Derecho y Memoria Históirca.

7/29/2019 Derecho y Memoria Históirca.

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Barajdk y Cackrme

Dmstúrmje)

Pefhk Eitkimk Lae Jkilkstk)

66+06+605:



6

Ah smlhk TTM de smbk ui smlhk qua de prasaijmebk he jeãbe ba cmtks( k caokr

bmjdk( qua de efskrfmbk ah eure qua sa de jraebk y haveitebk eh raspajtk)

Aitra astks cmtks puabai jkitersa hks bah Zkjmehmsck( ah Jepmtehmsck( jkck

mbakhklães bklcåtmjes( park dey uik qua de parceiajmbk mcpkhutk? ah ba he

Zaluibe Vapÿfhmje) Ai ah åcfmtk nmhksúnmjk#ourãbmjk sa he de quarmbk vmijuher

jki he daraijme mitahajtueh prklrasmste( k daraijme mitahajtueh e sajes( ye sae

bah Greusmsck ba he ceik ba he Mistmtujmúi Hmfra ba Aisaõeize ba Nreijmsjk

Lmiar ba hks Vãks k bah pask eitarmkrcaita ‘hmfareh– eh qua ye dmjmare ranaraijme

Ezkrãi) Zm fmai as jmartk qua astk tmaia cujdk cås ba cmtk qua ba raehmbeb) Za

bafa acpazer bascmitmaibk ah mcpuhsk skjmehmste e he Backjrejme(

mibmvmbuehcaita jkismbarebk( jkck cuastrei hks pkstuhebks ba Pefhk Mlhasmes?

Zufkrbmiejmúi e hes takrães cerxmstes)

Kfoatmvk ai he ‘Bmjtebure bah Prkhatermebk–)

Nehte ba ebajuejmúi e he raehmbeb? prkhatermebk cmiÿsjuhk bureita he

atepe ba he Vasteurejmúi Fkrfúimje( furluasãe rabujmbe y prabkcmimk ba

he paquaõe prkpmabeb elrerme y jkcarjmeh

Vajdezk bah ‘rankrcmsck furluís– y jkcfeta bah cmsck)

Ah mcpuhsk banmimtmvk vmik jki he Duahle Laiareh Vavkhujmkierme ba 5=5<( jki

uie Esecfhae Laiareh ba Perhecaitermks ai Ferjahkie juyk prkpúsmtk are

barrmfer eh rílmcai cabmeita uie duahle ravkhujmkierme( ai jkiouijmúi jki hks

jeteheimstes( skjmehmstes( eierqumstes y rapufhmjeiks( jki he nkrcejmúi ba ui

lkfmarik prkvmsmkieh prasmbmbk pkr Cahquãebas Åhveraz( y jki he bmvmsmúi bah

peãs ai : ralmkias pere tkcer ah Pkbar?



:

Cebrmb( Jestmhhe y ^mzjeye? Pefhk Mlhasmes( ouitk e Herlk Jefehhark(

Fastamrk( Jkrbark y Zefermt)

Jetehuõe( ^ehaijme( Eibehujãe y Erelúi? Harrkux( ouitk e Pasteõe(

Zaluã( Fuaiejese( Lerfú( Cerjahmik Bkcãiluaz( Eiluemeik y hks

rapufhmjeiks vehaijmeiks)

Esturmes y Haúi? Cahquãebas Åhveraz( ouitk jki Hheiaze( Rakbkcmrk

Caiíibaz y Uumiteimhhe)

Eh cerlai ba astk( ah pask ba he mitahajtuehmbeb hmfareh#prklrasmste smlumú smaibk

ui mcpkrteita pmher( skfra tkbk ai hks qua raspajte eh cuibk ba he Qimvarsmbeb(

qua axmlãe uie ‘backjretmzejmúi– bah smstace) He ‘fmjanehme– bah ckvmcmaitk

rapufhmjeik jkitmiuú jki ui bmvkrjmk avmbaita aitra he jkijapjmúi ba he

mitahajtuehmbeb uimvarsmterme y he prkyajjmúi ravkhujmkierme7 cuastre ba ahhk as he

rauimúi bah :0 ba Elkstk ba 5=:0( ai he qua pertmjmpei parskieoas tei mhustresjkck Harrkux( Ezeõe( Bkcmilk( Ehjehå#_eckre( Cmluah Ceure( Jerresjk(

Nkrcmluare( Cehhkh( Eyluebas( Jeseras Uumrkle( Mibehajmk Prmatk k Narieibk

ba hks Vãks( jki ah kfoatmvk ba barrmfer he ckierquãe cabmeita Lkhpa ba Astebk

a mcpheiter he Vapÿfhmje) Astk berãe huler e he jkistmtujmúi ba ui Jkcmtí

Vavkhujmkiermk prasmbmbk pkr Ehjehå#_eckre( ouitk jki cmhmteras prk#

rapufhmjeiks( jkck Húpaz Kjdke( Fetat( Vmquahca( Narcãi Lehåi( Uuampk ba

Hheik k Vecúi Nreijk) Ah nrejesk ba ase kpjmúi vmk jeuja ahajtkreh ai hes

ahajjmkias cuimjmpehas ba Efrmh ba 5=:57 juyks rasuhtebks nuarki?

Prmcare Nesa $1 ba Efrmh-?

Ckiårqumjks? 52)054 jkijaoehas)

Vapufhmjeiks? 5)4:6 jkijaoehas)



2

Zaluibe Nesa $56 ba Efrmh-?

Ckiårqumjks? 66)510 jkijaoehas)

Vapufhmjeiks? 1)<<1 jkijaoehas)

Ah jkhknúi ba mhusmkias backjråtmjes sa basveiajmú jki he prkfejmúi ba uie hay

ahajtkreh fesebe ai he Hay Ejarfk ba he Mtehme Nesjmste( qua mcphmjefe qua jki

ah 61! ba hks vktks sa kftaiãe ah <1! ba hks bmputebks ba he Jåcere $ai ah

jesk ba he Vapÿfhmje( ÿimje-( rahetmvmzeibk hks rasuhtebks ai he Aspeõe rureh admpartrknmeibk hks ba he Aspeõe urfeie y lreibas jmubebas) He mitreismlaijme

ba perta ba he mzqumarbe rapufhmjeie quabú fmai jhere( aoacphmnmjåibksa jki hes

bajherejmkias ba Åhverk ba Ehfkrikz( bah Pertmbk Vebmjeh#Zkjmehmste?

‘Ik jkisaitmracks oecås qua ah Pkbar iks sae errafetebk pkr hks

ckiårqumjks bmsnrezebks ba rapufhmjeiks)–

K ba Cerjahmik Bkcmilk( bah cmsck pertmbk?

‘Zm sa kpkia rasmstaijme e he ravkhujmúi skjmeh y ik aijuaitre jeujas ourãbmjks(

hks aijkitrerå ai hes jehhas)–

E astk sa suce he eprkfejmúi ba he Jerte Celie ai Bmjmacfra smi imilÿi tmpk

ba ranaríibuc jkistmtujmkieh( ye qua( salÿi Bkcmilk( ba iuavk( hes hayas ba

baserrkhhk jkistmtujmkieh axmlãei ‘prkitmtub ai su eprkfejmúi y aspãrmtu

ravkhujmkiermk ai su rabejjmúi–) Ah prkpmk Ezeõe saõehú miaquãvkjecaita ase

mbaitmnmjejmúi ba he Vapÿfhmje jki ui jkitaimbk pkhãtmjk jkijratk( as bajmr( ‘su–

rapÿfhmje( ai ui bafeta perhecaitermk eh ranarmrsa e he cmikrãe elrerme?

