La producción de textos efectivos y uso de estrategias básicas

7/23/2019 La producción de textos efectivos y uso de estrategias básicas

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_@OW@UKWHK E@ @EPOKOHßN VÜGIHOK_@OW@UKWHK E@ @EPOKOHßN VÜGIHOK

PNHZ@W_HEKE V@EKDßDHOK NKOHBNKIPNHZ@W_HEKE V@EKDßDHOK NKOHBNKI

PNHEKE 6:; OBIHAKPNHEKE 6:; OBIHAK

Ak`su wák `n @epokohÿnAk`su wák `n @epokohÿn

Ik vwbepoohÿn e` u ù bs `jòu hzbs x ì psb e``su wku `dh ks gësh oks `n ki panbs # ks( e` s u bdwkeb e` èpokohÿn vwhakwhk.

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[p` vkwk bgu `n`w ì dwkeb e` ak`su wák[p` vkwk bgu `n`w ì dwkeb e` ak`su wák

VW@_@NUKVW@_@NUK

Wbsk Ki`lknewk Wkaáw`| Jibw`sWbsk Ki`lknewk Wkaáw`| Jibw`s

Upu bw< Wpgèn Akwu án`| Dbn|ëi`|Upu bw< Wpgèn Akwu án`| Dbn|ëi`|

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Hn u wb e p oohÿ n ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..;

Okv áup ib H Ik jk i uk e` v wbep oohÿn e ` u ` ubs jòu hzbs

K n u òè `n u `s…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..:

V ik n u `k a h`n u b e ` i v wb g ià k ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….;;

Lpsu hj hok ohÿ n ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ...75

A k wob ob n o` v u p k i…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70

Okv áup ib H H He`k s sbg w` ik `sow h upw k

@i so w hu b w ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………?:

I k @sow hu p wk x sps V wb o` sbs A `n u k i` s…………………………………………………………………………………………?8

[ p è `s w è k ou k w.............................................................................................................. ..............................50

@i p sb e ` `su wk u `d hk s e ` `sow hu p wk ………………………………………………………………………………………………5 :

A be ì b s e ` `n s û k n |k `n v wb e p oohÿ n e ` u ` u b s………………………………………………………………………0?

I k `n s û k n |k e ` i k i` ou b ! `sow hu p wk `n ` i @O J ………………………………………………………………………….: 4

@z k ip k ohÿ n e ` ik v wb e p oo hÿ n e ` u ` u b s…………………………………………………………………………………….45

Okv á up ib H HH . Pn k o`wok a h`nub k ik `sow h upw k `n ik `sopìk

A ù b e b ib d ák ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………37

@sv kohb j áshob x d `b d wë j hob ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..35

E `sow hv ohÿ n e i b s sp lù b s…………………………………………………………………………………………………………35

Uè on hok s Hn su wp a `n u b s e` w` ob i` ooh ÿ n e ` e k u b s…………………………………………………………………..30

Uwk g k lb e ` ok a v b …………………………………………………………………………………………………................ ....8 5

K në ihshs e w`sp iu k e b s……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 4

@su wk u `d hk s e ` `sow hu p wk ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 4

K në i hshs he `nu h j hoko hÿn e ` ik s v wbv h ek e`s uù pk i`s

`n ik s v w b e p oo hb n `s ik g b wk e k s…………………………………………………………………………………………….;6 0

V wb e p oo hb n `s e ` u ù b s `n ì k p ik …………………………………………………………………………………………;6 8

E hj ho p iu k e `s e ` `sow hu p wk ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….;;;

K n ë ihshs x w`spiu k e b s e ` ik `n op `suk ………………………………………………………………………………………..;;?

Ob n oip shb n `s……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...;;:

G hg ihb d wk j ák ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….;77

K n `b s…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........;?0



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HNUWBEPOOHßN

Ik `ns`ûkn|k e` i @svkûb i `n ik èpoko hÿn v w hak w hk u h `n` obab v wbvÿs h u b ` i

e`skwwb i ik w `n ibs k ipanbs x k ipanks) sps ckg h i heke`s obapnhok u hzks # ik iòup wk ) ik

`so w h u p wk ) i k `v w`s hÿn b wk i ) i k güs{pèk x s` iòo hÿn e` hn jb wako hÿn ( vk wk kv w`ne` w

v` wa kn `n uà `n u` x obn hne`v`ne `no hk . E`se` `suk v` wsvò u h zk ) `sopock w x i`` w ) sbn

vwbo`sbs e` obavw`nshÿn e` shdnhj hokebs x) ckgikw x `sow hg hw ) sbn vwbo`sbs e`

v wbe poo hÿn e` shdn h j hoke bs.

@ s i u w k g k l b k u w k z è s e ` i ë w `k e ` @ sv k û b i ì { p ` e ` g ` v w b v h oh k w ì a k x b w d w k e b e `

obav` u`no hk i h u ` wk w hk x i h ndù ás u h ok e` ibs `s upe hkn u`s ) eb uk w e` c` w wka h`n uks e`

obapn hoko hÿn x w`v w`s`n uko hÿn k u wkzès e` i i `ndpk l` ) x obn u w hgp h w k i eba hn hb e` iks

e`suw`|ks i hndùásu hoks gëshoks< `sopockw) ckgikw) i``w x `sow hg hw . @su` u wkgklb s` `njbokwë

k ik ck g h i h eke e` ik `so w hu p wk .

K j hn e` ko upk i h |k w x w`nbzk w ` i v wbo`sb `ns`ûkn|k !kv w`ne h|k l` e` i eba hn hb e` ik

i `n d p k n k o hb n k i ) s k e b v u ÿ ì i ik a k e b @n j b { p ` O b a p n h ok u h z b J p n oh b n k i # @ OJ ( ) ` i

opk i u h `n` obab `s u wk u`d hk e` `so w h u p wk ` i e`sk w wb i ib e` i v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn e`

u ` u b s) `s eò hw ) psk w ik i`ndp k oba b a è hb e` w` iko hÿn `n u w` ibs s w`s cp a knb s

aè hkn u` ik obapn hoko hÿn e` u beb k{p` i ib {p` `s s hdn h j h ok u h zb vk wk ` i ibs # he`ks )

s`nu ha h`n ubs) `vòuk u hzks) hn jb wakohÿn ) ` uoè u`wk( .

E` kop` web k i @OJ ibs k ipa nbs #k s( k vk w u h w e` s`dpne b ck suk s ub d wke b w`k i h |kn ` i

v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs u bakneb `n op`n uk iks `s u wk u`d hks gës hoks {p`

`suk g iò` ` i @OJ) {p ` sbn< v ikn`k w ) wèkou kw ) w`z hskw ) obw w`d h w x e hzp idkw sps `sow h ubs.

W`z hskn sps `so w hu bs k vk w u h w e ` ibs o w hu ` w hbs {p ` a kwok ` i @OJ #{p ` obn u`ndk n ) u à k )

v wbvÿs h u b ) u h vb e` u ` ub ) `s u wpo up wk ) e`s u hnk uk w hbs ) h n jb wako hÿn obnbo hek b {p`

nò`sh uk n hnz `su hdk w ) b wdkn h|ko hÿn e ` he`k s n `s{ pà ks( .

K i e h s ûk w ` i v wbxò ub `sob ik w e ` i oh oib `sob ik w 76 6 0 ! 76 6 : s ii ` zk wbn k okgb

`zk ipko hbn`s hn u` wnks x ù`wnks `n w` iko hÿn k ik `sow h up wk e` ibs k ipanbs #ks( = s`

kn k i h|kwb n ibs w`sp i u ke bs x s v wboè hÿ k w`k i h|kw ik he`nu h j hoko hÿn e` ibs ` w wb w`s e`

v wbe poo hÿn `so w hu k `n ` i d wpv b e` s` ub d wk eb e ` èpoko hÿn v w ha k w hk .



7

Pn k z `| obn lp n u ke bs ibs w`sp i uk eb s v w` s n u ke bs vb w iks zk ipk o hbn`s w`k i h|ke ks vb w ik

v wbv hk `sop` ik ) ksá oba b ` i e h s ûb x k v i h okohÿn e` p n `ka `n e` wè koo hÿn ` ikg b wke b

vb w ik v wbv hk hnz `su hdk eb wk ) s bg u h`n` oba b w`sp i u k eb pn k `soksk v wbep oohÿn e`

uùbs `n obnu`n heb x `su wpoup wk `n jkoub w`s obab obc`w`no hk ) obc`shÿn x

s`da`n uko hÿn .

Vb w ` i ib ) ` i v wbg iàk v w hno hvk i {p` s h w z hÿ e` gks` vk wk w`k i h |k w ik v w`s`n u`

hnz`su hdk o hÿn `s ik j k i u k e ` v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs ` jòu h zbs) `n u`ne h`neb vb w

` jòu hz he ke ik okv kohek e e ` ibdwkw ` i ` jòub { p` s` e` s k b s `sv `wk ) {p ` `n `su` oksb

s`wë ` i e` `vw`skws` vbw `sow h ub e` akn`wk obc`w`nu` ) obc`shbnkek) obn s hn uk hs x

ke òpk o hÿn ) ksá oba b eba hnk w `su wk u`d hks gë shoks vk wk ` i v wbo`sb e ` oba vbshohÿn .

Nb bgsuknu`) `hsu`n kidpnbs jkoubw`s {p` sh nb sbn ibs okpsknu`s e` iks okw`nohks be`g h i h eke`s `n ` i e`sk w wb i ib e` i v wbo`sb e` ik wèkoo hÿn kokeèa hok ib k jò ukn e`

k idpnk akn`wk p b u wk . @subs jkoub w`s sbn ibs {p` s` vw` u`ne` `nobnu wk w k u wkzès e` ik

hnz`su hdko hÿn .

@n vk w u h op ik w ) i k v w hno hvk i hn u` w wbdk n u` e ` ik hnz `su hdko hÿn obnshsu` `n hnek dk w k { pè

s e`g ` {p ` ibs k ipa nbs #k s( e ` s ub d wk eb P e ` ik @so. Vw ha . Jè. ’Lpk n e ` ik

Gk w w` wk ‑ U . Z e ` Uòba ën ) Ob iha k ) `n ` i oh oib `sob ik w 76 6 : ! 76 6 4 nb v wbe p|okn u` ubs

` jòu hzbs x opë i`s e` iks `su wk u`d hks gës hoks e` `sow h up wk #v ikn`kw ) wèkoukw ) w`z hskw )obw w`d h w x e hzp idkw sps `sow h ubs( obns hdnkeks `n ` i @OJ p u h i h|kn epwknu` ` i v wbo`sb e`

v wbe poo hÿn e ` u ` ubs.

V k w k ` n ob n u w k w w `sv p ` su k k i v i k n u ` k a h `n u b k n u ` w hb w a ` n u ` ` v p ` su b s` i i` z ÿ k ok g b

p n u w k g k l b e ` o k a v b ` n ik @ sop ` i k V w ha k w h k ’ Lp k n e ` i k G k w w ` wk ‑ U .Z ) ob n k i p a n b s

#ks( e ` s ub d wk eb ) `sub obnshe` wkne b { p` sbn `sup e hkn u`s {p ` s` `nobn u wkg kn `n ` i

v `w ábe b obnoipx `nu` e` sps `sup e hbs e` vw ha kw hk x w`sp i uÿ hn u` w`skn u` z`w ibs

w`sp i u kebs {p` ckn k iokn|keb `n ub wnb k ik wèkoo hÿn ) k ib ik wdb e` sp hns u wpoo hÿn`sobikw gë shok.



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I k v w ` s n u ` u ` shs su k b w d k n h |k e k e ` ik sh d p h `n u ` a k n ` w k < ` n ` i o k v áu p i b H u h u p i k e b ’ i k

n b v w b e p oohÿ n e ` u ` u b s ` j` ou h z b s‑ ) ` i i òu b w v w h a ` w k a ` n u ` v b e w ë ` n ob n u w k w ib s

knuòè`nu`s ko`wok e` iks hnz`su hdko hbn`s w`k i h|keks `n ub wnb k i i`ndpk l` `sow h ub =

e`svp ès s vk w u hÿ e ` ik e ` i ha h u ko hÿn e` i v wbg ià k è pok u h zb ) ` i opk i j p` e ` j h oh`nohks

`n ik wè koo hÿn e` u ùbs `n jk oub w`s oba b obc`w`no hk ) obc`shÿn ) s da `nu ko hÿn xkeòpkohÿn . _` `sukg iò hÿ ` i v wbo`sb s`dp heb vkwk obnsu wp h w ` i v wbg iàk e`

hnz`su hdk o hÿn x ` i bg l` u hzb d`n `wk i e` ik a hsa k. @ns dp hek s` `suk g iò` ik lpsu h j hoko hÿn

x ` i e`s`b e` obnbo`w obn akxbw v wb jpne heke opë i`s sbn iks okwkou`w ás u hoks e` ik

wèk oohÿn k oke èa hok ) x iks `su wk u`d hks e` `sow h up wk { p` ibs k ipa nbs #k s( e ` s ub

d wke b à v i`kn ) vbsu` w hb wa `n u` s` a p`su wk ` i ak wob obno`v up k i e` ik hnz`su hdko hÿn .

@n ` i ok v áu p i b HH ’ he ` k s sb g w` ik ` sow hu p w k ‑ s w` k ih| k p n k w `z h shÿ n e ` ik i hu ` wk u p w k

w` i`zk n u` vk wk ik v w` s n u` hnz `su hdk o hÿn . _` kg b wek n obno`vo hbn`s n ib { p` w`svò uk

k { pè `s pn `so w hu b w x {p è `n u`neà bs vb w `so w hg h w . _` e`sk w wb i ik ` i u à k e ` ik

`sow h up wk x sps vwbo`sbs a `nu k i`s) ksá oba b ik s e hz `wsks u`bw áks e` `sow hu p wk uk i`s oba b

` i a b e ` ib e ` C k x ` s x J ib t ` w x ik s u ` b wák s e ` _a h u c x M w k sc ` n . B u w b e ` i bs sp g u ` a k s

e`sk w wb i ike bs `s ko` wok e` { pè `s ik wè koo hÿn ) sp kv w`ne h|k l` x sp j pno hÿn oba b

ko u h z hek e oba pn hok u h zk . _` a `no hbnk k o`wok e` i psb e` `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk

e ` n u w b e ` i v w b o` sb e ` v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s. @ n b u w b e ` i b s k v k w u k e b s s ` v b n ` n

e hz`wsbs a be ` ibs e` `ns`ûk n|k `n ik v wbe poo hÿn e` uùb s) `n ibs opk i`s s k j h wa k ` i

v w b o `sb ` n s û k n | k ‟ k v w ` n e h| k l ` v k w k i k ` i k g b w k o h ÿn e ` p n ` sow h u b e ` n u w b e ` i k p i k .

_` e`sk w wb i ik ik v` wsv òu h zk e ` i @n jb{p ` Oba pn hok u h zb Jpno hbnk i #@OJ( `n ib {p `

w` j h` w` k ik `n s ûkn|k e` ik iòub ! `so w hu p wk `n èp oko hÿn v w ha k w hk ) ksá oba b ` i vkv ` i

ko up k i e ` ik `n s ûkn|k ) ` i ebo`n u ` x sps wòp wsbs. _` kg b wek ` i u à k e` ik `zk ipko hÿn

e ` i k v w b e p o oh ÿn e ` u ` u b s) s a p ` su w k p n e ` g k u ` e ` e h j` w` n u `s k p u b w ` s ` n u b wn b k i

còcb e` ik ’obw wòo hÿn b `zk ipko hÿn‑ e` ik `sow h up wk `n iks v wbepoo hbn`s e` ibs

`sob ik w`s= j pne ka `n uk ia `n u` ) ik e hsopshÿn d h wk `n u b wnb k ik obnz`n h`nohk b nb e` ik

a h s a k .



5

E`n u wb e` i okv áu p ib HH H ’p n ko` woka h`n ub k ik `so w hu p wk `n ik `sop` ik ‑ ) s` hno ipx ` ` i

k v k w u k e b e ` a ` u b e b i b d ák ) ` i o p k i w` sp i u ÿ h a v b w u k n u ` v k w k ` i e ` sk w w b i ib e ` ik

h n z `su h d k oh ÿn x k { p ` a p ` su w k ` i e h s û b e ` i a è u b e b e ` u w k g k l b { p ` s ` a v i` ÿ ) ik s

u è on h ok s ` h n su w p a ` n u b s { p ` s p u h ih| k w b n ) i k e ` sow h v oh ÿ n e ` i u w k g k l b e ` ok a v b

w`k i h |ke b ep wkn u ` ik hnz`su hdk o hÿn x ibs w`sp i u k ebs k iokn|ke bs ep wkn u ` ` i v wbo`sb .

V bw ü i u ha b) s v w` s n u kn iks obno ipshbn`s bg u`n hek s n ik w`k i h|ko hÿn e ` `su` v wbxòub

e` hnz `su hdk o hÿn sbg w` ik v wbe poo hÿn e` u ùbs jòu hz bs x ` i psb e` `su wk u`d hks gë shoks

e` `sow h up wk . _ hno ipx `n) ksá a hsa b) ibs kv kw uk e bs e` g hg i hbdwk j ák x k n`bs.



0

Okv áu p i b H

Ik j ki u k e ` vw b ep ooh ÿn e `

u ` u b s j `ou h z bs



:

KNU@O@E@NU@_

K o u p k i a ` n u ` ` i V w b d w k a k v k w k i k @ n s ` û k n | k e ` i @ s v k û b i u h ` n ` o b a b v w b v ÿ s h u b

jpne ka `n uk i ` i ’e`sk w wb i ib e` iks okvk o hek e`s e` oba pn hoko hÿn e` ibs n hûbs #ks( `n

ibs e hsu hn ubs psbs e` ik i`ndp k c kg ike k x `sow h uk ‑ #V ikn x Vw bdwk a ks ;88?( ) `suë

g k sk e b ` n ` i ` n j b { p ` o ba p n h ok u h z b x j p n o hb n k i # @ OJ ( . @ su ` @ OJ v i k n u ` k ` i e ` sk w w b i ib

e` i i `ndp k l` `so w hu b x b wk i .

@n ib {p ` w`svò uk k i i `ndpk l` `so w hu b ) `s oba ün cko` w psb e ` è i e`n u wb e ` np`su wk

z h e k o b u h e h k n k . K u w k z è s e ` p n e b o p a ` n u b s ob a p n h o k n d w k n ok n u h e k e e ` k sp n u b s

w` iko hbnkebs obn ik z hek ob u he hknk x kokeèa hok < vb w `so w h u b {pèkn v iksakebs

v `nska h`nubs) s n u ha h`n ubs) kop`we bs x còcbs `n ok w uk s) obn u wk ub s) v wb xòubs) uk w`ks)

u `shs) `nsk xb s) op`n u bs) v bà k s b nb z ìks= v bw a `nohbnk w sÿib k idp nbs e ` ibs u hv bs e`

`sowh ub s { p ` `hsu `n.

Vb w ib kn u ` w hb w ) w`sp i u k ha vb w uk n u` ` i j b wa kw v `{p `ûbs #ks( `so w hu b w`s #k s( e `n u wb e `

np `su wb sk iÿn e` o iks`s) ì b ub wd kw k u wkz ès e` ik `sow hup wk p nk jb wa k e ` `vw`shÿn ) `n

e b n e ` ` i k i p a n b x k i p a n k p u h i ho ` i k ` sow hu p w k e ` k o p ` w e b k sp o b n u ` u b w ` k i k u w k z è s

e` ok w uk s) nb uk s) nk w wk o hbn`s) wòke bs) ` u o . ’Ik v wbe poo hÿn e` u ` ubs kx pe k k knk i h|k w

x k `n u `ne`w a p ocbs ksv òubs uù pk i`s‑ #Ob iba `w ) ;884< ;5( .

W`k i h |kneb pn k në i hshs sbg w` hnz `su hdk o hbn`s ikg bwk ek s n u b wnb k i i`ndp k l` `sow h ub ) s` jòup ÿ pnk w`z hshÿn g hg i hbd wë j h ok `n kp u b w`s oba b J`w w` h wb #;88: ( ) J h`w wb #;883 ( )

\ ü û h d k # 7 6 6 6 ( ) x V è w `| K g w h i # 7 6 6 0 ( ) s ` n ob n u w ÿ { p ` i k s h n z ` su h d k o hb n ` s w ` z hsk e k s

cksuk ` i a ba `n ub ) sÿ ib `n jk u h |kn opë i`s sbn iks ok wk o u` w ásu h oks e` ik `so w hu p wk `n n hûbs

# k s( e ` v w h a k w hk ) `sv ` oáj hok a ` n u ` ` n v w ha ` w d wk e b ) a ` n ohb n k n ` i v w b o` sb e `

ke{p hs ho hÿn e` ik `so w h u p wk ) x u bakn obab abe` ib e` bgs` wzko hÿn ik a` ubeb ibd ák

k g b w e k e k v b w ` i v w b j ` sb w .

J`ww` hwb #;88:< ?:( `n sp bgwk Vwbo`sb e` ik `sow h up wk ) sbsu h`n` {p` ’ ibs vwbo`sbs

i hndùás u hobs) jpneka`nuk ia`nu` ik `sow h up wk ) u h`n`n obab vwbvÿsh ub sk u hs jko`w

nò`shek e`s e` oba pn hoko hÿn hne hz he p k i x sbo hk i ‑ .

Ki w`svòub) Jh`wwb) L. #;883< 50( `n sp hnz`su hdkohÿn e ` i Kv w`ne h|k l` e` ik i`ndpk

`sowh uk `n ik `sopìk s`ûk ik {p` ’ ik `so w h u p wk e`g` `n u`ne` ws` obab pn hns u wpa`n ub

e` oba pn hoko hÿn x p n a è hb vk wk sk u h sjko` w nò`sheke `s e` ik z hek w`k i ‑ .



4

Hd p k i a ` n u ` s ohu k v k w k ob a v i ` a ` n u k w ` su ` k v b w u `) i b hn e h ok e b v b w \ü û h d k # 7 6 6 6 <

??( ) `n sp bgwk ) V w b v p ` su k v k w k ` i k v w ` n e h| k l ` e ` i k i ` n d p k ` so wh u k ) {p h`n ob hno he`

obn ` i kp u bw k n u `s s ûk ike b k i hne hokw { p` sh s u wk uk e` sk u hsjk o`w nò`shek e`s w`k i`s

e ` i n hû b # k ( ) ib a ë s k o `w u k e b v k w k i b d w k w ib ` s { p ` ik v w b v p ` su k v ` e k d ÿ d h ok e ` i

e b o` n u ` v k w k k o` wok w k i n hû b # k ( k i k i` n dp k ` sow hu k e ` g ` g k sk w s `n ` iobnsu wp o u h z h sa b ) x iks ko u h z hek e`s v ik n u`k ek s e`g `n hnz h u k w k i n hûb k v`nsk w ) ow`k w x

k o u p k w .

@nu w` b u wb s e` ibs sup e hbs w`k i h|ke bs suë ` i e` A kn `wks n { p` ibs n hûbs e` ik `sop` ik

v w h a k w h k k j w b n u k n ` i u w k g k l b ` s o w h u b ) ` i jbob o`nu wk i jp` {p` ibs `supe hkn u`s `suën

v`nskneb x s hn u h`neb ah`nu wks u wkgk lkn `n sps uk w`ks) e`sukok {p` obn j wòp`nohk ` i

b g l ù h z b j p n e k a ` n u k i e ` ib s ` su p e h k n u `s ` s a ë s ob a v i ` u k w p n k u k w ` k { p `

o ba v w ` n e ` w ik # K n e ` w sb n o hu k e b ` n T h u u w b om ) ;8 3 5( .

Vèw`| Kgw h i #7660( ) @n sp hnz`su hdko hÿn ko`wok e` ik O b a v ` u ` n o h k u ` u p k i )

ob a v ` u ` n ohk v w k d a ë u h ok x ob a v ` u ` n ohk k w d p a ` n u k u hz k ) ` v w ` sk { p ` i k s e ` j h oh `n o hk s

`n ik `sow h up w k ) `n o h` w ub s oksbs) v pè `n v wbz `n h w e` jk i iks n ik `ns`ûk n|k ) { p` k sp

z`| s` v wbe po`n v bw v wbg ià ks hn u w án s obs oba b e `j hoh`no hks vsá{p hoks x e` j ho h`no hks

a b ub wk s d wkz `s.

@n i k hn z `su h dk ohÿ n w `k i h| k e k v b w O `g k i ib s @s{ p ` e k # 76 6 ?( sb g w` O b n b o h ` n e b a ë s

sbg w` ik wèk oohÿn koke èa hok v w`pn hz` wsh u k w hk ) pn k në i hsh s e` i w`spa `n x e ` i u ùb

k w d p a ` n u k u h z b ) s w `k i h |ÿ p n kn ë i h sh s e` ibs u ` ubs `so w hu bs vb w ibs `sup e hkn u`s

p u h ih |k n e b i k s u ` b w ák s v w b v p ` su k s v b w z k n E h lm sb g w ` i k s a k o w b `su w p o u p w k s x i k s

spv`w`su wpoupwks.

K u wk zès e` `su` `sup e hb s` e`sopg w hÿ { p` `n w`k i heke ` hsu`n k idpnk s e` j h o h`no hks `n

ik `ns`ûkn|k e` i v wbo`sb e` ik obavbsho hÿn `sow h uk ) iks opk i`s s` w` j i` lkn o ik wka`nu`

`n ibs u ` ubs so w hu bs vb w ibs sp l` ubs e` `su` `sup e hb ) ` i kp u b w v ikn u`k {p ` ibs v wbg ià ks

`n ik wèk oohÿn v wbg kg ià`n u ` s z h`n`n k w wk su wk ne b e`se` ibs v w ha ` wbs kûbs e`èpoko hÿn .



3

_` w ` k i h| ÿ p n k w ` z h sh ÿ n g h g i hb d w ë j h ok ` n p n ob n u ` u b hn u ` w n k o hb n k i ) s v w ` s n u k n k

obn u hnpk o hÿn k idpnk s e` iks hnz`su hdko hbn`s w`k i h |ke ks cksuk ` i a ba `n ub .

@ n V b wu p d k i p n k h n z ` su h d k ohÿ n w `k i h| k e k v b w W k v b sb V w ` u b ! G k x # 7 6 6 0 ( k o `w ok e `

K idpnbs ksvò ubs vè kd ÿd hobs e` ik `n s ûkn|k e` ik `so w hu p wk < v wb o`sb b d`n` wbu ` u p k i s` v ikn u`k {p` ik `sow h up wk nò`sh uk s`w `ns`ûkek `v i áo h uka`nu` u`n h`neb `n

op`nu k iks u`bw áks ` hnz `su hdk o hbn`s w`k i h|k ek s n ik s ë w`k s e` ik v shob ibd ák obdn h u hzk x

sbo hk i ) spd h` w` {p ` ibs `sow h ub w`s v w hno hv hkn u`s e`g `n s`w dp hke bs `n ` i kv w`ne h|k l` e`

ibs vwbo`sbs {p` ibs `sow h ubw`s `v`wubs pu h i h|kn `n sp vwbepoohÿn `sow h uk) ksá obab k pn

okag hb `n ` i vkv` i e` i v wb j`sb w x k ik w` i`zkno hk e` ik `ns`ûkn|k e` `s u wk u`d hks

a ` u k ob d n hu h z k s v k w k ` i e ` sk w w b ii b e ` p n k èu h ok e ` u w k g k l b ` n ` su k ë w ` k e `

k v w ` n e h | k l ` .

@n Z`n`|p` ik pnk hnz`su hdko hÿn w`k i h |kek v b w K ibnsb x K dp h w w` e` Wka áw`| #76 6 5 (

ko` wok e` Ik `so w hu p wk o w`k u h zk `n ik `sop` ik < pn k `v` w h`no hk v èk dÿd hok #e ` ) obn (

lp `d b s ih n d ù ásu ho bs x a ù ë jb wk s. Iks kp ub wks v w`s`n ukn pnk `v` w h`no hk vèkdÿd hok

obn n hûbs x n hûks e` {p hn ub d wkeb #;6 kûbs( opxb bg l` u h zb j p` g w hnek w `s u áap ibs x

ak u` w hk i vk wk ik hakd hnko hÿn z` wgk i . _` bgs` wzb {p` b j wò` w abe` ibs e` `so w h u p wk

`su ha p ik ik ha kd hnk o hÿn x ik v wbe poo hÿn e` u ùbs e` ibs n hûbs #k s( v p`s ` i ibs)

obn u wk w hka`n u` k ib {p` k a`npeb s` o w`` `n vèkdbd ák ) `n z`| e` obv hk w `so w hg`n

u` ubs o w`k u h zbs k v k w u h w e` i a be` ib ek eb .

