igs ngftdfckgs kdnibrbtcvgs id bpgrtbrâf di ngfgncjcdftg kd igs

kcstcftgs bspdntgs tdþrcngs, ngfndptubids y ncdftêocngs kdi ârdb. \rgndkcjdftbids0 Ngjg cfkcnb su fgjard, igs ngftdfckgs prgndkcjdftbids sd

kdsbrrgiibrâf b absd kd d`drncncgs, gpdrbncgfds g bfâicscs kd prgaidjbs df igs

nubids pudkb kdjgstrbr di kgjcfcg y ib pudstb df prântcnb kd igs ngfgncjcdftgs

kdnibrbtcvgs.

Bntctukcfbids0 Dstgs mbndf rdodrdfncb b su ‚bntctuk‚, b ib jbfdrb df qud dfordftb di

dstukcg y igs bngftdncjcdftgs kd su vckb ngtckcbfb. Di icarg id prgpgrncgfb bntcvckb-

kds pbrb rdoidxcgfbr y pdfsbr bndrnb kd diibs.

Jbfd`b sdidn-tcvb y rceurg-sbjdftd ib

cfogrjbncþf,utciczbfkg susnbpbnckbkdskd bfâicscs

nrêtcng, cftdr-prdtbncþf, scs-tdjbtczbncþf ypdfsbjcdftgcfkbebkgr dfib sgiuncþf kd

prgaidjbs.

Ngjpdtdfncb > ^dnncþf kdi icarg^djbfb

Bydr... mgy...


Bprdfkdr bngfvcvcr

Fbvdeud dfCftdrfdt

Butgngftrgi

2= 23 1< 12 11 1> 1; 14 1? 15 1= 13 >< >2 >1 >> >;

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Qdvcsd su bprdfkczb`d

Df dstd ðitcjg bpbrtbkg id prgpgfdjgs qud

mbeb uf bitg y rddxcgfd sgard su bprdfkc-

zb`d. Ds juy cjpgrtbftd qud ustdk jcsjg

dvbiðd sus igergs y kdtdrjcfd df quã mb

obiibkg pbrb supdrbrig.

Ngftdstd ngf tgkb scfndrckbk y, pgstdrcgr-

jdftd, ngfsuitd ngf su grcdftbkgr ibs kukbs

qud tdfeb.

Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt

B ig ibreg kdi icarg dfngftrbrâ ufb dfgrjd nbf-

tckbk kd dfibnds pbrb dsnunmbr orbejdftgs jusc-nbids df di kcsng ngjpbntg qud bngjpbòb df dstdicarg. [bjacãf sd id prdsdftbf dfibnd b vêkdgsdf ib rdk sc kdsdb dsnunmbr ibs pcdzbs juscnbidsngjpidtbs u gasdrvbr su cftdrprdtbncþf.

Df dstb sdnncþf Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt dfngftrbrâdxniuscvbjdftd dfibnds b vêkdgs kgfkd sd juds-trbf kbfzbs trbkcncgfbids kd vbrcgs pbêsds ibtcfgb-jdrcnbfgs.

∑ i


Jbrqud ngf uf nmdqud ib nbsciib qud jd`gr cfkcqud su rdfkcjcdftg. igerbkg dfprgndsg

fgigerbkg

K d s p u ã s k d d s t u k c

b r . . .

Dxpicng ibs ogrjbs kd grebfczbr ib cfogrjbncþf kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf.

Kcodrdfncg igs kcstcftgs tcpgs kd cfogrjds.

_bigrg ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ib puaicnbncþf kd igs rdsuitbkgs kd ufb cf-

vdstcebncþf ngjg bpgrtd pbrb di kdsbrrgiig kd ib ncdfncb.

i c c c i c i c i c c i

c c c c i c

i -

i c

∑

Id rdngjdfkbjgs igs sceucdftds vckdgs rdibncgfbkgs ngf ib rdkbnn

cþf kd brtênuigs y dfsb ygs. _csctd ibs

sceucdftds kcrdnncgfds didntrþfcnbs.

.Brtênuig0 mttps0 / / w w w. ygutuad.ngj / wbtnm7 v:3@d=-O<qRE<

.Brtênuig ncdftêong0 mttps0 // w w w.ygutuad.ngj /wbtnm7 v:> v [ y?eG23QJ

.Dfsb yg0 mttps0/ / w w w.ygutuad.ngj / wbtnm7 v:PrH _tR SKpJe

Fb vdeud df Cftdrfdt



2<CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Icarg, nibsd rbkcbi y nêrnuig kd dstukcg

¡^u dqucpg kd trbab`g!

Di icarg, ngf sdr ufb audfb mdrrbjcdftb, fg ig ds tgkg. \brb qud ustdk binbfnd di fcvdi kd

ngjpdtdfncb kdsdbkg, fudstrg scstdjb pgfd b su kcspgscncþf0 di icarg, ib nibsd rbkcbi y ib

cfvctbncþf b pbrtcncpbr df uf nêrnuig kd dstukcg.

• Ib nibsd rbkcbi tcdfd ngjg oufncþf prcfncpbi

dxpicnbr y obncictbr ib ngjprdfscþf kd igs tdjbs

trbtbkgs df di icarg. Qdnudrkd qud pudkd erbabr

ibs nibsds rbkcbids df ufb jdjgrcb kd tdiãogfg g

qud pudkd bkqucrcr uf NK ngf dstbs nibsds erb-

abkbs. \rdeuftd nþjg mbndrig bi dfnbrebkg kdi

nêrnuig kd dstukcg g b su grcdftbkgr vgiuftbrcg.

Erbabr ibs nibsds rbkcbids ds gptbtcvg, pdrg pudkd

byukbrig.

• Di nêrnuig kd dstukcg ds di iuebr pbrb

ngjpbrtcr y bprdfkdr `uftgs. Bprgvd-

nmd dstgs rdnursgs y bpþydsd df pdr-sgfbs kd su ngjufckbk pbrb rdsgivdr

sus kukbs. Qdnudrkd qud scdjprd

pudkd ngfsuitbr tdjbs qud id rdsui-

tdf kcoêncids b su tutgr b kcstbfncb.

• Di icarg nujpid nubtrg oufncgfds0

b. [dxtg, df di qud dfnudftrb ib cfogrjbncþf y di

kdsbrrgiig kd igs ngftdfckgs b dstukcbr.

a. \czbrrþf, pbrb qud kurbftd ib nibsd rbkcbi

suarbyd ckdbs cjpgrtbftds g rdbicnd kcstcftbs

bntcvckbkds.

n. Nubkdrfg kd trbab`g, ngf d`drncncgs pbrb prbn-

tcnbr ig bprdfkckg.

k. Mdrrbjcdftb kd butgdvbiubncþf, nubfkg rd-

sudivd su butgngftrgi nbkb sdjbfb.




Fudstrb jdtgkgigeêb pbsg b pbsg

\brb obncictbr su bprdfkczb`d y bprgvdnmbr jâs y jd`gr di dstukcg nbkb sdjbfb, sceb dstgs

pbsgs. ¡Fg sd sbitd fcfeufg!

Idb di ngftdfckg kd ib sdjbfb

Iddr di ngftdfckg fgs pdrjctd tdfdr ufb ckdb edfdrbi kdi tdjb0 quã

sbadjgs, ngf quã ig rdibncgfbjgs, dtn. Dstd prcjdr ngftbntg tbjacãf

fgs mbrâ nbdr df ib nudftb kdi dsoudrzg b rdbiczbr pbrb bprdfkdr ig fudvg

y fgs pgfkrâ ’df gfkb‚ pbrb ib nibsd rbkcbi.

2

Dsnunmd ib nibsd rbkcbi

Ngf igs 4 sdftckgs

Ib nibsd rbkcbi ds fudstrb jbdstrb. Kd bmê qud di prgerbjb sd iibjd "DiJbdstrg df Nbsb". Ibs jbdstrbs y jbdstrgs ignutgrds dxpicnbf di ngftd-

fckg, prgpgfdf d`drncncgs y gtrgs d`djpigs pbrb bjpicbr di tdjb.

1

Kdspuãs kd ib nibsd rbkcbi, su trbab`g pdrsgfbi

Dstukcg y butgngftrgi

Ocfbiczbkb ib nibsd rbkcbi ds di jgjdftg kd su trbab`g pdrsgfbi. Kcstrcau-

yb su tcdjpg0 ds jd`gr uf pgng nbkb kêb, qud tgkg ib vêspdrb.

>

Ngfsuitd sus kukbs

Tf dstukcbftd cftdicedftd sbad nuâfkg pdkcr byukb

Ngfsuitd igs tdjbs qud fg id mbf qudkbkg nibrgs df gtrgs icargs, df

cftdrfdt, ngf objcicbrds g bjcegs. ^deurg qud dfngftrbrâ pdrsgfbs kcs-

pudstbs b byukbrid.

;

\brtcncpd df uf nêrnuig kd dstukcg

Bprdfkdr ̀ uftgs\þfebsd kd bnudrkg ngf gtrgs dstukcbftds y grebfcndf uf nêrnuig kd ds-

tukcg. ^gicnctdf ib byukb kd bieufb pdrsgfb vgiuftbrcb kd ib ngjufckbk.

Dsg ids byukbrâ b rdsgivdr kukbs y rdogrzbr ig bprdfkckg. Bkdjâs, tdf-

krâf ib gpgrtufckbk kd cftdrnbjacbr bprdfkczb`ds, ckdbs y sdftcjcdftgs.

Qdnudrkd qud scdjprd pudkd bnukcr b su tutgr bscefbkg.

4



21CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

·Nþjg bprgvdnmbr jd`gr su dstukcg7

• Ausqud uf iuebr nþjgkg y ngf audfb ciujcfbncþf. Ds cjpgrtbftd qud sd

bid`d kdi ruckg y kd ibs kcstrbnncgfds.

• Dic`b uf mgrbrcg pbrb trbab`br y dstukcbr. Ib ngfstbfncb y ib kcsncpicfb sgf

sus jd`grds ngjpbòdrbs kd dstukcg.

• Idb ngf btdfncþf ibs cfstrunncgfds kd igs d`drncncgs bftds kd rdsgivdrigs.

• Ngfsuitd sus kukbs ngf gtrbs pdrsgfbs kd su ngjufckbk qud pudkbf

byukbrid.



Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 2=

Di sdr mujbfg ds uf sdr sgncbi

Igs sdrds mujbfgs fg bprdfkdjgs sgig pgr gasdrvbncþf d cjctbncþf, kdskdqud fbndjgs fudstrgs pbkrds, mdrjbfgs, baudigs y tgkbs ibs pdrsgfbs qud fgsrgkdbf fgs dfsdòbf vbigrds, ngstujards, ckcgjb y gtrgs bspdntgs qud jgkdibffudstrb ckdftckbk pdrsgfbi y ngidntcvb. ^d bprdfkd kd y ngf gtrgs. Igs pbkrdssgf ib prcfncpbi cfudfncb df ib ngfogrjbncþf kdi nbrântdr y ngfkuntb kd ufb

fcòb g fcòg8 y ngfogrjd di cfkcvckug nrdnd, su nêrnuig sd dxpbfkd prgerdscvb-jdftd b mdrjbfgs, baudigs, têgs, prcjgs, bjcegs, jbdstrgs, ngjpbòdrgs kddstukcg, ngjpbòdrgs kd trbab`g, cfniuydfkg nbrbntdrds qud ngfgnd b trbvãs kdib tdidvcscþf, igs icargs, y igs vcb`ds, dftrd gtrgs. [gkgs diigs ngfogrjbf uf erupgkd rdodrdfncb, ds kdncr uf erupg qud scrvd kd euêb y ngjpbrbncþf pbrb dvbiubr

su prgpcg kdsdjpdòg y di kd igs kdjâs.[rbkcncgfbijdftd, di nuckbkg y sgncbiczbncþf cfcncbi kd igs fcògs df su prcjdrbcfobfncb dstâ b nbreg kd ib objcicb, dspdncbijdftd kd ib jbkrd. ^cf djabreg,ngfogrjd ibs ju`drds sd cfngrpgrbf bi jufkg ibagrbi, igs jdfgrds qudkbf bnbreg kd baudibs, fcòdrbs g eubrkdrêbs. Ngfogrjd nrdndf, fcògs y ̀ þvdfds pbsbferbf pbrtd kd su tcdjpg df ib dsnudib. Kd bmê ib cjpgrtbfncb kd dstb ðitcjbpbrb prdpbrbrigs d cftrgkuncrigs bi jufkg kdi trbab`g y b ib vckb ncukbkbfb.Bkdjâs, nbkb sgncdkbk tcdfd dxpdntbtcvbs rdspdntg bi kdsdjpdòg kd igs cfkcvc-kugs sdeðf su dkbk. Ibs dtbpbs kd dstd ncnig vctbi vbrêbf kd ufb nuiturb b gtrb8bsê, pgr d`djpig, igs ncdftêngs sgncbids kcndf qud ib bkgidsndfncb ds uf cfvdftg

jgkdrfg, ·quã kdncr dftgfnds kd ib prdbkgidsndfncb7

D`drncncg 2

Qddxcgfd sgard ibs pbibarbs utciczbkbs df su ckcgjb jbtdrfg pbrb kdsnrcacr ibs dtbpbs kdi ncnigkd vckb. Ttcicnd sgibjdftd ibs nbsciibs fdndsbrcbs kd ib sceucdftd tbaib.

Di jufkg kd ibs ncdfncbs sgncbids

·Qdnudrkb ib mcstgrcbkd [brzâf, di mgjardnrcbkg pgr jgfgs7\uds df ib mcstgrcbkd ib mujbfckbkdxcstdf fujdrgsgsnbsgs kd fcògsqud mbf vcvckg dfbcsibjcdftg y suorckgjbitrbtg, ig qud mbtdfckg ngjg ngfsd-nudfncb uf icjctbkgkdsbrrgiig qud sdrdd`b df kcnuitbk

pbrb mbaibr, nbjcfbry rdibncgfbrsd ngfgtrbs pdrsgfbs,cfniuydfkg icjctbncg-fds pbrb `uebr.

Dtbpb

(kdsnrcpncþf)


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 27/2862?

CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 1

Qddxcgfd y ngjdftd df di nêrnuig kd dstukcg quã scefcnb pbrb ustdk di prgvdracg borcnbfg0’\brb dkunbr b uf fcòg mbnd obitb ib trcau dftdrb‚.

2 \C^B0 sceibs df cfeiãs kdi \rgerbjb pbrb ib Dvbiubncþf Cftdrfbncgfbi kd Biujfgs dxbjcfbf nbkb trds bògs dirdfkcjcdftg kd biujfgs kd 24 bògs df ârdbs kd idnturb, jbtdjâtcnbs y ncdfncbs.

Ib pbibarb dkunbncþfprgvcdfd kdi ibtêfdkunbtĪg, qud tcdfddi kgaid scefcnbkgkd nrcbr y dfsdòbr gtrbfsjctcr ngfgncjcdf-tgs.

Ib dkunbncþf dsngibrczbkb

Ib dkunbncþf dsngibrczbkb, ngjg ib ngfgndjgs mgy df kêb, ds uf odfþjdfgrdibtcvbjdftd fudvg, puds mbstb di sceig ]_CCC dstbab kdstcfbkb ðfcnbjdftd bib ãictd y, df bieufgs nbsgs, cjpbrtckb ðfcnbjdftd pgr tutgrds. Ibs þrkdfds rdic-ecgsbs kd ib Dkbk Jdkcb ngftcfðbf ib trbkcncþf ercdeb kd sdpbrbr ib dfsdòbfzbkd jbtdrcbs g ngftdfckgs bastrbntgs d cftdidntubids kd ib ogrjbncþf prântcnbnrdâfkgsd bsê ufb kdsvcfnuibncþf dftrd ig bprdfkckg df ib dsnudib y ig vcvckgngtckcbfbjdftd. Dstb ds ufb prântcnb qud mdjgs mdrdkbkg y ngftcfubjgs d`dr-ncdfkg kd`bfkg oudrb kd ib dkunbncþf dsngibrczbkb di bprdfkczb`d kd gncgs y ib

rddxcþf sgard igs sbadrds trbkcncgfbids.

Ib Qdvgiuncþf Cfkustrcbi cjpuisþ ib edfdrbiczbncþf kd ib dkunbncþf dsngibr pudsnbkb vdz mbaêb jdfgs bkuitgs df di mgebr qud supdrvcsbrbf ib dkunbncþf kd igsfcògs y bkdjâs, ib cfkustrcbiczbncþf rdqudrêb mbacickbkds y nbpbnckbkds qud ju-nmbs vdnds igs pbkrds fg pgsdêbf. Di scstdjb dsngibr gordnêb bsê ib pgscacickbk kdcftderbr b tgkgs igs fcògs y ̀ þvdfds df uf jcsjg scstdjb dkunbtcvg d ceubictbrcgb trbvãs kd ib erbtuckbk. Di kdsbrrgiig ncdftêng y tdnfgiþecng, dspdncbijdftdkdspuãs kd ib ^deufkb Eudrrb Jufkcbi mb dxtdfkckg ib fdndsckbk kd jâs bògskd dsngibrckbk, bsê ngjg di cfcncg b dkbkds jâs tdjprbfbs.

Fg mby ufb rdndtb ðfcnb. Dftrd igs jd`grds scstdjbs dkunbtcvgs kdi jufkg, sd-eðf ibs prudabs kd \C^B2, sd dfnudftrbf vbrcgs pbêsds bscâtcngs, ngjg0 ̂ cfebpur,Ngrdb kdi ^ur y @bpþf, [bcwâf, ngf ibrebs `grfbkbs dsngibrds, erbfkds nbrebs kdtbrdbs df nbsb y bntcvckbkds dxtrbdsngibrds y ngf bpicnbncþf kd prgaidjbs b ibvckb rdbi8 jcdftrbs qud Ocfibfkcb prcvcidecb ib ogrjbncþf y sdidnncþf kd kgndftds,ib jgtcvbncþf cftrêfsdnb kd igs dstukcbftds y ib cftderbncþf kd objcicb, dsnudib youdrzbs pgiêtcnbs y sgncbids.




D`drncncg >

Cfvdstceud sgard igs fcvdids dkunbtcvgs qud sd gordndf df su ngjufckbk y dibagrd ib sceucdftd

erânb rdiidfbfkg igs dspbncgs ngrrdspgfkcdftds. Ngjpbrtb y ngjpbrd df di nêrnuig kd dstukcg.

Cfcncbi \rdprcjbrcb \rcjbrcb ^dnufkbrcb Kcvdrsconbkg Kcpigjbkg [ãnfcng Icndfncbturb

Ib Ngfstctuncþf\giêtcnb kd ib Qdpðaicnbkd Eubtdjbib dstb-aidnd df di brtênuig 52qud ds gaicebncþf kdiDstbkg prgpgrncgfbry obncictbr dkunbncþfb sus mbactbftds scfkcsnrcjcfbncþf bieufby ebrbftczb ib icadrtbkkd dfsdòbfzb y kdnrctdrcg kgndftd. Dibrtênuig 5; kdnibrb qudigs mbactbftds tcdfdf dikdrdnmg y ib gaicebncþf

kd rdncacr ib dkunb-ncþf cfcncbi, prcjbrcb yaâscnb, kdftrg kd igsiêjctds kd dkbk qud`d ib idy.

Di scstdjb dkunbtcvg eubtdjbitdng

Di bntubi scstdjb dkunbtcvg tcdfd sus absds df di egacdrfg kdi kgntgr JbrcbfgEâivdz qud kdnibrþ ib dkunbncþf ibcnb, erbtuctb y gaicebtgrcb. Bntubijdftd, didftd rdntgr kd ib dkunbncþf df Eubtdjbib ds di Jcfcstdrcg kd Dkunbncþf „JC-FDKTN„. Di scstdjb dkunbtcvg eubtdjbitdng ngftdjpib, ngjg ig dstbaidnd ibNgfstctuncþf \giêtcnb, kdskd ib dkunbncþf cfcncbi mbstb ib dkunbncþf jdkcb (ncnigaâscng y kcvdrscnbkg).

Di fcvdi cfcncbi y ib dkunbncþf prdprcjbrcb tcdfdf pgr fbickbk prgjgvdr ib pbrtc-ncpbncþf kd jbkrds djabrbzbkbs, ib ngjufckbk y igs kgndftds df di kdsbrrgiigkd mbacickbkds, kdstrdzbs y ogrjbncþf kd mâactgs pbrb obncictbr di cferdsg, pdr-jbfdfncb y prgjgncþf kd fcòbs y fcògs b ib dkunbncþf prcjbrcb.

Ib dkunbncþf prcjbrcb ds di fcvdi qud jbygr btdfncþf mb rdncackg y nuyb ng-adrturb jâs sd mb bjpicbkg8 scf djabreg, igs rdzbegs df ib dkunbncþf cfcncbi yprdprcjbrcb sd rdd`bf df igs bitgs fcvdids kd rdpctdfncb y kdsdrncþf df di fcvdi

prcjbrcg.Ib dkunbncþf pðaicnb jdkcb tcdfd ufb ngadrturb jdfgr bi 4< %, uf prgaidjbngfsckdrbaid sc sd tcdfd df nudftb qud ib fbiczbncþf kd dstb dtbpb ds cjprds -ncfkcaid pbrb ib gatdfncþf kd uf djpidg g ngftcfubr dstukcgs df ib ufcvdrsckbk.Ib dkunbncþf prcvbkb y pgr nggpdrbtcvb mbf ngftrcauckg b ib dxpbfscþf kd dstdfcvdi, pdrg igs ngstgs mbf sckg trbsibkbkgs b igs pbkrds kd objcicb, ig nubi pibf-tdb sdrcgs gastânuigs pbrb ib fbiczbncþf kd dstd ncnig.

Ib dkunbncþf ufcvdrsctbrcb fg dstâ rdeckb pgr di JCFDKTN. Ib Tfcvdrsckbk kd^bf Nbrigs kd Eubtdjbib oud oufkbkb df 2?5? y ds ib tdrndrb ufcvdrsckbk rdbioufkbkb df Ibtcfgbjãrcnb. Ibs ufcvdrsckbkds prcvbkbs sd rcedf pgr di Ngfsd`gkd ib Dfsdòbfzb \rcvbkb ̂ updrcgr „ND\^„, qud bntubijdftd berupb b 2; ndftrgs,scdfkg igs jâs bftceugs, ib Tfcvdrsckbk Qbobdi Ibfkêvbr (23?2) y ib Tfcvdrsckbkkdi _biid kd Eubtdjbib (23?4).




Eubtdjbib cfvcdrtd dfdkunbncþf jdfgs kdT^$ 2<< bfubids pgrfcòg jcdftrbs qud diprgjdkcg kd cfvdrscþfdf dkunbncþf dfIbtcfgbjãrcnb ds kdT^$ ><<.

Dkunbncþf y dquckbk

Bufqud Eubtdjbib mb mdnmg erbfkds dsoudrzgs pgr jd`grbr, dspdncbijdftd ibdkunbncþf prcjbrcb, pdrscstdf kcodrdfncbs dftrd igs dstukcbftds rdspdntg b igsbògs kd dsngibrckbk0

• igs mgjards tcdfdf jâs bògs kd dsngibrckbk qudibs ju`drds,

• ibs pgaibncgfds urabfbs jâs qud ibs rurbids, y

• ibs pgaibncgfds fg cfkêedfbs jâs qud ibs cfkêedfbs.

Tf erbvd prgaidjb rdsckd df ib obitb kd bnndsg b ib dkunbncþf kdackg bi bcsib-jcdftg edgerâng, ib kcspdrscþf y ib pgardzb, qud sd bndftðbf df di nbsg kd ng-jufckbkds jgfgicfeùds jbybmbaibftds ngf pgnb godrtb kd DAC. Dstb sctubncþfbodntb prcfncpbijdftd b ngjufckbkds icfeùêstcnbs jcfgrctbrcbs, ngjg0 nm–grtc–,nmu`, bhbtdhg d cxci.

Gtrg prgaidjb qud borgftbf ibs ngjufckbkds acicfeùds ds qud sus dstukcbftds,df tãrjcfgs edfdrbids, tcdfdf kgs g trds bògs kd dkbk jâs qud sus pbrds dfbuibs kd pgaibncþf fg cfkêedfb. Dstb sctubncþf pgfd df rcdseg ib ngftcfubncþfmbncb ib dkunbncþf jdkcb nubfkg igs dstukcbftds tdrjcfbf ib dsnudib prcjbrcbb ib dkbk kd qucfnd bògs, ufb dkbk ngfsckdrbkb df di ârdb rurbi ngjg bkdnub-kb pbrb cfcncbr ib vckb ibagrbi, y df di nbsg kd ibs ju`drds, pbrb cfcncbr ufb vckbngfyuebi.

^cf djabreg, ibs erbfkds iunmbkgrbs bftd dstbs bkvdrsckbkds sgf ibs ju`drdspudstg qud ibs ncorbs judstrbf uf erbf bvbfnd df ib biobadtczbncþf kd `þvdfds

ju`drds cfkêedfbs kd ârdbs rurbids8 kd ceubi jbfdrb, di fðjdrg kd dstukcbftdsju`drds df ib dkunbncþf jdkcb dstâ sgardpbsbfkg bi kd mgjards. Ib biobadtczb-ncþf df di pbês dstâ b nbreg kdi Ngjctã Fbncgfbi kd Biobadtczbncþf „NGFBIOB„ yvbrcbs GFE.

Ib prdpbrbncþf kd junmgs kgndftds tbjpgng iidfb igs rdqudrcjcdftgs bkdnub-kgs, pdrg sd jbfcdstb ngf jbygr prgaidjâtcnb df ib dkunbncþf acicfeùd puds

jdfgs kdi 4< % kd diigs sd dxprdsb ngf uckdz df di ckcgjb jbtdrfg kd igs

fcògs y uf pgrndftb`d bðf jdfgr ig dsnrcad ngrrdntbjdftd. Kd kgfkd sd kdkundqud igs ckcgjbs ignbids sgf utciczbkgs kdftrg kdi buib jâs acdf ngjg jdkcg kdngjufcnbncþf qud ngjg ckcgjb kd dfsdòbfzb bprdfkczb`d.




Ib oufkbncþf

Gfd Ibptgp pdrNmcik „GI\„ (Tfbngjputbkgrb pgrfcòg), mb kcsdòbkgufb ngjputbkgrb kdab`g ngstg (birdkdkgrkd T^$ 2<<) y pgngngfsujg dfdreãtcng,qud vdfkd b egacdrfgspbrb sdr kcstrcauckbsdf dsnudibs pðaicnbs.Mbstb di jgjdftg(1<24), mbf sckg adfd-ncbkgs kgs jciigfdskd fcògs df Bjãrcnb

Ibtcfb y jdkcg jciiþfdf Âorcnb.

Fudvbs jgkbickbkds kd dkunbncþf

Di kdsbrrgiig kd fudvbs tdnfgigeêbs pibftdb fudvgs rdtgs b ib dkunbncþf. \gr ufbpbrtd di bnndsg kdsceubi b ibs jcsjbs pudkd berbfkbr ig qud sd mb iibjbkg ib’ardnmb kcectbi‚8 pgr gtrg, mby vbrcgs dsoudrzgs pgr ’kdjgnrbtczbr‚ ib dkunbncþfy mbndrib bnndscaid b uf jbygr fðjdrg kd pdrsgfbs.

Ib dkunbncþf vcrtubi pibftdb fudvbs ogrjbs kd dfsdòbr y bprdfkdr. [cdfd ib vdf-tb`b, ngjg ib dkunbncþf b kcstbfncb, kd qud di dstukcbftd pudkd bprdfkdr bsu prgpcg rctjg, df su prgpcg mgrbrcg y kdskd su nbsb u gncfb8 scf djabreg,

fdndsctb tdfdr kcsncpicfb, grebfczbr su tcdjpg kd dstukcg y trbab`g, y tdfdr jgtc-vbncþf cftrêfsdnb pbrb ngftcfubr buf nubfkg ib sctubncþf sd vudivb kcoênci kdackgb ib nbreb ibagrbi g b ibs tbrdbs kdi mgebr. Dsg sê, fdndsctb kd ufb ngjputbkgrb,tbaidtb g tdiãogfg cftdicedftd y ufb ngfdxcþf b Cftdrfdt. Ds dstg ig qud pdrjctddicjcfbr ibs abrrdrbs kd kcstbfncb, tcdjpg y dspbncg, mbncdfkg pgscaid cfniusgqud kgndftd g obncictbkgr y dstukcbftd fg ngcfnckbf fc scqucdrb df mgrbrcg scfqud pgr dsg sd cftdrrujpb di prgndsg kd dfsdòbfzb bprdfkczb`d.

Dxcstdf kgs jgkbickbkds kd bprdfkczb`d vcrtubi0 d-idbrfcfe y a-idbrfcfe. D-idbr-

fcfe (Didntrgfcn idbrfcfe) sd rddrd bi bprdfkczb`d pgr Cftdrfdt, ds uf tcpg kd

dfsdòbfzb gf-icfd (df iêfdb), qud di dstukcbftd kdsbrrgiib utciczbfkg kcodrdftdsmdrrbjcdftbs cfogrjâtcnbs8 jcdftrbs qud di a-idbrfcfe (Aidfkdk idbrfcfe) ds ufbdfsdòbfzb jcxtb kd tcpg sdjcprdsdfncbi, puds ngjacfb di usg kd cftdrfdt ngfsdscgfds pdrcþkcnbs ngf kgndftds.

Di bprdfkczb`d vcrtubi sd kdsbrrgiib, bi ceubi qud di prdsdfncbi, kdftrg kd scstdjbsdkunbtcvgs ogrjbids d cfogrjbids8 bieufgs erbtuctgs y gtrgs, kd pbeg. Ngjgpbrtd kd ib ’kdjgnrbtczbncþf‚ kd ib dkunbncþf, sd mbf kdsbrrgiibkg tbjacãf igs

JGGN (jbsscvd gpdf gficfd ngursds), qud sgf nursgs bacdrtgs df iêfdb kcrceckgsb jcids kd pdrsgfbs gordnckgs, edfdrbijdftd, kd ogrjb erbtuctb. Tfcvdrsckbkdsprdstcecgsbs kdi jufkg sd mbf ufckg b dstb cfcncbtcvb, ib nubi sd prdsdftb dfpibtbogrjbs, ngjg0 Tfcvdrsckbk Fbncgfbi kd Dkunbncþf b Kcstbfncb, kd Dspbòb(mttps0//ngjb.ufdk.ds/)8 Ngursdrb (www.ngursdrb.gre)8 y [didsngpcg kd ib Tfc-vdrsckbk Ebicidg kd Eubtdjbib (mttp0//tdidsngpcg.ebicidg.dku/).



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg ?

Qddxcgfd sgard di ðitcjg trbab`g df dqucpg qud rdbiczþ yb sdb df di cfstctutg, df ib ngjufckbkg df di trbab`g, ·prbntcnbrgf di bprdfkczb`d nggpdrbtcvg7 Breujdftd su rdspudstb.

Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr

Di bprdfkczb`d nggpdrbtcvg

’Di bprdfkczb`d nggpdrbtcvg nrdb ufb sctubncþf kd cftdrkdpdfkdfncb pgsctcvb,pudstg qud ib ðfcnb ogrjb kd binbfzbr ibs jdtbs pdrsgfbids ds b trbvãs kd ibsjdtbs kdi dqucpg. Dstg mbnd qud di bprdfkczb`d y di dsoudrzg pgr bprdfkdr sdbfjunmg jâs vbigrbkgs dftrd igs ngjpbòdrgs, bujdftbfkg ib jgtcvbncþf edfdrbipgr di bprdfkczb`d bsê ngjg di rdoudrzg y ib byukb qud sd prgpgrncgfbf jutub-jdftd df dstd sdftckg. (…) jbftdfcdfkg ibs vdftb`bs kd ib dstrunturb nggpdrb-tcvb, sd prgpgfd dvbiubr di trbab`g kdi erupg kd ogrjb qud nbkb biujfg pudkbckdftcnbr kdftrg kd ãi su prgpcb ngftrcauncþf.

Bi cfngrpgrbr ngjg bntcvckbk fgrjbi kdi buib di bprdfkczb`d nggpdrbtcvg dftrdngjpbòdrgs, sd idectcjbf ibs ngfkuntbs kd pdkcr y prgpgrncgfbr byukb (Fdisgf-

Idebii, 2331), jd`grbfkg tbftg di rdpdrtgrcg sgncbi kd igs biujfgs (…) ngjg susgpgrtufckbkds kd bprdfkczb`d.

Igs fcògs sudidf sdr ngf ordnudfncb rdndptgrds kd ib byukb kd igs bkuitgs. Juypgnbs vdnds tcdfdf ib gpgrtufckbk kd ngjprgabr su prgpcb dnbncb byukbfkg

b gtrb pdrsgfb, y kd jd`grbr ngf diig su prgpcb butgdstcjb y sdftckg kd butgd-nbncb. ^d mb ngjprgabkg, bkdjâs, qud nubfkg igs fcògs trbtbf kd jd`grbr ib

ngfkuntb kd uf ngjpbòdrg, nbjacbf su prgpcb ngfkuntb df ib jcsjb kcrdnncþfkdi nbjacg qud cftdftbf igerbr df di gtrg fcòg.‚

[gjbkg kd0 Kêbz-Beubkg, Jbrêb @gsã (1<<;). ’Dkunbncþf cftdrnuiturbi y nggpdrbncþf. Tfbfudvb cftdrbnncþf dkunbtcvb pbrb uf jufkg qud tbjacãf ds kcodrdftd‚. Df0Dkunbtcg ̂ ceig ]]C,

11. \âes. 5<-51.


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Eigsbrcg

butgfgjêb0 ^ctubncþf df ib qud fg sd kdpdfkd kd fbkcd.

kdsvcfnuibncþf0 Mbndr kdsbpbrdndr ufb rdibncþf.

dquckbk0 Ceubikbk, prgvddr b tgkgs y nbkb ibs jcsjbs ngfkcncgfds.

cftrêfsdng0 Êftcjg, pbrtd kd ufg jcsjg.

ibcng(b)0 Fg rdicecgsg(b).

Qdsujdf

• Ib dkunbncþf b ig ibreg kd ib vckb sd absb df nubtrg pcibrds0 Bprdfkdr b ngfgndr, Bprdfkdrb mbndr, Bprdfkdr b vcvcr `uftgs y Bprdfkdr b sdr, igs nubids tcdfdf jðitcpids puftgs kdngftbntg, ngcfnckdfncb d cftdrnbjacg.

• Ib sgncbiczbncþf ̀ udeb uf pbpdi cjpgrtbftd df di kdsbrrgiig kdi sdr mujbfg, puds b trbvãskd diib sd trbfsjctd ngfgncjcdftgs, vbigrds, nuiturb, ckcgjb y gtrgs. Ib objcicb y ib dsnudibsgf igs prcfncpbids bedftds kd sgncbiczbncþf kd igs fcògs.

• Ib dkunbncþf dsngibrczbkb, ngjg ib ngfgndjgs mgy df kêb, cfcncþ df ib Qdvgiuncþf Cfkus-trcbi pbrb bpgybr b igs pbkrds kd objcicb df ib dkunbncþf kd sus mc`gs y kgtbr kd mbacickb-kds y kdstrdzbs qud byukbrb b igs `þvdfds b cfngrpgrbrsd bi jufkg ibagrbi. Di kdsbrrgiigtdnfgiþecng mb tdfckg uf pbpdi cjpgrtbftd df ib dkunbncþf puds kdackg b ib vdignckbkkdi jcsjg junmbs vdnds igs pbkrds fg pgsddf ibs nbpbnckbkds qud id sdrâf rdqudrckbs bsus mc`gs.

• Di scstdjb dkunbtcvg eubtdjbitdng ds rdeckg pgr di Jcfcstdrcg kd Dkunbncþf y dstâ ngf-ogrjbkg pgr vbrcgs fcvdids0 cfcncbi, prdprcjbrcb, prcjbrcb, jdkcb (ngjpudstb pgr sdnuf-kbrcb y kcvdrscnbkg). Ib dkunbncþf ufcvdrsctbrcb fg dstâ ab`g di rãecjdf kdi JCFDKTN.

Ib Tfcvdrsckbk kd ^bf Nbrigs kd Eubtdjbib ds ib jâs bftceub kdi pbês y ib ðfcnb pðaicnb8dxcstdf bkdjâs 2; ufcvdrsckbkds prcvbkbs.

• Ib dkunbncþf acicfeùd cftdrnuiturbi btcdfkd b ibs ngjufckbkds icfeùêstcnbs jbybs y ebrê-oufb gordncdfkg dfsdòbfzb kd ckcgjb jbtdrfg (I2) y dspbògi (I1). ^d gordnd ðfcnbjdftdmbstb >dr erbkg kd prcjbrcb y borgftb erbfkds icjctbncgfds df nubftg b jbtdrcbids dku-nbtcvgs y kgndftds acicfeùds. Bntubijdftd, ib jbygr pbrtd kd igs dstukcbftds sgf kd Bitb_drbpbz, Rucnmã, Mudmudtdfbfeg, ̂ gigiâ y [gtgfcnbpâf. Ib DAC mb igerbkg cfnrdjdftbr ibcfngrpgrbncþf kd fcòbs b ib dsnudib.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 35/2861;

CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

• B pdsbr kd erbfkds dsoudrzgs, di scstdjb dkunbtcvg ds kdsceubi y ib pgaibncþf cfkêedfb yrurbi ngftcfðb tdfcdfkg jdfgs bògs kd dsngibrckbk, puftdbfkg jâs ab`g df ibs dvbiub-ncgfds kdi JCFDKTN y dstukcbftds kd jbygr dkbk. Igs kgndftds acicfeùds tcdfdf jbygrdskcnuitbkds df di kgjcfcg grbi y dsnrctg kd igs ckcgjbs jbybs df igs qud dfsdòbf.

• Ib tdnfgigeêb mb bacdrtg ibs pudrtbs pbrb fudvbs jgkbickbkds kd dkunbncþf, ngjg di d-idbrfcfe (ngjpidtbjdftd df iêfdb) y di a-idbrfcfe (sdjcprdsdfncbi), bsê ngjg ib pgscacic-kbk kd igs JGGN, nursgs jbscvgs df iêfdb. ^d fdndsctb dsg sê uf kcspgsctcvg didntrþfcng(ngjputbkgrb, tbaidtb g tdiãogfg cftdicedftd) y ufb ngfdxcþf b cftdrfdt pbrb tdfdr bnndsgb cfogrjbncþf y fudvgs bprdfkczb`ds, yb qud junmgs kd diigs sd gordndf erbtuctbjdftd.

• Di bprdfkczb`d nggpdrbtcvb ds cjpgrtbftd pbrb rdogrzbr ib ngfvcvdfncb, ib butgdstcjb, ib tg-idrbfncb y ib butgdncdfncb.

• Ibs ncdfncbs sgncbids sd kdadf ngjprdfkdr ngjg cfkdpdfkcdftds pdrg cftdrrdibncgfbkbs,yb qud tgkbs dstukcbf b ib sgncdkbk.

• Ibs ncdfncbs sgncbids cfniusg dstâf df rdibncþf ngfstbftd ngf ibs ncdfncbs fbturbids pgrngjprdfkdr bi sdr mujbfg y b su dftgrfg.




Bntcvckbk 2. Kdjudstrd ig bprdfkckg

Dibagrd uf erâng ngf ib cfogrjbncþf sgard di scstdjb dkunbtcvg fbncgfbi. Ngfsuitd ngf igs rdprdsdf-tbftds kd prgerbjbs kdi JCFDKTN, ngjg KCEDD] y NGFBIOB.

Butgngftrgi




A. Bfbicnd ib cfogrjbncþf gatdfckb. Qdnudrkd sus mbacickbkds jbtdjâtcnbs, y ngfvcdrtb igs kbtgs df pgr-ndftb`ds. Ngf diigs dibagrd tbaibs y/g erânbs pbrb ngjpbrbr rdsuitbkgs.

N. Dsnrcab uf cfogrjd prdsdftbfkg di rdsuitbkg kd su dfnudstb, berdeud ngfniuscgfds, rdngjdfkbncg-fds y uf ngjdftbrcg pdrsgfbi. Dftrdeud ufb ngpcb kdi jcsjg b nbkb ufb kd ibs cfstctuncgfds qud idarcfkbrgf bpgyg. Ib cfogrjbncþf qud ustdk gatuvg ds sujbjdftd vbicgsb y pudkd sdr kd utcickbkpbrb outurbs bnncgfds.


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn



fgigerbkg

K d s p u ã s k d d s t u k c b r . . .

Ckdftcng igs pcibrds oufkbjdftbids kd ib dkunbncþf.

Qdngfgzng ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ib objcicb y ib dsnudib df ib sgncbiczb-ncþf kd igs cfkcvckugs.

Kdsnrcag igs ngjpgfdftds kdi scstdjb dkunbtcvg fbncgfbi.

Dvbiðg ib utcickbk kdi bprdfkczb`d nggpdrbtcvg.

Bfbiczg igs bncdrtgs y kdsbncdrtgs kdi scstdjb dkunbtcvg fbncgfbingjg sd prdsdftb df su ngjufckbk.

Bkdjâs, kdi scstdjb ogrjbi kd dkunbncþf, dxcstdf gtrbs bitdrfbtcvbs pbrb bprdfkdr kcodrdftds tdjâtcnbsy gncgs y jd`grbr ib nbpbnckbk kd gatdfdr uf djpidg g cfcncbr ufb pdqudòb djprdsb. Di Cfstctutg [ãn-fcng kd Nbpbnctbncþf y \rgkuntcvckbk „CF[DNB\„, gordnd ufb dfgrjd vbrcdkbk kd nursgs df jgkbickbkprdsdfncbi, d-idbrfcfe y a-idbrfcfe. \brb ngfgndr jâs, vcsctd di sctcg wda0

.www.cftdnbp.dku.et

Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt

Bntcvckbk >. Kdsbrrgiid fudvbs mbacickbkds

Kugicfeg ds uf sctcg wda kd bprdfkczb`d erbtuctg kdckcgjbs, kcsdòbkg pgr di eubtdjbitdng, di kgntgrIucs vgf Bmf. Dstb pibtbogrjb sd pudkd kdsnbrebr dfngjputbkgrbs y tdiãogfgs cftdicedftds, sgig sd fdnd-

sctb ufb ngfdxcþf b cftdrfdt d cferdsbr di fgjard kdufb nudftb kd ngrrdg didntrþfcng pbrb ngjdfzbr. ^ukcsdòg ds kcvdrtckg, puds scjcibr b uf `udeg, igs pbr-tcncpbftds nbjacbf kd fcvdi sdeðf sus kdstrdzbs. Dstbpibtbogrjb dkunbtcvb dstâ scdfkg utciczbkb pgr 4< jc-iigfds kd pdrsgfbs df di jufkg cfniuydfkg buibs dfdsnudibs kd Eubtdjbib y Ngstb Qcnb. Dstd scstdjb pdrjctd bi biujfg bprdfkdr kd jbfdrb pdrsgfbiczbkby b su rctjg, y bi prgodsgr, ngfgndr di prgerdsg kd nbkb ufg kd sus biujfgs.

Bfêjdsd b bprdfkdr uf ckcgjb dxtrbf`drg, pgr di jgjdftg pudkd dsngedr dftrd cfeiãs, orbfnãs, bidjâf,ctbicbfg, pgrtueuãs y dspbògi. [bf sgig fdndsctb dftrbr b ib pâecfb wda0 www.kugicfeg.ngj y rdecstrbrsderbtuctbjdftd.



>?CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 4

Cfvdstceud sgard pibftbs futrctcvbs qud pudkdf gatdfdrsd b ab`g ngstg df su ngjufckbk.Ngjpbrtb ngf bieufbs bjbs kd nbsb y trbtdf kd mbndr ngjckbs ngf ibs >A (audfbs, agfctbs yabrbtbs). Dsnrcab igs rdsuitbkgs kd su cfvdstcebncþf y dxpdrcdfncb.

Di kdrdnmg b ib bicjdftbncþf

Di kdrdnmg b ib bicjdftbncþf ds uf kdrdnmg oufkbjdftbi puds scf bnndsg b ufb

bicjdftbncþf bkdnubkb fg pgkdjgs egzbr kd ufb vckb kcefb. ’Di kdrdnmg b ib

bicjdftbncþf cfniuyd nubtrg bspdntgs cjpgrtbftds0

1 [gjbkg kd0 mttp0//www.mujbfcuj.gre/ds/kdrdnmg-bicjdftbncgf/ Qdnupdrbkg di 24/<>/24

2. Di bicjdftg kdad sdr suoncdftd0 ds kdncr, suncdftd pbrb tgkb ib

pgaibncþf.

1. Di bicjdftg kdad sdr bnndscaid0 nbkb pdrsgfb kdad pgkdr gatdfdr

bicjdftg, yb sdb erbncbs b su prgkunncþf prgpcb (ebfbkdrêb y berc-

nuiturb), g erbncbs b uf pgkdr bkqucsctcvg suncdftd pbrb ngjprbr

bicjdftg.

>. Di bnndsg bi bicjdftg kdad sdr dstbaid y kurbkdrg0 di bicjdftg kdad

dstbr kcspgfcaid y bnndscaid df tgkbs ibs ncrnufstbfncbs (eudrrbs,

nbtâstrgods fbturbids, dtn.).

;. Di bicjdftg kdad sdr sbiuard0 ds kdncr, ngfsujcaid d mcecãfcng, y df

pbrtcnuibr di beub kdad sdr pgtbaid‚1.

Mbndr nujpicr di kdrdnmg b ib bicjdftbncþf scefcnb qud ib pgaibncþf tcdfd sd-

eurckbk bicjdftbrcb y futrcncgfbi. Kdsbogrtufbkbjdftd, ib pgardzb sujbkb b igs

djabtds kdi nbjacg nicjâtcng (sdquêbs, tgrjdftbs, mdibkbs, dtn.) y ib vbrcbacickbk

df igs prdncgs kd igs bicjdftgs mbndf nbkb vdz jâs kcoênci pbrb junmbs objcicbs

tdfdr bnndsg b ufb bicjdftbncþf vbrcbkb y sbiukbaid. Di rdsuitbkg, ngjg mdjgs

kcnmg bftdrcgrjdftd, ds ib jbifutrcncþf.

\brb dvctbr ib cfsdeurckbk bicjdftbrcb, junmgs egacdrfgs ibtcfgbjdrcnbfgs mbf

cjpidjdftbkg prgerbjbs kd kgtbncþf kd bicjdftgs, kgtbncþf kd sdjciibs y odr-

tciczbftds, trbfsodrdfncbs jgfdtbrcbs ngfkcncgfbkbs y vcecibfncb kd ib kdsfutrc-

ncþf. ^cf djabreg, ibs objcicbs tbjacãf pudkdf mbndr bieufgs nbjacgs df sus

prântcnbs bicjdftbrcbs y berêngibs, ngjg ib nrdbncþf kd mudrtgs objcicbrds, prg-

ndsbfkg orutbs y vdrkurbs pbrb su ngfsdrvbncþf y pgstdrcgr ngfsujg, nuckbfkg

ibs ngsdnmbs kd bfcjbids, mgfegs y abntdrcbs, usbfkg jãtgkgs fbturbids pbrb

ngfsdrvbr ib tcdrrb berêngib, dftrd gtrgs.