‘Qstabas ik tmaiai halmtmcmbeb pere vaimr e aste Jåcere e bajmr sm ah Lkfmarik

as k ik ui lkfmarik bmjtetkrmeh7 su lrupk ik súhk ‘ik as rapufhmjeik– smik qua

‘ik hk puaba sar–( y ik hk sarå iuije( euiqua hk quaråms)–

As cås( he hay ba raluhejmúi bah Rrmfuieh ba Lereitães Jkistmtujmkiehas



1

$eitajabaita ba iuastrk Rrmfuieh Jkistmtujmkieh- astefhajãe qua ‘ he ejjmúi

ourmsbmjjmkieh barmvebe ba he prasaita hay $…- ik sa axtaibarå( im e hes

bmspksmjmkias prkcuhlebes pkr hes Jkrtas ejtuehas eitas ba sar eprkfebe he

cmsce( im e hks ejtks qua ah pkbar pÿfhmjk deye raehmzebk jki eitarmkrmbeb e su

pufhmjejmúi– ( as bajmr( astefhajãe he mcpksmfmhmbeb ba rajurrmr eita asta trmfuieh

tkbes hes hayas mcpkrteitas eprkfebes pkr ah Perhecaitk pere baserrkhher he

Jkistmtujmúi) Recpkjk pkbãe pheitaersa rajursk jkitre hks ejtks bah Lkfmarik

eitarmkras e bmjde hay) Aste hay nua nmrcebe pkr Ehfkrikz( ahalmbk ah 5: ba Ouhmk

ba 5=:: prmcar prasmbaita bah Rrmfuieh ba Lereitães Jkistmtujmkiehas( y qua

oustmnmjefe hk eitarmkrcaita axpuastk ai fesa e qua ‘iksktrks quaracks

axjhumr $ba he ejjmúi ba asta trmfuieh- tkbe kfre raehmzebe pkr astes Jkrtas y

quaracks axjhumrhe pkr cktmvks pkhãtmjks( nreije y iktefhacaita pkhãtmjks( qua

ik bmsmcuhecks ui skhk ckcaitk $…-– y qua ‘ pkr aijmce bah Perhecaitk ik

puaba defar iebe qua basjkikzje im suprmce im jarjaia su skfareiãe)– Ah

cmsck Oarúimck Lkcårmz( bmputebk rebmjeh#skjmehmste $rajuírbasa( ah lrupk cåsiucarksk ba he mzqumarbe rapufhmjeie( y jki jhere ceykrãe e he dkre ba hes

Jkrtas Jkistmtuyaitas qua ahefkrerki he Jkistmtujmúi ba 5=:5- racejdefe?

‘Astes Jkrtas ik ski ui Perhecaitk juehqumare) Astecks eÿi $…- ai uie

cmsmúi nreijecaita ravkhujmkierme y jkistmtuyaita)– Astk ik rasuhtefe care

pehefrarãe( festa ajder ui vmstezk eh bkjucaitk mitarik ahefkrebk pkr enmhmebks

rebmjeh#skjmehmstes ba Cebrmb( qua oustmnmjefei he kpksmjmúi e he Barajde ‘jki

y tkbks hks cabmks qua nuarei prajmsks– ?

‘Ai jesk ba he jkiqumste bah pkbar pkr hes mzqumarbes vmkhaitecaita( jkck

jkitastejmúi e he vmkhaijme ba hes barajdes( ah Lkfmarik qua sa jkistmtuye

lkfarierãe pkr Bajratks bureita ah tmacpk qua nuare iajasermk( deste hhaler e

he treisnkrcejmúi bah Peãs ai uie prknuibmbeb y axtaismúi teh qua ik puabe

krmlmiersa ai cujdk tmacpk uie rasurrajjmúi ba hks dkcfras ba he ckierquãe)–



>

Ai raehmbeb( sa tretefe ba jkrter ba reãz ah prkjask ba ‘tråisnule– tei jkcÿi e

he dkre ba ui jecfmk ba rílmcai) Caijmúi eperta caraja he Hay ba Banaise ba

he Vapÿfhmje( qua astefhajãe he tmpmnmjejmúi paieh ba he epkhklãe ba he Ckierquãe

k he jrãtmje eh Lkfmarik ba turik( jki seijmkias ajkiúcmjes y paies ba

jkinmiecmaitk y+k axtreõecmaitk) E astk bafa sucersa he ‘fkhjdavmzejmúi– bah

PZKA( ba he ceik ba Herlk Jefehhark( bafmbk( prmijmpehcaita( eh jeråjtar

purecaita mistrucaiteh jki qua jkitacphefei he Vapÿfhmje( ah enmeizecmaitk

bah Iejmkieh#Zkjmehmsck ai Ehaceime( y sus pksmfhas anajtks cmcítmjks ai

Aspeõe) Za hhale esã e he Vavkhujmúi ba Kjtufra ba 5=:2( ui Lkhpa ba Astebk

krquastebk pkr ah PZKA( ai jkiimvaijme jki he JIR y ah PJA( jki ui

prklrece ravkhujmkiermk rabejtebk pkr Mibehajmk Prmatk( qua mijhuãe?

Zaperejmúi bah Aoírjmtk ba tkbe knmjmehmbeb y rakrleimzejmúi skfra sus

fesas ‘backjråtmjes–( eh mlueh qua he Luerbme Jmvmh y bacås mistmtutks

ercebks)

Cmhmjme rajhutebe aitra hks enmhmebks)

Zaperejmúi ba he Ebcmimstrejmúi Pÿfhmje ba hks nuijmkiermks basenajtks

eh rílmcai)

Bmskhujmúi ba hes úrbaias rahmlmkses a mijeutejmúi ba tkbks sus fmaias)

Bajherejmúi ba tkbes hes tmarres jkck prkpmabeb bah Astebk)

Hks praperetmvks varserki skfra he prkjurejmúi ba erces y ah ebmastrecmaitk

cmhmter( jki he raspkisefmhmzejmúi ba Mibehajmk Prmatk ba hks praperetmvks

cetarmehas( cmhmteras y ah evmtuehhecmaitk ba erces( bmstrmfumbes ai lreibas

jeitmbebas pkr ah peãs( jkck quabú backstrebk eh dejarsa hes nuarzes ba

salurmbeb jki vermks ehmoks ai Zaptmacfra ba 5=:2( ik súhk ai Cebrmb y

Esturmes) Ah bkjucaitk acmtmbk pkr hks raspkisefhas ba asta ‘ckvmcmaitk– nua



<

cmcatmzebk ba ‘Ríjimje bah Jkhpk bm Ztetk– $5=:5-( ba Jurzmk Ceheperta( jki ah

kfoatmvk ba hhaver e fuai puartk ‘ui ckvmcmaitk ba jeråjtar iejmkieh

ravkhujmkiermk pere jkiqumster ah pkbar pkhãtmjk pere he jhesa kfrare–( ai

pehefres ba Herlk Jefehhark( ai ui aoarjmjmk ba ialejmúi ai jueitk e he

ejaptejmúi ba hks rasuhtebks ba hks jkcmjmks varbebarecaita tarrkrãnmjk( qua sa

varãe acuhebk pkr he barajde ai 5=:>( asteibk hks vmsks bah prmcar ai he

aitravmste ceitaimbe pkr Ezeõe jki Certãiaz Ferrmk pere mivehmber ah rasuhtebk

ba hes ahajjmkias ba 5=::( jkck sa baspraiba ba hes cackrmes ba asta ÿhtmck)

Ah rasuhtebk ba aste mitaitkie ravkhujmkierme( epebrmiebe pkr ehluiks sajtkras

bah rapufhmjeimsck ba mzqumarbes y jkibaiebk pkr ktrks( sa sehbú jki 5):00

cuartks( 60)000 bataimbks y nusmhecmaitks pråjtmjecaita miaxmstaitas)

Hhalecks nmiehcaita e hes ahajjmkias ba nafrark ba 5=:>( pere ah jkcaitermk

ba hes juehas ca racmtk e raprkbujmr hes bajherejmkias bah ax#prasmbaita ba he

Vapÿfhmje( Imjatk Ehjehå# _eckre( eh Okurieh Laiava( ai 5=:<?

