INFORME DE LABORATORIO DE TENSION DEL ACERO

OBJETIVOS

1. Conocer el comportamiento de una probeta de acero frente alas fuerza de traccin o tensin

2. Comparar el comportamiento, resistencia y elongacin de una probeta de acero corrugado frente a una de acero liso

3. Identificar las zonas elstica y plstica de los metales

4. Interpretar correctamente los datos obtenidos en el diagrama de esfuerzo - deformacin 5. Calcular los elementos cruciales que describen el comportamiento del metal, tales como modulo de elasticidad y esfuerzo ultimo

MARCO TEORICO

LEY DE HOOKE:

Cuando un objeto de somete a fuerzas externas, sufre cambios de tamao o de forma, o de ambos. Esos cambios dependen del arreglo de los tomos y su enlace en el material.Cuando un peso jala y estira a otro y cuando sele quita este peso y regresa a su tamao normal decimos que es un cuerpo elstico.

La cantidad de estiramiento o de compresin (cambio de longitud), es directamente proporcional a la fuerza aplicada. F=Kx

ENSAYO DE TENSION O TRACCION

El ensayo de traccin de un material consiste en someter a una probeta normalizada realizada con dicho material a un esfuerzo axial de traccion creciente hasta que se produce la rotura de la probeta. Este ensayo mide la resistencia de un material a una fuerza esttica o aplicada lentamente. Las velocidades de deformacin en una ensayo de tensin suelen ser muy pequeas (=10-4 a 10-2 s-1).

En el ensayo se mide la deformacin (alargamiento) de la probeta entre dos puntos fijos de la misma a medida que se incrementa la carga aplicada, y se representa grficamente en funcin de la tensin (carga aplicada dividida por la seccin de la probeta). En general, la curva tensin-deformacin as obtenida presenta cuatro zonas diferenciadas:

1. Deformaciones elsticas: contiene

El coeficiente de proporcionalidad entre la tensin y la deformacin se denomina mdulo de elasticidad o de Young y es caracterstico del material. La tensin ms elevada que se alcanza en esta regin se denomina lmite de fluencia.

Pueden existir dos zonas de deformacin elstica, la primera recta y la segunda curva, siendo el lmite de proporcionalidad el valor de la tensin que marca la transicin entre ambas2.Fluencia o cedencia. Es la deformacin brusca de la probeta sin incremento de la carga aplicada. El fenmeno de fluencia se da cuando las impurezas o los elementos de aliacion bloquean las dislocaciones de la red cristalina impidiendo su deslizamiento, mecanismo mediante el cual el material se deforma plsticamente. 3.Deformaciones plsticas: si se retira la carga aplicada en dicha zona, la probeta recupera slo parcialmente su forma quedando deformada permanentemente. Las deformaciones en esta regin son ms acusadas que en la zona elstica.

4.Estriccin. Las deformaciones se concentran en la parte central de la probeta aprecindose una acusada reduccin de la seccin de la probeta, momento a partir del cual las deformaciones continuarn acumulndose hasta la rotura de la probeta por ese zona.

. La ductilidad de un material a tensin puede caracterizarse por su alargamiento total y por la disminucin de rea en la seccin transversal donde ocurre la fractura.

La elongacin porcentual se define como sigue:

Donde Lo es la longitud calibrada original y Lf es la distancia entre las marcas de calibracin al ocurrir la fractura.

La reduccin porcentual de rea mide el valor de la estriccin que se presenta y se define como sigue:

Donde Ao es el rea original de la seccin transversal y Af es el rea final en la seccin de la fractura.

Los materiales que fallan en tensin a valores relativamente bajos de deformacin unitaria se clasifican como materiales frgiles.

En este ensayo las propiedades usualmente determinadas son: La resistencia a la cedencia (punto de cedencia), la resistencia a la tensin, la ductilidad (El alargamiento y la reduccin de rea), el mdulo de elasticidad y el tipo de fractura.