Bu wk e ` iks hnz`su hdko hbn`s w`k i h |ke ks `n u b wnb k ik v wbep oohÿn e` u` ubs) j p`

` ik g b w k e k ` n G w k sh i v b w J w `h w` x A k w ohk # 7 6 6 0 ( k o `w ok e ` Vbe`) vwbj`ssbwk) `sow`z`w

k ssha ) `n e hock hnz`s u hdko hÿn s` w` ik uk {p` `n ib {p` w`svò uk k ik v wbepoo hÿn e`

uù bs) ì bg l` u hzb e ` ik `sop` ik e `g` s`w ` i e` jb wa kw `sow h ub w`s oba vù `nu `s) okv ko`s

e` vwbepoh w uùbs obc`w`nu`s) b wdkn h|kebs x o ik wbs. Iks kp ubwks obnoipx` {p` ik

ko u h z hek e e` v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs `n sp a kx b w ák ) `n ik `sop` ik ) `s obnshe` wke k a ës

obab pnk uk w`k `n u w` b u wks vk wk k u`ne` w pnk sb i h o h u pe e` i v wb j`sb w ) v wbepo h w i k

i ikakek ' wèkoo hÿn vkwk ik `sop` ik' ) s`dün Ibaks #;885( `sk kou hz heke s` e hs ukno hk

e` i s`n u heb e` i psb e` ik i`ndpk `n sp ok wëo u` w hn u` w ibop ub w hb ) u b wnënebs` `n pnk

sh up ko hÿn kw u h j ho hk i .



8

P n k h n z ` su h d k oh ÿn w `k i h| k e k ` n K w d ` nu h n k v b w O c k e k x G k w k i ` # 76 6 0 (. _b g w ` I k

ow`ku hz heke `n ik v wbepoo hÿn `sow h uk e` n hûbs #ks( v`{p`ûbs #ks( . I k s k p u b w k s

obnoipx`n {p ` ik v bshg h i hek e e ` i ` l` wohohb w` j i` hzb x o w áu h ob e` ik okv ko heke e` v `nsk w

x ` i a kn u `n ha h`n ub e` ik op w hbshek e hn u` iòup k i w`sp i u k n ha v w`so hne hg i`s k ik c b wk e `

oba vw`ne ` w x v wbe po h w u ` ubs.

B u wk hnz`su hdk o hÿn w`k i h |ke k `n Z`n`|p` ik vb w Kw w h` uk ) A `|k x Wk jk ` i #76 6 6 ( . K o`wok

e ` Kidpnks `s u wk u`d hks vk wk ` i a` lb wka h`n ub e` ik iò up wk x e` ik wèkoo hÿn `n

`sup e hk n u `s pn hz`wsh uk w hbs e` wò hèn hndw`sb . @n ` su k h n z ` su h d k o hÿ n s` v w b v b n ` n k i d p n k s

`su wk u`d hks {p ` jp` wbn kv i hokek s k p n d wp vb e ` `sup e hkn u`s e` wòh`n u` hnd w`sb k ik

k shd n k u p w k e ` h e h b a k s a b e ` w n b s e ` i k j k o p iu k e e ` c p a k n h e k e ` s x ` e p o k o hÿ n e ` i k

pn hz` wsheke e` i \p i hk #Z `n`|p` ik ( ) obn ` i j hn e` obn u w hgp h w k e `sk w wb i ik w x w` jb w|k w iks

e`s u w`|ks `n ik iò up wk x `n ik v wbepoo hÿn u ` upk i ) `svò á j h oka`n u` `n ` i h e hbakoksu` i iknb.

@ n @ sv k û k ) ` n p n k h n z ` su h d k o hÿ n w ` k i h| k e k ) v b w ` i hn z ` su h d k e b w _k i z k e b w A k u k # 7 6 6 5 (

sbgw` iks Ckg h i h eke`s nk w wk u h zks e` k ipanbs #ks ( obn e h j h op i u ke`s `n ` i kv w`ne h|k l` <

obnsu wp oohÿn e ` u ùbs. Ik k v i h oko hÿn e` pn k në i hsh s e` zk w hkn|k e ` a è hek s w`v` u hek s

x pn knë i hs hs e` obw w` iko hÿn ) i` v`wah u hÿ k i kp ubw e` uòukw e h j` w`no hks x w` iko hbn`s

shdn h j hok u hz ks n u w ` k idp nk s okwk ou`w ásu hoks nk wwk u hz ks e` i uù b .

B u wk e` iks hnz`s u hdko hbn`s w`k i h |keks `n Kwd`n u hnk j p` ` ikgb wkek vb w Mbts|xm x

Z ë | { p ` | # 7 6 6 5 ( k o ` w o k e ` Ik hn u` wkoo hÿn `n u w` vkw`s `n uk w`ks e` `sow h up wk . _`

v w`s`n uk n k idp nbs e` ibs w`sp i u k ebs e` ik hnz `su hdko hÿn ko` wok e ` ibs v wbo`sbs e`

v w b e p oo hÿ n x w `z h sh ÿ n u ` u p k i ) v k w u h op i k w a ` n u ` s h n e k d k i k ob n z ` w sk o hÿ n ` n ` i k p i k x

sp hno he`n ohk `n ik obnsu w poo hÿn e` obnb oha h`n ubs z hnop ike bs obn ik `sow h up w k .

@n K w d `n u hn k v b w V hv m h n A k g ` i # 76 6 ?( ` n sp b g w k k o`w ok e ` ik @ z k i p k o h ÿ n e `

vwbepoo hbn`s `sow h uks e` ik hnz`su hdko hÿn k ik v wëou hok `n ` i kp ik s` cko` w`j`w`nohk k

pn `sup e hb e` n hz` i v w ha k w hb ) ebn e` k ip a nbs #ks( `n sh u pk o hÿn e` hn u` wkoo hÿn `so w hg áknx w``sow hg ákn uùbs nkwwk u hzbs x e` nb u ho hks v`w hbe ás u hoks. Iks ok u`dbw áks knk i h|keks

jp` wbn < u ÿv hob ) `s u wpo up wk u ` upk i ) v wbd w`s hÿn u àë u h ok ) v wbo`ska h`n ub hn j` w`no hk i x

wòpwsbs e` obc`shÿn.



;6

@n @svk ûk pnk hnz`su hdk o hÿn w`k i h|ke k vb w Gb w|bn` x E hpm #76 6 ? ( sbg w` Ik `sow hup wk

e` u` ubs `n n hûbs v`{p`ûbs < obnbo ha h`n ub b w ubd wë j h ob x v wbepoo hÿn u ` upk i. @n ` su `

u wk gk lb s `v ib wk ik w` iko hÿn `n u w` ` i obnbo ha h`n ub b w ubd w ë j h ob x ik v w bep oohÿn e`

u` ubs `n n hûbs e` n hz` i sbo hbòbnÿa hob gk lb e` u ` wo` wb x opk w ub kûb e` èpoko hÿn

d`n`wk i gë shok . @i knë i hshs opk i h uk u hzb e ` ibs uù bs a bsu wÿ e h j hop i uk e `s w` iko hbnk ek s obnksvòub s e hsopwshzbs) hne hokne b ik v w ` s no hk e ` i ha h uk o hbn`s n ik d`n`wk o hÿn e ` i uùb .

Pnk hnz`su hdko hÿn w`k i h|kek `n Z`n`|p` ik vbw Zh i i`dks _. #;888( sbgw` ik Ihndùásu hok

e` i u ` ub x wèkoo hÿn < pnk `zk ipko hÿn e` `s u wk u`d hks e` kv w`ne h|k l` k u wkzès e` ik

hnz`su hdko hÿn!koo hÿn ) ` i b g l ù h z b `w k ob a v w b g k w e ` { p ` a k n ` w k ik k v i hok o hÿ n e `

`s u wk u`d hks e` kv w`ne h|k l` ) gkskeks `n ik akowb`s u wpo up wk sàën u h ok ) a` lb wkgk ik

o ba v ` u ` n o hk e ` ib s k i p a n b s # k s( e ` ` e p o k o hÿ n sp v ` w hb w ) v k w k i k v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s

e ` b w e `n k w d p a ` n u k u h z b .

Vb w ib kn u` w hb w ) cks uk ` i aba`n ub obnboàbs e` ik havb w ukno hk e` e`sk w wb i ik w ik

`so w hu p wk `n k ipa nbs #ks( e` v w ha k w hk ) s obnbo` e` ik ` hsu`no hk e ` e` j h o h`no hks `n ik

w ` e k o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s) x ` n u w k g k l b s u n b d w ë j h ob s s c k b g s` w z k e b i k a ` u b e b i b d ák e ` i

v wb j`sbw .

V` wb ib {p` kün nb s` ck ` jò upkeb cks uk ` i aba`n ub `s ` i w`k i h |k w pn knë i h s h s e` i

o ÿe h d b ` so wh u b ` n k i p a n b s # k s( e ` s` u b d w k e b e ` ` e p o k o hÿ n v w h a k w h k ) k sá ob a b

u k a g h èn ì b g s` wz k w k i bs k i p a n b s # k s( ` n oÿ a b ii `z k n k ok g b ` i v w b o` sb e `

v wbe poo hÿn e` u ùbs) ` i oÿa b v wbe po`n u ùbs obn obc`w`no hk ) obc`shÿn ) shn uk hs x

ke òpkohÿn ) x opë i`s sbn ik s su wk u`d hks gë shoks e` `sow hup wk { p` à v i`kn ibs k ip a nbs

#k s( v kwk vw be poh w sps uù bs.

Vb w ib opk i ) i k v w` s n u` hnz`su hdk o hÿn u h`n` oba b v wbv ÿsh u b ` i bgs` wzk w k ibs k ipa nbs

# k s( e p w k n u ` ` i v w b o `sb e ` v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s x k sá a h sa b w ` k i h| k w p n k

jpne ka `n uk o hÿn u `ÿ w h ok {p ` nbs v` wa h uk obnbo`w iks ok wko u` w ásu h oks e` pn k wèkoo hÿn .



;;

VIKNU@KAH@NUB E@I VWBGI@AK

Knu ò e`nu `s e` vwbgiàk

W `k i h| k n e b p n k n ë i hshs e ` n u w b e ` a h i k g b w ` e p ok u h z k ) k i a b a ` n u b e ` e h s û k w ì

v wbxòub `sob ik w ) s i i`zk wbn k ok gb `z k ip ko hbn`s hn u` wn ks x ù`wnk s n w` iko hÿn k ik

`so w hu p wk e ` ibs k ipa nbs #ks( e` v w ha ` wb k s` ub d wk eb ) `sub e p wk n u` ` i o ho ib `sob ik w

7 6 6 0 ! 7 6 6 : ob n ì ob i` ou h z b e ` ik @ sop ` ik J ` e `w k i ’ Lp k n e ` i k G k w w `w k ‑ U .Z e `

Uòba ën ) Ob i .)

@n ib {p ` w` j h`w` k ik `zk ipko hÿn hn u` wnk èsuk v w ha ` wka `n u` obnshsu hÿ `n ik kv i hoko hÿn

e ` p n ` k a ` n e h k d n ÿ su h ob d ` n ` wk i v k w k u b e k s i k s a k u ` w hk s. _` hn o b wv b w k w b n

h n e h ok e b w ` s e ` k o u h z h e k e ` s e ` w ` e k o oh ÿ n x b w u b d w k j ák . @ i ` k a ` n j p ` e h s û k e b v b w

o k e k v w b j `sb w e ` d w p v b e ` v w h a ` w b k s u b d w k e b .

@ n v w h a ` w ip d k w ) s e ` u ` ou ÿ { p ` s u w k u k e ` p n o b n lp n u b e ` ` su p e h k n u ` s e ` ` e p o k o hÿ n

v w h a k w h k { p ` a k n h j h` su k u ` n ` w p n k b w u b d w k j ák e ` j ho h` n u ` ` n w ì k oh ÿ n ob n ` i p sb

obwwòub e ` iks i` u wk s n sp `sow hup wk . _` u wk uk e` p n v wbg ià k w`dp ik w { p ` s v w`s`nuk

`n ube bs ibs d wp v bs kn k i h|keb s) kp n{ p` sp hn u `nshek e z kw ák .

I b s k i p a n b s # k s( { p ` v w ` s n u k w b n p n k a ` lb w b wu b d w k j ák j p ` w b n sÿ i b p n ? 4.0 % . P n

:7.0%) e` ibs sup e hk n u `s hnopww` `n j wòp`nu `s w wb w`s bw u bdwë j hobs k i `sow hg h w pn uù b .

@n s dpne b ipdk w ) s `nobn u wk wbn `sup e hkn u`s e` { p hn u b x s` ub d wk eb ) {p h`n`s kv ` sk w e ` ` su k w k v p n u b e ` j hn k i h| k w ik v w ha k w h k ) a p ` su w k n n b sÿ ib v w b g i à k s e `

bw ubdwk j ák obn w`svòub k i àvi`b obwwòub e` iks i` u wks) s hnb dwkz`s vwbg iàks `n ` i

` l` wohohb e ` ik wè koo hÿn e ` `sow h ubs) `n sp a hsa k obnsu wp oohÿn . E` p n u b u k i e ` 46

k ipa nbs #k s( ) ;8 wèk ouk n obc`w`nu à `nu ` `n ube b sp u ùb ) `sub `s) sÿ ib ` i ;3 .8% e ` i

obn lpn ub .

E` hdpk i akn`wk s` w`k i h|kwbn bgs`wzko hbn`s e` ibs opke`wnbs e` ibs k ipanbs #ks( `n

e b n e ` s k n k i h |ÿ i k ` so wh u p w k i h g w ` { p ` w ` k i h| k n x i k j b w a k e ` u w k g k l b e ` i e b o `n u `

ub a kn eb oba b `sok ik ibs shdp h`n u `s ksvòub s= ò` i`n u ` ) gp`n b) w`dp ik w ) e` j ho h`n u ` .

_` he`nu h j hokw bn e h j hop i uk e`s shdn h j hok u hz ks `n w` iko hÿn k ik `sow h up wk e` ibs `sup e hkn u `s)

vp`sub {p` `n pn :6% e` iks i hg w` uks w`z hskeks) nb s` bgs`wzkwbn he`ks o ik wks ko`wok

e` i obn u`n heb e ` pn u ` ub { p` i``n b `sopockn .



;7

@ n p n : 6 % i k s v w b e p o oh bn ` s e ` u ` u b s n b o bn u ` n ák n w ` v b w u ` s e ` h n z ` su h d k o hÿ n )

`n u w`z hs uks) hnsu wpou hzbs) nkw wko hbn`s) `n u w` b u wbs= xk {p` ik akxbw ák e` ibs k ipanbs

#k s( nb u wk gk lkn obn e hz`wsbs u hv bs e` u ùb .

@n pn 46% ibs `sow h ubs nb sbn obc`w`nu `s) n h obndwp `nu`s `n ik `su wp oup w ko hÿn e ` ikshe`ks ) u `n h`neb jk i u ks e` b w ubd wk j á k = e` lkneb k pn ikeb ik w``so w h u p wk e` u ` ubs = `s

eò hw i k p u h i h|ko hÿn e` gb w wk eb w`s x pn 76 % v w`s`n uk wbn e hz` wsks e h j h op i u k e`s oba b

bahshbn`s) e hsubwshbn`s e` s`da`nukohÿn x obnjpshbn`s e` iùwks) vkikgwks x j wks`s ki

wèk o uk w u ` ubs.

_` b g s w z k w b n e h j ho p iu k e ` s e ` w ` e k o oh ÿ n sb g w ` u b e b ` n i b s d w k e b s e ` v w h a ` w b x

s`dpneb obnshe`wkneb {p` ` i ibs `suën `n ` i v wbo`sb e` ke{p hs ho hÿn e` ik iòup wk x

` sow h u p w k . E ` h d p k i a k n ` w k s` e ` u ` ou k w b n e h j ho p iu k e ` s ` n ik ` sow h u p w k e ` i b s k i p a n b s

#ks( {p ` `suë n k v pn u b e` hnd w`sk w k i n hz` i s opn ek w hb .

B u wk ko u h z heke e` `zk ipko hÿn hn u` wnk e`sk w wb i ikek jp` ` i e h o ukeb e` ` l` wo ho hbs e`

wèk oohÿn e ` i h g wbs oba b ` i Np`zb `sow h up wbn ) Koubs s`dp hebs ubab ;) 7 x ?) Opoc h i i h ub

e ` v k i b x ` i e` ik Vwbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs `n ` i kp ik e ` A k w d k w h u k D ÿ a ` | V k i k o h b s .

Ukaghèn s` w`k i h|ÿ ik wèkoo hÿn e` ’okw uks‑ = `n ebne` ibs k ipanbs #ks( s` `sow hg h` wbn

a `nsk l`s nu w` ` i ibs a hsa bs.

@n oke k p nk e` ik s kn u`w hb w`s kou hz he ke `s e`skw wb i ike ks ibs v wb j`sbw`s #k s( bg s wzk wbn

`n ibs sow h ubs v w be poheb s ik jk i uk e` obc`w`no hk ) obc`shÿn x e` s da `nu k o hÿn ksá oba b

uk a g hèn ik w`v` u h o hÿn e ` j wks`s obnsuk n u`s.

@n ib {p ` w`svò uk k ik `z k ip ko hÿn ` u` wnk èsuk obnshsu hÿ `n knk i h|k w ibs w`sp i u k ebs e` i

O b n op w sb e ` @ sop ` i k s e ` O k i he k e x e ` i b s ë a ` n `s e ` k v w b z ` oc k a h `n u b ` sob i k w e `

ok w w` wk a kd hsu` w hk i .

@sub s ëa `n`s sbn `nz hke bs vb w ik _òw` ukw ák e ` @epok ohÿn V üg i hok # _@V( x `n u w` ik sv w`dp n uk s {p ` w`k i h|kn kv k wò`n w`ko u h zbs ob w w`svbn e h`n u`s k i ë w`k e` @svk ûb i `n

ebn e` s` `zk iük ` i ` l` u à ë u h ob ’ W` j i` hÿn sbg w` ik i`ndp k ‑ .



;?

@nu w` ibs obnu`n hebs kgbwekebs `suën < obnbohah`n ub e` iks vkw u`s e` pnk bwko hÿn =

sp l` ub x v wè hoke b ) shdnbs e` v pn u pk o hÿn ) obnbo ha h`n ub x psb e ` v k ikg wks obnòub wk s

b `n iko`s) hnoipx`ne b iks e` psb oba ün `n ik `so w hu p wk ) ì b we`nk a h`n ub ke òpk eb e `

b wko hbn`s x w`svbne` w k v w`dpn uks e` b w ubd wk j á k {p` obns hs u`n `n e` uò uk w iks

vk ikg wks `so w h u ks ob w wò uka`n u` . Obab w`sp i u keb s` bg upzb {p` ibs k ipanbs #ks (jk i ik wbn `n `su` u hvb e ` op`su hb n`s. Z`w ik shdp h`n u ` uk g ik .

DWKEB_

W@KOUHZB_ ;¶ 7¶ ?¶ 5¶ 0¶ : ¶

Obnbo ha h`n ub

e` ik s v kw u `s e`

p n k b wk ohÿn . : 6 % ;6 % 76 % ;6 % 76 % ;6 %

Obnbo ha h`n ub xp sb e ` v k i k g w k s

obnòubwks b

`n ik o`s. 46 % :6 % 46 % 46 % :6 % 46 %

B w e ` n k a h ` n u b

k e ` op k e b e `

bwkohbn`s.

46 % :6 % 46 % : 6 % :6 % 46 %

V w ` d p n u k s e `b w u bd wk j ák . 06 % ?6 % 56 % : 6 % 46 % 46 %

Ukg ik N b . ; V BWO@NUK L@ VBW DWK EB E@ E HJHOPIUK E@_ @N IK @_OWHUPWK

E` kop` web k ib abs u wkeb `n ik u kg ik ) ` i :6% e` ibs k ipanbs #ks ( e` v w ha` w d wkeb

e`sobnbo`n iks vk w u`s e` pnk b wko hÿn ) kp n{ p` e`g ` obnshe` wk ws` {p ` ì ibs suë n `n ` i

v wbo`sb e` ke {p hshohÿn e` ik iò up wk x `so w hu p wk x ` i obnbo ha h`n ub e` ik d wka k u hok .

@n ib {p ` w`sv òuk k i obnbo ha h`n ub x psb e ` v k ikg wks obnòub wk s b `n iko`s) `n ibs

d wpv bs e` v w ha ` wb ) u ` wo` wb opk w u b x s` ub d wk eb ` i 46% e ` ibs k ipa nbs #k s( a bsu wk wbn

e h j hop i u k e ` n ` i p sb k e ` op k e b e ` v k i k g w k s ob n ` ou b w k s= ` n p n v b w o` n u k l ` a ` n b w ) i bs

k i p a n b s # k s( e ` s d p n e b x { p h n u b d w k e b a b su w k w b n e hj h op i u k e ` n p n : 6 % .



;5

@ n ib { p ` s w `j h` w` k i b w e `n k a h `n u b k e ` op k e b e ` ik s b w k oh bn ` s) i bs d w p v b s { p `

a b su w k w b n u `n ` w p n k a k x b w e hj hop i u k e e ` n u w b e ` i w k n d b e ` i 46 % jp ` w bn ib s e `

v w ha ` wb ) u ` wo`wb x s` ub d wke b = ` i w`sub a bsu wÿ u `n` w e h j hop i u ke `n pn :6 %.

E ` n u w b e ` i k s v w ` d p n u k s e ` b w u b d w k j á k ) ` i d w p v b { p ` w `z ` i ÿ u ` n ` w a ` n b w e h jh op i u k e j p `` i e ` s d p n e b d w k e b ) `su b ` n p n ? 6 % ) w ` sk i u k n e b { p ` ` i 46 % e ` i b s k i p a n b s # k s( e `

s dpne b d wk eb n b hnop w w hÿ `n ` w wb w`s b w ubd wë j h obs. @n ib {p` w`svò uk k ibs eà ës

d w p v b s) i b s k i p a n b s # k s( e ` v w ha ` w d w k e b ) a b su w k w b n ` w w b w `s e ` b w u b d w k j ák ` n p n 0 6 % )

` n u ` w o` w d wk e b p n 5 6 % ) ` n op k w u b d w k e b p n : 6 % ) a h `n u w k s { p ` { p h n u b x s` u b d w k e b )

k v`sk w e` `s uk w k vpn ub e` j hnk i h |k w ik v w hak w hk ) sbn ibs {p` abs u wk wbn pnk akxb w

e h j hop i uke `n op`su hbn`s e` bw ubdwk j ák .

B u wk e ` iks zk ipko hbn`s u` wnks w`k i h |ke ks jp` v b w v k w u ` e` ik hnsvòohÿn e` ik \bnk

N b. ;3 . Ik hnsvòub wk o h uk gk k w`p n hÿn k ub eb s ibs v w b j`sbw`s #k ( e ` ik \bnk `sob ik w obn

` i bg l` u h zb e` {p` ibs ;? v wb j`sb w`s #ks ( e` okek d wkeb ` ikgb wk wkn pn `ka`n e`

obnboha h`n ubs k j hn e` e` uò uk w iks a k u ` w hks `n iks opk i`s hsu á k p n g k lb w`sp i u k eb .

@n u w` k idpnks e` iks v w`dpn uks ` ikgb wkeks j p` obn w`svò ub k ik wèkoo hÿn e`

op`n ubs) ok w uk s x nk w wko hbn`s. K c á np`zk a `n u` s` he`n u h j h oÿ {p ` ibs `sup e hk n u`s

w ` e k o u k g k n h n k e ` o p k e k a ` n u ` = s ` s k i u k g k n e ` p n k h e ` k k b u w k ) s ` w b a v á k ` i c h i b

obnepo ub w .

Pnk z`| knk i h|kebs ibs w`sp i ukebs e` iks `zk ipko hbn`s hn u` wnks x ù`wnks s` bg upzb

oba b w`sp i u k eb pn k `soksk v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs n obn u`n heb x `su wp o up wk `n j ko ub w`s

oba b obc`w`no hk ) obc`shÿn x s`da `nu ko hÿn .

EHKDNß_UHOB

V kwk obw wbgb wkw a ës kü n ibs w`sp i u ke bs v w` s n u k eb s `n iks `zk ipk o hbn`s ù`wnk s `

hn u` wnks w`k i h |ke ks vb w ik @sop` ik Vw ha k w hk s` v wb oè hÿ k w`k i h |k w ik he`n u h j hoko hÿn e`

ibs w wb w`s e` v wbep oohÿn `so w hu k `n ` i d wpv b e ` s` ub d wk eb e` è poko hÿn v w ha k w hk .

Vwbo ehah`nu b< Hnsu wpa`nu b x kvi hokohÿn e` ik v wp`gk

Ik a` uk hn h o hk i j p` e`sk w wb i ik w pn v wboè ha h`n ub {p` v` wa h u h` wk wòb iò uk w ibs ek ubs

{p` w`z` i`n ibs ` w wb w`s `n ik v wbepoo hÿn `sow h uk `n ibs k ipanbs #ks( e` i d wpvb kw w hgk

s û k i k e b . @ su k ` u k v k e ` i k h n z ` su h d k o hÿ n o b a v w ` n e h ÿ i k s sh d p h `n u ` s b v ` w k o hb n ` s



;0

a ` u b e b i ÿ d ho k s< k ( i k ob n su w p o oh ÿ n e ` p n ` k a ` n e ` w` e k o oh ÿ n x ) g ( i k k v i h ok o hÿ n e `

e h oc k v w p ` g k k i d wp v b e ` ` su p e h k n u ` s e ` s u b d w k e b e ` v w h a k w h k . @ i ` k a ` n e `

w ` e k o oh ÿ n ` ik g b w k e b ) s a p ` su w k ` n k n ` b n b ;.

@i `ka`n e` wèkoohÿn

@i v w hno hvk i bg l` u h zb `s e`sopg w h w x e`so w hg h w i k s vk w u h op ik w hek e`s bop w w`n u`s `n ik

wèk oohÿn e` ibs k ipa nbs #ks( e` s` ub d wke b e` v w ha k w hk k u wkz ès e` i knë i hsh s e` ik

`sow h up wk e` u ùbs nk wwk u hz bs.

Obab hns u wpa`n ub e` wòb iòo hÿn e` ibs ek ubs s` ` ikgb wÿ pn `ka`n e` wèkoo hÿn

{p ` u`n ák 7 bg l` u h zbs< he`n u h j h oko hÿn e` ibs w wb w`s x ik v wbe poo hÿn e ` èsubs. Ik v wp `gk

obnsuk e` 0 kv k w u ke bs<

;.! Ik hnoipshÿn e` pn kv k w u ke b { p` obnshsu hÿ `n ik ` ikgb wk o hÿn e ` pnk nk w wko hÿn k

v k w u h w e ` p n k h a k d ` n . _` hn oip x ÿ p n ` sv k o hb ` n ` i { p ` ` i `su p e h k n u ` w è k o u ÿ p n

gb w wk eb w obn ` i j hn e` { p` v pe h` wk ob w w`d h w ib #`s eò hw ) w`z hsk w ik b wdk n h|ko hÿn e`

iks he`k s) obnòubw `s iÿd hobs) b w ubd wk j ák ) vp nu pk o hÿn ) obc`w`no hk ) ` uo .( = x b u wb ) vk wk

v w`s`n uk w sp u ` ub j hnk i x ob ibok w i` pn u á u p ib .

7 .!P n k v k w u ke b `n ` i opk i s` ob iboÿ pn ’ wba vòkg `|ks e` b wk o hbn`s‑ . _` v w`s`n uÿ

pnk s` w h` e` b wko hbn`s b vë w wk jbs {p ` obn jb wa kn pn v ë w wk jb oba v iùb ) v` wb

v w`s`n uk ek s n e`sb we`n ) obn ` i j h n e` {p ` ` i k ipa nb #k ( iks b we`nk wë e` kop` web

k p nk sòp`no hk u à ë u h ok x e ` kop` web k i u h v b e` obnòu h zbs a v i`ke bs.