‘E paser ba hks asnuarzks smibmjehmstes( ah Nraita Pkpuher kftaiãe skhecaita ui

pkjk cås( cuy pkjk( ba 600 ejtes( ai ui Perhecaitk ba 2<: bmputebks)

Vasuhtú he cmierãe cås mcpkrteita( park he ceykrãe efskhute sa ha asjepefe)

Zmi acferlk( hklrú jkiqumsterhe jkisucmaibk bks atepes e tkbe vahkjmbeb(

vmkheibk tkbks hks asjrÿpuhks ba he halehmbeb y ba he jkijmaijme) Prmcar atepe?

basba ah 5< ba nafrark( mijhusk basba he ikjda ba bah 5> ba( ah Nraita Pkpuher(

smi asparer ah nmi bah rajuaitk bah asjrutmimk y he prkjhecejmúi ba hks

rasuhtebks( hk qua bafarãe defar taimbk huler eita hes ouites prkvmijmehas bah

jaisk ai ah ouavas 60( basaijebaiú ai he jehha he knaismve bah baskrbai(

rajhecú ah pkbar pkr vãe ba he vmkhaijme) Jrmsms? ehluiks lkfariebkras jmvmhas

bmcmtmarki) E mistmlejmúi ba bmrmlaitas mrraspkisefhas( he cujdabucfra sa

epkbarú ba hks bkjucaitks ahajtkrehas? ai cujdes hkjehmbebas hks rasuhtebks

pubmarki sa nehsmnmjebks) Zaluibe atepe? jkiqumstebe he ceykrãe ba asta ckbk(



4

nua nåjmhcaita dejarhe ephesteita( rankrzebe jki uie axtreõe ehmeize jki hks

raejjmkiermks vesjks( ah Nraita Pkpuher ahmlmú he Jkcmsmúi ba vehmbaz ba hes

ejtes perhecaitermes( he qua prkjabmú ba ceiare erfmtrerme) Za eiuherki hes

ejtes ba jmartes prkvmijmes bkiba he kpksmjmúi rasuhtú vmjtkrmkse( sa

prkjhecerki bmputebks e jeibmbetks ecmlks vaijmbks) Za axpuhserki ba hes

jkrtas e vermks bmputebks ba hes cmikrães) Ik sa tretefe skhecaita ba uie

jmale pesmúi sajterme7 dejar ba he Jåcere uie Jkivaijmúi( ephester e he

kpksmjmúi y suoater eh lrupk caiks axehtebk bah Nraita Pkpuher) Basba ah

ckcaitk ai qua he ceykrãe ba mzqumarbes pubmare prasjmibmr ba íh( asta lrupk

ik are smik ui ouluata ba hes pakras hkjures) Nua esã júck hes Jkrtas

prapererki bks lkhpas ba astebk perhecaitermks) Jki ah prmcark( sa bajhererki

e sã cmsces mibmskhufhas bureita he burejmúi ba cm ceibetk prasmbaijmeh) Jki

ah saluibk( ca ravkjerki) Ah ÿhtmck kfståjuhk astefe basjertebk ai ah jecmik

ba he eierquãe y ba tkbes hes vmkhaijmes ba he luarre jmvmh)–

Ouitk e astk( eh ehtarejmúi ba hks rasuhtebks ai 56 prkvmijmes( y he suspaismúiba he pertmjmpejmúi ba hes barajdes ai hes ahajjmkias ba Juaije y Lreiebe(

jkibmjmkiú he vmjtkrme ahajtkreh bah Nraita Pkpuher( quabeibk ah prkcabmk ba

vktks kftaimbks ai he ahajjmúi ba bmputebks e Jkrtas bah 5> ba nafrark ba 5=:>

ba he ceiare qua smlua?

Mzqumarbe? 2):14)=0:)

Jaitrk? 11>)050)

Barajde? 2)511)56>)

Bafa taiarsa ai juaite qua( ai cujdks huleras( he jkijurraijme ba h barajde

y ah jaitrk nua jkiouite) Bmjdk astk( ah Lkhpa ba Astebk jkitre ah lkfmarik bah

Nraita Pkpuher $ik jkitre he Vapÿfhmje- sa pusk ai cerjde basba ah ckcaitk

ai qua sa jkikjmarki hks rasuhtebks( y ik jkck sa astefhaja defmtuehcaita e



=

jkisajuaijme ba hks basúrbaias pkstarmkras( sm fmai aste ÿhtmce jmrjuisteijme

eyubú e hks mibajmsks e sucersa eh cmsck) Ah cmsck Ckhe jursú uie jmrjuher

ai he qua eiuijmefe qua ah bmrajtkrmk cmhmter qua sa misteurerãe tres ah lkhpa

jkitre ah lkfmarik bah Nraita Pkpuher raspaterãe ah rílmcai rapufhmjeik)

Cuastre ba ahhk $euiqua he raehmbeb ba he luarre y he vmruhaijme bah lkhpa y ba he

sufhavejmúi ai juastmúi( esã jkck hks epkyks nåjtmjks hk derãei barmver dejme

uie bmjtebure eutkrmterme ba barajdes jki vkjejmúi tktehmterme- as hk qua nmlure

ai feibk prkjhecebk ai Cahmhhe( bajhereibk ah Astebk ba Luarre ai

Cerruajks( ai he terba bah 5< ba Ouhmk( pkr ah laiareh Nreijmsjk Nreijk?

‘Za trete ba rastefhajar ah mcparmk bah krbai baitrk ba he Vapÿfhmje( ik

skhecaita ai sus epermaijmes y smliks axtarmkras( smik tecfmíi ai su cmsce

asaijme–)

Aitra teitk( ah 50 ba Ouimk ba 5=:> sa jraú ui Rrmfuieh Aspajmeh pere axmlmr

raspkisefmhmbebas pkhãtmjes e ouajas( celmstrebks y nmsjehas( jkcpuastk pkr

Celmstrebks bah Rrmfuieh Zupracks y 56 ourebks( eimqumheibk he mibapaibaijme oubmjmeh pkr perta bah lkfmarik bah Nraita Pkpuher) Eh astehher ah jkinhmjtk

nretrmjmbe( bafa baoersa petaita qua he mitaijmúi bah feibk sufhavebk ba ‘dejar

hmcpmaze– nkrcefe perta ba sus pheias basba ah prmijmpmk( jkck fmai hk axprasú

uik ba hks oanas ba praise ba Nreijk( ah jepmtåi Lkizehk ba Elumhare( ai uie

aitravmste qua ha dmzk ah parmkbmste ikrtaecarmjeik Okdi \dmtegar( ai he qua

baoefe jhere su mitaijmúi ba ‘axtarcmier e ui tarjmk ba he pkfhejmúi cesjuhmie y

hmcpmer ah peãs ba prkhatermks– ) He raprasmúi iejmkieh sa astrujturú ai vermes

nesas?

5) Ceteizes cmhmteras ba kjupejmúi ‘mi smtu–)

6) Ceteize ‘e bmsjrajmúi– pkr perta ba cmhmjmes neheilmstes k( ai

batarcmiebks huleras( ba raquatís)



50

:) Jkisaoks ba Luarre Cmhmteras( jki oumjmks#nerse)

Aitra sus vãjtmces sa aijkitrefei nuijmkiermks bah Nraita Pkpuher( pkhãtmjks(

mitahajtuehas( prknaskras( jhesa cabme prklrasmste qua ik epkyefe ah lkhpa( atj)

He jmnre ba vãjtmces aoajutebes pkr ‘rafahmúi cmhmter–( ai ui trmsta aunacmsck(

basba ah mimjmk bah Lkhpa deste 5=24 puaba smtuersa aitra 600)000 y 610)000)

He lmleitasje cequmierme rapraskre nreiqumste( faibajmbe pkr he Mlhasme

Jetúhmje( jkivmrtmú e ui peãs rktk ai pksluarre ai uie lmleitasje jårjah qua

pkjk taiãe qua aivmbmer e hks jecpks ba jkijaitrejmúi abmnmjebks bureita $y

baspuís- ba he Luarre ba Zajasmúi Ecarmjeie) Ba iuavk ah jepmtåi Elumhare(

5<¿ Jkiba ba Ehfe y ]ahtas( basjrmfãe he pereikme bmlie ba psmqumåtrmjk

miqumsmtkrmeh?

‘Ai ípkjes cås seies…hes pheles y hes pastas skhãei jeuser uie ckrteibeb

cesmve aitra hks aspeõkhas…Zki uie reze ba asjhevks…Zki jkck eimcehas(

»sefa;( y ik jefa asparer qua sa hmfrai bah vmrus bah fkhjdavmsck) Eh nmi y eh

jefk( retes y pmkoks ski hks pkrtebkras ba he pasta…Iuastrk prklrece jkismsta

ai axtarcmier ui tarjmk ba he pkfhejmúi cesjuhmie ba Aspeõe) Jki ask sa

hmcpmerãe ah peãs y iks basderãecks bah prkhatermebk)–

6<0)<5= parskies( salÿi hes jmnres bah Cmimstarmk ba Oustmjme( nuarki e perer e

hes jårjahas nreiqumstes( eh cerlai ba hks jecpks ba jkijaitrejmúi(

prkvkjeibk ah jkhepsk ajkiúcmjk ba asta smstace rapraskr( beibk krmlai bah

Petrkietk Jaitreh pere he Vabaijmúi pkr ah Rrefeok( jraebk ai Kjtufra ba 5=:4

e prkpuaste bah sejarbkta oasumte Oksí Eitkimk Píraz bah Puhler( lastmkiebk

pkr ah Pebra Certãi Rkrrait y ah bmrajtkr laiareh ba prmsmkias( ah ejartebecaita

hhecebk Cåxmck Juarvk) Ik puaba baoersa peser qua tkbe aste raprasmúi

prataibmú taiar su jkfarture haleh ai he Hay ba Vaspkisefmhmbebas Pkhãtmjes(

pufhmjebe ai Furlks ah 5: ba Nafrark ba 5=:=( y qua ai su ertãjuhk prmcark

astefhajãe?