Di kdrdnmg b ibbicjdftbncþf ouddstbaidnckg df di bòg1<<< pgr jbfkbtgkd ib Ngjcscþf kdKdrdnmgs Mujbfgs kdibs Fbncgfds Tfckbs.



>5Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 23

D`drncncg ?

Qdbicnd uf kcbefþstcng kdi scstdjb kd sbiuk df su ngjufckbk y dsnrcab sus ngfniuscgfds0

• ·Nuâids sgf igs sdrvcncgs pðaicngs kd sbiuk qud sd dfnudftrb df su ngjufckbk7

• ·Ruã tcpg kd sdrvcncg arcfkbf7

• ·Ruã tcpg kd sdrvcncg jãkcng prcvbkg sd gordnd7

• ·Nuâftgs tdrbpdutbs trbkcncgfbids gordndf sus sdrvcncgs df ib ngjufckbk7

• ·Ruã tcpg kd sdrvcncg gordndf igs tdrbpdutbs trbkcncgfbids7

Di scstdjb kd sbiuk eubtdjbitdng

Di scstdjb kd sbiuk eubtdjbitdng sd suakcvckd df trds, sdeðf su oudftd kd fbf-

ncbjcdftg0 di scstdjb pðaicng, fbfncbkg pgr di Dstbkg8 di scstdjb prcvbkg, fbf-

ncbkg pgr igs mgebrds8 y di scstdjb kd sdeurckbk sgncbi (CE^^), fbfncbkg pgr igs

trbab`bkgrds bsbibrcbkgs y bicbkgs y sus pbtrgfgs. Dstgs trds suascstdjbs sgf

cfkdpdfkcdftds dftrd sê, pgr ig qud di Jcfcstdrcg kd ^biuk \ðaicnb y Bscstdfncb

^gncbi „J^\B^„ kcrced ðfcnbjdftd bi scstdjb pðaicng.

Kd igs trds suascstdjbs, di qud jâs pdsg tcdfd ds di scstdjb prcvbkg, mbncdfkg

jâs vuifdrbaids b ibs objcicbs fg sgig pgr di ngstg qud rdprdsdftb scfg tbjacãf

pgr ib rdkunckb prdstbncþf kd sdrvcncgs kdi Dstbkg, ig nubi cfuyd df ib kcsjcfuc-

kb nbickbk kd sus sdrvcncgs, yb qud di Dstbkg kdscefb ðfcnbjdftd bi bòg R2< pgr

mbactbftd eubtdjbitdng. Kd mdnmg, sc sd tcdfdf rdnursgs dngfþjcngs suncdftds,

di eubtdjbitdng tcdfd ngjg ðitcjb gpncþf ausnbr bscstdfncb jãkcnb df igs sdr-

vcncgs kd sbiuk pðaicnb.

Df di pbês fg dxcstdf suncdftds jãkcngs pbrb btdfkdr b ib pgaibncþf. Tfb sctub-ncþf qud sd berbvb pgrqud di 5> % kd igs ebidfgs sd dfnudftrb df di kdpbrtb-

jdftg kd Eubtdjbib. \gkdjgs kdkuncr dftgfnds qud ib ibs pgaibncgfds rurbids

tcdfdf erbfkds kcnuitbkds pbrb gatdfdr bscstdfncb jãkcnb y jâs bðf, sc dxcstdf

abrrdrbs kd ckcgjb df ib ngjufcnbncþf jãkcng-pbncdftd. Kd bmê ib cjpgrtbfncb

kd igs tdrbpdutbs trbkcncgfbids0 mcdradrgs, mudsdrgs, ngjbkrgfbs y gtrgs, qucd-

fds sgf jâs bnndscaids y bfds nuiturbijdftd b sus pbncdftds y utciczbf jãtgkgs

kd nurbncþf jâs oâncids kd ngfsdeucr b pdsbr kd fg sdr rdngfgnckgs pgr di scstd-

jb kd sbiuk eubtdjbitdng.

Igs scstdjbs kd sbiukcfkêedfbs y ebrêoufbsngfsckdrbf ib sbiukngjg uf tgkg, kgfkdngfuyd nudrpg yjdftd, cfkcvckug yngjufckbk.



;<CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Eigsbrcgkdsfutrcncþf0 Ds ufb dfodrjdkbk nbusbkb pgr uf ngfsujg kd nbigrêbs y prgtdêfbs jdfgr bi rdqudrckg

pgr di nudrpg mujbfg kd bnudrkg ngf ib dkbk y di sdxg kd ib pdrsgfb qud ib pbkdnd.

dfodrjdkbkds ebstrgcftdstcfbids0 Ngf`uftg kd dfodrjdkbkds qud kbòbf di scstdjb kcedstcvg, ngjg

ib kcbrrdb, ib ebstrctcs y di rdu`g, dftrd gtrbs.

dfodrjdkbkds prdvdfcaids0 Ngf`uftg kd dfodrjdkbkds qud pudkdf sdr dvctbkbs ngf di ngfsujg kd

ufb kcdtb sbiukbaid, ib bpicnbncþf kd jdkckbs kd mcecdfd, di d`drncncg oêscng, y ibs vbnufbs, dftrd gtrgs.

drrbkcnbr0 Dicjcfbr.

ebidfg0 Jãkcng.

cfodnncþf rdspcrbtgrcb0 Dfodrjdkbk kdi scstdjb rdspcrbtgrcg nbusbkb pgr ufb abntdrcb, uf mgfeg, uf

vcrus g pbrâsctgs. ^gf abstbftd ordnudftds y pudkdf nbusbr ib judrtd.

gadsckbk0 Dfodrjdkbk nbusbkb pgr ib bnujuibncþf dxndscvb kd erbsb df di nudrpg nbusbkb pgr ufb

kcdtb cfbkdnubkb y ib obitb kd d`drncncg oêscng. Ib gadsckbk dstâ bsgncbkb b kcvdrsbs dfodrjdkbkds ngjg0

ib kcbadtds, di nâfndr, y ibs dfodrjdkbkds nbrkcgvbsnuibrds.

trbfsodrdfncbs jgfdtbrcbs ngfkcncgfbkbs0 \rgerbjbs euadrfbjdftbids kd ngjabtd b ib pgardzb,

qud ngfscstdf df kbr kcfdrg b objcicbs sdidnncgfbkbs, qud nujpidf ncdrtgs rdqucsctgs, ngjg iidvbr b sus

fcògs b ib dsnudib y b nmdqudgs jãkcngs pdrcþkcngs.

Qdsujdf

Kdackg b ib kdsceubikbk, ibs ârdbs rurbids pgards d cfkêedfbs tcdfdf bnndsg icjctbkg b su-

ncdftds y vbrcbkgs bicjdftgs y b sdrvcncgs aâscngs qud bodntbf fdebtcvbjdftd su sbiuk, prg-

vgnbfkg qud junmgs fcògs jdfgrds kd 4 bògs judrbf pgr dfodrjdkbkds prdvdfcaids. ^cf

djabreg, erbncbs b igs prgerbjbs kd vbnufbncþf, dfodrjdkbkds ngjg di sbrbjpcþf y ib pg-

icgjcdictcs mbf sckg drrbkcnbkbs kdi pbês.

Igs bicjdftgs fg sgig sbncbf di mbjard, tbjacãf ogrjbf pbrtd kd fudstrb nuiturb pgrqud ids

btrcaucjgs scefcnbkgs qud kdtdrjcfbf quã ngjdjgs, kþfkd, nuâfkg, nþjg, ngf qucãf, ngf

quã y pgr quã, qud kdtdrjcfbf ibs prdodrdfncbs pgr jdkcg kd ibs nubids sdftcjgs acdfdstbr

y sbtcsobnncþf bicjdftbrcb. Igs bicjdftgs, bi ceubi qud ibs dfodrjdkbkds, dstâf bsgncbkgs bi

ncnig kd vckb y b ufb nibscnbncþf nuiturbi.

[dfdr audfb sbiuk scefcnb tdfdr ufb bicjdftbncþf bkdnubkb qud pdrjctb fudstrg kdsbrrgiig

oêscng, jdftbi y sgncbi. \drg, df igs kdpbrtbjdftgs kd [gtgfcnbpâf, ^gigiâ, Mudmudtdfbfeg



;2Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 23


^uarbyd ib rdspudstb ngrrdntb.

2. Ib sdeurckbk bicjdftbrcb scefcnb0

b. Fbkcd fgs pudkd rgabr fudstrb ngjckb.

a. Igs bicjdftgs sd eubrkbf df uf iuebr sdeurg.

n. Igs bicjdftgs dstâf kcspgfcaids b ib pgaibncþf.

1. Ibs jdkckbs mcecãfcnbs0

b. Byukbf b prdvdfcr dfodrjdkbkds.

a. ^gf cffdndsbrcbs pgrqud sgf pbrb vdrfgs acdf.

n. Byukbf df ib icjpcdzb kd ib nbsb.

>. ^biuk cftdrnuiturbi kdfd di prcfncpcg qud0

b. Nbkb qucdf utciczb di scstdjb kd sbiuk sdeðf su nuiturb.

a. Igs jãkcngs cfniuydf bspdntgs nuiturbids sgard ib sbiuk kd sus pbncdftds.

n. Igs jãkcngs bprdfkdf kd igs tdrbpdutbs trbkcncgfbids y vcndvdrsb.

Butgngftrgi

Rucnmã, ^bf Jbrngs y Nmcjbitdfbfeg, jâs kdi ?< % kd igs fcògs jdfgrds kd 4 bògs pbkdnd

kdsfutrcncþf ig nubi prgvgnb ab`b dstbturb y di kdtdrcgrg kd su nudrpg. Df di gtrg dxtrdjg,

tbjacãf bujdftb di sgardpdsg y ib gadsckbk kdackg prcfncpbijdftd bi ngfsujg kd ngjckb

nmbtbrrb.

Di kdrdnmg b ib bicjdftbncþf cjpicnb ib sdeurckbk bicjdftbrcb y futrcncgfbi, ig nubi scefcnbqud tgkb ib pgaibncþf tcdfd bnndsg b suncdftd bicjdftg sbiukbaid tgkg di tcdjpg, scf cjpgr-

tbr ibs ncrnufstbfncbs.

Di scstdjb kd sbiuk eubtdjbitdng dstâ cftderbkg pgr di scstdjb kd sbiuk pðaicng, ib sdeurckbk

sgncbi (CE^^) y ibs niêfcnbs jãkcnbs y mgspctbids prcvbkgs. Bufqud fg ogrjbf pbrtd kdi scstd-

jb kd sbiuk, igs tdrbpdutbs trbkcncgfbids, ngjg mcdradrgs, mudsdrgs, ngjbkrgfbs sgf juy

cjpgrtbftds pbrb ib pgaibncþf rurbi pgrqud sgf jâs bnndscaids y ngjpbrtdf ib jcsjb nuiturb

kd sus pbncdftds.

Df Eubtdjbib sd mbf cfcncbkg bnncgfds pbrb cjpidjdftbr ib bkdnubncþf nuiturbi df sbiuk ngf

di f kd qud di scstdjb fbncgfbi kd sbiuk rdspgfkb b ib nuiturb kd igs pudaigs cfkêedfbs.



;1CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

^cstdjb kd sbiuk

eubtdjbitdng

^cstdjb kd sbiuk

pðaicng

^cstdjb kd sbiuk

prcvbkg

Cfstctutg Eubtdjbi-

tdng kd ^deurckbk

^gncbi

[drbpdutbs

trbkcncgfbids

Bntcvckbk 1. Bpicqud ig bprdfkckg

Ngjpidtd di kcberbjb sceucdftd sgard di scstdjb kd sbiuk eubtdjbitdng. \brb diig, utcicnd ibs rdspudstbs

bi D`drncncg Fg. ? y/g ngfsuitd ngf di pdrsgfbi kdi Ndftrg kd ^biuk jâs ndrnbfg b su ngjufckbk.



;?CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Di nicjb0 ·scdjprd mb sckg di jcsjg7

Ib dkunbncþf tcdfd

dfgrjd cjpgrtbfncb

df di sceig ]]C, kd

bmê ib rbzþf kd

ibs kdnibrbncgfds

’Dkunbncþf pbrb

[gkgs‚ y igs ’Ga`dtc-

vgs kdi Jcidfcg‚, qud

sd dstukcbrgf df ib

sdjbfb 25.

Di nicjb kd ib [cdrrb scdjprd mb sckg nbjacbftd kdackg b drupncgfds vginâfcnbs,bntcvckbk sgibr, y vbrcbncgfds kd ib btjþsodrb y kdi cftdrcgr kd ib tcdrrb y jbrds.

[gkgs dstgs sgf prgndsgs fbturbids qud sd sundkdf kdskd mbnd jcids kd bògs.

Di nicjb mb ckg nbjacbfkg idftbjdftd, kurbftd sceigs, y mb vbrcbkg kd tdjpd-

rbturbs mdibkbs b tdjpdrbturbs jâs nâickbs, y mb ckg jbrnbfkg ibs dstbncgfds

kdi nicjb pgng b pgng mbstb iidebr b ibs bntubids0 prcjbvdrb, vdrbfg, gtgòg

d cfvcdrfg8 y pbrb di nbsg kd Eubtdjbib0 vdrbfg (tdjpgrbkb sdnb), dftrd igs

jdsds kd fgvcdjard b barci8 d cfvcdrfg (tdjpgrbkb kd iiuvcbs), dftrd igs jdsds

kd jbyg b gntuard. Fgsgtrgs sgig tdfdjgs kgs dstbncgfds pgrqud dstbjgs

uacnbkgs df ib zgfb cftdrtrgpcnbi (dftrd igs trþpcngs kd nâfndr y nbprcngrfcg).

Eubtdjbib scdjprd mb prdsdftbkg ufb vbrcbacickbk nicjâtcnb, ngf junmgs jc-

nrgnicjbs ignbids, pdrg kdskd igs bògs 5<, ib iiuvcb mb sckg jdfgr y ib nbfênuib

„uf pdrêgkg scf iiuvcbs dftrd ùfcg y ùicg„ sd mb cftdfscocnbkg8 bmgrb iiudvd

jdfgs dftrd igs jdsds kd ùfcg b begstg, y ibs tdjpdrbturbs y ibs iiuvcbs sgf

junmg jâs vbrcbaids, ngf dvdftgs kd tdjpdrbturbs juy ab`bs g bitbs y kd

iiuvcbs juy cftdfsbs g crrdeuibrds.

Di kdtdrcgrg bjacdftbi

[gkbs ibs bntcvckbkds mujbfbs nbusbf cjpbntg bjacdftbi, kdskd ib qudjb

kd tdrrdfgs pbrb prdpbrbr ib sceucdftd scdjarb, mbstb ib obarcnbncþf, vdftb y

ngfsujg kd tdiãogfgs ndiuibrds. [gkbs ibs bntcvckbkds mujbfbs cjpicnbf di

usg y ngfsujg kd rdnursgs, y di usg kd oudftds kd dfdreêb rdfgvbaids y fg

rdfgvbaids.

Ib [cdrrb mb jbftdfckg pgr jcids kd bògs, uf dqucicarcg dftrd tgkgs sus did-

jdftgs d cftdrnbjacgs kd jbtdrcb y dfdreêb cftdrfgs, qud mbf mdnmg pgscaid

ib dxcstdfncb kd ibs kcodrdftds dspdncds kd oigrb y obufb pbrb qud igs sdrds

mujbfgs ngftdjgs ngf ibs ngfkcncgfds bkdnubkbs pbrb fbndr, nrdndr, rdprg-

kuncrfgs, dvgiuncgfbr y kdsbrrgiibrfgs.

B pbrtcr kdi nrdncjcdftg pgaibncgfbi, kdi usg cftdfscvg kd igs rdnursgs ignbids

y dspdncbijdftd b pbrtcr kdi usg kdi nbraþf y iudeg kdi pdtrþidg ngjg oudftds

prcfncpbids kd dfdreêb8 ib mujbfckbk ngjdfzþ b berdebr sustbfncbs y ebsds

bkcncgfbids b igs qud ib [cdrrb yb prgkunêb fbturbijdftd (vbpgr kd beub, vb-

pgrds vginâfcngs y kdrcvbkgs kd igs nbjacgs quêjcngs fbturbids). Bkdjâs, sd

ngjdfzþ b utciczbr y ngfsujcr rdnursgs fbturbids b ufb vdignckbk y nbftckbk

jâs râpckb qud ig qud dstgs fbturbijdftd pgkêbf rdpgfdrsd. Bkcncgfbijdftd,

Bydr... mgy…



42Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 1<

D`drncncg >·Ruã acdfds y sdrvcncgs bjacdftbids dxcstdf df su ngjufckbk7 ·Ruã sd pudkd mbndr pbrb jctcebrdi nbjacg nicjâtcng y ngfsdrvbr dsgs acdfds y sdrvcncgs bjacdftbids7

Ib jctcebncþf y ib bkbptbncþf ngjg rds-pudstbs bi nbjacg nicjâtcng

Ib jctcebncþf ausnb rdkuncr ibs djcscgfds kd igs EDC, aâscnbjdftd rdbiczbfkg

bnncgfds ngjg0 kdtdfdr ib kdogrdstbncþf y bujdftbr di nrdncjcdftg kd igs ags-

quds, bmgrrbr dfdreêb y usbr jâs oudftds kd dfdreêb rdfgvbaid, jd`grbr ibs prân-tcnbs kd berêngibs d cfkustrcbids, rdncnibfkg y trbtbfkg igs kdsdnmgs sþickgs y

iêquckgs, nuckbfkg di beub kuind y kdi sudig, y prdpbrbfkg b ibs ngjufckbkds

pbrb dfordftbr jd`gr igs kdsbstrds.

Ib bkbptbncþf pgr su pbrtd, ausnb rdbiczbr jdkckbs pbrb qud pgkbjgs bngjg-

kbrfgs b igs kbògs g bprgvdnmbr igs adfdncgs kd igs nbjacgs df di nicjb. Ib

prcgrckbk dstâ df prgtdedr vckbs y bsdftbjcdftgs mujbfgs, ibs oudftds kd bic-

jdftgs, igs acdfds, sdrvcncgs, d cforbdstrunturb sgncbi y dngfþjcnb.

[gkg ig bftdrcgr scefcnb qud fdndsctbjgs tgjbr bnncgfds qud fgs pdrjctbf

ngfvcvcr ngf dxndsgs g dsnbsdz kd iiuvcbs, gibs kd nbigr g kd orêg, bujdftg kd

tgrjdftbs g vcdftgs oudrtds, erbfczbkbs g mdibkbs8 y grebfczbrfgs junmg jd`gr

pbrb dfordftbr dvdftubids cfufkbncgfds, cfndfkcgs g kdsiczbjcdftgs.

Igs fcvdids kd bkbptbncþf sgf igs kcodrdftds nbjacgs qud fdndsctbjgs mbndr

df igs fcvdids fbncgfbi, rdecgfbi, jufcncpbi, y df igs jâs cjpgrtbftds0 di fcvdi

ngjufctbrcg y objcicbr, pbrb ngfgndr jd`gr fudstrg dftgrfg y nþjg bntubr bftd

di nbjacg nicjâtcng.



4>Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 1<

D`drncncg ;

Df di sceucdftd nubkrg sdòbid ibs bnncgfds kd jctcebncþf objcicbr y ngjufctbrcb qud pudkdfrdbiczbr df di ngrtg, jdkcbfg y ibreg pibzg.

Bnncgfds jctcebncþf

pgscaidsBnncgfds objcicbrds Bnncgfds ngjufctbrcbs

NGQ[G \IBPG

(2= jdsds)

JDKCBFG \IBPG

(1-> bògs)

IBQEG \IBPG

(>-4 bògs)

• Nbptbr y bijbndfbr beub kd iiuvcb.

• Ngfsdrvbr y usbr jd`gr igs tdrrdfgs ngf jd`grds prântc-

nbs kd nuitcvg ngjg ibs pbrndibs bergogrdstbids.

• Ngfsdrvbr y usbr jd`gr igs agsquds ngjufctbrcgs y ju-

fcncpbids, y rdogrdstbr ngf âragids ignbids qud ’iibjdf

beub‚.

• Jbfd`br jd`gr igs agsquds y sus prgkuntgs fg jbkdrb-

aids.

• Kcvdrscnbr y rgtbr igs nuitcvgs ignbids y ausnbr gtrgs

fudvgs qud sd bkbptdf ignbijdftd.

• Grebfczbr mudrtgs y `brkcfds kd pibftbs jdkcncfbids ng-

jufctbrcgs.

• \rdvdfcr igs cfndfkcgs ogrdstbids ngf rgzbs ngftrgibkbs.

• Fg brrg`br ib absurb fc kdsdnmgs b igs rêgs g qudarbkbs.

• \rgtdedr igs nbjcfgs vdncfbids ngf djpdkrbkgs, nufd-

tbs g vdedtbncþf.



43Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 1<

Qdodxcþf sgard ibs rdspudstbs qud gatuvg

·Ruã puftgs df ngjðf dfnudftrb7

·Nuâids sgf ibs kcodrdfncbs qud dfnudftrb7

·Ruã bprdfkcþ ustdk ngf dstd d`drncncg y quã pudkd mbndrngf dsd fudvg sbadr7

A. Tfb vdz tdrjcfbkbs sus dftrdvcstbs, rdvcsd ibs rdspudstbs qud gatuvg, y rds-

pgfkb ig sceucdftd0


Qdncnib`d y sdpbrbncþf kd kdsdnmgs

Igs kdsdnmgs sþickgs sd pudkdf berupbr df kgs ogrjbs0 kdsdnmgs greâfcngs, ngjg igs rdstgs kd bic-

jdftgs, pibftbs y dstcãrngi kd bfcjbids8 y igs kdsdnmgs cfgreâfcngs, qud sgf vckrcg, jdtbi, pbpdi y piâstc-

ngs. Igs kdsdnmgs greâfcngs pudkdf rdncnibrsd pbrb mbndr bagfdrbs g ngjpgstdrbs, puds bi kderbkbrsd

sd pudkd rdnupdrbr vbrcgs kd igs futrcdftds qud di sudig fdndsctb. Junmgs bercnuitgrds yb usbf bagfgs

greâfcngs y ngjpgst pbrb sus tdrrdfgs. Igs kdsdnmgs cfgreâfcngs, sc sgf nibscnbkgs, pudkdf bnuju-

ibrsd y vdfkdrsd pgr pdsg, ngjg jbtdrcb prcjb8 junmbs pdrsgfbs yb vdfkdf agtdiibs kd vckrcg, ibtbs,

piâstcngs, y rdstgs kd biujcfcg. Di rdncnib`d sd mb ngfvdrtckg df ufb bntcvckbk rdftbaid, y ds ufb ogrjb kd

ngfsdrvbr di bjacdftd. Ngfsckdrd ibs gpgrtufckbkds kd rdncnibr df su abrrcg g ngjufckbk, pudkd byu-

kbrsd dngfþjcnbjdftd y byukbr bi jdkcg bjacdftd tbjacãf.


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Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 12

D`drncncg ;

Ngtd`d ib icstb bftdrcgr ngf ibs bntcvckbkds qud yb sd rdbiczbf df su ngjufckbk bfgtd igs nbjacgsqud dstbs bnncgfds mbf prgkunckg df su ngjufckbk. ̂ c df su ngjufckbk fg sd mbf kdsbrrgiibkgfcfeufb kd dstb bnncgfds rddxcgfd sgard nuâi(ds) bntcvckbkds sdrêb fdndsbrcg cjpidjdftbr ypgr quã.

\gscaids bnncgfds kdbercnuiturb sgstdfcaid

Adfdoncg ignbi pgtdf-ncbi

Acdfds y sdrvcncgs bj-acdftbids obvgrdnckgs

• Ausnbr bscstdfncb pbrbjd`grbr ib prgkunncþfberêngib ignbi0 rgtbncþfkd nuitcvgs, bagfgsvdrkds, bagfgs greâ-fcngs, usg kd sdjciibsjd`grbkbs y vbrcdkbkdsrdscstdftds b pibebs ysdquêbs, scstdjbs berg-ogrdstbids.

• Kcvdrscnbr igs nuitcvgs.

• Jd`grbr di usg kd odr-tciczbftds, cfsdntcnckbs ymdracnckbs.

• Jd`grbr ibs prântcnbs

kd pgsngsdnmb, y kdbijbndfb`d kd erbfgs.

• Jd`grbr ibs prântcnbsberêngibs ignbids y kdibs objcicbs.

^DQ_CNCG^0

• Edfdrbncþf, rdfgvbncþfy odrtcickbk kdi sudig.

• \gicfczbncþf kd nuitcvgsy pibftbs scivdstrds.

• Ngftrgi kd pibebs berê-ngibs.

• Abrrdrbs ngftrb di vcdf-tg y ib drgscþf.

• _brcdkbk y rcqudzb kdipbcsb`d.

• Qdnupdrbncþf g prg-tdnncþf kd oudftds kdbeub.

• ^cdjprd qud mbybngfkcncgfds bkdnubkbs0usg kd bi`cads y pdqud-ògs djabisds objcicbrds.

• Qdnupdrbncþf g ngfs-

trunncþf kd jcfc-rcdegsg scstdjbs objcicbrds kdrcdeg pgr egtdg

• Nbpbnctbncþf pbrb usgbkdnubkg kd scstdjbskd jcfc rcdeg y rcdegpgr egtdg.

• Nbptbncþf, ngfsdrvb-ncþf y jbfd`g kdi beubkd iiuvcb y kdi beubpbrb usg berêngib.

• Jbftdfdr ib nbpbnckbkprgkuntcvb kd igssudigs.

^DQ_CNCG^0

• Jbftdfcjcdftg yjd`grb kd ib nbickbkkdi beub kuind pbrb usgmujbfg.

• Jbftdfcjcdftg kdoudftds kd beub kuindngjufctbrcb y objcicbr8

pbrb rcdeg, pdnds gbfcjbids.

• Jctcebncþf y rdkunncþfkd ib vuifdrbacickbkbftd dvdftgs kd sdquêb.


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Eigsbrcgbercnuiturb greâfcnb0 ^cstdjb kd prgkunncþf qud trbtb kd utciczbr bi jâxcjg igs rdnursgs fbturbids,ngjg ib odrtcickbk kdi sudig, scf utciczbr odrtciczbftds y pibeucnckbs scftãtcngs pbrb prgtdedr di jdkcgbj-acdftd y ib sbiuk.

bi`cad0 Ncstdrfb, pgzg, ngfstrunncþf pbrb bijbndfbr beub.

abrrdrbs judrtbs0 Ndrngs kd pcdkrbs ngignbkgs sceucdfkg ibs nurvbs kd fcvdi pbrb kcsjcfucr ib vdignc-kbk kdi beub y dvctbr ib drgscþf kd igs sudigs.

abrrdrbs vcvbs0 Mcidrbs kd pibftbs ngf sdpbrbncþf kdtdrjcfbkb sctubkbs, edfdrbijdftd df nurvbs kdfcvdi pbrb ngftrgibr ib drgscþf kd igs sudigs.

nrcab0 Ttdfscicg utciczbkg pbrb icjpcbr erbfgs y quctbrids absurbs.

kdsbstrd0 Tf kdsbstrd sd prgkund sgig nubfkg ibs pdrsgfbs g ufb sgncdkbk suordf kbògs g pãrkckbs tbferbvds qud fg pudkbf rdnupdrbrsd scf byukb dxtdrfb. Dstgs kbògs pudkdf sdr pãrkckb kd vckbs mujb-fbs, kd acdfds jbtdrcbids y kd acdfds fbturbids. Igs kdsbstrds pudkdf sdr cfufkbncgfds, kdsiczbjcdftgskd tcdrrb, sdquêbs, cfndfkcgs ogrdstbids, g drupncgfds vginâfcnbs y tdrrdjgtgs.

djabisd0 Bnujuibncþf kd beub prgkunckb pgr ib gastrunncþf pbrncbi kd uf rêg.

dfdreêbs rdfgvbaids0 Oudftds kd dfdreêb qud sd gatcdfdf kd jdkcgs fbturbids ngjg di nbigr y iuz sgibr,ib oudrzb y ngfstbfncb kdi vcdftg, di beub df jgvcjcdftg, di nbigr edfdrbkg pgr ib bntcvckbk vginâfcnb,igs ebsds y rdstgs kd ib kdsngjpgscncþf kd kdsdnmgs greâfcngs, y ib prgkunncþf vdedtbi y kdi agsqud8igs qud supudstbjdftd sgf cfbegtbaids, pgrqud sd rdedfdrbf (rdfudvbf) kd ogrjb fbturbi g ngf cftdr-

vdfncþf mujbfb8 g pgrqud ngftcdfdf cfbegtbaids nbftckbkds kd dfdreêb ib bntcvckbk vginâfcnb y ib iuzy di nbigr sgibrds.

jbfd`g cftderbkg kd pibebs0 Tsg ngjacfbkg kd jdkcgs oêscngs, jdnâfcngs, quêjcngs, acgiþecngs yedfãtcngs pbrb ngftrgibr ibs pibebs scf utciczbr g rdkuncr di usg kd pibeucnckbs.

jdtbfg0 Ebs qud sd prgkund nubfkg ibs pibftbs (tbiigs, mg`bs, orutgs) sd pukrdf8 dstd prgndsg ds bprg-vdnmbkg pbrb prgkuncr acgeâs. Di jdtbfg ds uf ebs kd dodntg cfvdrfbkdrg „EDC„, qud ngftrcauyd bi nb-idftbjcdftg eigabi kd ib [cdrrb.

prgkunncþf jâs icjpcb (\JI)0 Ds ufb dstrbtdecb bjacdftbi prdvdftcvb, cftderbkb b igs prgndsgs, prg-kuntgs, y sdrvcncgs, kd ufb grebfczbncþf g djprdsb8 pbrb bujdftbr ib dncdfncb eigabi y rdkuncr igs rcds-egs pbrb igs sdrds mujbfgs y di jdkcgbjacdftd.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 98/286=5



Cjbecfd qud vcvd df ufb ngjufckbk kgfkd mby junmgs pcfgs. Di pcòþf ds ib sdjciib kdi pcfg, y sd ngjdnrukg ngjg ib jbfêb g sd utciczb pbrb dibagrbr sbisbs ngjg di pdstg, g berdebr b nbrfds y pdsnbkgs. \brbnrdbr gtrb ogrjb kd edfdrbr cferdsgs, ib ngjufckbk prgpgfd gatdfdr y vdfkdr pcògfds. Kdsnrcab nuâisdrêb di prgndsg kd ib nbkdfb kd vbigr berêngib.


Di ngjdrncg ùstg g ngjdrncg bitdrfbtcvg ds uf jgvcjcdftg qud nrdb ufb rdibncþf kcrdntb dftrd di prg-kuntgr y di ngfsujckgr, prgnurbfkg qud di prgkuntgr rdncab uf prdncg ùstg g bkdnubkg pbrb nuarcrsus fdndsckbkds aâscnbs b nbjacg kd qud di prgndsg prgkuntcvg fg cfniuyb trbab`g cfobftci, dquckbk kdeãfdrg, icard scfkcnbiczbncþf y rdspdtg bi bjacdftd. ^c kdsdb jâs cfogrjbncþf pudkd ngfsuitbr ib pâecfbmttp0//www.dngfgjcbsgickbrcb.gre/ngjdrncgWùstg.

Qdbicnd uf d`drncncg. ^didnncgfd uf prgkuntg kd su ngjufckbk. Bfgtd sgard di ibkg czqucdrkg di prdncgkd vdftb kdi prgkuntgr y di prdncg kd vdftb bi ngfsujckgr. Iudeg, sgard di ibkg kdrdnmg rdbicnd igs nâi-



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Fujdrgsbs jbfc-

odstbncgfds brtêstcnbsmbf sckg fgjarbkbs\btrcjgfcg FbncgfbiCftbfecaid kd ibFbncþf, pgr d`djpig0ib ^djbfb ^bftb ysus biogjarbs, didtfgkrbjb QbacfbiBnmê, di abcid oginiþ-rcng Ib Idecþf kdigs 1; Kcbaigs y ibsjbrnmbs oðfdards.

Kdsbrrgiig brtêstcng df Eubtdjbib

Abstb ngf jcrbr birdkdkgr pbrb kbrfgs nudftb kd ib dfgrjd nrdbtcvckbk kd igseubtdjbitdngs, ib nubi sd jbfcdstb df sus brtdsbfêbs y su brtd, pdrg tbjacãf

df su cfedfcg. Df igs icargs kd Ngjufcnbncþf y Idfeub`d, Brtds \iâstcnbs y Ogr-jbncþf Juscnbi mdjgs bprdfkckg sgard vbrcgs brtcstbs eubtdjbitdngs qud kds-tbnbf df ibs idtrbs, ibs brtds piâstcnbs y ib jðscnb. Bkdjâs tdfdjgs erbfkdsrdprdsdftbftds kd ib kbfzb niâscnb, jgkdrfb y oginiþrcnb.

Df di pbês tdfdjgs junmgs brtcstbs butgkckbntbs, pdrg tbjacãf dxcstdf ndftrgskd dfsdòbfzb kd ibs brtds qud gordndf têtuigs b fcvdi kd abnmciidrbtg, ngjg ibDsnudib Fbncgfbi kd Brtds \iâstcnbs ’Qbobdi Qgkrêeudz \bkciib‚, di NgfsdrvbtgrcgFbncgfbi kd Jðscnb ’Edrjâf Binâftbrb‚, ib Dsnudib Fbncgfbi kd Brtd Krbjâtcng

’Nbrigs Oceudrgb @uârdz‚ y ib Dsnudib Fbncgfbi kd Kbfzb ’Jbrndiid Agfed kd Kd-vbux‚, ibs nubids oufncgfbf ðfcnbjdftd df ib ncukbk kd Eubtdjbib bi ceubi qud

ibs dsnudibs kd pcfturb, jðscnb, dsnuiturb y kbfzb kd ib Jufcncpbickbk kd Eub-tdjbib. ^cf djabreg, di Jcfcstdrcg kd Nuiturb tbjacãf tcdfd b su nbreg vbrcbsdsnudibs kd brtd df kcstcftbs ncukbkds kd Eubtdjbib y trds dsnudibs kd jbrcjabdf Mudmudtdfbfeg. Bkdjâs, ib Tfcvdrsckbk \gpuibr gordnd nursgs icards y kcpig-jbkgs df brtds vcsubids, brtds krbjâtcnbs, kcsdòg kd jgkbs y edstcþf nuiturbi.Ib ogrjbncþf df brtd tbjacãf sd gordnd b fcvdi ufcvdrsctbrcg df ib Dsnudib ^upd-rcgr kd Brtd kd ib Tfcvdrsckbk kd ^bf Nbrigs kd Eubtdjbib.

Ibs kcvdrsbs dxprdscgfds brtêstcnbs pudkdf sdr bkjcrbkbs pgr di pðaicng df di[dbtrg Fbncgfbi ’Jceudi Âfedi Bsturcbs‚, di Ngfsdrvbtgrcg Fbncgfbi kd Jðscnb,di [dbtrg kd Adiibs Brtds, di Jusdg Fbncgfbi kd Brtd Jgkdrfg, df ib ncukbk kdEubtdjbib, bsê ngjg df igs tdbtrgs kd Rudtzbitdfbfeg y [gtgfcnbpâf, qud sgf

vdrkbkdrbs `gybs brquctdntþfcnbs ngfstruckbs df di sceig ]C].

Df Eubtdjbib, dxcstdf fujdrgsgs br-tcstbs qud mbf mdnmg kdi brtd su ogrjbkd vckb. Euciidrjg Jgfsbftg, bntgr y

kcrdntgr kd tdbtrg, fgs kcnd0

Sg vcvg kd ibs brtds, pgr ibs brtds y

pbrb ibs brtds. Ds pgscaid vcvcr kdi

brtd. (…) Fg sd trbtb kd kdkcnbrsd

b ib rcqudzb, sd trbtb kd iidvbr ufb

vckb qud sd qucdrd, ufb vckb dspdn-

tbnuibr. Df dstb nbrrdrb td vbs kbfkgnudftb kd qud fg ds ufg sgig. Tfg

ds sus bjcegs, ufg ds sus ngjpb-

òdrgs kd trbab`g, ufg ds di jdkcg

y bjacdftd df qud sd vcvd8 mby qud

vcvcr df uf bjacdftd iidfg kd ckdbs,

kd nrdbtcvckbk, kd edfcbickbk2.

2 [gjbkg kd0 Nbstciig, Bfkrdb. (1<22). ’Ib dftrdvcstb0 Euciidrjg Jgfsbftg‚.Df0 mttp0//www.cfcncbtcvbt.ngj/fgtcncbs/?<-pdrsgfb`ds/4;<-euciidrjg-jgfsbftg.mtji

Oudftd0 mttp0//www.vcb`dbeubtdjbib.ngj/dspdncbids/tdbtrgfbncgfbi/wbiipbpdrs.mtj



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 4

·Mby bieðf tcpg kd djpidg df su ngjufckbk qud sd pudkb rdbiczbr b trbvãs kd dstbs fudvbs

ogrjbs kd djpidg7 Dsnrcab sus rddxcgfds.

[rbab`g df uf jufkg eigabiczbkg

Ibs fudvbs tdnfgigeêbs kd ib cfogrjbncþf y ngjufcnbncþf ([cn) mbf nbjacbkg ibdi pbfgrbjb ibagrbi, ufg kd dstgs nbjacgs ds qud yb fg sd fdndsctb dstbr nbrbb nbrb sdftbkg df ufb gncfb gnmg mgrbs pbrb sdr prgkuntcvg. Di trbab`g b kcs-tbfncb g tdidtrbab`g sd rdbiczb kdskd nubiqucdr dftgrfg scdjprd qud sd tdfeb b

jbfg ufb ngjufcnbncþf pgr Cftdrfdt.

Di tdidtrbab`g rdqucdrd kcsncpicfb y grebfczbncþf, pdrjctd bmgrrbr tcdjpg y kc-fdrg df trbfspgrtd, y trbab`br jâs dnbzjdftd scf tdfscgfds g igs ngfcntgs

qud sd edfdrbf df igs iuebrds kd trbab`g. Dstd tcpg kd trbab`g pdrjctd b`ustbrmgrbrcgs b ibs fdndsckbkds pdrsgfbids y objcicbrds, pdrg dxcstd jbygr rcdseg kdibcsibjcdftg, kd fg sdpbrbr di trbab`g kd ib nbsb y kd trbab`br jâs mgrbs dxtrbs.

Ib tdrncbrczbncþf g gutsgurncfe sd rddrd b ib suangftrbtbncþf kd ufb djprdsb

pgr gtrb pbrb rdbiczbr tbrdbs kdtdrjcfbkbs. Igs sdrvcncgs jâs usubids sgf0 icj-pcdzb, `brkcfdrêb, jdfsb`drêb, prgjgncþf kd jbrnbs, ngftbacickbk y fbfzbs, bk-

jcfcstrbncþf kd rdnursgs mujbfgs, tdnfgigeêbs kd cfogrjbncþf y ngjufcnbncþf,y igs nbii ndftdrs, ig nubi pdrjctd b ibs djprdsbs ngfndftrbrsd df di prgkuntg gsdrvcncg df di qud sd dspdncbiczbf. Bkdjâs b ib djprdsb id bmgrrb dspbncg, ngj-prb kd cfsujgs kd trbab`g, prdstbncgfds ibagrbids y sgard tgkg tdfdr scdjprdbieucdf nujpicdfkg su ibagr, yb qud di pdrsgfbi qud sd rdtcrb tdjpgrbijdftd,pgr d`djpig pgr dfodrjdkbk, ds sustctuckg cfjdkcbtbjdftd.

Gtrb fudvb ogrjb ibagrbi sgf igs djpidgs tdjpgrbids, qud pdrjctdf kcsjcfucrdi kdsdjpidg y b ib djprdsb rdqudrcr kd pdrsgfbi ðfcnbjdftd nubfkg ig fdnd-sctb. Dstb ds ufb prântcnb yb dxtdfkckb df ib bercnuiturb pdrg qud rdncãf cfcncb dfdi jufkg kd ibs djprdsbs. Di trbab`g b tcdjpg pbrncbi ds gtrb bitdrfbtcvb, qud fg

sd prbntcnb df Eubtdjbib, pdrg qud sd dxtcdfkd pgr gtrgs pbêsds, dspdncbijdftddf Durgpb, y qud adfdncb sgard tgkg b ju`drds, qud kdsdbf abibfndbr su vckb

ibagrbi y objcicbr. ^cf djabreg, rdqucdrd junmb nggrkcfbncþf y ngjufcnbncþf,puds uf jcsjg pudstg kd trbab`g ds supickg pgr kgs pdrsgfbs, nbkb ufb df ufmgrbrcg kcodrdftd.



21>Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 14

Fudvbs ogrjbs kd djpidg

Ib cfogrjbncþf y di prgndsg dkunbtcvg kd mgjards y ju`drds pdrjctdf di trbspb-

sg kd ngfgncjcdftg kd ufb edfdrbncþf b gtrb, pdrg bntubijdftd ibs tdnfgigeêbs

kd ib cfogrjbncþf y ib ngjufcnbncþf `udebf uf pbpdi cjpgrtbftd df di trbspbsg

kd ngfgncjcdftg, tbftg bsê qud sd ngfsckdrb jbecfbkgs y dxniuckgs b bqudiigsqud fg tcdfdf bnndsg b dstd tcpg kd tdnfgigeêb.

Ib ogrjbncþf dsngibr dstâ vcfnuibkb bi kdsbrrgiig tdnfgiþecng kd uf pbês. Di tb-

idftg y ib nrdbtcvckbk sd tcdfdf qud nuckbr y bicjdftbr pbrb qud igs ncukbkbfgs

tdfebf igs ngfgncjcdftgs pbrb kdsbrrgiibr sus cfvdftgs, cfvdstcebncgfds ncdftê-

nbs y jbfcodstbncgfds brtêstcnbs.

Nbkb vdz jâs ju`drds sd cfngrpgrbf b ib oudrzb ibagrbi, b pdsbr kd ibs kcnui-

tbkds kd dqucicarbr ib vckb objcicbr y ibagrbi. B ibs ju`drds sd ids obncictb mgy

kêb trbab`br oudrb kd nbsb kdackg bi bujdftg kd su fcvdi dsngibr, igs nbjacgs

sgncbids y ib fdndsckbk kd byukbr b cfnrdjdftbr igs cferdsgs objcicbrds.

Df ib bntubickbk, bkdjâs kd djpidgs `gs, ibs y igs trbab`bkgrds tcdfdf ib gpncþf

kd trbab`br kdskd su nbsb ngfdntbkgs pgr cftdrfdt (tdidtrbab`g), trbab`br pbrb

ufb djprdsb qud gordnd sdrvcncgs dspdncbiczbkgs b gtrb (tdrncbrczbncþf g gutsgu-

rncfe) u gatdfdr uf djpidg tdjpgrbi g b tcdjpg pbrncbi.

Igs vgiuftbrcgs mbndf ufb erbf ibagr pgr ib ngjufckbk gordncdfkg su tcdjpg y

dxpdrcdfncb scf rdncacr rdjufdrbncþf jgfdtbrcb bieufb, pdrg ngf ib ngfvcnncþf

kd byukbr b kcsjcfucr ibs kdsceubikbkds y ibs prgaidjâtcnbs sgncbids y prgjgvdr

ib pbrtcncpbncþf ncukbkbfb.

D`drncncg =^didnncgfd ib rdspudstb ngrrdntb. Jbrqud ufb dqucs sgard su rdspudstb.

2. [dnfgigeêb kd ib cfogrjbncþf scefcocnb0

b. _dr fgtcncdrgs df ib tdidvc-

scþf.

a. Gêr prgerbjbs dkunbtcvgs

df ib rbkcg.

n. Ttciczbr ib ngjputbkgrb y

di Cftdrfdt.

1. Di gutsgurncfe g tdrncbrczbncþf scefcocnb0

b. Di trbab`g ig rdbiczbf dj-

pidbkgs kd gtrb djprd-

sb.

a. Igs djpidbkgs rdbiczbf di

trbab`g oudrb kd ib dj-

prdsb.

n. Di trbab`g ig rdbiczbf dj-

pidbkgs kd jdkcg tcdj-

pg.



213Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 1?

Dstrunturb y grebfczbncþf kdi Dstbkg

’Di Dstbkg ds di ngfùftg kd cfstctuncgfds pðaicnbs qud grkdfbf ib vckb kd ufb

ngjufckbk df di jbrng kd ufb idebickbk tdrrctgrcbi, dstbaidndf ngfkcncgfds pbrb

di ngftrgi y ib ngmdscþf sgncbi vbicãfkgsd kdi jbfd`g kd rdnursgs kd oudrzb kd igs

qud sd kcspgfd kd ogrjb jgfgpþicnb bsê ngjg kd ufb aurgnrbncb y kd rdnursgs

snbids pbrb bsdeurbr di grkdf, ib ngmdscþf sgncbi, di kdsbrrgiig‚.

Ib dstrunturb cfstctuncgfbi kdi Dstbkg sd rddrd b ib ogrjb nþjg dstd sd dfnudftrb

grebfczbkg. Di Dstbkg sd kcvckd df trds pgkdrds0 D`dnutcvg, Idecsibtcvg y @ukcncbi

qud gpdrbf df ogrjb cfkdpdfkcdftd, pdrg nggrkcfbkgs dftrd sê y dftrdibzbkgs

df sus oufncgfds kd ngftrgi.

Ib aurgnrbncb g djpidg pðaicng ds ib sujb kd igs trbab`bkgrds, dfnbrebkgs

kd ogrjuibr, bpicnbr ibs pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs y rdbiczbr igs jbfd`gs bkjcfcstrbtcvgs,

sdeðf ig dstbaidndf ib idy, igs rdeibjdftgs y ib `drbrquêb cfstctuncgfbi.

Di Grebfcsjg D`dnutcvg dstâ cftderbkg pgr ufb ngjpid`b cfstctuncgfbickbk. ^d

ckdftcnbf ncfng fcvdids0 2) \rdsckdftd y _cndprdsckdftd8 1) Jcfcstdrcgs ngjg

cfstctuncgfds d`dnutgrbs8 >) ^dnrdtbrêbs ngjg cfstctuncgfds kd bpgyg b ib \rd-

sckdfncb kd ib Qdpðaicnb8 ;) Ngjcscgfds \rdsckdfncbids8 y 4) Ogfkgs ^gncbids.

Bkcncgfbijdftd dxcstdf gtrbs cfstctuncgfds y prgerbjbs kdstcfbkgs b nujpicr

oufncgfds dspdnênbs.