MATERIALES Probeta 3/4 corrugada Probeta 3/4 LISA

EQUIPOS

Maquina universal de ensayos

MARCA:

MAXIMA CAPACIDAD A TENSION : 50 toneladas

Pie de reyPROCEDIMIENTO

1. Tome las dimensiones iniciales de la probeta, de acuerdo con las especificaciones de la misma en la norma ASTM E 8. Utilice el calibrador para tomar las mediciones.

2. Se colocar la probeta en las mordazas de la mquina, asegurndose que la fijacin sea la correcta.

3. Se sujetar la probeta y se colocar las escalas en la posicin inicial.

4. Se aplicar una carga a velocidad uniforme hasta alcanzar la ruptura (7).

5. Se generar un archivo de datos de Carga aplicada y desplazamiento.PROBETA CORRUGADA ACERO 1020AREA(mm2): 283.52

D INC(mm): 19

DIAMFINAL(mm) : 15.8

LONGITUD INICIAL(mm) : 98.45LONGITUD FINAL (mm) : 107.7

CARGA(N)LONGITUD(mm)DEFORMACION(mm/mm)ESFUERZO(MPA)

833.8500.0000002.94097173

833.850.0160.126684451.5256597

882.90.0320.127029452.736648

931.950.050.127374453.6016397

931.950.0660.127699454.8126281

9810.0820.128045455.8506181

1030.050.0980.128370456.8886081

1030.050.1140.128735458.0995965

1128.150.1320.129060459.1375865

1128.150.150.129385460.1755765

1177.20.1680.129731461.2135665

1226.250.1840.130056462.4245549

1275.30.2020.130401463.4625449

1324.350.2180.130747464.6735333

1373.40.2340.131092465.7115233

1422.450.250.131437466.7495133

1471.50.2660.131762467.7875033

1569.60.2820.132087468.8254934

1618.650.30.132412469.8634834

1667.70.3160.132778470.9014734

1716.750.3320.133123472.1124618

1765.80.3480.133469473.3234501

1814.850.3660.133794474.1884418

1863.90.3820.134119475.2264318

1912.950.40.134464476.2644219

19620.4160.134810477.3024119

2011.050.4340.135135478.3404019

2060.10.450.135480479.5513903

2109.150.4660.135825480.4163819

2158.20.4820.136171481.454372

2207.250.50.136496482.6653603

2256.30.5160.136841483.530352

2305.350.5340.137166484.568342

2354.40.550.137491485.6063321

2403.450.5680.137836486.6443221

2452.50.5840.138182487.8553104

2501.550.60.138547488.8933005

2550.60.6160.138873489.9312905

2599.650.6320.139198490.9692805

2648.70.6480.139543491.8342722

2697.750.6640.139868492.8722622

2697.750.6820.140213493.9102522

2746.80.70.140559494.9482423

2795.850.7160.140904495.9862323

2893.950.7320.141229497.0242223

29430.750.141574497.889214

29430.7660.141899498.927204

3041.10.7820.142245499.965194

3090.150.80.142590501.0031841

3139.20.8180.142936502.0411741

3188.250.8340.143261503.0791641

3237.30.850.143606503.9441558

3286.350.8680.143931504.9821458

3335.40.8840.144276505.8471375

3384.450.90.144622506.8851275

3433.50.9160.144967507.9231175

3482.550.9340.145312508.9611076

3531.60.950.145617509.8260992

3580.650.9660.145962510.8640893

3678.750.9820.146308511.7290809

3727.810.146653512.767071

3776.851.0160.146998513.805061

3825.91.0320.147324514.6700527

3874.951.050.147669515.7080427

39241.0660.147994516.5730344

3973.051.0840.148319517.6110244

4071.151.10.148664518.4760161

4120.21.1160.149030519.5140061

4169.251.1320.149375520.5519961

4218.31.150.149700521.4169878

4267.351.1660.150025522.2819795

4316.41.1820.150371523.1469712

4414.51.1980.150716524.1849612

4414.51.2140.151041525.2229512

4512.61.2340.151386526.0879429

4561.651.2520.151732526.9529346

4659.751.2680.152077527.9909246

4659.751.2840.152402528.8559163

4757.851.30.152748529.720908

4806.91.3180.153073530.5858997

4855.951.3340.153418531.6238897

49051.350.153743532.4888814

4954.051.3660.154088533.3538731

5003.11.3820.154434534.3918631

5101.21.3980.154759535.2568548

5150.251.4160.155124536.2948448

5248.351.4320.155449537.1598365

5297.41.450.155775538.0248282

5346.451.4680.156120538.8898199

5444.551.4840.156465539.7548115

5493.61.50.156790540.6198032

5542.651.5160.157136541.4847949

5591.71.5320.157481542.5227849

5689.81.5480.157826543.3877766

5738.851.5640.158172544.2527683

5836.951.5820.158497545.11776

58861.5980.158822545.9827517

5935.051.6160.159167546.8477434

6033.151.6340.159512547.712735

6082.21.650.159858548.5777267

6131.251.6660.160183549.6157168

6229.351.6840.160528550.3077101

6278.41.70.160853551.1727018

6376.51.7160.161199552.0376935

6425.551.7340.161544552.9026852

6474.61.750.161889553.7676768

6572.71.7660.162214554.6326685

6621.751.780.162560555.4976602

6719.851.7980.162885556.1896536

6768.91.8160.163230557.0546452

6817.951.8320.163575557.9196369

6916.051.850.163900558.7846286

7014.151.8660.164246559.6496203

7063.21.8820.164571560.3416137

7161.31.90.164937561.2066053

7210.351.9160.165282562.071597

7308.451.9320.165607562.7635904

7357.51.950.165932563.6285821

7455.61.9660.166257564.3205754

7553.71.9820.166582565.0125688

7602.7520.166948566.0505588

7700.852.0180.167293566.9155505

7749.92.0340.167638567.7805421

78482.050.167963568.4725355

7897.052.0660.168309569.1645288

7995.152.0820.168654569.8565222

8093.252.10.168979570.7215139

8142.32.1160.169325571.5865056

8240.42.1320.169650572.2784989

8289.452.150.169995572.9704923

8387.552.1660.170340573.8354839

8485.652.1820.170686574.7004756

8583.752.1980.171011575.392469

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8730.92.2320.171701576.7764557