55

‘Za bajhere he raspkisefmhmbeb pkhãtmje ba hes parskies( teitk ourãbmjes jkck

nãsmjes( qua basba ah 5¿ ba Kjtufra ba 5=:2 y eitas bah 54 Ouhmk ba 5=:>

jkitrmfuyarei e jraer k e elrever he sufvarsmúi ba tkbk krbai ba qua sa dmzk

vãjtmce e Aspeõe( y ba equahhks ktrks qua e pertmr ba bmjdes najdes sa deyei

kpuastk k sa kpkilei eh Ckvmcmaitk Iejmkieh jki ejtks jkijratks k pesmvmbeb

lreva)–

He ratrkejtmvmbeb ba aste hay( ebacås ba su axtaismúi bafmbe e su ecfmløabeb

tarcmikhúlmje( ik parcmtmú acpeõer he anmjejme bah eveter raprasmvk bah

Nreiqumsck) Ah eperetk pkhmjmeh nreiqumste bmvmbmú e hks prasks ai eitarmkras eh 5

ba Efrmh ba 5=:= y pkstarmkras( as bajmr( hks bataimbks pkr defar pertmjmpebk ai

he rasmstaijme) Esã( bebk qua hks ‘rkoks– arei ‘jrmcmiehas acpabarimbks( smi

pksmfha rabaijmúi baitrk ba hk duceik– ( sa paisú ai ‘mivastmler hes reãjas ba

teitk ceh– ( ba hk qua sa aijerlú Eitkimk ^ehhaok Iúlare( jkceibeita bah

Aoírjmtk( cmacfrk ba Ejjmúi Aspeõkhe y jetabråtmjk ba Psmqumetrãe ba he

Qimvarsmbeb ba Cebrmb( nuibeibk ai vareik ba 5=:4 ui lefmiata bamivastmlejmkias psmjkhúlmjes( pere astubmer ah ‘psmqumsck bah neietmsck

cerxmste– ( astefhajmíibksa bureita he luarre 52 jhãimjes psmqumåtrmjes ai he

zkie iejmkieh) Astes mivastmlejmkias hhaverki e he jkijhusmúi ba qua( pere

prktalar e he skjmabeb ba teceõk ecaieze( he ÿimje pksmfmhmbeb rebmjefe ai ‘he

salralejmúi tkteh ba astks suoatks basba h e mineijme– ( pere hk qua are iajaserme

he jraejmúi ba uie Miqumsmjmúi ckbarie( ba jere e avmter he ‘bmskhujmúi rejmeh ba

he Dmspeimbeb– ( ai ui trmsta aoarjmjmk qua aijuaitre pereilúi ai asa ‘barajdk

paieh bah aiacmlk–( ba Løitdar Oegkfs) Pkr ah jkitrermk( he raprasmúi bah Nraita

Pkpuher( qua ik tuvk iebe ba aspkitåiak( jkck sa acpaõei ainkquas

ejtuehas ai backstrer( pertmú tecfmíi ba ase húlmje bah ‘barajdk paieh bah

aiacmlk–( ai ui aoarjmjmk ba axtarcmimk qua ye nuare eiuijmebk pkr ah PZKA( ah

PJA k he JIR) Hks kfoatmvks ba aste raprasmúi nuarki cmhmteras( cmacfrks ba



56

jhesas cabmes( furluasas( laita ba jmarte abujejmúi( rahmlmksks( jrayaitas(

smcphas tmfmks( atj) Ase húlmje pereikmje he aijeriei fmai hes pehefres ba

Airmqua Jestrk Bahlebk( jkceibeita bah 1¿ Valmcmaitk?

‘Ceter( ceter…salumr ceteibk deste qua ah jeiseijmk mcpmbe ceter

cås…Baspuís…Baspuís jkistrumr ah skjmehmsck…Uua sehlei ai nmhes y sa

veyei jkhkjeibk ouitk e equahhe perab ba ainraita( y qua sa quabai ehhã( ba

jere e he per ab… ¡Beks prmse%–

He tmpkhklãe ba hes tkrtures mijhuãei he ephmjejmúi ba dmarrks eh rkok vmvk( y

erreijer uões ba hes ceiks y ba hks pmas) He nmsjehmzejmúi pkr perta bah

Lkfmarik Vapufhmjeik hhalú jki ah Jkcmtí Prkvmijmeh ba Mivastmlejmúi Pÿfhmje(

bapaibmaita bah Cmimstarmk ba Luarre( nrutk bah ejuarbk qua tuvk huler ai uie

rauimúi qua tuvk huler ai Elkstk ba 5=:> ai ah Pehejmk bah Jãrjuhk ba Fahhes

Ertas( qua raspkibãe e he jkivkjetkrme ba Ceiuah Cuõkz Certãiaz( Bmrajtkr

Laiareh ba Zalurmbeb y bmputebk ba Mzqumarbe Vapufhmjeie( esmstmaibk

raprasaiteitas ba tkbks hks pertmbks y smibmjetks qua nkrcefei ah NraitaPkpuher( juye jkcpataijme are ejkrber tkbes hes cuartas qua astmcere

jkivaimaitas) Asta Jkcmtí Prkvmijmeh ba Mivastmlejmúi Pÿfhmje astuvk nkrcebk

pkr sajjmkias k trmfuiehas $jki raprasaiteitas bah PZKA( PJA( NEM( Qimúi

Vapufhmjeie( Pertmbk Zmibmjehmste( Mzqumarbe Vapufhmjeie( QLR( JIR(

Ouvaitubas Zkjmehmstes Qimnmjebes y Ouvaitubas Hmfartermes-) Aitra sus vãjtmces

sa aijkitrú Cahquãebas Åhveraz( hãbar bah Pertmbk Vankrcmste( rapufhmjeik

dmstúrmjk( caitkr ba Ezeõe y Jetabråtmjk ba Barajdk Vkceik) Ah < ba

Ikvmacfra ba 5=:> ah Jkcmtí Prkvmijmeh prasaitefe he smlumaita astrujture?

1 cmacfrks mijkrpkrebks eh Jkisaok ba he Bmrajjmúi Laiareh ba

Zalurmbeb? uik partaiajmaita eh PJA( ktrk e hes OZQ)

Prasmbaita? Zaluibk Zarreik Pkijahe)



5:

Jkisaoarks? Ouei Ehjåitere( Ouei Rkrrajmhhe Lumoerrk( Zeitmelk Åhveraz

Zeitmelk)

Bajmsmúi nmieh? Zeitmelk Jerrmhhk $Jkisaoark ba Krbai Pÿfhmjk ai he Ouite

Cmhmter bah Laiareh Cmeoe-)

Bmrajjmúi Laiareh ba Zalurmbeb( qua hhavefe ‘ui hmfrk ba ralmstrk ba

axpabmjmkias ba prasks pere esasmierhks– ( salÿi ah tastmckimk bah

jkcuimste Vecúi Rkrrajmhhe)