Ib Ngfstctuncþf \giêtcnb kd ib Qdpðaicnb kdfd ibs btrcauncgfds kdi \rdsckdftd kdib Qdpðaicnb, dftrd ibs nubids sd dfnudftrbf nujpicr y mbndr nujpicr ib Ngfstctu-

ncþf y ibs idyds8 nggrkcfbr, df Ngfsd`g kd Jcfcstrgs, ib pgiêtcnb kd kdsbrrgiig kdi

pbês y prdsdftbr bi Ngferdsg kd ib Qdpðaicnb di prdsupudstg edfdrbi kd cferdsgs

y ebstgs kdi Dstbkg8 bkjcfcstrbr ib mbncdfkb pðaicnb ngf brrdeig b ib idy, kcrcecr

ib pgiêtcnb dxtdrcgr y ibs rdibncgfds cftdrfbncgfbids8 y prgvddr ib kdodfsb y sdeurc-

kbk kd ib fbncþf pbrb ig nubi d`drnd di jbfkg kd ibs Oudrzbs Brjbkbs y kd tgkb

ib oudrzb pðaicnb.

Ib oufncþf idecsibtcvb ngrrdspgfkd bi Ngferdsg kd ib Qdpðaicnb ngfstctuckg pgr

kcputbkgs didntgs. Ibs prcfncpbids btrcauncgfds kdi Ngferdsg kd ib Qdpðaicnb

sgf kdnrdtbr, kdrgebr y rdogrjbr ibs idyds8 bprgabr, jgkcnbr g rdnmbzbr di \rd-supudstg edfdrbi kd cferdsgs y ebstgs kdi Dstbkg8 kdnrdtbr cjpudstgs8 kdnibrbr

ib eudrrb8 kdnrdtbr bjfcstêb pgr kdictgs pgiêtcngs y ngjufds ngfdxgs8 dodntubr

ibs gpdrbncgfds rdibtcvbs b ib kdukb dxtdrfb y bprgabr bftds kd su rbtcnbncþf

trbtbkgs cftdrfbncgfbids qud bodntdf b ibs idyds g b ib sgadrbfêb fbncgfbi.

Di grebfcsjg ùkcncbi sd dfnudftrb cftderbkg pgr ib Ngrtd ûprdjb kd @ustcncb,

ibs nâjbrbs, ibs sbibs kd Ngrtd y kd Bpdibncgfds y igs ùzebkgs kd prcjdrb cfs-

tbfncb, kd sdftdfncb y kd pbz.


Ib Idy kd ^drvcncg

Ncvci vcedftd kdskd

23?3 dstbaidnd ibs

fgrjbs qud kdsnrc-

adf ib fbturbidzb

kd ibs oufncgfds,

kdadrds, rdspgfsb-

acickbkds, dspdncb-

ickbkds y rdqucsctgs

fdndsbrcgs pbrb di

djpidg pðaicng.



2><CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 2

Bfgtd qucãfds sgf igs rdprdsdftbftds kd nbkb grebfcsjg kdi Dstbkg df su kdpbrtbjdftg.

B pbrtcr kd 23=?, ib dstrunturb kdi Grebfcsjg D`dnutcvg nbjacþ, prcfncpbijdftd

pbrb kbr nujpicjcdftg b igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz. Ib nbftckbk kd kdpdfkdfncbs

pbsþ kd 15 b 45 df dstd pdrêgkg. ^d nrdbrgf, dftrd gtrbs, ib ^dnrdtbrêb kd ib

\bz „^D\BP„, ib ^dnrdtbrêb \rdsckdfncbi kd ib Ju`dr „^D\QDJ„, ib Ngjcscþf \rd-

sckdfncbi ngftrb ib Kcsnrcjcfbncþf y di Qbncsjg ngftrb igs \udaigs Cfkêedfbs df

Eubtdjbib „NGKC^QB„ y ib ^dnrdtbrêb kd ^deurckbk Bicjdftbrcb y Futrcncgfbi

„^D^BF„.Igs nbjacgs df di Ngferdsg sd dvckdfncbf df ib sdpbrbncþf dftrd igs þrebfgs kd

oufncþf idecsibtcvb y gtrgs, ngf oufncþf bkjcfcstrbtcvb8 di bujdftg df di fðjdrg

kd Ngjcscgfds Grkcfbrcbs8 di fðjdrg kd kcputbkgs (=< df 2335 b 24= df 1<<5) y

di cfnrdjdftg kd ib prgpgrncþf kd ju`drds kcputbkbs qud pbsþ kd 5.< % b 21 %.

Df ig qud rdspdntb bi Grebfcsjg @ukcncbi, kdrcvbkg kd igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz y kd

ib jgkdrfczbncþf surecdrgf fudvgs rdqudrcjcdftgs kd rdogrjb pbrb ib bkjcfcs-

trbncþf kd ib `ustcncb. Ibs bnncgfds cfniuydf ib dxtdfscþf kd igs @uzebkgs kd \bz

df tgkgs igs jufcncpcgs kdi pbês, ib bprgabncþf kd ib Idy kdi ^drvcncg \ðaicng

\dfbi, ib nrdbncþf kdi Cfstctutg kd ib Kdodfsb \ðaicnb \dfbi y ib Idy kd ib Nbrrdrb

@ukcncbi.

Grebfcsjg D`dnutcvg0

Grebfcsjg Idecsibtcvg0

Grebfcsjg @ukcncbi0



2>>Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 1?

Di Dstbkg df ausnb kd ib dquckbk0pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs

^d dftcdfkd ngjg pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs bi ngfùftg kd bnncgfds qud di Dstbkg iidvb

nbag pgr cftdrjdkcg kd su dstrunturb bkjcfcstrbtcvb, kdstcfbkbs b sbtcsobndr fd-

ndsckbkds sgncbids ngfogrjd b ib idy.

Ibs pgiêtcnbs pudkdf grcdftbrsd b ausnbr ib ùstcncb, ib dquckbk, di cfnrdjdftg kd

nbpbnckbkds kd ibs pdrsgfbs, g pgr di ngftrbrcg, pudkdf dfognbrsd b jbftdfdr

di stbtu qug, ib kcstrcauncþf cfdquctbtcvb kdi pgkdr g ib rcqudzb, g adfdncbr b uf

sgig erupg kd pdrsgfbs. ̂ gf di rdsuitbkg kd cftdrnbjacgs y fdegncbncgfds dftrd

bntgrds pgiêtcngs tbids ngjg di Dstbkg, igs pbrtckgs pgiêtcngs, ibs grebfczbncgfds

kd ib sgncdkbk ncvci y erupgs kd cftdrãs.

Di Dstbkg eubtdjbitdng nudftb ngf uf bjpicg jbrng kd pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs b fcvdi

tdrrctgrcbi, sdntgrcbi, cftdrsdntgrcbi y trbfsvdrsbi. Df di tdjb kd ùvdftuk y bkgids-

ndfncb, bieufbs kd ibs pgiêtcnbs vcedftds sgf0

Bkbptbkg kd0 \FTK. (1<21). Cfogrjd Fbncgfbi kd Kdsbrrgiig Mujbfg, Eubtdjbib0 ·uf pbês kd gpgrtufckbkds pbrb ib @uvdftuk7

1<22/1<21. Eubtdjbib.

\giêtcnb kd ^biuk pbrb ibBkgidsndfncb y ib @uvdf-

tuk, 1<<>-1<21

^d trbtb kd ufb pgiêtcnb kd sbiuk kcodrdfncbkb pbrb bkgidsndftds y `þvdfds. Oud ngj-pidjdftbkb ngf ibs Fgrjbs kd Btdfncþf pbrb Bkgidsndfncb y @uvdftuk (1<<;) y ngf diJgkdig kd Btdfncþf Cftderbi y Kcodrdfncbkb pbrb ibs y igs Bkgidsndftds (1<<3). Di J^\B^cjpuisb ngjg ufb dstrbtdecb ib grebfczbncþf kd dspbncgs bjcebaids pbrb bkgidsndftds,ndftrgs cftdrbntcvgs y niêfcnbs kd btdfncþf cftderbi. Df 1= ârdbs kd sbiuk oufncgfbf 2>3puftgs kdi prgerbjb kd dspbncgs bjcebaids.

\giêtcnb \ðaicnbkd \rgtdnncþf Cftderbi b ib

Fcòdz y ib Bkgidsndfncb,1<<;-1<24

Ausnb ebrbftczbr igs kdrdnmgs mujbfgs kd ib fcòdz y bkgidsndfncb b trbvãs kd uf dsoudr-zg ngfùftg kd cfstctuncgfds euadrfbjdftbids, sgncdkbk ncvci y nggpdrbncþf.

\giêtcnb Fbncgfbi kd \rd-vdfncþf kd ib _cgidfncb

@uvdfci, 1<<4

Ausnb ebrbftczbr di kdrdnmg b ib vckb y sdeurckbk kd ibs y igs `þvdfds, prdvcfcdfkg sucfvgiunrbjcdftg df bntcvckbkds vcgidftbs y prgnurbfkg ib rdmbacictbncþf y rdcfsdrncþfsgncbi kd `þvdfds df ngfcntg ngf ib idy pdfbi.

\giêtcnb Fbncgfbi kd Dku-nbncþf df Kdrdnmgs Mujb-

fgs, 1<<?-1<24

\rgjudvd igs kdrdnmgs mujbfgs kd ib ju`dr, ib fcòdz y ib bkgidsndfncb.

\giêtcnb Fbncgfbi kd Kdrd-nmgs Mujbfgs, 1<<?-1<24

Ngfsckdrb bi sdejdftg kd ùvdftuk ngjg uf erupg vuifdrbaid df jbtdrcb kd kdrdnmgsmujbfgs y prdvdfncþf kd ib vcgidfncb.

D`drncncg >

Kdtbiid nuâids kd ibs pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs kcrceckbs b ùvdftuk y bkgidsndfncb sd mbndf dodntcvbs dfsu ngjufckbk.



2>;CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg ;

Cfkbeud sc df su ngjufckbk oufncgfb bieðf Ngfsd`g kd Kdsbrrgiig, nþjg oudrgf dideckgs susjcdjargs y quã bnncgfds mbf rdbiczbkg.

Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr

Di ^cstdjb kd Ngfsd`gs kd Kdsbrrgiig Tr-abfg y Qurbi „^NKTQ„

Di ^cstdjb kd Ngfsd`gs kd Kdsbrrgiig Trabfg y Qurbi „^NKTQ„ ds uf scstdjb kd

nggrkcfbncþf dftrd ibs cfstctuncgfds pðaicnbs y prcvbkbs pbrb ib ogrjuibncþf kd

pgiêtcnbs grcdftbkbs bi kdsbrrgiig, df tgkgs igs fcvdids kd ib grebfczbncþf pgiêtcnb

bkjcfcstrbtcvb kdi pbês. ^d oufkbjdftb df ib Idy kd igs Ngfsd`gs kd Kdsbrrgiig

Trabfg y Qurbi „INKTQ„. Dstb idy kdfd bi ^NKTQ ngjg ’di dspbncg kd rdibncþf

y dfnudftrg ncukbkbfg juitcãtfcng, juitcicfeùd y piurcnuiturbi, qud pdrjctd b

tgkgs igs mbactbftds kdi pbês su pbrtcncpbncþf prgpgsctcvb df ib tgjb kd kdnc-

scgfds pbrb ib grebfczbncþf, nggrkcfbncþf y pibfcnbncþf kdi kdsbrrgiig cftderbi

kd sus ngjufckbkds, jufcncpcgs, kdpbrtbjdftgs, rdecgfds y ib fbncþf‚ (Brt. 1,

Qdeibjdftg kd ib INKTQ, Bnudrkg Euadrfbtcvg ;?2-1<<1).

Di ^NKTQ sd cftderb df igs fcvdids fbncgfbi „Ngfsd`g Fbncgfbi kd Kdsbrrgiig

„Ngfbkd„, rdecgfbi, Ngfsd`gs Qdecgfbids kd Kdsbrrgiig „Ngrdkd„, kdpbrtbjdf-

tbi, Ngfsd`gs Kdpbrtbjdftbids kd Kdsbrrgiig „Ngkdkd„, jufcncpbi, Ngfsd`gs

Jufcncpbids kd Kdsbrrgiig „Ngjukd„ y ngjufctbrcg, Ngfsd`gs Ngjufctbrcgs kd

Kdsbrrgiig „Ngngkd„. Ngf rdspdntg b su cftderbncþf, df di nbsg kd igs Ngngkd,

bieufgs kd igs gastânuigs qud sd mbf sdòbibkg sgf ibs kcvcscgfds cftdrfbs kd ibs

ngjufckbkds, ib busdfncb kd dxpdrcdfncb kd pbrtcncpbncþf ncukbkbfb, di jcdkg b

ib pbrtcncpbncþf y ib kdsngfbfzb mbncb ibs cfstctuncgfds.

Igs Ngkdkds nudftbf ngf ufb bscefbncþf prdsupudstbrcb dstbaidnckb df ib Idy,

pbrb ib d`dnuncþf kd prgerbjbs y prgydntgs kd dkunbncþf, sbiuk, cforbdstruntu-

rb, sdrvcncgs kd beub pgtbaid, didntrcnckbk, krdfb`ds, jbfd`g kd kdsdnmgs, dftrd

gtrgs.



2>5Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 1?


Qdbicnd uf kcberbjb sgard ib dstrunturb kdi Dstbkg, ngf ibs cfstctuncgfds rdprdsdftbkbs df su ngjufc-

kbk.

Butgngftrgi


Dsnrcab uf ardvd dfsbyg rddxcgfbfkg sgard ib prdsdfncb kdi Dstbkg. Ttcicnd ngjg d`djpig su ngjufc-

kbk y df igs dodntgs qud ib prdsdfncb g busdfncb kdi Dstbkg mb edfdrbkg df ib pgaibncþf y sus ngfkc-

ncgfds kd vckb.



2>=CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn



fgigerbkg

K d s p u ã s k d

d s t u k c b r . . .

Ckdftcng ib dstrunturb y grebfczbncþf kdi Dstbkg eubtdjbitdng.

Ngfgzng ib dstrunturb y oufncgfds kdi Dstbkg.

Qdngfgzng ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ib prdsdfncb kdi Dstbkg df di pbês.

Dvbiðg ib prdsdfncb kdi Dstbkg df su ngjufckbk.

Bfbiczg igs bncdrtgs y kdsbncdrtgs kdi oufncgfbjcdftg kdi ^cstdjb

kd Ngfsd`gs kd Kdsbrrgiig Trabfg y Qurbi ngjg sd prdsdftb df jc

ngjufckbk.

Ngjprdfkg ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ib pbrtcncpbncþf ncukbkbfb y di vgtg

ngfsncdftd.

Di Egacdrfg Didntrþfcng ds ufg kd igs d`ds kd ib Ngjcscþf \rdsckdfncbi kd [rbfspbrdfncb y EgacdrfgDidntrþfcng „Ngprdt„, qud tcdfd ngjg f utciczbr ibs tdnfgigeêbs kd ib cfogrjbncþf y ib ngjufcnbncþf

„[cns„ pbrb mbndr jâs dncdftd ib edstcþf pðaicnb y jd`grbr igs sdrvcncgs gordnckgs b igs ncukbkbfgs. Di

egacdrfg didntrþfcng tbjacãf gordnd b igs ncukbkbfgs ib gpgrtufckbk kd vdrcnbr y supdrvcsbr di bntubr

pðaicng ngjg ufb ogrjb kd ngjabtd b ib ngrrupncþf. Di Nbtâigeg Fbncgfbi kd ^drvcncgs \ðaicngs, pgr

d`djpig, pgfd b kcspgscncþf kdi ncukbkbfg sdrvcncgs pðaicngs df iêfdb jdkcbftd ufb pibtbogrjb qud

ausnb obncictbr ib edstcþf kd sus trâjctds. \udkd ngfsuitbr dstd sctcg df ib kcrdnncþf0

. mttp0//www.trbfspbrdfncb.ega.et/nbtbigeg-sdrvcncgs/

Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt


Ds cjpgrtbftd qud tgkgs igs `þvdfds pbrtcncpdf bntcvbjdftd df ib vckb pgiêtcnb kdi pbês cftderbfkg

bsgncbncgfds g di Ngngkd. Tfb tbrdb cjpgrtbftd bi rdspdntg ds ib djcscþf kd uf vgtg ngfsncdftd df ibs

didnncgfds pgpuibrds pbrb prdsckdftd, kcputbkgs y binbikds. Tf vgtg ngfsncdftd scefcnb cftdrdsbrsd pgr

kdjbfkbr y ngfgndr di pibf kd egacdrfg kd nbkb nbfkckbtg y ngfgndr sus bnncgfds pbsbkbs y rdibncþf

ngf kcodrdftds sdntgrds kdi pbês, ig nubi fgs pdrjctcrâ ngfgndr, jdkctbr y tgjbr ufb kdncscþf pbrb didecrb bqudiibs pdrsgfbs qud fgs egadrfbrâf kurbftd igs sceucdftds nubtrg bògs. \drg pbrb pgkdr d`drndr

dstd kdrdnmg ds cjpgrtbftd tdfdr fudstrg Kgnujdftg kd Ckdftcnbncþf \drsgfbi „K\C„ y di djpbkrg-

fbjcdftg df di [rcaufbi ^uprdjg Didntgrbi „[^D„. Tfb vdz didntbs ibs butgrckbkds, fudstrb tbrdb nêvcnb

ngftcfðb vcecibfkg y supdrvcsbfkg di qudmbndr kd igs djpidbkgs pðaicngs bsê ngjg kdfufncbr bntgs kd

ngrrupncþf.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 151/2862;<

CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

[rcautgs, kdsbrrgiig pbrb tgkgs

Ngjg dstukcbjgs df ib sdjbfb 11, ib bercnuiturb oud ib absd kd ibs ncvciczbncg-fds b trbvãs kdi jd`grbjcdftg prgkuntcvg y ib dxcstdfncb kd dxndkdftds qudsd trbfsogrjbrgf df jdkcg pbrb pbebr igs sdrvcncgs kd pdrsgfbs qud fg sdkdkcnbabf b ib bercnuiturb. Ib ncvciczbncþf jbyb tbjacãf kdsnbfsþ df igs trc-autgs df ogrjb kd prgkuntgs berêngibs, trbab`g df ib ngfstrunncþf kd dkcocncgspðaicngs y pbrtcncpbncþf df ibs eudrrbs ngftrb gtrbs ncukbkds. ^d nrdd tbjacãfqud ibs pgaibncgfds vdfnckbs df eudrrb kdaêbf pbebr uf trcautg b ib pgaibncþfvdfndkgrb.

Kurbftd ib ãpgnb ngigfcbi, di trcautg sd ngfvcrtcþ df ufb ogrjb kd kgjcfbncþf.^d dftrdebab b igs dspbògids ngjg trbab`g ogrzbkg df ib ogrjb kd dfngjcdfkb

g rdpbrtcjcdftg. Df ib dfngjcdfkb, uf erupg kd pgaibkgrds kdaêbf dftrdebrncdrtb nbftckbk kd prgkuntgs bi dfngjdfkdrg jcdftrbs qud df di rdpbrtcjcdf-tg, uf erupg kd pgaibkgrds trbab`bab df ib bntcvckbk sdòbibkb. Ib nbftckbkkd prgkuntgs g trbab`bkgrds pdrjbfdnêb ceubi scf cjpgrtbr dpckdjcbs, jbibsngsdnmbs g kdsbstrds fbturbids. Df di Qdcfg kd Eubtdjbib dxcstêbf kcvdrsgstcpgs kd cjpudstg, bieufgs pbrb nuarcr igs ebstgs bkjcfcstrbtcvgs ngjg igstrcautgs y binbabib8 gtrgs, pbrb beubrkcdftd, tbabng y pþivgrb. Igs pgaibkgrdsbkdjâs kdaêbf mbndr bpgrtds pbrb di sgstdfcjcdftg kd ib Ceidscb.

Ib binbabib jbrêtcjb y igs trcautgs b ngrrdgs, pþivgrb y beubrkcdftd ngftcfub-rgf kurbftd di sceig ]C], pdrg tbjacãf sd cftrgku`g ib bkjcfcstrbncþf kd ibsrdftbs qud cjpusg uf cjpudstg kdi ; % df ibs vdftbs. B ocfbids kd dstd sceigsd berdebrgf cjpudstgs b ibs dxpgrtbncgfds y ufg kdfgjcfbkg ’ngftrcauncþfurabfb‚, ngfscstdftd df di 4 % sgard ib rdftb qud prgku`drbf nbsb, bijbndfdsg tcdfkbs. Tacng cftrgku`g di cjpudstg b ibs cjpgrtbncgfds.

Bydr... mgy…

B trbab`br

·_d bieufb scjcictuk g kcodrdfncb dftrd igs cjpudstgs kd bftds y igs kd bmgrb7 Ngjpbrd y dsnrcabsus rdsuitbkgs.

Kurbftd di egacdrfgkd @gred Tacngsd nrdþ di prcjdrNþkceg Ocsnbi kdEubtdjbib (KdnrdtgFg. 1?>).


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 160/2862;3


vcecib ib ngrrdntb trcautbncþf, pdrsceud y sbfncgfb b igs dvbsgrds kd cjpudstgs y bsdsgrb biDstbkg df pgiêtcnb snbi y trcautbrcb.

Igs cferdsgs trcautbrcgs sd kcvckdf df0 cjpudstgs kcrdntgs, igs qud erbvbf ig qud sd rdncadngjg cferdsg (Cjpudstg ^gard ib Qdftb „C^Q„) d cjpudstgs cfkcrdntgs, qud bodntbf ig qud sd

ngjprb g ngfsujd, (Cjpudstg bi _bigr Berdebkg „C_B„, cjpudstgs b adackbs bingmþicnbs, tb-abng, ngjaustcaids, brbfndids sgard cjpgrtbncgfds, ncrnuibncþf kd vdmênuigs, tcjards snbids).

Igs cjpudstgs qud jâs cferdsgs edfdrbf sgf di C_B, qud erbvb ibs ngjprbs kd acdfds y sdr-vcncgs y di Cjpudstg sgard ib Qdftb „C^Q„, qud ig pbebf tbftg pdrsgfbs cfkcvckubids ngjgdjprdsbs bksnrctbs b kcodrdftds tcpgs kd rdeêjdfds.

Ibs jufcncpbickbkds sgf butþfgjbs pdrg fdndsctbf qud di Ngferdsg bprudad ib nrdbncþf,jgkcnbncþf g suspdfscþf kd sus cjpudstgs. Di cjpudstg qud jâs cferdsgs ids edfdrb ds di

Cjpudstg Ðfcng ^gard Cfjudaids „CT^C„, bufqud tbjacãf rdncadf cferdsgs pgr agidtg kd gr-fbtg, bractrcgs, icndfncbs kd ngfstrunncþf y gtrgs8 bsê ngjg trbfsodrdfncbs kdi egacdrfg ndftrbi.

Ib sceucdftd erânb kdi Cfogrjd kd Kdsbrrgiig Mujbfg 1<<3-1<2<, judstrb ib rdibncþf dftrd

ib pgiêtcnb snbi, igs cferdsgs kdi Dstbkg, di ebstg pðaicng y di kdsbrrgiig mujbfg.

Oudftd0 \FTK, 1<2<0 31

Oceurb 4.20 Qdibncþf dftrd ib pgicnêb snbi y di kdsbrrgiig mujbfg

Qdnursgs

\giêtcnb snbi

Ebstgpðaicng

(\rdsupudstg)

Tsgs

Kdsbrrgiig mujbfg

Dstcjuib ib cfvdrscþf ydi ngfsujg pðaicng

Btdfðb di ncnig dngfþjcngngjg uf dstbaciczbkgrrdkuncdfkg ib vuifdrbacickbksgncgdngfþjcnb

Bjpiêb ibs nbpbnckbkds kdib pgaibncþf b trbvãs kdiebstg sgncbi

Nrdncjcdftg \CA

Ncnigdngfþjcng

Qdkcstrcauncþfkdi cferdsg

Ocfbfncbjcdftg cftdrfg0• Cjpudstgs (kcrdntgs d cfkcrdntgs)• Dfkdukbjcdftg (vbigrds fdegncbaids)

Gtrgs0• Cferdsgs fg trcautbrcgs• Bpgrtds b ib sdeurckbk sgncbi• _dftb kd bntcvgs• Qdftbs kd pbtrcjgfcg• [rbfsodrdfncbs

Ocfbfncbjcdftg dxtdrfg0• Dfkdukbjcdftg ngf prãstbjgs• Ngignbncþf kd vbigrds fdegncbaids• [rbfsodrdfncbs

Oudftd0 dibagrbncþf prgpcb



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn


B. Ausqud igs sceucdftds ngfndptgs df ib sgpb kd idtrbs0

Butgngftrgi

A. Dxpicqud ngf sus pbibarbs di scefcnbkg kd nbkb ngfndptg.

Kdsbrrgiig0

Kdukb0

Dquckbk0

Ebstg0

Cferdsgs0

\rdsupudstg0

_ A J C K ] T [ S ^ G G

A T @ R [ R G U E I [ ]

F B S B K T D K I ^ K ^

I J G P N E B G D I G ^

A R D [ K Ò Q T P ^ B E

J I M N G Q \ G D H M [

R H G C B T [ Q M K T SD \ U ^ ^ ^ E J Ò _ Q F

M ^ D D B F ] C _ M D G

S K Q E C T H Q K R ] M

E \ O [ K I S K M K @ @

K B K C T R D U H C H Q

Oudftd0 hghgichghg.ngj

kdsbrrgiig kdukb dquckbk ebstg cferdsgs prdsupudstg



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn



fgigerbkg


Qdngfgzng ib cjpgrtbfncb kd igs cjpudstgs ngjg absd kd oufncg-

fbjcdftg kdi Dstbkg.Ckdftcng y ngjpbrg igs cjpudstgs kdi egacdrfg ndftrbi y igs eg-acdrfgs ignbids kd Eubtdjbib.

Bfbiczg ib rdibncþf dftrd prdsupudstg fbncgfbi, ebstg pðaicng y kd-sbrrgiig mujbfg.

_bigrg di kdadr ncukbkbfg kd pbebr cjpudstgs y dvctbr ib dvbscþftrcautbrcb y ib ngrrupncþf.

Ib GFE Bnncþf Ncukbkbfb id pdrjctd d`drndr su kdrdnmg ncukbkbfg kd bnndsg b ib cfogrjbncþf pðaicnbtrbsibkbfkg sus kukbs b igs grebfcsjgs pðaicngs. _csctd ib kcrdnncþf didntrþfcnb0

. www.eubtdcfogrjbkb.gre.et

Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt


Ib bukctgrêb sgncbi ds uf jdnbfcsjg kd ngftrgi utciczbkg pgr igs ncukbkbfgs pbrb trbfspbrdftbr ib eds-tcþf kd ib bkjcfcstrbncþf pðaicnb y qud prgjudvd ib ngfbfzb mbncb ibs butgrckbkds edfdrbfkg, prg-judvd ib pbrtcncpbncþf kd ib pgaibncþf df ibs pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs y dvctb ib ngrrupncþf y jbivdrsbncþf kdogfkgs.

^didnncgfd uf prgydntg rdbiczbkg df su ngjufckbk y sgicnctd cfogrjbncþf sgard di jcsjg df ibs grebfc-zbncgfds qud ig dstãf iidvbfkg b nbag. Dsnrcab sus gpcfcþf sgard di prgndsg kd gatdfncþf kd cfogrjb-ncþf, vdrcqud igs kbtgs pgfcdfkg dspdncbi btdfncþf b qucãf supdrvcsþ y dvbiuþ di prgydntg.



24?CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 1

_csctd ib ngjcsbrêb kd \gicnêb Fbncgfbi Ncvci jâs ndrnbfb d cfvdstceud sgard igs kdictgs jâsngjufds ngjdtckgs df ib ngjufckbk y di prgndsg pbrb ib kdfufncb y ngfkdfb kd igs kdicfnudftds.

Igs kdictgs

Igs kdicfnudftds cfkcvckubids qud ngjdtdf nrêjdfds df ib nbiid ngftcfðbf gpd-

rbfkg, pdrg igs kdictgs qud bntubijdftd btrbdf jâs btdfncþf sgf igs rdibncgfb-

kgs ngf di nrcjdf grebfczbkg, ib fbrngbntcvckbk y ibs pbfkciibs g ’jbrbs‚. Dstgs

trds ðitcjgs kdictgs sd nbrbntdrczbf pgr sdr pibfcnbkgs y d`dnutbkgs pgr uf

erupg kd cfkcvckugs qud sd bsgncbf pbrb ebfbr kcfdrg rdbiczbfkg bnncgfds oudrb

kd ib idy df uf tdrrctgrcg dspdnêng. Ndftrgbjãrcnb, pgr su pgscncþf edgerânb

sd mb ngfvdrtckg df uf pudftd pbrb di pbsg kd sustbfncbs cidebids y trâng kd

pdrsgfbs dftrd ^urbjãrcnb y Jãxcng y Dstbkgs Tfckgs.

[bjacãf dxcstdf ’kdictgs scidfncgsgs‚, bqudiigs qud rbrb vdz sbidf df ibs fgtcncbs,

qud sgf sdnrdtgs b vgnds y qud gnurrdf df dspbncgs prcvbkgs, bi cftdrcgr kd igs

mgebrds u gncfbs. Ib kcsnrcjcfbncþf y ib vcgidfncb ngftrb ib ju`dr, cfniuydfkg

ib dxpigtbncþf sdxubi y ibagrbi, sd dxtcdfkdf pgr ib vdreùdfzb y mujciibncþf qud

suord ib vêntcjb. Ib ngrrupncþf ds gtrg kdictg scidfncgsg qud bodntb b tgkb ufb fb-

ncþf nubfkg igs oufncgfbrcgs pðaicngs g prcvbkgs sd bprgvdnmbf kd igs rdnursgs

ngidntcvgs, ds kdncr, utciczbf igs rdnursgs kd tgkgs pbrb su prgpcg acdf.

Dstgs tcpgs kd kdictgs sgf pgscaids kdackg b ufb sdrcd kd obntgrds, dftrd diigs0

• Ib kdacickbk kdi scstdjb kd `ustcncb

• Ib prgicodrbncþf kd brjbs scf ngftrgi

• Di sgagrfg

• Ib pgardzb, di kdsdjpidg y ib obitb kd bnndsg b gpgrtufckbkds

kd kdsbrrgiig

• Obitb kd rdeuibncþf y rdfkcncþf kd nudftbs

• Ib cjpufckbk

^deðf ibs ncorbs kdib \FN, df di 1<2;

muag dftrd 2> y 2;

mgjcnckcgs kcbrcgs

df di pbês.



245Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 1=

D`drncncg >

Cfvdstceud df di Ndftrg kd ^biuk sgard di prgtgngig kd btdfncþf df nbsgs kd vcgidfncb sdxubi.

Di odjcnckcg y ib vcgidfncb ngftrb ib ju`dr

Qdngrkdjgs ib sdjbfb 23, df ib qud kcsnutcjgs sgard ibs kcstcftbs ogrjbs kd

vcgidfncb ngftrb ib ju`dr0 pscngiþecnb, dngfþjcnb, oêscnb y sdxubi. Di Dstbkg kd

Eubtdjbib sd ngjprgjdtcþ b prgtdedr b ib ju`dr bi rbtcnbr ib Ngfvdfncþf sgard

ib Dicjcfbncþf kd tgkbs ibs ogrjbs kd Kcsnrcjcfbncþf ngftrb ib Ju`dr „NDKBU„,

y jâs dspdnênbjdftd bi bprgabr ib Idy ngftrb di Odjcnckcg y gtrbs ogrjbs kd

_cgidfncb ngftrb ib Ju`dr (Kdnrdtg 11-1<<=).

Di odjcnckcg ds uf kdictg qud btdftb ngftrb ib vckb kd ufb ju`dr b nbusb kd su

eãfdrg jcdftrbs qud odjcfcnckcg sd rddrd b ib judrtd kd fujdrgsbs ju`drds df

rbzþf kd su eãfdrg. Ib vcgidfncb kd eãfdrg ds ufb prântcnb dxtdfkckb, qud tcdfd

ngjg nbusb ibs rdibncgfds kdsceubids dftrd mgjard y ju`dr, y qud edfdrbijdftd

sundkd df ib prcvbnckbk kdi mgebr b jbfgs kd ib pbrd`b. ^deðf di Cfogrjd sgard

Kdsbrrgiig Mujbfg pbrb Bjãrcnb Ndftrbi 1<<3-1<2<, df ib rdecþf kgs kd nbkb

trds ju`drds sgf bsdscfbkbs pgr rbzgfds kd eãfdrg.

Dstd tcpg kd vcgidfncb fg bpbrdnd kd ogrjb dspgftâfdb, yb qud junmbs vdndssd jbfcdstb kdskd di fgvcbzeg ngf ngfkuntbs kd jbfcpuibncþf, ndigs y bau-

sg qud pgng b pgng bêsibf b ib ju`dr y ib ngignbf df ufb sctubncþf vuifdrbaid

qudkbfkg ab`g di ngftrgi tgtbi kd sus berdsgrds, dftrbfkg df ufb dspcrbi kd

vcgidfncb, qud ib bftrgpþigeb Idgfgr Ubihdr kdsnrcad df trds obsds0

Ib vcgidfncb kgjãs-

tcnb g cftrbobjcicbrsd ngfvcdrtd df

odjcnckcg kdackg,

dftrd gtrgs obntgrds,

b ib obitb kd kdfuf-

ncbs pgr vdreùdfzb g

tdjgr kd ib vêntcjb,

ib obitb kd rdspudstb

dodntcvb kd ibs butg-

rckbkds y di scstdjb

kdsceubi kdi pgkdr

dftrd igs mgjards y

ibs ju`drds.

i Obsd C0

Di berdsgr sd scdftd cjpgtdftd pgr bieufb(s) ncrnufstbfncb(s) y rdbnncgfb ngf

bausg vdrabi, b pdsbr kd qud ib ju`dr trbtb df vbfg kd nbijbrig.

Ib tdfscþf bnujuibkb dxpigtb y di berdsgr utciczb ib vcgidfncb pscngiþecnb y

oêscnb8 su vêntcjb rdbnncgfb sgicnctbfkg byukb g kdfufncâfkgig bftd ibs oudrzbs

kd sdeurckbk.

iObsd CC0

Kdspuãs kd dxpigtbr, di berdsgr sd judstrb brrdpdftckg, pckd kcsnuipbs y sd

vudivd nbrcògsg8 ib ju`dr id kb gtrb gpgrtufckbk y ib nbijb vudivd mbstb qud

ib tdfscþf sd vudivd b bnujuibr d cfcncb uf fudvg ncnig nbkb vdz jâs râpckg y

vcgidftg.

i Obsd CCC0



24=CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

^deurckbk y ùstcncb

Ib pgicnêb ds di nudrpg kd sdeurckbk jâs vcscaid pbrb ib pgaibncþf, pdrg pbrb sdr

uf scstdjb pgicncbi dodntcvg, kdjgnrâtcng y rdspgfsbaid bftd ib idy kdad tdfdr

ngjg prcgrckbk ib vcecibfncb kdi rdspdtg b igs kdrdnmgs mujbfgs. ^cf djabreg,

df vbrcgs pbêsds ibtcfgbjdrcnbfgs, di nrcjdf rdabsb b ibs oudrzbs pgicncbids pgr-

qud dstbs rdncadf pgng dftrdfbjcdftg y nbpbnctbncþf, sus sbibrcgs sgf ab`gs,

sus `dods sgf fgjarbkgs pgr rbzgfds pgiêtcnbs y fg pgr jãrctgs, y bkdjâs fg

nudftbf ngf ib ngfbfzb kd ib pgaibncþf. Dstg mb prgvgnbkg, pgr uf ibkg, ib cf-

tdrvdfncþf kd ibs oudrzbs brjbkbs pbrb di ngjabtd kdi nrcjdf grebfczbkg, y pgr

gtrg, di fðjdrg nbkb vdz jbygr kd ngjpbòêbs kd sdeurckbk prcvbkb qud gordndf

sus sdrvcncgs b ib pgaibncþf qud pudkd pbebrigs.

Di kdictg sgig sd pudkd ngjabtcr kd jbfdrb ùstb y dncdftd ngf uf scstdjb kd

ùstcncb qud fg tdfeb vêfnuigs pgiêtcngs y qud edfdrd ngfbfzb df ib pgaibncþf.

Ib prcfncpbi rdogrjb kd fudstrg scstdjb ùkcncbi ds ib nrdbncþf kdi Jcfcstdrcg \ð-

aicng, qud tcdfd b su nbreg ib cfvdstcebncþf (rdbiczbkb ngf di bpgyg kd ib pgicnêb)

y ib pdrsdnuncþf pdfbi. Dstg pdrjctd qud ib ibagr kdi ùdz sdb ðfcnbjdftd ̀ uzebr,y djctcr y d`dnutbr ib sdftdfncb. Di prgaidjb kd ib obitb kd ngfbfzb df di scstdjb

ùkcncbi prgvgnb qud igs pgaibkgrds mbebf ̀ustcncb ngf jbfg prgpcb vcgibfkg igs

kdrdnmgs mujbfgs kd bqudiibs pdrsgfbs qud sgf ngfkdfbkbs scf uf ̀ ucncg ̀ ustg

prdvcg8 igs prgndsgs kcsnrdncgfbids kd dstd tcpg pgfdf df rcdseg b tgkb ib pg-

aibncþf ib nubi qudkb su`dtb b ibs kdncscgfds kd uf cfkcvckug g erupg qud pudkd

utciczbr dstgs jdkcgs pbrb rdsgivdr ngfcntgs pdrsgfbids, ngjg ib vdfebfzb.

Bkdjâs, di scstdjb pdfctdfncbrcg (nârndids) dstâ df nrcscs, yb qud tcdfd uf bitg

fðjdrg kd prdsgs b qucdfds tgkbvêb fg sd ids mb kcntbkg sdftdfncb ig nubi su-

pgfd uf ngstg bitg qud pgfd jbygr prdscþf sgard ibs nârndids yb kd pgr sê sg-

ardpgaibkbs y qud rdprdsdftbf uf rcdseg tbftg pbrb igs cftdrfgs ngjg pbrb igseubrkcbs kd sdeurckbk bftd jgtcfds y mudiebs.

Kd ceubi jbfdrb, dxcstdf cfstctuncgfds qud bpgybf y

prgtdedf bi ncukbkbfg, tbi ngjg di Cfstctutg kd Kd-

odfsb \ðaicnb, qud bscefb kdodfsgrds (bagebkgs) scf

ngstg bieufg b qucdf igs sgicnctd8 ibs kdodfsgrêbs kdi

\rgnurbkgr kd Kdrdnmgs Mujbfgs y ib Kcrdnncþf kd

Btdfncþf bi Ngfsujckgr „KCBNG„, bsê ngjg kcvdrsbs

GFEs, ngjg ib Oufkbncþf ^gardvcvcdftds, qud bpgyb

b ibs ju`drds qud suordf vcgidfncb kd eãfdrg y b ibs

objcicbs kd vêntcjbs kd odjcnckcg.



2?<CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr

Kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg Nm–grtc–2

’(…) dxcstd ufb dstrdnmb rdibncþf dftrd di kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg cfkêedfb y discstdjb ̀ urêkcng gncbi, ds jâs, ds cjpgrtbftd dstbaidndr qud ufg ds pbrbidig kdi

gtrg (…) scf djabreg, kbkbs ibs nbrbntdrêstcnbs kdi kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg mby

kcodrdfncb df di trbtbjcdftg g prgndkcjcdftg, pgr d`djpig, df di scstdjb gncbi,

ds cjprdsncfkcaid ib cfstctuncgfbiczbncþf qud suordf ibs fgrjbs ngf di bpbrdnc-

jcdftg kdi Dstbkg y ib kdfgjcfbncþf df nudrpgs ùrêkcngs, ngjg ds di nbsg kdi

Nþkceg \dfbi, Nþkceg Ncvci, dtn., jcdftrbs qud df di kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg,

fg.

Df ibs bikdbs dstukcbkbs, di ngfcntg ds dftdfkckg ngjg ib rupturb kdi grkdf

dstbaidnckg tbftg df ib jcsjb ngjufckbk, ngjg df ib objcicb g df di âjactg

pdrsgfbi. Di kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg Nm–grtc–, kdi jufcncpcg kd @gngtâf, kdpbr-tbjdftg kd Nmcqucjuib, ds djcfdftdjdftd ngfncicbkgr8 sbivg nbsgs dxndpncg-

fbids, ds sbfncgfbkgr. (…) ib ngfncicbncþf sd igerb jdkcbftd uf prgndkcjcdftg

jgrbiczbkgr. Df dstd sdftckg, ib vdreùdfzb ds uf obntgr kd cjpgrtbfncb qud sd

utciczb pbrb igerbr dsd ngfsdfsg. Df edfdrbi, ib ngfncicbncþf sd kdfd df igs sc-

eucdftds dspbncgs, ̀ uftbs ngfncicbtgrcbs objcicbrds, kd ceidscbs kdpdfkcdfkg kd ib

rdicecþf, y iudeg ngf di binbikd ngjufctbrcg g binbikd buxcicbr, y sc biiê fg sd igerb

ufb sgiuncþf dftgfnds di nbsg ds trbsibkbkg bi ̀ uzebkg qud ngfogrjb di scstdjb

gncbi kd ùstcncb.

Bufqud di scstdjb ngfsudtukcfbrcg cfkêedfb df di ârdb Nm–grtc– (…) ds djcfdf-

tdjdftd ngfncicbkgr, dxcstdf nbsgs juy nibrgs df kgfkd sd cjpgfdf sbfncgfdsy nbstcegs, junmgs kd diigs, krâstcngs pbrb igs cjpicnbkgs. Di bzgtd pgr d`djpig,

bntubijdftd df kdnbkdfncb, ds vcstg ngjg ufb sbfncþf qud ds fdndsbrcb df

gnbscgfds8 dstd nbstceg g sbfncþf ds cjpudstg dxniuscvbjdftd pgr igs pbkrds kd

objcicb, b igs bkgidsndftds y b igs mc`gs nbsbkgs qud fg tgjbf df nudftb igs ngf-

sd`gs qud sd ids kbf y (sdeðf igs dftrdvcstbkgs) jdrdndf dstb ngrrdnncþf. Gtrb

ogrjb kd sbfncþf utciczbkb df igs nbsgs kd ngfcntgs jbtrcjgfcbids ds ib sdpb-

rbncþf kd igs nudrpgs kd ib pbrd`b kurbftd uf tcdjpg kdtdrjcfbkg8 di prgpþsctg

kd dstg ds qud bi fg mbadr rdibncgfds sdxubids, ibs pdrsgfbs scdftbf di kdsdg kd

vgivdr b dstbr ùftgs y bi jcsjg tcdjpg rddxcgfdf sgard sus bntgs y bsujbf

bntctukds jâs tgidrbftds y kd rdspdtg ngf su pbrd`b.‚

Kd bnudrkg ngf di butgr, ibs vdftb`bs kdi kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg sgf0

• Idectcjbkg y bndptbkg pgr ib ngjufckbk.

• Ngfncicbtgrcg bftds qud sbfncgfbkgr.

2 \ãrdz, Nbrigs (1<<5). Kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg Cfkêedfb df di ârdb Nm–grtc– df di jufcncpcg kd @gngtâf, kdikdpbrtbjdftg kd Nmcqucjuib. [dscs kd icndfncbturb df Ncdfncbs @urêkcnbs y ^gncbids. Eubtdjbib0 Obnuitbk kdNcdfncbs @urêkcnbs y ^gncbids, Tfcvdrsckbk kd ^bf Nbrigs kd Eubtdjbib.



2??CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn



fgigerbkg

K d s p u ã s k d d s t u

k c b r . . .

_bigrg ib cjpgrtbfncb kd rdspdtbr ibs fgrjbs kd ngfvcvdfncb ngjg

jdkcg pbrb prdvdfcr ngfcntgs.

Bfbiczg igs kbògs y ngstgs qud nbusb ib cfsdeurckbk ncukbkbfb y su

cjpbntg df di kdsbrrgiig mujbfg.

Ngfgzng di trbab`g kd ibs cfstctuncgfds cfvgiunrbkbs df di scstdjb

kd sdeurckbk y ùstcncb, tbftg ibs qud pbrtcncpbf df ibs kdfufncbs

ngjg df ib kdodfsb kd igs ncukbkbfgs.

Ngfgzng igs tcpgs kd kdictgs y ib bpicnbncþf kd ùstcncb sdeðf di scs-

tdjb kd ùstcncb fbncgfbi y di kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg.

Qdngfgzng ibs obsds kd ib vcgidfncb kd eãfdrg y su rdibncþf ngf di

odjcnckcg.

Di egacdrfg kd Dspbòb fgs judstrb ufb kd sus nbjpbòbs ngftrb ib vcgidfncb kd eãfdrg. Gasdrvd igs

vckdgs df ib kcrdnncþf didntrþfcnb0 mttps0//www.ygutuad.ngj/wbtnm7v:[TcTzQD=IRs

Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt

Ckdftcqud ibs kcodrdftds ogrjbs kd vcgidfncb jgstrbkbs df dstb nbjpbòb0

Di Jcfcstdrcg kd Ceubikbk kd Dspbòb prdpbrþ di vêkdg ’^bnb tbr`dtb rg`b bi jbitrbtbkgr‚ pbrb ngfncdftczbr

sgard ibs ogrjbs y ngfsdnudfncbs kd ib vcgidfncb ngftrb ib ju`dr d cfvctb b qud tgkgs pbrtcncpdjgs df su

prdvdfncþf kdfufncbfkg bi berdsgr. \brb vdrig, vcsctd ib kcrdnncþf didntrþfcnb0

.mttps0//www.ygutuad.ngj/wbtnm7v:3m<RNeCG43=

Qddxcgfd, ·quã pgkdjgs mbndr bftd uf nbsg kd vcgidfncb ngftrb ib ju`dr7



25<CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Ib Jdjgrcb Mcstþrcnb

Ib jdjgrcb mcstþrcnb sd kdfd b pbrtcr kd kgs ngfndptgs, ib jdjgrcb y ib

mcstgrcb. Ib jdjgrcb ds sua`dtcvb pgrqud tcdfd ufb oudrtd nbreb kd bodntcvckbk

y vbigrbncþf pdrsgfbi. Ib mcstgrcb df nbjacg ds ufb ngfstrunncþf rceurgsb kd

nþjg gnurrcdrgf igs mdnmgs, sus nbusbs y ngfsdnudfncbs. Ib jdjgrcb mcstþrcnb

dftgfnds ausnb ngrrdecr ib jdjgrcb utciczbfkg oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf ga`dtcvbs

bi tcdjpg qud rdnupdrb ib jdjgrcb pbrb kbr sdftckg bi prdsdftd.

Igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz oudrgf rjbkgs kdspuãs kd >? bògs kd eudrrb y uf ibreg

prgndsg sgncbi y pgiêtcng qud ausnþ ib trbfsogrjbncþf kd ibs rdibncgfds dftrd

erupgs y ib jgkcnbncþf kd ibs nbusbs qud, df prcjdr iuebr, prgvgnbrgf di

ngfcntg. ^c fg ngfgndjgs ib mcstgrcb, ds kdncr, sc fg ngfgndjgs y rdngfgndjgs

ib nbusb kdi ngfcntg fg pgkrdjgs djprdfkdr di nbjcfg kd ib rdngfncicbncþf.

Ib jdjgrcb mcstþrcnb fgs byukb b ngjprdfkdr igs mdnmgs y ibs nbusbs qud

grcecfbrgf di ngfcntg brjbkg, y pgr ig tbftg, ds cfkcspdfsbaid pbrb igerbr ibs

trbfsogrjbncgfds qud fdndsctbjgs pbrb rdbijdftd vcvcr df pbz.

Fg pudkd mbadr rdngfncicbncþf scf jdjgrcb mcstþrcnb, pgrqud

rdngfncicbrsd dxced ckdftcnbr igs ngfcntgs kdi pbsbkg8 dftdfkdr di

pgrquã kd dsgs ngfcntgs8 bsujcr ib rdspgfsbacickbk pdrsgfbi df

diigs8 dibagrbr igs kudigs fg rdsuditgs8 sbfbr ibs mdrckbs y, sgard tgkg,

ngfstrucr ib rdngfncicbncþf.

Fg pudkd mbadr pbz scf rdngfncicbncþf, pgrqud ib pbz cjpicnb ibkcspgscncþf kd tgkgs y tgkbs b rdspdtbr bi gtrg8 b prbntcnbr di kcâigeg

ngjg jgkg kd rdsgivdr igs ngfcntgs df iuebr kd bnukcr b ib vcgidfncb

pbrb cjpgfdr igs prgpcgs puftgs kd vcstb d cjpicnb, tbjacãf, ufb

fudvb nuiturb pgiêtcnb ngf kcjdfscgfds cfkcvckubids y ngidntcvbs‚1.


Jdjgrcb0 Qdnudrkg

qud sd mbnd g bvcsg

qud sd kb kd bieg

pbsbkg.

Mcstgrcb0 Ngf`uftg

kd igs sundsgs g

mdnmgs pgiêtcngs,

sgncbids, dngfþjc-

ngs, nuiturbids, dtn.,

kd uf pudaig g kd

ufb fbncþf.

Kcnncgfbrcg kd ib

Qdbi Bnbkdjcb kd ib

Idfeub Dspbògib

D`drncncg 2Id prgpgfdjgs mbndr uf d`drncncg kd rdngfncicbncþf prgpcb. Dsnrcab df uf pbpdi tgkg bqudiigqud mb vcvckg, sdftckg, dsnunmbkg y mdnmg qud id jgidstb y iudeg quãjdig.

1 ^nmcjpo„Mdrhdf, Cisd (1<<;). ’Dkunbr kdskd ib Jdjgrcb0 ufb rddxcþf kdskd ib pdkbegeêb kdi kcâigeg‚. \g-fdfncb df di ^djcfbrcg Dkunbr kdskd ib jdjgrcb- dxpdrcdfncbs pdkbeþecnbs pbrb ib pbz, ib kdjgnrbncb y ibdquckbk kd eãfdrg. ^bf ^bivbkgr, Di ^bivbkgr0 Bsgncbncþf kd Ju`drds pgr ib Kcefckbk y ib _ckb/Ibs Kcefbs.



251CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg >

\cdfsd df di ðitcjg ngfcntg qud ustdk dxpdrcjdftþ. ·Nþjg ig rdsgivcþ7 ·Ruã pbpdi bsujcþnbkb pdrsgfb cfvgiunrbkb7 Nuãftdffgs su dxpdrcdfncb.

Jdkcbncþf kd ngfoicntgs

Igs ngfcntgs ogrjbf pbrtd kd ib ngfkcncþf mujbfb. Ibs kcsnrdpbfncbs suredf

pgr quã fg scdjprd tgkbs ibs pdrsgfbs dstâf kd bnudrkg df bieg. Ib pbz, pgr ig

tbftg fg scefcnb qud tgkg jbrnmd acdf g qud fg sdb fdndsbrcg nbjacbr bieufb

ngsb. Ib pbz sd igerb ngf di rdspdtg mbncb igs kdrdnmgs kd igs gtrgs, sdbf fuds-

trgs ngfgnckgs g fg.

Igs ngfcntgs suredf pgr kcodrdftds rbzgfds, pdrg df edfdrbi gnurrdf nubfkg

df kdtdrjcfbkb sctubncþf bieufgs dstâf ebfbfkg ig qud gtrgs dstâf pdrkcdfkg8

ibs pdrsgfbs pcdfsbf kcodrdftd y dspdrbf rdsuitbkgs kcodrdftds8 sd kddfkdf

cftdrdsds gpudstgs g ib ngjufcnbncþf fg ds nibrb.

Di ngfcntg edfdrbijdftd ds dvbiubkg ngjg fdebtcvg, y pgr tbftg sd ausnb

dvctbrig. \drg igs ngfcntgs fg sgf df sê jcsjgs jbigs, yb qud pudkdf sdr utc -

iczbkgs ngjg ufb gpgrtufckbk pbrb di nbjacg y di nrdncjcdftg kd ibs pdrsgfbs,

ibs sgncdkbkds g cfniusg, igs pbêsds.

Di prgaidjb ds qud edfdrbijdftd sd bagrkb igs ngfcntgs kd ogrjb drrþfdb,

cefgrbfkg qud ib sgiuncþf kd uf ngfcntg rdqucdrd di ngfgncjcdftg kd ib prg-

aidjâtcnb y su bfâicscs. Ib fdegncbncþf ds di jdkcg pbrb dfordftbr y rdsgivdr

ibs kcodrdfncbs. Cjpicnb qud bjabs pbrtds dstãf kcspudstgs b kcsnutcr ig qud ids

jgidstb y igs prgaidjbs qud igs bqud`bf, kbfkg b ngfgndr ufgs b gtrgs sus

fdndsckbkds d cftdrdsds. Ib jdkcbncþf sgig ds pgscaid sc ibs pbrtds cfvgiunrbkbs

tcdfdf vgiuftbk y nbpbnckbk kd dsnunmbr, y bndptdf qud vbf b babfkgfbr sus

pgscncgfds y ndkdr df pbrtd b ig qud nbkb qucdf qucdrd. ^cefcnb ngjprdfkdr

qud tgkgs ebfbf bufqud tbjacãf sd pcdrkb bieg. Ig cjpgrtbftd ds rdspdtbr igsbnudrkgs tgjbkgs df ngfsdfsg.



25;CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg ;

\rgpþfebsd ngfgndr jd`gr b ufb pdrsgfb kd ufb nuiturb kcodrdftd b ib prgpcb.

Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr

Di kcâigeg cftdrnuiturbi

_cvcr df uf jufkg nuiturbijdftd kcvdrsg supgfd di rdtg kd ngfncicbr ibskcodrdfncbs d ckdftckbkds nuiturbids. Tfb jbfdrb dodntcvb kd rdkuncr igs ngfcntgs

y prd`ucncgs ngfscstd prdncsbjdftd df bujdftbr igs ngftbntgs dftrd jcdjargs

kd kcstcftgs erupgs ngf di f kd rgjpdr abrrdrbs d cr tdfkcdfkg pudftds.

Di kcâigeg cftdrnuiturbi ds ’di prgndsg qud babrnb di cftdrnbjacg bacdrtg y

rdspdtugsg kd gpcfcgfds dftrd pdrsgfbs y erupgs ngf kcodrdftds trbkcncgfds

y grêedfds ãtfcngs, nuiturbids, rdicecgsgs y icfeùêstcngs, df uf dspêrctu kd

dftdfkcjcdftg y rdspdtg jutugs. Ib icadrtbk y ib nbpbnckbk pbrb dxprdsbrsd,

pdrg tbjacãf ib vgiuftbk y ib obnuitbk kd dsnunmbr ibs gpcfcgfds kd igs kdjâs,

sgf didjdftgs cfkcspdfsbaids‚;.

Igs prd`ucncgs y igs dstdrdgtcpgs sgf abrrdrbs qud pudkdf cftdrrujpcr di kcâigeg

pgrqud sgf ufb ogrjb kd sdòbibr ibs orgftdrbs dftrd di prgpcg erupg y di gtrg,

jbfcodstbfkg cjpiênctbjdftd ib supdrcgrckbk kdi prcjdrg sgard di sdeufkg.

^cf djabreg, ib nibvd kdi ãxctg kdi kcâigeg cftdrnuiturbi fg sd absb tbftg df

di ngfgncjcdftg kdi gtrg, ngjg df ibs nbpbnckbkds kd dsnunmbr, kcbigebr y fg

pdrkdr ib nbpbnckbk kd bsgjarg. Ib dxcacickbk, ib djpbtêb y ib mujcikbk sgf

gtrbs ngfkcncgfds qud ebrbftczbf di ãxctg kdi kcâigeg.

Ds cjpgrtbftd nrdbr dspbncgs kd kcâigeg qud sdbf nuiturbijdftd fdutrgs pbrb

qud ibs ngjufckbkds sd jbfcodstdf icardjdftd. \gr d`djpig, igs pbrquds, ibs

nbiids y igs jdrnbkgs obvgrdndf di dfnudftrg kd pdrsgfbs kd kcodrdftds nbpbs

kd ib sgncdkbk y ogjdftbf di dspêrctu kd tgidrbfncb. Ibs bntcvckbkds nuiturbids

pudkdf byukbr b qud fcògs y ̀ þvdfds ngfgznbf dxprdscgfds nuiturbids kcvdrsbs,

pbrb ngftrcaucr bsê b ib tgidrbfncb, di dftdfkcjcdftg y di rdspdtg jutugs. Ib

nrdbtcvckbk nuiturbi pudkd ogjdftbr ngfsckdrbaidjdftd di rdspdtg mbncb di

gtrg.

; Ngfsd`g kd Durgpb (1<<=). Icarg aibfng sgard di kcâigeg cftdrnuiturbi. _cvcr ̀ uftgs ngf ceubi kcefckbk. Dstrbs-aureg0 Butgr.



255Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb 13

Bfbicnd dstgs rdsuitbkgs. Kcsnutb ngf sus ngjpbòdrgs df di nêrnuig kd dstukcg ib rdibncþf kdi ngfgnc-

jcdftg kd dstgs tdjbs y di erbkg kd cjpidjdftbncþf kd igs vbigrds qud ogrjbf ufb Nuiturb kd \bz.

• ;4 % bsgncb ib pbz b ib trbfqucickbk.

• >2 % brjb qud pbrtcncpbrêbf df bntcvckbkds rdicecgsbs pbrb prgjgvdr ib pbz, 11 % igmbrêb df bntcvckbkds dkunbtcvbs.

• 52 % gpcfb qud df su ngjufckbk, abrrcg g ngigfcb dxcstd pbz.

• >1 % rdspgfsbaciczb bi Dstbkg kd sdr di prcfncpbi rdspgfsbaid kd jbftdfdr ib pbz.

• 2= % ngfsckdrb qud ib rjb kd ib pbz fg trb`g fcfeðf rdsuitbkg y 2; % gpcfbf qudfbkb8 1; % jdfncgfbrgf di f kdi ngfcntg brjbkg.

• >? % kdsngfgnd df quã byukbf igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz b ib ngfstrunncþf y igerg kd ibpbz.

• == % brjb tdfdr pbz y trbfqucickbk.


Dsnrcab sus ckdbs sgard igs prcfncpcgs y vbigrds qud kdadf sustdftbr ib nuiturb kd pbz y sgard tgkg, di

pbpdi kd igs ̀ þvdfds df di kdsbrrgiig kd ufb nuiturb kdjgnrâtcnb y ib sgiuncþf kd igs ngfcntgs. Grebfcnd

uf kdabtd df di nêrnuig kd dstukcg kgfkd nbkb ufg kd igs pbrtcncpbftds ngjpbrtb sgard ig qud dsnrcacþ

y su rdibncþf ngf ib ngfstrunncþf kd ufb nuiturb kd pbz.



Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb ><

><

Eubtdjbib,

vcdfkg mbncb gtrgs pbêsds·Ruã dfngftrbrâ dstb sdjbfb7

Di sudòg kd Jgrbzâf

Cftderbncþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb

·Cftderbncþf g ckdftckbk ndftrgbjdrcnbfb7

Dstb sdjbfb igerbrâ0

Ngfgndr igs prgndsgs kd cftderbncþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb.

Qdngfgndr ibs vdftb`bs kd cfsdrncþf kd Ndftrgbjãrcnb bi jufkg eigabiczbkg ngjguf aigqud dngfþjcng, sgncbi y pgiêtcng.

Dvbiubr di ngjprgjcsg kd ib cftderbncþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb pbrb igerbr ib pbz df ibrdecþf.

Bfbiczbr ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ib pgiêtcnb dxtdrcgr pbrb igerbr di kdsbrrgiig kdEubtdjbib y ib sdeurckbk kd igs jcerbftds eubtdjbitdngs.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 191/2862=<

CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Di sudòg kd Jgrbzâf

KDNIBQG0 qud jc bjgr b Ndftrgbjãrcnb judrd ngfjceg. ([dstbjdftg kdi Edfdrbi Orbfncsng Jgrbzâf)

’(…) ib vckb y mdnmgs kdi Edfdrbi Orbfncsng Jgrbzâf sgf uf d`djpig b sdeucrdspdncbijdftd pbrb ib `uvdftuk. (…) Ib iunmb kdi Edfdrbi Orbfncsng Jgrbzâfsd kdsbrrgiiþ, df uf jgjdftg mcstþrcng, df di qud sd ausnbabf dspbncgs pgiê-tcngs. Qdngrkdjgs qud ib prgnibjbncþf kd ib cfkdpdfkdfncb scefcocnþ fg sgigicarbrsd kdi kgjcfcg dspbògi scfg tbjacãf kdi rdcfg kd Eubtdjbib. Bufquddf Ngjbybeub sd kdnibrbrgf cfkdpdfkcdftds kd Eubtdjbib crþfcnbjdftd sdpdkêb bfdxbrsd b Jãxcng.

Jgrbzâf, bftd di ngfoicntcvg prgndsg kd ngfstrucr uf dstbkg cfkdpdfkcdftd ydi bpbrdncjcdftg kd ib vcgidfncb pgiêtcnb, gptb pgr pbrtcncpbr, S bsê di bftceug

rdcfg kd Eubtdjbib sd ngfvcdrtd df ufb rdpðaicnb odkdrbi kcvckckb df ncfng

dstbkgs cfkdpdfkcdftds ngf su rdspdntcvb ngfstctuncþf. S ib aðsqudkb kd ib

ngfncicbncþf kd ibs kcstcftbs oudrzbs pgiêtcnbs y ufb sgib rdpðaicnb qud ufcocnbrb

igs dstbkgs cfkdpdfkcdftds, sd vudivd di qudmbndr oufkbjdftbi kd ib vckb kd

Jgrbzâf.

Nurcgsbjdftd ngf ib kdsbpbrcncþf oêscnb kdi Edfdrbi Jgrbzâf, ib ckdb kd ibufcþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb, fg kdsbpbrdnd. Kdskd 2=;1 mbstb fudstrgs kêbs, kd

jbfdrb rdkufkbftd vudivd b surecr di sudòg kd ufb Ndftrgbjãrcnb prþspdrb,ufckb y pbncocnb. \brdncdrb qud mby ckdbs qud ̀ bjâs nbkunbf pgrqud jbftcdfdfufb vcedfncb pdrjbfdftd y qud sgf ibs rdspudstbs b ibs cfqucdtukds pgiêtcnbsscdjprd bntubids.‚

[gjbkg kd0 ^cdrrb, Kbfcig. (1<<3). Bsndfsg y nbêkb kdi Edfdrbi Orbfncsng Jgrbzâf. [deuncebipb, Mgfkurbs0^dnrdtbrêb kd Nuiturb, Brtds y Kdpgrtds, pâe. >-;.

Bydr... mgy…

B trbab`br

·Ruã nbrbntdrêstcnbs tcdfd ufb rdpðaicnb odkdrbi7

Orbfncsng Jgrbzâffbncþ df 2531 dfMgfkurbs y jurcþdi 24 kd sdptcdjardkd 2=;1 df NgstbQcnb, y egadrfþ ibQdpðaicnb Odkdrbi kdNdftrgbjãrcnb kd2=15 b 2=>=.




Cftderbncþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb

Di prcjdr cftdftg kd cftderbncþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb oud ib nrdbncþf kd ibs \rgvcf-ncbs Tfckbs kd Ndftrgbjãrcnb pgng kdspuãs kd ib cfkdpdfkdfncb kd Dspbòb ypgstdrcgr sdpbrbncþf kd ib bfdxcþf b Jãxcng. ^cf djabreg, dstd oud uf cftdftgkd juy pgnb kurbncþf, qud oud rdvcvckg ngf ib Qdpðaicnb Odkdrbi kd Ndftrgbjã-rcnb, pgr nuyb nbusb oud ouscibkg Orbfncsng Jgrbzâf.

Bufqud dxcstcdrgf kcvdrsgs pbntgs pgiêtcngs y dngfþjcngs, dstgs edfdrbijdftdoudrgf acibtdrbids, ds kdncr, dftrd kgs pbêsds. \drg df 2342, cjpuisbkgs pgr dijgkdig cftderbncgfcstb kd ib Ngjcscþf Dngfþjcnb pbrb Bjãrcnb Ibtcfb „ND\BI„,uf grebfcsjg rdecgfbi kd ibs Fbncgfds Tfckbs, igs pbêsds ndftrgbjdrcnbfgs

rjbrgf ib Nbrtb kd ^bf ^bivbkgr, qud kcg grcedf b ib Grebfczbncþf kd DstbkgsNdftrgbjdrcnbfgs „GKDNB„. Dstd grebfcsjg ufcnþ sdòbids kd trâfsctg, prg-erbjbs dkunbtcvgs, prgndsgs bkubfbids y trbtbkgs juitcibtdrbids kd ngjdrncg,tbjacãf nrdþ di Cfstctutg Ndftrgbjdrcnbfg kd Cfvdstcebncþf y [dnfgigeêb Cfkus-trcbi „CNBC[C-, ndrrbkg df 233=8 di Cfstctutg Ndftrgbjdrcnbfg kd Bkjcfcstrbncþf\ðaicnb „CNB\„, nuyb oufncþf ds bpgybr di kdsbrrgiig kd rdnursgs mujbfgs y igsprgndsgs kd jgkdrfczbncþf kdi sdntgr pðaicng y su sdkd dstâ df Ngstb Qcnb, y diAbfng Ndftrgbjdrcnbfg kd Cftderbncþf Dngfþjcnb „ANCD„, qud prgvdd rdnursgsfbfncdrgs, b trbvãs kd prãstbjgs, pbrb kdsbrrgiibr prgydntgs kd adfdncg pbrbigs ndftrgbjdrcnbfgs.

Bufqud sundkcdrgf cftdftgs pgr igerbr ib ufcnbncþf pgiêtcnb ndftrgbjdrcnbfb,di prgndsg kd cftderbncþf dngfþjcnb y ngjdrncbi tuvg jâs ãxctg ngf ib nrdbncþfkdi Jdrnbkg Ngjðf Ndftrgbjdrcnbfg „Jdrngjðf„ df 23?2. Dstd tdfêb pgrga`dtg nrdbr ufb zgfb kd icard ngjdrncg, dqucpbrbr igs erbvâjdfds b ib cjpgr-tbncþf y prgjgvdr ib cfkustrcbiczbncþfy oud bngjpbòbkg pgr ib ^dnrdtbrêb kdCftderbncþf Dngfþjcnb Ndftrgbjdrcnb-fb „^CDNB„. Di Jdrngjðf kdsbpbrdncþdf igs 5<s pgrqud b pdsbr kd ausnbr ibrdncprgnckbk ngjdrncbi, Eubtdjbib y Di^bivbkgr drbf jâs kcfâjcngs qud igs

gtrgs pbêsds df jbtdrcb kd dxpgrtbncg-fds. ^cf djabreg, igs adfdncgs kdiJdrngjðf oudrgf dvckdftds bi bujdf-tbr ibs trbfsbnncgfds ngjdrncbids kd =.>b 135.4 jciigfds df uf pdrcgkg kd 1<bògs (234<-235<). Igs ngfcntgs dftrdDi ^bivbkgr y Mgfkurbs (Ib eudrrb kdioðtagi) oudrgf ufb kd ibs rbzgfds qudbnbabrgf ngf di Jdrngjðf.


Oudftd0 mttp0//www.scdnb.cft/Fgtcncbs/EbidrcbsJgstrbr.bspx7EbidrcbCk:21


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 197/2862=?

CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Eigsbrcg

bscstdfncb tãnfcnb0 Bpgyg qud sd prdstb b ufb pdrsgfb g cfstctuncþf pbrb rdsgivdr prgaidjbs tãnfcngs,bkjcfcstrbtcvgs, prgkuntcvgs g kd jdrnbkdg.

nggpdrbncþf cftdrfbncgfbi0 Byukb vgiuftbrcb qud uf Dstbkg u GFE arcfkb b gtrg pbês pbrb bpgybr

prgydntgs kd kdsbrrgiig kd ufb pgaibncþf g sdntgr.ngfsuibkg0 Qdprdsdftbncþf kd uf pbês df gtrg pbrb btdfkdr y rdfgvbr kgnujdftgs gncbids kd sus ncu-kbkbfgs y djctcr vcsbs b dxtrbf`drgs qud qucdrbf vcsctbr di pbês rdprdsdftbkg.

kcpigjbncb0 Ngf`uftg kd rdeibs y jãtgkgs pbrb iidvbr b nbag rdibncgfds cftdrfbncgfbids bpdebkbs bikdrdnmg cftdrfbncgfbi ausnbfkg ib pbz y ib nggpdrbncþf.

erbvbjdf0 Cjpudstg.

zgfb kd icard ngjdrncg0 Ârdb kdtdrjcfbkb kd uf pbês qud egzb kd ib dxdfncþf kd cjpudstgs y tcdfdngjg ðfcng rdqucsctg iidfbr pbpdidrêb bkjcfcstrbtcvb nrdbkb ngf di prgpþsctg kd btrbdr cfvdrscþf dxtrbf-

`drg y bjpicbr ib godrtb kd djpidg.

Qdsujdf

Kdspuãs kd ib cfkdpdfkdfncb, di edfdrbi mgfkurdòg Orbfncsng Jgrbzâf igerþ ufcnbr b Ndf-

trgbjãrcnb ngjg rdpðaicnb odkdrbi cftderbkb pgr ncfng dstbkgs cfkdpdfkcdftds pgr uf ngr-tg tcdjpg mbstb su kdscftderbncþf df 2=;1. ^cf djabreg, di dspêrctu kd ufcþf d cftderbncþfngftcfuþ vcedftd y igerþ mbndrsd rdbickbk nbsc uf sceig kdspuãs ngf ib nrdbncþf kd ib Greb -fczbncþf kd Dstbkgs Ndftrgbjdrcnbfgs „GKDNB„ cjpuisbkb pgr ib Ngjcscþf Dngfþjcnb pbrbIbtcfgbjãrcnb „ND\BI„. Dstbs kgs cfstctuncgfds dstuvcdrgf kdtrâs kd ib nrdbncþf, df 2342, kdiJdrnbkg Ngjðf Ndftrgbjdrcnbfg „JDQNGJÐF„ qud cjpuisþ ib cfkustrcb fbncgfbi b trbvãskd ib sustctuncþf kd cjpgrtbncgfds pgr uf pdrcgkg bprgxcjbkg kd 1< bògs, nubfkg sd kdscf-tderþ kdackg b kcsputbs tdrrctgrcbids dftrd Di ^bivbkgr y Mgfkurbs.

Kdspuãs kd rjbkb ib pbz dftrd Di ^bivbkgr y Mgfkurbs df 23=<, sd rdtgjbrgf ibs fdegncb-ncgfds pbrb ib cftderbncþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb prgjgvcdfkg igs bnudrkgs kd Dsqucpuibs, qud iid-

vbrgf b ib fbiczbncþf kd igs ngfcntgs brjbkgs df Eubtdjbib, Di ^bivbkgr y Fcnbrbeub. Ngfib vuditb b ib pbz, Ndftrgbjãrcnb sd bicstþ pbrb ib cftderbncþf y nrdþ di ^cstdjb kd CftderbncþfNdftrgbjdrcnbfb „^CNB„, nuyg ga`dtcvg ds di kdsbrrgiig dngfþjcng, sgncbi, nuiturbi y pgiêtcngngf rdspdtg b igs kdrdnmgs mujbfgs.

Df dstb drb eigabiczbkb, ibs rdibncgfds cftdrfbncgfbids sd vudivdf jâs cjpgrtbftds. Eubtd-jbib rdbiczb dstb ibagr b trbvãs kdi Jcfcstdrcg kd Qdibncgfds Dxtdrcgrds „JCFD]„, qud tcdfd bsu nbreg vdibr pgr ib sdeurckbk d cftdrdsds kd igs ncukbkbfgs eubtdjbitdngs df di dxtrbf`drg


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 199/2862==

CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn


Idb ib idtrb kd ib nbfncþf tctuibkb ’Ndftrgbjãrcnb‚ kdi erupg juscnbi Biux Fbmubi. [bjacãf, sc ig kdsdb,pudkd dsnunmbr dstb nbfncþf df di sceucdftd dfibnd0 mttps0//www.ygutuad.ngj/wbtnm7v:gC`k@nsfIDC.

Mgy mb sbickg uf dfnbadzbkg,df igs kcbrcgs kd prdfsb jufkcbiy sd rdngjcdfkb b tgkb ib edftd,qud b dstgs pbêsds fg sd kdad vcb`brpgrqud mby junmgs prgaidjbs,y fg sd rdspdtbfigs `ucncgs kcvcfgskd Bjfcstêb Cftdrfbncgfbi. S iidebf igs abrngs kd pbêsds bjcegs

ngf brjbs y mgjardsqud fgs vbf b dftrdfbr,y df gtrgs iuebrds sd ids kcnd b igs fcògsngf bndftg dxtrbf`drg qud Kcgs fg ds vdr-kbk,y ds qud kcndf qud sgjgs juy btrbsbkgs,pgr dsg igs erbfkds fgs vbf b dfsdòbr bpdidbr. Ndftrgbjãrcnb, Ndftrgbjãrcnb,fg kdadjgs iigrbr.Ndftrgbjãrcnb, Ndftrgbjãrcnb,

fg kdadjgs iigrbr.S iidebf ibs brjbs b fudstrbs orgftdrbsqud dstâf df dspdrb kd Kcgs sbad quã,y iidebf igs mgjards,y iideb ib eudrrby bquê df fudstrbs tcdrrbsfg sd dftcdfkd pgr quãsc fgsgtrgs fg sgjgs pudaigs eudrrd-rgs,bquê tgkg sd mbnd pgr bjgr, dspdrbfzb

y od. Ndftrgbjãrcnb, Ndftrgbjãrcnb,fg kdadjgs iigrbr.Ndftrgbjãrcnb, Ndftrgbjãrcnb,fg kdadjgs iigrbr. Nbkb qucãf kdad dftrdebrsd b su sud-ògy b su pudaig ngf tgkb su bijb,y mbndr qud dstbs tcdrrbs idvbftdf divudigmbncb ib pbz, mbncb ib pbz.

NdftrgbjãrcnbBiux Fbmubi2

Qddxcgfd sgard ig qud mb idêkg y dsnunmbkg mbstb di jgjdftg sgard ib mcstgrcb d cftderbncþf ndftrg-bjdrcnbfb y rdibncþfdig ngf ib idtrb kd ib nbfncþf ’Ndftrgbjãrcnb‚ kd Biux Fbmubi. Dsnrcab sus ngjdf-tbrcgs.

2 Nbfncþf dsnrctb pgr Âivbrg Beucibr, ogrjb pbrtd kdi kcsng ’Ndftrgbjãrcnb‚, 23=?.





Dstd icarg, b trbvãs kd sus tdxtgs y d`drncncgs, id mb pdrjctckg ngfgndr y bfbiczbr kcodrdftds tdjbs sgard ibrdbickbk fbncgfbi8 dstd ds uf ngfgncjcdftg fdndsbrcg pbrb ngjprdfkdr ig qud sundkd b fudstrg birdkd-kgr d cfkcspdfsbaid pbrb bqudiibs pdrsgfbs qud kdsddf ngftcfubr ufb nbrrdrb df rdibncgfds dxtdrcgrds.

Gtrbs kd ibs mbacickbkds fdndsbrcbs pbrb trbab`br df dstd nbjpg ds ngfgndr ckcgjbs y nuiturbs dxtrbf`d-rbs, bsê ngjg ib ngjufcnbncþf d cftdicedfncb djgncgfbi, qud sd pudkd rdsujcr df dstbs nibvds0 rdngfgndrsus djgncgfds y ibs kd igs gtrgs, dxprdsbr sus djgncgfds bkdnubkbjdftd, y fg bkcvcfbr ibs djgncgfdskd igs kdjâs.

Id prdsdftbjgs di sceucdftd nbsg.

Nbsg0 @ubf iideb tdjprbfg b su gncfb. ^u `dob yb dstâ bmê trbab`bfkg y fgjâs dftrb ngjcdfzb b iib-jbrid ib btdfncþf ngf vgz bcrbkb dxcecãfkgid qud iibjd cfjdkcbtbjdftd b ib gncfb qud ids dstâ kbf-

kg ncdrtg sdrvcncg.

·Ruã mbrêb ustdk7 ·Nþjg rdbnncgfbrêb7



Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb >2

Igs mdnmgs sgncbids

Ibs pdrsgfbs vbjgs pgr di jufkg scftcdfkg y rbzgfbfkg sgard ig qud pbsb bfudstrg birdkdkgr, bufqud bieufbs vdnds ig mbndjgs kd jbfdrb cfngfsncdftd.[bf sgig rdnudrkd bieðf cfnckdftd, pgr d`djpig, uf fcòg qud mbnd adrrcfnmddf uf iuebr pðaicng8 ib edftd birdkdkgr gasdrvbrâ y prgftg ngf`dturbrâ, qud scdi fcòg dstbab nbfsbkg, qud sc di fcòg dstâ jbi dkunbkg, qud sc ib jbjâ fg igngrrced y id kb uf ngsngrrþf… dsb ds ib nurcgsckbk mujbfb y su fdndsckbk kddfngftrbr ufb dxpicnbncþf b ig qud vd y dsnunmb. \drg fg fgs ngfoufkbjgs, dstgfg ds ufb cfvdstcebncþf ncdftênb.

Ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi cfvdstceb di ngjpgrtbjcdftg mujbfg df kcstcftgs nbjpgskd bnncþf, ngjg ib dngfgjêb, ib sbiuk, ib dkunbncþf, di acdfdstbr, dtn., tbi ngjgdstukcbjgs df ib sdjbfb 2 kdi vgiujdf bftdrcgr. \brb qud ibs gasdrvbncgfds sdngfvcdrtbf df ncdfncb sd fdndsctb ufb cfvdstcebncþf ga`dtcvb y scstdjâtcnb, dstgscefcnb qud di kcsdòg kd ib cfvdstcebncþf (ib jbfdrb df qud sd rdbiczb ib cfvds-tcebncþf) sd pudkd rdpicnbr y gatdfkrdjgs rdsuitbkgs scjcibrds. Acdf sbadjgsqud igs mujbfgs fg sgjgs ngjg igs ga`dtgs g ibs sustbfncbs quêjcnbs, pgr diigbi mbndr cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi sd kdad tdfdr df nudftb ig qud kdnêb di sgncþigegorbfnãs Ãjcid Kurhmdcj0 ’Ib prcjdrb rdeib y ib jâs oufkbjdftbi ds ngfsckdrbrigs mdnmgs sgncbids ngjg ngsbs‚, g sdb, gasdrvbr y bfbiczbr ig qud sundkd scfcfvgiunrbr igs sdftcjcdftgs pdrsgfbids. Ds cjbecfbr qud ustdk dstâ oudrb kd igsmdnmgs qud gnurrdf b su birdkdkgr, igs nubids gasdrvbr ngjg sc oudrb ufb pdiê-

nuib qud pudkd sdpbrbr df nubkrgs pbrb su bfâicscs, bi ceubi qud mbnd uf jãkcngpbrb kcbefgstcnbr b su pbncdftd.

D`drncncg 2

[gjd uf pdrcþkcng y bfgtd di tdjb prcfncpbi kd ncfng fgtcncbs kd tcpg sgncbi, gasdrvd di d`djpig.


Fgtcncb

Di prdncgkd ib nbr-

fd suacþfudvbjdftd

[djb

prcfncpbi



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 1

Cjbeêfdsd qud rdbiczb ib dvbiubncþf kd uf prgydntg y uf erupg kd adfdncbrcgs id gordndngfstbftdjdftd su byukb, ·quã mbrêb ustdk pbrb rdbiczbr ufb cfvdstcebncþf ga`dtcvb7

Igs prcfncpcgs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi

Ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi sd oufkbjdftb df di jãtgkg ncdftêng fg df rujgrds,

supgscncgfds u gpcfcgfds. \brb diig nujpid ngf ncdrtgs prcfncpcgs0

• Fg kb fbkb pgr sdftbkg, ngjprudab igs mdnmgs bftds kd bndp-

tbrigs ngjg vâickgs.• Ttciczb ufb vbrcdkbk kd tãnfcnbs kd cfvdstcebncþf y oudftds kd

cfogrjbncþf qud id pdrjctdf jcfcjczbr igs drrgrds y jbxcjczbrib ngfbacickbk kd igs rdsuitbkgs kdi bfâicscs.

• Mbnd pðaicng sus rdsuitbkgs pbrb sdr kcsnutckgs y ngrrgagrbkgsg rdoutbkgs pgr gtrgs cfvdstcebkgrds.

• Gatcdfd kbtgs bpicnbaids b erupgs kd pgaibncþf fg b cfkcvckugspbrtcnuibrds.

• Ausnb ngfgndr dxpicnbncgfds y nbusbs fg kdsnrcpncgfds.

• Qdibncgfb dftrd sê mdnmgs y prcfncpcgs oufkbjdftbids pbrb ngfs-trucr tdgrêbs.

\drg kdadjgs rdngrkbr qud igs su`dtgs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi sgf pdrsgfbs,pgr ig qud ds cjpgrtbftd jbftdfdr ib ãtcnb rdspgfsbaciczâfkgsd kd0

• Dvctbr nbusbr kgigrds oêscngs, pscngiþecngs g mujciibncgfds.

• Gatdfdr ngfsdftcjcdftg cfogrjbkg bsdeurâfkgsd qud ibs pdr-sgfbs ngfgndf igs ga`dtcvgs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf y bndptbf pbrtc-ncpbr df diib.

• Qdspdtbr ib prcvbnckbk kd igs cfkcvckugs.• Jbftdfdr ib ngfkdfncbickbk kd ib cfogrjbncþf prgtdecdfkg di

bfgfcjbtg kd qucdf ib mb kbkg.

• Fg obiscnbr igs kbtgs.

• Fg pdrjctcr di jbi usg pgr pbrtd kd tdrndrgs kd kbtgs gatdfckgsdf ufb cfvdstcebncþf.




Di prgndkcjcdftg kd ib cfvdstcebncþf

Di prgndkcjcdftg pbsg b pbsg kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi ds scjcibr bi kd ufbcfvdstcebncþf ncdftênb0

^didnncþf kd uf tdjb. Ib ckdb kd cfvdstcebncþf pudkd surecr kd ufb

ngfvdrsbncþf, uf brtênuig g ufb gasdrvbncþf. Ig ckdbi ds cfvdstcebrbieðf tdjb qud fgs eustd g fgs iibjd ib btdfncþf pbrb jbftdfdrfudstrg cftdrãs df di jcsjg.

Qdvcscþf kd ictdrbturb. Ngjdfzbjgs fudstrb cfvdstcebncþf aus-nbfkg jâs cfogrjbncþf, pgkdjgs prdeuftbr b gtrbs pdrsgfbs qudngfgndf di tdjb g ausnbr cfogrjbncþf df icargs, tdscs g brtênuigs kdrdvcstbs g pdrcþkcngs. Bsê sbardjgs quã cfogrjbncþf dxcstd y nuâimbnd obitb ngfgndr g bagrkbr kd gtrb jbfdrb.

Dibagrbncþf kd ga`dtcvgs. Igs ga`dtcvgs euêbf kcodrdftds prgndsgskd ib cfvdstcebncþf y ngfstbftdjdftd kdadjgs rderdsbr b diigs pbrbngjprgabr qud fg mdjgs pdrkckg di rujag. Igs rdsuitbkgs kd ibcfvdstcebncþf kdadf rdspgfkdr b igs ga`dtcvgs kd ib jcsjb.

Ogrjuibncþf kdi prgaidjb. Fdndsctbjgs pibftdbr ufb prdeuftbkd cfvdstcebncþf sgard quã ds ig qudrdjgs ngfgndr g cfvdstcebr,pibftdbjgs ufb mcpþtdscs g rdspudstb qud kdadjgs ngrrgagrbr grdoutbr bsê ngjg ibs vbrcbaids qud fgs byukbrâf b rdspgfkdr kcnmbprdeuftb.

Kcsdòg kd uf pibf kd cfvdstcebncþf. ^d sdidnncgfbf igs jãtgkgs kdcfvdstcebncþf y ibs tãnfcnbs kd rdngidnncþf y kd bfâicscs y ib judstrbbsê ngjg di dqucpg kd pdrsgfbs qud ngibagrbrâ df ib cfvdstcebncþf,ib igeêstcnb kdi trbab`g kd nbjpg, dibagrbncþf kd uf prdsupudstg ynrgfgerbjb.

Qdngidnncþf kd kbtgs. ^d rdðfdf igs kbtgs sdeðf di pibf kd cfvds-tcebncþf (kgnujdftgs, kbtgs nubftctbtcvgs y nubictbtcvgs8 igs nubidscrdjgs dxpicnbfkg b ig ibreg kd dstbs sdjbfbs).

Cftdrprdtbncþf y bfâicscs kd igs kbtgs. Igs kbtgs sd nibscnbf pbrb

ausnbr pbtrgfds qud pudkbf prgpgrncgfbr dxpicnbncgfds qud fgsiidvdf b bndptbr, rdnmbzbr g kd`br cfkdncsb ib mcpþtdscs pibftdbkb.

Dibagrbncþf kdi cfogrjd y kdvgiuncþf kd rdsuitbkgs. Ngf ib cf-ogrjbncþf rdngpcibkb y bfbiczbkb sd dsnrcad uf cfogrjd kdtbiibf-kg igs rdsuitbkgs. Dstd cfogrjd sd pudkd puaicnbr g sd dftrdeb b ibcfstctuncþf qud sgicnctþ ib cfvdstcebncþf. Igs rdsuitbkgs tbjacãf sdpudkdf dftrdebr b ibs pdrsgfbs qud pbrtcncpbrgf df ib cfvdstcebncþf,pgr d`djpig, ib ngjufckbk kgfkd sd rdbiczþ di dstukcg.

2.

1.

>.

;.

4.

?.

5.

=.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Ogrjuibncþf kd uf prgaidjb kd cfvdstceb-ncþf

Ogrjuibr uf prgaidjb scefcnb ngfvdrtcr ufb ckdb df uf prgaidjb cfvdstcebaid.

\brb diig ds fdndsbrcg kdicjctbr di tdjb b trbvãs kd prdeuftbs qud qudrdjgs

rdsgivdr b trbvãs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf8 ngf diig kdadjgs pibftdbrfgs prdeuftbsqud tdfebf rdspudstbs qud pudkdf sdr jdkckbs g ngftrbstbkbs kd ncdrtb ogrjb.

Di prgaidjb sd ogrjuib btdfkcdfkg b igs ga`dtcvgs, g sdb ib fbickbk kd ib cf -vdstcebncþf. Igs ga`dtcvgs kdadf kdfcr quã ds ig qud ausnbjgs y qudrdjgs

ngfgndr.

\brb grcdftbrfgs df dstd prgndsg rdvcsbjgs tdgrêb qud fgs grcdftd y fgs byukdb ngfstrucr uf jbrng ngfndptubi. Dstd jbrng fgs grcdftbrâ mbncb di tcpg kd cf-ogrjbncþf qud fdndsctbjgs rdngedr y nþjg ig vbjgs b bfbiczbr. Ds uf jgjdftgbkdnubkg pbrb kbrfgs nudftb kd qud fg pgkdjgs rdspgfkdr b tgkg y qud pgrig tbftg, pgng b pgng kdadjgs pibftdbr prdeuftbs jdfgs bjpicbs y jâs ngf-nrdtbs, puds fdndsctbrdjgs ngfndftrbrfgs df ufg g pgngs tdjbs, kd ig ngftrbrcgngrrdjgs di pdicerg kd qud fudstrb cfvdstcebncþf sd ngfvcdrtb df uf jgfstrugecebftd scf pcds fc jbfgs kd kþfkd bebrrbr.

Tfb vdz kdfckg di prgaidjb y ngf di bpgyg kdi jbrng ngfndptubi dibagrbjgs

ufb g jâs mcpþtdscs, g sdb, rdspudstbs prgabaids b fudstrbs prdeuftbs. Ibs mc-pþtdscs dstâf ngfogrjbkbs pgr cfkcnbkgrds g vbrcbaids, qud pudkdf sdr kd kgstcpgs0 ibs vbrcbaids kdpdfkcdftds (nbusb) y ibs vbrcbaids cfkdpdfkcdftds (dodntgg rdsuitbkg). Igs cfkcnbkgrds rdspgfkdf b ib rdbickbk y fgs sdòbibf di tcpg kdkbtgs qud kdadjgs rdngedr, ig nubi b su vdz grcdftb sgard ib sdidnncþf kdi jãtgkg,

tãnfcnbs d cfstrujdftgs kd cfvdstcebncþf.

D`djpig0

• Di pdrsgfbi kd sbiuk mb fgtbkg qud pgnbs jbkrds iidvbf b

sus fcògs bi Ndftrg kd ^biuk pbrb vbnufbncþf. (Kdofcncþf kdi

prgaidjb)

• Ibs jbkrds qud iidvbf b sus fcògs b vbnufbr ngfgndf di nb-

idfkbrcg kd cfjufczbncþf. (Mcpþtdscs)

• _bnufbncþf (_brcbaid kdpdfkcdftd)

• Ngfgncjcdftg kdi nbidfkbrcg kd cfjufczbncþf (_brcbaid cf-kdpdfkcdftd)




Oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf

Ibs oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf g kd kþfkd gatdfdjgs ib cfogrjbncþf qud fdndsctb-jgs pbrb fudstrb cfvdstcebncþf, sd nibscnb df trds tcpgs sdeðf su grcedf0

D`drncncg >

Ib binbikêb jufcncpbi kdsdb ngfgndr pgr quã mby tbftgs nbsgs kd fcògs ngf dfodrjdkbkdsebstrgcftdstcfbids df su ngjufckbk. ·B quã tcpgs kd oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf pudkd bnukcr7D`djpicqud.

^gf ibs qud prgpgrncgfbf ib cfogrjbncþf kcrdntbjdftd, scf sdr bardvcbkbsg cftdrprdtbkbs. \gr d`djpig, igs rdsuitbkgs kd ufb dfnudstb, ib dftrdvcstb buf iêkdr, ufb nbrtb pdrsgfbi g uf kcbrcg, ib fbrrbncþf kd ufb vcsctb bsê ngjgibs cfvdstcebncgfds prdsdftbkbs df icargs, brtênuigs g cfogrjds.

\ r c j b r c

b s

^gf bqudiibs qud prgpgrncgfbf cfogrjbncþf ’kd sdeufkb jbfg‚,qud fg prdsdftb igs kbtgs grcecfbids g dstgs yb mbf sckg cftdr-prdtbkgs. \gr d`djpig, uf brtênuig kd pdrcþkcng qud rdibtb kbtgssgard uf ndfsg, di rdibtg kd ufb pdrsgfb qud rdpctd ig qud gtrg idngftþ g vcg g ufb garb ngjdftbkb.

Kdrcvbkbs kd ibs oudftds sdnufkbrcbs, ngjg ibs ac-aicgerboêbs, icstbs kd idnturbs, dfncnigpdkcbs y icargs kdtdxtg.

[ d r n c b r c b s

Igs cfvdstcebkgrds sgncbids bkdjâs gatcdfdf su cfogrjbncþf kd oudftds kgnu-jdftbids, ngjg icargs, cfogrjds, kgnujdftgs kd brnmcvg, nbrtbs, ogtgerboêbs ypdiênuibs8 y kd cfogrjbftds, pdrsgfbs qud arcfkbf cfogrjbncþf sgard igs tdjbskd cftdrãs kdi cfvdstcebkgr. Dftrd igs cfogrjbftds pgkdjgs kcstcfeucr dftrd igsdspdncbicstbs, pgr d`djpig uf kgntgr sc dstbjgs cfvdstcebfkg uf tdjb kd sbiuk,y di rdstg kd cfogrjbftds, igs pbncdftds y pgaibncþf df edfdrbi. ^deðf di tcpg kd

cfogrjbncþf utciczbkb, ib cfvdstcebncþf pudkd sdr kd ebacfdtd (kgnujdftbi) g kdnbjpg (ngf cfogrjbftds).

^ d n u f k b r c b s

Oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf D`djpigs

\rcjbrcb

^dnufkbrcb

[drncbrcb

Kgnujdftbi

Cfogrjbftds




Eigsbrcgngfnrdncþf0 Dspdncnbncþf, rdkunncþf b ig jâs cjpgrtbftd.

djpêrcng0 Rud sd absb df ib dxpdrcdfncb.

igeêstcnb0 Jdkcgs y jãtgkgs fdndsbrcgs pbrb rdbiczbr ufb cfvdstcebncþf g uf trbab`g.

fbmubi0 Bfcjbi scjaþicng qud bngjpbòb b ufb pdrsgfb.

fdurgpscnþigeg0 Ncdftêng qud dstukcb igs dodntgs qud nbusb ufb idscþf g jbi oufncgfbjcdftg kdi scs-tdjb fdrvcgsg df igs prgndsgs ngefctcvgs, pscngiþecngs, djgncgfbids y kdi ngjpgrtbjcdftg cfkcvckubi.

prcvbr0 Ructbr g fdebr.

scstdjâtcng0 Rud sceud uf grkdf dstbaidnckg.

ufêvgng0 Rud tcdfd ceubi vbigr qud gtrb ngsb.

Qdsujdf

Igs jbybs bpicnbrgf uf scstdjb kd cfvdstcebncþf ncdftênb, b trbvãs kd ib gasdrvbncþf scstd-

jâtcnb, pbrb nrdbr uf scstdjb nbidfkârcng qud cfngrpgrb ngfgncjcdftgs sgard bstrgfgjêb,jbtdjâtcnb, oêscnb y pscngigeêb, bkdibftâfkgsd bi dfogqud juitckcsncpicfbrcg qud ausnbf ibsncdfncbs mgy df kêb.

Ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi dstukcb di ngjpgrtbjcdftg mujbfg df kcstcftgs nbjpgs kd bnncþf,ngjg ib dngfgjêb, ib sbiuk, ib dkunbncþf, di acdfdstbr, dtn., kd jbfdrb ga`dtcvb y scstdjâtcnbsceucdfkg di prcfncpcg kdi sgncþigeg Ãjcid Kurhmdcj sgard ngfsckdrbr igs mdnmgs sgncbidsngjg ngsbs, ds kdncr gasdrvbr y bfbiczbr ig qud sundkd scf cfvgiunrbr igs sdftcjcdftgs pdr-sgfbids.

Ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi sd oufkbjdftb df di jãtgkg ncdftêng y nujpid ngf igs prcfncpcgs

kd ngjprgabr igs mdnmgs bftds kd bndptbrigs ngjg vâickgs, utciczbr vbrcdkbk kd tãnfcnbs kdcfvdstcebncþf y oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf qud id pdrjctdf jcfcjczbr igs drrgrds y jbxcjczbrib ngfbacickbk kd igs rdsuitbkgs kdi bfâicscs, mbndr pðaicng sus rdsuitbkgs, gatdfdr kbtgs

bpicnbaids b erupgs kd pgaibncþf fg b cfkcvckugs pbrtcnuibrds, ausnb ngfgndr dxpicnbncgfds ynbusbs y rdibncgfb dftrd sê mdnmgs y prcfncpcgs oufkbjdftbids pbrb ngfstrucr tdgrêbs.

Bsê jcsjg ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi kdad nujpicr ngf prcfncpcgs ãtcngs dvctbfkg nbusbr kgigrdsoêscngs, pscngiþecngs g mujciibncgfds, gatdfcdfkg ngfsdftcjcdftg cfogrjbkg kd sus cfogr-


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

jbftds, rdspdtbfkg ib prcvbnckbk y ngfkdfncbickbk, dvctbfkg sdsebr g obiscnbr kbtgs y di

usg cfkdackg kd igs kbtgs pgr pbrtd kd tdrndrgs.

Tfb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi sd rdbiczb sceucdfkg dstgs pbsgs0 sdidnncþf kdi tdjb, rdvcscþf kdictdrbturb, dibagrbncþf kd ga`dtcvgs, ogrjuibncþf kdi prgaidjb, kcsdòg kd uf pibf kd cfvds-

tcebncþf, rdngidnncþf kd kbtgs, cftdrprdtbncþf y bfâicscs kd kbtgs, dibagrbncþf kdi cfogrjd ykdvgiuncþf kd rdsuitbkgs y rdpicnbncþf.

Di prgaidjb sd ogrjuib btdfkcdfkg b igs ga`dtcvgs, g sdb ib fbickbk kd ib cfvdstcebncþf. Igs

ga`dtcvgs kdadf kdfcr quã ds ig qud ausnbjgs y qudrdjgs ngfgndr. Ib rdvcscþf kd ib ictdrb-turb fgs byukb b ngfstrucr uf jbrng ngfndptubi qud fgs grcdftbrâ pbrb pibftdbr prdeuftbskd cfvdstcebncþf jâs prdncsbs d mcpþtdscs ngf vbrcbaids g cfkcnbkgrds qud sdòbidf di tcpg kdkbtgs b rdngedr, di jãtgkg y tãnfcnbs kd cfvdstcebncþf.

Ibs oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf sd nibscnbf df trds tcpgs sdeðf su grcedf0 prcjbrcbs, qud prg-pgrncgfbf ib cfogrjbncþf kcrdntbjdftd, scf sdr bardvcbkbs g cftdrprdtbkbs8 sdnufkbrcbs, qud

fg prdsdftbf igs kbtgs grcecfbids g dstgs yb mbf sckg cftdrprdtbkgs, y tdrncbrcbs, qud sgf ibskdrcvbkbs kd ibs oudftds sdnufkbrcbs. Bkdjâs, sdeðf su fbturbidzb ib cfogrjbncþf pudkd sdrdsnrctb, kd bukcg g bukcgvcsubi (oudftd kgnujdftbi) y grbi (cfogrjbftds).


Dibagrd uf erâng sgard di prgndkcjcdftg pbrb rdbiczbr ufb cfvdstcebncþf.

Butgngftrgi


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Df ausnb kd uf jãtgkg prgpcg kd cf-vdstcebncþf2

Drb di sceig ]C] nubfkg di sgncþigeg orbfnãs Ãjcid Kurhmdcj kdsdbab kcstcf-eucr ib sgncgigeêb kd ib pscngigeêb, pbrb ig nubi kdnckcþ bfbiczbr di sucnckcg, ufbntg sujbjdftd pdrsgfbi. ^cf djabreg, Kurhmdcj breujdftþ qud di sucnckcgtbjacãf ds uf odfþjdfg sgncbi y pbrb diig kdnckcþ rdbiczbr ufb cfvdstcebncþf.

Ig prcjdrg qud tuvg qud mbndr Kurhmdcj oud kdicfdbr di sucnckcg0

• ·^d ngfsckdrbab sucnckcg nubfkg uf sgikbkg sd dfordftbab bib judrtd jcdftrbs trbtb kd sbivbr b sus ngjpbòdrgs7

• ·Ds di sucnckcg ufb dfodrjdkbk jdftbi7

• ·^drâ qud ib edfãtcnb prdkcspgfeb b bieðf erupg bi sucnckcg7

• ·\gkrêb di nicjb cfucr df ib kcspgscncþf bfêjcnb kd uf cfkcvc-kug7

Tfb b ufb, Kurhmdcj oud kdsnbrtbfkg nbkb ufb kd ibs prdeuftbs pibftdbkbsngjpbrbfkg y ngftrbstbfkg kbtgs kd kcodrdftd tcpg8 pgr d`djpig, dfngftrþqud ib tbsb kd sucnckcg df ûdncb fg sd kcodrdfncb kd ib kd gtrgs pbêsds, b pdsbrkd qud kurbftd di cfvcdrfg sd vcvdf ibrebs fgnmds y kêbs ngrtgs. Bsê ngfniuyþqud kdaêb mbadr bieg df di erupg qud bfcjbab g kdsbfcjbab di sucnckcg. \gr

diig, kdnckcþ mbndr ibs sceucdftds ngjpbrbncgfds0

• ûcnckcgs dftrd kcodrdftds erupgs sgncbids df di jcsjg pdrêg-kg kd tcdjpg.

• ûcnckcgs kd uf jcsjg erupg df kcodrdftds pdrêgkgs.

Ibs cfvdstcebncgfds iidvbrgf b Kurhmdcj b pibftdbr ib dxcstdfncb kd nubtrg tcpgskd sucnckcg0

ûcnckcg degêstb0

Dstd ds di qud sd rdbiczb pgr ’dxndscvg cfkcvckubicsjg‚ y ib obitb kdibzgs sgncbids qud jbftdfebf b ibs pdrsgfbs ’btbkbs‚ b su erupg.Kurhmdcj iideþ b dstb ngfniuscþf bi kbrsd nudftb kd ib tbsb kdsucnckcg drb trds vdnds jâs bitb df igs pbêsds prgtdstbftds qud dfigs nbtþicngs pbrb qucdfds di sucnckcg ds uf pdnbkg8 mbaêbf jâs

Bydr... mgy…

2 Bkbptbkg kd0 Ediids, Q y Idvcfd, B. (233?). Cftrgkunncþf b ib sgncgigeêb. Jãxcng0 JnErbw-Mcii, pâe. 12-1>.


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sucnckcgs dftrd pdrsgfbs sgitdrbs qud nbsbkbs (dftrd jâs mc`gs,jdfgs prgabacickbk kd sucnckcg), y df tcdjpgs kd eudrrb kcsjc-fuêbf igs sucnckcgs.

ûcnckcg bitrucstb0

Ib tdscs kdi sucnckcg degêstb, scf djabreg, fg rdspgfkêb b ufb

jbygr tbsb kd sucnckcg dftrd sgikbkgs, nuyb idbitbk bi erupg dssujbjdftd oudrtd, bi ceubi qud ibs objcicbs `bpgfdsbs ngf bitbngmdscþf objcicbr. Oud bsê ngjg iideþ b ib ngfniuscþf qud b vdndsdi sucnckcg drb uf bntg kd butgsbnrcncg df di qud sd gordfkbab ib

vckb prgpcb pbrb bsdeurbr di acdfdstbr kdi erupg.

ûcnckcg bfþjcng0

Kurhmdcj fgtþ qud ib tbsb kd sucnckcgs sd cfnrdjdftbab tbftg dfibs ãpgnbs kd nrcscs dngfþjcnbs ngjg df ibs kd bued y dstg igbtrcauyþ b qud nubiqucdr nbjacg df di jgkg kd vckb kd ufb pdr-

sgfb id edfdrb tdfscþf, puds sgf jgjdftgs df qud igs iêjctds kdingjpgrtbjcdftg sd kdskcau`bf, scfg sgig obitb trbdr b ib jdjgrcbb cffujdrbaids brtcstbs cfvgiunrbkgs df prgaidjbs kd ngfsujgkd krgebs. Ib vckb df erupg ngfogrjb sdeucr fgrjbs y nubfkgdstbs sd kdacictbf, ibs pdrsgfbs sd pcdrkdf y sd prgkund ib bfgjcb8kd bmê di fgjard kd sucnckcg bfþjcng.

ûcnckcg obtbicstb0

Di ngftrgi y ib jbfcpuibncþf dxndscvb sgard ibs pdrsgfbs y susdjgncgfds tbjacãf iidvbf b ib edftd b pdrkdr di ùcncg bi sdftcr

qud fg tcdfdf dspdrbfzbs kd pgkdr nbjacbr su vckb.

Kd dstb jbfdrb y b trbvãs kd uf rceurgsg jãtgkg kd cfvdstcebncþf, Kurhmdcjigerþ kdjgstrbr qud b pdsbr kd qud di sucnckcg ds uf bntg pdrsgfbi, ibs oudrzbssgncbids tcdfdf erbf cfudfncb sgard dstb kdncscþf.

Kurhmdcj bfbiczþ di sucnckcg ngjg uf mdnmg sgncbi y rdvdiþ qud fg sundkdf bibzbr puds dxcstd uf pbtrþf qud sd judstrb pgr ordnudfncb kd bnudrkg b ncdrtgsngftdxtgs. ’Di sucnckcg‚ ds ufb kd ibs garbs qud sdftþ ibs absds kd ib cfvdstceb-ncþf sgncgiþecnb.


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D`drncncg 1

·Ruã gtrbs prdeuftbs pgkrêb pibftdbr df rdibncþf bi nbsg kd vbnufbncþf kd jdfgrds kd 4 bògs7

Jãtgkgs kd cfvdstcebncþf

Bufqud dxcstdf kcvdrsbs ogrjbs kd nibscnbr igs jãtgkgs kd cfvdstcebncþf, fgs

ngfndftrbrdjgs ðfcnbjdftd df igs jãtgkgs nubftctbtcvg y nubictbtcvg.

Di jãtgkg nubftctbtcvg ausnb ngfgndr nuâftgs jcdftrbs di nubictbtcvg sd cftdrdsb

df ngfgndr di pgrquã. Dstgs jãtgkgs sd pudkdf bpicnbr kd jbfdrb cfkdpdf-kcdftd g cftdrrdibncgfbkb, kdpdfkcdfkg ib fbturbidzb kdi dstukcg, ib jbefctuk,di tcdjpg y igs rdnursgs.

Jãtgkg nubftctbtcvg

Di jãtgkg nubftctbtcvg trbab`brâ ngf fðjdrgs y mbnd usg kdi bfâicscs dstbkêstcng.Dstd jãtgkg ds utciczbkg nubfkg di prgaidjb b cfvdstcebr pudkd sdr nubftcnb-aid, ds kdncr sd pudkd ngftbr.

_givbjgs bi d`djpig kd ib sdjbfb bftdrcgr, nubfkg di pdrsgfbi kdi ndftrg kdsbiuk kdsdb sbadr pgr quã ibs jbkrds fg iidvbf b vbnufbr b sus mc`gs. \brb ng-fgndr sc sus cjprdscgfds sgf ncdrtbs, di prcjdr pbsg kd dstb cfvdstcebncþf sdrârdvcsbr igs kbtgs kdi ndftrg kd sbiuk y ngjpbrbrigs ngf uf ndfsg kd pgaibncþf0·quã pgrndftb`d kd fcògs jdfgrds kd 4 bògs tcdfd tgkbs sus vbnufbs7, ·nuâids di prgjdkcg kd vbnufbs qud rdncadf igs fcògs jdfgrds kd 4 bògs7, ·df quãjgjdftg (b quã dkbk) igs fcògs kd`bf kd rdncacr ibs vbnufbs bufqud sdbf fd-ndsbrcbs7, y bsê sd pgkrêbf cr pibftdbfkg gtrbs prdeuftbs.

Bi rdspgfkdr dstbs prdeuftbs sd gatdfkrâ ib tdfkdfncb kdi dsqudjb kd vbnufb-ncþf df fcògs jdfgrds kd 4 bògs df kdtdrjcfbkb ngjufckbk. Dstb pdqudòb cf-

vdstcebncþf kd ebacfdtd pgkrâ ngfrjbr g rdnmbzbr ibs sgspdnmbs kdi pdrsgfbiy pgkrâ kbr cfkcncgs kd nþjg ngftcfubr y quã ausnbr.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 219/2861<=

CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg >

^ceucdfkg ngf di d`djpig kd ib vbnufbncþf, cftdftd dibagrbr kgs prdeuftbs bkcncgfbids.

\rdeuftbs y nudstcgfbrcgs

\gng b pgng crâ bfbfkg su prgaidjb y ngf diig, ib grcdftbncþf kd su cfvdstc-ebncþf. Fg givckd qud ibs prdeuftbs tcdfdf uf prgpþsctg y dspdncbi, fg ds prd-euftbr pgr prdeuftbr. Df uf dstukcg nubftctbtcvg, ibs rdspudstbs sgf ndrrbkbs8pudkdf sdr kd sê g fg g kd rdspudstb jðitcpid.

Qdtgjdjgs di d`djpig bftdrcgr rdspdntg b ib vbnufbncþf kd jdfgrds kd 4 bògs.\rdsdftbjgs ufb prdeuftb kd nbkb tcpg0

• ·Mb trbêkg b su mc`g(b) b vbnufbr df igs ðitcjgs sdcs jdsds7( ) ^ê ( ) Fg

• ·Nuâftbs vdnds mb trbêkg b su mc`g bi ndftrg kd sbiuk df igs ðitcjgssdcs jdsds7( ) Fcfeufb ( ) Tfb ( ) Kgs ( ) [rds ( ) Nubtrg

Bufqud dstgs sgf sgig d`djpigs, y pbrdncdrbf prdeuftbs rdpdtctcvbs, `ãjgfgsacdf. Bjabs sd cftdrrdibncgfbf pbrb rdspgfkdr b ufb tdrndrb prdeuftb. Ib prc-jdrb prdeuftb sgig fgs cfogrjb sc mbf vbnufbkg bi fcòg df igs ðitcjgs jdsds8bi rdibncgfbrib ngf ib sdeufkb prdeuftb sbardjgs sc ib jbkrd iidvb bi fcòg bindftrg kd sbiuk pgr gtrbs rbzgfds0

• ^c ib rdspudstb b ib prcjdrb prdeuftb ds brjbtcvb, sdrâ cfkcnbkgr

kd qud ib jbkrd ngfoêb df igs sdrvcncgs kd sbiuk8

• ^c ib rdspudstb b ib prcjdrb prdeuftb ds fg y b ib sdeufkb, fcfeufb,sbardjgs qud ib jbkrd fg ngfoêb df di ndftrg kd sbiuk. Di nâinuigkd dstd kbtg ds juy cjpgrtbftd pbrb ngfgndr ib bndptbncþf kd igs

sdrvcncgs kd sbiuk pgr pbrtd kd ib pgaibncþf.

• ^c ib rdspudstb b ib prcjdrb prdeuftb ds fg y b ib sdeufkb, ds trds,dstb kbtg fgs cfkcnbrâ qud ib jbkrd iidvb b su mc`g bi ndftrg kd sb-iuk pgscaidjdftd nubfkg dstâ dfodrjg , pdrg fg b vbnufbr.

Ibs prdeuftbs sd kcrcedf bi erupg ga`dtcvg, df dstd nbsg jbkrds, df ogrjb kdnudstcgfbrcgs, qud edfdrbijdftd sgf iidfbkgs pgr uf dfnudstbkgr. [bjacãf pg-kdjgs nrdbr uf nudstcgfbrcg pbrb di pdrsgfbi kdi ndftrg kd sbiuk, df di nbsg kdqud di dstukcg ngftdjpid vbrcgs jufcncpcgs.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Jãtgkgs nubictbtcvgs

Igs jãtgkgs nubictbtcvgs sd cftdrdsbf jâs pgr ngfgndr ibs nbusbs y rbzgfds kdigs mdnmgs sgncbids y igs pdfsbjcdftgs, bntctukds y bnncgfds kd ibs pdrsgfbs cf-vgiunrbkbs. _givcdfkg bi d`djpig bftdrcgr, jcdftrbs qud di jãtgkg nubftctbtcvgausnbrêb ngfgndr nuâftbs jbkrds iidvbf y nuâftbs jbkrds fg iidvbf b sus mc`gs

bi ndftrg kd sbiuk, ib jdtgkgigeêb nubictbtcvb ausnb ngfgndr ibs rbzgfds pgr ibsqud ibs jbkrds fg iidvbf b sus mc`gs b vbnufbr (sc kdsngfgndf di dsqudjb kdvbnufbncþf, sc nrddf qud ib vbnufb vb b dfodrjbr b sus mc`gs, sc di pdrsgfbi kdindftrg kd sbiuk fg igs trbtb acdf, g fg dftcdfkdf ig qud ids kcndf pgrqud fgmbaibf su ckcgjb, dtn.).

Ib jdtgkgigeêb rdqucdrd kdi ngftbntg kcrdntg ngf ib ngjufckbk qud sd vb bcfvdstcebr8 ds ufb cfvdstcebncþf rdbiczbkb df di iuebr kd igs mdnmgs y df di jg-jdftg qud gnurrdf igs jcsjgs. \brb diig, di cfvdstcebkgr kdad tdfdr djpbtêbpbrb pgkdr rdibncgfbrsd ngf bqudiigs b qucdfds cfvdstceb y sdr rdspdtugsg kdibs ngstujards kdi iuebr, fg `uzebr y trbtbr kd ngjprdfkdr ausnbfkg rbzgfds b

sctubncgfds qud pbrdndf gavcbs g fbturbids b igs iuebrdògs. Bkdjâs, kdad sdrga`dtcvg, fg tgjbr pbrtckg g kdncscgfds bftcncpbkbjdftd y fufnb pgfdr suspbibarbs df agnb kd qucdfds dftrdvcstb.

Ib jdtgkgigeêb nubictbtcvb nudftb ngf vbrcbs tãnfcnbs, b ngftcfubncþf prdsdf-tbrdjgs ibs jâs ngjufds, utciczbfkg d`djpigs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf mcpgtãtcnbsgard ib vbnufbncþf kd fcògs jdfgrds kd 4 bògs0

Gasdrvbncþf

Di cfkcvckug trbtb kd pbsbr cfbkvdrtckg, pbrb gasdrvbr b igs cfkcvckugs y su

qudmbndr, scf cftdrvdfcr tgjbfkg fgtb kd tgkg ig qud sundkd df uf kcbrcg kdnbjpg. Ibs bfgtbncgfds sd berupbf pgr tdjbs y qud sd ngtd`bf pbrb kdsnuarcrpbtrgfds y tdfkdfncbs kd ngjpgrtbjcdftg. Tf d`djpig kd gasdrvbncþf sdrêbiidebr vbrcgs kêbs bi ndftrg kd sbiuk y gasdrvbr nuâftbs jbkrds iidebf, nþjgds ib cftdrbnncþf kd ibs jbkrds df ib sbib kd dspdrb y ngf di pdrsgfbi kd sbiuk.

Gasdrvbncþf pbrtcncpbftd

Di cfvdstcebkgr trbtb kd ogrjbr pbrtd kd ib ngjufckbk pbrb ngjprdfkdr igqud dstâ sundkcdfkg, pgr ig qud di cfvdstcebkgr pbsb uf tcdjpg ngf igs su-

`dtgs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf ngf qucdfds ngjpbrtd pbrtcncpbfkg df bntcvckbkds

kd ib ngjufckbk, tdfcdfkg ngfvdrsbncgfds cfogrjbids, bprdfkcdfkg b rdbiczbrbntcvckbkds ngtckcbfbs. Qdecstrb tgkg ig vcvckg, ngfvdrsbkg, dsnunmbkg y ga-sdrvbkg df su kcbrcg kd nbjpg. Igs kcbrcgs kd nbjpg ngftcdfdf cfogrjbncþfqud iudeg ds nibscnbkb y bfbiczbkb. Ib gasdrvbncþf y ib gasdrvbncþf pbrtcnc-pbftd pdrjctd ngfgndr igs scefcnbkgs kd igs bngftdncjcdftgs y ngfkuntbs,

pdrg sd fdndsctb sdr jdtþkcng y scstdjâtcng, trbtbfkg kd dvctbr rdbiczbr `ucncgspdrsgfbids. Df dstd nbsg, ib gasdrvbncþf pbrtcncpbftd sd rdbiczb bngjpbòbfkgy gasdrvbfkg b ibs jbkrds df su nbsb y df di ndftrg kd sbiuk, dftrbfkg b ibngfsuitb ngf ibs jbkrds y ngfvdrsbfkg ngf diibs.




Dftrdvcstbs

Ngfvdrsbtgrcg ngf ufb pdrsgfb (sc ds ngf kgs g jâs, sd id iibjb dftrdvcstberupbi). Bftds kd rdbiczbr ufb dftrdvcstb sd prdpbrb uf eucþf kd prdeuftbskd bnudrkg ngf ig qud fdndsctbjgs ngfgndr y sdeðf ibs nbrbntdrêstcnbs kdicfogrjbftd.

Ngjg sd tgjbf df nudftb igs kcodrdftds pbrtcncpbftds, tdfkrêbjgs qud dibag-rbr uf eucþf y dftrdvcstbr tbftg b jbkrds ngjg bi pdrsgfbi kd sbiuk, cfniusgb bieufbs baudictbs pgrqud fdndsctbjgs ngfgndr igs kcstcftgs puftgs kd vcstby pdrndpncgfds bndrnb kdi tdjb. Ibs baudibs, y dspdncbijdftd ibs suderbs kdibs jbkrds kd igs fcògs, sgf cjpgrtbftds pgrqud diibs sgf qucdfds kbf ngf-sd`gs sgard igs nuckbkgs kd igs jdfgrds8 sc df ib ngjufckbk trbab`þ g dstâtrbab`bfkg bieufb GFE sgard tdjbs rdibncgfbkgs ngf dkunbncþf g sbiuk gkbf tbiidrds g nbpbnctbncgfds b ju`drds, tbjacãf sdrêb cftdrdsbftd ngfgndr ibpdrndpncþf kdi pdrsgfbi sgard ibs bntctukds g nbjacgs qud mbf fgtbkg dftrdibs jbkrds.

Mcstgrcbs kd vckb

Ibs mcstgrcbs kd vckb rdibtbf ib acgerboêb kd ufb pdrsgfb g objcicb, qud prd-sdftb rbsegs cftdrdsbftds y rdidvbftds pbrb ib cfvdstcebncþf. Ib mcstgrcb kd vckbsd prdpbrb kdspuãs kd vbrcgs jgjdftgs kd ngfvdrsbncþf y gasdrvbncþf. Ng-fgndr y prdsdftbr ib mcstgrcb kd vckb kd ufb ngjbkrgfb g prgjgtgrb kd sb-iuk sdrâ kd utcickbk dspdncbijdftd, df dstd nbsg, pbrb dstbaidndr ufb iêfdb kdtcdjpg sgard nbjacgs sgncbids rdspdntg b ib sbiuk, ib nrcbfzb kd igs mc`gs y dipbpdi kd ib ju`dr.

Erupgs kd kcsnuscþf

Dstd ds uf ngfvdrsbtgrcg ngf = b 21 pdrsgfbs, ngf ibs nubids sd trbtbf kcvdrsgstdjbs. Di jgkdrbkgr (dftrdvcstbkgr) kcrced ibs prdeuftbs trbtbfkg kd nrdbr ufbjacdftd df di qud tgkgs igs prdsdftds pbrtcncpdf, kcsnutbf, breujdftdf sg-ard kcodrdftds tdjbs. Di dqucpg cfvdstcebkgr dstâ ngfogrjbkg pgr di jgkdrb-kgr (qucdf mbnd ibs prdeuftbs), uf bfgtbkgr (qucdf tgjb fgtb kd ib kcsnuscþf)y uf gasdrvbkgr (dstâ pdfkcdftd kd ibs rdbnncgfds kd igs pbrtcncpbftds y kdnubiqucdr bntcvckbk qud kcstrbceb g bitdrd ib kcsnuscþf).

\brb di nbsg kd ib vbnufbncþf, pgkrêbjgs pibfdbr uf erupg kd kcsnuscþf ngfjbkrds qud iidvbf sus mc`gs b vbnufbr y gtrg, ngf jbkrds qud fg8 dstg pdrjctc-râ ngjpbrbr sus puftgs kd vcstb y ngfgndr sus rbzgfds pbrb ufb y gtrb bnncþf.Bkdjâs pgkrêbjgs rdbiczbr uf erupg kd kcsnuscþf ngf ju`drds `þvdfds sgitd-rbs ngf dstukcgs kd kcvdrscnbkg y gtrg, ngf `þvdfds scf dstukcgs kd kcvdrsc -nbkg. Dstgs erupgs fgs byukbrêbf b kdtdrjcfbr prcjdrg, sc ibs pdrndpncgfds

rdspdntg b ib vbnufbncþf mbf nbjacbkg kd ufb edfdrbncþf b gtrb8 iudeg, scdxcstd bieufb rdibncþf dftrd fcvdi dkunbtcvg y ngfgncjcdftg, ngjprdfscþf ybntctuk pgsctcvb mbncb di dsqudjb kd vbnufbncþf.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Dstukcgs kd nbsg

Igs dstukcgs kd nbsg sgf cfvdstcebncgfds ndftrbkbs df ufb pdrsgfb, ufb cfs-tctuncþf g ufb ngjufckbk, qud pgr sus nbrbntdrêstcnbs sgf cjpgrtbftds pbrbngfgndr df kdtbiid ibs rdspudstbs bi prgaidjb pibftdbkg. Di dstukcg kd nbsgpudkd sdr ufb cfvdstcebncþf ngftdfckb df sê jcsjb g ogrjbr pbrtd kd ufb

cfvdstcebncþf jbygr. \gr d`djpig, di Jcfcstdrcg kd ^biuk dstâ iidvbfkg b nbagufb cfvdstcebncþf sgard ib vbnufbncþf df uf jufcncpcg kdtdrjcfbkg y rdbiczbuf dstukcg kd nbsg df ufb ngjufckbk ngf ab`gs êfkcnds kd vbnufbncþf.

Ibs fgtbs, erbabncgfds, ogtgerboêbs y trbfsnrcpncgfds kd fudstrbs ngfvdrsbncg-fds sgf fdndsbrcbs pbrb iddr, dsnunmbr, gasdrvbr, nibscnbr y dftdfkdr di jb-tdrcbi rdngpcibfkg kurbftd di trbab`g kd nbjpg. Ib nibscnbncþf ds cjpgrtbftd

pbrb di bfâicscs kd kbtgs. Mby prgerbjbs kd ngjputbncþf qud fgs pudkd byu-kbr, ngjg di Ucfjbx y di JbxRKb, bsê ngjg gtrgs jâs sgstcnbkgs, pdrg sc fg

ngftbjgs ngf fcfeufg kd dstgs tbjacãf pgkdjgs nrdbr ufb jbtrcz kd kgaiddftrbkb ngf uf prgerbjb ngjg Dxndi, ngjg ib sceucdftd0

Cfogrjbftd 2 Cfogrjbftd 1 Cfogrjbftd > Cfogrjbftd ;

Gpcfcþf kdi sdrvcncg

kdi ndftrg kd sbiuk

Ngfgncjcdftgs sgard

vbnufbncþf



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Eigsbrcgngtd`br0 Ngjpbrbr ausnbfkg sdjd`bfzbs y kcodrdfncbs.

nðjuig0 Bnujuibncþf, jgftþf.

ga`dtcvckbk0 Cjpbrncbickbk, scf rdodrdfncb b ckdbs, vbigrds y nrddfncbs prgpcbs kdi cfvdstcebkgr.

tbsb (df tãrjcfgs dstbkêstcngs)0 Qdibncþf dftrd ib nbftckbk y ib ordnudfncb kd uf odfþjdfg.

trbfsnrcpncþf0 Kdtbiid dsnrctg kd uf bukcg g erbabncþf.

Qdsujdf

Ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi ds ncdftênb, pgr ig tbftg kdad sdr ga`dtcvb y scstdjâtcnb y pgr dsg,

tgjb igs ngjpgrtbjcdftgs, bntctukds, pdrndpncgfds, bnncgfds y bntubncgfds ngtckcbfbs ngjgmdnmgs sgncbids.

Ib cfvdstcebncþf kgnujdftbi prgvdd uf jbrng kd rdodrdfncb tdþrcng qud euêb y kb sustdftgb ufb cfvdstcebncþf djpêrcnb, ds kdncr, absbkb df ib dxpdrcdfncb y igs mdnmgs. Ib tdgrêb y ibcfvdstcebncþf djpêrcnb sd bicjdftbf ufb b gtrb y nrdbf uf fdxg qud pdrjctd di kdsbrrgiig kdib ncdfncb sgncbi. Ib nuiturb ds kcfâjcnb, pgr ig tbftg, ibs cfvdstcebncgfds rdd`bf igs nbjacgs

sgncbids.

Di jãtgkg nubftctbtcvg sd utciczb nubfkg di prgaidjb b cfvdstcebr pudkd sdr nubftcnbaid, yb

qud utciczb di bfâicscs dstbkêstcng. Dstd jãtgkg rdspgfkd b ib prdeuftb ·nuâftgs7 ^d bpicnbutciczbfkg nudstcgfbrcgs, edfdrbijdftd ngf prdeuftbs ndrrbkbs kd tcpg sc/fg g kd rdspudstbjðitcpid. Kdpdfkcdfkg kdi tbjbòg kd ib judstrb kd pgaibncþf, pudkd sdr uf ndfsg (cfniuydb tgkb ib pgaibncþf) g ufb dfnudstb (ufb pbrtd kd ib pgaibncþf).

Di jãtgkg nubictbtcvg rdspgfkd b ib prdeuftb ·pgr quã7 Dstukcb igs ngjpgrtbjcdftgs, bntctu-kds y pdrndpncgfds kd ib pgaibncþf b trbvãs kd gasdrvbncþf, gasdrvbncþf pbrtcncpbftd, dftrd-vcstbs, mcstgrcbs kd vckb, erupgs kd kcsnuscþf y dstukcgs kd nbsg.

Kdad tdfdrsd df nudftb qud nubiqucdr cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi kdad kdfcr nibrbjdftd sc utciczb

ib pdrspdntcvb djcn (kdskd di puftg kd vcstb kd igs su`dtgs kd cfvdstcebncþf) g dtcn (kdskd dipuftg kd vcstb kdi cfvdstcebkgr).





B. Dxpicqud ib kcodrdfncb dftrd pgaibncþf y judstrb.

Butgngftrgi

A. Kdsnrcab ib prcfncpbi kcodrdfncb dftrd di jãtgkg nubftctbtcvg y di jãtgkg nubictbtcvg.


Cjbeêfdsd qud di Ngngkd kd su ngjufckbk fdndsctb rdbiczbr ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgard di ngfsujg kdbeub. Dsnrcab d`djpigs kd utciczbncþf kdi jãtgkg nubftctbtcvg y nubictbtcvg.


Mbndr audfbs prdeuftbs ds nruncbi pbrb nubiqucdr cfvdstcebkgr. Kd bnudrkg ngf Dikdr y \bui>, dxcstdfkcodrdftds tcpgs kd prdeuftbs.

2. Nudstcgfbr jãtgkgs y prgpþsctgs0 dfognbrsd df di prgpþsctg kd pdfsbr. D`djpig0 ·Ruã trbtbjgs kd

igerbr bquê7 ·\gr quã dsnrcacjgs dstg71. Nudstcgfbr ibs prdeuftbs0 dfognbrsd sgard di pdfsbr. D`djpig0 ·Ds dstb ib jd`gr prdeuftb7 ·\udkd

dxpicnbr ib prdeuftb7

>. Nudstcgfbr ib cfogrjbncþf, igs kbtgs y ib dxpdrcdfncb0 dfognbrsd df ib cfogrjbncþf kdi pdfsbr. D`djpig0·Df quã cfogrjbncþf absb su ngjdftbrcg7 ·Nþjg pgkdjgs vdrcnbr dsb cfogrjbncþf7

> Dikdr, Icfkb y \bui, Qcnmbrk. (1<<1). Di brtd kd ogrjuibr prdeuftbs dsdfncbids. (s.i.)0 Ogufkbtcgf ogr Nrctcnbi[mcfhcfe, pâe. 5-=.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn



fgigerbkg

K d s p u ã s k d d s t u k c b r . . . Ngfgzng di prgndsg kd kcsdòg kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi.

Ngjpbrg kdfg igs jãtgkgs kd cfvdstcebncþf nubftctbtcvb y nubic-tbtcvb.

Dvbiðg ibs tãnfcnbs kd cfvdstcebncþf bkdnubkbs sdeðf di tcpg kd cf-vdstcebncþf b rdbiczbr.

Kcodrdfncg dftrd igs puftgs kd vcstb djcn y dtcn pbrb rdbiczbr ufbcfvdstcebncþf sgncbi.

^c kdsdb rdogrzbr y bkqucrcr fudvgs ngfgncjcdftgs sgard tãnfcnbs kd cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi, ig cfvctbjgs buf vêkdg prdpbrbkg pgr Nãsbr Ebrnêb-Qcfnþf kd Nbstrg ngjg pbrtd kdi nursg kd Dvbiubncþf Cftderbi kd

\rgydntgs kd DpK kd ib Tfcvdrsckbk \gftcncb Ngjciibs kd Jbkrck y ODQD-NDNB. Ib kcrdnncþf didntrþfcnbds ib sceucdftd0

.mttps0//www.ygutuad.ngj/wbtnm7v:C^g1rcR3m1<

Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt

;. Nudstcgfbr cfodrdfncbs y ngfniuscgfds0 dfognbrsd df di prgndsg pbrb pdfsbr. D`djpig0 ·Nþjg iideþ bdsb ngfniuscþf7 ·Dxcstdf gtrbs bitdrfbtcvbs b dsb ngfniuscþf7

4. Nudstcgfbr ngfndptgs d ckdbs0 dfognbrsd df ib bpicnbncþf kdi pdfsbr. D`djpig0 ·Nuâi ds ib ckdb prcfnc-pbi7 ·Fdndsctbjgs rdngfndptubiczbr di prgaidjb7

?. Nudstcgfbr supgscncgfds0 dfognbrsd df ig qud kb pgr mdnmg bi pdfsbr. D`djpig0 ·\gr quã supgfdjgs

dstg7 ·Ruã supgscncgfds sustdftbf fudstrg puftg kd vcstb75. Nudstcgfbr puftgs kd vcstb y pdrspdntcvbs0 dfognbrsd df igs puftgs kd vcstb qud kbf grcedf b ibs prd-

euftbs. D`djpig0 ·Kdskd quã gtrg puftg kd vcstb pgkdjgs bagrkbr dstb cfvdstcebncþf7

Dsnrcab trds d`djpigs kd kcodrdftds tcpgs kd prdeuftbs0



125Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb >>

>>

Kcsdòg kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi

·Ruã dfngftrbrâ dstb sdjbfb7

Ausnbfkg di drrgr sd bprdfkd b trbab`br jd`gr

Di cfogrjd kd cfvdstcebncþf

Di kdnâigeg kdi sgncþigeg


Dxpicnbr ibs ogrjbs kd grebfczbr ib cfogrjbncþf kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf.

Kcodrdfncbr igs kcstcftgs tcpgs kd cfogrjds.

_bigrbr ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ib puaicnbncþf kd igs rdsuitbkgs kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf

ngjg bpgrtd pbrb di kdsbrrgiig kd ib ncdfncb.



12=CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Ausnbfkg di drrgr sd bprdfkdb trbab`br jd`gr 2

’Ib bntctuk qud jd`gr kdocfd di tbibftd kdi ncdftêocng, g kd ib pdrsgfb qud

qucdrd sdrig, ds ib rdbnncþf ordftd bi drrgr. Di qud bprdfkd b sdr uf cfvdstcebkgr

vb sbacdfkg qud tcdfd qud ngftbr ngf di drrgr. (…) Ig pgsctcvg y dstcjuibftd,

ngjg kdncjgs, ds di dsoudrzg scstdjâtcng pbrb rdkuncr di fðjdrg y nubftêb kd

igs kdsbncdrtgs.

Dstb kcspgscncþf qud trbtb kd dicjcfbr ibs tbnmbs d cfsbtcsobnncgfds fg sþig ds

ngjðf b tgkgs igs nbjpgs ncdftêocngs, scfg qud bodntb tbjacãf b ib nrdbncþf

brtêstcnb. (…) Id`gs kd sdr dstg uf gastânuig, oufncgfb ngjg uf fdndsbrcg bnc-

nbtd. [bftg di brtcstb ngjg di ncdftêocng ausnbf y bftcncpbf ib garb ngf`uftb, ibnubi ds bieg jâs qud ib sujb kd ibs pbrtds qud ib ngjpgfdf. ^c rdbijdftd sd

prdtdfkd ufb garb nrdbkgrb, dstb tcdfd qud tdfdr uf sdftckg kdskd di prcfncpcg

mbstb di ocfbi.

Ib kdtdnncþf kd dqucvgnbncgfds scrvd pbrb bprdfkdr. ̂ c bftd di pgscaid drrgr kd

uf dsnrctg, sd kcspbrb ib rdbnncþf kd dxnusb, ig jâs prgabaid ds qud di ydrrg sd

vudivb b ngjdtdr ufb y gtrb vdz.

(…) ig qud mby qud mbndr ds juy scjpid, pgfdrsd b iddr y b dsnrcacr. Mby qud

bvcsbr bquê kd ibs kgs dfodrjdkbkds qud bsbitbf bi dsnrctgr, ib pbpcrgogacb y ib

pbpcrgrrdb. Ib prcjdrb ds di mgrrgr bi ogicg df aibfng (…) Ib pbpcrgrrdb ds nbscpdgr, ib tdfkdfncb b rdiidfbr mg`bs y mg`bs ngf iuebrds ngjufds. (…) Kd bquê

qud di prcjdr ngfsd`g pbrb di prcfncpcbftd ds qud ngrrc`b igs tdxtgs b jbfg, b

pbrtcr kd ibs mg`bs cjprdsbs. ^þig bsê tdfkrâ fgncþf nbabi kdi ngf`uftg kd su

trbab`g.

Bufqud bquê cfscstbjgs junmg df igs usgs y prgndkcjcdftgs, fg sd vdb di

kcsnurrcr ncdftêocng ngjg uf prgndsg dstrcntbjdftd rbncgfbi. Mby junmg kd

cftucncþf df dsd jdfdstdr. Di nubi ngfscstd df iidebr b nbptbr di erbkg df qud

ufb bsgncbncþf pdrncackb dftrd vbrcbaids sd bid`b kdi bzbr. Fg ds oânci. Ig oufkb-

jdftbi pbrb iidebr b kgjcfbr dsb nbpbnckbk fg ds tbftg trbab`br ngjg sbadr

trbab`br‚.

Bydr... mgy…

2 Bkbptbkg kd0 Jceudi, Bjbfkg. (2335). Jbfubi kdi pdrodntg sgncþigeg. Jbkrck0 Dspbsb Nbipd. \âe. >-;.



123Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb >>

Di cfogrjd kd cfvdstcebncþf

Di cfogrjd fbi kd cfvdstcebncþf ds ib nuijcfbncþf kd uf ibreg prgndsg kd

cfkbebncþf, ngfndptubiczbncþf, rbzgfbjcdftg y bfâicscs qud dvgiuncgfb df ogrjb

kd dspcrbi.

Bieufbs vdnds tdfdjgs qud rdtrgndkdr y vgivdr b ngfndptubiczbr pbrb sdeucr

bkdibftd. Bfbfkg, bfbfkg, ngjg uf brqudþigeg qud dfnudftrb ufb dsqucfb

kd ngfstrunncþf df ufb dxnbvbncþf y ngjcdfzb b ausnbr mbstb dfngftrbr di

pbibncg ndrdjgfcbi, pdrg fg sd qudkb bmê, icjpcb, ogtgerboêb, kcau`b y ausnb tgkgs

bqudiigs pdqudògs kdtbiids qud id kcrâf fg sgig ig jâs gavcg, qud ib dstrunturb

dfngftrbkb pdrtdfdnêb b ib rdbidzb, scfg bqudiigs pdqudògs kdtbiids qud id kbf

vckb0 qucdfds jâs vcvêbf bmê, quã bntcvckbkds rdbiczbabf, nþjg ibs iidvbabf b

nbag mbstb quã ngjêbf y nþjg sd vdstêbf. Kd dsg sd trbtb ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi0

vdr jâs biiâ kd ig gavcg, ausnbr igs kdtbiids qud kbf scefcnbkg b ibs bnncgfds,

ngjpgrtbjcdftgs y bntctukds kd ibs pdrsgfbs cfkcvckubids y ngjg pbrtd kd uf

erupg.

Ds pgr diig qud ib cfvdstcebncþf kd ebacfdtd, ib cfvdstcebncþf nubftctbtcvb y ib

nubictbtcvb sd dftrdibzbf pbrb kbr vckb b ig qud gasdrvbjgs, dsnunmbjgs y iudeg

bfbiczbjgs. Di cfogrjd fgs jbrnb di jgjdftg kd rdufcr tgkgs fudstrgs kbtgs y

dfngftrbr ib dfvgiturb pdrodntb pbrb prdsdftbrig bftd ib ngjufckbk bnbkãjcnb,

ib ngjufckbk qud fgs btdfkcþ y ib cfstctuncþf qud fgs sgicnctþ iidvbr b nbag di

dstukcg.

Di cfogrjd kd cfvdstcebncþf kdad prdsdftbr kd ogrjb nibrb y ngfncsb tgkg di

prgndkcjcdftg rdbiczbkg pbrb ebrbftczbr ib ga`dtcvckbk kd ib cfvdstcebncþf bsê

ngjg su vdrbnckbk y ngfbacickbk. Dxcstdf vbrcgs ogrjbtgs kd prdsdftbncþf0

dfsbyg, brtênuig, jgfgerboêb, tdscs, cfvdstcebncþf bpicnbkb g bnbkãjcnb. Bufqud

ib rceurgsckbk ncdftênb sd jbftcdfd, ib ogrjb df qud sd prdsdftb nbjacb0

ib dxtdfscþf, di vgnbauibrcg, ib ogrjb kd prdsdftbr igs kbtgs y gtrgs obntgrds

btdfkcdfkg bi pðaicng, ds kdncr, qucãf vb b iddr di kgnujdftg.

Ibs pbrtds kdi cfogrjd kd cfvdstcebncþfDi cfogrjd kd cfvdstcebncþf ngftcdfd ibs sceucdftds pbrtds0

2. Qdsujdf. \rdsdftb kd ogrjb bardvcbkb di ga`dtcvg d mcpþtdscs kd ib cfvdstc-

ebncþf, ib jdtgkgigeêb y igs prcfncpbids mbiibzegs.

1. Cftrgkunncþf. Df dstb pbrtd prdsdftbjgs ib cfvdstcebncþf bi idntgr, pgr ig qud

cfniucjgs0




11<CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 2

Bnukb b ib acaicgtdnb, tgjd ufb cfvdstcebncþf (pudkd sdr ufb tdscs) y rdvcsd ibs pbrtds kd ibjcsjb. Ngjpbrd ngf ib icstb prdsdftbkb df dstb pâecfb.

b. \ibftdbjcdftg kdi prgaidjb

a. Ga`dtcvgs

n. Mcpþtdscs

k. @ustconbncþf, kdtbiibfkg pgr quã ds cjpgrtbftd rdbiczbr ib cfvdstcebncþf

qud sd dstâ iidvbfkg b nbag

>. Jãtgkg kd cfvdstcebncþf. Cfkcnbjgs nþjg rdbiczbjgs ib cfvdstcebncþf y qucã-

fds pbrtcncpbrgf.

b. Dqucpg kd cfvdstcebncþf

a. Kcsdòg kd cfvdstcebncþf

n. Judstrb

k. [ãnfcnbs d cfstrujdftgs kd cfvdstcebncþf, df dstb sdnncþf sd kcnd nuâids

cfstrujdftgs sd utciczbrgf8 ib ngpcb kd igs cfstrujdftgs utciczbkgs sd prd-

sdftb df igs bfdxgs.

d. \brtcncpbftds

;. Jbrng tdþrcng, qud rdpbsb y bfbiczb ictdrbturb bnbkãjcnb d cfvdstcebncgfds

prdvcbs scjcibrds qud scrvdf ngjg bftdndkdftds y dfjbrnbf ib cfvdstcebncþf

rdbiczbkb.

4. Qdsuitbkgs, kdsnrcpncþf kd igs mbiibzegs df ogrjb dsnrctb, nubkrgs y erânbs.

?. Bfâicscs kd rdsuitbkgs, sd bfbiczbf igs rdsuitbkgs ngjpbrbfkg y ngftrbstbfkg

ig dfngftrbkg, ds kdncr ibs pdrndpncgfds, bntctukds, ngjpgrtbjcdftgs kd igs

kcstcftgs pbrtcncpbftds8 igs rdsuitbkgs sd ngftrbstbf ngf di jbrng tdþrcng,

ausnbfkg scjcictukds y kcodrdfncbs ngf cfvdstcebncgfds prdvcbs.

5. Ngfniuscgfds y rdngjdfkbncgfds

=. Acaicgerboêb

3. Bfdxgs, sd cfniuyd bquê ufb ngpcb kd nbkb cfstrujdftg kd cfvdstcebncþf,

absds kd kbtgs, ogtgerboêbs g nubiqucdr gtrb cfogrjbncþf cjpgrtbftd qud rds-

pbikd ib cfvdstcebncþf.




qud iibjdf ib btdfncþf kd igs idntgrds. Di prcjdr pârrbog kdad nbptbr ib btdfncþf

kdi idntgr pbrb qud ngftcfðd idydfkg, pgr ig qud kdad jgstrbr kd cfjdkcbtg di

tdjb y di puftg kd vcstb bagrkbkg. Dsnrcab bi fbi ufb ngfniuscþf qud ncdrrd di

brtênuig y sd rdibncgfd ngf di prcjdr pârrbog. Qdvcsd su brtênuig y pgfeb dspdncbi

btdfncþf0

• ·Mb prdsdftbkg di tdjb kd ufb ogrjb nibrb7

• ·[cdfd di brtênuig ufb sdnudfncb iþecnb7

• ·[cdfd uf breujdftg oudrtd7

• ·Mb prdsdftbkg igs kbtgs kd jbfdrb ga`dtcvb7

Dfsbyg

Di dfsbyg ds uf dsnrctg ngf ngftdfckg y dfogqud jâs icard, puds di butgr dxprdsb

sus rddxcgfds y gpcfcgfds pdrsgfbids, bufqud acdf sustdftbkbs.