@ n ` su ` u h v b e ` k w w `d i bs ` i k i p a n b # k ( u h ` n ` { p ` h e ` nu h jh ok w i k h e ` k b u ` a k

vw hno hvk i x ob ibokw ib `n ` i hn ho hb e` ik sòp`nohk . Vbsu`w hb wa`nu` ) e`g` ob ibokw ik

shdp h`n u ` b wko hÿn e ` kop`we b k ibs obnòu hz bs x "b ik sòp`nohk uà ëu hok .

A è hkn u ` iks u k w`ks e` b we `nka h`n ub e` u ` ubs s vbshg i` obne po h w k ibs k ipa nbs

#ks( `n ` i obnbohah`n ub e` ik w` iko hÿn `n u w` uÿv hobs) `n ik spv`wbwe hnko hÿn x `n ik

obc`shÿn . Ube ks ` i iks sbn v wbv hèk e`s ha vb w u kn u`s e` p n u ùb ) {p ` s dü n ik

i h u ` wk up wk e` hnz`s u hdko hÿn wò h`n u` ) obnepo`n k obavw`ne` w ) wòb wek w x wèko uk w

u` ubs. Ik spv ` wb we hnko hÿn obnshsu` `n e` i ha h u k w ik w` iko hÿn `n u w` ik he`k v w hno hvk iobn ibs e` u k i i`s spg s op`nu `s) x ik obc`shÿn `s ik jb wa k `n ik opk i pn ` ià `nu b e ` i

u ` ub `s he`n u h j h oke b obn w`svò ub k b u wb ` ià `n ub p b wko hÿn .

? .! V k w k i k h e ` n u hj h ok o hÿ n e ` i k s` d a ` n u k o hÿ n ) s h n oi p x ÿ p n k v k w u k e b ` n ` i op k i ib s

`sup e hk n u `s kn k i h|ke bs) kd w`dk w ákn oba ks k ibs vë wwk jbs vw ` s n uk eb s.



;:

5 . !Vk wk ik e` u` wa hnko hÿn e` ibs aòkn hsabs e` obc`s hÿn p u h i h |kebs vb w ibs

`sup e hk n u `s) s i`s v w ` s n u k wb n bwk o hbn`s v kw k { p` iks pn h` wkn x jb w a kwë n p n

v`{ p`ûb v ë w wk jb obn èsuk s.

0 .! V b w ü i u ha b s` hn oip x ÿ p n k v k w u k e b sb g w ` b wu b d w k j ák ` n e b n e ` ` i k ip a n b # k (

ob iboÿ ik G b Z ) s dün ob w w`svbn e h` wk .

Kvih okohÿn e` ik v wp`gk

Ik v wp`gk s kv i hoÿ e`n u wb e` i kp ik `sob ik w x obnshsu hÿ `n ik `n u w`dk e` ibs ëa `n`s

k o k e k p n b e ` i b s k i p a n b s # k s( .

Iks obnshdnks) k v k w u h w e` iks opk i`s ibs `sup e hkn u`s e`g h`wbn v wbep o hw pn u` ub

nkwwk u hzb ) obns hs u`n `n < hnsu wpoo hbn`s w` j` w heks k i b we`n) w`svùb e` ik sòp`nohk )

op hekeb `n ik wèkoo hÿn #obns he` wkneb ik b w u bd wk j á k x ik vpn upko hÿn ) obc` w`no hk ( xw`z hshÿn e` i u ùb .

@i v w`s`nu` hn jb wa` obnu h`n` ik e`sow hvo hÿn e` iks okvkoheke`s s`ûk ikeks) iks

okwkou`wásu hoks e` ibs hnsuwpa`nubs e` `zkipkohÿn) ibs ow h u`w hbs e` oki h j hokohÿn) ik

aùbeb ibd ák x ` i bg l` u hzb e` i knë i hs hs e` ibs uùbs `zk ipkebs) ik e`sow hvo hÿn e` ibs

w`sp i u ke bs= x j hnk ia `nu ` ) obno ipshbn`s d`n`wk i`s x `svòáj hoks v bw u hvb e` uù b x

o b a v ` u ` n o h k .

@n `suk s oo hÿn ) s v w`s`n uk n ibs w`sp i u k ebs ob w w`svb ne h`n u`s k iks v wp `gk s e`

w`svp `suk kg h` w uk ù `nsk #v wbe poo hÿn e` uù bs( { p` s` kv i hokwb n k ibs sup e hk n u `s e`

s u b d wk e b e ` v w ha k w hk . I k ok v k o he k e ` z k ip k e k j p ` V w b e p o` p n u ` u b n k ww k u hz b

obc` w`n u`) {p ` ob w w`svb ne`n k ik oba v` u`no hk Vwbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs h n ob w v b w k e k ` n

` i @n jb{p ` Oba pn hok u h zb Jpno hbnk i #@OJ( e` @epoko hÿn Vw ha k w hk .

Vwbepo pn uù b nkwwk u hzb obc w`nu`

@ su k o k v k o h e k e ` s ` n u ` n e h e k o b a b ik c k g h ih e k e e ` i ` su p e h k n u ` v k w k w ` e k o u k w p nw` ik ub ko` wok e ` pn k obn uòha h`n ub j h ou h o hb b w`k i ) ` i opk i e`g` s` w pnk v w`s`n uk o hÿn

e` o h` w ubs còcbs `n w` iko hÿn obn pnk e` u`wahnkek spo`shÿn `n ` i u hàvb. Ik

o bc ` w `n o hk e ` i k n k w w k o hÿ n s` w ë ` i w `sp i u k e b e ` i k o k v k o he k e e ` i `su p e h k n u ` v k w k k

v k w u h w e ` i p sb e ` p n ob n lp n u b e ` j hn h e b e ` v w b o` e ha h` n u b s) v w b e p o hw p n u ` u b { p `

v p ` e k s w ob a v w ` n e h e b o k g k i a ` n u ` v b w ` i i` ou b w .



;4

Ibs owh u `whbs e` oki h j hokohÿn e` ik vw bepoohÿn e` uùbs

Obns he` wkneb ik e h j h op i u ke k ik {p` nbs `n j w`n ukabs k i `zk ipk w bg l` u h zka`n u` ibs

u` ubs ` ikg b wke bs vb w ibs sup e hkn u`s) s p u h ih |ÿ pn a be` ib e` `zk ipko hÿn opk i h u k u h zb

e` ik Vwbe poo hÿn e ` u ` ubs) ` ik g b w k e k v b w p n ` v ` w u b ` n i hn d ù á su h ok ) ` i A u w b . A k p w ho hb

V è w ` | K g w h i) e ` ik P n h z ` w sh e k e N k o hb n k i e ` Ob i b a g h k . @ s p n a b e ` i b e ` ` z k i p k o h ÿn ` nebn e` ) e` a kn` wk s no hi ik x o ik wk ) a k wok sh ` i u ` ub `s obc`w`n u` ) obc`shbnke b ) obn

sh n u k hs x k e ` o p k o hÿ n ) { p ` s v w ` s n u k ob a b k n ` b N b .7 .

K i hn u` w hb w e ` i a be` ib e ` `zk ipko hÿn s` `suk g iò`n n hz` i`s e` v wbep oohÿn `so w hu k #K ) G )

O ) E ( { p` hne hokn e h j ` w`nohks opk i h u k u h zks `n opk n ub k ik oba v i` l hek e e ` ibs u ` ubs)

`suk g iò hènebs` `n n hz` i K oba b ` i gë shob x ` i E oba b ` i n hz` i a ës k i u b .

Ks á ) càbs b wdkn h|keb ibs o w h u ` w hbs e` `zk ipko hÿn e` ik v wbepoo hÿn u ` upk i ) `n ebsoba v` u`no hks {p ` obnsu h u p x`n ik oba v` u `no hk oba pn hok u h zk < u ùp k i x i hndù ásu h ok . @n

w` iko hÿn k `suk s s w`vb w uk wë ` i e`sà v`û b e ` ibs sup e hk n u `s<

‧ Obavù`nohk u ùpk i< s w ` j h` w` k ik ck g h i h eke e` ibs `sup e hkn u`s vk wk v wbep o hw

u ` ubs vb w a è hb e` i a kn` lb e` ik obc` w`nohk ) `n u`ne hek èsuk oba b ik obn j hdp wko hÿn

e ` i s h d n h j h o k e b d i b g k i e ` i u ` u b k v k w u h w e ` p n k b w d k n h | k o h ÿ n v i k n h j h o k e k x e ` p n k

j hnk i hek e `svòá j hok = x e ` ik obc`shÿn ) {p` u h`n` {p ` z`w ) a ës g h`n ) obn ibs a òkn hsa bs

i hndù ásu hobs { p` v `wa h u`n `suk g iò`w w` iko hbn`s `n u w` iks b wk o hbn`s b `np nohke bs v kw k

`su wpoupwkw e hocb s hdn h j hokeb d ibgk i #obnòubw`s iÿd hobs) s hdnbs e` vpnupko hÿn )

ìà `nu bs w`j`w`n ohk i`s) ùo.( .

‧ Obavù`nohk ih ndùásu hok< s` w` j h` w` k ik ckg h i heke e` ibs `supe hkn u`s vkwk

wòbnbo`w ) kv i hokw x p skw iks w`d iks shn uë ou hoks) a bw jb iÿd hoks x jbnb iÿd hoks {p ` nbwa k n

i k d w k a ë u h ok e ` ik i ` n d p k { p ` p sk n .

A u bebibdák x bgl ùh zb eì knë ih shs e` ibs u ùbs zkipkebs

Vkwk knk i h |k w ibs u ` ubs ) s` s hdp hÿ pnk a` ubeb ibd ák gkskek `n pnk s` w h` e`

w``sow h up wk s e` i u ùb bw hd hnk i e` i `sup e hk n u ` ) e` ik s opk i`s s bg up z h` wbn eb s z`wshbn`s.

Ik v w ha` wk obn u h`n` pnk z` ws hÿn ob w w`d hek {p` obns he` wk ` ià`n ubs w` j` w hebs k ik

oba vù `no hk uù pk i ) oba b obnòubw`s) ià `nub s w` j` w`no hk i`s b shdn bs e ` vp nu pk o hÿn

v w h n ohv k ia ` n u `. I k s d p n e k o b n sh e `w k ` i` a ` n u b s { p ` j b w a k n v k w u ` e ` i k

oba v` u`no hk i h ndù ásu h ok ) e` a beb {p ` ik ob w wòo hÿn ) `n `su` oksb ) s obno`n u wk `n

ksvòub s bw u bdwë j hobs x nbwa ku hzbs.



;3

Ik s z`wshbn`s obww`d hek s nbs v`wa h u`n b gs`wzk w oÿa b ik v w be poo hÿn `sow h uk `s pn

v wbo`sb {p` w`{p h` w` e` pn u wkgk lb v w`z hb e` è ho hÿn `n ` i {p` s` ks`dp w` ik

obc` w`no hk x obc`shÿn . K eà ës) `su` u hvb e` knë i hsh s eà p`su wk ik ha vb w u kno hk e`

hno he h w `n ` i u wk gk lb e` ` ià `n ubs u ` up k i`s n ik v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs) obn ` i j hn e `

{ p` `subs oba pn h{p `n obn ` j hoko hk .

E`sow hv ohÿn e` ibs w`spi u kebs

@n w` iko hÿn k i v w ha` w kvk w ukeb {p` obns hs u hÿ `n ik ` ikgb wko hÿn e` pnk nk w wko hÿn k

vk w u h w e` pnk ha kd`n ) s `nobn u wÿ {p ` `n pn u b uk i e` 77 k ipa nbs #k s( e` s ub

dwkeb) ;; e` `subs nb k iokn|kn ` i n hz` i K) ` i opk i `s ` i n hz` i gës hob e` vwbepoo hÿn e`

uùbs) `s eò h w ) ibs uùbs vwbepohebs nb ibdwkn obapnhokw keòpkeka`nu` ibs

a `nsk l`s u w kn sa hu heb s) v kwò`n s w pnk `np a `wko hÿn e` he`k s sp` i u ks ` hnoba v i` uk s

{p ` `suë n b wdkn h|ke ks e` j b wa k e `sb we`nk ek . Ibs u ` ub s nb v w`s`n uk n pn u áu p ib . N bp sk n obnòu bw`s) ` ià `nu bs w`j`w`n ohk i`s n h obn lpn ohbn`s `nu w` iks bwk ohbn`s { p `

o bc ` sh bn ` n k i u ` u b . Z ` w k n ` b ? .

K sha hsa b ) s `z he`no hk `n ibs u ` ubs vbg w`|k iè hok . Vb w ` làv ib ) ik w`v` u h ohÿn e`

ap i` u h i i k s e` i a hsab z` wgb #obww hÿ) shdphÿ( ) x ` i psb e ` ibs ke l` u hzb s v ìhdwb sbs) wk g hbsb)

d w k n e ` . . Vb w ü i u ha b) ibs kp ub w`s e` `sub s sow h ubs nb p u h i h|kn ` i v pn ub kv kw u` x j hnk i ) ksá

obab ukag hèn ik p u h i h |ko hÿn e` obaks x ko`n ubs b w ubd wë j h obs ) e` hdpk i akn` wk

v w` s n u kn v wbg ià ks e` shn uk hs) obc`w`no hk x obc`shÿn x `sub n b obnu w hgp x` k i s n u heb

e ` i u ` u b . Z ` w k n ` b 5 .

@n ib {p ` w`svò uk k op`su hbn`s b w ubd wë j h oks ` i u h vb e` e h j hop i u ke `s a ës obap n`s {p `

u p z h `w b n ib s su p e h k n u ` `n a k u ` w h k e ` p sb e ` i` u w k s w k e h o ÿ ` n ì ` a v i ` b e ` i k c k o c `

#'c' ( ) e` ik g` # 'g' ( x e` ik p z` # 'z' ( ) e` ik o` # 'o' ( ) `s # 's' ( ) x |` uk # '|'( ) e` ik ` i i` b

ebg i` ` i` # ' ii '( x e ` ik x d w h`dk # ' x ' ( = e` ik d # ' d '( ) e` ik ` w` # w ( x e ` ik ` w wè # w w ( x e ` ik

lb u k # 'l '( . @su bs v wbg i` a k s `suë n v w`s`n u `s `n u be bs ib s k ip a n bs # k s() v `wb ik e hj `w `n ohk

`su w hgk `n ik ù`ns hÿn e` i v wbg iàk `nu w` ibs `supe hkn u`s x ik hn u`ns heke obn {p` s`

v w` s n u k `n oke k p nb e ` ` iibs.

Xk e`n u wb e` p n N hz` i gëshob #K ( e ` v wb ep oohÿn e` u ` ubs) s `nobn u wÿ {p ` sÿ ib 3 e`

7 7 k ip a n b s # k s( o p a v i ` n ob n ` su ` n h z ` i) x e ` k o p `w e b k A k p w h o hb V è w ` | K g w h i # 7 6 6 0 (

s obnshe`wk { p` s` opa v i` obn `su` n hz ` i sh s v wbe po`n v bw ib a `nbs e bs bwk o hbn`s)

iks opk i`s suë n s`da `nu ke ks # s `suk g iò` p n i áa h u` e ` shdn h j hokeb ( x s shdp` pn c h ib

u ` a ë u h ob k ib ik w d b e ` ik s a hsa k s. Z ` w k n ` b 0



;8

E ` k o p ` w e b k i k p u b w k n u ` w h bw a ` n u ` s û k i k e b ) s `sv ` w k { p ` i k u b u k i he k e e ` n hû b s # k s(

k v k w u h w e` u ` wo`w d wke b e` v w ha k w hk v wbep |okn u ` ubs {p ` opa v i`n `suk s obne ho hbn`s)

v` wb z b iz h`neb k w`sk i u k w ` i kn u ` w hb w ek u b ) ;; k ipa nbs #ks( e` s` ub d wke b ) nb

k iokn |kn ` i n hz` i gë shob e ` vwb ep oohÿn sÿ ib 3 `sup e hkn u `s.

Vb w ü i u ha b ) sÿ ib ? k ipa nbs #ks( e ` 77 ) e`suk okn obn p n n hz ` i G e ` v wb ep oohÿn `so w hu k .

_` ob n sh e ` wk { p ` p n u ` u b o p a v i ` ob n ` su ` n h z ` i sh ) k e ` a ë s e ` o p a v i h w ob n i k s

obnehohbn`s eì n hzì K) s` `sukgiò`n w` ikohbn`s `nuw` ibs `npnohkebs k u wkzès eì psb

e` k idü n obnò ub w {p` opa v i` pnk jpno hÿn iÿd hok oik wk .

K a ` e h e k { p ` s k z k n | k ` n ik o b a v ` u ` n o hk v k w k v w b e p o hw u ` u b s s z k n k v w b v h k n e b

iks jpno hbn`s e` iks `vw`s hbn`s obnòu hzks {p` b ubwdkn obc`w`no hk x obc`shÿn k ibs

`sow h ubs. _` u wk uk e` k ipa nbs #k s( { p` wòbnbo`n iks w` iko hbn`s `n u w` ibs `npn ohkeb s x

iks j b wa ks e` ck o`w iks v i áo hu k s n ik v wbep oohÿn `so w hu k . Z` w kn`b :

Nhzì`s e` wèkoohÿn e` uùbs

6

7

5

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3

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E ` kop`we b k ik k n u `w hb w d wë j hok ) ;; e` ibs 77 k ipa nbs #ks( e` s` ub d wk eb ) nb op`n uk n obn

p n n h z ` i g ë sh ob e ` w ` e k o ohÿ n e ` u ` ub s) sÿ i b 3 e ` 7 7 k i p a n b s # k s( k i ok n | k n p n N h z ` i K e `

wèk oohÿn ) a h`n u wks {p ` ? e` ibs `sup e hkn u `s sbgw`sk i`n obn pn N hz` i G e` wèk oohÿn . @s e`

w ` sk i u k w { p ` n h n d p n b e ` i b s k i p a n b s # k s( ` n op ` suk e b s k v k w ` o` ob n p n n h z ` i O b E e `

wèk oohÿn e ` u` ub s.



76

@ n i b { p ` w ` sv ` o u k k i s d p n e b k v k w u k e b e ` i ` k a ` n e ` w ` e k o oh ÿ n ) { p ` o b n sh su h ÿ ` n ` i

b we`nk a h`n ub e` b wk o hbn`s) s `nobn u wÿ { p` ibs k ipa nbs #ks( v w` s n uk n e h j hop i u ke `s

`n `su` u hv b e ` op`su hbn`s) vp`s sÿ ib 5 k ipa nbs #ks( k o`w uk wbn `n ibs ? w`ko u h zbs) :

k ipa nbs #k s( k o`w uk wbn `n ; e` ? w`k ou hzbs) a h`n u wk s {p ` ;; su pe hkn u `s nb k o`w uk wb n

`n n hndp nb e` ibs w`kou hzbs w` j` w`n u`s k i b we `nk a h`nub obw wòub e` iks b wk o hbn`s.

@wwbw s e shnukhs

6

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_hnukhs

Ekubs

W kouhzb ;

W kouhzb 7

W kouhzb ?

K obwe` k ik d wë j hok ) `n ` i w`kou hzb ; hnopww h` wbn `n `w wb w`s e` shn uk hs) ;? e` ibs 77

`sup e hkn u`s) `n ` i w`ko u h zb 7 ) ;3 e` 77 k ipa nbs #k s( oba ` u h` wbn `w wb w`s e` shn uk hs x `n

` i w`ko u h zb ? np `zk a `n u` hno he h` wbn `n ` w wb w`s e` shn uk hs ;3 e` 77 k ipa nbs #ks( .

I k s b w k o h b n ` s { p ` e k g k n h n k e ` o p k e k a ` n u ` b w e ` n k e k s ) u k n u b o b a b w ` s p i u k e b

v ë w w k j b s h n ob c ` w `n u ` s. Z ` w k n ` b 4

@n ib {p` w` j h` w` k i kvk w ukeb e` ’kd w`dk w obaks `n ebne` ob w w`svbne h` wk ‑ s`

`nobn u wÿ { p` p n v wba è hb e ` ;5 k ipa nbs #k s( sÿ ib ko` w ukg kn `n ;6 e` ;4 oba ks {p `

u ` n e w ák n { p ` ob i b ok w ) sh n ` a g k w d b a p ` su w k n u ` n ` w ob n b o ha h `n u b e ` i p sb e ` o b a k s

v k w k i k s` d a ` n u k o hÿ n e ` sp v w b e p o oh ÿ n u ` u p k i ) n b b g su k n u ` k i a b a ` n u b e ` ` i k g b w k w

sp vwbv hk wèkoo hÿn nb p u h i h|kn obaks) n h vpnub j hnk i b s`dp heb {pèkneb `sow h ubs s hn

s d a ` n u k o hÿ n k i d p n k .

O b n u hn p k n e b o b n i b s w ` sp i u k e b s e ` i k v w p ` g k w ` k i h| k e k ) v k w k i k e ` u ` w a h n k o h ÿn e ` i bs

a òkn hsa bs e` obc`shÿn p u h i h |ke bs vb w ibs sup e hk n u`s) s hn o ipxÿ pn k vk w uk eb obn s h s

w`ko u h zbs v k wk hn u`d wk w p n u ` ub k v k w u h w u w`s b wko hbn`s ek ek s. @n ` i w`ko u h zb ;) 76 e`

7 7 k i p a n b s # k s( n b p u h ih| k w bn a ` ok n h sa b s e ` ob c `shÿ n = e ` n u w b e ì w` k ou h z b 7) 7 ;



7;

k ip a nbs #ks( v w`s`n uk wbn e h j hop i u ke vk wk obc`shbnk w iks b wko hbn`s v w`s`n uk ek s= `n ` i

w ` k ou h z b ? ) h n op w w h `w b n ` n `w w b w `s e ` ob c ` sh ÿ n 76 ` su p e h k n u ` s= ` n ` i w ` k ou h z b 5 ) 7 6

k i p a n b s # k s( = ` n ` i w ` k ou h z b 0 ) 7 ; su p e h k n u ` s= x v b w ü i u h a b ) ` n ` i w ` k ou h z b : ) ` i u b u k i e `

i k v b g i k o hÿ n e ` 77 k i p a n b s # k s( e ` s u b d wk e b hn o p w w h` w b n ` n `w w b w `s ` n ì

`suk g iò ha h`n ub e ` a òkn hsa bs e` obc`shÿn .

Ibs k ipa nbs #ks( v w` s n uk wbn e h j hop i u ke `s vk wk obc`shbnk w ik s he`ks v w`s`n uk ek s x

`sukg iò`w pn vëwwk jb obc`w`nu` . _ÿ ib ebs `supe hkn u`s ko`w uk wbn `n ? w`kou hzbs e` : )

pn `sup e hkn u` ko` w uÿ sÿ ib `n ebs w`ko u h zbs) x b u wb k ipa nb ib c h|b `n sÿ ib pnb )

{ pè k ne b p n w`sub e` ;3 k ipa nbs #k s( shn `suk g iò`w a òkn hsa bs e` obc`shÿn e`n u wb

e` iks bwkohbn`s vw`s`nukeks.

@n ib w`svò uk k i kvk w uk eb e ` op`su hbn`s b w ubd wë j h oks) s `nobn u wÿ { p` ik a kx b w ák e `

ibs k ipa nbs #k s( v w`s`n uk e h j h op i u k e`s `n ` i psb ob w wò ub e` ik g` # ' g ' ( x e` ik pz è#'z' ( .

@n ` i u wk nsop wsb e` ik kv i hoko hÿn e` i `ka `n e` wèkoo hÿn vp eb bg s w zk w s ik j k i u k

e` i àvi`b x psb e` `su wk u`d hks e` `sow h up wk uk i`s obab v ikn`kohÿn ) w`z hs hÿn x

obwwòo hÿn e` ibs `sow h ubs) xk {p` ibs k ipanbs #ks( nb absu wkgkn hn u` wès `n w` i``w b

wà h u h w s np`z ka `n u` k ib `so w hu b x ob w w`d hw ib x obn ` i ib a ` lb wk w sp wèkoo hÿn u ` upk i .

Ik w`z hshÿn obnsuk n u ` e` i `sow h ub v wb ep oheb `s ha v w`so hne hg i` x s obnsu h u px ` `n pn k

c` w wka h`n uk e` obn u wb i v` wa kn`n u ` . @suk w`z hshÿn ha v i hok w` i`` w ) skok w b kd w`dk wv k ik gw ks b u wb |bs `n u `wbs) w` jb wa p ikw ow h u` w hbs) ` uo .) x s` obnshe`wk oba b pn b e` ibs

obavbn`n u`s o`n u wk i`s ` havb w ukn u`s e` ik obavbs ho hÿn `so w h u k ) k jò ukneb k i

obnboha h`n ub e ` i `sow h ub w ` hno he h`ne b `n ik ok i hek e e ` ibs uù bs vw be poheb s.

Ik w`z hshÿn v` w jòohbnk ) ksh`n uk x oba v i` uk ibs u` ubs) vb w ib {p ` s vp è` `n u`ne ` w ik

w`z hs hÿn obab pnk bv`wko hÿn {p` obnshs u` `n abe h j hokw ` i uùb {p` s` `suë

` ikg bwk ne b `n ibs ksv òubs { p` ` i `sow h ub w v `wo hg ` k idü n e `sk lp su`

Epwknu` ` i v wbo`sb e` vwbepoo hÿn e` uùbs `s nò`skw hb {p` ibs `supe hkn u`s ebahn`n

iks c`wwkah`nuks x `su wk u`d hks vkwk {p` e`skwwb i i`n sps ckg h i heke`s x okvkoheke`s `n

sp wèkoo hÿn e` akn` wk obn u wb ikek ) `s eò h w ) {p` kv w`nekn k kv w`ne` w x k skg` w

opëneb) oÿab x vbw {pè e`g`n p u h i h|k w e hocbs vwbo`sbs< {p` ibs `supe hkn u`s u`ndkn

obno h`no hk x obn u wb i e` iks ko u h z heke`s {p` ` lòp ukn x ckdkn psb j i` hg i` e` iks

`su wk u`d hks vk wk k lp suk w iks k sp v wbo`sb e ` wèk oohÿn .



77

@ n p n k ` n u w ` z h su k h n j b wa k i w ` k i h| k e k k i v w b j ` sb w e ` s` u b d w k e b e ` @e p o k oh ÿ n

Vw ha k w hk ) s i` v w`dpn ub k o`wok e` {p è u hvb e ` e h j h op i u k e`s e` uò uk `n ik wèk oohÿn e`

sps k ipanbs #ks( ) è i a`nohbnÿ {p` ibs v wbg iàks e` wèkoo hÿn obnshs u`n `n ik

hnobndwp`nohk e` sps he`ks) `wwbw`s e` shnukhs) s`da`nukohÿn) ` i nb `hsu hw o ikw heke `n

sps so w hu bs x ik j k i u k e ` pn c h ib obnep o ub w uà ë u hob .

K nk i h|kne b ibs w`sp i u k ebs e` i `ka `n j hnk i e` i ë w `k e ` @svk ûb i ) i opk i j p` ` ikgb wk eb

vb w sp v wb j`sb w ) èsu` obnshsu hÿ `n ik iòup wk e ` pn v `{p `ûb u` ub x v bsu` w hb w k ` i ib )

o bn u ` su k w p n k s v w ` d p n u k s e ` w ` j i` hÿ n ) e ` n u w b e ` è i s ` n ob n u w ÿ { p ` ;; e ` i b s 7 7

k ipa nbs #k s( shdp`n hno he h`neb `n jk i ik s b w u bdwë j hoks) ` w wb w`s e` u h ieko hÿn ) w`vù ho hÿn

e` a p i` u h i ik s) `w wb w`s e` shn uk hs x ik j k i u k e` obc` w`nohk x obc`shÿn . @ i `ka `n e`

@ sv k û b i `s v w ` s n u k n e b ` n k n ` b N b 3 .