He ezerkse raprasmúi ba hks prmcark ckcaitks baoú pesk e he smstacetmzejmúi

bureita ah lkfmarik bah skjmehmste Ouei Ialrãi jki he jraejmúi bah Zarvmjmk ba

Mivastmlejmúi Cmhmter $ZMC-( juyk erqumtajtk nua Mibehajmk Prmatk( jki he nuijmúi

ba pkhmjãe pkhãtmjk#cmhmter eh astmhk bah IG^B skvmítmjk( qua tecfmíi ejtuefe ai

Aspeõe) Zu astmhk ba tkrture mijhuãe cítkbks ‘jmaitãnmjks– mcpkrtebks ba he

QVZZ?‘Ai hks suahks ba hes jahbes bmspkiãei fehbkses ba jeitk juyes ermstes

puitmelubes hejarefei jkitmiuecaita hks pmas ba hks prmsmkiarks basjehzks y

basiubks jkck tíjimjes ba baskrmaitejmúi y ba pírbmbe ba hks saitmbks( hks

dkcfras bah IG^B utmhmzerki( skfratkbk ai Ferjahkie( axtreõks skimbks

catåhmjks( jkhkras( hujas y suahks ai paibmaita) Zm tkbes astes tíjimjes

nehhefei( k hks mitarrklebkras taiãei prmse( smacpra quabefe ah rajursk e he

‘smhhe ahíjtrmje– y e he ‘jeoe ba rumbks–( euiqua jki ahhk sa errmaslefei e

aihkquajar bacesmebk prkitk e sus pr msmkiarks)–

He raprasmúi nraitapkpuhmste sa jkfrú jarje ba <0)000 vãjtmces) Ah cmsck

Ialrãi( ÿhtmck prasmbaita ba he Vapÿfhmje( defãe bmsjutmbk jki Bãez y Qrmfa he

mbae ba ui ‘Nraita Iejmkieh–) Cerjdaigk $esaskr skvmítmjk- minkrcú e ^krksãhkv

ba uie jkivarsejmúi ceitaimbe jki Ialrãi $qumai defãe epebrmiebk hes



52

ejtmvmbebas bah ZMC- ah 50 ba Bmjmacfra ba 5=:4) Ai bmjdk minkrce sa

caijmkie qua?

‘Ik jefa ralrask eh vmaok perhecaitermsck) Zarãe mcpksmfha jkisaitmr ah ‘hmfra

oualk– ba hks pertmbks t eh y jkck axmstãe eitas( ye qua ai asa jesk he barajde

pkbrãe jkisalumr iuavecaita hhaler eh pkbar) Ask smlimnmje qua rasuhte

mcparetmve k uie krleimzejmúi pkhãtmje uimnmjebe k uie bmjtebure cmhmter) Ik va

qua sae pksmfha ktre sehmbe)–

He ckikpkhmzejmúi pkr perta bah PJA ba he pkhãtmje bah Nraita Pkpuher jkmijmba

phaiecaita jki he qua hhaverãei e jefk hks pertmbks jkcuimstes ai Aurkpe bah

Asta tres he Zaluibe Luarre Cuibmeh pere dejarsa jki ah jkitrkh ba sus

raspajtmvks peãsas jki ah kfoatmvk ba misteurer hes hhecebes ‘Vapÿfhmjes

Pkpuheras–( as bajmr( astebks tktehmtermks ba jkrta jkcuimste7 qua hhaverki e

jefk ui laikjmbmk cujdk ceykr qua ah parpatrebk pkr hks Iejmkieh#Zkjmehmstes(

teitk juehmtetmve jkck jueitmtetmvecaita defheibk) Ai kpmimúi ba qumai asjrmfa(

he hhecebe ‘Cackrme Dmstúrmje– ik as cås qua uie nehejme qua súhk smrva pere

basvmer y kfstejuhmzer ah jkikjmcmaitk( puas ‘cackrme– as rajuarbk( y ah

rajuarbk as uie mcprasmúi) Hk qua bafa fusjersa as ah astubmk( teitk dmstúrmjk

jkck ourãbmjk( fesebk ai ah rmlkr jmaitãnmjk y ai he kfoatmvmbeb( smi aitrer ai

oumjmks ba vehkr y saismfharãe ferete( qua súhk fusje jkibmjmkier he kpmimúi ba

hks cås mlikreitas ai astes cetarmes) Bafa baoer ba mitaitersa ufmjer hks

ahacaitks e mivastmler ai tírcmiks nåjmhas jkck ‘fuaik– k ‘cehk–( k ai

smcphmnmjejmkias efsurbes jkck ‘nesjmste– k ‘jkcuimste–( qua ik jkistmtuyai

smik ui ejtk ba eskcfrkse paraze mitahajtueh) Astk sa pkia ba ceimnmastk sm sa

aitre e eiehmzer e nkibk hks raskrtas mbakhúlmjks qua perajai bafetmrsa

eitelúimjecaita( y qua ski kfoatk y nrutk( cuy e caiubk( ba hks eiåhmsms qua

iks eteõa) ] as qua ik baoe ba perajar dmhereita qua bmjdk eitelkimsck sa

prkbuzje aitra ah Jkcuimsck y ah Nesjmsck( y he varsmúi cås fruteh ba asta



51

ÿhtmck( ai Iejmkieh#Zkjmehmsck( jueibk( ba dajdk( tehas mbakhklães ik súhk

pertai ba ui trkijk jkcÿi( sm ik qua barmvei uie ba he ktre) ] as qua ik as ye

he puaste ai pråjtmje ba ui fruteh y anmjez smstace ba axtarcmimk cmcatmzebk

aitra uies y ktres $eh caiks aitra he prmcare y he tarjare-( sm ik qua he

oustmnmjejmúi ikcmieh eskcfre pkr su perajmbk7 festa rajkrber ah ertãjuhk

eperajmbk ai He Iuave Lejate Vaieie( ai Aiark ba 5424( ai ah jueh Ailahs

epuitú hes hãiaes ceastres qua sa salumrãei baspuís( eh phescer qua he

hhecebe ‘luarre ba jhesas–( ai tírcmiks cerxmstes( mcphmjerãe qua eh taiar huler

he Vavkhujmúi Zkjmehmste( axmstmrãei skjmabebas qua( eh sar naubehas( asterãei

etresebes bks atepes( bebk qua( eh ik sar jepmtehmstes( sarãe mcpksmfha

jkibujmrhks e he prkpme ravkhujmúi) He skhujmúi pheitaebe frmhhe pkr su

prelcetmsck( smi bube? ah axtarcmimk) ] hk cås skrpraibaita as qua( aitra hks

puafhks qua nmlurefei jkck aoacphk $e hks qua jehmnmjefe jkck ‘fesure rejmeh–-

sa dehhefei iebe cås y iebe caiks qua hks vesjks( hk jueh baoe ehluie qua

ktre bube ai ah åimck ba qumai rabejte ah prasaita asjrmtk skfra he jkdaraijmeba he treshejmúi bah cerxmsck#haimimsck eh jkitaxtk dmstúrmjk bah iejmkiehmsck

ai jueitk e asta puafhk ranmara) Astk ik bafa mcpabmr kfsarver hes ecphmes

smcmhmtubas aitra kfres ba jepmteh mcpkrteijme pere he líiasms ba he puaste ai

pråjtmje ba ecfes mbakhklães( jkck ski Uuí dejar ( asjrmtk pkr ^hebmcmr Mhmjd

Qhmeikv( ehmes Haimi( y Ah aspãrmtu ba he Vavkhujmúi Nesjmste( kfre ba Faimtk

Cusskhmim( esã jkck he pkstarmkr ertmjuhejmúi ba ecfks Astebks Rktehmtermks) Ba

dajdk( ski cås qua mhustretmves hes bajherejmkias bah ÿhtmck ai 5=:6 e ui

jkrraspkiseh axtreioark ai hes qua banmimú eh Nesjmsck jkck ui skjmehmsck#

iejmkiehmste( ai jkitrepksmjmúi eh skjmehmsck#mitariejmkiehmste( bah qua íh defãe

smbk vehabkr eitas ba he Lrei Luarre7 y bah prmcark skfra qua( sm defãe ehlumai

ai Mtehme qua pubmare hhaver e jefk he Vavkhujmúi Zkjmehmste( asa are Faimtk

Cusskhmim) Pere racejder ah jhevk( as kfhmlebk ejubmr eh prmcar prklrece bah



5>

Nesjmsck( ba 5=5=( bah jueh sa prkpkrjmkiei ehluiks axtrejtks?

‘ Pere hks prkfhaces pkhãtmjks?

#Zunrelm k Qimvarseh $…-)

Ai hk qua jkijmaria e hks prkfhaces skjmehas( prkpuliecks?

#He micabmete eprkfejmúi ba uie hay qua esalura y lereitmja he okriebe ba

kjdk dkres)

#$… - Zehermk cãimck)$…-)

#Rreshebk ba mibustrmes y sarvmjmks pÿfhmjks e hes krleimzejmkias prkhatermes

$…-)

Pkr hk qua eteõa e hks prkfhaces cmhmteras? $…-

#Qie pkhãtmje mitariejmkieh qua taile jkck kfoatmvk ahaver ah huler ba he iejmúi

mtehmeie deste he cåxmce ehture $…-)

Pkr hk qua raspajte e hks prkfhaces nmieijmarks?