88292.2480.172026577.468449

8927.12.2660.172372578.3334407

9025.22.2820.172697579.0254341

9123.32.30.173042579.7174274

9221.42.3160.173388580.5824191

9270.452.3320.173713581.2744124

9368.552.350.174058581.9664058

9466.652.3660.174403582.6583991

9564.752.3840.174728583.3503925

9662.852.40.175074584.0423858

9760.952.4160.175419584.7343792

9859.052.4320.175744585.4263725

9908.12.450.176089586.1183659

10006.22.4660.176414586.8103592

10104.32.4820.176760587.5023526

10202.42.4980.177105588.1943459

10300.52.5160.177450588.8863393

10398.62.5320.177776589.5783326

10496.72.5480.178121590.270326

10594.82.5640.178446590.9623193

10692.92.5820.178791591.6543127

107912.5980.179137592.1733077

10889.12.6160.179462592.865301

10987.22.6320.179807593.5572944

11085.32.650.180152594.2492877

11183.42.6660.180498594.9412811

11281.52.6820.180823595.4602761

11379.62.6980.181168596.1522694

11477.72.7160.181513596.6712644

11624.852.7340.181838597.3632578

11722.952.750.182184597.8822528

11821.052.7660.182509598.5742461

11919.152.7820.182854599.2662395

12017.252.7980.183200599.7852345

12115.352.8160.183525600.4772278

12213.452.8320.183870600.9962229

12360.62.8480.184215601.6882162

12458.72.8640.184540602.2072112

12556.82.8820.184865602.8992046

12654.92.8980.185211603.4181996

12802.052.9160.185556604.1101929

12900.152.9320.185901604.8021863

12998.252.9480.186247605.3211813

13096.352.9640.186572605.8401763

13243.52.980.186917606.3591713

13292.552.9960.187263606.8781663

13439.73.0140.187608607.3971613

13586.853.0320.187933608.0891547

137343.0480.188278608.6081497

13832.13.0660.188603609.1271447

13930.23.0820.188949609.6461397

14077.353.10.189274610.1651347

14175.453.1160.189619610.6841297

14273.553.1320.189964611.2031247

14420.73.150.190310611.7221198

14518.83.1660.190635612.2411148

14665.953.1820.190980612.7601098

14813.13.1980.191305613.1061064

14911.23.2140.191651613.7980998

15009.33.230.191996614.3170948

15156.453.2480.192341614.8360898

15303.63.2660.192687615.3550848

15450.753.2820.193012615.7010815

15548.853.2980.193337616.2200765

15646.953.3160.193682616.5660732

15794.13.3320.194027617.0850682

15941.253.3480.194373617.6040632

16088.43.3640.194698618.1230582

16186.53.3820.195043618.4690549

16333.653.3980.195389618.9880499

16480.83.4140.195714619.5070449

16627.953.4320.196059619.8530416

16726.053.4480.196404620.3720366

16922.253.4640.196729620.7180333

17020.353.4820.197075621.2370283

17167.53.4980.197400621.583025

17265.63.5160.197745622.10202

17412.753.5320.198070622.4480166

17559.93.5480.198415622.9670117

17707.053.5660.198761623.4860067

17854.23.5820.199106623.8320033

18001.353.60.199451624.178

18099.453.6160.199797624.5239967

18246.63.6320.200122624.8699934

18393.753.6480.200467625.21599

18491.853.6640.200792625.7349851

186393.680.201138626.0809817

18786.153.6980.201483626.4269784

18933.33.7140.201808626.7729751

19080.453.7320.202153627.1189717

19227.63.7480.202478627.4649684

19374.753.7640.202824627.9839634

19521.93.780.203169628.3299601

19669.053.7980.203494628.6759568

19816.23.8140.203840629.0219535

19963.353.8320.204185629.3679501

20110.53.8480.204510629.7139468

20257.653.8660.204855630.0599435

20404.83.8820.205201630.4059402

20551.953.8980.205546630.7519368

20699.13.9160.205871631.0979335

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20993.43.9480.206541631.6169285

21091.53.9640.206887631.9629252

21238.653.980.207232632.3089219

21385.83.9960.207577632.6549185

21532.954.0140.207902633.0009152

21876.34.0480.208248633.3469119

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22317.754.1160.208918633.6929086

22612.054.1480.209243634.2119036

22906.354.1820.209589634.3849019

23151.64.2160.209934634.7308986

23445.94.2480.210279635.0768953

23740.24.2820.210625635.4228919

24034.54.3160.210970635.5958903

24328.84.350.211295635.7688886

24672.154.3820.211620636.1148853

24966.454.4160.211965636.2878836

25260.754.450.212311636.6338803

25604.14.4820.212656636.8068786

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26192.74.5480.213327637.3258736

26536.054.5820.213652637.498872

26879.44.6160.213997637.8448686

27173.74.650.214342638.017867

27517.054.6820.214688638.1908653

27811.354.7160.215013638.536862

28154.74.7480.215358638.7098603

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30901.55.0140.218060640.612842

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40073.855.8140.226186644.7648021

40515.35.8460.226531644.9378005

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77548.058.3780.252270647.8787722