_h `n ik v w ha ` wk w`z hshÿn e` ibs `ëa `n`s e` wèk oohÿn nbs i ika kwbn ik k u `no hÿn ik

ù`ns hÿn x j wòp`nohk e` iks e` j ho h`no hks b w ubdwë j hoks x e` wèkoo hÿn `n u w` ibs

`sup e hkn u`s) x kü n ibs v wb g ià ks e` obnsu wp oohÿn { p` a bsu wk gk n k idpnbs e` ` i ibs k pn

vk sb e` e ` lk w ik v w ha k w hk ) nbs hn u` w wbdëg ka bs ko` wok e ` sp v bshg i` `v i h oko hÿn .

Pnk z `| obn lpn uk ebs ibs w`sp i u k ebs v w`s`n uk ebs vb w iks `zk ipko hbn`s hn u` wnks x

ù`wnks w`k i h|keks vbw ik v wbv hk `sop` ik ) ksá obab ` i e hs`ûb x kv i hoko hÿn e` pn

` k a ` n e ` w ` e k oo hÿ n ` ik g b w k e b v b w ik v w b v h k h n z ` su h d k e b w k x i k w ` k i h| k o hÿ n e ` p n k

`nu w`z hs uk hn jb waki k i v wb j`sbw e` sùb d wkeb) ksá obab ukaghèn ` i knë i hs hs e` i`ka `n j hnk i e ` @sv kûb i ) s bg u h`n` oba b w`sp i u k eb pn k `soksk v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs

`n obn u`n heb x `su wp o up wk `n j k o ub w`s oba b obc` w`nohk ) obc`shÿn x s`da `n uk o hÿn ) ksá

oba b ` i psb i ha h u kn u` e ` `su wk u`d hks gë shoks vk wk ` i v wbo`sb e ` oba vbshohÿn .

E ihah u kohÿn eì vwbgiàk

V b w i b o p k i ) v i k n u ` b o b a b v w b g i ` a k v w h n o h v k i ) i k j k i u k e ` v w b e p o o h ÿ n e ` u ` u b s

` jòu h zbs) `n u`ne h`neb v b w ` jòu h z hek e ik okvk o hek e e ` ibd wk w ` i `jòub { p` s` e` s k b

s `sv` wk ) {p` `n `su` oksb s` wë ` i e ` `v w`sk ws` vb w `so w hu b e` a kn ` wk obc` w`n u` )obc`shbnke k ) obn shn uk hs x k eòpko hÿn ) ksá oba b eba hnk w `su wk u`d hks gë shoks vk wk ` i

v wbo`sb e ` oba vb sho hÿn .



7?

Vw`dpnu ks e` hnz`su hdkohÿn

K j hn e` u` wa hnk w s h i b s k ipanbs #ks ( `so w hg`n keòpkeka`n u` b hnkeòpkeka`n u` )

v i k n u ` b o b a b hnu`wwbdknu` vwhnohvki = ²Opë i`s e` ik s `su w k u `d hks gë shoks e`

`sow h up wk #v ikn`k w ) wèk ouk w ) w`z hskw ) obw w`d h w x e hz p idkw sps `sow h ubs( obnshdnk e ks `n ` i

@OJ p u h i h|kn ibs k ipa nbs #k s( e ` s ub d wk eb P e ` ik @so. Vw ha . Jè. ’Lpk n e ` ikGk w w` wk ‑ U . Z e ` Uòba ën ) Ob i ha k ) `n ` i oh oib `sob ik w 76 6 : ! 76 6 4 ep wkn u` ` i v wbo`sb

e` v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs2

V k w k ` su k g i ò` w ob n a k x b w v w ` oh sh ÿ n i bs a b u h z b s { p ` e ` u ` w a h n k ` i v w b g i ` a k ) s

v ikn u`kn k idpnks hn u` w wbdknu`s x v wbvÿsh ubs d`n`wk i`s x `svòá j hobs vkwk e h wòo hbnkw

ik shdp h`n u ` hnz`su hdk o hÿn .

! ²Opëi`s sbn iks v wbv hèke`s uùpk i`s) hne hsv`nskg i`s vkwk vwbepoh w uùbs

` jòu hzbs) {p` `suën kps`nu`s b v w`s`nu`s `n ibs uùbs vwbepohebs vbw ibsk ipa nbs #ks(2

! ²Opë i`s `su wk u`d hks gë shoks e` `sow h up wk p u h i h|kn ibs k ip a nbs #k s( v kw k v wbe poh w

p n u ` u b 2

Bglù hzb D`n`wki

Obnbo`w opë i`s e` iks `su wk u`d hks gës hoks e` `sow h up wk #v ikn`kw ) wèkoukw ) w`z hskw )

obw w`d h w x e hzp idkw sps `sow h ubs( obns hdnkeks `n ` i @OJ p u h i h|kn ibs k ipanbs #ks( e`s ub d wk eb P e ` ik @so . Vw ha . Jè . ’ Lpk n e ` ik G k w w` wk ‑ U . Z e` Uòba ën ) Ob i ha k ) `n

` i oh oib `sob ik w 76 6 : !76 6 4 ep wkn u ` ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs.

Bgl ù hzbs svòáj hobs<

He`n u h j hokw s h iks v wbv hèke`s uùpk i`s) hne hsv`nskg i`s vkwk vwbepoh w uùbs

`jòu hz bs) `suë n kp s nu `s b v w`s`nu `s n ibs sow h ub s v wbe pohe bs v bw ibs k ipa nbs

#ks(.

E`sow hg h w iks `su wk u`d hks gë shoks e` `sow h up w k {p ` p u h i h|kn ibs k ipa nbs #k s( v kw kv w b e p o hw p n u ` u b .



75

LP_UHJHOKOHßN

@i u à k e ` ik v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs `n ibs k ipa nbs #ks( e ` s ub d wk eb e ` èpoko hÿn

v w h a k w h k o b n s u h u p x ` p n k u ` a ë u h o k a p x h n u ` w ` s k n u ` ) v b w o p k n u b ` i e b a h n h b e ` i k

`so w h u p wk `s e` spak havb w ukno hk e`n u wb e` ik sbo hèke vk wk obapn hok wnbs vb w

`sowhub.

E`se` ` i vpn ub e` z hs uk v wëo u h ob ) `s havb w ukn u` e`s ukok w {p` ` i è h u b j p up wb {p`

vpèk u`n` w pn èpokneb `n sp v wbsòpo hÿn `sob ik w e`v`ne` `n d wkn aè hek e` ik

ckg h ih ek e { p` ck xk ke {p h w heb `n sps v w ha ` wbs kû bs e` `sob ik w he ke w`svò ub k ik ` j h ok|

p u h i h |ko hÿn e` i i `ndpk l` `so w h u b obab hns u wpa`n ub e` obapn hoko hÿn ` hn u` w w` iko hÿn

sbohk i = `s v bw ` i ib { p` spw d` ik nò`shek e v`wsbnk i e` obnb o`w x k nk i h|kw ` i v wb o`sb e `

v wbe poo hÿn e ` u ` ubs k j h n e ` uòuk w sp ` jò u h z heke .

E ` h d p k i a k n ` w k c k su k ` i a b a ` n u b n b s c k ob n b oh e b ì o ÿ a b i i `z k n k o k g b i b s

k ip a nbs #ks( ` i v wbo`sb e ` v wb ep oohÿn e ` u ` ubs) ì knk i h|k w sp v wbe poo hÿn u ` upk i x

iks su wk u`d hks gë shoks e` `sow hup wk { p` ibs k ipa nbs #k s( à v i`kn.

Ksá a hsab) s` obnshe`wk {p` `su` `supe hb u h`n` w` i`zknohk vèkdÿd hok vbw opknub

kg b wek ` i i`ndpk l` `so w hu b w`v w` s n uk eb v b w ik v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs {p ` e`g` ibd wk w

` i n h û b # k ( ` n ik ` sop ` ik k i k e { p h wh w e b a h n hb e ` i i `n d p k l ` ` n u b e k s sp s

a k nh j`suk o hbn`s< ck g ik w ) `sopockw ) i``w x `sow hg h w = ib {p ` v`wa h u h wë hn u` wk oup kw obnè hu b `n ` i obn u` ub {p ` i` `na kwok ) k i ckg ik w obn v wbv hèk e ) i`` w oba vw`nshzka `n u`

x `sow hg h w e` akn`wk o ik wk ubebs ibs a`nsk l`s {p` e`s`k u wknsahu h w ) ib {p` hne hok ik

w` i`zk no hk ) p u h i hek e hne hz hep k i ) sbo hk i x op i u p wk i e` i `sup e hb .

Bu wks obnshe`wko hbn`s havbw ukn u`s vkwk lpsu h j hok w ik w`k i h|ko hÿn e` `su` u wkgk lb ib

obnsu h u p x` ` i còcb e` {p ` `sup e hbs e` `suk nk up wk i`|k u h`n`n oba b uà k o`n u wk i e `

hnz`su hdko hÿn ` i i`ndpk l` `sow h ub ) hns u wpa`nub ` j hok| e` obapnhoko hÿn `sow h uk `n u w` ibs

s w`s cpa kn bs {p ` shà vw` s` ck à v i`k eb x s` à v i`k wë ) ib { p` z ` w hj h ok ik z hd`nohk

x ko up k i hek e e` i `sup e hb .

E`se` ` i vpn ub e` z hs uk u `ÿ w h ob ) ` i v w`s`n u` `s upe hb {pèk wë obab akwob e`

w` j` w`no hk vk wk ik w`k i h |ko hÿn e` b u wbs `s upe hbs ko` wok e` ik ak u` w hk u wk ukek x {p`

v w ` u `n e k n v w b jp n e h |k w ` n ì u ` a k .



70

AKWOB OBNO@VUPKI

P n a k w o b ob n o `v u p k i u h ` n ` ob a b v w h n o hv k i j p n oh ÿ n ` i e ` sk w w b i ik w i k s ob n o` v o hb n ` s

vw hno hvk i`s {p` s` p u h i h|k wën e`nu wb e` ik hnz`su hdko hÿn ) ` i absu wk w ibs e hz`wsbs

shdn h j hokebs {p ` w`v w` s n uk n e` u ` wa hnke bs uè wa hnbs) ksá oba b ` i e` i ha h u k w ik a kn` wk`n ik opk i i bs obno`v u bs s wën a kn` lke bs vk wk ik v w`s`n u` hnz`su hdk o hÿn ) vb w ib uk n ub )

ibs obno`v u bs {p ` s p u h ih |k wë n e `n u wb e ` ik v w` s n u` hnz`su hdko hÿn ) ksá oba b ik

a k n`wk `n { p` `sub s s wën kg bwe ke bs) sbn ibs shdp h`n u `s.

@NJB[P@ OBAPNHOKUHZB JPNOHBNKI #@OJ(@n jb{p ` e heë o u h ob e ` ik èp oko hÿn i h ndù ásu h ok x i h u ` wk w hk b w h`n u ke b k i e`sk w wb i ib e` ik

obav` u`no hk obapn hok u h zk e` ibs k ipanbs x e` iks k ipanks . _` ok wko u` w h |k vb w

hn u`d wk w ` i obnbo ha h`n ub j b wak i ` hns u wpa`n uk i e` ik i`ndpk #` i vksk w e` i

obnboha h`n ub e ` ik `su wp o up wk e` ik i`ndpk k sp psb = e` p n skg ` w sbg w` iks vk ikg wk s kpn skg` w {pè cko` w obn iks vk ikg wks ( ) vb w spg wkxk w ` i vkv` i e` ibs v wboè ha h`n ubs

`vw`s hzbs x obavw`nshzbs `n ik ke{p hs ho hÿn e` iks ckg h i heke`s obapnhok u hzks x vbw

ke bv u k w p n `n jb{ p` obdn h u h zb e` i kv w`ne h|k l` i hndù ásu h ob #Iba ks ;888 <?33 ( .

@ s k v k w u h w e ` ik k ou p k i h| k o hÿ n x w ` n b z k o hÿ n e ` i e b a h n hb e ` i k i `n d p k n k o hb n k i ) { p ` s

k e b v u ÿ ` i @ nj b { p ` O ba p n h ok u h z b J p n o hb n k i # @O J( . @ su ` ` n jb { p ` sp w d ` k n u ` ` i

oknskn o hb ) ik `soksk kv i hoko hÿn ) ` i e`g h i hu k a h`n ub e ` iks d wk a ë u hoks v w`so w hv u h zks {p`

c k o ák n e ` i k ` n s û k n | k e ` i k i ` n d p k p n k k v w b h a k o hÿ n k p n k a h wk e k o b n z ` n oh b n k i)

u wke ho hbnk i . @ i @OJ ’sp wd` kn u` ik güs{pèk e` pnk bvo hÿn èpok u h zk e h j ` w`n u` ) aës

kob we` obn ik èvbok { p` s` z hz` ‑ #A k{ p`b 76 6 0 <;:: ( .

E ` n u w b e ` ` su k v ` w sv ` o u h z k ` i i` n d p k l ` b w k i u k n u b o b a b ` i `so wh u b e ` g ` s` w z hw v k w k p n

obn lpn ub aës kavi hb e` vwbo`sbs a`nuk i`s< hn u` wvw` ukw ) w` j i` hbnkw ) v`nskw

o w`k u h zka`n u` x `svòp ik u h zka`n u` ) ks á obab knb uk w ) `vbn` w ) d`n` wk i h |k w x

o iksh j hokw . Ik obnshe`wk o hÿn e` ik `sow h up wk oba b v wbo`sb e ` vwb ep oohÿn e ` shdn h j hokeb s

x ik k u`no hÿn k ibs obnuùbs `sob ik w`s `n {p` s` vwbepo`. E`skwwb i ik w x ù`ne`w ik

oba vù `no hk e ` ibs n hûbs #k s( v kw k `sow hg h w obn e hsu hn u bs v wbv ÿsh ub s x v kw k p nk

zk w hèke e` v üg i hobs) e` a kn ` wk {p ` hav p is` sp o wòha h`n ub hne hz hep k i ) sp okv ko heke

e ` k p u b ` v w ` sh ÿ n ) sp c k g h i he k e o b a p n h ok u h z k x sp j k o h ih e k e v k w k k v w ` n e ` w # D w k o he k )

7 6 6 ? ( .



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@ i @ OJ u h ` n ` ob a b v w b v ÿ shu b i b d wk w ` i e ` sk w w b i ib e ` ik o b a v ` u ` n o hk ob a p n h ok u h z k ) ik

op k i `s e ` j hn h e k ob a b ’ ` i eba hn hb x ik v bs`shÿn e ` ibs v wboè ha h`n ubs) nbwa ks x

`su wk u`d hks { p` c ko`n v bshg i` ik à hshÿn e ` `np nohke bs ke òpke bs k iks hn u`no hbn`s x

s h u pko hbn`s obapn hok u h zks {p` ibs hn u` w ibop ub w`s z hz`n x v wb ukdbn h|kn `n obn u` ubs

ehz`wsbs‑ #Iba ks ` u k i .) ;88? <;0 ( ) vb w sp v k w u ` C xa `s bv hnk {p ` ik oba v` u `no hko b a p n h o k u h z k ’ obns hs u` `n p u h i h |k w ` i i `ndpk l` keòpkeka`n u` `n iks e hs u hn uks

shup k ohbn`s sbohk i`s obu he hk nk s‑ #C xa `s) ;8:4 ( .

@i @OJ vbn` èn j kshs n ibs v wbo`sbs x obnb oha h`n ubs e hz`wsbs vk wk oba v w`ne `w b v kw k

v wbe po h w u ` ubs ke òpk ebs k ik sh u pk o hÿn x k i obn u ` ub e` oba pn hoko hÿn ) v` wb u ka g hèn

k ibs w`d hs u wbs) k ibs dèn`wbs uùpk i`s) k i d wkeb e` jb waki h|ko hÿn {p` s` w`{p h` w` `n

e hsu hn u bs obnuù bs e` oba pn hoko hÿn .

Ks á ) i k `ns`ûkn|k e` ik i`ndpk obn ` i `n jb{p` obapn hok u h zb e`g` v w h z h i `d hk w iks

okvko heke`s e` obavw`ns hÿn x v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs hno ipx`neb ik v` wakn`n u`

w`j i`hÿn sbg w` ì psb e ` ik i`nd p k `n obn u` ub s x sh up kohbn `s e hz`wsbs.

I@NDPKL@ @_OWHUB

@su` u hvb e ` i`ndp k l` s v` wo hg` k u wkz ès e` ik z h suk ) w`{p h` w` e` pn a kxb w `sjp` w|b

vbw vkw u` e` {p h`n ib p u h i h|k ) xk {p` `s nò`skw hb skg`w `sow hg h w x i``w x obnbo`w iks

w`d iks e` bw u bdwk j ák ) d wk a ëu hok x shn uk hs.

Keàës `s aës ` ikgb wkeb ) xk {p` opkneb zkabs k `so w hg h w k idb s` cko` obns h`n u`

a `nu ` ) `s eò h w ) v w ha `wb s` v h`nsk ib {p ` s zk k `sow hg h w ) ib opk i nbs v`wa h u` k o ik wkw

np `suw ks he `k s.

@ i i`ndpk l` `so w hu b `s pn a è hb v k wk `v w`sk w n p`su wbs s n u ha h`n ubs) he`k s)

`v` w h`no hks {p` càbs u`n heb ) e` pnk akn` wk aës jb wak i . Ukag hèn w`{p h` w` e`

pnk w`z hs hÿn e` ib `so w h u b vk wk a` lb wk w ib b okv uk w vbs hg i`s ` w wb w`s {p` vpe h` wkn

e hsub wshbnk w n p`su wb a `nsk l` .

@ i i `ndpk l` `so w h u b cko` psb e` s hdnbs ) obab ` i k i j kg` ub e` pn he hbak ) e` akn` wk

b w e ` n k e k v k w k k sá v b e ` w jb w a k w v k i k g w k s.



74

Vbw ib kn u`w hb w ) e` kop`web k iks okwkou`w ás u hoks x bg l` u hzbs e` ik hnz`su hdko hÿn ) ` i

i`ndpk l` `so w hu b s` wë e ` j hn heb oba b ’p n shsuà k e ` w`v w` s n uk o hÿn e ` `su wp o up wk s x

s hdn h j hokebs e` ik i`ndpk. U h`n` pnk jpno hÿn àhn`nuà`nu` sbo hk i ) `s pn bg l` ub

op i up wk i pskeb vbw ibs hne hz hepbs e` pnk sbo hèke) {p h`n`s obapnhokn vbw `sow h ub sps

he`k s) s n u ha h`n ubs x z hz`no hks e ` kop`we b obn sp v kw u hop ik w obno`vohÿn e` ik z hek xe` i a pne b `n ` i {p ` s e` s nzp ` iz`n ‑ #Dÿa `| ) ;880 ( .

VWBO@_B E@ VWBEPOOHßN E@ U@SUB_

_hn ipdk w k epeks pnk e` j hn h o hÿn e` v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs kob we` k ibs

vwbvÿsh ubs e` ik v w`s`nu` hnz`su hdko hÿn `s ik ` ikgbwkek vbw Ob iba`w #;884< ;5( ib

e` j hn` oba b < ’obn lpn u b e` v wbo`sbs x obnboha h`n ubs { p` ` i `sow h ub w vb n` `n vwë ou hok k i

v wbepo h w `so w h u bs keòpkebs k ik s h u pko hÿn x k i obn u` ub e` obapn hoko hÿn )

obc`shbnke bs d wka k u hok ia `n u` x obc` w`n u`s n opkn u b k sp obn u`n heb ‑ .

@n ib {p ` obnoh`wn` k i v wbo`sb e ` ` ikgb wk o hÿn e ` pn `so w hu b ) i bs v ik n`s x v wbd wka ks

#;88?( v iksakn {p` `n sùb d wkeb ibs k ipanbs #ks( i i`zkn k okgb ` i v wbo`sb e`

vwbepoohÿn e` uùbs k u wkzès e` ibs shdph`nu`s ow h u`w hbs<

cko` w pn v w ha ` w `so w hu b " i p`db `so w hg h w " ck o`w p n g b w wke b w

W`zhskw `n gpsok e` `suks okwkou`w ás u hoks< e`skwwb i ib e` ik he`k) b wdkn h|ko hÿn )

` iòo hÿn e ` vk ikg wks x j ip he`| e` ik j wk s .

Vp gi hokw sps uù bsIb s sup e hkn u `s w`z hsk n sp s sow h ubs `n g p sok e `<

he`k s o ik w ks

j b w a k o hÿ n e ` v ë w w k j b s

E` kop` web k Z h i i b uk #7665 ( ik v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs `so w h u bs v wbvb wo hbnk `n ibs

k ip a nbs #ks( <

;! j b w u k iò ha h`n ub e` ik `so w hu p wk oba b oba vb n`n u` ` s no hk i x o ikz ` `n ì e`sk w wb i ib

obdn h u h zb b e ` i obnboha h`n ub =

7 ! eba hn hb e` ik `so w hu p wk ib {p ` ha v i h ok k sp z `| ) eba hn hb e` oh` w u ks `su wp o up wk s e`

v ` n s k a h ` n u b =

? ! i k `so wh u p w k v ` w a h u ` b w d k n h |k w ` i v ` n sk a h `n u b v w b v h b x ì e ` sk w w b i ib e ` p n k

k o u h z h e k e w ` j i hz k e ` o b a v i `l he k e =

5! obn ik koo hÿn e ` `sow hg h w s` w` j i` hbnk sbg w` ` i s n u heb e` n p`su w ks he`k s) ik vb sho hÿn

{ p` k spa ha bs n ` i a p ne b sbo hk i ) ibs ow hu` w hbs e` bwdk n h|ko hÿn `n iks w`vw ` s n u ko hbn`s



73

a`n uk i`s =

0 ! ik `so w hu p wk `s pn k v wë o u h ok sbo hk i x e hsop wshzk {p ` jkz b wò` `n `svò hk i i k

hn u` wkoo hÿn ) `n u`ne hek oba b ko u h z heke sbo hk i .

@ s h a v b w u k n u ` w` sk i u k w { p ` op k n e b ` i k i p a n b # k ( u w k n sow h g ` p n u ` u b ) n b s `su kobn u w hgpx`neb k {p` `s u` v wbep|ok pn `so w h u b ) s h nb k ik a` wk u wknso w hvo hÿn e` pnk

iò up wk .

@_UWKU@DHK_ GË_HOK_ E@ @_OWHUPWK

E ` kop `web k i e hoo hbnkw hb e` vshob ibd ák #;838( s e` j hn` k pn k `su wk u`d hk oba b pnk

s op`nohk e` k oohbn`s vw bo`spk i`s #…( { p` v bshg h i h ukn x v `wa h u`n p n k v w`ne h|k l` .

Vbw sp vkw u` _b iè #;887( obno`vupk i h|k k iks `su wk u`d hks obab vwboè hah`n ubs eòk wëo u` w ` i`zk eb ) {p` ha v i hokn ik v w` s no hk e` bg l` u h zbs {p ` opa v i hw ) i k v ikn h j h oko hÿn

e` ik s k oohbn`s { p` s` e ` s noke `nk n v k wk ibdwk w ibs) ksá oba b sp `z k ip ko hÿn x v bshg i`s

okag hbs .

@ i obno`v u b e` `su wk u`d hk obdn h u h zk s w ák ` i obn lpn ub e` v wbo`sbs {p ` sh w z`n e` gks` k

ik w`k i h|ko hÿn e` uk w`ks hn u` iòupk i`s. _bn akn h j`suko hbn`s bgs`wzkg i`s e` ik

hn u` i hd`no hk ) vb w u kn ub ) pn psb keòpkeb e` `s uks `s u wk u`d hks hav i h ok pnk akxb w

hn u` i hd`no hk #E` i i $b we hn` ) 76 6 ? ( .

V bw ib u kn ub ) e ` k op`we b k iks eb s kn u`w hb w`s e ` j hn ho hbn`s) iks `su wk u`d hks sbn v wbo`sbs

e ` v i k n ` k o hÿ n ) ob n u w b i x ` z k i p k o hÿ n b w h` n u k e k s c k o hk ` i ib d w b e ` p n k a ` u k . P n k

`su wk u`d hk `s k a`npeb pnk sòp`nohk e` kou hz heke`s {p` apocks zò`s s`

h a v i ` a ` n u k .

@n ib { p` w `svòuk k iks `su wk u `d hks g ëshoks e` `sow h up wk ) ` hsu`n e hz`wsbs kp ub w`s {p `

nbs a `nohbnkn ko`wok e ` ` i iks) `n u w` iks opk i`s e`suk okn ik s k vb w uk o hbn`s e` Dÿ a `|

V k i k oh b s A k w d k w h u k # 7 6 6 ? ( ) Lë p w ` d p h _h iz h k x _` w k j hn h A k w á k U `w ` sk # ;8 8 : ( .

D ÿ a ` | v k i k o hb s # 7 6 6 ? ( a ` n oh b n k o b a b ` su w k u ` d hk s { p ` e ` g ` n e ` ` hsu h w <

;( ob ww òohÿ n

7 ( ob w w `d h w sÿ i b ib { p ` ` i k i p a n b # k ( v p ` e ` k v w ` n e ` w .



78

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Ik `sow h up wk w`{p h` w` e hz`wsks bv`wko hbn`s hn u` iòupk i`s. Obnow` uka`nu` s` e`g`

k u ` n e ` w k p n v w h a ` w k g b w e k l ` < i k viknhjhokohÿn e ` i k a h sa k . @ su ë v i k n h j hok o hÿ n

hav i h ok w ák <

b Kn u ho hvk w ` i u h vb e` u ` ub {p` s` hn u`n uk v wbepo h w # s h s` u wk uk e` pnk

ok w uk ) e` pn k w u á op ib hn jb wa k u h zbs) e` pn op`n ub ) ` u o .( =

b Obns he` wk w k i e`s u hnk uk w hb #e` {p hèn s` u wk uk ) {pè w` iko hbn`s ib pn`n

obn ì à hsbw) ùo.( =



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@s ksá obab ik v ik n h j h oko hÿn obnsu h u p x` ik obn j hdp wk o hÿn a `n uk i e` i u ` ub ) k u `ne h`neb

k ik s h upko hÿn x ibs v wbvÿsh ubs {p` s` vw` u`ne`n obns`dp h w = b wdkn h|ko hÿn e` iks he`ks)

wòbv h ikohÿn e ` ibs e k u bs nò`skw hbs) ùo.

Ip`db e` pnk v ikn h j h oko hÿn e` i u ` ub ) s hdp` ib {p` s` obnbo` obab vp`suk `n

vëdhnk b wèkoohÿn v w b v h k a ` n u ` e h o c k # o ÿ a b s ` k w u h o p i k i k a h s a k < { p è v k i k g w k s

s sìòohbnk wë n) oÿa b s` k wu hopik wë n iks j wk s s) ibs v ëw wk jbs) ibs okv áup ibs) ùo.( .

_` w`ki h|k ik uùpkih|kohÿn { p` obnshsu` `n ik jk s e` ` ik gb wk o hÿn e` i u ùb `sow h ub )

obn k u `no hÿn k ik s op`nohko hÿn e` ik hn jb wa kohÿn b ik s he`k s) ik v wbdw`shÿn ) ik

obc`w`nohk x ik obc`shÿn) ùo.

Vb w sp vk w u` ) ik w`zhshÿn `s hav w`so hne hg i` x s` obns u h u px` `n pnk c` w wka h`n uk e`

obn u wb i v` wakn`n u` e` i b e` ibs u ` ubs sbg w` ik gks` e` o w h u ` w hbs v w`z hka`n uè` j hn hebs. Ik w`z hshÿn ha v i h ok w` i`` w ) skok w b kd w`dk w v k ikg wks b u w b|bs `n u` wbs)

w` jb wa p ikw ow h u` w hbs) ik obwwòohÿn e` i uù b `n sh a hsa b.

Ubeb `sub i i` zk ) shn ipdk w k ep ek s) k pn k ha v w`so hne hg i` w``sowhupwk) ib opk i hav i hok

w` ubakw gbwwkebw`s e` ibs uùbs.

Iks c` w wka h`n uk s b `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk v pè `n koba vk ûk w u beb ` i v wbo`sb e`

wèk oohÿn e` u ` ubs e` ibs k ip a nbs #ks( ) obnshdp`n jbok i h|k ws` `n k idp nbs u wk a bs e`

` s vw bo`sb b vp è`n k v i hokws` `svòá j hoka `nu ` k i v wbe pou b j hnk i e` ` s v wbo`sb x ik

ehzpidkohÿn b u wk nsa hshÿn e ` sp `sow h ub .