#Astefhajmcmaitk ba ui nuarta mcpuastk skfra ah jepmteh( ba teh ceiare qua kfra

jkck imvahebkr perjmeh ba he rmquaze)

#Jkinmsjejmúi ba tkbks hks fmaias ba hes úrbaias rahmlmkses…–

Jkck sa puaba kfsarver( he basvmijuhejmúi perjmeh k eperaita ba he iajaserme

hujde ba jhesas ba he mbakhklãe cerxmste aiheze jki hks pkstuhebks bah

skjmehmsck rankrcmste( sm fmai ai he pråjtmje hks smstaces darabarks bah

cerxmsck#haimimsck y bah Nesjmsck mfei e bmnarmr ai pkjk cås qua bmnaraijmes

ba mitarpratejmúi y ai cetmjas suparnhuks? ui Astebk Rktehmtermk mbaitmnmjebk jki

ui pertmbk jaitrehmzebk y oarerqumzebk( bmrmlmbk pkr ui hãbar mibmsjutmfha( jki uie

skjmabeb aijuebrebe y ralmbe feok hay cerjmeh( ravkhujmkiermk( eitm#

jkisarvebkr( veiluerbmste( jki uie ajkikcãe mitarvaimbe ai ceykr k caikr

cabmbe y jki jmartes jkijasmkias e he prkpmabeb prmvebe) Ik kfsteita( hes

avmbaitas bmnaraijmes aitra ecfks smstaces ski bmnaraijmes ba ‘puaste ai

pråjtmje–( ik ba fesa) Hk cås skrpraibaita( qumzås( ba tkbk astk( as he



5<

epermjmúi ai ah Iaw ]krg Rmcas( ui eõk baspuís ba he cuarta ba Haimi( ba ui

ertãjuhk bah Br) Oksapd Lkaffahs( qumai sarãe cmimstrk ba Prkpeleibe bah

Rarjar Vamjd( juyk jkitaimbk ik puaba sar cås oulksk?

‘Ah Pertmbk Iejmkieh #Zkjmehmste ba hks trefeoebkras( bah jueh Ebkhn Dmthar as hãbar

y jraebkr( mismsta ai su jraaijme ba qua Haimi y Dmthar ski jkcperefhas)–

‘Fesåibkiks ai he enmrcejmúi bah krebkr ba qua Haimi nua ah Lrei Dkcfra(

súhk suparebk pkr Dmthar( y ba qua he bmnaraijme aitra ah jkcuimsck y hes

jraaijmes ba Dmthar as cuy hava( sa efrmú uie nejjmúi ba luarre eh rmtck ba hes

oerres ba jarvaze)–

Ktrk batehha qua derå tacfher ah ceimquaãsck mbakhúlmjk aitra ecfes pkstures

as ah dajdk ba qua ah prkpmk Ebkhn Dmthar smrvmú( ik ba nkrce miebvartmbe

prajmsecaita( eh lkfmarik ba he Vapÿfhmje Zkvmítmje Fåvere( smaibk ahalmbk

pere ah Jkisaok ba Zkhbebks $ba jhere raskieijme skvmítmje( pkr ktre perta- bah

Fetehhúi ba Vasarve bah 6ª Valmcmaitk ba Mineitarãe( esmstmaibk eh jkrtaok

nÿiafra tres ah esasmietk ba Gurt Amsiar $uik ba hks hãbaras ba he VapÿfhmjeZkvmítmje Fåvere-( ouitk jki vermks dkcfras ba su uimbeb( teh y jkck sa

jkisarve ai ui catreoa( jecmieibk tres ah níratrk bah caijmkiebk suoatk(

hhaveibk bks frezehatas? uik ialrk pkr he cuarta ba Amsiar( y ktrk rkok( ah jkhkr

bah skjmehmsck ravkhujmkiermk $jkhkr qua ebkpterãe pkstarmkrcaita pere he

feibare y smcfkhklãe ba su ckvmcmaitk-( y smrvmaibk ba aiheja jki ah

Bapertecaitk ba Prkpeleibe bah lkfmarik skjmehmste) As cås( as sefmbk qua

perta ba he mzqumarbe aurkpae bureita ah parãkbk aitra#luarres sa eprkxmcú eh

iejmkieh#skjmehmsck( jueibk ik sa dmjmarki banaiskras bah cmsck) Ah

axpkiaita cås jherk ba aste taibaijme sa aijuaitre ai Farierb Zdew(

breceturlk frmtåimjk y skjmehmste qua epkyú e aste taibaijme mbakhúlmje esã

jkck eh Nesjmsck mtehmeik eita he ‘miejjmúi– ba hks lkfmariks backjråtmjks( sm

fmai jki pkstarmkrmbeb( ouitk jki perta ba he mzqumarbe ik ravkhujmkierme( sa



54

bmsteijmú ba astes jkijapjmkias( ai pertmjuher ba he aijefazebe pkr Dmthar(

bebk qua( e su oumjmk( defãe treisnkrcebk y bankrcebk he jkijapjmúi cerxmste

bah Iejmkieh#Zkjmehmsck) Mijhusk( ah prkpmk Zdew jraãe ai ceter pkr jetalkrães(

ai uie mitarpratejmúi rebmjeh bah berwmimsck skjmeh( a mistú e hks jmaitãnmjks e he

jraejmúi ba ui les qua cetesa misteitåiaecaita( smi bkhkr( peråcatrks jki

hks qua jkmijmbmú ah _yghki#F( ah les utmhmzebk ai hks jecpks ba axtarcmimk

Iejmkieh#Zkjmehmstes) Hk cås eskcfrksk bah esuitk as qua he utmhmzejmúi bah

les pere ah axtarcmimk ba pkfhejmkias jmvmhas ik nua krmlmieh ba he mbakhklãe

jmtebe( smik qua nua ui rajursk ye utmhmzebk jki eitarmkrmbeb pkr hks

fkhjdavmquas pere yuluher he Vafahmúi ba Recfkv bureita he Luarre Jmvmh Vuse(

jkck bacuastre uie krbai jursebe ah 56 ba ouimk ba 5=65ai he qua sa

mibmjefe qua ‘bafa dejarsa ui jåhjuhk jumbebksk pere esalurer qua he iufa ba

les esnmxmeita sa axtmaibe e trevís bah fksqua y axtarcmia tkbk hk qua sa

aijuaitra ehhã)– ( ai ui skrpraibaita prajabaita qua( ouitk jki he IAP( sarvmrãe

ba mispmrejmúi pere uie utmhmzejmúi smcmher pkstarmkr pkr smstacesprataibmbecaita eitm#fkhjdavmquas) Jkck jkhknúi( tres he nmrce bah Pejtk