^u dstcig ds sdfnciig y pudkd cfniucr nctbs, rdorbfds, bfãnkgtbs g rdnudrkgs pdr-

sgfbids. Bi ceubi qud igs brtênuigs ngftcdfd cftrgkunncþf, nudrpg y ngfniuscþf.

^deðf di iþsgog dspbògi Grtdeb y Ebssdt, di dfsbyg ’ds ib ncdfncb scf ib prudab

dxpiênctb‚.

Kdvgiuncþf kd rdsuitbkgs

Df ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi, tbjacãf ds cjpgrtbftd ib kdvgiuncþf kd rdsuitbkgs,

g sdb prdsdftbr b ibs pdrsgfbs qud pbrtcncpbrgf df ib cfvdstcebncþf, kêebsd ib

ngjufckbk kgfkd sd rdbiczþ ib cfvdstcebncþf. Di ga`dtcvg ds qud ib ngjufckbkngfgznb igs rdsuitbkgs y pudkb bsê ngftcfubr, rdogrzbr g cftrgkuncr bnncgfds bi

rdspdntg. Ib kdvgiuncþf kd rdsuitbkgs pudkd mbndrsd pgr jdkcg kd ufb prdsdf-

tbncþf kgfkd sd cfvctd b tgkgs igs jcdjargs kd ib ngjufckbk, bngjpbòbkb kd

ufb ngpcb kdi cfogrjd qud sd dftrdeb b ibs butgrckbkds.



11>Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb >>

Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr

Di kdnâigeg kd igs sgncgiþegs>

Di sgncþigeg dspbògi Bjbfkg kd Jceudi fgs ngjpbrtd su kdnâigeg pbrb tgjbrdf nudftb df ib rdkbnncþf kd cfogrjds kd cfvdstcebncþf.

> Bkbptbkg kd0 Jceudi, Bjbfkg. (2335). Jbfubi kdi pdrodntg sgncþigeg. Jbkrck0 Dspbsb Nbipd. \âes. 4-5.

2. ’Fg mby qud kbr pgr sbackg di tdxtg qud sceud.‚ Ib cftucncþf (g

cjbecfbncþf nrdbkgrb) ds uf rdnursg jbrbvciigsg, pdrg fg pbrb

ib cfvdstcebncþf ncdftênb g sgncbi.

1. ’^d kdad bndptbr tgkbs ibs fgrjbs cfkcnbkbs. Fg sgf `bs fc

cfjutbaids, pdrg, pbrb nbjacbribs, mby qud ngfgndribs acdf.

(…)

>. Di prcfncpcg oufkbjdftbi kdi bfâicscs sgncgiþecng, ngjðf b tg-

kbs sus obsds ds di grkdf. (…) Di grkdf scefcnb, pgr d`djpig,

qud nubiqucdr tdxtg, pgr jêfcjg qud sdb, mb kd rdkbntbrsd ngf

uf dsqudjb prdvcg. Dstd jcsjg prcfncpcg sd bpicnb b tgkbs ibs

obsds kd ib cfvdstcebncþf. (…)

;. Ib pcdzb nibvd kd nubiqucdr trbab`g ds di dsqudjb. (…) di ds-

qudjb ds bieg jâs qud di êfkcnd. Ngfscstd df grkdfbr prdvcb-

jdftd ig qud sd kdsdb ngfgndr. (…)

4. Tf prcfncpcg dsdfncbi bi bfâicscs ds di kd dngfgjêb. Mby qud

igerbr di jâxcjg rdsuitbkg ngf di jêfcjg kd dsoudrzg. (…)

?. Di bfâicscs kd dfnudstb fg ds jâs qud uf jgkg kd rdbiczbr igs

prcfncpcgs kdi rbzgfbjcdftg ncdftêng. (…)

5. Di jgkg kd rbzgfbr kd ib ncdfncb sgncgiþecnb ig dxpgfd nbabi-

jdftd Djcicg Kurhmdcj df Ibs rdeibs kdi jãtgkg sgncgiþecng

(2=34). (…) Mbebjgs fudstrg di prcjdr ngfsd`g0 «Ib prcjdrb

rdeib y ib jâs oufkbjdftbi ds ngfsckdrbr igs mdnmgs sgncbids

ngjg ngsbs¸ (Kurhmdcj ?40 >2). [rbkunckg di prdndptg b fuds-

trg tcdjpg, mbarêb qud kdncr qud di sgncþigeg kdad gasdrvbr

orêbjdftd ig qud pbsb, scf ngfoufkcrig ngf sus kdsdgs g sus

scjpbtêbs. (…)

=. Ib jâs aurkb ngfnuinbncþf kdi prcfncpcg bftdrcgr ds nrddr qud

ibs dfnudstbs (…) bnbabf sustctuydfkg b ib gpcfcþf pðaicnb

jcsjb. (…)



11;CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

3. Tf erbf acgquêjcng, Dkubrkg \rcjg Suodrb, dxpgfd ibs nubic-

kbkds kdi cfvdstcebkgr ncdftêng. Bpbrtd kd ibs kdrcvbkbs kdi

ngfgncjcdftg kd su nbjpg, sdòbib dstbs kgs qud pbrdndf bk-

`dtcvbs y qud mbndjgs fudstrbs0 b) «nbpbnckbk pbrb kukbr d

cfqucrcr¸, y a) «nbpbnckbk pbrb rdkbntbr uf cfogrjd¸ (\rcjg

Suodrb =20 1>). (…)

2<. Ib nibrckbk ds ib ngrtdsêb kdi sgncþigeg, sc sd fgs pdrjctd pb-

rborbsdbr di objgsg kcnmg kd Grtdeb y Ebssdt. Rucdrd dstg kd-

ncr qud mudiebf tgkbs ibs rdeibs kd cfvdstcebncþf sc, bi fbi,

di bfbicstb fg sbad dxpgfdr nibrbjdftd sus ngfniuscgfds. Ib

rdeib ds bquê qud, nubfkg igs rdsuitbkgs kdi bfâicscs fg sd jb-

fcdstbf ngf nibrckbk, ibs ckdbs sgf ngfousbs. (…) ̂ c fg sd sbad

dxprdsbr uf rbzgfbjcdftg, ds qud dstâ oudrb kd rbzþf.‚

Bi iidebr bi ocfbi kd dstd icargMdjgs iidebkg bi fbi kd dstd icarg rdbiczbfkg uf rdngrrckg pgr tdjbs sgncbids,

dngfþjcngs, nuiturbids, pgiêtcngs y bjacdftbids. Bufqud bi fbi kd dstd icarg

mdjgs prdsdftbkg igs jãtgkgs y tãnfcnbs kd cfvdstcebncþf, b ig ibreg kdi icarg

mb rdbiczbkg d`drncncgs kd cfkbebncþf sgncbi0 dftrdvcstbs, vcsctbs b cfstctuncgfds,

dibagrbncþf kd jbpbs, dfnudstbs, dftrd gtrgs, qud id mbf byukbkg b prbntcnbr ibs

brtds kd ib cfvdstcebncþf.

Kã uf vcstbzg btrâs y sd kbrâ nudftb qud kd d`drncncg df d`drncncg tcdfd yb uf

kcbefþstcng abstbftd ngjpidtg kd su ngjufckbk. Ig cfvctbjgs b rdtgjbr dsgsd`drncncgs, rdngpcibrigs vdrigs ngjg uf ngf`uftg pbrb ngjprdfkdr ib mcstgrcb, igs

nbjacgs sgncbids y di prdsdftd kd su ngjufckbk, pbrb qud ustdk rddxcgfd y

pibftdd nuâi ds su pbpdi kdftrg kd ib ngjufckbk y quã outurg sudòb pbrb ustdk

jcsjg y su ngjufckbk.

Btrãvbsd y pgfeb df prântcnb igs jãtgkgs y tãnfcnbs kd cfvdstcebncþf, ngjpidtd

ib cfogrjbncþf qud ngfsckdrb fdndsbrcb y dsnrcab uf cfogrjd, qud iudeg pudkd

prdsdftbr b ibs butgrckbkds kd su ngjufckbk. Fg fdndsctb mbndrig sgig, pudkd

ngfogrjbr uf pdqudòg erupg kd cfvdstcebkgrds0 ngjpbòdrgs kd dstukcg, butg-

rckbkds y pdrsgfbs cftdrdsbkbs df di acdfdstbr kd su ngjufckbk. Df dstb tbrdb

id byukbrâf igs ngfgncjcdftgs bkqucrckgs df gtrgs nursgs, ngjg Ngjufcnbncþfy Idfeub`d y Jbtdjâtcnb.

Qdnudrkd, dstd pgkrêb sdr uf dfgrjd bpgrtd pbrb su ngjufckbk y di cfcncg kd uf

prgydntg kd vckb.



11?CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn



fgigerbkg


Dxpicng ibs ogrjbs kd grebfczbr ib cfogrjbncþf kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf.

Kcodrdfncg igs kcstcftgs tcpgs kd cfogrjds.

_bigrg ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ib puaicnbncþf kd igs rdsuitbkgs kd ufb cf-

vdstcebncþf ngjg bpgrtd pbrb di kdsbrrgiig kd ib ncdfncb.

Id rdngjdfkbjgs igs sceucdftds vckdgs rdibncgfbkgs ngf ib rdkbnncþf kd brtênuigs y dfsbygs. _csctd ibs

sceucdftds kcrdnncgfds didntrþfcnbs.

.Brtênuig0 mttps0//www.ygutuad.ngj/wbtnm7v:3@d=-O<qRE<

.Brtênuig ncdftêng0 mttps0//www.ygutuad.ngj/wbtnm7v:>v[y?eG23QJ

.Dfsbyg0 mttps0//www.ygutuad.ngj/wbtnm7v:PrH_tRSKpJe

Fbvdeud df Cftdrfdt



Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ ^djbfb >;

>;

Qdpbsg0 sdjbfbs 1? b >>


Qdpbsbr igs ngftdfckgs kd ibs sdjbfbs 1? b >>.

Qdsgivdr igs d`drncncgs kdi rdpbsg pbrb dvbiubrsd df ib sdeufkb prudab pbrncbi.

\rdpbrbrsd acdf pbrb ib prudab kd dvbiubncþf.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Rudrckb y qudrckg dstukcbftd0

Ds di jgjdftg kd rdpbsbr igs tdjbs kd ibs sdjbfbs 1? b >> qud sd dvbiubrâf df ib prudab fbi.

Id suedrcjgs0

• Ausnbr uf iuebr ciujcfbkg y scidfncgsg pbrb dstukcbr. Dvctd cftdrrupncgfds pbrb qud pudkb

ngfndftrbrsd.

• Qdbiczbr ufb prcjdrb idnturb râpckb kd ibs sdjbfbs qud vbf b dvbiubrsd.

• Iddr igs rdsðjdfds kd nbkb sdjbfb. ̂ uarbybr g bfgtbr ibs ckdbs jâs cjpgrtbftds.

• Dsnunmbr ib nibsd rbkcbi y rdsgivdr igs d`drncncgs qud id prgpgfdf sus jbdstrgs ignutgrds.

• Ngjprgabr qud mb rdbiczbkg ngrrdntbjdftd igs butgngftrgids kd nbkb sdjbfb. ^c tcdfd

kukbs bfþtdibs.

• Dstukcbr uf pgquctg nbkb kêb. Mbndr uf pibf kd igs kêbs qud id qudkbf mbstb di kêb kd

ib prudab y kgscocnbr igs ngftdfckgs. Bi rdbiczbr su pibf, rdnudrkd bqudiigs tdjbs qud id

rdsuitbrgf jâs kcoêncids y kdkêqudids jâs tcdjpg.

·Nþjg sdrâ ib prudab kd dvbiubncþf7

Ib prudab pbrncbi dvbiðb igs jcsjgs ngftdfckgs y kd ib jcsjb ogrjb df qud igs mb trbab`bkg

sdjbfb b sdjbfb.

• Qdsudivb igs d`drncncgs y ngjprudad su rdsuitbkg.

• Juy cjpgrtbftd0 nbkb sdrcd ngftcdfd cfstrunncgfds dxbntbs kd ig qud kdad rdbiczbr df

nbkb bpbrtbkg, bsê ngjg ib vbigrbncþf bscefbkb.

^c ustdk sd prdpbrb ngf tcdjpg y kdkcnbncþf, di rdsuitbkg sdrâ sbtcsobntgrcg.




Di scstdjb kd egacdrfg kd Eubtdjbib ds rdpuaicnbfg, kdjgnrâtcng y rdprdsdf-

tbtcvg. Di Dstbkg eubtdjbitdng sd nbrbntdrczb pgr ib cfkdpdfkdfncb kd igs trdspgkdrds qud ig ngfogrjbf0 D`dnutcvg (\rdsckdftd, _cndprdsckdftd y ebacfdtd kdJcfcstrgs), Idecsibtcvg (Ngferdsg kd ib Qdpðaicnb) y @ukcncbi (Ngrtd ^uprdjb kd@ustcncb, nâjbrbs, sbibs kd bpdibncþf y `uzebkgs). \gsdd ufb dstrunturb cfstctu-ncgfbi ngjpid`b, qud mb vdfckg suorcdfkg nbjacgs ngjg rdsuitbkg kd ib rjb

kd igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz y kd prgndsgs kd jgkdrfczbncþf. B ngftcfubncþf sd idprdsdftb uf kcberbjb kd ib dstrunturb kdi Grebfcsjg D`dnutcvg, rdbiczbkb pgr didqucpg kdi Cfogrjd Fbncgfbi kd Kdsbrrgiig Mujbfg (1<2<0 51).


Oudftd0 dibagrbncþf prgpcb ngf absd df di Kdnrdtg Fg. 22;-35.

\QGNTQBKGQ KD IG^ KK. MM.

[QCATFBI ̂ T\QDJG DIDN[GQBI \QD^CKDF[D KD IB QD\ÐAICNB

_CND\QD^CKDF[D

OTFNCÞF D^[QB[ÃECNG\GIÊ[CNB (1)

NGQ[D KD NGF^[C[TNCGFBICKBK

NGF[QBIGQÊB EDFDQBI KD NTDF[B^

JCFC^[DQCG \ÐAICNG

\QGNTQBKTQÊB EDFDQBI KD IB FBNCÞF

QDEC^[QG EDFDQBI KD IB \QG\CDKBK

OTFNCÞF KD B\GSGBKJCFC^[QB[C_G (3)

D^[BKG JBSGQ \QD^CKDFNCBI^DNQD[BQÊB\QC_BKB

^DNQD[BQÊBEDFDQBI

^DNQD[BQÊB KD

NGJTFCNBNCÞF ̂ GNCBI

@TF[B FBNCGFBI KD

^DQ_CNCG NC_CI

GOCNCFB FBNCGFBI KD

^DQ_CNCG NC_CI

^DNQD[BQÊB KD \IBFCOC-NBNCÞF S \QGEQBJBNCÞF

NGJC^CÞF FBNCGFBIKD DIDN[QCNCKBK

]]]]]

NGF[QGI @TQÊKCNG BKJCFC^[QB[C_GKDI D^[BKGNGF[QGI \GIÊ[CNG KDI D^[BKG

Oceurb ;.4 Kcberbjb kdi Grebfcsjg D`dnutcvg (2335)

OTFNCÞFKD B\GSG[ÃNFCNG(11)

^DNQD[BQÊB KD GAQB^

^GNCBID^ KD IB D^\G-^B KDI \QD^CKDF[D

^DNQD[BQÊB KD

ACDFD^[BQ ̂ GNCBI

^DNQD[BQÊB KD NGGQ-KCFBNCÞF D@DNT[C_B

^DNQD[BQÊB KD B^TF-[G^ D^\DNÊOCNG^

^DNQD[BQÊBKD BFÂIC^C^

D^[QB[ÃECNG

^DNQD[BQÊB \BQB IB\BP, DI KD^BQQGIIGS IB QDNGFNCICBNCÞF

^DNQD[BQÊB NGF[QB IB^ BKCNNCGFD^S DI [QÂOCNG CIÊNC[G KD KQGEB^

^DNQD[BQÊB KD ^DETQCKBKBICJDF[CNCB S FT[QCNCGFBI

NGJC^CÞF FBNCGFBIKD IB @T_DF[TK

NGJC^CÞF FBNCGFBIKDI JDKCGBJACDF[D

NGJC^CÞF FBNCGFBIKD ÂQDB^ \QG[DECKB^

NGJC^CÞF FBNCGFBI KDNCDFNCB S [DNFGIGEÊB

NGF^D@G KD KD^BQQG-IIG TQABFG S QTQBI

OGFKG FBNCGFBI\BQB IB \BP

OGFKG FBNCGFBI KDNCDFNCB S [DNFGIGEÊB OGFKG KD KD^BQQGIIG

CFKÊEDFB ETB[DJBI[DNGOGFKG KD ^GICKBQCKBK \BQB DI

KD^BQQGIIG NGJTFC[BQCG

BT[GQCKBK \BQB DIJBFD@G ̂ T^[DF[BAIDKDI IBEG KD B[C[IÂF S

^T DF[GQFG

BT[GQCKBK \BQB DIJBFD@G ^T^[DF[BAID

KD IB NTDFNB KDIIBEG KD BJB[C[IÂF

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IB QDKTNNCÞF KDKD^B^[QD^

NGJC^CÞF \QD^CKDFNCBINGGQKCFBKGQB KD IB \GIÊ[C-NB KDI D@DNT[C_G DF JB[DQCB

KD KDQDNMG^ MTJBFG^

NGJC^CÞF \QD^CKDFNCBI NGF[QBIB KC^NQCJCFBNCÞF S DI QBNC^JGNGF[QB IG^ \TDAIG^ CFKÊEDFB^

DF ETB[DJBIB

CF^[C[T[G FBNCGFBIKD BKJCFC^[QBNCÞF

\ÐAICNB

JCFC^[DQCG KD[QBAB@G S \QD_C-^CÞF ̂ GNCBI

JCFC^[DQCG KDDNGFGJÊB

JCFC^[DQCG KDQDIBNCGFD^D][DQCGQD^

JCFC^[DQCG KDEGADQFBNCÞF

JCFC^[DQCG KDBEQCNTI[TQB,EBFBKDQÊB S

BICJDF[BNCÞF

JCFC^[DQCG KDIB KDODF^BFBNCGFBI

JCFC^[DQCG KDNGJTFCNBNCGFD^,

[QBF^\GQ[D SGAQB^ \ÐAICNB^

JCFC^[DQCGKD NTI[TQB SKD\GQ[D^

JCFC^[DQCGKD DFDQEÊB SJCFB^

JCFC^[DQCGKD OCFBFPB^

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S B^C^[DFNCB^GNCBI


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Ib prdsdfncb kdi Dstbkg df di tdrrctgrcg fg ds ceubi. Ib kdfsckbk dstbtbi rdvdibqud di Dstbkg fg btcdfkd suncdftdjdftd sus oufncgfds b fcvdi jufcncpbi. Ds pgr

diig qud sd mbf cjpuisbkg bnncgfds tdfkcdftds b bujdftbr ib prdsdfncb dstbtbi bdstd fcvdi. Ib Idy kd Kdsndftrbiczbncþf y ib nrdbncþf kdi ^cstdjb kd Ngfsd`gs kdKdsbrrgiig Trabfg y Qurbi bpuftbf b cfnrdjdftbr su prdsdfncb, dspdncbijdftd btrbvãs kd igs Ngjukds y Ngngkds.

Ibs pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs sgf igs prcfncpbids cfstrujdftgs kd ib edstcþf pðaicnb. Bn-tubijdftd dxcstdf birdkdkgr kd ;4 pgiêtcnbs pðaicnbs qud pudkdf sdr kd nbrântdredfdrbi pgrqud bpicnbf b tgkb ib fbncþf8 tdrrctgrcbi, qud bpicnbf df ncdrtbs ârdbsedgerânbs8 sdntgrcbi pgrqud sgf dspdnênbs pbrb uf sdntgr, pgr d`djpig0 sbiuk,

dkunbncþf, `ustcncb8 cftdrsdntgrcbi pgrqud rdqucdrd ib bnncþf kd vbrcgs sdntgrds,pgr d`djpig, ibs trbfsodrdfncbs ngfkcncgfbkbs qud rdibncgfbf sbiuk y dkunbncþfngf di Jcfcstdrcg kd Kdsbrrgiig8 y trbfsvdrsbi, pgrqud biukd b uf tdjb, ngjgeãfdrg g `uvdftuk, qud sd bpicnb df tgkgs igs sdntgrds.

D`drncncg 2^didnncgfd ib rdspudstb ngrrdntb. Jbrqud ufb dqucs sgard su rdspudstb.

2. · Kd nuâi grebfcsjg ogrjbf pbrtd igs Jcfcstrgs7

b. D`dnutcvg a. Idecsibtcvg n. @ukcncbi

1. Kdjgnrbncb scefcocnb0

b. Rud igs kcputbkgs dicedf biprdsckdftd kdi pbês.

a. Rud di prdsckdftd dic-ed bi rdstg kd butgrckb-kds.

n. Rud di pudaig diced b susbutgrckbkds jdkcbftd divgtg.

>. ·Rucãfds ogrjbf pbrtd kd ib aurgnrbncb7

b. Di jbecstdrcg a. Igs agjadrgs vgiuftb-rcgs

n. Igs djpidbkgs kd dj-prdsbs prcvbkbs

;. ·Nuâi ds ib prcfncpbi oufncþf kdi Dstbkg7

b. Bsdeurbr di grkdf ngfoudrzbs.

a. \rgjgvdr di kdsbrrgiigkdi pbês.

n. Dstbaidndr ngftrgi sgardib ngmdscþf sgncbi.

4. ·Nþjg ogrtbidnd ib Ngfstctuncþf kd ib Qdpðaicnb ib kdsndftrbiczbncþf7

b. Arcfkbfkg butgfgjêb bigs egacdrfgs ignbids.

a. \drjctcdfkg qud ib pgaib-ncþf vgtd pgr sus butgrc-kbkds.

n. Ngftrgibfkg igs rdnursgsdngfþjcngs kd ibs jufc-ncpbickbkds.

?. ·Nuâi ds ib prcfncpbi oufncþf kd igs Ngfsd`gs kd Kdsbrrgiig7

b. Kdsbrrgiibr di egacdrfgignbi.

a. Kbr ngfsd`gs bi binbi-kd.

n. \rcgrczbr ibs fdndsckbkdsignbids.


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[rcautbr, uf kdadr ncukbkbfg

Igs cjpudstgs byukbrgf b nrdbr ibs ncvciczbncgfds bftceubs y mgy kêb, sgf disgpgrtd kdi oufncgfbjcdftg kdi Dstbkg. Bftceubjdftd, igs cjpudstgs drbf pb-ebkgs df dspdncd g ngf trbab`g.

Di Dstbkg eubtdjbitdng oufncgfb erbncbs b igs cferdsgs qud pdrncad pgr cjpuds-tgs, prãstbjgs y agfgs kdi tdsgrg. Df absd b ib prgydnncþf kd sus cferdsgs, diegacdrfg dibagrb uf prdsupudstg kd cferdsgs y derdsgs, nuyg bfâicscs pdrjctdckdftcnbr ibs prcgrckbkds kd ufb fbncþf. Di prdsupudstg fbncgfbi kd Eubtdjbib,

scf djabreg, sd mb nbrbntdrczbkg pgr ib pgnb bscefbncþf kd rdnursgs bi ebstgsgncbi (dkunbncþf, sbiuk, sdeurckbk sgncbi, vcvcdfkb).

Bufqud di ebstg pðaicng bujdftþ ngf igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz, dstd sceud scdfkgcfsuncdftd b pdsbr kd qud ngjg fbncþf dstbjgs ebstbfkg jâs kd ig qud td-fdjgs, y ufb pgrncþf ngfsckdrbaid kdi prdsupudstg fbncgfbi sd utciczb pbrb dipbeg kd kdukb dxtdrfb d cftdrdsds. Bkdjâs, prgpgrncgfbijdftd, sd ebstb jâsdf sudikgs y ebstgs bkjcfcstrbtcvgs qud df cfvdrscþf pbrb jd`grbr ib btdfncþfkd ib pgaibncþf df jbtdrcb kd dkunbncþf, sbiuk, sdrvcncgs aâscngs, vcvcdfkb ysdeurckbk.

Df Eubtdjbib ib nbreb trcautbrcb (cferdsgs trcautbrcgs ngjg pgrndftb`d kdi \CA)ds ab`b rdspdntg b ib dstrunturb dngfþjcnb kdi pbês y di fcvdi kdi cferdsg pdrnâpctb8 ufb kd ibs jâs ab`bs kd Ibtcfgbjãrcnb. Dstb sctubncþf pibftdb uf vdrkb-kdrg gastânuig bi kdsbrrgiig mujbfg y ib drrbkcnbncþf kd ib pgardzb df di pbês,yb qud df ib bntubickbk ib prcfncpbi oufncþf kd igs cjpudstgs ds ib rdkcstrcauncþfkd ib rcqudzb.

Ib ^updrcftdfkdfncb kd Bkjcfcstrbncþf [rcautbrcb „^B[„ oud nrdbkb df 233=pbrb kbr nujpicjcdftg b igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz. Ib ̂ B[ ngftrgib tgkgs igs trcautgs,bkjcfcstrb ibs bkubfbs, vcecib ib ngrrdntb trcautbncþf, pdrsceud y sbfncgfb b igsdvbsgrds kd cjpudstgs y bsdsgrb bi Dstbkg df pgiêtcnb snbi y trcautbrcb.

Igs cferdsgs trcautbrcgs sd kcvckdf df0 cjpudstgs kcrdntgs, igs qud erbvbf ig qudsd rdncad ngjg cferdsg (Cjpudstg ^gard ib Qdftb „C^Q„) d cjpudstgs cfkcrdntgs,qud bodntbf ig qud sd ngjprb g ngfsujd, (Cjpudstg bi _bigr Berdebkg „C_B„,cjpudstgs b adackbs bingmþicnbs, tbabng, ngjaustcaids, brbfndids sgard cjpgr-tbncgfds, ncrnuibncþf kd vdmênuigs, tcjards snbids).

Igs cjpudstgs qud jâs cferdsgs edfdrbf sgf di C_B, qud erbvb ibs ngjprbskd acdfds y sdrvcncgs y di Cjpudstg sgard ib Qdftb „C^Q„, qud ig pbebf tbftgpdrsgfbs cfkcvckubids ngjg djprdsbs bksnrctbs b kcodrdftds tcpgs kd rdeêjdfds.

Ibs jufcncpbickbkds sgf butþfgjbs pdrg fdndsctbf qud di Ngferdsg bprudadib nrdbncþf, jgkcnbncþf g suspdfscþf kd sus cjpudstgs. Di cjpudstg qud jâs

cferdsgs ids edfdrb ds di Cjpudstg Ðfcng ^gard Cfjudaids „CT^C„, bufqud tbj-acãf rdncadf cferdsgs pgr agidtg kd grfbtg, bractrcgs, icndfncbs kd ngfstrunncþfy gtrgs8 bsê ngjg trbfsodrdfncbs kdi egacdrfg ndftrbi.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 1Qdspgfkb ibs sceucdftds prdeuftbs.

2. ·\brb quã scrvdf igs cjpudstgs7

1. ·Nuâids sgf ibs prcfncpbids oufncgfds kd ib ^B[7

>. ·Ruã cjpbntg tcdfd ib kdorbukbncþf ocsnbi df di prdsupudstg fbncgfbi7

Ib sceucdftd erânb kdi Cfogrjd kd Kdsbrrgiig Mujbfg 1<<3-1<2<, judstrb ib

rdibncþf dftrd ib pgiêtcnb snbi, igs cferdsgs kdi Dstbkg, di ebstg pðaicng y di

kdsbrrgiig mujbfg.

;. ·Ruã cjpbntg tcdfd ib kdorbukbncþf ocsnbi df di prdsupudstg fbncgfbi7

Oudftd0 \FTK, 1<2<0 31

Oceurb 4.20 Qdibncþf dftrd ib pgicnêb osnbi y di kdsbrrgiig mujbfg

Qdnursgs

\giêtcnb osnbi

Ebstgpðaicng

(prdsupudstg)

Tsgs

Kdsbrrgiig mujbfg

Dstcjuib ib cfvdrscþf y

di ngfsujg pðaicng

Btdfðb di ncnig dngfþjcngngjg uf dstbaciczbkgrrdkuncdfkg ib vuifdrbacickbksgncgdngfþjcnb

Bjpiêb ibs nbpbnckbkds kdib pgaibncþf b trbvãs kdiebstg sgncbi

Nrdncjcdftg \CA

Ncnigdngfþjcng

Qdkcstrcauncþfkdi cferdsg

Ocfbfncbjcdftg cftdrfg0• Cjpudstgs (kcrdntgs d cfkcrdntgs)• Dfkdukbjcdftg (vbigrds fdegncbaids)

Gtrgs0• Cferdsgs fg trcautbrcgs• Bpgrtds b ib sdeurckbk sgncbi• _dftb kd bntcvgs• Qdftbs kd pbtrcjgfcg• [rbfsodrdfncbs

Ocfbfncbjcdftg dxtdrfg0• Dfkdukbjcdftg ngf prãstbjgs• Ngignbncþf kd vbigrds fdegncbaids• [rbfsodrdfncbs

Oudftd0 dibagrbncþf prgpcb


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

kdictgs scidfncgsgs dstâf rdibncgfbkgs ngf ib vcgidfncb mbncb ib ju`dr y ib

ngrrupncþf.

Di odjcnckcg ds uf kdictg qud btdftb ngftrb ib vckb kd ufb ju`dr b nbusb kd sueãfdrg. Ib vcgidfncb kd eãfdrg sd prgkund kd ogrjb0 pscngiþecnb, dngfþjcnb,oêscnb y sdxubi y ds ufb prântcnb absbkb ibs rdibncgfds kdsceubids dftrd mgjardy ju`dr. Ib vcgidfncb mbncb ib ju`dr sd kdsbrrgiib df ufb dspcrbi ngftcfub qudbabrnb trds obsds0 bnujuibncþf kd tdfscþf, dxpigscþf kd tdfscþf y iufb kd jcdi.

Ib pgicnêb ds di nudrpg kd sdeurckbk jâs vcscaid pbrb ib pgaibncþf, y su ibagrds prdvdfcr di kdictg y bpgybr ibs cfvdstcebncgfds rdbiczbkbs pgr di Jcfcstdrcg\ðaicng. Dstd ðitcjg tcdfd b su nbreg tbjacãf ib pdrsdnuncþf pdfbi. Dstg pdrjctdqud ib ibagr kdi ùdz sdb ðfcnbjdftd ùzebr, y djctcr y d`dnutbr ib sdftdfncb.\drg ib obitb kd ngfbfzb df di scstdjb ùkcncbi mb prgvgnbkg ib prgicodrbncþf

kd brjbs y ngjpbòêbs kd sdeurckbk prcvbkbs bsê ngjg mbndr ùstcncb ngf jbfgprgpcb, tgkg ig nubi pibftdb uf rcdseg pbrb ib ncukbkbfêb. ̂ d fdndsctb uf scstdjbpgicncbi y ùkcncbi dodntcvg, kdjgnrâtcng y rdspgfsbaid bftd ib idy qud tdfeb pgrprcgrckbk ib vcecibfncb kdi rdspdtg b igs kdrdnmgs mujbfgs.

\gicnêbs, ùdnds y nârndids sgf dsibagfds kd uf prgndsg ùkcncbi iibjbkg ’nbkdfbkd ùstcncb‚, qud ngjcdfzb ngf uf kdictg y tdrjcfb df ib ngfkdfb kd qucdf igrdbiczb. Di kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg utciczbkg df junmbs pgaibncgfds cfkêedfbskdi pbês ausnb ib ngfncicbncþf y rdpbrbncþf jâs qud ib sbfncþf.

D`drncncg ;^didnncgfd ib rdspudstb ngrrdntb. Jbrqud ufb dqucs sgard su rdspudstb.

2. ·Ruã ds uf kdictg7

b. D`dnutcvg a. Idecsibtcvg n. @ukcncbi

1. ·\brb quã scrvdf ibs fgrjbs kd ngfvcvdfncb7

b. Rud igs kcputbkgs dicedf biprdsckdftd kdi pbês.

a. Rud di prdsckdftd dic-ed bi rdstg kd butgrckb-

kds.

n. Rud di pudaig diced b susbutgrckbkds jdkcbftd di

vgtg.

>. ·Ruã scefcocnb ngrrupncþf7

b. Di jbecstdrcg a. Igs agjadrgs vgiuftb-rcgs

n. Igs djpidbkgs kd dj-prdsbs prcvbkbs


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Kcâigeg cftdrnuiturbi

Ngf ib rjb kd igs Bnudrkgs kd \bz sd kcg f bi ngfcntg brjbkg df di pbês. B

pbrtcr kd dftgfnds sd kb cfcncg b ib ngfstrunncþf kd ufb nuiturb kd pbz absbkb dfigs prcfncpcgs kd sgickbrckbk, tgidrbfncb, rdspdtg jutug y kdjgnrbncb.

Ib jdjgrcb mcstþrcnb ds ufb dstrbtdecb pbrb ib rdngfncicbncþf. ûpgfd ngfgndrig qud sundkcþ pbrb qud fg vudivbf b rdpdtcrsd ibs sctubncgfds qud iidvbrgf bdsd ngfcntg. Ngfgndr ib vdrkbk kdad bngjpbòbrsd tbjacãf kd pdrkþf, ùstcncb

y kcefcnbncþf b ib vêntcjb. Ib pbz cjpicnb tbjacãf ngfstrucr prgpudstbs qud

iidvdf b uf kdsbrrgiig dquctbtcvg d cfniuscvg.

Igs ngfcntgs kdadf bagrkbrsd jdkcbftd uf prgndsg kd fdegncbncþf qud pdr-jctb iidebr b bnudrkgs pbnêngs rdspdtbkgs pgr ib jbygrêb.

Di kcâigeg cftdrnuiturbi prgpcncb di kcâigeg rdspdtugsg dftrd pdrsgfbs y nuiturbskcodrdftds, pgr ig qud sd ngfvcdrtd df di ncjcdftg pbrb prgpcncbr ib pbz.

D`drncncg ?Qdspgfkb ibs sceucdftds prdeuftbs.

2. ·Ruã rdibncþf dxcstd dftrd jdjgrcb mcstþrcnb y ùstcncb7

1. ·Kd quã jbfdrb prgjudvd ib nuiturb kd pbz di kcâigeg cftdrnuiturbi7


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 5^didnncgfd ib rdspudstb ngrrdntb. Jbrqud ufb dqucs sgard su rdspudstb.

2. ·Rucãf oud di prcjdr prgjgtgr kd ib cftderbncþf ndftrgbjdrcnbfb7b. @gred Tacng a. _cfcncg Ndrdzg n. Orbfncsng Jgrbzâf

1. ·Nþjg sd iibjb di prdsckdftd qud prgjgvcþ igs bnudrkgs Dsqucpuibs7

b. _cfcncg Ndrdzg a. Þsnbr Brcbs n. Gttg \ãrdz

>. ·Nuâi ds di ga`dtcvg kd ib pgiêtcnb dxtdrcgr7

b. Btrbdr turcsjg cftdrfbncg-

fbi b Eubtdjbib.

a. Dvctbr di ngftrbabfkg df-

trd pbêsds vdncfgs.

n. _dibr pgr igs cftdrdsds kdi

Dstbkg y igs ncukbkbfgseubtdjbitdngs.

;. ·Nuâi ds di ga`dtcvg kd ib pgiêtcnb dxtdrcgr7

b. K\C a. \bsbpgrtd n. Icndfncb kd ngfkuncr

4. ·Nuâi ds di ga`dtcvg kd ib pgiêtcnb dxtdrcgr7

b. GKDNB a. ̂ CNB n. Jdrngjðf

D`drncncg =Qdspgfkb ibs sceucdftds prdeuftb.

2. ·Ruã rdibncþf dxcstd dftrd ib pgiêtcnb dxtdrcgr y di [\^7




Ib nurcgsckbk ncdftêocnb

Igs jbybs bpicnbrgf uf scstdjb kd cfvdstcebncþf ncdftênb, b trbvãs kd ib ga-sdrvbncþf scstdjâtcnb, pbrb nrdbr uf scstdjb nbidfkârcng qud cfngrpgrb ngfg-ncjcdftgs sgard bstrgfgjêb, jbtdjâtcnb, oêscnb y pscngigeêb, bkdibftâfkgsd bi

dfogqud juitckcsncpicfbrcg qud ausnbf ibs ncdfncbs mgy df kêb.Ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi dstukcb di ngjpgrtbjcdftg mujbfg df kcstcftgs nbjpgskd bnncþf, ngjg ib dngfgjêb, ib sbiuk, ib dkunbncþf, di acdfdstbr, dtn., kd jbfdrbga`dtcvb y scstdjâtcnb sceucdfkg di prcfncpcg kdi sgncþigeg Ãjcid Kurhmdcj sgardngfsckdrbr igs mdnmgs sgncbids ngjg ngsbs, ds kdncr gasdrvbr y bfbiczbr ig qudsundkd scf cfvgiunrbr igs sdftcjcdftgs pdrsgfbids.

Ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi sd oufkbjdftb df di jãtgkg ncdftêng y nujpid ngf igs

prcfncpcgs kd ngjprgabr igs mdnmgs bftds kd bndptbrigs ngjg vâickgs, utciczbrvbrcdkbk kd tãnfcnbs kd cfvdstcebncþf y oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf qud id pdrjctdfjcfcjczbr igs drrgrds y jbxcjczbr ib ngfbacickbk kd igs rdsuitbkgs kdi bfâicscs,

mbndr pðaicng sus rdsuitbkgs, gatdfdr kbtgs bpicnbaids b erupgs kd pgaibncþf fgb cfkcvckugs pbrtcnuibrds, ausnb ngfgndr dxpicnbncgfds y nbusbs y rdibncgfb dftrdsê mdnmgs y prcfncpcgs oufkbjdftbids pbrb ngfstrucr tdgrêbs.

Bsê jcsjg ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi kdad nujpicr ngf prcfncpcgs ãtcngs dvctbfkgnbusbr kgigrds oêscngs, pscngiþecngs g mujciibncgfds, gatdfcdfkg ngfsdftcjcdf-tg cfogrjbkg kd sus cfogrjbftds, rdspdtbfkg ib prcvbnckbk y ngfkdfncbickbk,

dvctbfkg sdsebr g obiscnbr kbtgs y di usg cfkdackg kd igs kbtgs pgr pbrtd kd

tdrndrgs.

Tfb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi sd rdbiczb sceucdfkg dstgs pbsgs0 sdidnncþf kdi tdjb, rd-

vcscþf kd ictdrbturb, dibagrbncþf kd ga`dtcvgs, ogrjuibncþf kdi prgaidjb, kcsdògkd uf pibf kd cfvdstcebncþf, rdngidnncþf kd kbtgs, cftdrprdtbncþf y bfâicscs kdkbtgs, dibagrbncþf kdi cfogrjd y kdvgiuncþf kd rdsuitbkgs y rdpicnbncþf.

Di prgaidjb sd ogrjuib btdfkcdfkg b igs ga`dtcvgs, g sdb ib fbickbk kd ib cf -vdstcebncþf. Igs ga`dtcvgs kdadf kdfcr quã ds ig qud ausnbjgs y qudrdjgs

ngfgndr. Ib rdvcscþf kd ib ictdrbturb fgs byukb b ngfstrucr uf jbrng ngfndptubiqud fgs grcdftbrâ pbrb pibftdbr prdeuftbs kd cfvdstcebncþf jâs prdncsbs d mc-pþtdscs ngf vbrcbaids g cfkcnbkgrds qud sdòbidf di tcpg kd kbtgs b rdngedr, dijãtgkg y tãnfcnbs kd cfvdstcebncþf.

Ibs oudftds kd cfogrjbncþf sd nibscnbf df trds tcpgs sdeðf su grcedf0 prcjbrcbs,qud prgpgrncgfbf ib cfogrjbncþf kcrdntbjdftd, scf sdr bardvcbkbs g cftdrprd-tbkbs8 sdnufkbrcbs, qud fg prdsdftbf igs kbtgs grcecfbids g dstgs yb mbf sckgcftdrprdtbkgs, y tdrncbrcbs, qud sgf ibs kdrcvbkbs kd ibs oudftds sdnufkbrcbs.Bkdjâs, sdeðf su fbturbidzb ib cfogrjbncþf pudkd sdr dsnrctb, kd bukcg g bu-kcgvcsubi (oudftd kgnujdftbi) y grbi (cfogrjbftds).


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 3Di prdsdftd d`drncncg y igs sceucdftds id pdrjctcrâf prbntcnbr di prgndsg kd rdbiczbncþf kd ufb cfvds-tcebncþf sgncbi. \brb diig, ustdk utciczbrâ tgkgs igs ngfgncjcdftgs bkqucrckgs bsê ngjg igs d`drncncgsrdbiczbkgs.

2. Di tdjb ndftrbi kd dstb cfvdstcebncþf ds ib cftdrrdibncþf dftrd dkunbncþf, sbiuk, jdkcg bjacdftdy kdsbrrgiig.

1. ^didnncgfd uf tdjb dspdnêocng0

>. Dibagrd igs ga`dtcvgs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf.

;. Dsnrcab ib(s) prdeuftb(s) kd cfvdstcebncþf.

4. Qdkbntd ib mcpþtdscs.

?. Ckdftcocqud ib vbrcbaid kdpdfkcdftd.

5. Ckdftcocqud ib vbrcbaid cfkdpdfkcdftd.




Kcsdòg kd ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi

Ib cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi ds ncdftênb, pgr ig tbftg kdad sdr ga`dtcvb y scstdjâtcnb y

pgr dsg, tgjb igs ngjpgrtbjcdftgs, bntctukds, pdrndpncgfds, bnncgfds y bntub-ncgfds ngtckcbfbs ngjg mdnmgs sgncbids.

Ib cfvdstcebncþf kgnujdftbi prgvdd uf jbrng kd rdodrdfncb tdþrcng qud euêb ykb sustdftg b ufb cfvdstcebncþf djpêrcnb, ds kdncr, absbkb df ib dxpdrcdfncb y igsmdnmgs. Ib tdgrêb y ib cfvdstcebncþf djpêrcnb sd bicjdftbf ufb b gtrb y nrdbf uffdxg qud pdrjctd di kdsbrrgiig kd ib ncdfncb sgncbi. Ib nuiturb ds kcfâjcnb, pgr igtbftg, ibs cfvdstcebncgfds rdd`bf igs nbjacgs sgncbids.

Di jãtgkg nubftctbtcvg sd utciczb nubfkg di prgaidjb b cfvdstcebr pudkd sdrnubftcnbaid, yb qud utciczb di bfâicscs dstbkêstcng. Dstd jãtgkg rdspgfkd b ib

prdeuftb ·nuâftgs7 ^d bpicnb utciczbfkg nudstcgfbrcgs, edfdrbijdftd ngf prd-euftbs ndrrbkbs kd tcpg sc/fg g kd rdspudstb jðitcpid. Kdpdfkcdfkg kdi tbjbògkd ib judstrb kd pgaibncþf, pudkd sdr uf ndfsg (cfniuyd b tgkb ib pgaibncþf) g

ufb dfnudstb (ufb pbrtd kd ib pgaibncþf).

Di jãtgkg nubictbtcvg rdspgfkd b ib prdeuftb ·pgr quã7 Dstukcb igs ngjpgr-tbjcdftgs, bntctukds y pdrndpncgfds kd ib pgaibncþf b trbvãs kd gasdrvbncþf,gasdrvbncþf pbrtcncpbftd, dftrdvcstbs, mcstgrcbs kd vckb, erupgs kd kcsnuscþf ydstukcgs kd nbsg.

Kdad tdfdrsd df nudftb qud nubiqucdr cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi kdad kdfcr nibrb-jdftd sc utciczb ib pdrspdntcvb djcn (kdskd di puftg kd vcstb kd igs su`dtgs kdcfvdstcebncþf) g dtcn (kdskd di puftg kd vcstb kdi cfvdstcebkgr).

D`drncncg 3=. Cfoþrjdsd kdi tdjb qud sdidnncgfþ y dsnrcab df ibs iêfdbs sceucdftds uf rdsujdf kd sus mbiibz-

egs.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

3. Ckdftcocqud kbtgs nubftctbtcvgs qud rdspbikdf su cfvdstcebncþf y trbsiâkdigs b dstd dspbncg.

2<. ^didnncgfd ib(s) tãnfcnb(s) nubictbtcvbs qud jd`gr sd bkdnðdf b su cfvdstcebncþf. Qdkbntd di cfs-trujdftg kd cfvdstcebncþf qud fdndsctb. ^didnncgfd ig(s) cfogrjbftds y dsnrcab sgard igs prcfnc-

pbids mbiibzegs.



Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ Nibvds

Nibvds


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

^djbfb 2=

D`drncncg 2

B jbfdrb kd d`djpig0

Dtbpb \rdfbtbi Cfobfncb Fcòdz \rdbkgids-ndfncb

Bkgids-ndfncb

Bkuitdz `gvdf

Bkuitdz Bkuitdzjbygr

Kds-nrcp-ncþf

Kdskd ibngfndpncþfmbstb di kêbqud fbnd

Kdskd qudfbnd mbstbigs ; bògskd dkbk

Kd igs ;mbstb igs

2< bògs kddkbk

Kd igs 2< bigs 2; bògs

kd dkbk

Kd igs 2;mbstb igs25 bògs

Kd igs 25 bigs 14 bògs

Kd igs 14mbstb igs?< bògs

Kd igs ?<bògs dfbkdibftd

D`drncncg 1

Dstb orbsd cjpicnb qud uf fcòg fdndsctb d`djpigs y fg abstb ngf ib dkunbncþf qud sd id kb df objcicb,puds gasdrvbfkg d cftdrbntubfkg ngf igs vdncfgs, df ib dsnudib y df ib nbiid, igs fcògs tbjacãf bprdf-kdf sgard fgrjbs sgncbids, dstdrdgtcpgs, prd`ucncgs y vbigrds.