U@SUB

Opkn eb oba g hnk a bs vk ikg wk s obnsu wp ha bs b wko hbn`s x k i oba g hnk w b wk o hbn`s s

o bn su w p x ` p n u ` u b # Hu m h n ) 7 6 6 0 ( .

E ` k o p `w e b k Hu m h n ` i u ` u b ` s ’ p n k ob n u ` oh a h ` n u b ob a p n h ok u h z b { p ` e ` g ` op a v i hwshù` nb wa ks b v w hnohv hbs e` u ` upk i hek e < obc`shÿn ) obc`w`no hk ) hn u `no hbnk i hek e )

k o `v u k g h ih e k e ) h n j b w a k u h z h e k e ) sh u p k o hb n k i h e k e ` h n u ` w u ` u p k i he k e ‑ . # v . 06 (

V b w sp v k w u ` ) G ` wn ë w e ` | ohu k e b ` n Ok ssk n x # 7 6 6 6 ( e ` j hn ` k i u ` u b o b a b ’ p n h e k e

i h n d ù á s u h o k o b a p n h o k u h z k j p n e k a ` n u k i ) v w b e p o u b e ` i k k o u h z h e k e z ` w g k i c p a k n k . _ `

ok wko u` w h |k v b w sp o h` w w` s a ën u h ob x oba pn hok u h zb x vb w sp obc` w`no hk #…( j b wa ke k k



?;

v k w u h w e ` i k h n u ` n o h ÿ n o b a p n h o k u h z k e ` i c k g i k n u ` e ` o w ` k w p n u ` u b á n u ` d w b x )

u k a g hèn ) k v k w u h w e` ik `su wp o up wk o hÿn # …( ‑ #v . ?;5 (

Pnk e` j hn h o hÿn {p` wòbd` iks kvb w uko hbn`s aës w` i`zkn u`s e` i obno`v ub e` u ` ub x

{p ` s w z h wë e ` gk s v k wk np`su wk hnz`su hdko hÿn ) s ck i ik `n p n d ibsk w hb e h w hd heb vb w @ .

A kw u án V `w hs #76 6 ?( . E hoo hbnk w hb e` uè wa hnbs o ik z`s e` i @I@<

’@i uùb `s ik pn heke e` knë i hs hs e` ik i`ndpk) v wbv hk e` ik i hndù ás u hok

u` upk i . V wbepo ub z` wgk i ) b wk i b `so w h u b ) `s pnk pn heke a án hak obn

v i`n h u p e e` s`n u heb ) {p ` s `suk g iò` aè hkn u ` v wboè ha h`n ubs e`

n`dbo hko hÿn `n u w` à hsb w x wò`v ub w ) x {p` s` akn u h`n` `n pnk i á n`k

e` obn u hnp heke e` v w hno hv hb k j h n e` i u ` ub . _p obc` w`no hk nko` e` pn

obnlpnub e` w` ikohbn`s sàënu hoks `nuw` sps ehz`wsks vwbvbshohbn`s x

v wkdaë u hoks `n u w` ` i u ` ub x ` i obn u` ub . K idpnks e` iks w` iko hbn`s

{ pè kn s ûk ike ks v bw iks {p ` s ek n `n u w` iks pn hek e`s i hndù ásu hoks e `

ik spv `w j ho h` uù pk i #v k ik gw ks) j wk s s x v ë wwk jbs( ) {p ` ow`kn ik obc`shÿn

u` up k i . @i u ` ub v b s ` pnk e ha `nshÿn spv wkb wk o hbnk i {p ` s` gk sk `n ` i

obn lpn u b e ` w`d iks x `su wp o up wks {p` ib b wdk n h|kn ‑

@ i u ` ub `s pnk pn heke e` v `nska h`n ub ) `s shnÿn ha b e ` e hsop wsb . Obn u h`n` ub ek pn k

` su w p o u p w k k w d p a ` n u k u h z k x sp h n u ` n o hÿ n ` s ob a p n h ok w b v w b g k w p n v p n u b e ` z h su k .

VWBVH@EKE@_ U@SUPKI@_

E` kop` web k Okssknx # 76 6 6 ( ’s` ii ka k v wbv hèk e`s u` up k i`s k u be bs ibs w`{p hsh u bs

{ p ` c k e ` op a v i h w op k i { p h ` w a k n h j `su k o h ÿ n z ` w g k i v k w k o b n sh e ` w k w s p n u ` u b ‑ # v .

?;0(.

@ hs u`n e hz`wsbs kp ubw`s {p` a`nohbnkn ko`wok e` iks v wbv hèke`s uùpk i`s) `n u w`

` ii k s e ` su k o k n ik s k v b w u k o hb n `s e ` _b iè # 7 6 6 6 ( ) N p û ` | # ;8 8 6 ( ) O k ssk n x # 7 6 6 6 ( )

I b a k s # ;8 88 ( ) A k { p ` b # 76 6 0 ( x V è w`| # 76 6 0 (.

@ n ib { p ` w `sv ` o u k k _b i è # 7 6 6 6 ( h n e h ok { p ` s c k g i k e ` u ` u b ok e k { p ` s op a v i `

obn iks v wbv hèke `s e` obc` w`no hk ) obc`shÿn ) shn uk hs x iè hob . Vb w sp vk w u` ) s

` n u h `n e ` v b w obc`w`nohk k ik o p k i he k e { p ` u h `n ` p n u ` u b v k w k ob n su h u p h w p n k p n h e k e

d i b g k i x i k j b w a k o b a b è su b s s b w d k n h| k n s` d ü n p n v i k n s` a ë n u h ob x k i w` e ` e b w e `

pnk j hnk i heke . _` w` j h` w` k i eba hn hb e` i v wbo`ska h`n ub e` ik hn jb wako hÿn v` w u hn`n u`

{p ` s ck e` oba pn hok w x ` i oÿa b ck e` ck o`w s . Ik obc`shÿn ) `n okag hb ) u h `n` {p`



?7

z `w obn ibs a òkn hsa bs i hndù ásu hobs) k u wk z ès e ` ibs opk i`s s `su kg iò`n obn`hb n`s x

w` iko hbn`s `n u w` b wko hbn`s b `npnohkebs x {p` w` j i` lkn ik obc`w`no hk d ibgk i e` i uùb .

I k shnukhs ` s i k v k w u ` e ` i k d w k a ë u h o k { p ` s `n ok w d k e ` `su p e h k w i k s w ` d ik s { p `

d b g h `w n k n ik j b wa k ` n { p ` ik s v k i k g w k s s b w d k n h| k n `n shn u k d a k s # d w p v b e `

v k ik gw ks w` iko hbnk ek s n u w ` sá( x ) k sp z`|) `sub s shn uk da ks n bwk o hbn`s.

@hsu`n e hz `wsbs a be bs e` w`k i h|kw k në i hshs shn uë ou hobs< a è hk n u ` obwocù `s b a è hk n u `

e hkd wkaks k wgÿ w`bs . E hocbs e hkd wkaks v wbz``n u w`s u hvbs e hs u hn ubs e` hn jb wako hÿn

k o `w ok e ` i k b w k o h ÿ n { p ` w ` v w `s n u k n <

@i b we`n i hn`k i e ` kv k w h o hÿn e ` iks vk ikg wk s n ik b wk o hÿn .

Ik kd wp vk o hÿn e ` vk ikg wk s e`n u wb e ` ok u`db w áks shn uëo u h oks.

Ik `su wp o up wk l`wë w{ p hok a è hkn u ` ik { p` s` b wdkn h|kn ibs obnsu h u p x`n u`s.

@i ièhob `s i obn lpn u b e ` sáa gb ibs v` wa h u hebs b z bokgp ik w hb = `s ik ob iòo hÿn e ` u b ebs

ibs shdnbs. @ i ièhob z hspk i a ës ha vb w uk n u` `s obnsu h u p heb v b w ibs shdnbs e` ik i`ndpk

`sowh uk.

@i wòbnboha h`nu b x p sb e ` `sub s ìà `nu bs obc`w`n ohk) obc `shÿn) shnu k hs x ièhob

dk wkn u h|kn gp `nbs n hz ` i`s e` obnu wb i sbg w` ` i shdn h j hoke b) ì v wb o`sb e ` oba v w`nshÿn x

v wbe poo hÿn e ` u ` ubs.

Nüû`| #;886( a`nohbnk {p` ibs obnbohah`n ubs {p` e`g` vbs``w pn `sow h ub w s` vpè`n

oikshj hokw `n ib s shdp h`nu `s dwp v bs<

;.! K eòp kohÿn < skg `w `sobd`w ik zk w hèk e x ` i w`d hsu wb # d`n`w k i " `sv òáj hob ) jb wa k i "

j ka h ih k w ) bg l` u h zb " spg lù h zb ( k v wbv hkebs vk wk okek sh u pk o hÿn

7 .! Obc` w`no hk < skg ` w `sobd` w ik hn jb wa ko hÿn w` i`zk n u` x `su wp o up wk w ik .

? .! Obc`shÿn < skg ` w obnò uk w iks e hsu hn uk s j wks`s {p ` jb wa kn pn u` ub # vp n up ko hÿn )

obnlpnohbn`s) u hàvbs z`wgki`s) ùo.(

5 .! Obwwòohÿn dwk a k u hok i < obnbo`w iks w`d iks jbnèu hoks x b w u bdwë j hoks) a bw jbshn uë ou hoks

x iè hoks e` ik i`ndp k { p` v `wa h u`n obnsu wp h w b wko hbn`s ko`v uk g i`s.0 .! E hsv bshohÿn e ` i `svk ohb < sk g`w oÿa b e `g` v w` s n u k ws` pn `sow h ub #obnz `nohbn`s)

a ë wd`n `s) okg ò`wks) ùo.(



??

Iks opk i heke `s e` ik wèk oohÿn ab e` wnk s` wën ik o ik w hek e ) obnohshÿn ) s no hi i` | )

v wò hs hÿn ) keòpkohÿn ) b we`n) b w hd hnk i heke) hn u` wès) koupk i heke.

N ü û ` | # ;8 8 6 ( k j hw a k { p ` i k o ik w h e k e n b ob n shsu ` ` n e ` oh w ib { p ` u b e b s ` n u h` n e `n

jëo h ia `n u` ) shnb `n `v w`sk ws` e ` u k i a beb {p ` ib a ës e h j áo hi e` oba vw`ne ` w w`sp i u `

koo`shg i` . Vkwk è i ) `sow hg h w `s pnk jb wak `svòhk i h|kek e` uèon hok obapnhok u hzk ) nke h`kv w`ne` k `so w hg h w `n j b wak `svbn uën`k ) s` w`{p h` w` e` pn v wbo`sb jb wak i e`

`n s ûkn|k x k v w`ne h|k l` . E` k idpnk a kn` wk s h e`n u h j h ok oba b ` i u ùb a ës ob w wò ub

d w k a k u h ok i a ` n u ` k i { p ` w ` sp i u k a ë s o ik w b .

V b w ib u k n u b ik obc`w`nohk x ik obc`shÿn sbn v wbv hèk e`s gë shoks e` i uù b `sow h ub . Pn

uù b `s obc`w`nu` sh ube b ib {p ` s e ho` `n è i u h`n` w` iko hÿn obn ` i uà k v w hno hvk i .

Pn uù b `suë obc`shbnk eb sh sps v kw u `s suë n p n he ks x w` ik o hbnk ek s n u w` sá a è hk n u `

e `hhs b s`ûk ika h`nu bs `sv kohk i`s) v`wsbn k i`s b u à v bwk i`s= k ipshbn `s= obn òubw `s)

w`v ù hohbn`s) ùo.

Ibaks #;888 ( ckg ik e` v wbv hèke`s u` upk i`s e` obc`w`nohk x e ` obc`shÿn . @n ib

w`svò uk k ik obc` w`no hk ik e ` j hn` oba b ik v w bv hèk e e ` i u ùb { p` i` obn j h` w` pn heke

x s`nu heb ) {p` s` s` iòo hbnk ik hn jb wakohÿn # w` i`zknu` " h w w` i`zknu`( x b wdkn h|k ik

` su w p ou p w k ob a p n h ok u h z k e ` p n a b e b e ` u `w a hn k e b # …( c k o h` n e b v b shg i ` sp

hn u` wvw` uko hÿn . A h`n u wks {p` ik obc`shÿn obnshs u` `n ks`dpwkw ik pn hÿn `n u w` ibs

e hz`wsbs ià `nu bs e` i u ùb .

Okssknx #7666( a`nohbnk {p` iks v wbv hèke`s uùpk i`s sbn s` hs < keòpko hÿn )

obc`w`no hk ) obc`shÿn ) d wk a ëu hok b obw wòohÿn ) v w` s n u ko hÿn x `su h i á su hok . O k e k p n k e `

`suks vwbv hèke`s e`sow hg` iks e hz`wsks w`d iks {p` ck e` opavi h w ` i uùb . Ksá ik

keòpko hÿn s` `nokwdk e` i e hk iòub x e` i w`d hs u wb = ik obc`w`nohk e ` i k h n j b w a k o hÿ n b

e` i obn u`n heb = ik obc`shÿn e` iks obn`hbn`s `nuw` iks jwks`s= ik d w k a ë u h o k ) e` ik

jbw a k ohÿn e ` iks j wk s s= ik vw`s`nuko hÿn ) e` ik ` lòpo hÿn e ` i uùb = x ik `suhiásuhok ) e` ibs

wòpw sbs wù ÿw hobs b i h u`w k w hbs p u h i h|ke bs.

A k { p ` b # 7 6 6 0 ( k i p e ` k ’ e b s v w b v h ` e k e ` s u ` u p k i ` s h a v w ` so hn e h g i` s v k w k o b a v b n ` w

pn u ` ub < i k obc`shÿn x ik obc` w`nohk ‑ #v . 7:6 ( .



?5

V`wb shn ipdk w k ep ek s ibs u è wa hnbs {p ` s` p u h ih |k wën vk wk ik v w` s n u` hnz`su hdk o hÿn

sbn iks e` j hn h ohbn`s e` Vè w`| #76 6 0 ( ` i a `no hbnk ik ` hsu`no hk e` opk u wb v wbv hèk e`s

uùpk i`s< obc`w`nohk) obc`shÿn) shnukhs x keòpkohÿn. K e ` a ë s e ` { p ` c k ` i k g b w k e b

p n a b e ` i b e ` ` z k i p k o h ÿ n e ` ` su ` u h v b e ` v w b v h ` e k e ` s u ` u p k i `s. @ i w ` j h` w ` { p ` s

` n u h ` n e ` v b w obc`w`nohk i k o p k i h e k e { p ` u h ` n ` p n u ` u b e ` o b n s u h u p h w p n k p n h e k ed ibg k i e ` shdn h j hoko hÿn .

@s eòh w ) ik obc`w`no hk `suë w` j` w hek k ik `su wp oup wk d ibgk i e` ibs shdn h j hoke bs x k ik

jb wa k oba b èsubs s b wdkn h|kn s`dün p n v ikn x k i wèèb w e ` pnk j hnk i hek e .

I k obc`shÿn ) `n oka g hb ) u h`n` { p` z`w obn ibs a òkn hsa bs i hndù ásu hobs #obnòubw`s)

ke z`wg hbs) shdnbs e` v pn up ko hÿn . ..( k u wk zès e` ibs opk i`s s `suk g iò`n obn`hbn`s x

w` iko hbn`s n u w` b wko hbn`s x v wbv bshohbn`s { p` w` j i` lkn ik obc`w`no hk d ibg k i e` i uù b .

I k shnukhs) `s ` i b we`n i hn`k i e` kvkw ho hÿn e` iks vk ikgwks `n ik b wko hÿn . Ik

keòpko hÿn s` w` j h` w` k skg`w `sobd`w ik zkw hèke x ` i w`d hs u wb #d`n`wk i " `svòá j hob )

j b w a k i " j k a h ih k w ) b g l ` u hz b ( k v w b v h k e b s v k w k ok e k sh u p k o hÿ n .



?0

Okv h u p i b H H

He`ks sbgw ` i k sow h u p w k



?:

@I @_OWHUBW

@n ik k o upk i hek e ) pn bg l` u h zb ha vb w u kn u ` e` ik `sop` ik v w ha k w hk `s i e`sk w wb i ib e` iks

c k g h ih e k e ` s ob a p n h ok u h z k s e ` i b s k i p a n b s x k i p a n k s) x ) `n ` su ` s n u h e b b o p v k p n

ipdkw e`sukokeb ` i w` j` w heb k ik i`ndpk `sow h uk ) `s eò h w ) ik jb wakohÿn e` '`sowhubw`s

obav` u`n u`s ' < ` n u ` n e h èn e b s` v b w ` sow h u b w ob a v ` u ` n u ` è i { p ` s k ok v k | e òbapnhokws` obn uùbs obc`w`nu`s) v wò hsbs x o ik wbs) {p` opavikn pnk e` u`wahnkek

hn u`n o hÿn oba pn hok u hzk = ` i { p` `vw`sk vb w `sow h ub sps s n u ha h`n ubs) `v`w h`no hks x

b v h n h b n `s e ` a k n ` w k oi k w k x e ` u k i i k e k .

K o upk ia `n u` s` vk w u` e` i j k i sb spv p`sub e` { p` `so w hg h w `s pn ebn {p ` pnbs vbs``n x

b u wbs nb . E` s w ksá) `sow hg h w s w hk p nk okwk ou`w ásu hok hnnk uk ) v wbv hk sÿ ib e ` k idp nbs

hne hz hepbs. Ik `sop` ik vpè` ckg`w obnu w hgp heb k `sk jk isk obno`vohÿn ) k i 'a k w o k w ' k

i b s k ipanbs b k ipanks {p` nb ckn e`sk w wb i ikeb iks ckg h i h eke`s v` w u hn`n u`s )

v ikn u`kneb {p` nb u h`n`n kv u h u pe`s vk wk `so w hg h w ) opkneb d`n` wk ia`n u` ` i ib `s ` i

w`sp i u k eb e` i vb ob obn uk o ub obn ik i`ndpk `so w hu k .

@s ik `sop` ik ik {p` e`g` jkzbwò`w ik v wbepoo hÿn e` uùbs e hz`wsbs. E`se` ibs

vw ha`wbs n hz` i`s e`g` vwbv ho hk w {p` ibs n hûbs x n hûks s` `vw`s`n e` jb wak

`svbn uë n`k ) i hg wà `n u` ) shn w`su w h oohbn`s) kün opkne b nb eba hn`n ik i`ndp k e` p nk

akn`wk obnz`nohbnk i ) obn vwbvp`suks s hdn h j hok u hzks x zkw hkeks. _ÿ ib s` kvw`ne` k

`sow hg h w `sow hg h`neb) vbw ib {p` s h s` {p h` w` {p` ` i k ipanb b k ipank ibdw` p u h i h|k w ik

`so w h u p wk obab jb wak e` obapn hoko hÿn ik v wëo u h ok obns ukn u` ck e` s` w pnk v wà hske ` u w k g k lb .

²[pè nu `neàbs vbw `sowh gh w2

@nu w` iks npa`wbsks ko`vohbn`s {p` s` ck i ikn sbgw` ` i uè wahnb '`sowhghw') `n ` i

E h ooh b n k w hb e ` i k W` k i K o k e ` a h k e ` ik I ` n d p k k v k w ` o` n w ` v w ` s n u k w i k s v k i k g w k s b

iks he`ks obn i` u wks p b u wbs s hdnbs u wk|kebs `n vkv` i p b u wk spv`w j ho h` = obapnhokw vbw

`sow h ub k idp nk obsk. @sow hg h w obw wòuk a `nu` spv bn` k u`ne `w <

Ki obn u`n heb ) b s`k) ibdwkw obc`w`no hk #{p` `suè b wdkn h|keb vbw n hz` i`s uàks)

spguàks) v wbvbsho hbn`s uàëu hoks hn u` w w` iko hbnkebs e` jb wak iÿd hok x

obavw`ns hg i` ( .



?4

K ik j b wa k ) b s`k ) ibd wk w obc`shÿn #{ p` `suè b wd kn h|ke b u ka g hèn v b w n hz` i`s= i

uà k ) ibs sp g uà k s) iks v wbv bshohbn`s u` a ë u hoks x ibs obno`v ub s `v w`sk e bs `n

ibs vë w wk jbs) b wko hbn`s ke òpk ek a `n u` w` iko hbnke ks( .

K i obnbo ha h`n ub e ` ik `su wp o up wk e ` i u h v b e` u ` ub e ` {p ` s u wk u ` .

@ i u ` ub w`sp i u k n u` e `g` opa v i h w sp j p no hÿn e ` <

Oba pn hok w shdn h j hokebs n pn k sh u pk o hÿn e ke k .

Vb e`w à v i`kws` `n ik w` iko hÿn `n u w` iks v `wsbnk s.

W`sv bne `w k ik hn u`no hÿn e ` i {p ` ib `sow hg` .

N b e`v `ne` w e` b u wbs u ` ubs vk wk { p` s `n u h`nek .

_`w obc`w`nu ` .

W `j i` lk w i k p n h e k e e ` o bn u ` n h e b x j b w a k .

_`dün Okssknx #;88?( ) `sow hg h w nb `s pnk ckg h i heke `svbnuën`k obab obnz`wskw . @ i

`sow h ub w nb wèkouk ibs uùbs havp is hzka`nu` ) s hnb {p` ibs obnsu wpx` obn u wkgk lb )

w` j i` hbnk sbgw` ik s h upko hÿn e` obapnhoko hÿn ) kvpnuk he`ks) cko` `s{pàks) x

wèkouk gbwwkebw`s. A h`n u wks w`k i h|k `suks bv`wko hbn`s) w` i`` ) obw w hd` x w` jb wapik

w`v` u heka`n u` ib {p` `s uë `so w hg h`neb . H dpk ia`n u` ) `s havb w ukn u` obns he` wk w {p` ik

okvkoheke e` vwbepohw e hsopwsbs `sow h ubs `s e hj`w`nu` e` ik e` vwbepohw e hsopwsbs bwki`s.

Ik akxb w vk w u` e` ik vbg iko hÿn vpè` `v w`sk ws` obn j ip he`| b wk ia`n u` ) v` wb nb

ibd wk ck o`w ib vb w `so w hu b e` ik a hsa k a kn` wk = k pnbs vb w{ p` nb s` i`s ck `n s ûke b x

k b u w bs) vbw{ p` nb s i`s ck skg heb `ns`ûk w .

Ik `so w h u p wk #`n u`ne hek obab v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs e` e hz` wsbs u hvbs x obn zk w hkebs

j hn`s( `s pn vwbo`sb obavi` lb e` k i ub obavwbahsb obdn h u hzb ) {p` nò`sh uk e`su hnkw i`

`n ` i kp ik sp j ho h`n u` u hàvb. Keàës s` e`g` k u`ne`w k iks e h j` w`n u`s jks`s e`

` ik g b w k o hÿ n e ` p n u ` u b .



?3

Iks hnz`su hdko hbn`s sbgw` iks bv`wko hbn`s p u h i h|keks vbw {p h`n`s ebahnkn ` i `sow hg h w

_ok w e k a k i h k x G ` w ` hu ` w # ;8 8 7 ( s û k i k n { p ` i k u k w ` k e ` w ` e k o u k w p n u ` u b o bc ` w `n u ` x

ke òpk eb k sps j hn`s nb s` w`k i h|k e h wòuk a `nu ` shnb `n z kw hks x wòpww`n u`s uk vk s n

iks { p` ` i {p ` `sow hg` e`g ` obbwe hnkw p n obn lpn ub e ` vwboè ha h`n ubs `sv òáj hobs< ;(

v ikn h j hoko hÿn #v wbvÿsh ub e` i `sow h ub ) v w`z hs hg i` iòub w ) obn u`n heb( = 7 ( wèkoo hÿn buùpk i h|ko hÿn #okwkou`w ás u hoks e` i u hvb e` uùb ) iè hob keòpkeb) abw jbs hn uk hs

nbwa ku hzk ) obc`shÿn ) b w ubdwk j ák ) shdnbs e` v pn up ko hÿn( = x ? ( w`z hshÿn #` i zb iz`w sbg w` ib

xk `so w hu b ) w` i`x`neb x `zk ipën eb ib ( .



?8

IK @_OWHUPWK X _P_ VWBO@_B_ A@NUKI@_

_` ckn w`k i h |keb pn k obnshe` wkg i` okn u he ke e ` hnz`su hdk o hbn`s vk wk e` u ` wa hnk w {p è

spoè` `n u w` ik obno`vo hÿn e` p nk he`k ) b ik k shdnko hÿn e` p nk uk w`k v b w `so w hu b ) x ` i

u ` ub j h nk i .

@n ` i i hg wb e` Ekn h` i Okssknx) E`sowhg hw ` i `sow hg hw #;88:<;3( s` viknu`k ik he`k e`

v wbo`sbs a `nu k i`s n ` i e`skw wb i ib e` ik ck g h i hek e e ` ik `vw`shÿn `sow h uk ) vbw p n ike b)

u`nàbs bv`wko hbn`s s hav i`s x aòën hoks) {p` k jòukn k ik v wbepoo hÿn j ás hok e` i

uùb = cko`w ik ok i hd wk j ák o ik wk ) e` lk w ibs `svkohbs nò`skw hbs `n u w` vk ikgwk x vk ikgwk )

kv i hokw obw wòuka`nu` iks w`d iks dwkaku hok i`s) ` uo . Vbw b u wb ikeb) `n ` i koub e` ik

`vw`s hÿn `sow h uk hn u` wz h`n`n) keàës) v wbo`sbs aës obavi` lbs {p` w`{p h` w`n

w` j i` hÿn ) aàbw hk x o w`k u h z heke = s` iòo hbnk w ik hn jb wako hÿn vk wk ` i u ` ub ) v ikn h j h ok w

sp `su wpoup wk ) ow`kw x e`skwwb i ik w he`ks) gpsokw pn i`ndpk l` obavkw u heb obn ` i iò ub w )

` uo . X obnoipx` < Obavù`no hk `s ` i skg`w x ik koupko hÿn `s ` i skg`w cko`w ) {p` `n ` i

ëag h ub e` ik `v w`s hÿn `so w h u k ob w w`svbne` k ik ckg h i h eke x ` i eba hn hb e` `s ubs ebs

ksvòubs.

V bw ib uk n u b p n `sow h ub w e `g` obnbo`w x p u h i h|k w `sub s eb s oba vb n`nu `s sh ksv h wk k

obapnhokws` obw wòuka`nu` vbw `sow h ub e`g` u`n`w sp j ho h`n u`s obnbohah`n ubs e` i

oÿe hdb `sow h ub x k v i hokw iks `su w k u `d hks nò`skw hks e` `sow h up wk . V bw ib uk n u b ) obnbo`w ` i

oÿe hdb s hdn h j hok obnbo`w iks w`d iks e` ik i`ndpk `n {p` s` `sow hg` = ik d wkaëu hok ) ibsaòkn hsabs e` obc`shÿn e` i uùb ) iks e h j` w`n u`s jb waks e` obc`w`no hk ) iks

hn jb wako hbn`s w` i`zkn u`s . X vb w sp vk w u` ) vk wk obavbn` w pn u ` ub obapn hok u h zb ` i

k p u b w e ` g ` e b a h n k w p n z k w h k e b o b n lp n u b e ` ` su w k u ` d hk s { p ` i` v ` w a h u k n k v i ho k w ib s

obnboha h`n ubs e` i oÿe hdb ) d`n`wk i`s x k gsu w koub s) `n oke k sh up ko hÿn obnow` u k #Ok sskn x

;88:(.

Pn k s`w h` e` `sup e hbs w`k i h|ke bs vb w J ibt `w x C kx `s #;836 );83;( obnu w hgp x`wbn k

`s ukg iò` w ` i `s upe hb e` iks `s u wk u`d hks e` `so w h u p wk obab pnk havb w ukn u` i á n`k e`hnz`su hdk o hÿn x i` e h` wbn p nbs jpn ek a `nu bs u`ÿw hobs. @njbokwbn sps hnz`su hdk o hbn`s k i

kou b e` `sow h up wk ) `s eò h w k i v wb o`sb e` `sow h up w k x nb k i v wbe poub ) x p u h i h|k wb n ik

uèon hok e` ck o`w v `nsk w `n zb| k i u k k ibs so w hu b w`s a h`n u wks w`k i h|kg kn ik u k w`k {p `

i`s ck gákn kshdnk eb . E `sv pès kn k i h|kwb n ibs v w b u bob ibs bg u`n hebs e` ik s d wk g kohbn`s.