78087.68.410.252595647.8787722

78627.158.4440.252941647.8787722

79117.658.4760.253286647.7057739

79706.258.510.253631647.7057739

80245.88.5420.253977647.7057739

80785.358.5780.254302647.5327755

81324.98.610.254647647.5327755

81864.458.6440.254972647.3597772

82354.958.6760.255317647.3597772

82894.58.710.255663647.3597772

83434.058.7440.256008647.1867788

83973.68.7760.256333647.0137805

84513.158.810.256679647.0137805

85052.78.8420.257024647.0137805

85543.28.8760.257349646.8407822

86082.758.910.257715646.8407822

86622.38.9420.258040646.6677838

87161.858.9760.258385646.4947855

87701.49.010.258710646.4947855

88240.959.0420.259055646.3217872

88780.59.0760.259401646.3217872

89320.059.110.259746646.1487888

89810.559.1440.260091645.9757905

90399.159.1760.260416645.8027921

90889.659.210.260762645.8027921

91429.29.2420.261107645.6297938

GRAFICA DE ESFUERZO VS DEFORMACIONACERO CORRUGADA

GRAFICA DE ESFUERZA VS DEFORMACIONACERO CORRUGADA LINEALIZADA LINEA DE TENDENCIAy = 4739.6 x -125.45RESULTADOS

Lmite de fluencia (Fy)=497.01 MPa

Esfuerzo ltimo a la tensin (ult)626.945 MPa

Esfuerzo final (f)=645.62 MPa

% Elongacin9.4 %

%Reduccin de rea30.8 %

Modulo de Elasticidad4739.6 MPa

rea final109.35 mm2

PROBETA LISA ACERO 1020

DIAMETRO(mm)19

LONGITUD INICIAL(mm)95.2

AREA(mm2)283.528737

CARGA(MPa)LONGITUD (mm)DEFORMACION(mm/mm)ESFUERZO(Mpa)