Ckhktkv#^ki Vmffaitrkp( pkr ah qua he Ehaceime Iezm y he Qimúi Zkvmítmje sa

rapertmrãei Pkhkime ai uie aspajtejuher mivesmúi jkiouite( beibk vãe hmfra e he

prmcare pere mimjmer he luarre ai Aurkpe Kjjmbaiteh y e he saluibe e

eiaxmkiersa hks Astebks Fåhtmjks y he ralmúi ba Faserefme( esã jkck mimjmer ah

etequa e Nmiheibme( ah IG^B skvmítmjk jkcaizú e aitraier e hes ZZ y

LAZREPK ehaceies( mimjmåibksa ui parãkbk ba jkhefkrejmúi y kparejmkias

jkiouites( mijhumbk ah mitarjecfmk ba prmsmkiarks) Esã cmsck sa has mistruyú ai

ah erta ba jkistrumr jecpks ba jkijaitrejmúi y ba axtarcmimk) He jkse ik

quabú edã( he QVZZ eprkvmsmkiú e Ehaceime jki ui laiarksk sucmimstrk ba

cetarmes prmces( esã jkck eyube hklãstmje( hk qua sa pusk ba ceimnmastk( pkr

aoacphk( bureita he mivesmúi ba Ikruale) Zmi mr cås haoks( ai uie rauimúi ba



5=

knmjmehas skvmítmjks y ba hes ZZ ai he Jrejkvme kjupebe pkr hks iezms sa

jkkrbmiú he bapkrtejmúi ba hks oubãks jki ah oana ba frmlebe ba hes ZZ Kttk

\ejdtar( treshebeibk e bmjdks suoatks eh Luatk ba he cmsce ralmúi y

krleimzeibk pkstarmkrcaita su axtarcmimk ai jåceres ba les) He celimtub ba

aste jkhefkrejmúi hhalú ah axtrack ba qua he QVZZ parsuebmare eh rastk ba

pertmbks jkcuimstes ba Aurkpe ba sefktaer hks ckvmcmaitks ba rasmstaijme ba

hks peãsas kjupebks y epkyer e hks iezms( jkck jkiste mijhusk ai hes

bajherejmkias bah Pertmbk Jkcuimste Nreijís ai Ouhmk ba 5=20( k he jkibaie eh

kstrejmsck e qua nuarki skcatmbks hks vatareiks ba he Luarre Jmvmh Aspeõkhe

ai ah jecpk rapufhmjeik tres he cetarmehmzejmúi ba he raehmbeb qua sa vmaia

jkcaiteibk) Bmnãjmhcaita sa pkbrãe jkismbarer e astks suoatks( e he huz ba hks

dajdks( y jkck he Hay ba Cackrme Dmstúrmje ba dajdk jkismbare( jkck

‘banaiskras ba he Backjrejme–) Mhustretmves ski( basba hualk( hes pehefres ba

Nrmtz \mabaceii( jkhefkrebkr ba Dmthar ba 5=:2 e 5=:= qua( pkstarmkrcaita(

jkispmrerãe jkitre íh( eh saõeher qua ‘he ÿimje bmnaraijme aitra ah fkhjdavmsck

rusk y ah skjmehmsck ehacåi as qua ah fkhjdavmsck rusk tmaia uie nejate

mitariejmkieh y ah skjmehmsck ehacåi súhk as iejmkieh) Pkr hk bacås…ski

mbíitmjks)– Pere epuiteher eÿi cås he abmnmjejmúi( sa puabai jmter hes

bajherejmkias qua hhalú e raehmzer ah cmsck Ebkhn Dmthar? ‘]k ik sky tei súhk

qumai de vaijmbk eh cerxmsck( smik tecfmíi su raehmzebkr? k sae ba equahhe

perta bah cmsck qua as asaijmeh y astå oustmnmjebe( baspkoebe ba su bklce

dafrak#tehcÿbmjk $…- Ah iejmkieh #skjmehmsck as hk qua ah cerxmsck defrãe

pkbmbk sar sm dufmare jkisalumbk rkcpar sus vãijuhks efsurbks y ertmnmjmehas

jki ui krbai backjråtmjk– 7 k ‘Jueibk he Neheila aijerjahe e sus ebvarsermks(

jkcata ah ceykr ba hks arrkras) »Ejesk cm pertmbk ik de astebk jkcpuastk ai

ui ikvaite pkr jmaitk ba ahacaitks ba mzqumarbe;–) Ik cås skrpraibaita qua

astk as ah qua cujdks ba hks qua partaiajmarki e hes ZE y e hes ZZ prkjabãei



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ba krleimzejmkias jkcuimstes( salÿi hes jkcprkfejmkias raehmzebes pkr ah

laiareh \mhdahc Lrkaiar eh esucmr ah jerlk ba cmimstrk ba he Vamjdswadr ( k

qua he astaraktmpebe Zkhujmúi Nmieh( e he huz ba ui cackråibuc sajratk qua

bete ba 5=20( Vanhaxmkias skfra ah tretecmaitk ba hks puafhks ba reze ik

larcåimje ai ah Asta( surlmú tres ‘astubmer etaitecaita y jkpmer cujdks

espajtks ba hes mistmtujmkias jkijaitrejmkiermes skvmítmjes– ( ephmjeibk hks

cítkbks ba axtarcmimk ye aiseyebks pkr Haimi y( ai ceykr cabmbe( pkr Ztehmi)

Astk( jkck sa puaba jkcprkfer( ik supkia ah smcphmsck ba mbaitmnmjer he

ieturehaze bah Iejmkieh#Zkjmehmsck jki he bah jkcuimsck ai fesa e banmimr

axjhusmvecaita e asta jkck ‘Astehmimsck–) Ik) Ah ‘Astehmimsck– ik nua cås qua

he jkitmiuejmúi bah Haimimsck( y asta( e su vaz( uie puaste ai pråjtmje bah

cerxmsck jhåsmjk( jkivaimaitacaita rankrcuhebk pere su ephmjejmúi ai Vusme(

uie ephmjejmúi qua ik raiuijmú e sus prmijmpmks fåsmjks ba ‘hujde ba jhesas– y

qua jkitrmfuyú e mbaitmnmjer ah ‘laikjmbmk ba jhesa– jki ah ‘laikjmbmk ba reze–

$qua( jkck sa sefa( jkistmtuyú ui iuavk ‘laikjmbmk ba jhesa–

jkivaimaitacaita ai cesjerebk tres ah ecfmluk tírcmik ba ‘reze–-) Cuastre

ba ahhk as hk qua sa puaba haar ai ui bkjucaitk ba 5=54 asjrmtk pkr ah cmsck

Haimi?

‘Ah g uheg as ui narkz aiacmlk bah pkbar skvmítmjk) K hks guhegs balkhherãei e ui

lrei iÿcark ba kfrarks( k hks kfrarks ephesteråi mcphejefhacaita hes

rafahmkias ba hks guhegs( ba hks hefrebkras) Ik puaba defar tírcmiks cabmks)

He pez as mcpksmfha? sa puaba( a mijhusk nåjmhcaita( rajkijmhmer ah guheg jki ah

lrei tarretaimaita( jki ah zer y jki ah sejarbkta( euiqua eitas sa dufmarei

pahaebk aitra ahhks( park oecås sa pkbrå rajkijmhmersa jki he jhesa kfrare) Pkr

ask bajmcks qua he hujde jkitre ah guheg as he hujde nmieh( bajmsmve $…-) Hks

guhegs ski hks axphktebkras cås narkjas( cås frutehas( cås sehveoas $…-)

Astes seilumouahes sa dei airmquajmbk jki he cmsarme bah puafhk bureita he



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luarre $…-) Astes ereões vaiaikses dei ailkrbebk e jkste ba hks jecpasmiks

errumiebks pkr he luarre( e jkste ba hks kfrarks decfrmaitks) Astes

seilumouahes dei jdupebk he seilra ba hks trefeoebkras $…-) ¡Luarre

mcphejefha jkitre hks guhegs% ¡Luarre e cuarta% Kbmk y basprajmk pere hks

pertmbks qua hks banmaibai? pere hks skjmehmstes ravkhujmkiermks ba barajde(

pere hks caijdavmquas y pere hks ejtuehas skjmehmstes ravkhujmkiermks ba

mzqumarbe) Hks kfrarks bafai ephester jki ceik ba dmarrk hes rafahmkias ba hks

guhegs( qua sa ehmiaei jki hks jepmtehmstes axtreioarks jkitre hks trefeoebkras

ba iuastrk peãs)– Qie jkijaptuehmzejmúi bah laikjmbmk e he qua ik nua eoaie

equahhk qua ha jkcaitere e ui jkikjmbk? ‘Astecks kjupebks ai he eimqumhejmúi)

»Ik ta ejuarbes ba hk qua bajãe Pmserav; ‘Vkcpar( cejdejerhk tkbk( lkhpaer

y bastrumr% ¡Rkbk hk qua sa rkcpa as fesure y ik tmaia barajdk e vmvmr) Hk qua

skfravmva as hk fuaik)– – Zu treshejmúi eh åcfmtk paieh smlumú ah cmsck petrúi(

puas ik sa hhalú e ber iuije uie banmimjmúi jhere ba aste iuave jetalkrãe

ourãbmje ba ‘aiacmlk ba jhesa–( hk qua nejmhmtefe ah ehjeija bah tírcmik ai

jueitk e aiacmlks e ailhkfer baitrk bah cmsck y nejmhmtefe he erfmtrermabeb) Qi

Barajdk Paieh ba eutkr( fesebk ai he jetalkrãe qua kstaite ah suoatk( ik ai hes

ejjmkias bahmjtmves qua jkcata bafmbecaita tmpmnmjebes) Ah tacmbk ertãjuhk 14

bah Júbmlk Paieh Zkvmítmjk ba 5=6< basjrmfãe esã hk qua are uie ‘ejjmúi

jkitrerravkhujmkierme–? He ejjmúi jkitrerravkhujmkierme as ui ejtk aijecmiebk

e barrmfer( sufvartmr k bafmhmter ah pkbar ba hks trefeoebkras y jecpasmiks

skvmítmjks)))y lkfmariks ba he QVZZ( hks Zkvmats y hes rapÿfhmjes eutúikces( k

sufvartmr k bafmhmter he salurmbeb axtarmkr ba he QVZZ( prmijmpehcaita he

ajkiúcmje( pkhãtmje y hks hklrks iejmkiehas ba he ravkhujmúi prkhaterme) Asta

ertãjuhk( qua jkiselrú hks efusks axtreoubmjmehas qua sa hhavefei prkbujmaibk

basba eitas ba 5=54( jkivmrtmú ai jeria pere ah pmjebark bah smstace bah

LQHEL e cmhhkias ba saras duceiks) Zm fmai bafa astefhajarsa ui cetmz)