56

_p a b e ` ib e ` h n z `su h d k ohÿ n ` su p z b ob a v p ` su b v b w u w `s v k w u ` s. @ n v w ha ` w ip d k w ` i

`n ub wnb e` ik u k w`k ) {p` hno ipx` ibs ` ià`n ubs `ÿd`nbs k i kp ub w {p` ` l` wo`n

hn j ip`n o hk sbg w` ` i v wb o`sb e ` `sow hup wk #W`nm à k) ;888( .

Ik s dpne k vk w u` obnshsu` `n ` i obnbo ha h`n ub e` i kp ub w = w`k i h|k w p n u wkg k lb `so w hu b{p ` `su` e`su hnk eb k p n vü g i h ob `n vk w u h op ik w ) vk wk ` i ib `s nò`sk w hb ` i obnboha h`n ub

e` iks nb wa ks u` up k i`s) e` ik d wk a ë u hok x e ` i v ik n`ka h`n ub e` ik `so w hu p wk .

Ik u` wo`wk v kw u` `s i v w bo`sb e ` `sow h up wk `n sá) obn u h`n` u w`s oba v bn`nu `s< v wbo`sb e `

v ikn`ka h`n ub = s i òohÿn x b we `n e` v w` s n uk o hÿn e ` ik hn jb wa ko hÿn . Jb wa p iko hÿn e` ik

hn jb wa ko hÿn = d`n` wko hÿn e ` b wko hbn`s. J hnk ia `n u` s` w`k i h|k pn lp h ohb zk ib wk u h zb sbg w`

` i u ` ub .

Iks kv b w uk o hbn`s e` èsubs kp ub w`s kü n shdp`n z hd`n u`s n np `su wk ko up k i hek e xk {p `

sp abe` ib v w`s`n uk obab a` uë jb wk ib {p` w`k ia`n u` spoè` opkneb pn `so w h u b w

vwbepo` pn uùb = vbw{pè) obab k j h wakn) nb ubebs ibs `sow h ub w`s `sow hg`n hdpk i x sp

bg l` u h zb `s `v i h ok w ik obnepo uk e` ibs `so w hu b w`s hne hz hep k i`s #W`x|kgk i oh u ke b `n

G ` iu w ë n 7 6 6 6 ( .

@ i a b e ` ib e ` C k x ` s x J ib t ` w # ;8 3;( { p ` e ÿ ob n j bw a k e b v b w u w `s ob a v b n ` n u `s) ` n u w`

iks opk i`s s `suk g iò`n e hz`wsks hn u ` w w` iko hbn`s< ik a à bw hk k ik wd b v ik|b e ` i `sow h ub w )

` i obn u` ub e` v wbepoo hÿn ) {p` obns uk e` ibs ` ià`n ubs {p` obn j hdp wkn ik s h u pko hÿn

w` uÿ w h ok x e` i u ` ub v wbepo heb `n okek aba`n ub x ) j h nk ia`n u` ) ` i v wbo`sb

v w b v h k a ` n u ` e h o c b .

Ik aà bw hk k ik wdb v ik|b hnoipx` u be bs ibs obnboha h`n ubs e` i `so w hu b w sbg w`

obnu`n hebs uà ëu hobs) sbg w` ha ëd `n`s e` wò`vub w`s v bshg i`s x sbg w` `s{p à ks

uùpk i`s.

@i obn u`n heb e` vwbepoo hÿn s` w` j h` w` k ik s h upko hÿn obnow` uk `n ik {p` s` vwbepo` ` i`so w hu b . Ik u k w`k e` wèkoo hÿn v w` s n uk pnk s` w h` e` v wbg ià ks w` uÿ w h obs) {p ` ` i

`sow h ub w u `ne wë {p ` w`sb iz`w ) w` iko hbnk eb s obn ik hn u `no hÿn e` i `sow h ub ) obn ` i wò`vu bw b

wò`v u b w`s k ibs {p ` s e h w hd` x obn ` i u à k obnow` ub e` {p` u wk u k . K a è hek { p` s

`so w hg` ) ` i u ` ub xk v wbe po heb d`n` wk pnk s w h` e` ` hd`no hks x i ha h u ko hbn`s) `s pn

` ià `n ub a ës e` i obn u` u b .



5;

@i a b e ìb e ` C k x ` s x J ib t ` w # ;8 3;( k v b wu k p n g p `n v p n ub e ` v k w u he k v k w k ik

hnz`su hdk o hÿn ko` wok e ` ibs v wbo`sbs a `n uk i`s { p` hnzb ipo wkn k ik `so w hu p wk ) kpn{ p`

w`sp i u k eà kshkeb d`n` wk i v k wk s w z h w e` g ks` vk wk ik hnz`su hdko hÿn o h`n u á j hok .

@ n u w ` b u w k s e ` i k s a ü i u h v i ` s u ` b w ák s k o ` wok e ` ik ` sow h u p w k ) ` hsu ` i k u ` b w ák e ` ’ I``w

ob a b p n ` sow hu b w ‑ e ` _a h u c # ;8 3? ( x ik u ` bw ák e ` i ’ H nv p u o ba v w ` n shz b ‑ e ` M w k sc ` n

#;835 ( ) iks opk i`s s `v i hok wkn k obn u hnp ko hÿn .

Ik u `bwák e` _ahu c sbgw` ik `sowh u pwk

_ah uc #;83? ( v wbvbn` {p` ik j b wak e` ke{p h w h w ` i oÿe hdb `so w h u b `s k u wkzès e` ik

iò up wk e` ib {p` b u wbs `so w hg`n ) nb nò`sk w hka`n u` vb w aè hb e` ik `ns`ûkn|k

d wkak u hok i . K u wkzès e` ik iò up wk e` u ` ubs ) ` i `so w h u b w kv w`ne h| ke{p h` w` ibs

obnbo ha h`n ubs nò`sk w hbs vk wk vbe` w wèko uk w obab ik d wkaë u hok ) iks u èon hoks eòbc`shÿn x iks w`d iks e` obc`w`no hk u ùp k i .

Pn gp `n `sow h ub w skg ` a pock s obsks sbg w` ` i uù b { p` `sow hg` = vb w ` là v ib obnbo` ik

`su wp o up wk ) ` i w`d hsu wb { p` e`g ` p u h i h |k w e ` kop` web k i u à k { p` u wk uk x k ik v ` wsbnk

k {p h`n s` e h w hd` x oÿab `n ik|kw iks j wks`s e` i uùb pskneb obn lpno hbn`s) v wbnbagw`s

b shnÿn ha bs.

²Oÿa b k v w`ne à bs subs obnboha h`n ubs n np `su wk s a `n u`s2 _a h uc v wbvb n` {p ` èsubss hn u` wnk i h|k n `n np `su w bs o`w`gwbs e` a k n`wk hnobnso h`n u ` ) shn ek wnbs op`nu k e ` {p `

`sukabs kvw`ne h`neb) `s eò h w ) s` i i`zk k okgb pn kvw`ne h|k l` `svbnuën`b. Ik u`bw ák

e` _a h uc `suk g iò` {p ` ibs wksdbs e` ik `so w hu p wk s kv w`ne`n e ` ik a hsa k jb wa k `n

{p` kv w`neàbs ik i`ndpk ckg ikek ) e` akn` wk obns ukn u` x s hn hns u wpoo hÿn j b wak i )

shnb `svbn uë n`ka `n u` .

_`dü n _a huc ) ` i kv w`ne h|kl` `sv bnu ë n`b v bs`` iks shdp h`nu `s okw k ou`wásu hoks< `s

hno he`nuk i #kvw`neàbs s hn {p` `s` s`k ` i v wbvÿsh ub ( ) s` ek s hn `sjp`w|b #nb s` cko`n hndün `s jp` w|b vb w kv w`ne` w ( ) `s z h ok w hk i #kv w`neàbs e` ib {p` b u wbs ckn còcb ( )

spoè` `n ob ikgb wko hÿn #kv w`neàbs lpn ub obn ibs eàës ) {p h`n`s nbs kxpekn k

obns`dp h w ib {p` {p`wàbs( ) `s hnobnso h`n u` #nb nbs v`wok ukabs e` {p` `sukabs

kv w`ne h`neb ( ) i `ndpk `n psb #kv w`neàbs k psk w ik i`ndpk obn pn v wbvÿs h u b x `n

pnk s h u pko hÿn vk w u h op ik w ( x v` w u`nò` w k i d wpvb #kv w`neàbs ` i psb e` ik i`ndpk



57

vb w{ p` skg à bs {p ` k idb s` obnshdp` obn `sub x pnk jb wa k v k w u h op ik w e` p sk w ik { p`

n b s k d w k e k x { p ` p sk p n d w p v b e ` u ` w a h n k e b k i { p ` e ` s` k a b s v ` w u ` n ` o` w ( .

_a hu c i` b u bw dk ha v b wu k n ohk k `su ` ü iu ha b v p nu b x a ` nohb nk { p ` ib s n hû bs # k s(

v w ha` wka`n u` kv w`ne`n k ckg ik w obab sps vkvës ) e`svpès obab sps obavkû` wbs xka hdbs x oba b k idpnbs e` sps v` wsbnk l`s j kz b w h u bs) v` wb nb k v w`ne `n k ckg ik w oba b

iks v`wsbnks k iks {p` `sopockn j wòp`nuà`nu` ) vbw ` làvib k i ak`su wb = aës g h`n )

kv w`ne`n k ckg ik w obab ` i d wpvb k i opk i e`s`kn v` w u`nò` w x vb w ` i obn u wk w hb ) ` i

i `n d p k l ` e ` i b s d w p v b s { p ` n b i` s h n u ` w` sk b i b s w ` oc k | k n b n b i b k v w ` n e ` n . @ su `

kobn uò ha h`n ub i i` zk k i k p u b w k e hsu hndp h w `n u w` `sopock w oba b à hsb w b `sopock w

obab wò`v ub w .

Opkneb `sopockabs obab à hsb w ) obavw`neàbs ib {p` s` nbs e ho` v` wb keàës

{p ` wàb s kv w`ne` w ik j b wa k e` ` s a hsa b i`ndp k l` ) b s k ) e`s`ka bs kv w`ne` w k

eò hw i b { p` `sopocka bs. @n oka g hb ) `sopock a bs obab wò`v ub w opkn eb `n u`ne à bs

ib {p` `sopockabs v` wb nb nbs hn u` w`sk kv w`ne` w k eò h w ib ) n h v` w u`nò` w k i d wpvb

{ p ` c k g ik e ` ` su k a k n ` wk .

E` k op` web k _a h uc ) vk wk i i`dk w k s w `so w hu b w`s oba v` u `n u`s s e`g` i`` w oba b p n

à hsb w # obab pn `so w h u b w ( . _` u wk uk e` e`sopg w h w ) h n o he`n uk ia`n u` ) k u wkzès e` ik

iò up wk vòp i hk w heke`s {p` okv u`n np`s u wk k u`no hÿn b {p` nbs kd wke`n = `s ub hav i h ok

{p ` k i i `` w ` i u ` ub z ka bs `so w hg h`ne b obn ` i kp ub w ) zk a bs w``so w hg h`neb ` i u ` ub x k

{ p` n bs hn u` w`sk skg `w `sow hg h w oba b ib ck o` ` i kp ubw .

_ hn àgkwdb ) u kag hèn vbeàbs i`` w obab wò`v ub w`s opkneb sÿ ib nbs hn u` w`sk

`n u`ne` w ik hn jb wako hÿn {p` i`àbs x nb ik j b wak `n {p` ibs kp ub w`s e` ibs u ` ubs

`sow hg`n. @suk `s ik wk |ÿn v bw ik opk i k idp nbs gp `nbs iòub w `s nb sbn g p `nbs `sow h ub w`s)

xk { p ` vb oks z ò`s i``n oba b à hsbw`s b `sow h ubw `s e `g heb k e hz`wsks wk |bn`s.

Vk wk obnoip h w obn ik u `b w ák e ` _a h uc ) `su` kp ub w spd h`w` {p` ` i `so w hu b w k v w`ne h| e`g `kv w`ne` w iks u èon hoks {p` s` kv i h ok wbn k pn u ` ub kokgkeb x vpg i h okeb = `s ub `s ) iks

uèon hoks {p` jb wakn vk w u` e` i v wbo`sb e` obavbs ho hÿn e` i u ` ub ebne` s` w`k i h |kn

gbwwkebw`s) w`z hs hbn`s) obw wòo hbn`s) ` uoè u`wk ) obn ik j hnk i heke e` {p` ` i `sow h ub w

kv w`ne h| e`skww b i i` ` j hok o`s v wbo`sbs e` oba vb sho hÿn e` i u ùb .



5?

Ik u `bwák e` Mwksc`n sbgw` ik `sowh u pwk

Mwksc`n #;835( `n sp u`bw ák e` i ’ H n v p u o b a v w ` n s h z b ‑ hn e hok { p ` ik j bw a k ` n { p `

kv w`neàbs k `so w hg h w `s apx s ha h ik w k ik j b wak `n {p` kv w`neàbs pnk s`dpnek

i`ndpk ) `s eò hw ) vb w a è hb e` pn hnvp u oba v w`nshzb . Uka g hèn ) cko` pnk e hsu hno hÿn

`n u w` ` i v wbo`sb e` ke{p hs ho hÿn = vb w ` làv ib e` pnk i`ndpk ) x ` i kv w`ne h|k l`

obnso h`n u` e` ik a hsa k ) k j h wak {p ` ik ün hok a kn` wk e ` k e { p h w h w ì oÿe hdb `sow h ub `s k

u wkzès e` i h nvp u obavw`ns hzb ) b s`k ) e` ik obavw`ns hÿn e` a`nsk l`s xk ` ikgb wkebs

obn ì oÿe hdb { p` {p ` wà bs kv w`ne` w x `n jboënebn bs v w hno hvk ia `n u` `n ` i obn u`n heb

e` u k i`s a `nsk l`s x nb u kn u b `n ik j b wa k ) oÿa b ib e ho`n .

N b bgsuk n u` ) ì kv w`ne h|k l` e` i oÿe hdb `so w hu b v b w a è hb e` i hnvp u oba vw`nshzb nb s`

dk wk n u h |k u b uk ia `n u` ) e` kc á { p` Mwksc`n v wbvbn ` ik c hvÿ u`shs e` i j h iu w b k jòu h zb { p`

obnshs u` `n k idpnks s h upko hbn`s {p` hav he`n ik ke{p hs ho hÿn obab ik kndpsu hk )e`sa bu hzk o hÿn ) e`shn u` wès) ` uoè u`wk . K sá vp `s) ibs obnboha h`n ubs ke {p h w hebs x ibs

kv w`ne hebs opkneb s` v wbepo` pn u ` ub xk s`k b wk i b `so w h u b sbn apx e h j ` w`n u`s .

_`dün Mwksc`n) ibs uùbs {p` ` ikgbwkabs sbn obnsu wp hebs k vkw u h w e` ibs

obnbo ha h`n ubs {p` càbs ke{p h w heb spgobnso h`n uà`n u` x ik j pno hÿn e` ibs

obnboha h`n ubs kv w`ne hebs `s sÿ ib a be h j hokw b obw w`d h w `subs uùbs.

V b w u k i a b u h z b ) op k n e b ` sow h g ha b s n j b w a k k p u b a ë u h ok ) k n b u k a b s v k i k g w k s x j w k s` s

{p ` i i `dkn k np`su wk a `n u` shn w` j i` hbnk w = opk neb ckoà bs sub ) `suk a bs p u h i h|kne b` i sh suà k k e{ p h w heb . Vbsu` w hb wa `n u` ) kn u `s e` bg u`n` w ik z` wshÿn j hnk i e` pn u ` ub )

w` i`à bs x ob w w`d ha bs kv i hokneb iks w`d iks d wka k u hok i`s x b u wk s nb wa ks w` iko hbnk ek s

obn ik v w` s n uk o hÿn x b wdkn h|ko hÿn e` i u ` ub ) obnboha h`n ubs { p` cà bs kv w`ne heb

obnso h`n uà`nu` = opkneb `sub spoè` `sukabs p u h i h|kneb ` i s hs uàk kvw`ne heb .

Ks ha hsab ) ` i s h s uàk ke{p h w heb `s aës hn j ipx`n u` {p` ` i s h s uàk kv w`ne heb x vb w ib

uk n ub `s i w `svbn skg i` e` i eba hn hb {p` k iokn|k a bs n ik i`ndpk .

_` o w`` {p` ` i ckg ik x ik `so w h u p wk kvk wò`n `svbn uën`ka`n u` e`svpès e` ik

ke {p hshohÿn e` ik i`ndp k ) vb w `sb `s iÿd hob { p` ` i `sup e hkn u` u k we ` k idün u hà vb kn u `s

e ` c k g i k w b ` so wh g h w p n k v k i k g w k . E p w k n u ` ` su k ` u k v k e ` sh i` n oh b ì `su p e h k n u ` w ` oh g `

hnvp us a h`n u wk s sopock x i`` oba v w`nshzka `n u` ` hn u` wnk i h|k ` i np `zb shsuà k e` ik

I`ndpk . Kcb wk g h`n ) s h i k ke{p hs ho hÿn e` i oÿe hdb `so w h u b bop w w` e` ik a hsak akn` wk

{p ` pnk s dpne k i`ndpk ) èsuk sÿ ib s ke {p h` w` k u wk zès e` ik iòup wk ) b a ` lb w e hocb )

i`x`ne b x oba vw `ne h`neb u ùbs sow hub s.



55

N b bg suk n u ` ) ik iòup wk e `g`wë spoè`w g k lb o h` w uk s obne hohbn`s<

;( @ i k v w ` n e h | e ` g ` w ë ` su k w a b u h z k e b ) u ` n ` w p n h n u ` w ès b sh a v i à ` n u ` i` `w

vb w v iko`w x

7 ( @ i j b ob e ` k u ` n oh ÿn e ` g ` s` w ì ob n u ` n h e b e ` i u ` u b x n b i k j b w a k .

W`svòub k i j h i u wb k jòu hzb ) èsu` s` obnjbwak e` jkoub w`s abu hzko hbnk i`s) e`

v` wsbnk i heke x k jò u h zbs . Ibs j ko ub w`s ab u h zko hbnk i`s obavw`ne`n ik ab u h zko hÿn

hn u`d wk u h zk x ik a b u h zk o hÿn hnsu wp a `n uk i . Vb w b u wk v k w u ` ) i bs j ko ub w`s e` v ` wsbnk i hek e

x k jò u h zbs {p` ukag hèn hn j ipx`n `n ik ko upko hÿn e` i j h i u w b k jò u h zb hno ipx`n ik

o bn j hk n | k ` n p n b a h sa b x s d p w h e k e ) ` a v k u ák v k w k v b e ` w ` n u ` n e ` w ib { p ` b u w b s

e ho`n x k ou h up e w`sv òub k ik o iks` x k i v wb j`sbw .

Iks u `b w áks e` _a h uc x Mwksc`n u h`n`n apocb `n obaün x v wbvbn`n {p` ik ün hok

jb wa k e` k e{ p h w h w ` i oÿe hdb `so w hu b `s i`x`neb . Uka g hèn ) ka gk s u`b w áks ob hno he`n `n

{p` ` i oÿe hdb `so w h u b nb s` vpè` kv w`ne` w vb w aè hb e` ik `ns`ûkn|k d wkak u hok i

kpn{p` s` v w`s`n u` `n j b wak v wbd wkakek x v wbd w`s hzk = s hn àgkwdb ) n hndpnk u`b w ák

n h`dk ik p u h i h eke e` ik `ns`ûkn|k e` obnbo ha h`n ubs d wkak u hok i`s `n ik `v w`s hÿn

`sowh uk.

Kagks u`b w áks u kag hèn obnop` wekn `n {p` ik ke{p hs ho hÿn e` i oÿe hdb b wk i `n ` i n hûb

#k ( x ik k e{ p hshohÿn e` i oÿe hdb `so w hu b s` e`sk w wb i ikn e ` a kn` wk sha h ik w = `n ka gk s) ik

ke{p hs ho hÿn w`sp i uk s hn `sjp`w|b ) `svbnuën`k x nk upwk ia`nu` ) ibs kvw`ne ho`s ke{p h`w`n

` i oÿe hdb `n j b wa k hnobnso h`n u` ) ` i oÿe hdb u ka g hèn s` ke {p h` w` k v k w u h w e` i obn u ko ub

obn u` ubs w`k i`s {p ` a p`su wk n ` i psb w`k i e ` ik i`ndpk x v b w ü i u ha b ) ik ke {p hshohÿn

e` i oÿe hdb s ek opkne b ik k u`no hÿn s` j h lk `n ` i obn u`n heb e ` i u ` ub x n b u k n ub `n ik

j b w a k .

V kwk obnoip h w obn ik s u`bw áks v w`z hk a `nu` `v i hoke ks) ibs kp ub w`s e` `suk s wòbnbo`n

{ p` ik iòup wk v w` s n u k k idpn ks i ha h uk o hbn`s xk { p` nb u be bs ibs gp `nbs iòub w`s sbn

gp`nbs `sow h ub w`s) e`g heb k zkw hks o h wopnsukno hks uk i`s obab ibs jkoub w`sa b u hzk o hbnk i`s x k jò u h zbs {p ` spoè`n `n ì j h iu w b e ` i`` w oba b wò`v u b w .



50

²[PÈ @_ W@EKOUKW2

W ` e k o u k w ` s p n k k o u h z h e k e o b a p n h o k u h z k e ` v w h a ` w b w e ` n ) { p ` h a v i h o k p n ` s u k e b

o p iu p w k i k z k n | k e b ` n ` i c b a g w ` . N b ` s p n k w u ` a ` oë n h ob ) o p x b e b a h n hb w ` { p h `w ` sÿ i b

v wëou hok = wèk ouk w `s ’v bn`w v bw `sow hub obsks spoè he ks) kobwe ke ks b v `nsk ek s obn

kn u` w hb w heke ‑ #Gksp i u b ;885 <;0 ( . Ik w`k i h |ko hÿn e` pnk wèkoo hÿn eàknek pn

op heke bsb v wbo`sb x à v i`b e` ` ià `n ubs heÿn`bs vk wk u k i j pn o hÿn .

@ i {p ` `so w hg` e`g ` skg ` w obn o` wu`|k ib {p ` è i a hsa b v h`nsk k o`wok e` ib {p ` zk k

`sow hg h w . @ i u wkg k lb e ` v`n skw `s) v bw ib uk n u b ) pn u w kg k lb v w`z hb k i `sow hg h w . V `nskw `n ` i

s`nu heb e` w` j i` hbnkw ) v`wb ukaghèn `n ` i s`n u heb e` o ik w h j hok w x b we`nkw iks he`ks) iks

{p ` ip`db ck n e ` s` w z` w u hek s n ik wè koo hÿn #Ob i i ) ;885 ( .

Kvw `neh|kl` e` ik w èkoohÿn

E` kop` web k Gksp i u b #;885 ( ckx v` wsbnks {p` u h`n`n jko h i h eke vk wk ckg ik w ) v` wb

opk ne b w`{p h` w`n e` `vw`sk w s vbw `sow hub `nop`nu wk n s w hks e h j hop i u ke `s.

@ n b v h n hÿ n e ` D ÿ a ` | # 76 6 ? ( `su b b o p w w ` v b w i k j k i u k e ` v w ë o u hok e ` i k ` sow h u p w k

k j h wak {p` nb s` kvw`ne`w k i``w ) s hnb i`x`neb= obab nb s` kvw`ne` k `sow hg h w s hnb

`so w hg h`neb ) s w`{p h` w` e` kv bxk w s `n ik n ò`sheke nk up wk i { p` u h`n` ì n hûb #k ( e `

obapnhokws` ) e` w` ik uk w x e` `vw`skw ib {p` s h`n u` x i` hn u` w`sk . @i v wbopwkw {p` ` i

k i p a n b # k ( u ` n d k i k v b shg h i he k e e ` k v w ` n e ` w k ` v w ` sk w sp v w b v h b v ` n sk a h `n u b v b w`sowhub.

Ik wèkoohÿn obab kou hz heke obapnhoku hzk

W è k o u k w k e ` op k e k a ` n u ` p n ` sow h u b ` s ob a p n h o k w k { p h ` n ib c k e ` i `` w ib { p ` v h ` n sk

x {p h`w` èi {p` ib `so w hg` #Ob i i) ;885 ( . Vb w ib kn u ` w hb w ik w`k i h|ko hÿn e` pn k wèk oohÿn

eà kne k p n op heke bsb v wbo`sb x à v i`b e` ` ià `n ubs heÿn`bs vk wk u k i j pno hÿn .

Vkwk wèkoukw p u h i h|kabs ` i i`ndpk l` ) x èsu` k sp z`|) opavi` ebs jpno hbn`s `n ` icba gw` < sh w z` vk wk {p ` s `v w` s k sá a hsa b x vk wk { p` s` oba pn h{p` obn ibs eà ës=

vb w ib opk i u h `n` pnk jp no hÿn hne hz hepk i x b u wk sbo hk i .



5:

@I P_B E@ @_UWKU@DHK_ E@ @_OWHUPWK

@n ib {p` w`svò uk k i psb e` `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk `n pn k wèk oohÿn ) vk wk A ` l hks

#76 6 ;( ) èsu` u ` wa hnb `s e` j hn heb oba b ` i obn lpn u b e ` k o u h z heke `s) shàv w` obnso h`n u`s

` hn u`no hbnk i`s) {p` s` v ikn h j hokn e` kop`web obn iks nò`sheke`s ` hn u` w`s`s

v `wsbnk i`s) obn ik j hnk i he ke e` ck o`w a ës j hok| ` i v wbo`sb e` w èk oohÿn uù pk i .

E` kop` web k ib {p` ap`s u wkn aü i u hv i`s hnz`s u hdko hbn`s x `v` w ha`n uko hbn`s s`

v be w ákn e`suk okw k idp nk s su wk u`d hks e` `sow hup wk <

b v`n skw ` i `sow h ub `n sp obn lpn u b =

b `su wp oup wkw ib `n v k ikg wk s) b wko hbn`s) vë w wk jbs) okv á up ibs=

b k e { p h w h w c ë g h u b s { p ` h a v i h { p ` n p n k a h w k e k o w á u h o k k s p v w b v h k v w b e p o o h ÿ n

vk wk k s dp wk w ik obc` w`no hk `n u w` ibs oba vbn `n u`s {p ` ik obn jb wa kn =

b v`nskw `n ` i wò`vubw ) kn u ho hvkneb sps vbs hg i`s w`koo hbn`s) ib {p` i` v`wah u h wë

`zk ipkw s h sp `sow h ub s`wë b nb v`w u hn`nu` vkwk `s` vüg i hob ) vkwk `sk boks hÿn )

` u o . ) i b {p` vpè` i i `zk w ib k okag hk w vk ikg wks ) `npno hkebs x cks uk ik v wbv hk

shn uk hs) obn ` i j hn e ` e`sv `w uk w a ës hn u` wès v bw v kw u ` e` i wò`v ub w =

b w`k i h |k w pnk uk w`k e` w` ! iò up wk ) e` knë i h s h s o w á u h ob ) e` w` !`so w h u p wk {p`

kg k wok wë u be b ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbe poohÿn e` i u ` ub .

K i w`svò ub s` vp è` obno ip h w { p` iks `su wk u`d hks s obnshe` wkn pnk dp ák e ` iks

koo hbn`s v ikn h j hokeks vkwk w`k i h|kw ik ikgbw e` `sow h up wk .

E` k op` web k A kwm !D``sm h #766 5 ( iks su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk s` v pè`n o iksh j hok w e`

e hz`wsks a kn `wks<

@suwku`dhks e` `nskxb< _b n k { p ` ii k s { p ` ha v i h ok n i k w ` v ` u h oh ÿ n k ou h z k e ` ib s

obnu`n hebs #e ho h`ne b) `sow hg h`neb ( ) b o`nu wk w s `n vk w u `s o ik z`s e` è i .

@suwku`dhks e` ìkgbwkohÿn< _bn k{ p` i iks { p` ha v i h okn ck o`w obn` hbn`s n u w` ib

n p ` z b x ib j k a h ih k w .