D`drncncg >

B jbfdrb kd d`djpig, df ib Bikdb Rudarbnmg, ^bftb Nbtbrcfb Jctb, @utcbpb0

Cfcncbi \rdprcjbrcb \rcjbrcb ^dnufkbrcb Kcvdrscnbkg Kcpigjbkg [ãnfcng Icndfncbturb

D`drncncg ;

Ib rdspudstb ds pdrsgfbi y vbrcbrâ df oufncþf kd igs ckcgjbs qud sd mbaidf df ib ngjufckbk y di tcpg kddkunbncþf qud sd gordnd. Gtrb ncrnufstbfncb qud cfnckd ds di fcvdi kd kgjcfcg kd igs ckcgjbs pgr pbrtdkd igs dsngibrds, pgr d`djpig, sc dftcdfkdf uf ckcgjb jbyb, pdrg fg ig mbaibf., di tcpg kd dkunbncþfkdadrêb sdr kcstcftg sc dftcdfkdf y mbaibf di ckcgjb.

D`drncncg 4

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi

D`drncncg ?

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi




^djbfb 23

B trbab`br…Qdndtb kd ceubsmtd g cwbxtd (ngjckb trbkcncgfbi

kd @utcbpb)Di ceubsmtd g cwbxtd ds uf rdnbkg qud tcdfd ngjgcferdkcdftd prcfncpbi ib pdpctb kd bygtd. Dstd rd-nbkg sd scrvd trbkcncgfbijdftd ngf d`gtds g grkd czgtd.

Cferdkcdftds

- 2/> tbzb pdpctgrcb - 2.4 icarb tgjbtd

- 2 ndagiib jdkcbfb - 2 kcdftd b`g

- 1 tbzbs beub - 2 nunmbrbkctb bndctd

- ^bi y pcjcdftb bi eustg

- Jcitgjbtd y/g nmcid (gpncgfbi)

\rdpbrbncþf

Kgrbr ib pdpctb kd bygtd y jgidrib g trcturbrib dfib icnubkgrb.

Bsbr di tgjbtd, ib ndagiib y di kcdftd kd b`g, icnubrngf di beub y ngibr.

^gordêr df bndctd igs cferdkcdftds icnubkgs, berd-

ebr ib pdpctb jgickb y kd`br dspdsbr.

Ngfkcjdftbr ngf sbi y pcjcdftb.

Cfngrpgrbr ib vdrkurb kd su didnncþf y kd`br ngnc-fbr.

Oudftd0 mttp0//ngncfbeubtdjbitdnb.ngj.et/ aige/di-ceubsmtd-g-cwbxtd/

D`drncncg 2

^drvcncg kd beub kg-jcncicbr

^drvcncg kd dfdreêbdiãntrcnb


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg 1

D`djpig0 Kcbrcg objcicbr kd bicjdftbncþf.

K d sb yu f g O rc `gi d s y tg rtc i ib s

N b o ã

Jc p bp â, jc j b j â, jc md rj bf b e rb f k d y yg

ng jc j g s > nu nm b rb kb s k d o rc`g i y 4 t gr tciib s. Jcs

m d rj bfctg s p d qu dò g s n g jcd r gf 1 nu n mb rb k b s

k d orc`g i y 1 t g rtc iib s. B i ad aã id k cd r gf sg pc t b

k d o rc`g i ng f j d k cb tg r tc ii b y u f b pb nm b k d

C fn b p b rc f b.

Q dob nnc þf T f j b f eg ^ g i g jcs md r j b fc tg s p d qu d ò g s r dob nnc gf b f df ib

d snu di b , n bk b u fg ii d vþ uf j bf e g.

B iju d r zg ^ g p b kd qucid t d n gf mu dv g y eùcsquci ,

p b p b y z bf b m g rc b

[ g rtci ib s

B eu b pur b

Jc p b p â, jc j bj â, jc m d rj bf b e rb fk d y

y g t g j b j gs uf pi b tg mg fk g k d s gp b n gf 4

t g rtci ib s. Jcs m d rj b fctg s p dqu dò gs tg j b r gf u f

p ib tg p dqu dò g k d s gp b y 1 tg r tci ib s. B i a da ã i d

k cdr gf sg pct b n g f j d kcb tg rtc i ib y u fb p b nm b k d

C f n bp brc fb.

N d f b Mu dv g n g f n mcr j g i k d t gj bt d

N b o ã

Jc p bp â , jc j b j â , jc md r j b f b e rb f k d y yg

ng jc j g s u f mud v g n b k b u f g n g f 4 t g rtc iib s. Jc s

m d rj bfctg s p d qu dò g s n gjcd r gf j dk c g mud v g y 1

tg rtc i ibs. B i a d a ã i d u ft b rg f j d k cb tg r tci ib n gf

y d j b k d mud v g y u fb pb nm b k d C f n bp brc fb.

Kêb 2 4 k d j b y g

I b ð fc nb kc o drd fnc b qud mb y r ds p dn t g b i b n g jc kb df jc o b jc icb ds sd eðf d i tb j b òg kd nb kb qucdf. I g s b ku i tg s ng j d j g s j â s qu d i gs fc ò g s

p g rqud sg j g s j âs er b f k ds , y f d nd sctb jg s j â s ou drz bs pg r qu d t r b a b ̀b j gs. I b k cd t b f g d s ju y v brc bk b , pd r g d f c fvc dr f g n gj dj g s m g fe gs y

j âs mc d ra bs. B v d nd s jc j b j â j b tb u f b e b i icf b y ng j d j g s n br f d g nu b f k g f g s p b e b f j d`g r y td f d j g s j âs kc f dr g p gk d j g s n gj p r br ok dg s ,

n b r f d g b i eu fb oru tb.




D`drncncg >

Df nubftg sd tcdfd ib sgspdnmb kd qud di fcòg dstâ kdsfutrckg g tcdfd ufb kcbrrdb sdvdrb, kdad iidvbrsdbi pudstg g ndftrg kd sbiuk. Bmê ig pdsbrâf y tbiibrâf y kbrâf cfstrunncgfds b ib jbkrd pbrb su nuckbkgg kdpdfkcdfkg kd su erbvdkbk, ig dfvcbrâf b uf ndftrg kd rdnupdrbncþf futrcncgfbi g uf mgspctbi. Ibkcdtb qud sd id bkjcfcstrbrâ bi fcòg kdpdfkdrâ kd su ngfkcncþf y dkbk, pdrg ibs rdngjdfkbncgfdsedfdrbids kdi J^\B^ sgf0

- Ngjdfzbr di trbtbjcdftg kcdtãtcng tbf prgftg ngjgsdb pgscaid, kdspuãs kd rdsgivdr ibs ngfkcncgfds qudbjdfbzbabf ib vckb kdi pbncdftd.

- Tsbr ngjg absd ufb oþrjuib iêquckb kd audfb nbickbkfutrcncgfbi, ngjpudstb pgr idnmd, Cfnbpbrcfb g mbrcfbogrtcnbkb ngf mbrcfb kd jbêz g brrgz, bzðnbr y uf pg-quctg kd bndctd.

- Bicjdftbr bi fcòg ngf tbzb y nunmbrb, fg usbr pbnmb

fc pb`ciib. [bjpgng kd`br qud ngjb sgig. ^gig kd dstbjbfdrb sd pudkd bsdeurbr kd ib nbftckbk kd bicjdftgcfedrckb pgr di fcòg.

- ^c di pbncdftd tcdfd jâs kd sdcs jdsds, bkdjâs kd iboþrjuib iêquckb kdad berdebr erbkubijdftd bicjdf-tg sþickg ngjpudstg pgr ufb ngjacfbncþf kd (jbêz,brrgz, trceg, bvdfb, g prgkuntgs ngjg pbf, tgrtciibs,pbstbs, sgreg) ngf bicjdftgs kd grcedf bfcjbi (idnmddf pgivg, qudsg, mudvgs, pgiig, nbrfds kd rds g ndrkg,pdsnbkg), g ngf ideujcfgsbs (orc`gids, sgyb, ebrabfzgs,brvd`bs).

- Bujdftbr ib nbftckbk kd bicjdftg df ogrjb idftb yerbkubi.

- Bkjcfcstrbr bicjdftgs ngf ordnudfncb y df vgiðjdfdspdqudògs, tbftg kd kêb ngjg kd fgnmd.

- Dvctbr di byufg, bðf kurbftd pgnbs mgrbs.

- Byukbr bi pbncdftd b ngjdr, pdrg scf ogrzbrig, tdfdrpbncdfncb y jgstrbrid bodntg jcdftrbs bi bicjdftbrig.

- ^c di fcòg dstâ jbjbfkg, ib jbkrd kdad ngftcfubrbjbjbftâfkgig.

- ^upidjdftbr ib kcdtb ngf jcfdrbids y vctbjcfbs.

- Fg kbr mcdrrg kurbftd ib prcjdrb sdjbfb

- Cfvgiunrbr b ib jbkrd, gtrgs pbrcdftds y nuckbkgrds, dfib rdnupdrbncþf kdi fcòg g fcòb.

- Dvbiubr di prgerdsg kdi pbncdftd tgkgs igs kêbs.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg ;

Di jgkdig kd ibs nubtrg kdjgrbs kd ib jgrtbickbk jbtdrfb gordnd sgiuncgfds b igs nubtrg prcfncpbidsprgaidjbs qud pgfdf df pdicerg ib sbiuk kd ib jbkrd y su mc`g.

Kdjgrbs / \rgaidjbs ^giuncgfds

\rcjdrb kdjgrb

Kdsngfgncjcdftg kd ibs ju`drds,ibs objcicbs y ib ngjufckbk sgardigs scefgs y sdòbids kd pdicergqud bjdfbzbf ib vckb kd ibs ju-

`drds kurbftd di djabrbzg, pbrtg,pgs pbrtg y kdi rdncãf fbnckg.

• Ogrtbidndr di ngfgncjcdftg sgard ibs sdòbids yscefgs kd pdicerg kurbftd di djabrbzg, pbrtgy pgspbrtg qud gnbscgfbf ib judrtd.

• Dkunbr tbftg b igs mgjards ngjg b ibs ju- `drds nubfkg y kgfkd kdadf ausnbr trbtb-jcdftg g byukb.

^deufkb kdjgrb

Bufqud ib ju`dr rdngfgznb igs

scefgs kd pdicerg, ib cfdquckbkkd eãfdrg fg id pdrjctd bsujcrsu kdrdnmg y d`drndr ib tgjb kdkdncscþf pgr sê jcsjb, scfg qudkdad sdr kdnckckg pgr su pbrd`bg objcicbr ndrnbfg (pbkrds, sud-ergs, ngjbkrgfb, dftrd gtrgs.)

• Dkunbr b igs jcdjargs kd ib objcicb y ngjufc-kbk sgard ib cjpgrtbfncb kd ausnbr btdfncþfscf kdjgrb.

• prgjgncgfbr ngf ib ngjufckbk ib nrdbncþf kdpibfds kd djdredfncb objcicbr qud pdrjctbdstbr prdpbrbkgs bi prdsdftbrsd ngjpicnbncg-fds y tgjbr kdncscgfds y bnncgfds gpgrtufbs.

[drndrb kdjgrb

Btrbsg kd trbsibkg kd ib ju`drdjabrbzbkb b igs sdrvcncgs kdsbiuk pgr obitb kd bnndsg b vêbs

kd ngjufcnbncþf y jdkcgs kdtrbfspgrtd.

• Ogrjbr y pgfdr df oufncgfbjcdftg di \ibfNgjufctbrcg (Ngjctãs kd Djdredfncb, Qdkdskd \btdrfckbk y Jbtdrfckbk Qdspgfsbaid, gr-ebfczbncgfds `uvdfcids dftrd gtrbs) pbrb bsd-eurbr di trbsibkg kd ib outurb jbkrd df rcdseg.

• Jd`grbr di scstdjb kd rdodrdfncb gpgrtufb kdpbncdftds.

• Mbndr usg kd nbsbs jbtdrfbs (Mgebrds Jb-tdrfgs) ndrnbfbs bi ndftrg kd btdfncþf kd ibsbiuk.

Nubrtb kdjgrb

Btdfncþf cfstctuncgfbi kdncdftdd cfgpgrtufb pgr vbrcbs nbusbs,dftrd ibs qud sd pudkdf kdstbnbr

ib obitb kd ngjpdtdfncb (ngfg-ncjcdftgs, kdstrdzbs, mbacickbkdsy bntctukds) kd prgvddkgrds kdsdrvcncgs kd sbiuk, obitb kd cf-sujgs, jdkcnbjdftgs y dqucpgbkdnubkg.

• Jbfd`br bkdnubkbjdftd djdredfncbs gastã-trcnbs ebrbftczbfkg ib ngjpdtdfncb tãnfcnb kdigs prgvddkgrds cfstctuncgfbids pbrb ib btdf-ncþf kd pbrtg icjpcg y sdeurg.

• Arcfkbr btdfncþf gpgrtufb kdi pgspbrtg y kdirdncãf fbnckg ngf nbickbk, nbickdz, kcefckbk ymujbfcsjg.

• Bsdeurbr ib dxcstdfncb kd suncdftd jbtdrcbijãkcng y sbferd pbrb trbfsouscgfds.




D`drncncg 4

Dxcstdf junmbs pibftbs futrctcvbs qud sgf rdibtcvb-jdftd oâncids kd ngfsdeucr, bieufbs cfniusg fbndfkd ogrjb scivdstrd0 qucidtd g mcdrabjgrb, nmcpciêf,euêbs kd eùcsquci g bygtd, jgstbzb, aidkg, mg`bskd râabfg, mg`bs kd rdjgibnmb, mg`bs kd nmbyb.

Df edfdrbi, ibs mcdrabs sgf rcnbs df vctbjcfbs By N, prgtdêfbs, mcdrrg, nbincg y oþsogrg. Tfb ogrjbfutrctcvb kd prdpbrbribs ds prdpbrbr tgrtctbs kdmudvg ngf ibs mg`bs y berdebr nmcrjgi kd tgjbtdy ndagiib.

D`drncncg ?

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi, vbrcbrâ sdeðf ib ngjufckbkkd mbactbncþf.

D`drncncg 5

D`djpig0 df ^bftb Bfb Mucstb, Mudmudtdfbfeg sdnrdd qud uf fcòg pbkdnd jbi kd g`g nubfkg ufbpdrsgfb ngf sbferd nbicdftd (pdrsgfb sukbkb gagrrbnmb, ju`dr djabrbzbkb g jdfstrubfkg) vdg tgnb bi fcòg, dstg prgvgnb qud igs fcògs iigrdfjunmg y ids kd dard. \brb nurbrigs sd tgjb ufmudvg kd ebiicfb kd pbtcg (fg kd erbf`b) y sd id

pbsb pgr tgkg di nudrpg.

D`drncncg =

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

^djbfb 1<

B trbab`br…Ib rdspudstb vbrcbrâ sdeðf di ngftdxtg y dkbk kd igs dftrdvcstbkgs. Igs nbjacgs jâs ngjufds qud

dxpdrcjdftbf ibs ngjufckbkds sgf0 bujdftg kd pgaibncþf y kcsjcfuncþf kd rdnursgs fbturbids (jd-fgs beub, rêgs jdfgs nbukbigsgs, jdfgs agsqud, kdsbpbrcncþf kd bfcjbids y pibftbs), pgscaidjdftd,sudigs jdfgs oãrtcids, nicjb jâs nbiurgsg, dtn.

D`drncncg 2

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi

D`drncncg 1

[rbtd kd iidfbr tgkbs ibs nbsciibs kdi nubkrg, sdeðf igs bògs sdòbibkgs. ^d id prdsdftb uf d`djpig0

JD^D^Bògs

^undsgCjpbntg df di bj-

acdftdCjpbntg df ib

bercnuiturbCjpbntg dfibs objcicbs

Cjpbntg df ibngjufckbk

Cjpbntg dfdi pbês

1<2< Drupncþf kdivginâf \b-nbyb

[uvcjgs qud dvbnubrpgrqud di mujg drbtþxcng pbrb igs mu-jbfgs y bfcjbids.

Igs nuitcvgs sdiidfbrgf kd ndfc-zb. Ibs ngsdnmbssd brrucfbrgf.

Fgs oucjgsb vcvcr b ufbiadreudufgs kêbs.

B igs tdnmgskd iâjcfb sdids mcncdrgfbeu`drgs.

Di bdrg-pudrtg IbBurgrb ndrrþufb sdjbfb.

D`drncncg >

Qdspudstbs vbrcbaid. ^d id prdsdftb uf d`djpig pdqudòg8 ustdk trbtd kd kcbefgstcnbr ib sctubncþf kd sungjufckbk ig jâs bjpicg pgscaid. D`djpig0 Df jc ngjufckbk mbaêb uf agsqud, pdrg yb dstâ abstbftdrbig pgrqud ib edftd sbnb gngtd y dsg mbnd qud sd judrbf igs pcfgs. Ndrnb kdi agsqud mby ufb qud-arbkb, pdrg sd dstâ sdnbfkg. ̂ uecdrg qud igs ̀ þvdfds rdogrdstdjgs di agsqud, pbrb ngfsdrvbr ib oudftdkd beub8 y qud ngf di Ngngkd rdbicndjgs ufb nbjpbòb pbrb fg kdspdrkcncbr di beub df nbsb, bufqudvdfeb kd gtrb oudftd kd beub.

D`drncncg ;

Ib rdspudstb vbrêb sdeðf ibs nbrbntdrêstcnbs kd nbkb ngjufckbk y su grebfczbncþf sgncbi. ^d prdsdftbuf d`djpig0

Bnncgfds kd jctcebncþf pgscaids Bnncgfds objcicbrds Bnncgfds ngjufctbrcbs

NGQ[G \IBPG (2= jdsds) Ngfstrucr ufb dstuob jd`grbkb pbrbbmgrrbr idòb.

Nuckbr di agsqud, dstbaidncdfkg iêjctdkd dxtrbnncþf kd idòb pgr objcicb.

JDKCBFG \IBPG (1-> bògs) ^djarbr pibftbs df di pbtcg kd ibnbsb.

Qdogrdstbr di agsqud ngf âragids qudnrdznbf râpckg.

IBQEG \IBPG (>-4 bògs) Ogrjbr pbrtd kd arcebkbs ngftrbcfndfkcgs

^deucr uf pibf kd jbfd`g ogrdstbi, qudpdrjctb usbr di agsqud y prgtdedrig bijcsjg tcdjpg.




D`drncncg 4

Bi bpicnbr df fudstrbs vckbs y fudstrb ngjufckbkigs prcfncpcgs kd kdsbrrgiig sgstdfcaid dstbrdjgsbyukbfkg b jctcebr di nbjacg nicjâtcng, pgrqudscefcnb qud0

•

Nuckbrdjgs di beub, dvctbfkg su kdspdr-kcncg y prgtdecdfkg ibs oudftds.

• Qdogrdstbrdjgs igs agsquds y sdjarbrd-jgs jâs âragids y pibftbs df fudstrb ng-jufckbk pbrb obvgrdndr ib mujdkbk kdibjacdftd y prgtdedr igs sudigs kd drgscþf.

• Df igs tdrrdfgs qudarbkgs sdjarbrdjgsabrrdrbs vcvbs g ngfstrucrdjgs abrrdrbsjudrtbs pbrb qud di sudig fg sd ibvd nubf-kg iiudvb.

• Df ibs vcvcdfkbs y iuebrds kd trbab`g trbtb-

rdjgs kd rdncnibr y fg kdspdrkcncbr rdnur-sgs, ds kdncr, mbndr uf ngfsujg jgkdrbkgy rdspgfsbaid.

• Mbrdjgs uf trbtbjcdftg bkdnubkg pbrbib absurb, pbrb dvctbr ib ngftbjcfbncþf kdibcrd (bi qudjbr absurb) y kdi beub (bi tcrbrkdsdnmgs sþickgs y absurb).

Dstd tcpg kd jdkckbs byukbf b jctcebr y rdvdrtcr dikbòg qud mbndjgs bi bjacdftd. Igerbjgs di kd-

sbrrgiig bi dvctbr qud igs rdnursgs kd ib ngjufckbksd cfvcdrtbf df rdpbrbr di kbòg qud mbndjgs g dfsupicr fudstrbs fdndsckbkds8 pgr d`djpig, dvctbrsdnbr ib oudftd kd beub y tdfdr qud trbdrib kd ufiuebr jâs id`bfg.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

^djbfb 12

B trbab`br…

Ibs rdspudstbs vbrcbrâf sdeðf di ngftdxtg kd ib ngjufckbk. ^d prdsdftb uf d`djpig0

Nuitcvgs y su prgkunncþf Bftds Bmgrb

Mg`bs y/g mcdrabs Di aidkg, di qucidtd, ̂ bftb Jbrêb yjgstbzb, sgf mcdrabs qud sbiêbf sg-ibs y fgs sdrvêbf pbrb bicjdftbrfgs.

Ibs mcdrabs yb fg sbidf sgibs pgrqud igsmdracnckbs ibs mbf jbtbkg. Bmgrb mbyqud sdjarbribs g ngjprbribs.

D`drncncg 2

\udkdf dxcstcr junmbs rdspudstbs b dstd d`drncncg,ufb kd diibs pudkd sdr ib nrdbncþf kd uf agsqudkd idòb, ds kdncr, kgfkd sd scdjardf dspdncds kd

râpckg nrdncjcdftg bngjpbòbkg kd ufb nbjpb-òb kd cfstbibncþf kd dstuobs bmgrrbkgrbs kd idòb,pgrqud bsê ngfsujcjgs jdfgs idòb kbfkg tcdj-pg b qud di agsqud sd vb rdnupdrbfkg kd ib tbibkd âragids.

D`drncncg 1

Df nbkb ngjufckbk, ibs sgiuncgfds pudkdf prd-sdftbrsd kd kcodrdftd jbfdrb. Tf d`djpig, pbrb

dvctbr di puieþf sd pudkd sdjarbr b`g g ndagiibndrnb kd ibs pibftbs qud qudrdjgs prgtdedr g rg-ncbribs ngf ufb jdznib dibagrbkb b absd kd b`gjbnmbnbkg y `baþf.

D`drncncg >

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi. D`djpigs0 ndrrbr ib iibvd kdibeub jcdftrbs dstbjgs df`bagfâfkgfgs ibs jb-fgs g di nudrpg8 bpbebr ibs iunds qud fg fdndsc-tbjgs.

D`drncncg ;

Ib rdspudstb vbrcbrâ df oufncþf kd ib ngjufckbk.




^djbfb 11

B trbab`br…Df ib cjbedf pgkdjgs vdr bieufgs cfstrujdftgs

utciczbkgs pbrb ib bercnuiturb, ngjg uf mbnmb yufgs pgscaids nunmciigs scjcibrds b igs jbnmdtdskd bmgrb, dspdncbijdftd b igs qud sd usbf df digrcdftd kdi pbês. [bjacãf gasdrvbjgs ufb pcdkrbkd jgidr ngf su jbfg. Igs cfstrujdftgs kd ibogtgerboêb pbrdndf sdr jâs pdqudògs qud igs bn-tubids y df di nbsg kdi mbnmb y igs nunmciigs iidvbfpuftbs kd pcdkrb jcdftrbs qud df ib bntubickbk sdusb bndrg.

D`drncncg 2

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi

D`drncncg 1

^djciib nrcgiib0 sdjciib fbtcvb g bkbptbkb pgr igsbercnuitgrds b uf fudvg bjacdftd.

^djciib jd`grbkb0 sdjciib prgkunckb jdkcbftd nrunds

scf uiczbr cfedfcdrêb edfãnb, pbrb jd`grbr bieufbs

nbrbntdrêsnbs ngjg bujdftg kd vctbjcfbs g jcfdrb-

ids y rdscstdfncb b mgfegs g pibebs.

^djciib trbfseãfcnb0 sdjciib df nuyg BKF sd mb cfngr-

pgrbkg cfogrjbncþf edfãnb kd gtrb dspdncd, jdkc-

bftd cfedfcdrêb edfãnb, pbrb jd`grbr kdtdrjcfbkbs

nbrbntdrêsnbs kd ib pibftb, ngjg ib rdscstdfncb b mgf-

egs, pibebs, mdracnckbs y sdquêbs.

Ibs sdjciibs junmbs vdnds sgf jâs vuifdrbaids bmgfegs y pibebs, pdrg dxcstdf pdstcnckbs fbturbidsqud igs bercnuitgrds ngfgndf. Tf d`djpig kd ibs

sdjciibs jd`grbkbs sgf ibs qud prgkund di CN[Bpbrb jd`grbr di ngftdfckg futrcncgfbi kd ibs pibf-tbs y ib rdscstdfncb b bieðf mgfeg g pibeb. [bftgibs sdjciibs nrcgiibs ngjg ibs kdi CN[B pudkdf sdrgatdfckbs kd ngsdnmbs jcdftrbs qud ibs trbfseãfc-nbs sgf dstãrcids, pgr ig qud igs nbjpdscfgs dstâfgaicebkgs b ngjprbr bòg ngf bòg ibs sdjciibs y susngrrdspgfkcdftds pdstcnckbs y mdracnckbs8 kdackgb qud ibs sdjciibs trbfseãfcnbs ngftcdfdf jbtdrcbiedfãtcng kd kcvdrsbs dspdncds sd tdjd qud prg-

kuznb jbygr sdfscacickbk b bidrecbs y rdscstdfncbb igs bftcacþtcngs pgr pbrtd kd igs mujbfgs qudngfsujdf ibs pibftbs prgkunckbs pgr dstd jdkcg.

D`drncncg >

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi

D`drncncg ;

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi. [rbtd kd ngfgndr nuâftg tcdjpgkdkcnbf b dstbs tbrdbs y quã adfdoncgs tcdfd pbrbsu objcicb, bsê ngjg nubiqucdr prgaidjb qud prd-sdftdf8 pgr d`djpig, igs dodntgs kd ib rgyb kdi nboã.

D`drncncg 4

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi, cfvgiunrb di usg kd fudvgstcpgs kd sdjciib g scstdjbs kd rcdeg, pgr d`djpig.

D`drncncg ?

_brcdkbk kd nboã sdjarbkg, tcpg kd bagfg usbkg

Qdngidnncþf kd erbfg rg`g scf absurb

^dnbkg ngjpidtgAdfdncbkg

[gstbkg b tdjpdrbturb bkdnubkb

Jgickg purg scf berdebkgs

D`drncncg 5

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi, ausqud ngfgndr igs jgtcvgs

kd bsgncbncþf, ibs vdftb`bs y kdsvdftb`bs pdrncac-kbs pgr ibs pdrsgfbs pbrtcncpbftds. ^c df su ngju-fckbk dxcstcþ ufb grebfczbncþf kd dstd tcpg qud ybfg dstâ vcedftd, trbtd kd ngfgndr ibs rbzgfds kd sukdsbpbrcncþf.

D`drncncg =

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

B trbab`br…

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi. D`djpig0 jcs pbpâs fg tuvcd-

rgf bnndsg b junmgs icargs fc junmb tdidvcscþf,sd dftdrbabf kd ibs fgtcncbs pgr ib rbkcg. Sg pud-kg vdr fgtcncbs y kgnujdftbids sgard Eubtdjbiby di jufkg df ib tdidvcscþf y df Cftdrfdt, b vdndstbjacãf b trbvãs kdi ndiuibr. Ttciczbfkg tgkgs ds-tgs jdkcgs ufg pudkd dftdrbrsd kd ig qud dstâsundkcdfkg df gtrb pbrtd kdi jufkg bi cfstbftd.

D`drncncg 2

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi. _brcbrâ df oufncþf kd ibsgpgrtufckbkds y tcpgs kd djpidg df nbkb ngju-fckbk.

D`drncncg 1

Ib erânb judstrb qud df tãrjcfgs eigabids,Ngstb Qcnb dxpgrtb jâs prgkuntgs kd jbfuobn-turb qud Eubtdjbib, ig nubi id edfdrbf 1< % jâskd cferdsgs bi pbês pgr ngfndptg kd dxpgrtbncþf.Eubtdjbib dxpgrtb di kgaid kd pgrndftb`d kd prg-

kuntgs kd ab`b tdnfgigeêb qud Ngstb Qcnb, ib qudb su vdz dxpgrtb uf vbigr 4 vdnds jâs bitg qud dikd Eubtdjbib df rdibncþf b prgkuntgs kd bitb tdn-fgigeêb. Df rdsujdf, Ngstb Qcnb kgjcfb jd`gr ibjdkcb-bitb y bitb tdnfgigeêb df ib jbfuobnturb kdprgkuntgs kd dxpgrtbncþf qud Eubtdjbib.

D`drncncg >

• Nbrigs Idþf0 cfvdftgr kd uf kcspgsctcvg þptcng

kdfgjcfbkg qudrbtgprþtdscs kd mckrgxcgpbtctbngrbicfb, qud scrvd pbrb nurbr ncdrtgs tcpgs kdndeudrb.

• Bêkb Ncoudftds ^gsb0 cfvdftgrb kd Dstrgedf-Bck, uf prgkuntg pbrb jd`grbr ibs ngfkcncgfdsoêscnbs kd ibs ju`drds df di pdrêgkg kd ib jdfg-pbuscb.

• Odkdrcng Idmfmgoo0 cfvdftgr kdi nboã sgiuaid.

^djbfb 1> D`drncncg ;

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid

D`drncncg 4

Ib rdspudstb vbrcbrâ df oufncþf kd ibs ngfkcncgfdskd su ngjufckbk. Qddxcgfd sgard bqudiigs tcpgskd trbab`g qud sd pgkrêbf bkbptbr b ibs fudvbsogrjbs kd djpidg.

D`drncncg ?

Dstb rdspudstb vbrcbrâ kd bnudrkg ngf ibs oufncg-fds kd ib pdrsgfb dftrdvcstbkb.




D`drncncg 2

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi

D`drncncg 1

D`djpig0

^djbfb 1;

[rbab`bkgr ogrjbi [rbab`bkgr cfogrjbi

^d rdncad uf sbibrcg `g,agfg 2; y beucfbikg.

Kdrdnmg b vbnbncgfdsufb vdz bi bòg

Kdrdnmg b CE^^.

Kdsnudftbf di CE^^ yigs cjpudstgs kdi sbib-rcg.

^c sd dsoudrzb sd tcdfdgpgrtufckbk kd bsndfk-dr kd pudstg y ebfbrjd`gr sbibrcg.

B vdnds, ibs `grfbkbssgf ibrebs pgrqud mby

junmg trbab`g, pdrg fgpbebf mgrbs dxtrbs.

Mby qud mbndr junmgstrâjctds pbrb rdsgivdrnbkb bsuftg kdi trbab`g.

Nudstb qud kdf pdr-jcsgs.

Mby jâs icadrtbk kd trbab`g,sd pudkd trbab`br df ig qudb ufg id eustb g id iibjb ibbtdfncþf.

Di mgrbrcg ds dxcaid, pdrg bvdnds ibs `grfbkbs sgf ibrebspgrqud mby qud bprgvdnmbrigs jgjdftgs kd jbygrnicdftdib.

Fg sd tcdfd uf sbibrcg `g,pdrg sc sd trbab`b kurg sdpudkd ebfbr jâs qud dfufb gncfb.

Fg mby sdeurg jãkcng, fcvbnbncgfds, tbjpgng agfg2; g beucfbikg. Df dstbs

tdjpgrbkbs sd trbab`b jâspbrb trbtbr kd ebfbr jâskcfdrg (igs nicdftds tcdfdfjâs kcfdrg kcspgfcaid).

Di iuebr kd trbab`g ds cfnþ-jgkg.

B vdnds sd tcdfd qud cfvdrtcrjunmg kcfdrg scf dstbr sd-eurg sc sd vb b pgkdr ebfbrebfbfncb g nuâftg tcdjpg vbb iidvbr rdpgfdr ib cfvdrscþf.

D`drncncg >

Qddxcgfd sgard nuâftbs pdrsgfbs mbf jcerbkgy quã adfdncgs y kdsvdftb`bs mbf tdfckg sus ob-jcicbs, pcdfsd bkdjâs kd quã gtrbs ogrjbs sd mbadfdncbkg ib ngjufckbk g quã nbjacgs g prg-aidjbs dstâ suorcdfkg ib ngjufckbk kdackg b ibjcerbncþf g ib kdpgrtbncþf.

D`drncncg ;

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi. Gasdrvd sc di djprdfkdkgrqud ustdk ngfgnd mb sdeuckg tgkgs igs pbsgs kdiprgndsg prdsdftbkgs df di kcberbjb g quã nbj-acgs mb mdnmg y pgr quã, tbjacãf prgnurd ngfg-ndr nuâids prgndsgs mbf sckg jâs oâncids y nuâids

jâs kcoêncids y nþjg igs mb rdsuditg.

D`drncncg 4

Cftdftd ngfgndr ibs bnncgfds kd ib djprdsb fgsgig b fcvdi dxtdrfg, ngf ib ngjufckbk, scfg tbj-acãf b fcvdi cftdrfg, ngf igs djpidbkgs.

D`drncncg ?

Dngitrg kcstrcauyd sus itrgs pgr jdkcg kdrdprdsdftbftds df ibs ngjufckbkds ig qud idpdrjctd edfdrbr djpidgs, kbr sdeucjcdftg bigs adfdncbrcgs kd igs itrgs bsê ngjg nbpbnc-tbr y ngfncdftczbr b ibs objcicbs kd ab`gs rdnur-sgs. Cfogrjbncþf tgjbkb kd0 mttp0//puisgsgncbi.ngj/1<2;/<=/13/cffgvbncgf-y-rdftbacickbk-igs-2<-jd`grds-djprdfkcjcdftgs-sgncbids-kd-bjdrcnb-ibtcfb/

D`drncncg 5

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid. Tf d`djpig, pudkdf sdr igsprãstbjgs objcicbrds g igs nunmuabids.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

^djbfb 14

D`drncncg 2

Bprdfkdr b ngfgndr0 Ngfgndr ibs jdkckbs kd mc-

ecdfd y ibs dfodrjdkbkds prgkunckbs pgr obitb kdmcecdfd.

Bprdfkdr b mbndr0 [dfdr ufb rutcfb kcbrcb kd icj-pcdzb d mcecdfd pdrsgfbi.

Bprdfkdr b ngfvcvcr0 Dstbaidndr df nbsb jdkckbskd icjpcdzb edfdrbi y rdogrzbr ibs rutcfbs pdrsgfb-ids kd mcecdfd kd tgkgs igs jcdjargs kd ib objcicb.

Bprdfkdr b sdr0 ^dr ufb pdrsgfb grkdfbkb y icj-pcb pbrb dvctbr bkqucrcr dfodrjdkbkds.

D`drncncg 1

2. (b) [rbfsjctd ngfgncjcdftgs y vbigrds.

1. (n) Bprdfkdf mbacickbkds y kdstrdzbs.

>. (a) Df ib prdprcjbrcb y prcjbrcb

;. (n) Di qud ogjdftb ib ngibagrbncþf.

D`drncncg >

2. (a) Ibs qud sd pudkdf dvctbr.

1. (b) Ibs vbnufbs

>. (b) Ab`b dstbturb

;. (n) Ib pgaibncþf tcdfd suncdftd bicjdftg tgkgdi tcdjpg

D`drncncg ;

2. Df prcjdr iuebr, iibjbr b ufb pdrsgfb ngf bu-tgrckbk kdftrg kd ib djprdsb, sdb di edrdftd,ib pdrsgfb dfnbrebkb kd rdnursgs mujbfgs gufb dfodrjdrb g jãkcng qud trbab`d df ib dj-prdsb. Dstb pdrsgfb kdadrêb, b su vdz, sgicnctbrib bscstdfncb kd uf sdrvcncg jãkcng, sdb dstd0agjadrgs, CE^^ g sdeurg jãkcng.

1. Kdpdfkcdfkg kd ib sctubncþf pdrsgfbi y kd ibdjprdsb di sdògr \dòb pudkd bnukcr b ufg gvbrcgs sdrvcncgs jãkcngs kdi scstdjb fbncgfbi.

b. Ngjg ds djpidbkg kd ufb oâarcnb, ib prc-jdrb gpncþf kdadrêb sdr di CE^^, yb qud dsgaicebncþf kd ib djprdsb dstbr bicbkb pgr

di fðjdrg kd djpidbkgs.

a. Bieufbs djprdsbs, bkdjâs kdi CE^^, tcdfdfuf sdeurg jãkcng pbrb sus djpidbkgs, igqud id pdrjctcrêb bi sdògr \dòb bnukcr ngfuf jãkcng prcvbkg.

n. Kd fg dxcstcr fcfeufb kd ibs ngfkcncgfds nc-tbkbs bftdrcgrjdftd, di sdògr \dòb tcdfd dikdrdnmg kd sdr bscstckg df ufb niêfcnb jãkc-nb pðaicnb.

D`drncncg 4

2. (n) Di usg cftdfscvg kd igs rdnursgs fbturbids

1. (a) Ngftbjcfbncþf kd rêgs y ibegs

>. (a) 24¼

;. (n) Di mujg kd oâarcnbs y vdmênuigs

4. (n) Bujdftg kd sdquêbs y tgrjdftbs

D`drncncg ?

Di nbjacg nicjâtcng sd dstâ prgkuncdfkg kdackg bfudstrg dstcig kd vckb. Ib ogrjb df ib qud usbjgsy ngfsujcjgs igs rdnursgs fbturbids dstâ ngftb-jcfbfkg di bcrd qud rdspcrbjgs y prgkuncdfkgebsds cfvdrfbkdrg qud dstâf kdtdrcgrbfkg di bj-acdftd, ig qud djpdgrb fudstrbs ngfkcncgfds kdvckb. Bi tgjbr bnncgfds pbrb igerbr uf kdsbrrgiigsgstdfcaid bkgptbjgs prântcnbs ngjg di nuckbkgkd igs rdnursgs fbturbids, pgr ig tbftg, dstbjgsprgtdecdfkg di jdkcg bjacdftd y fudstrbs prg-pcbs ngfkcncgfds kd vckb.

D`drncncg 5

2. Igs cfcncgs kd ib bercnuiturb pdrtdfdndf b ibprdmcstgrcb, nubfkg igs nbzbkgrds rdngidntgrds




kd bqudiib ãpgnb ngjdfzbrgf b kbrsd nudftbkd qud ibs sdjciibs qud rdngidntbabf sd pg-kêbf sdjarbr. Bsê, dxpdrcjdftbfkg igerbrgfkgjdstcnbr pibftbs scivdstrds. Ib bercnuiturbpdrjctcþ qud ibs trcaus sd vgivcdrbf sdkdftb-rcbs, puds pgr jdkcg kd ib bercnuiturb gatdfêbfbicjdftg sdeurg. Di jd`grbjcdftg kd ibs prân-

tcnbs berêngibs ids pdrjctcþ tdfdr dxndkdftds,ds kdncr, nuitcvbr jâs kd ig qud pgkêbf ngfsu-jcr. \gr ig qud igs mgjards sd dspdncbiczbrgfdf ncdrtgs gncgs, y bkdjâs kd ib bercnuiturbsurecdrgf0 dsnrcabfgs, dsnuitgrds, brtcstbs, jð-scngs. Ib bercnuiturb pdrjctcþ bsê di surecjcdftgkd erbfkds ncvciczbncgfds, df Decptg, Jdsgpg-tbjcb y Jdsgbjãrcnb (nuiturb jbyb).

1. Kdsnrcpncþf0

b. Igs scf tcdrrb, ngjg su fgjard ig cfkcnb,

biqucibf g brrcdfkbf tcdrrbs y sd djpidbfngjg jgzgs g `grfbidrgs pgrqud fg tcdfdftcdrrb prgpcb.

a. Igs bercnuitgrds kd cforbsuascstdfncb tcdfdfdf prgpcdkbk jdfgs kd jdkcb jbfzbfb kdtcdrrb, pgr ig qud fdndsctbf biqucibr tcdrrbs gdjpidbrsd ngjg ̀ grfbidrgs pbrb bicjdftbr bsu objcicb.

n. Igs bercnuitgrds kd suascstdfncb tcdfdf kdjdkcb b ufb jbfzbfb kd tcdrrb df prgpcd-

kbk, ig qud ids pdrjctd babstdndrsd kd bic-jdftg, sc tcdfdf ufb audfb ngsdnmb. \grdiig, scdjprd sd djpidbf ngjg `grfbidrgspbrb tdfdr cferdsgs pbrb nuarcr gtrbs fdnd-sckbkds.

k. Igs bercnuitgrds dxndkdftbrcgs tcdfdf dftrd2 b 4 jbfzbfbs df prgpcdkbk, ig qud idspdrjctd tdfdr ngsdnmbs qud nuarbf sus prg-pcbs fdndsckbkds objcicbrds y vdfkdr.

d. Igs pdqudògs ngjdrncbftds pgsddf dftrd 4y >1 jbfzbfbs kd tcdrrb y ib prgkunncþf dsaâscnbjdftd pbrb vdftb.

o. Igs erbfkds ngjdrncbftds pgsddf jâs kd>1 jbfzbfbs, pgr ig qud kdkcnbf sus nuitc-vgs b ib dxpgrtbncþf.

>. Di jgfgnuitcvg ngfvcdrtd b ib dngfgjêb kd-pdfkcdftd kd uf sgig nuitcvg. Ds, ngjg sd kcndpgpuibrjdftd ’[dfdr tgkgs igs mudvgs df ufbjcsjb nbfbstb‚, pgr ig tbftg, ib dngfgjêb sc-

eud di vbcvãf kdi jdrnbkg kd uf prgkuntg0 scigs prdncgs dstâf acdf, ib dngfgjêb dstâ acdf8pdrg sc igs prdncgs dstâf jbi, ib dngfgjêb su-ord. Di jgfgnuitcvg tbjacãf kbòb igs sudigs yrdkund ib acgkcvdrsckbk.

Bieufgs d`djpigs0

b. \rgvddr bscstdfncb tãnfcnb bkdnubkb.a. Gtgrebr jcfcnrãkctgs.n. Nrdbr iêfdbs kd ngjdrncbiczbncþf y kcstrcau-

ncþf.k. Cftderbr b ufb nbkdfb kd vbigr berêngib.d. Jd`grbr di fcvdi dkunbtcvg kd pgaibkgrds,

mgjards y ju`drds.

D`drncncg =

2. (n ) Ttciczbr ib ngjputbkgrb y di Cftdrfdt.1. (b) Di trbab`g ig rdbiczbf djpidbkgs kd gtrb dj-

prdsb.

D`drncncg 3

2. (a) Djpidbkgs scf ngftrbtg fc prdstbncgfds ib-agrbids

1. (b) Cffgvbncþf

D`drncncg 2<

2. ^bigjþf tcdfd jâs pgscacickbkds kd sdeucr ds-tukcbfkg, b jdfgs qud df pbrd`b kdnckbf ufbdstrbtdecb pbrb qud igs kgs dstukcdf. Kdackg brbzgfds qud sd absbf df ufb nuiturb pbtrcbrnbi,sc di kcfdrg ds dsnbsg sd prcgrczb ib dkunbncþfkd igs vbrgfds pgrqud ids obncictb dfngftrbrdjpidgs jd`gr rdjufdrbkgs pbrb sgstdfdr bsu objcicb y ngftcfubr scdfkg di ðfcng prgvdd-

kgr kd ib objcicb.1. @gsdfb dstâ jd`gr cfstruckb pbrb ngfgndr igs

adfdncgs kd ufb audfb bicjdftbncþf, ngftrgiprdfbtbi y nuckbkgs kd igs fcògs. Dstcjuibrâ bsus mc`gs pdqudògs y trbtbrâ kd qud binbfndfuf fcvdi dkunbtcvg jâs bitg qud diib.

>. \gkrêb ausnb uf djpidg kd jdkcg tcdjpg g kdf kd sdjbfb. [bjacãf pgkrêb pgfdr su prgpcgfdegncg, dibagrbfkg brtdsbfêbs, pgr d`djpig.


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

^djbfb 1?

D`drncncg 2

Grebfcsjg D`dnutcvg0 Fgjard kdi egadrfbkgr

kdpbrtbjdftbi y binbikdGrebfcsjg Idecsibtcvg0 Fgjard kd igs jcdjargskdi Ngfnd`g Jufcncpbi y kdi kcputbkg pgr su kd-pbrtbjdftg

Grebfcsjg @ukcncbi0 Fgjard kdi `udz kd pbz

D`drncncg 1

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi

D`drncncg >

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid sdeðf ibs ncrnufstbfncbs ignb-ids.

D`drncncg ;

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid sdeðf ibs ncrnufstbfncbs ignb-

ids.

^djbfb 15

B trbab`br…

Df ibs ãpgnbs prdmcspâfcnb y ngigfcbi, igs trcau-

tgs g cjpudstgs drbf pbebkgs df dspdncd g ngftrbab`g, jcdftrbs qud df ib bntubickbk sd utciczbkcfdrg.

Df di sceig ]C] yb dxcstêb di cjpudstg sgard vdftbs(scjcibr bi C_B) d cjpudstg sgard ib rdftb (scjcibrbi C^Q).

D`drncncg 2

Edfdrbijdftd, igs kdabtds sgard di prdsupudstgfbncgfbi rdd`bf ib iunmb kd pgkdr dftrd ib ãictddngfþjcnb kdi pbês y di Grebfcsjg D`dnutcvg, pdrgtbjacãf judstrb di ogrnd`dg pgiêtcng dftrd igs kcs-tcftgs pbrtckgs pgiêtcngs qud kgjcfbf di Ngferdsgkd ib Qdpðaicnb.

D`drncncg 1

Di ebstg ds ufb sbickb kd kcfdrg, qud fg ds rdnu-pdrbaid y qud ds utciczbkb pbrb pbebr uf acdf g

sdrvcncg jcdftrbs qud ib cfvdrscþf, sc acdf ds tbj-acãf ufb sbickb kd kcfdrg, sd dspdrb qud prgkuznbufb jd`grb df uf pibzg kdtdrjcfbkg.

\gr d`djpig, sc sd cfvcdrtd df vbnufbncþf sd dspdrbqud df ufgs bògs sd drrbkcqud ufb dfodrjdkbk,ngjg sundkcþ df Eubtdjbib ngf di sbrbjpcþf y ibpgicgjcdictcs. Df dstd nbsg, di ebstg cfcncbi fg sgigmb trbêkg adfdncg pbrb ib pgaibncþf cfobftci qudyb fg ngftrbd dstbs dfodrjdkbkds scfg bkdjâsicarb bi pbês kdi ebstg pgr rdnupdrbncþf kd ibs jcs-jbs.

D`drncncg >

Cjpudstgs kcrdntgs0 C^Q + ̂ gickbrckbk : 1?.< + ?.=: >1.= %

Cjpudstgs cfkcrdntgs0 C_B kgjãstcng + C_B cjpgr-tbncgfds + pdtrþidg + Kdrdnmgs Brbfndibrcgs kdCjpgrtbncþf (KBC) : 23.1 +14.1 +;.; + >.5 : 41.4 %




Igs cjpudstgs cfkcrdntgs sgf jâs bitgs qud igscfkcrdntgs.

D`drncncg ;

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid

D`drncncg 4

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid

^djbfb 1=

B trbab`br…

Ib objcicb mbaibrêb y nbstcebrêb bi ibkrþf, cfniusg

kâfkgid kd bzgtds.Ib ngjufckbk mbaibrêb ngf di ibkrþf, y id dxpicnb-rêb sgard igs kbògs nbusbkgs qud kdadrâ rdpbrbr.