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Axmsta uie bmnaraijme aitra hk qua are jkismbarebk ui prmsmkiark ‘pkhãtmjk– y ui

‘aiacmlk ba jhesa–7 ah prmcark( jkck kpksmtkr( pkbãe sar aijarrebk k

esasmiebk( cerjebk ba pkr vmbe( sarãe jkibaiebk eh kstrejmsck cås fruteh ba

jkisalumr skfravmvmr( ah saluibk are uie jetalkrãe e axtarcmier basba uie

úptmje ‘jmaitãnmje–) Hks bahmtks ik nuarki banmimbks salÿi he jkijapjmúi

kjjmbaiteh jkcÿicaita ejaptebe skfra he ieturehaze ba astks( smik ai fesa e

he jetalkrãe qua kstaitefe ah suoatk y+k ai ah lrebk ba kpksmjmúi k paroumjmk eh

baserrkhhk bah eveter bah Astebk) As cås( he bahmijuaijme jkcÿi sa jkismbarú

jkck prkbujtk ba he skjmabeb furluase( hebrkias y esasmiks pkbãei sar

ehmebks pktaijmehas eh sar rankrcefhas( ik esã kpksmtkras pkhãtmjks y hks

aiacmlks ba jhesa) He Vavkhujmúi cmsce( eh ejefer jki hes astrujtures ba

bkcmiejmúi aijkitrerãe he ceiare ba ahmcmier ase bahmijuaijme jkcÿi) Fmai

astefhajmbes ye hes jetalkrães( he ephmjejmúi ba hes cmsces asjkibãe uie

jkcphaombeb( y as qua hks prasks pkhãtmjks k ‘aiacmlks bah puafhk– kstaitefei

bmjde jetalkrãe e pkstarmkrm( ik ai su cmsce asaijme y( ba sar esã( ask are ehlkpkstarmkr e he jkitmilaijme ba hks ‘aiacmlks ba jhesa– qua( pkr su cmsce

ãibkha( ye arei uie jetalkrãe e ahmcmier( pkr ah cark dajdk ba ba sarhk( ik ai

nuijmúi ba qua nuasai susjaptmfhas ba sar sufsucmbks baitrk ba hes

erfmtrermabebas bah smstace paieh skvmítmjk( Hks aiacmlks ba jhesa astefei ba

pkr sã nuare ba he halehmbeb( ai ui hmcfk ourãbmjk( ba he cmsce ceiare qua hk

aståi hks prasks ba Lueitåieck ai he ejtuehmbeb( ik arei aitmbebas halehas

par sa) Euiqua he halehmbeb y he ‘ehalehmbeb– femherki ba nkrce erfmtrerme aitra

miiucarefhas suoatks( pkr ralhe laiareh hks prasks pkhãtmjks sã kstaitefei uie

jetalkrãe ourãbmje e taikr bah caijmkiebk ertãjuhk 14( euiqua aste ba pkjk has

vehmare ai ui Astebk pkhmjmeh qua sa ralãe pkr he bkjtrmie ba dejar pmjebmhhk e

equahhks qua jkismbarefe sus aiacmlks) Ah cmsck tmpk ba rezkiecmaitk paieh

sa ephmjú ai ah jesk bah Iejmkieh#Zkjmehmsck( bkiba he bmstmijmúi jetalúrmje



6:

mcphmjú he jkibaie ai nuijmúi bah sar ai huler bah dejar ) Astk supusk he

treshejmúi ba he bmiåcmje bah ‘aiacmlk ba jhesa– eh ‘aiacmlk rejmeh– k eh ‘oubãk–7

hks aiacmlks qua jkcpkiãei astes jetalkrães ik pkbãei baoer ba sarhk( puas

jmaitãnmjecaita arei y ik pkbãei ik sar ) Arei trmqumõuahes halehas pere halehmzer

takrães pkhãtmjes qua sa prataibãei jmaitãnmjes y pere juye raehmzejmúi are

mcprasjmibmfha he ahmcmiejmúi bah aiacmlk kfoatmvk) Ai banmimtmve( ik nua uie

jkijapjmúi bmrmlmbe e jkitaiar hks mcpuhsks jrmcmiehas qua puabai bersa ai

juehqumar skjmabeb rezkiefhacaita efmarte( smik he ahmcmiejmúi ba sajtkras

jkijratks baitrk ba juye raehmbeb sa ailhkfefei hks anajtks beõmiks qua astes

skjmabebas sunrãei) He rakrbaiejmúi cabmeita he ahmcmiejmúi y ah skcatmcmaitk(

ik cabmeita he jkitaijmúi y he lereitãe mibmvmbueh( pkr perta ba uie mbakhklãe

eutkhalmtmcebe pere ah axtarcmimk ai cese) Basba hks jkcmaizks bah

Zkjmehmsck deste hks jecpks ba axtarcmimk( ah aspãrmtu hetaita ba he ahmcmiejmúi

ba hk jkismbarebk minarmkr( misarvmfha( bmlik ba parajar( as hk qua de sustaitebk

hes ckbaries jkijapjmkias bah Barajdk Paieh ba eutkr( jmõíibksa e heprktajjmúi ba he skjmabeb ai jkiouitk jkck ehlk hkefha ba jere e aicesjerer

ui cítkbk ba raprasmúi( skcatmcmaitk y bmsjrmcmiejmúi qua ik supkia cås

qua he tmreiãe ba ceykr aspeitk qua puabe jefar mcelmier( prajmsecaita( pkr

su halmtmcejmúi ah ‘fmaiaster skjmeh–)

] nmiehmzk jmteibk e Ícmha _khe ai ah jíhafra ertãjuhk ‘]k ejusk–?

‘] ah ejtk qua raehmzk equã( ik as cås qua ui cabmk ravkhujmkiermk ba ejtmver he

axphksmúi ba he varbeb y ba he oustmjme) Zúhk tailk ui basak( ah ba he varbeb ai

ikcfra ba he duceimbeb( qua de sunrmbk teitk y tmaia barajdk e he nahmjmbeb) Cm

erbmaita prktaste ik as cås qua ui lrmtk ba cm ehce) Uua sa etravei e hhaverca

e hks trmfuiehas y qua ca ouzluai pÿfhmjecaita) Esã hk aspark)–



Fmfhmklrenãe

Pehefres jkck puõks? He mitreismlaijme pkhãtmje bureita he Zaluibe

Vapÿfhmje Aspeõkhe) Narieibk bah Vay)

Esehtk e he Vapÿfhmje) Imjatk Ehjehå#_eckre)

Perejuahhks#Getyi) Qi aiseyk skfra ah laikjmbmk ba he mzqumarbe) Jíser

^mbeh)

He luarre jmvmh aspeõkhe) Eitkiy faavkr)

Erjdmpmíhelk Luhel) Ehagxeibr Zkhzdaimtsyi)

He prmcare luarre ba Dmthar) Rdkces \afar)

Cami Gecpn) Ebkhn Dmthar)

Uuí dejar) ^)M)Haimi)

Ah aspãrmtu ba he ravkhujmúi nesjmste) Faimtk Cusskhmim)

Ceimnmastk jkcuimste) Gerh Cerx y Nrmabrmjd Ailahs)

Hay 16+600<( ba 6> ba bmjmacfra)

Bkjucaiteh? He Qimúi Zkvmítmje eh basjufmartk) Jeieh Dmstkrme)

Haimi y Dmthar? hks bks rkstrks bah tktehmtermsck) Hujmeik Pahhmjeim)

Hhecebca Ztehmi) Zmcki Zafel Ckitanmkra)

Luhel? dmstkrme ba hks jecpks ba jkijaitrejmúi skvmítmjks) Eiia

Epphafeuc)

Dmthar? uie fmklrenãe) Mei Garsdew)

Derecho y Memoria Históirca.

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Transcript of Derecho y Memoria Históirca.