@su wku `dhks e` bwdknh |kohÿn< _b n k { p ` i ik s { p ` k d w p v k n i k h n j bw a k o hÿ n v k w k { p `s k a ë s j ë o hi ` sow h g h wi k . H a v i ho k n h a v b n ` w ` su w p o u p w k k i o b n u ` n he b e ` i u ` u b )

e hz he hèneb ib `n v kw u `s he`n u h j hokn eb w` ik o hbn`s x l` wk w{ p áks.

@suwku`dhks e` `zkipkohÿn< _bn iks `nokwdkeks e` z`w h j hokw ` i v wbo`sb e`

` ikgb wk o hÿn . _ i i` zk n k okgb ep wkn u ` x k i j h nk i e` i v wbo`sb e` `so w hu p wk .



54

Koupk ia`n u` s` op`n uk obn ek ubs {p` hne hokn {p` ` i obnbo ha h`n ub e` ibs k ipanbs

#ks ( sbg w` ik `so w h u p wk lp`dk pn vkv` i havb w ukn u` `n oÿab s` i i `zkn k okgb ibs

v wbo`sbs e` ik oba vb sho hÿn `sow h uk x `n ik jb wa k { p` u `new ë ` i uù b `sow h ub .

@n ik k o upk i hek e s obnbo` {p ` ` i w`ne ha h`n ub `n ik `so w hu p wk x ` i obnboha h`n ub sbg wìk a hsa k `suë n w` iko hbnk eb s #_ocbbn`n x Dibv v`w ) ;88:( . @n `su` s`nu heb ) ibs g p`nb s

`sow h ub w`s hn u wb ep o`n a `nbs w wb w`s n sps uù bs) sbn a ës ik wd bs x e ` a kx bw ok i he k e) x

` z k i ü k n a ë s ` k o u k a ` n u ` s p ` s u w p o u p w k # O k a ` w b n ) @ e a p n e s ) T h d a b w ` ) C p n u x

I hn u bn ) ;884= J`wwkw h ) Gbp j jk we x Wk hnz h i i` ) ;883( .

@n oka g hb ) ` i gk lb w`ne ha h`n ub `n ik u k w`k e ` wèkoohÿn `n d`n`wk i vp è` s w e`g heb

k p nk hnobwwòuk s` iòo hÿn e ` `su wk u`d hks) ck g h i hek e`s x v wboè ha h`n ubs `n u w ` ` i

w`v` w ub w hb ` hsu`n u ` b k k ps`no hk e ` obnbo ha h`n u b e` ik `su wk u`d hk k v wbv hk ek #Wè` w

x _ocpn n) ;88: (.

Ibs k ipa nbs #ks( obn g k lb w`ne ha h`n ub x v wb g ià ks `n ik oba vbshohÿn `so w hu k ) `n

d`n`wk i ) v w` s n u kn pn `soksb p sb e ` ibs v wbo`sbs e` k p ubw w`dp iko hÿn ) e` ik `z k ip ko hÿn

x e` ik w`z hshÿn shn obn u wb i a ` uk obdn h u h zb #Dwk ck a ) ;888 k x g = Dwkck a x C kw w h s) ;88: =

T bnd ) ;88: ) ;884 ( ) ke à ës e` a hn ha h|k w ` i vk v` i {p ` e` s a v`ûk n x k u w hgp x`n k iks

ckg h i h eke`s e` w`zhshÿn x kp ub w w`dp iko hÿn ) kpn obns he` wkneb ` i vkv` i {p` iks

e h j ` w`nohks cp a knk s lp`dkn `n ik oba vbshohÿn `so w hu k ) ha v i h okneb vk wk p nbs pn d wkn

`s jp` w|b a`n uk i ) i b {p` ` hd h wë kxpeks ` u wkb we hnk w hks x ik hav ià`n uko hÿn e`

`su wk u`d hks j hoko`s) x vk wk b u wbs jk o hi hek e x kv `nks `sjp`w|b # zk n e `w C b`z`n) ;888( .

Wò h`n uà`n u` ) ck kpa`n ukeb ` i h n u` wès e`se` ik vs hob ibd ák o h`n u á j h ok vb w ` i

obnboha h`n ub x ik oba v w`nshÿn e` ibs e h j` w`n u`s v wbo`sbs ha v i hoke bs `n ik `sow h up w k

obnz h w u h ènebs` ik oba vb shohÿn `so w hu k `n pnk z`n u knk v w h z h i`d hkek k u wkz ès e` ik opk i

`sup e hkw ik a `nu ` x ibs v wbo`sbs x jk oub w`s v shobiÿdhobs) obnohg hène bs` ik `sow h up wk

obab pnk ko u h z heke obav i` lk {p` hav i h ok u w`s d wkne`s v wbo`sbs < v ikn h j h ok w ) è h u k w x

w`zhskw #Ock n{ pb x) 76 6 ;= C kx `s x J ibt `w ) ;836 = T bnd ) Gpu i` w ) J ho|`w` x M pv `w hs) ;88:);884(.



53

@n ib {p ` w`svòuk k ik w`zhshÿn s obnshe`wk oba b p nb e ` ibs oba vb n`nu `s o`nu wk i`s

ha vb w u kn u`s e` ik oba vbshohÿn `so w hu k ) k jòuk neb k i obnbo ha h`n ub e ` i `so w hu b w `

hno he h`neb `n ik ok i hek e e` ibs u ` ubs v wbe po hebs) u k i x oba b e ` jb wa k obn s nspk ek

hne hokn ibs e hj`w`nu `s a be ìbs x `nj b{ p`s v shobiÿdhobs #G `k i) ;88: = V èw`|) 76 6 ;(.

@n obnowùb) ik w`zhshÿn ` h d ` p n ` s j p ` w | b a ` n u k i h a v b w u k n u ` h n e h o k n e b u k n u b i b s

vwbo`sbs obavi` lbs e` okaghbs w`k i h|kebs epwknu` ik `sow h up wk obab ibs okaghbs

a hsabs w`k i h |kebs vb w ` i `so w h u b w #K ikakwdb u x Ockn{pbx ) 766; ( . Keàës ) `s apx

ha vb w uk n u ` {p ` s w`z h s n g h`n ibs sow h ubs) vk wk c ko`w {p ` s obnz h` w uk n `n uù bs e`

ok i heke ukn ub `n ` i v wbo`sb e` obapn hoko hÿn o h`n u á j h ok #Dp h i j b we ) 766; ( {p` ck

i i ` z k e b k k j h w a k w { p ` `sowhghw `s w`!`sowhghw #_ënoc`|) Dkwoák x e` i Wáb ) 7667( ) `

hdpk ia`n u` ) ik w`zhshÿn kûke` zk w hèke ) èn jks hs ) obc` w`no hk ) vk ikg wks e` pn hÿn x

eù k i i`s= ksha hsa b) ` i ha hnk ik v k ik g w`w ák ) ik s h w w` i`zkn ohks x iks hnobnshsu`no hks

# O k a ` w b n ù k i . ) ;884= Ockn{pbx) 766;( . Ik w`z hs hÿn v`w jòo hbnk) ks h`n uk x obavi` uk

ibs uùbs) vbw ib {p` s` vpè` `n u`ne`w ik w`z hs hÿn obab pnk bv`wko hÿn {p` obnshs u`

`n abe h j hokw ` i uùb {p` s` `suë ` ikgbwkneb `n ibs ksvòubs {p` ` i `sow h ub w v`wo hg`

k idü n e `sk lpsu` #K ika kwd b u x Ockn{ pbx ) 766 ;= Vè w`| ) 76 6 ;( .

@n d`n`wk i ) ik w`zhshÿn s` i i `zk k okgb `n opk i{p h` w aba`n ub e` i v wbo`sb e` ik

`sow h up wk .

Ibs `so w hu b w`s `v` w ubs w` i``n ` i u ` ub x ib a be h j hokn obnsuk n uà `n u` v k wk a ` lb wk w ib

ah`nu wks `sow hg`n= vbw ` i obn u wk w hb ) ik w`z hs hÿn {p` w`k i h|kn ibs k ipanbs #ks( obn gk lb

w`ne ha h`n ub `s a px i ha h u ke k x vbob v wòhsk ) vp `sub { p` s` i ha h u k k ibs ksvò ubs a ës

a òën hobs shn k u`n e`w k ibs ksv òubs a ës spsuk no hk i`s { p` ` hd h w ákn ik obbwe hnko hÿn x

kp ubak u h|ko hÿn e` iks e h j ` w`n u`s ckg h i h eke`s w`{p` w heks x ik v` w h o hk `n ` i obn u wb i

` lòp u h zb obnshe` wke b #Ock n{ pbx ) 766 ;= J`w wk w h ` u k i. ) ;88 3= Dw k ck a ` u k i .) ;88 ?( .

@s aës) `n d`n`wki) sbn vbobs ibs k ipanbs {p` w`zhskn sps vwbvhbs uùbs shn ` i kvbxb

e` sps vwbj`sbw`s) w`ki h|kneb v`{p`ûks w`zhshbn`s spv`wj ho hk i`s) x ` i ib sbgw` ubeb sòbnj h wa k `n ibs a ës lÿz`n`s b ibs {p ` vw`s`nuk n g k lb w`ne ha h`n ub # G`k i ) ;88:=

Ock n{ pb x) 766 ;= Vèw`|) 76 6 ;( . Ibs k ipa nbs #k s( obn gk lb w`ne ha h`n ub `n sp wè koo hÿn

zk ib wkn vw hno hvk ia`nu` ibs ksvòubs spv`w j ho hk i`s e` ik `sow h up wk obab ik kvkw h`no hk

ù`wnk ) b w ubdwk j ák ) vpnupko hÿn ) ` uo . ) j w`n u` k ibs ksvòubs aës spsukn u hzbs obab ik



58

bwdk n h|ko hÿn e ` ibs obnu `n hebs) ik w`bwe `nk ohÿn e ` ibs uù bs b ik w``sow h up wk # Dwk ck a

` u k i .) ;88 ?( .

@subs k ipanbs #ks( obns he`wkn oks h ò ips hzka`nu` {p` ik gp`nk `sow h up wk `s k{p` i ik

{ p` `suë i hg w` e ` `w wb w`s a òën hobs) a h`n u wk s { p` ibs sow h ub w`s a ës `v`w u bs jbok i h|knsp k u `no hÿn `n ibs ksv òubs spsuk n u hzbs #G pu i` w ) @ iksocpm x V bb i` ) 766 6 = T wkx ) ;883( .

Ib s a hsa bs w`sp iuk eb s s bg u h`n`n obn ibs `su p e hbs hnsuw poohbn k i`s w`k i h|ke bs v bw T bn d

` u k i . #;88: ) ;88 4() { p h`n`s bg s wz k wbn { p ` ibs k ipa nb s #k s( k eb i`so`nu `s obn g k lb

w`ne hah`n ub sbgw`zk ib wkgkn ibs v wbo`sbs e` gk lb n hz` i j w`n u` k ibs e` k i ub n hz` i ) x ib

a hsa b spoèák opk ne b w`k i h|k gk n w`z hshbn`s e` `sow h ubs e` ibs oba v kû `wbs) i ha h uk ne b

ik w`z hs hÿn k w`k i h|kw okaghbs bw ubdwë j hobs) s hn spd`w h w okaghbs `n ik b wdkn h|ko hÿn e`

ibs vë w wk jbs b w`b we`nk w ik hn jb wa ko hÿn .

@n `su` s`nu heb ) `supe hbs vw`z hbs v wbv hbs hne hokn {p` ik hn u` wz`nohÿn o`nu wkek `n ik

v ikn h j h oko hÿn e` i v wbo`sb x e` i u ` ub #`n u ` wa hnb ibd ák e` Ckx`s ) ;88: ( a` lb wk ik

v wbe po u h z he ke x ok i hek e e ` ik oba vbshohÿn `so w hu k `n k ipa nbs #ks( obn e h j hop i u ke `s e`

kv w`ne h|k l` #Dk wo ák x Ak wgën ) 766? ( ) ks á obab ik v ikn h j h oko hÿn e` i v wbo`sb x e` i

uùb `n sp obn lpn ub . Keàës) vkwò` v`w u hn`nu` ` i hno he h w `n pnb e` ibs v wbo`sbs {p`

v p ` e ` n a ` l b w k w a ë s sh d n hj h ok u h z k a ` n u ` ik v w b e p o u h z h e k e x sb g w ` u b e b i k ok i h e k e e `

ibs uù bs) `s eò h w ) `n ik w`z hshÿn e ` i a `nsk l` `sow hub ) ib { p` ` hd h wë ik u ba k e`

obnoh`no hk x ik a be h j hoko hÿn e ` ibs ksv òubs a ës spsuk n u hzbs e ` ik `sow h up wk . @n `su`

ksvò ub ) `s nò`sk w hb obnshe` wk w x ) vb w ib u kn u b ) ck g h u p k w k i k ipa nb #k ( k w`k i h|k w pn k

iòupwk owá u hok e` sps vwbvhks vwbepoohbn`s ` hw w``sow hg hènebiks.

@suk iò up wk o w áu h ok x w``so w hu p wk s` vp è` ck o`w u k n ub `n ` i v iknb hne hz hep k i oba b `n

` i ob iòu h zb #v `{p `ûbs d wpv bs) u bek ik o ik s ) ` u o .( . E` `suk j b wa k `s {p ` uk a g hèn s`

e`g` w ák `nok wk w ` i knë i h s h s e` ibs v wbg iàks {p` d`n` wk ik v wbepoo hÿn e` pn u ` ub

`sow h ub . Ubebs `subs ksvòubs sbn hne hsv`nskg i`s vkwk {p` ` i k ipanb #k( e`skwwb i i`

oba vù `no hks n ik `sow h up wk .

Ik w`!`sowhupwk

@n `su` vp n ub s` e`g` ck o`w pnk ko ik wko hÿn obn w` iko hÿn k ik ko u h z hek e e ` w``so w hu p wk

v p`sub { p` s` ckn z `n heb w`k i h|kn eb hn u ` wv w` uk o hbn`s w wÿn`k s k i w`svòub ) i i`dë ne bs`

k e `sz h w u p k w sp z` we ke ` wb bg l` u h zb .



06

W `` sow hg h w n b shd n hj hok c k o` w ob v h k w k i k i p a n b # k ( ` i u ` u b u k n u k s z ` o` s ob a b ` i

ebo`n u` obnshe` w` nò`sk w hb . Ik w``so w hu p wk n b `s pnk ko u h z hek e e` obv hk . @s pn k

a h wkek w` j i` hzk x o w áu h ok ) xk s`k ik { p` ck o` ` i v wbv hb v wbep o ub w ) {p ` uba k e hsuk no hk

x b j h o hk e` iò ub w obn w`svò ub k sp v wbv hb u wkgk lb ) b ik {p` cko`n b u wbs ko ub w`s

hn u` wz hn h`n u`s #obavkû`wbs) ak`su wbs) ` uo . ( gpsokneb a`lbwkw ` i uùb obn ` i j hn eò ik w h j hokw a ` lbw ` i a `nsk l` { p` s` vw` u `ne ` u wk nsa hu h w #Ok sskn x) ;884( .

K u wk zès e` `sk a hwke k ow áu hok ) {p` w`{ p h` w` obnsuk n u `s iòup wk s e` w`z hshÿn ) s k j hnk wë

p n v w h a ` w v w b e p o u b { p ` ) d ` n ` w k i a ` n u ` s ` ` n o p ` n u w k ` n ` s u k e b g w p u b # p s k n e b i k

a ` u ë j b w k e ` i e h k a k n u ` `n g w p u b { p ` e ` g ` s w v p i he b ( .

@n `suk s hnsuk no hks) s sp ` i` sp vw ha hw hn jb wa kohÿn hnn ò`skw hk b k dw`dk w b u wk { p` jk i uk =

s oka g hk n vk ikg wk s gp sokneb ik s a ës ke òpk ek s= s bgs` wzk x ob w w hd` ik v pn u pk o hÿn

v kw k { p` n b s` ow``n k a ghd ùè ke `s n ` i a `nsk l` = s bgs`wzk x s` obw w hd` ik shn uk hs)ik b w u bd wk j ák = ` u o .

Ik ko u h z heke e` w``so w h u p wk `s pnk `s u wk u`d hk j pneka`n uk i vk wk ` i v wbo`sb e`

wèk oohÿn ) vb w ib {p ` ib e`g` w`k i h|k w ` i v wbe po ub w # b ibs v wbe po ub w`s( .

Ksvòu bs obdnh u hzbs

Ik `sow h up wk w`{p h` w` e hz`wsks bv`wko hbn`s hn u` iòupk i`s. Obnow` uka`nu` s` e`g`

k u ` n e ` w k p n v w h a ` w k g b w e k l `< i k v i k n hj hok o hÿ n e ` i k a hsa k . @su k v i k n hj hok o hÿ nhav i h ok w ák <

b kn u h ohvk w ` i u h v b e` u ` u b {p ` s h n u`n uk v wbe po h w # sh s u wk u k e ` pnk ok w uk ) e` pn

k w u áop ib hn jb wa k u h zbs) e` p n op`n ub ) ` u o .( =

b obnshe`wkw k i e`su hnk ukw hb #e` {p hèn s` u wk uk ) {pè w` iko hbn`s ib pn`n obn ` i àhsbw )

ùo.( =

b v w`z` w pn j b wak ub ak u` w hk i vk wk ` i v wbepo ub e` i v wbo`sb `so w h u p wk i # u k w l` uks e`

hnz h uk o hÿn ) e hk w hb `sob ik w ) op`nu bs hne hz hep k i`s b ob iòu hzbs) ` uo .( =

b e`j hn h w ` i wb i e ` ibs vk w u ho hvk nu `s n ik `sow h up wk e` ibs uù bs obnow` ubs #sh s u wk u k wë

e` p n obn lp n u b e ` v wbe poo hbn`s hne hz he p k i`s) sh s wë pn k `sow h up wk ob iòu hz k ) sh s wë

pnk oba g hnk o hÿn e` ka gk s) ` u o .( =

b i k j b wa k e ` wòbd` w x k woc hzk w `sbs v wbe po ubs e` kop` we b k i bg l` u h zb v w`z hka `n u`

j h lke b = u o . #Okk a kûb ) 76 6 ;(



0;

Ip`db e ` pnk a kowb v ikn h j hoko hÿn e` i u h vb s`ûk ike b ) shdp` ib {p ` s obnbo` oba b

v p ` su k ` n v ë d h n k b w è k o ohÿ n v w b v h k a ` n u ` e h oc k # oÿ a b s k wu h op i k ik a hsa k < { p è

v k ikg wk s s` s iòohbnk wë n) oÿa b s` kw u hopik wë n ik s j wk s s) ibs v ëw wk jbs) ibs okv áup ibs)

ùo.( .

V b w sp v k w u ` ) ik w`zhshÿn `s ha v w`so hne hg i` x s obnsu h u p x` `n pnk c` w wka h`n uk e`

obn u wb i v` wakn`n u` e` i b e` ibs u ` ubs sbg w` ik gks` e` o w h u ` w hbs v w`z hka`n u`

e`j hn hebs. @suk w`z hs hÿn hav i hok w` i``w ) skokw b kdw`dkw vk ikgwks b u wb|bs `n u`wbs)

w` jb wa p ikw ow h u` w hbs) ` uo .

Ubeb `sub i i` zk ) shn ipdk w k ep ek s) k pnk ha v w`so hne hg i` w``so w hu p wk ) i b opk i hav i hok

w` uba kw gb w wk eb w`s e` ibs u ` ubs #v b w `sb `s ha vb w u kn u` h w k woc hzë neb ibs) vb w ` là v ib )

gk lb pn v wboè ha h`n ub apx pskeb ko upk ia`n u` obab `s ` i vb w uk jb i hb ( x w``so w hg h w ibs

` n p n a k x b w n h z ` i e ` ob a v ` u ` n o hk .

_`dün E` ib w h s #7666 ( ) i k wèkoo hÿn e` u ` ubs ) `s pnk koo hÿn obav i` lk {p` hav i h ok ` i

`n iko` ab ub w obn ik okv ko heke obdn h u h zk ) ebne ` ` i hne hz hep b w`z` ik sps i ha h u ko hbn`s x

akn h j h`suk sps he`ks. @s eò h w ) ik wèkoo hÿn e` uùbs s h wz` vkwk obnbo`w ) ` i n hz` i e`

obnsb i heko hÿn e` oba v` u `no hks n opkn ub k iòub !`so w hu p wk `n ibs k ipa nbs #ks( .

@n iks kp iks `s jë o h i e kw s op`nu k e ` {p ` ibs `sup e hkn u `s nb v bs``n ck g h i hek e`s x

e`s u w`|ks vk wk ik obavw`ns hÿn e` iò up wk x apocb a`nbs `s u wk u`d hks vk wk ik

v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs . Obns he` wb {p` ukn ub ik obavw`ns hÿn obab ik v wbepoo hÿn e`

u` ubs vpè`n `ns`ûk ws` obn v wbd wkaks {p` u`ndkn obab v w hno hvk i oba` u heb ` i

e`skwwb i ik w ckg h i heke`s) `su wk u`d hks x e`su w`|ks e hsopws hzks ` hn u` wvw` uk u hzks {p`

kx pe `n k ibs sup e hkn u`s k oba vw`ne ` w x o w`k w u ` ubs.

Epwknu` ` i v wbo`sb e` vwbepoo hÿn e` uùbs `s nò`skw hb {p` ibs `supe hkn u`s ebahn`n

iks c`wwkah`nuks x `su wk u`d hks vkwk {p` e`skwwb i i`n sps ckg h i heke`s x okvkoheke`s `n

sp wèkoo hÿn e` akn` wk obn u wb ikek ) `s eò h w ) {p` kv w`nekn k kv w`ne` w x k skg` w

opëneb) oÿab x vbw {pè e`g`n p u h i h|k w e hocbs vwbo`sbs< {p` ibs `supe hkn u`s u`ndknobno h`no hk x obn u wb i e` iks ko u h z heke`s {p` ` lòp ukn x ckdkn psb j i` hg i` e` iks

`su wk u`d hks vk wk k lpsuk w iks k sp v wbv ÿsh ub e ` `sow h up wk .



07

@n `su` s`nu heb ) ibs k ipa nbs #k s( { p` kv w`ne `n k k v i hokw `su wk u`d hks e` `sow h up wk ) sbn

k ipanbs #ks ( obn k i u ks vbs hg h i h eke`s e` è h u b èpok u h zb . Vb w `s ub Ako Dw`x #7667 ( )

v ikn u`k {p ` v iksa kw `n pn `so w hu b e ` a kn` wk obc` w`n u` iks he`ks x v `nska h`n ubs) `s

pnk w` j` w`no hk e ` i ò` i`n u` j p u p wb oba pn hoko hbnk i {p ` ` i h ne hz hep b u`ne wë ) vb w ` i ib )

s` cko` nò`skw hb obnsb i hekw `n iks v w ha`wks ` ukvks èpoku hzks) pnk obavù`no hkobapn hok u h zk {p` v` wa h ukn k ibs hne hz hepbs e` i akûknk ) obapn hok ws` x `v w`sk ws`

e ` a k n ` w k ` j òu h z k .

E` kop` web G `pock u #;88? ( pn gp `n `so w hu b w s` wë k{ p` i {p ` op`n u ` obn pn k a v i hb

gkdkl` e` `suwku`dhks d`n`wki`s x `svòáj hoks e` `nuw` iks opki`s sìòohbnk iks {p`

w`sp i u `n a ës ke òpk ek s k ik sh u pk o hÿn ) k ik u k w`k x k i u ` ub x {p ` s z` w h j h okn ` j hoko`s

vk wk k iokn|k w sp v wbvÿs h u b {p` `s ibd wk w pnk wèkoo hÿn e` i u ` ub {p` s`k obc` w`n u`

`n sá.



0?

ABE@IB_E@ @N_@ÛKN\K @N IK VWBEPOOHßN E@ U@SUB_

_` ck n w `k i h|ke b e hz`wsbs sup e hbs w` j` w`n u`s k ibs v wbo`sbs e` vw be poo hÿn b wèk oohÿn

e ` p n ` so wh u b ) x ` n ib { p ` w `j h `w ` k ik v k i k g w k ’ v w b o` sb ‑ è su ` ` s e ` j h n he b o ba b p n

obn lpn u b e` jk s s spo`shzk s v kw k ` i ibdwb e ` pn bg l` u hzb . Xk `n p n v ikn b i hndù ásu hob

`hsu`n A b e ` i b s e ` ` n s û k n |k ` n ik v w b e p o oh ÿn e ` u ` u b s) `n ibs opk i`s s k j hwa k ì

v w b o` sb ` n s û k n |k ‟ k v w ` n e h| k l` v k w k i k ` ik g b w k o hÿ n e ` p n ` sow hu b e ` n u w b e ` i k p i k .

C ` k{ pá k idp nbs e` ` i ibs.

Ibs abeìbs e` ùkvks

Ibs vw ha `wbs sup e hbs sbg w` ik wèk oohÿn s` o`nu wk wbn ò ipshzk a `nu ` `n ` i k në i hshs e` i

u ` ub obab v wbepo ub ) `s ukgkn b w h`n ukebs k v wbgk w ik ` j h o h`no hk e` aè ubebs

v èk dÿd hobs vk wk a `lbwkw ik ok i hek e e ` ibs sow h ubs e` ibs k ip a nbs #k s( .

Pnb e` ibs {p` aës hn j ip`no hk ck u `n heb `n ` i okavb e` ik `ns`ûkn|k ck s heb ` i e`

W b c a k n x T i ò m ` o hu k e b ` n G ` i u w ë n # 7 6 6 6 ( ) { p ` `su k g i ` oh ÿ u w `s u k v k s n ` i v w b o `sb

e` `so w h u p wk < v w` !`so w h u p wk ) ` ukvk e` e`sopg w ha h`n ub e` he`ks ) e` ’ hnz`no hÿn ‑ =

`sow h up wk ) `n {p` u h`n` ipdkw ik v wbepoo hÿn w`k i e` i `sow h ub = x w` !`sow h up wk `n ik opk i s`

w`` ikg b wk ` i v w ha ` w v wbe po ub v k wk bg u `n` w ` i `so w hu b j h nk i . Iks u w`s ` uk vk s {p ` `su`

a be ` ib e`sow hg` sbn e hsow` uks x spo`shzk s. _` vw`spv bn` {p `) sh s shdp`n e ` jb wa k

b we`nk ek ) ` i `so w hu b w v pè ` i i`dk w k b g u `n` w pn `so w hu b k o`v u kg i` . Ibs a be` ibs e`

` ukv ks ck n u`n heb p nk d wkn k o`v u ko hÿn `n ik `ns`ûkn|k ) e` ebne ` sp wd h`wbn ) vb w{ p`b j wò`n k ibs v wb j`sb w`s ik v bshg h i hek e e` hno he h w e` a kn` wk b we`nk ek x `su w h o u ka `n u`

v w bd wk a k e k `n ì v w bo`sb e ` v w be p oohÿ n ob nshe `w ë ne b ib ián `k i x

pn he h wòo hbnk ia`n u` .

Ik u k w`k e ` i a k`su wb # k ( obnshsu h w ák `n hnsu wp h w k i n hûb #k ( `n iks u èon hoks ke òpk ek s

{p ` ob w w`svbn e`n k iks ok wko u` w ásu h oks e` iks u k w`ks v wbv hks e` oke k ` ukv k < oÿa b

d`n`wk w he`k s) oÿa b oba g hnkw j wk s s) s iòo hbnk w v k ik gwk s) ` uo .) oÿa b w`z hskw ` i uù b

v wbe po heb ) ù o .

Ik kv i h oko hÿn e` `s ubs abe` ibs v w`spvbn` {p` ik hns u wpoo hÿn `n pnks e` u` wa hnkeks

u è on hok s ob n u w hg p h w ë k i k a ` lb w ák e ` ik o k v k o he k e e ` w è k o u k w . O bn ` su k b w h` n u k oh ÿn

s` ckn ` ikgbwkeb e hz`wsbs abe` ibs vèkdÿd hobs e` u hvb vw`sow hv u hzb {p` `svòh j hokn

ibs vk sbs {p ` ckx {p ` s dp h w vk wk v wbep o hw pn u ` ub ko`v u kg i`. Vb w ik j ko h ih eke e`

kv i hoko hÿn ) ckn sheb k ebv uk ebs vb w np a `wbsbs kp ub w`s e` i hg wbs e` u ` ub .