102.0240.1620.0017016810.359836541

512.0820.380.0039915971.806102639

820.1160.5720.0060084032.892532195

1253.7180.7720.0081092444.421837495

2115.0360.970.0101890767.459688293

3409.9561.170.01228991612.02684439

4957.9741.3680.01436974817.48667191

6908.2021.5680.01647058824.36508579

9205.7041.7660.0185504232.46832789

9205.7041.9660.02065126132.46832789

14587.472.1640.02273109251.44970543

17579.522.3660.02485294162.00260399

20694.1952.5660.02695378272.98799839

22312.8452.7640.02903361378.69694352

27889.832.9640.03113445498.36685444

30970.173.1640.033235294109.23115

34668.543.3640.035336134122.2752246

38494.443.5640.037436975135.7690949

42447.873.7640.039537815149.7127609

46499.43.9620.041617647164.0024235

46499.44.1620.043718487164.0024235

54916.384.3620.045819328193.6889381

59272.024.560.04789916209.0511905

63706.144.7620.050021008224.6902401

68218.744.960.05210084240.6060871

74418.665.2420.055063025262.4730769

79421.765.4420.057163866280.1189073

84169.85.6440.059285714296.8651464

88996.325.840.061344538313.8881827

93155.766.040.063445378328.5584417

93155.766.240.065546218328.5584417

104182.26.4380.06762605367.4484679

109381.56.6380.069726891385.7862916

114678.96.8380.071827731404.470112

120074.47.0360.073907563423.4999291

125420.857.2360.076008403442.3567478

130963.57.4340.078088235461.9055599

136506.157.6340.080189076481.454372

142146.97.8340.082289916501.3491807

147787.658.0340.084390756521.2439895

153330.38.2340.086491597540.7928016

158872.958.4320.088571429560.3416137

164268.458.6320.090672269579.3714307

169222.58.8320.092773109596.8442628

173244.69.0340.094894958611.0301264

175746.159.2360.097016807619.8530416

176727.159.4360.099117647623.3130083

177021.459.6380.101239496624.3509984

177266.79.8360.103319328625.21599

177462.910.0360.105420168625.9079834

177659.110.2360.107521008626.5999767

177757.210.4380.109642857626.9459734

177708.1510.6380.111743697626.7729751

177610.0510.8380.113844538626.4269784

177315.7511.040.115966387625.3889884

176874.311.2420.118088235623.8320033

176187.611.4460.120231092621.4100266

175353.7511.650.12237395618.4690549

174323.711.8520.124495798614.8360898

173244.612.0520.126596639611.0301264

172067.412.250.128676471606.8781663

170890.212.4520.130798319602.7262062

169663.9512.650.132878151598.4012478

168437.712.8520.135594.0762894

167162.413.0520.13710084589.5783326

165936.1513.2520.139201681585.2533742

164709.913.4520.141302521580.9284158

163483.6513.6520.143403361576.6034573

162208.3513.8520.145504202572.1055006

16088414.0520.147605042567.4345455

159608.714.2520.149705882562.9365887

158333.414.4520.151806723558.4386319

157009.0514.6520.153907563553.7676768

155635.6514.8520.156008403548.9237234

154311.315.0520.158109244544.2527683

152888.8515.2540.160231092539.2358165

151466.415.4520.162310924534.2188648

149994.915.6520.164411765529.0289146

148523.415.8540.166533613523.8389645

147051.916.0540.168634454518.6490144

145482.316.2520.170714286513.1130676