Di scstdjb `ukcncbi0 ib pgicnêb fbncgfbi bprdmdfkd-rêb bi ibkrþf, ib dsnudib cftdrpgfkrêb ufb kdfuf-ncb, di Jcfcstdrcg \ðaicng cfvdstcebrêb, crêb b `ucncg,kgfkd di ̀ udz dstbaidndrêb ib sbfncþf y/g ngfkdfb.

D`drncncg 2

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi. Fg givckd tgjbr df nudftbtgkgs igs ebstgs df igs qud sd cfnurrd tbftg dfprdvdfncþf ngjg pbrb rdpbrbr di kbòg kdi rgag.

D`drncncg 1

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid. Di prgndsg vbrcbrâ sdeðf ditcpg kd kdictg ngjdtckg.

D`drncncg >

• Ibs dfodrjdrbs y jãkcngs qud sgspdnmdf qudufb pbncdftd ds vêntcjb kd jbitrbtg objcicbrkdadf rdecstrbr di nbsg df ufb nmb y fgtc-nbrig.

• Df nbsg kd qud ib ju`dr g uf objcicbr prdsdf-td ufb kdjbfkb pgr vcgidfncb kgjãstcnb, sdrârdodrckb bi ndftrg kd sbiuk jâs ndrnbfg.

•

Ib vêntcjb rdncacrâ btdfncþf jãkcnb y ib rdodrc-râf pbrb rdncacr btdfncþf scngiþecnb y bsdsgrêbidebi.

D`drncncg ;

Ib NCNCE mb bpgybkg ib cfvdstcebncþf kd kcvdrsgsnbsgs kd bnncgfds kd bitg cjpbntg ngftrb ib idy.Dftrd diigs sd dfnudftrbf0



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

• Di bsdscfbtg df Qêg Mgfkg, Pbnbpb kd 2?pbsb`drgs kd uf aus prgndkdftd kd Fcnb-rbeub.

• Tfb abfkb kd bsbitbftds kdfgjcfbkb ’Dijbrcbnmc igng‚

•

Bkgpncþf cidebi kd ib fcòb Kboofd FbydicNbjdy \ãrdz

D`drncncg 4

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid.

^djbfb 13

B trbab`br…

Ib rdspudstb vbrcbrâ sdeðf di cjpbntg qud di ngf-

cntg brjbkg mbyb tdfckg df su ngjufckbk.

D`drncncg 2

Dspdrbjgs qud ib rdbiczbncþf kd dstd d`drncncg idbyukd b icadrbr sus djgncgfds y id arcfkd pbzjdftbi y dspcrctubi pbrb dfngftrbr rdngfncicbncþfngfsceg jcsjg y ngf qucdfds id rgkdbf, dspdncbi-jdftd, ngf bqudiigs ngf qucdfds tuvg bieðf tcpgkd prgaidjb.

D`drncncg 1

[gidrbfncb0 Qdspdtg mbncb ckdbs y ngstujards kc-odrdftds b ibs prgpcbs y b ibs pdrsgfbs qud ibs tcd-fdf.

^gickbrckbk0 ^dftcjcdftg kd ufcþf y ngjpbòdrcs-jg qud jgtcvb ib byukb bi fdndsctbkg, bsê ngjgib nggpdrbncþf y ib aðsqudkb kd igerbr jdtbs ng-jufds.

\bz0 Dstbkg jdftbi y oêscng kd dqucicarcg qud fgausnb fc ib vcgidfncb fc ib eudrrb. Ds uf dstbkg qudsd pudkd binbfzbr y tdfdr b fcvdi pdrsgfbi y sgncbi.

Dxniuscþf0 Obitb kd pbrtcncpbncþf kd uf sdntgr gsdntgrds kd ib pgaibncþf df ib vckb sgncbi, dngfþ-jcnb, pgiêtcnb y nuiturbi kd ufb sgncdkbk icjctbfkgdi egnd pidfg kd sus kdrdnmgs mujbfgs.

D`drncncg >

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi

D`drncncg ;

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi


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B trbab`br…Tfb rdpðaicnb odkdrbi dstâ ngfogrjbkb pgr vbrcgs dstbkgs qud sd egacdrfbf b sê jcsjgs pdrg kdpdf-

kdf kd uf egacdrfg ndftrbi pbrb ncdrtbs fgrjbs qud kdadf nujpicr tgkgs igs dstbkgs pbrb cftdrrdib-ncgfbrsd. Di egacdrfg ndftrbi jbrnb di rujag kd ib dngfgjêb y ib pgiêtcnb dxtdrcgr kdi pbês, dftrd gtrbsjbtdrcbs.

D`drncncg 2

^djbfb ><

Cfstctuncþf Oufncþf Bntcvckbk rdidvbftd

Cfnbp Grcdftbr ib pgiêtcnb y dstrbtdecbs kd sdeurckbk bicjdftb-rcb y futrcncgfbi arcfkbfkg bscstdfncb tãnfcnb, ogrjbfkgrdnursgs mujbfgs y iidvbfkg b nbag cfvdstcebncgfds

pbrb ausnbr sgiuncgfds b prgaidjbs bicjdftbrcgs y fu-trcncgfbids kd igs pbêsds qud ngfogrjbf di ^cnb.

Kdsbrrgiig kd ib Cfnbpbrcfb

Nsunb Jd`grbr ib nbickbk kd ib dkunbncþf ufcvdrsctbrcb y ngj-pbrtcr igs ngfgncjcdftgs y dxpdrcdfncbs pbrb igerbr diacdf ngjðf ndftrgbjdrcnbfg.

Grebfczb y prgjudvd prgerbjbsndftrgbjdrcnbfgs kd pgserbkgufcvdrsctbrcg

Ngkcnbkdr Ngftrcaucr bi ogrtbidncjcdftg kd ib pbz, ib cftderbncþf yib sgickbrckbk b trbvãs kdi kdpgrtd.

Grebfczbncþf kd igs @udegs Kd-pgrtcvgs Dstukcbftcids Ndftrgbjd-rcnbfgs

Ndprdkdfbn \rgjgvdr bntcvckbkds, prgydntgs y prgerbjbs pbrb ibprdvdfncþf, jctcebncþf y rdspudstb bftd kdsbstrds fb-

turbids.

Bpgybr b NGFQDK.

D`drncncg 1

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid

D`drncncg >

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi

D`drncncg ;

Qdspudstb pdrsgfbi


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

^djbfb >2

D`drncncg 2

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid

D`drncncg 1

Ids berbkdndrêb su bpgyg, pdrg ids kcrêb qud tbj-acãf tdfeg qud mbaibr df prcvbkg ngf pdrsgfbsqud fg sgf adfdncbrcbs, yb qud ib cfvdstcebncþfcfniuyd b tgkb ib ngjufckbk, y trbtbrêb kd jbf-tdfdr ib kcstbfncb rdspdtugsbjdftd, pgr d`djpig,ngjdr df ufb tcdfkb df vdz kd su nbsb.

D`drncncg >

Ibs rdspudstbs pudkdf vbrcbr. ̂ d gordndf d`djpigs.

Oudftds kdcfogrjbncþf

D`djpigs

\rcjbrcb Dstbkêstcnbs kd btdfncþf b fcògs kdiNdftrg kd ^biuk ignbi.

^dnufkbrcb Cfogrjbncþf df di sctcg wda0 www.jd`grdjgseubtd.gre

[drncbrcb Kcnncgfbrcg kd tdrjcfgigeêb jãkcnb

Kgnujdftbi Jbfubi Di jãkcng df nbsb, tdscs kdAdrtb Bicncb Idjus0 ’Ckdftcnbncþfkd ibs ngfkcncgfds bjacdftbids qudprgvgnbf ibs dfodrjdkbkds ebstrgcf-tdstcfbids df fcògs kd <-4 bògs df diabrrcg @ufuwctz, \gptðf, \dtãf‚, T^BN.

Cfogrjbftds Dfodrjdrbs, ngjbkrgfbs, jbdstrbs,jbkrds

D`drncncg ;

Ib rdspudstb pudkd vbrcbr. Ibs ncdfncbs sgncbidsmbndf bpgrtds b ib jdkcncfb kbfkg b ngfgndr kc-odrdftds ogrjbs kd ngfndacr ib sbiuk y ib dfodr-jdkbk, rdsnbtbr ngfgncjcdftgs bfndstrbids sgardpibftbs jdkcncfbids y su ogrjb kd bpicnbncþf y ng-fgndr ibs ogrjbs kd rdibncþf dftrd igs tdrbpdutbstrbkcncgfbids y ib pgaibncþf, dftrd gtrgs.

^djbfb >1

D`drncncg 2

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid. D`djpigs0 ·Nuâi kd igs jufcnc-

pcgs tcdfd di êfkcnd jâs bitg kd fcògs jdfgrds kd4 bògs ngf jdfgs vbnufbs7 ·Nuâftbs kgscs kd vb-nufbs rdncad di Ndftrg kd ^biuk kd ib ngjufckbk7

D`drncncg 1

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid. ^d gordndf d`djpigs.

·Nbkb nuâftg trbd su fcòg b ngftrgi kd pdsg y tb-iib7

> jdsds ? jdsds 2 bògNubfkg trbd b su fcòg b ngftrgi ·id cfogrjb ib df-odrjdrb nuâfkg tcdfd qud trbdr b su fcòg pbrb suprþxcjb vbnufb7

^ê Fg

D`drncncg >

Qdspudstb vbrcbaid. D`djpig0

Djcn0 \brb igs nbrebkgrds kd ibs prgndscgfds, iib-jbkgs nunurunmgs, iidvbr di bfkb fg sgig ds ufmgfgr, ds sgard tgkg uf prcvcidecg, puds kd dstbjbfdrb sd jbfcdstb pðaicnbjdftd ib od y di berb-kdncjcdftg bi ^dògr @dsðs.

Dtcn0 Ib ^djbfb ^bftb ds ufb jbfcodstbncþf kdnrdbtcvckbk0 ngigrds, sgfckgs y gigrds sd dftrdib-zbf pbrb qud igs nrdydftds sd trbfspgrtdf b ufjufkg dspcrctubi.




^djbfb >>

Fg mby d`drncncgs

^djbfb >;

D`drncncg 2

2. (b) D`dnutcvg

1. (n ) Rud di pudaig diced b sus butgrckbkds jd-kcbftd di vgtg.

>. (b) Di jbecstdrcg fbncgfbi

;. (a) \rgjgvdr di kdsbrrgiig kdi pbês.

4. (b) Arcfkbfkg butgfgjêb b igs egacdrfgs ig-nbids.

?. (n ) \rcgrczbr ibs fdndsckbkds ignbids.

D`drncncg 1

2. Ngf di kcfdrg kd igs cjpudstgs di egacdrfgpbeb di sbibrcg kd tgkgs sus oufncgfbrcgs, igsebstgs bkjcfcstrbtcvgs kd tgkbs ibs gncfbs ds-tbtbids, prgvdd cfsujgs b igs mgspctbids, kgtbkd icargs y dsnudibs pbrb igs fcògs, ngfstruydnbjcfgs y nbrrdtdrbs, dtn.

1. Ngftrgib di pbeg bkdnubkg kd cjpudstgs, su-pdrvcsb ibs bkubfbs, pdrsceud ib dvbscþf snbi y

bsdsgrb bi egacdrfg df pgiêtcnb snbi.

>. Nubfkg mby kdorbukbncþf snbi, di egacdrfgrdncad jdfgs cjpudstgs pgr ig qud tcdfd jd-fgs kcfdrg pbrb cfvdrtcr df garbs kd adfdncgb ib pgaibncþf.

;. Tf prdsupudstg bkdnubkg tcdfd uf dqucicarcgdftrd ibs kdukbs y di ebstg pðaicng.

Di ebstg pðaicng kdad dodntubrsd df bnncgfdsqud adfdncdf b ib pgaibncþf kd jðitcpids jb-

fdrbs, pgr d`djpig, df dkunbncþf kd nbickbk yaudfgs sdrvcncgs jãkcngs.

Dstgs kgs bspdntgs sgf oufkbjdftbids pbrb bi-nbfzbr di kdsbrrgiig.


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CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

D`drncncg >

Cjpudstgs kdi egacdrfgndftrbi

Cjpudstgs kdi egacdrfgjufcncpbi

• Cjpudstg bi _bigrBerdebkg „C_B- dfnbkb ngjprb qudrdbiczb.

• Cjpudstg sgard ibQdftb „C^Q- pgr igscferdsgs pdrncackgs.

• Cjpudstg sgard ncr-nuibncþf kd vdmênuigs

• Agidtg kd grfbtg

• Cjpudstg Ðfcng sgardAcdfds Cfjudaids „CT^C-

D`drncncg ;

2. (b) Tf bntg ngfsncdftd ngftrb ib idy.1. (a) \brb obncictbr ib vckb df sgncdkbk.

>. (b) Tsg kd rdnursgs ngidntcvgs pbrb fds pdrsg-fbids.

;. (n) Ibs rdibncgfds kdsceubids dftrd mgjard yju`dr

4. (b) Cfvdstcebr pbrb dfùcncbr b igs kdicfnudftds.

D`drncncg 4

Df di scstdjb ùkcncbi fbncgfbi. Ib vêntcjb kdadprdsdftbr ufb kdfufncb pbrb qud di Jcfcstdrcg\ðaicng cfvdstceud y iidvd b ùcncg bi vcntcjbrcg8sc df di ùcncg sd id ngfkdfb, vb b ib nârndi.

Df di kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg, sd jbfkb b iibjbrb ib pbrd`b y sd id mbnd dftdfkdr bi mgjard quddstb fg ds ib ogrjb bkdnubkb kd trbtbr b suju`dr y sd id kb uf tcdjpg pbrb qud rdsudivbsus bsuftgs df pbrd`b y sd id vcecib pbrb qud fgvudivb b sundkdr.

D`drncncg ?

2. Ib jdjgrcb mcstþrcnb ds rdngrkbr di pbsbkg pg-fcdfkg df ngftdxtg ig sundkckg y vdrcnbfkgigs mdnmgs qud sd rdnudrkbf y nþjg y pgr quãdstgs sd kcdrgf. Qdngrkbr igs mdnmgs y vgivdrigs

b vcvcr rdqucdrdf ib aðsqudkb kd ùstcncb ngjgufb ogrjb kd rdngfncicbncþf y rdsbrncjcdftg.

1. Ib nuiturb kd ib pbz cfvctb bi kcâigeg bacdrtg,rddxcvg y rdspdtugsg ngf gtrbs pdrsgfbs ngfqucdfds pgscaidjdftd fg ngjpbrtbjgs ckdbs,gpcfcgfds g bntctukds, cfniusg ngf pdrsgfbs kd

gtrbs nuiturbs, ngf ngstujards kcodrdftds.

D`drncncg 5

2. (n) Orbfncsng Jgrbzâf

1. (b) _cfcncg Ndrdzg

>. (n) _dibr pgr igs cftdrdsds kdi Dstbkg y igs ncu-kbkbfgs eubtdjbitdngs.

;. (a) \bsbpgrtd

4. (b) Gkdnb

D`drncncg =

Di Dstbtus [djpgrbi kd \rgtdnncþf ([\^) ds uf pdr-jcsg dspdncbi qud pdrjctd b igs cfjcerbftds cideb-ids pdrjbfdndr df Dstbkgs Tfckgs scf tdjgr b sdrkdpgrtbkgs8 dstd dstbtus ig fdegncb di Jcfcstrg kdQdibncgfds Dxtdrcgrds y di egacdrfg eubtdjbitdngngf di egacdrfg dstbkgufckdfsd.

D`drncncg 3

2. Di tdjb ndftrbi kd dstb cfvdstcebncþf ds ib cf-tdrrdibncþf dftrd dkunbncþf, sbiuk, jdkcg bj-acdftd y kdsbrrgiig. \brb bprdfkdr di jãtgkgncdftêng kd cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi, id prgpgfd-jgs qud rdbicnd ib cfvdstcebncþf qud ustdk sdprgpgfeb, ds kdncr, qud rdbicnd dodntcvbjdftdtgkgs igs pbsgs y gatdfeb cfogrjbncþf kgnu-

jdftbi y kd nbjpg, pbrb pgkdr mbndr di bfâ-icscs y di cfogrjd ngrrdspgfkcdftd. \brb di nbsgkd ib nibvd, sd id prdsdftb uf d`djpig ntcncg yabstbftd ngrtg kdackg bi iêjctd kd dspbncg, ufbngfkcncgfbftd qud ustdk fg tcdfd puds pudkddsnrcacr tgkgs sus mbiibzegs y rdpgrtd df mg`bsg df su nubkdrfg.

1. Di cjpbntg kd ib obitb kd beub df ib sbiuk kd igsfcògs.




>. Dibagrd igs ga`dtcvgs kd ib cfvdstcebncþf0

b. Ngfgndr ibs jdkckbs kd mcecdfd y sbiuk kdibs objcicbs kurbftd ib ãpgnb kd vdrbfg.

a. Dstbaidndr di tcpg kd dfodrjdkbkds qud pb-kdndf igs fcògs jdfgrds kd 4 bògs kurbftd

ib ãpgnb kd dsnbsdz kd beub.;. Dsnrcab ib(s) prdeuftb(s) kd cfvdstcebncþf.

b. ·Ruã mbndf ibs objcicbs pbrb jbftdfdr su sbiukd mcecdfd nubfkg fg mby beub7

a. ·Ruã tcpg kd beub adadf ibs objcicbs df tcdj-pg kd dsnbsdz kd beub7

n. ·Ruã tcpg kd trbtbjcdftg id kbf ibs objcicbs bibeub qud adadf7

k. ·Nuâids sgf ibs dfodrjdkbkds jâs ngjufdsqud pbkdndf igs fcògs df di vdrbfg, nubfkg dibeub sd mbnd dsnbsb7

4. Qdkbntd ib mcpþtdscs0

’Ib obitb kd beub kurbftd di vdrbfg dxpgfd bigs fcògs b jâs dfodrjdkbkds prgkunckbs pgrpbrâsctgs kdackg b ib obitb kd jdkckbs kd mc-ecdfd‚.

?. Ckdftcqud ib vbrcbaid kdpdfkcdftd0

Obitb kd beub5. Ckdftcqud ib vbrcbaid cfkdpdfkcdftd0

Dfodrjdkbkds prgkunckbs pgr pbrâsctgs kdac-kg b obitb kd jdkckbs kd mcecdfd

D`drncncg 3

2. Cfoþrjdsd su di tdjb qud sdidnncgfþ y dsnrcabdf ibs iêfdbs sceucdftds uf rdsujdf kd sus mb-

iibzegs.

Igs pbrâsctgs jâs ngjufds sgf ibs igjarcnds,tdfcbs, igjarcnds cftdstcfbids, trcngnãobigs, pb-râsctgs cftdstcfbids y gtrgs. Bieufgs ngfsujdfigs bicjdftgs qud cfecdrd ib pdrsgfb, pgr ig quddsb pdrsgfb scdjprd tcdfd mbjard8 gtrgs sd bic-jdftbf kd eiþauigs rg`gs, pgr ig qud nbusbfbfdjcb b qucdf igs tcdfd8 gtrgs, kd`bf mudvgsqud nbusbf pcnbzþf d cfsgjfcg, dtn.

Igs pbrâsctgs dftrbf bi nudrpg b trbvãs kd bic-jdftgs ngftbjcfbkgs, dspdncbijdftd df dibeub qud fg mb sckg purcnbkb, bsê ngjg dforutbs y vdrkurbs qud fg mbf sckg ibvbkbs bftdskd ngfsujcrsd. Gtrb ogrjb kd ngftbjcfbncþfds pgr jdkcg kd ufb pdrsgfb cfodntbkb qud fgsd ibvb ibs jbfgs kdspuãs kd cr bi abòg y kd

dstb jbfdrb pbsb oâncijdftd igs mudvgs kd pb-râsctgs, qud sgf jcnrgsnþpcngs, b tgkg ig qudtgqud, cfniuydfkg igs bicjdftgs qud prdpbrb yiudeg ngfsujd gtrb pdrsgfb.

1. Ckdftcqud kbtgs nubftctbtcvgs qud rdspbikdfsu cfvdstcebncþf y trbsiâkdigs b dstd dspbncg.

Tfb cfvdstcebncþf rdbiczbkb df ib \rgvcfncb kdNmgtb, Ngigjacb, judstrb qud di 3<.?5 % kdfcògs, bpbrdftdjdftd sbfgs dftrd > y 4 bògs,qud ogrjbrgf pbrtd kd ib judstrb, tcdfdf pb-

râsctgs, kcstrcauckgs kd ib sceucdftd jbfdrb0;;.2<%, Bsnbrcs iujarcngckds8 1<.? %, Ecbrkcbibjaicb8 2<.>4 % Dftbjgdab ngic8 y 5.> %, Dftd-rgacus vdrjcnuibrcs. Dstgs sgf pbrâsctgs oâncidskd prdvdfcr y ngftrgibr ngf jdkckbs mcecãfcnbsbkdnubkbs. Ib bitb prdsdfncb kd Ecbrkb ibjaicbngfrjb ib obitb kd jdkckbs mcecãfcnbs, yb qudib ðfcnb ogrjb kd trbfsjcscþf ds pgr jdkcg kdib ngftbjcfbncþf odnbi kd igs bicjdftgs, igs vd-edtbids y di beub kd ngfsujg kcbrcg.

Igbysb, Nbrigs (1<22). ’\rdvbidfncb kd pbrâsctgs

cftdstcfbids df fcògs kd > b 4 bògs df ibs ngju-fckbkds kd Crbnb, ^cvcfebf, ^brbjab kd ib zgfbrurbi kdi Kcstrctg kd Nmgtb‚. Df0 mttp0//www.ibaigbyzb.ngj/ibagrbtgrcg/cfkdx.pmp7vcdw:brtcnid&nbtck:>3%>Bbrtcnuigs&ck:==%>Bprdvbidfncb-kd-pbrbsctgs-cftdstcfbids-df-fcfgs-kd->-b-4-bfgs-&ogrjbt:pko&gptcgf:ngjWngftdft&Ctdjck:?<. Qdnupdrbkg di >< kd barcikd 1<24

\brb uacnbr kbtgs nubftctbtcvgs, df ib vckb rdbidstb cfvdstcebncþf kdad sctubrsd df ufb ngju-

fckbk, ig qud pdrjctcrêb ausnbr kbtgs sgard ibjcsjb. \gr d`djpig, ndfsgs, dfnudstbs sgardsbiuk cfobftci, kbtgs kd ibagrbtgrcg kdi Ndftrgkd ^biuk, tdscs sgard di tdjb, gtrgs.

>. ^didnncgfd ib(s) tãnfcnb(s) nubictbtcvbs qud jd- `gr sd bkdnðdf b su cfvdstcebncþf. Qdkbntd dicfstrujdftg kd cfvdstcebncþf qud fdndsctb. ^d-idnncgfd ig(s) cfogrjbftds y dsnrcab sgard igsprcfncpbids mbiibzegs.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ciencias-sociales-polochic-2 279/2861?=

CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Kdackg b qud dstd tcpg kd ngftbjcfbncþf pud-kd kbrsd df kcodrdftds bjacdftds, sdidnncgfbrâib vcvcdfkb kdi fcòg pgr ngfsckdrbrsd di iuebrkgfkd jâs tcdjpg pdrjbfdnd y kgfkd ngfsu-jd jâs bicjdftgs y adad beub. ^d prgpgfdfigs sceucdftds cfstrujdftgs0 dftrdvcstb b ib jb-krd, euêb kd vcsctb bi mgebr (gasdrvbncþf pbrtc-

ncpbftd), dftrdvcstb b ib dfodrjdrb kdi Ndftrgkd ^biuk y b igs prgjgtgrds kd sbiuk kd ib ng-jufckbk. D`djpig kd cfstrujdftg kd dftrdvcs-tb sdjcdstrunturbkb0

Euêb kd dftrdvcstbb jbkrd kd jdfgr kd 4 bògs

Audfgs kêbs (tbrkds). Jc fgjard dsWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Dstgy rdbiczbfkg ufb cfvdstcebncþf sgard

ib sbiuk kd fcògs jdfgrds kd 4 bògs pbrbWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.

Jd eustbrêb dftrdvcstbr b jbkrds kd fcògs, ngjgustdk. Dstb dftrdvcstb kurbrâ jdfgs kd ufb mgrb,·dstâ ustdk kd bnudrkg df pbrtcncpbr7

Jd eustbrêb tbjacãf pgkdr erbabr ib dftrdvcstb ybqud jd ds kcoênci dsnrcacr tgkg ig qud ustdk jdnudftb y tgkg ds juy cjpgrtbftd, ·Jd kb su pdr-jcsg kd erbabr dstb ngfvdrsbncþf7

Fgjard0

Dkbk0

Ðitcjg erbkg qud nursþ df ib dsnudib0

Dstbkg ncvci (sgitdrb, nbsbkb, ufckb, vcukb)0

Fðjdrg y dkbk kd sus mc`gs0

Fgjard, sdxg y dkbk kdi fcòg jdfgr kd 4 bògs0

- ·^d mb dfodrjbkg su fcòg ngf igjarcnds ugtrgs pbrâsctgs7

- ·Nþjg sbad qud tcdfd igjarcnds7

- ·Ruã mb mdnmg bi kbrsd nudftb7 ·Ig iidvþ bindftrg kd sbiuk g ig nurþ ustdk jcsjb7

- ·Ruã trbtbjcdftg id mb kbkg7

- ·Nþjg sbad nubfkg yb fg tcdfd igjarcnds7

- ·\gr quã nrdd ustdk qud sd dfodrjbf igs fcògskd igjarcnds7

- ·Df quã ãpgnb sd dfodrjbf jâs0 df vdrbfg gdf cfvcdrfg7

- ·\gr quã sdrâ qud df dsb ãpgnb sd dfodrjbfjâs ig fcògs ngf igjarcnds7

- ·Nuâftbs vdnds bi bòg id kb b su fcòg kcbrrdb gbscdftgs7

- ·Mby bieufb vdz qud sd mb pudstg jâs erbvdqud gtrbs vdnds7 ·Nuâfkg y pgr quã sdrêb7

- ·Ruã dstâ ngjcdfkg bmgrctb di fcòg7

- ·Rucãf prdpbrb ib ngjckb kdi fcòg7

- ·Nþjg prdpbrb su ngjckb7

- ·Ruã tcpg kd beub id kb b adadr7

- ·Mcdrvd g purcnb di beub7

- ·Nþjg eubrkb di beub7

- ·[gjb beub df pbnmb g df vbsg7

- ·[cdfd di fcòg sus prgpcgs pibtg y vbsg7

Junmbs erbncbs, pgr su cfogrjbncþf. Igs rdsuitb-kgs kd dstb cfogrjbncþf sd id dftrdebrâf bi Ndf-trg kd ^biuk, y diigs cfogrjbrâf b ibs jbjâs. Odiczjbòbfb (tbrkd).

* * *

Jcdftrbs ustdk pbsb ib dftrdvcstb, gasdrvd nuckb-kgsbjdftd di dftgrfg kd ib vcvcdfkb, bi fcòg y sujbkrd.

Ib cfogrjbncþf bftdrcgr sdrvcrâ pbrb dstb-aidndr di pdri kd ibs pbrtcncpbftds y pg-

kdr ngjpbrbr sc dxcstd kcodrdfncb dftrd igsfcògs ngf pbrâsctgs sdeðf di fcvdi dku-

nbtcvg kd ib jbkrd g sdeðf di fðjdrg kd

mc`gs qud tdfeb. Dstd rdnubkrg fg ds pbrtdkdi cfstrujdftg.




·[cdfdf su rgpb y jbfgs icjpcbs7 ·[cdfdf igs kd-pþsctgs kd beub tbpbkgs7 ·Ib pbnmb dstâ icjpcb7·[cdfdf beub y `baþf ndrnb pbrb ibvbrsd ibs jb-fgs7 ·[cdfdf idtrcfb7

D`drncncg 2<Qdngjdfkbjgs qud dsnrcab di cfogrjd fbi kdsu cfvdstcebncþf df su nubkdrfg y dsnrcab bquê dirdsujdf. Kdackg b qud dstd ds uf d`djpig ntc-ncg fg sd pudkd prdsdftbr uf cfogrjd. ^c ustdk mbrdbiczbkg tgkgs igs pbsgs kd su cfvdstcebncþf dsjgjdftg kd dibagrbr uf cfogrjd df mg`bs g sunubkdrfg y pudkd prdsdftbr bquê uf rdsujdf.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn



152Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ Acaicgerboêb

Acaicgerboêb

^djbfb 2=

Jdfhgs, @gfbtmbf (Nggrk.) (1<22). ’·Df kþfkd dstâf igs busdftds7 Tf bfâicscs sgard igs jdnbfcsjgs,ngstgs y ogrjbs kd fbfncbjcdftg pbrb dicjcfbr ib dxniuscþf dkunbtcvb df Eubtdjbib, 1<21-1<12‚df ¡Ngftbjgs! Agidtêf Fg. 4. Eubtdjbib0 CNDOC/TFCNDO.

^djbfb 23

Abrrgs, Nrcstcfb y Audfrgstrg, Jbrng (]]) ’Ngncfb \rdmcspâfcnb, Qdndtbrcg‚, Brqudgigeêb Jdxcnbfb,Fðjdrg dspdncbi 21.

Adrtrbf, Jcrcbj. ’^cefcnbkgs sgncgnuiturbids kd ib bicjdftbncþf‚ df Adrtrbf, J. y Brrgyg, \. (Dks.) (1<<?). Bftrgpgigeêb y futrcncþf. Jãxcng0 Oufkbncþf Jdxcnbfb pbrb ib ^biuk.

Kdodfsgrêb kd ib Ju`dr (s.o.). Bfâicscs kd ib sctubncþf kd djabrbzgs df fcòbs y bkgidsndftds df Eubtdjbib 1<22-1<2>. Cfogrjd tdjâtcng. Eubtdjbib0 \rgnurbkgr kd igs Kdrdnmgs Mujbfgs.

Oigrds, Ubitdr (1<<=). Di scstdjb kd sbiuk df Eubtdjbib, Fg. ;0 ·Bsê… oufncgfbjgs7 Eubtdjbib0 \rg-erbjb kd Fbncgfds Tfckbs pbrb di Kdsbrrgiig.

Mckbieg, Dkebr y Ebrnêb, Nibrb (1<<=). Di scstdjb kd sbiuk df Eubtdjbib, Fg. 10 Dftrd di mbjard y ib gad-sckbk0 ib sbiuk df uf pibtg. Eubtdjbib0 \rgerbjb kd Fbncgfds Tfckbs pbrb di Kdsbrrgiig.

Jcfcstdrcg kd ̂ biuk \ðaicnb y Bscstdfncb ̂ gncbi. (1<<3). \rgtgngig pbrb di [rbtbjcdftg Df Ndftrgs kd Qdnu- pdrbncþf Futrcncgfbi kd ib Kdsfutrcncþf Beukb ^dvdrb y Jgkdrbkb scf Ngjpicnbncgfds df di \bncdftd\dkcâtrcng. Eubtdjbib0 Jcfcstdrcg kd ̂ biuk \ðaicnb y Bscstdfncb ̂ gncbi, Kdpbrtbjdftg kd Qdeuibncþfkd igs \rgerbjbs kd Btdfncþf b ibs \drsgfbs, \rgerbjb kd ^deurckbk Bicjdftbrcb y Futrcncgfbi.

Jcfcstdrcg kd ^biuk \ðaicnb y Bscstdfncb ^gncbi. (s.o.). \ibf kd bnncþf pbrb ib rdkunncþf kd ib JgrtbickbkJbtdrfb Fdgfbtbi y jd`grbjcdftg kd ib ^biuk Qdprgkuntcvb 1<2<-1<24. Eubtdjbib0 Butgr.

Jgsngsg, _crecfb y Oigrds, Nbrigs (1<<=). Di scstdjb kd sbiuk df Eubtdjbib, Fg. >0 Qdtrbtgs kd judrtdsdvctbaids. Eubtdjbib0 \rgerbjb kd Fbncgfds Tfckbs pbrb di Kdsbrrgiig.

^djbfb 1<

Bercnuitgrds kd ib nudfnb kdi Qêg Nucing, Mudmudtdfbfeg y ̂ bf Jbrngs. (1<22). ^backurêb Ignbi y NbjacgNicjâtcng. Eubtdjbib0 Nggpdrbncþf [ãnfcnb Bidjbfb (ECP) y QyEQB.

\grtbi kd Fbncgfds Tfckbs sgard di Nbjacgs Nicjâtcng. Df0 mttp0//www.uf.gre/nicjbtdnmbfed/sujjct/ ds/

Grebfczbncþf kd ibs Fbncgfds Tfckbs pbrb ib Dkunbncþf ib Ncdfncb y ib Nuiturb (TFD^NG). (s.o.). Dkunbncþf pbrb di Kdsbrrgiig ^gstdfcaid (DK^). Df0 mttp0//www.ufdsng.gre/fdw/ds/dkunbtcgf/tmdjds/idbkcfe-tmd-cftdrfbtcgfbi-bedfkb/dkunbtcgf-ogr-sustbcfbaid-kdvdigpjdft/




^djbfb 12

Kuagcs, Biogfsg, dt bi. (s.o.). Kcnncgfbrcg kd Bnncþf Mujbfctbrcb y Nggpdrbncþf bi Kdsbrrgiig. Tfcvdrsckbkkdi \bês _bsng y MDEGB Df0 mttp0//www.kcnn.mdegb.dmu.ds/

Gasdrvbtgrcg kd dfdreêb rdfgvbaid pbrb Bjãrcnb Ibtcfb y di Nbrcad. (s.o.). \rgerbjb kd nbpbnctbncþf dfdfdreêbs rdfgvbaids. Grebfczbncþf kd ibs Fbncgfds Tfckbs pbrb di Kdsbrrgiig Cfkustrcbi (GFTKC). Df0mttp0//www.rdfdfdreygasdrvbtgry.gre/ds/bftdndkdftds.mtji

Grebfczbncþf kd ibs Fbncgfds Tfckbs pbrb ib Bicjdftbncþf y ib Bercnuiturb (OBG). (s.o.). Bmgrrbr pbrbNrdndr . Euêb pbrb igs rdspgfsbaids kd ibs pgiêtcnbs kd cftdfsconbncþf sgstdfcaid kd ib prgkunncþf berê -ngib df pdqudòb dsnbib. Df0 mttp0//www.obg.gre/be/sbvd-bfk-ergw/ds/cfkdx.mtji

\rgydntg kd Qdkunncþf kd _uifdrbacickbk bftd Dodntgs kd ^dquêb „\QD_D^. (1<<;). ^cstdjbtczbncþf kd ibsdxpdrcdfncbs. Eubtdjbib0 Nggpdrbncþf [ãnfcnb Bidjbfb (E[P), Jcfcstdrcg kd Bercnuiturb, Ebfbkdrêby Bicjdftbncþf (JBEB) y Nggrkcfbkgrb Fbncgfbi pbrb ib Qdkunncþf kd Kdsbstrds (NGFQDK).

^djbfb 11

Brjdfkbrcz, Dkfb8 kd Jcnmdid, Qgadrtg8 Jbfzbfg, Gsjdi y Jbrtdi, \dkrg. (1<2>). Qddxcgfds sgard dikdsbrrgiig kd ib dngfgjêb rurbi kd Eubtdjbib. Ubsmcfetgf, K.N.0 Abfng Cftdrbjdrcnbfg kd Kdsbr-rgiig (ACK).

Nbrrdrb, @bcjd. (1<22). ^ctubncþf bntubi y pdrspdntcvbs kd ib bercnuiturb df Eubtdjbib. Eubtdjbib0 Tfc-vdrsckbk Qbobdi Ibfkêvbr, Obnuitbk kd Ncdfncbs Bjacdftbids y Berêngibs, Cfstctutg kd Bercnuiturb,Qdnursgs Fbturbids y Bjacdftd.

Mbfngnh, Nibcrd. (1<2;). ’Jbhcfe tmd jgst go oggk‚ df Oggtstdps, 3;.

^djbfb 1>

Bfkdrsgf, Iucs. (233=). ’Dkunbncþf pbrb di trbab`g y dkunbncþf pbrb ib vckb‚ df Agidtêf Ncftdfogr , Fg.2;;, pp. 22-2=.

B_^C. (1<<=). Nbpctbi mujbfg, rdnursg pbrb di kdsbrrgiig. Jciâf0 B_^C/CNT/JGfsdrrbid/NggpdrbzcgfdCtbicbfb/Ogfkbzcgfd pdr ib ^ussckcbrdtì.

Abfng Cftdrfbncgfbi kd Qdngfstrunncþf y Ogjdftg/Abfng Jufkcbi. (1<22). Di rgi kd ib cfvdrscþf df nbpc-tbi mujbfg y ibs pgiêtcnbs kd prgtdnncþf sgncbi df Eubtdjbib. Ubsmcfetgf, KN0 Butgr.

Ngrkdrg, Jbrcg (1<2>). ’¡Pbpbtdrg b tus zbpbtgs! Di gutsgurncfe df Eubtdjbib‚ df Kbtb Dxpgrt 0 mttp0// rdvcstbkbtb.dxpgrt.ngj.et/1<2>/<5/zbpbtdrg-b-tus-zbpbtgs-di-gutsgurncfe-df-eubtdjbib/

Tfctdk Fbtcgfs _giuftddrs. (1<2;). ’^gncbi cfniuscgf bfk vgiuftddrcsj0 Ngfsckdrbtcgfs ogr pgst-1<24kdvdigpjdft bedfkb‚ df TF_ Cssud Arcdo.

^djbfb 1;

Nbikdrþf, Jbsscdi y Odrfâfkdz, Jbrcdib. (1<<=). Bvbfnds y kdsboêgs kd ib Qdspgfsbacickbk ^gncbiDjprdsbrcbi df di jbrng ibagrbi kd ibs djprdsbs eubtdjbitdnbs bksnrctbs. [dscs kd icndfncbturbdf \scngigeêb. Eubtdjbib0 Obnuitbk kd Ncdfncbs \scngiþecnbs, Tfcvdrsckbk kd ^bf Nbrigs kdEubtdjbib.



Ncdfncbs ^gncbids y Ogrjbncþf Ncukbkbfb ∑ Acaicgerboêb

Nmbjgrrg, Nbrigs (1<2>). ’Kdsbrrgiig ngf kdjgnrbncb. Dftrdvcstb ngf Bjbrtyb ^df, \rdjcg Fgadi kdDngfgjêb‚ df \ibzb \ðaicnb, mttp0//www.pibzbpuaicnb.ngj.et/ngftdft/kdsbrrgiig-ngf-kdjgnrbncb-dftrdvcstb-ngf-bjbrtyb-sdf-prdjcg-fgadi-kd-dngfgjcb

Obnuitbk kd Ncdfncbs Dngfþjcnbs, Tfcvdrsckbk Orbfncsng Jbrrgquêf. (1<21). Eigabi DftrdpdfdursmcpJgfctgr. Eubtdjbib 1<22-1<21. Eubtdjbib0 Butgr.

Jbrtêf, @gsã (1<2;). ’Cffgvbncþf y rdftbacickbk0 igs 2< jd`grds djprdfkcjcdftgs sgncbids kd BjãrcnbIbtcfb‚ df0 mttp0//puisgsgncbi.ngj/1<2;/<=/13/cffgvbncgf-y-rdftbacickbk-igs-2<-jd`grds-djprdf-kcjcdftgs-sgncbids-kd-bjdrcnb-ibtcfb/

\FTK. (1<<=). Eubtdjbib0 ·ufb dngfgjêb bi sdrvcncg kdi kdsbrrgiig mujbfg7 Cfogrjd Fbncgfbi kd Kdsbr-rgiig Mujbfg 1<<5/1<<=. _giujdf C. Eubtdjbib0 \rgerbjb kd Fbncgfds Tfckbs pbrb di Kdsbrrgiig.

^djbfb 15

B^ÊD^. (1<2;). Bfâicscs kdi prgydntg kd prdsupudstg kd cferdsgs y derdsgs kdi Dstbkg pbrb di d`drncncg osnbi 1<24. Eubtdjbib0 B^ÊD^/Hgfrbk Bkdfbudr/[mcfh [bfh Cfcncbtcvd.

Abrrcdftgs, Qcnbrkg (Nggrk.) (1<2;). Di \rdsupudstg pbrb di 1<240 igs erbfkds kdsboêgs pbrb igerbr rdsui-tbkgs y rdtgjbr di nbjcfg pbrb ufb jbygr trbfspbrdfncb. Kcbefþstcng kd ibs ofbfzbs pðaicnbs dfEubtdjbib b kcncdjard 1<2;. Eubtdjbib0 CNDOC/TFCNDO.

Ndftrg kd Cfvdstcebncgfds Dngfþjcnbs Fbncgfbids. (1<22). ^cstdjb trcautbrcg eubtdjbitdng. Icfdbjcdf-tgs kd pgiêtcnb dngfþjcnb, sgncbi y kd sdeurckbk. Eubtdjbib0 Butgr.

Ebspbrcng, Dstubrkg. (1<2;). Di b, a, n kd igs cjpudstgs. Eubtdjbib0 ^updrcftdfkdfncb kd Bkjcfcstrbncþf[rcautbrcb, ^B[.

Cfstctutg Ndftrgbjdrcnbfg kd Dstukcgs Ocsnbids (Cnd). (s.o.). Mcstgrcb kd ib trcautbncþf df Eubtdjbib kdskdigs jbybs mbstb ib bntubickbk. ^cfgpscs. Eubtdjbib0 ̂ updrcftdfkdfncb kd Bkjcfcstrbncþf [rcautbrcb.

^djbfb 1=

Cfogrjd Qdecgfbi kd Kdsbrrgiig Mujbfg 1<2>-1<2;

Cfstctutd ogr Dngfgjcns bfk \dbnd (CD\). (s.o.). [md dngfgjcn ngst go vcgidfnd ngftbcfjdft. B ngjprdmdf-scvd bssdssjdft go tmd eigabi ngst go vcgidfnd. CD\ Qdpgrt 14. ^ykfdy, Fdw Sgrh y Gxogrk0 Butgr.

Jd`grdjgs Eubtd y Ngbicncþf pgr ib ^deurckbk Ncukbkbfb. (s.o.) Mgjcnckcgs 1<2;. Cfogerboéb.

\ãrdz, Nbrigs (1<<5). Kdrdnmg ngfsudtukcfbrcg Cfkêedfb df di ârdb Nm–grtc– df di jufcncpcg kd @gngtâf,kdi kdpbrtbjdftg kd Nmcqucjuib. [dscs kd icndfncbturb df Ncdfncbs @urêkcnbs y ^gncbids. Eubtdjbib0

Obnuitbk kd Ncdfncbs @urêkcnbs y ^gncbids, Tfcvdrsckbk kd ^bf Nbrigs kd Eubtdjbib._biibkbrds, Kbfcig. (1<21) ’Ib cjpufckbk sceud prgtdecdfkg di odjcfcnckcg df Eubtdjbib‚ df mttp0//pd-

rcgkcsjgmujbfg.ngj/ju`dr/ib-cjpufckbk-sceud-prgtdecdfkg-di-odjcfcnckcg-df-eubtdjbib.mtji

^djbfb ><

Nbabiidrgs, Mbrgik. (1<21). Jbrng edfdrbi kd ib pgiêtcnb dxtdrcgr kd Eubtdjbib 1<21-1<2?, \rdsckdftdGttg \ãrdz Jgicfb. Eubtdjbib0 Jcfcstdrcg kd Qdibncgfds Dxtdrcgrds.



CEDQ ∑ \gignmcn

Nbòbs-Kcfbrtd, Nbrigs. (1<<1). ’Ndftrgbjãrcnb0 ufb mcstgrcb kd ufcgfds y kdsufcgfds‚ df0 mttp0//www.scnb.cft/ngfsuitb/kgnujdftg.bspx7ckf:=15=&ckj:2

Dqucpg [ãnfcng Juitckcsncpicfbrcg, Grebfczbncþf Cftdrfbncgfbi kdi [rbab`g (s.o.). Di prgndsg kd cftderbncþfndftrgbjdrcnbfb df pdrspdntcvb df mttp0//www.cig.gre/puaicn/spbfcsm/rdecgf/bjprg/jktsbf`gsd/ wgrhdr/cftdeWnb/fbi.mtj

^djbfbs >2, >1 y >>

Dikdr, Icfkb y \bui, Qcnmbrk. (1<<1). Di brtd kd ogrjuibr prdeuftbs dsdfncbids. (s.i.)0 Ogufkbtcgf ogr Nrctcnbi[mcfhcfe.

Ediids, Q y Idvcfd, B. (233?). Cftrgkunncþf b ib sgncgigeêb. Jãxcng0 JnErbw-Mcii.

Hgttbh, Ngfrbk. (1<<<). Bftrgpgigecb, ufb dxpigrbncþf kd ib kcvdrsckbk mujbfb, ngf tdjbs kd ib nuiturbmcspbfb. Dspbòb0 JnErbw-Mcii.

Juògz, Kcdeg y Bngstb, Fgrcs (1<2>). ’\rdsdftbncþf‚ df Cfvdstcebncþf sgncbi df sbiuk , vgiujdf cfbueurbi,pâe. 2;-24.

^bn Ngygy, Bukdicfg. (1<<5). Di nbidfkbrcg sberbkg Jbyb, jãtgkg pbrb di nþjputg kdi tcdjpg. Rudt-zbitdfbfeg0 Tfcvdrsckbk Qbobdi Ibfkêvbr.

Nrgwkoufkcfe dfmttp0//www.ufcvdrsgnrgwkoufkcfe.ngj/qud-ds-di-nrgwkoufkcfe/#._Q5mevyE-uh

’Kdsbrrgiig rurbi y sgstdfcacickbk‚ df mttp0//www.gdc.ds/kdnbkb/bnncgf.pmp7bnncgf:11

^uârdz, Bkrcbfb. (s.o.) ’Ibs fudvbs ogrjbs kd ngftrbtbncþf ibagrbi df uf jufkg eigabiczbkg‚ df0

mttp0//www.edstcgfmujbfb.ngj/em;/AbfngNgfgncjcdftg/D/dftgrfgWeigabiczbkg/dftgrfgWeigabiczb-kg.bsp

’Sufus, di abfqudrg kd igs pgards‚ df mttp0//www.sdjbfb.ngj/fbncgf/brtcnuig/jumbjbk-yufus-abf-

ngs-sgncbids-ngftrb-ib-pgardzb/>?4?>4->

^ctcgs wda vcsctbkgs

www.biuxfbmubi.ygttbac.ngj

www.ancd.cft

www.kugicfeg.ngj

www.erbjddfnrdbtcvdiba.ngj

www.cftdnbp.dku.etwww.jcfdx.ega.et

www.scnb.cft

www.scdnb.cft



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Ciencias Sociales Polochic 2

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