143863.6516.4540.172836134507.4041225

14224516.6520.174915966501.6951774

140626.3516.8540.177037815495.9862323

138909.617.0540.179138655489.9312905

137143.817.2540.181239496483.7033503

135328.9517.4560.183361345477.3024119

133465.0517.6540.185441176470.7284751

131552.117.8540.187542017463.9815399

129541.0518.0540.189642857456.8886081

127480.9518.2540.191743697449.622678

125322.7518.4540.193844538442.0107511

123115.518.6560.195966387434.225826

120761.118.8560.198067227425.9219058

GRAFICA DE ESFUERZO VS DEFORMACION ACERO LISAGRAFICA DE ESFUERZO vs DEFORMACION ACERO LISO LINEALIZADOLINEA DE TENDENCIAY = 8021.4X-166.18

RESULTADOS

Lmite de fluencia (Fy)=625.21 MPa

Esfuerzo ltimo a la tensin (ult)626.946 MPa

Esfuerzo final (f)=425.921 MPa

% Elongacin19.82%

%Reduccin de rea43.4 %

Modulo de Elasticidad7938.2 MPa

REGISTRO FOTOGRAFICOToma de medidas de probeta corrugada

Maquina universal utilizada parla realizacin de ensayos a traccioANALISIS El contenido del carbono incide en la resistencia a traccin elevndola, de igual manera incrementa el ndice de fragilidad en fro y hace que disminuya la tenacidad y la ductilidad. el acero 1020 tiene un contenido del 0.02%La velocidad 7mm/min

Las varillas corrugada y lisa de de acero 1020 presentan ductilidad, sin embargo la probeta lisa tiene una mayor area de fluencia ( plstica) lo que da por entendido que su ductilidad es mayor que la de las varillas corrugadas La varilla lisa presento una mayor elongacin y soporto una carga de 120761.1 N mientras que la varilla corrugada sufre un mayor esfuerzo debido a que presenta un rea y carga menores esto se debe a su contenido de carbono.La reduccin de rea es mayor en la varilla lisa puesto que esta se elonga una mayor proporcin, su porcentaje de reduccin de area es de 43.3 % mientras que la probeta corrugada un porcentaje de 30.8%, estos nos da una importancia significativa de 12.5% CONCLUSIONES Las dos probetas est hechas de un material dctil, sin embargo se presenta diferencia de fluencia entre las condiciones de la probetas ( lisas y corrugadas)

El diagrama de esfuerzo-deformacin, permite identificar y reconocer ls caractersticas y diferencias que se presentan en mayor o menor proporcin en las probetas.

Las caractersticas de la probeta de acero lisa de permite identificar un material de mayor resistencia y propiedades aptas para enfrentar condiciones ms las adversas Las impurezas y el contenido de carbono afecta directamente las propiedades del material y de esta manera su resistencia

La probeta lisa presenta mayor porcentaje de elongacin y de igual manera un mayor porcentaje de reduccin de reaBIBLIOGRAFIAHIBBELER, R.C , Mecnica de Materiales. Tercera Edicin. Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana SA. Mxico D.F., 91-97 pghttp://labmecanicademateriales.googlegroups.com/web/ENSAYO+DE+TENSI%C3%93N+O+TRACCI%C3%93N.pdf?hl=es&gda=E5fuZWAAAABSPeu14E_FUvqENsXfHhlmZPJ7M_BjWK2u6Ecv8r4_35T6xYbxfGJ_BNgZhoyQGD5SqcCqI0A8YFgKKNXtm0SJk9Du60TtCKBAWsaBc42EW9N0nnoUP23kq6cdtHPp-e8