05

E`se` ` i vpnub e` z hs uk e` ik hnz`su hdko hÿn ) `sbs abe` ibs upz h` wbn havbw ukno hk

vb w{ p` k u wk l`wbn ik k u `no hÿn e ` ibs hnz`su hdk eb w`s cko hk ` i v wbo`sb e ` ` ikgb wk o hÿn e ` i

`so w hu b x nb sÿ ib cko hk ` i v wbe po ub . E` ubek s j b wa ks) v w`s`n uk n ebs d wkn e`s

v wbg ià ks {p ` ` hd`n w`z hsk w sp k v i h oko hÿn hnd`npk k ik `ns`ûkn|k . @n v w ha ` w ipdk w )

iks hnz`su hdko hbn`s vbsu`w hb w`s ckn eàbsu wkeb {p` ` i v wbo`sb e` obavbsho hÿn e` iu ` ub nb `s i hn`k i < i `so w hu b s cko` x w`cko` obnsuk n uà `n u` ) s v ik n h j h ok x w`v ikn h j h ok

sbg w` ik a k wock ) s `so w hg` ) s ob w w hd` ) ` u o . Vk wò` ) vp `s) {p ` nb s shdp` pnk s w h` e`

ùkvks e` u`wahnkeks) s hnb pnk s`w h` e` spgvwbo`sbs {p` hn u` wkouükn pnbs obn b u wbs.

@n s dpne b ipdk w ) ` i a be` ib e` ` uk vk s s` o`n u wk `n ` i v wbo`sb e` o wòha h`n ub e` i

uù b ) e` i v wbe pou b ) shn u`n `w `n op`nu k ibs v wbo`sbs hn u` wnb s e` i `sow h ub w .

Ibs abeìbs obdnh u hzbs

Ibs abeìbs obdnhu hzbs hnu`nukn `vi hokw opëi`s sbn ibs vwbo`sbs {p` ì `sow h ubw shdpèp wk nu ` ik uk w`k e` `sow h up wk . Ik k u`no hÿn ) `n `sub s a be ` ibs) s o`n u wk `n iks

`su wk u`d hks x obnboha h`n ubs {p ` ` i `sow h ub w vbn ` `n jpno hbnk a h`nub v kw k `sow hg h w x `n

i k j b w a k ob a b h n u ` w k ou ü k n e p w k n u ` ` i v w b o `sb .

Ibs spg v wbo`sbs s z`n ) nb oba b ` uk v ks {p ` ck x { p` s`dp h w p nk e` u wë s e` b u wk ) shnb

oba b bv` wko hbn`s {p ` ckx {p ` w`k i h |k w x {p` k a `npe b s kv i h okn wòp wshzka `n u` .

@ n ì k û b ;8 : 5 ohu k e b ` n G ` iu w ë n # 7 6 6 6 ( ) ` n p n k ob n j `w `n ohk { p ` n b j p ` v p g i hok e k

cksuk ` i kûb ;84;) è i i hndù ásu h ob @a hd ikn |ÿ pn k u k{ p` j wbn uk i k i ab e` ib e` ` uk vk s e`

W b c a n k x T i ò m ` = @ a h d ob n o ip x ` { p ` i k v i k n h j h ok o hÿ n u h ` n ` i p d k w e p w k n u ` u b e b ì

v wbo`sb e` wèk oohÿn x nb `suë o ik wk a `nu ` s vk wke b e` i v wbo`sb e` ` lòpo hÿn .

Ik hnz`su hdk o hÿn e ` @a hd j p` v hbn` wk e` p nk s w h` e` `sup e hbs b w h`n uke bs k `k a hnk w

iks `su wk u`d hks e` `sow h up wk ) { p` s` ii`zk wbn k k okg b obn a ùbe b ibd áks e hz`wsks. Ik

v w` u`nshÿn e ` `suk s hnz`su hdk o hbn`s `s obnsu h u p h w p n a be ` ib kg su w koub {p ` sh wzk e`

c hv ÿ u `shs e` i v wbo`sb) e` iks bv `wko hbn`s { p` s` i i`zk n k ok gb x e` ibs jk oub w`s {p `

hn j ipx `n `n è i ) uk n u b ibs obnuù pk i`s oba b ibs { p` s` w` j h` w`n k ik s okwk ou`w ásu hoks

obdn h u hz ks x k ibs obnboha h`n ubs e` i `sow h ub w #G ` i u wë n ) 76 6 6 ( .



00

Ik s v w hno hv k i`s bv `wko hbn`s { p` obnj hdpwk n ` i v wbo`sb vwbv hka `nu ` sbn<

Ik v iknh jh okohÿn

Obnshsu` `n e` j hn h w i b s bg l` u h zbs e` i u ` ub x `suk g iò` w ` i v ikn {p ` dp hk wë ` i

obn lpn u b e ` ik v wbe poo hÿn . @suk bv` wk o hÿn obnsuk ) k sp z`| ) e` u w`s spg v wb o`sbs<

ik obno`vohÿn b d`n`wko hÿn e` he`ks) ik b wdkn h|ko hÿn x ) j hnk ia`nu` ) ` i`suk g iòha h`n ub e` bg l` u hz bs `n jpno hÿn e` ik sh up ko hÿn w` uÿ w hok . Ibs kp ub w`s

e hs u hndp`n ebs u hvbs e` v ikn`s< ibs v wbo`spk i`s) {p` u wk ukn e` ik jb wak `n {p`

ibs `sow h ubw`s w`ki h|kwën ì vwbo`sb) x ibs e` obnu`nheb) ik jpnohÿn e` ibs opki`s

`s u wk nsjbwa k w iks he`k s n u ùb `sow hub .

Ik uùpkih|kohÿn

@suë obns u h u p hek vb w ` i obn lpn ub e` bv` wko hbn`s e` u wkns jb wako hÿn e` ibs

obn u`n hebs `n i`ndpk l` `so w hu b i hn`k ia `n u` b wdkn h|ke b . Ik a p i u hv i ho hek e e`

eàkneks e` `suk bv`wko hÿn #` lòpo hÿn dwë j hok e` iks i` u wks) ` hd`nohksbw u bdwë j hoks) iè hoks) a bw jb iÿd hoks) shn uë ou hoks) ` uo .( {p ` obnshsu` `n vk skw e `

pnk b wdkn h|ko hÿn sàën u h ok l` wk w{p h|kek k pnk b wdkn h|ko hÿn i h n`k i ) bg i hdk k

j wòp`nu `s w`z hshbn`s x w` u b wnb s k bv `wko hbn`s e` v ikn h j hoko hÿn .

Ik w`zhshÿn

Obnshsu` `n ik iòup wk x v bsu`w hb w obw wòo hÿn x a ` lbwk e` i uùb . Ep wk nu ` ik

iòup wk ) ` i `sow h ub w `zk iük ` i w`sp i ukeb e` ik `sow h up wk `n jpno hÿn e` ibs

bg l` u h zbs e` i `so w hu b x `zk iük u k a g hèn ik obc` w`no hk e` i obn u`n heb `n j p no hÿn

e` ik sh up ko hÿn w` uÿ w hok .

W ù b a k n e b k C k x ` s x J ib t ` w # ;8 3 ;( s ob n sh e ` w k { p ` ik w ` e k o oh ÿ n ` a v h ` | k op k n e b s

v w`s`n uk k i `so w h u b w pnk s h u pko hÿn w` uÿ w h ok obab vb w ` làv ib pnk uk w`k `sob ik w e`

wèkoo hÿn .

K vk w u h w e` ik w`v w`s`n uko hÿn e` i v wbg iàk ) ` i `so w h u b w o w`k pnk wè l` wk w{p h|kek e`

bg l` u hzb s {p `) e` u be ks jb wa ks) v be w ákn s`w a be h j hoke bs n ` i e hsopwsb e ` ik wè koo hÿn

vbw{p` ` i v wbo`sb) obab kvpnuëgkabs) nb `s i hn`k i s hnb wòpws hzb ) `n ` i s`n u heb e`

{p` `n opk i{p h` w aba`n ub s` vpè` kv i h ok w e` np`zb ` i v wbo`sb vk wk w`sb iz` w pn

` w wb w ) kûk e h w k idb { p` jk i u k ) ` u o . @ i kn ë i h sh s e` iks bv` wk o hbn`s {p ` i i`zk n k okg b ibs

`sow h ub w`s `v`w u bs #k u wk zès e` i k në i hshs e` ibs v wb u bob ibs e` v `nsk a h`nub bwk i (

eà p`su wk { p` èsub s ` jòuü kn obnsuk n u `s he`k s x z`n hek s `n u w` ibs e h j` w`n u `s n hz ` i`s

e` b wdk n h|ko hÿn x `so w hu p wk e` i u ` ub .



0:

@ i ` so wh u b w u b a k ` n v w h a ` w i p d k w h n j bw a k o hÿ n e ` i ob n u ` u b x e ` i k a ` a b w hk k i k w d b

v ik|b vk wk `suk g iò` w ibs bg l` u h zbs {p ` e h w hd h wën ik v wbe poo hÿn e` i u ` ub . Iks

eòhshbn`s k n hz` i a ës g k lb `suë n spg bwe hnk ek s k ibs bg l` u hzbs e` n hz` i a ës k i ub .

E ` G ` k p d w k n e ` oh u k e b ` n G ` iu w ë n # 7 6 6 6 ( k v k w u h w e ` ik ` v ` wh `n oh k e ` sh a p i k oh ÿnsbg w` ik oba vw`nshÿn e` i e hsop wsb ) e`sk w wb i iÿ ib {p` i ika ÿ a be` ib e` hn u` wkoohÿn e`

` su k e áb s v k w k i ` ib s. _` d ü n ` su ` k p u b w ik v w b e p oo hÿ n e ` i u ` u b ` s p n k k o u h z h e k e

oba v i` lk { p` hn u` wko uü k obn pn k d wkn e hz` wshek e e` o hw opnsuk no hks j ásh oks) vshob iÿd hoks

x sbohki`s.

_` d ü n E ` G ` k p d w k n e ` # ;8 8 4( i k ob a v i ` lhe k e e ` i k v w b e p o ohÿ n u ` u p k i n b v ` w a h u `

jb wa p ik w pn a be` ib w á d heb ) shnb { p` s` w ák nò`sk w hb hnob wvb wk w k è i a ü i u hv i`s okpsks

vb u `no hk i`s x `su hvp ik w iks vbshg i`s hn u` wkoo hbn`s `n u w` ` i iks. Ik w` ik u h zk v wbg kg h i hek e

e` e hock s okpsks hne hok w ák e ` j b wa k a ës ke òpk ek ik w` iko hÿn `n u w` ibs a be` ibs e` i

v wbo`sb x ik s kou hz he ke `s w`k i`s e` v wbe p oohÿn .

@suk g iò` k idpnbs o w hu ` w hbs { p` e`g ` w ákn v w`she h w ik j b wa p iko hÿn e` a be` ibs e`

v wbepoo hÿn .

Ib s su k e ábs sbn <

@suk g iòha h`n ub e ` bg l` u hzbs d`n`wk i`s e` i u ùb x e` ibs spg !b g l` u hzbs { p` s`

{p h`w`n obns`dp h w k ib ik wd b e` i v wbo`sb.

He`k o hÿn ) {p ` u h`n` ipdk w `n ibs a ba `n ubs hn h ohk i`s e` ik obn j hdp w ko hÿn d ibg k i

x `n ik opk i s `suk g iò` ) v bw ` là v ib ) i uà k v w hno hvk i .

E`skwwb i ib obno`vupk i ) {p` obavw`ne` ik ` ikgbwko hÿn ) `svòh j hoko hÿn `

hn u` wobn`hÿn e ` he`ks.

@vw`shÿn ) {p ` obnshsu` `n ke kv uk w ibs obno`vu bs k ik `vw`shÿn i hndù ásu hoka è hkn u ` ik s iòohÿn e` vk ikg wk s.

Ik k i hn`ko hÿn e` j wks`s b wdkn h|k iks vk ikg wks `n d wpvbs e` u k i j b wak {p` ik

v wbe poohÿn i hn`k i s` vp è` i i `zk w k okgb .



04

Ik ko upk i h |ko hÿn `n j b wak e` s áagb ibs `s i i ` zkek k okgb vb w pn ` lòp ub w

ep wkn u ` ik j k s e` k i hn`ko hÿn e` sbn hebs b i` u wks.

@n k idpnbs ksvò ubs `su` a be` ib `s oba vk wkg i` k i e` C kx`s x J ibt ` w #;83;( ) v` wb `su`

sp d h `w ` ` i e b a h n hb e ` g i b { p ` s ` n u `w b s e ` u ` u b ) a h` n u w k s { p ` E ` G ` k p d w k n e ` # ;8 8 4( )kspa ` {p ` ) `n obne hohbn`s nb wa k i`s) ibs suk e ábs kz kn|k n lpn u bs `n okek a ba `n ub

e` i e`skw wb i ib e` i uùb .

@n a be` ib E` G`kpd wk ne` #;884 ( ) `nobn u wk a bs v ikn u`k ek s k idp nks op`su hbn`s {p `

ow`à bs owpo hk i`s v kw k ` i e`skw wb i ib e` ik v wb ep oohÿn uùp k i . Vb eà bs e`suk okw <

;( @i obno`vu b e` kv w`ne h|k l` ksbo hke b k i v wbo`sb e` `sow h up wk x ik nò`shek e

ha v i á oh u k e` {p ` ik u k w`k `h lk ke kv uk o hbn`s vk wk {p ` ` i kv w`ne h|k l` s eè )

p n h e b k i o b n o ` v u b e ` a ` a b w h k w ` o b n s u w p o u h z k ) { p ` ` i k g b w k k o u h z k a ` n u ` ` i

obnboha h`n ub ep wkn u` ` i v wbo`sb ) obnsu h u p x` pn a kwob `n ` i opk i gksk w pn

vbshg i` a be` ib e ` `n s ûkn|k e` ik wèkoo hÿn =

7 ( Ik sh u pk o hÿn e ` sbg wòk wdk vp è` u`n` w oba b obn s op`no hk ik e `d wke ko hÿn

e` i v w bo`sb) obn ` i opk i ` i kv w`ne h|k l` nb s ek w ák . E ` ` i ib v be w ák

e`svw`ne`ws` {p` `sow hg h w nb s hàvw` `s jp`nu` e` kvw`ne h|k l` = {p` s`wë

nò`skw hb eb a hnk w `su wk u`d hks e ` `sow h up wk ke òpke ks v kwk w`sb iz `w ` i

v w b g i à k # W b o m t ` i i) 7 6 6 6 ( .

Ibs abe` ibs obdn h u hzbs ckn vp`sub e` w` i h`z` ik d ibgk i heke e` i v wbo`sb e` `sow h up wk .

K v `skw e ` {p ` iks bv `wko hbn`s { p` s` w`k i h|kn x ibs obnboha h`n ubs x ck g h i hek e `s { p`

s` w`{p h` w`n sbn aü i u hv i`s ) u bebs hn u` wko uükn ep wkn u` ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn )

k p n { p ` c k x ` n ok e k a b a ` n u b p n k b v ` w k oh ÿn e b a h n k n u `.

E ` se ` ` i v p n u b e ` z h su k e ` p n a b e ` i b ob n d n h u h z b ) i k `n s û k n | k e ` ik w ` e k o oh ÿ n

u`ne w ák {p ` v k w u h w e` ik v wbv p`suk e` ko u h z hek e`s d ibgk i`s. Ik v wbd wka ko hÿn ) `n

ipdk w e` b w h`n uk ws` k ik ` l` wo h u ko hÿn e` ckg h i h eke`s x k ik ke{p hs ho hÿn e`

obnbohah`n ubs i hndp ás u hobs e` jb wak k hs ikek ` hne`v`ne h`n u` ) vbew ák b w h`n ukws` k`njbokw s` iòu hz k a `nu` ik k u`no hÿn `n pn b p b u w b e` ibs ksvòub s ha v i hok eb s.



03

@su` `n jb{p ` u`ne w ák oba b obn s op`no hk ik nò`sheke e` w`z hsk w ik `ns`ûkn|k e` ik

`so w h u p wk {p` ) b g h`n s` gksk `n ik v wbepoo hÿn hn up h u h zk x `svbn uën`k ) {p` nb s`

v pè ` `n s ûk w ) b g h`n `n ik `n s ûk n|k e` obnboha h`n ubs i hndp ásu hobs shsuà ëu hobs

w` iko hbnkebs ün hoka`nu` obn ibs ksvòubs aës spv`w j ho hk i`s e` i uùb x {p`) `n

d`n`wk i ) kv w`ne `n shn w` iko hÿn obn iks sh up ko hbn`s e` `sow h up wk w`k i .

W ekoohÿn x ìkgbwkohÿn e` ibs obnbohah`nu bs

Kidpnbs kp ub w`s e`s ukokn {p` ik wèkoo hÿn `s pn hns u wpa`n ub e` ` ikgb wko hÿn e`

obnboha h`n ubs. @sow hg h w vp è` hno he h w `n ik u wk nsjbwa kohÿn e ` ibs obnboha h`n ubs

hne hz he p k i`s. _`dün `sub ) wèk ouk w nb s w ák sÿ ib `v w`skw ibs obnboha h`n ubs {p ` s

u h `n`n shnb { p` k u wk zès e` `suë ko u h z hek e ` i `so w hu b `suk g iò` w ák np`z ks w` ikohbn`s)

v wb jp ne h|k w ák `n ` i obnboha h`n ub ) `s eò h w) i b u wk nsjb wa kw ák x kv w`ne` w ák #Iba ks)

;884(.

@n ` i i `ndpk l` b wk i i k s h u pko hÿn e` e hë ibdb `n u w` pn à hsb w x pn wò`v ub w v` wa h u` ik

` ikgbwko hÿn e` i obnbohah`n ub . @nu w` ibs ebs hn u` w ibop ubw`s obnsu wpx`n) ` ikgbwkn x

ck o`n `zb ipo hbnk w ` i obn u`n heb . @i w`sp i uk eb `s { p` ka gb s) k i j hnk i e` ik

obnz`wsko hÿn ) nb ck e hocb sÿ ib ib { p` v w`z hk a `nu ` skg ákn ) shnb { p` sps obnboha h`n ubs)

sps v`nskah`nubs) ckn okaghkeb dwko hks k iks kvbw uko hbn`s e` i hn u` w ibop ubw x nb sÿ ib

`n ` i s`n u heb e` i ckg` w kopap ikeb np`zka`n u` hn jb wako hÿn ) np`zbs obnbo ha h`n ubs )

shnb { p` e ` iks obnu wk e hoo hbn`s) e` ibs vp nu bs e` z hsuk obnu w kv p`sub s b e h j` w`n u`s ck n

sp wd heb np`zk w` iko hbn`s ) np`zbs vpn ubs e` z hs uk {p` ckn còcb okag hk w x

`zb ipo hbnkw ibs v `nsk a h`nubs x iks ow``nohk s e` ka gb s hn u` w ibop u bw`s. @i v wbg ià k

v ikn u`keb `s oÿab s` vpè` ek w ik ` ikgb wko hÿn e` i obnbo ha h`n ub ep wkn u` ik

wèk oohÿn . Vk wk k idp nbs kp ub w`s `suë jpn o hÿn `s hnc`w`nu ` k i còcb e` `sow hg h w .

Okssknx #7666 ( k u w hgpx` ik o w`k u h z heke `n ` i v wbo`sb e` he`ko hÿn ) k ik vbs hg h i h eke

{p` u h`n` ` i v wbepo ub w e` i u ` ub e` obag hnk w ` ià`n ubs v` w u`nò h`n u`s k e h j ` w`n u`s

`s{pàks e` obnbo ha h`n ub vk wk i i `dk w k v wbepo h w pnk np`zk he`k . B u wbs kp ub w`s

`v i h okn `suk j pn o hÿn e` ik `so w hu p wk `suk g iò h`neb pn vk wk i` i hsa b obn ` i i `ndpk l` b wk i

x e k n e b p n k h a v b w u k n o h k jp n e k a ` n u k i k ik h a k d ` n e ` i w ` o` v u b w .



08

_`dün Ob iba `w #;884 ( ) k j h wa k {p ` ik ` ikg b wko hÿn e ` i obnbo ha h`n ub `n ik obnz` wsko hÿn

x ` n i k ` so w hu p w k sb n e h j `w ` n u `s. K v ` sk w e ` i v b e ` w d ` n ` wk e b w e ` ik ob n z ` w sh ÿ n i b s

w`sp iuk e bs sbn vw be p oub s sbohk i`s) n`d bohk e bs obn ibs bu wbs. N b v bs`à bs

z` weke` wka`n u` np`s u wbs v`nska h`n ubs b `v` w h`no hks cks uk {p` ibs càbs

n`dbohke b obn nbsbu w bs a hsa bs) x vk wk ` i ib ) `sow hg h w ) s i a è hb v w hz h i`d hk eb .

Vk wò` ) s hn àgkwdb ) {p` apocks v` wsbnks opkneb `so w hg`n nb kebv ukn iks

` su w k u ` d hk s k e ` op k e k s v k w k { p ` ` su b s k v b sh g i` . G ` i u w ë n # 7 6 6 6 ( o hu k e h z ` w sb s k p u b w ` s

{ p ` s w`j h`w`n k iks obne hohbn`s k u áv hoks) v `wb j wòp`n u`s) e` ik w` e k oohÿn `sobikw . _p

bv hn hÿn `s {p` ) `n d`n` wk i ) i b s `s upe hkn u`s nb kebv ukn pn vpn ub e` z hs uk v` wsbnk i

sb g w ` p n u ` a k x ) v b w u k n u b ) n b s` w `k i h| k p n k z ` w e k e ` w k u k w ` k e ` ` i k g b w k oh ÿn e ` i

v ` n sk a h `n u b ) v b w { p ` ) k e ` a ë s) ow ` `n { p ` sp s v p n u b s e ` z h su k n b sb n w ` i` z k n u ` s

v k w k p n u w k g k l b k ok e è a hob .

Oksskn x #76 6 6 ( bg s wzk { p`) k a `np eb ) ibs `sow h ubs `sob ik w`s nb sbn a ës {p ` pnk

`vb shohÿn e ` a ku `w hk i`s nb s iòo hbnk eb s vb w ` i `sow h ub w . Ksá vp `s) k j h wa k Oksskn x { p`

`su` u hv b e` sh up ko hÿn `sob ik w ha v he` { p` ibs `sup e hkn u `s e`sk wwb i i`n ik ck g h i hek e

e` `vb n`w sps v`nska h`nubs vbw `sow hub .

Wèko uk w nb `s sÿ ib u wknso w hg h w pnbs v`nska h`n ubs v w`z hka`n u` j b wap ikebs x

bwdk n h|ke bs. N b ckx n ò`skw hka `nu` he`nu hek e `n u w` ibs {p ` s `sow hg` x ib { p` s

v h`nsk. Vk wk a pocbs kp ubw `s `sow hg h w `s pn k jp `w|k bwdk n h|ke bwk e ` sp e`skw wb i ib

hn u` iòupk i x `s pnk uk w`k e` w`vw`s`nuko hÿn e` s hdn h j hokebs aës {p` u wksow hvo hÿn e`

i `n d p k l ` v w ` z h k a ` n u ` b w d k n h| k e b .

Obavi`l heke e` ik u kw`k wèkoohÿn

Ik shu pkohÿn e` sbgwòkwdk obdnh u hzk.

@i kn ë i h sh s e` i v wbo`sb e` wèk oohÿn vbn` e ` a kn h j h`sub ik oba v i` l heke e` ik u k w`k

{p ` ) k a `npe b ) obn ii`zk ib {p ` s ck i i ka ke b pnk sh u pk o hÿn e` sbg wòk wdk obdn h u h zk

#Ob i i hns x D`su` u n`w ) ;836 ) J ibt `w x C kx `s) ;836 = E` G `kp dwk ne `) ;884= _okne ka k i hk )

G`w` h u` w ) ;887 x Db ` ia k n) ;837) Okw i hnb ) ;888 = _kk zè wk )766 6 = Wb om t ` ii) 76 6 6 = G ` iu w ë n )

76 6 6 ( . Opkn eb s `so w hg` ) `s nò`sk w hb ko u h zk w `n ik a à bw hk k ik wd b v ik|b ibs

obnu`n heb s a ën u hobs= e kw i`s) `n vw ha `w ipd k w ) pn k bwdk n h|ko hÿn x u wkn sow hg h w ibs ip`d b

`n pnk bwdkn h|ko hÿn i hndù ás u hok i hn`k i ) ib opk i ` hd` u`n`w `n op`nuk ksvòubs e` ik

`su wp oup wk uù pk i ) d wk a ku hok i`s) iè hobs) b w ubd wë j hobs) ` uo .



:6

K i a hsa b u hà vb ckx {p ` u`n` w `n ik a`n u ` ibs obne ho hbnk n u`s e` i obn u` ub e`

`sow h up wk oba b sbn ik hn u`no hÿn x ik kp e h`no hk . K sá v p`s) s i i`zkn k ok gb

sha p i uë n`k a `nu ` uk w`ks d ibg k i`s x ibok i`s. @s eò h w ) ì v wb o`sb e ` wèk oohÿn nb `s pn k

s op`no hk i h n`k i e` `suk e ábs u k i oba b ib v wbv bn ák ` i a be` ib e ` ` uk vk s) shnb { p` ) vb w ` i

obn u wk w hb ) ` hd` w`svbn e` w k ik z`| k a ü i u hv i`s ` hd`no hks) okek pnk e` iks opk i`sk j ` ou k n k i v w b e p o u b j hn k i .

K sá vp `s) ik a ke p w`| `n ik `so w hu p wk ha v i h ok pn d wkn nüa `wb e` ckg h ih ek e`s k

e h j` w`n u`s n hz ` i`s e` vw bo`ska h`nub . @ i v wbg ià k e` i `sow h ub w `s oÿa b a kn u`n `w

’ ubeks `sk he`ks `n ` i k h w` ‑ ekebs ibs i áa h u`s e` ik aàbw hk k obw ub v ik|b .

@ i ` so wh u b w k e p i u b x ` v ` w u b v p ` e ` i i` z k w k u è w a h n b ob n w ` ik u h z k j k o hi he k e ` su k u k w ` k

vb w{ p` ck e`sk w wb i ike b pnk s` w h` e` `su wk u`d hks {p ` i` v` wa h u`n ’ lpdk w ‑ obn iks

e hz`wsks ` hd`nohks {p` havbn` ik wèkoo hÿn ) `n u w` iks opk i`s) obab z`wàbs)

kp uba k u h|ko hÿn e` k idp nks ckg h ih ek e`s) ib opk i v` wa h u` ` j ho h`n u h |k w ik e hsu w hgp o hÿn e ` i

u h à v b # G ` w` hu ` w) ;8 8 7 oh u k e b ` n G ` iu w ë n 7 6 6 6 ( .

@n okaghb ibs kvw`ne ho`s) {p` nb ckn e`skwwb i ikeb `su wk u`d hks keòpkeks) o`nu wkn sp

k u`n ohÿn `n ibs n hz ì`s iboki`s #` lòp ohÿn dwë j hok e` iks iùwk s) bwu bd wk j ák) s iòohÿn)

iè hok ) ` uo .( x nb v pè `n k u `ne`w k ibs n hz` i`s spv `w hb w`s e` v wbo`ska h`nub e ` i uù b .

_ok w e k a k i h k ) o hu k e b ` n W b o m t ` ii ) # 7 6 6 6 ( ) ` su p e h ÿ ik ob b w e h n k o hÿ n ` n u w ` ` s{ p ` a k s e `

obnu`n heb `n `sow h ubs vbsh u hzb s e` n hûbs e` ;6 k ;5 kû bs x bg s wzÿ {p ` n hûbs #k s( { p`

` wkn okv ko`s e` a kn ` lk w sha p i u ë nà kn` u ` e` u w`s k o hnob `s{p à ks e` obn u`n heb `n

ik v wbe poo hÿn b wk i ) u `ne hkn k a kn` lk w sÿ ib e` pnb k u w`s n ` i `so w hu b .

Ib k n u` w hb w spd h` w` {p ` `suë n u k n obno`n u wk ebs n ik w`sb ipo hÿn e ` v wbg ià ks e` n hz` i

spv` w j h o hk i {p` u h`n`n vbok okvko heke e` k u`no hÿn sbg wkn u` vk wk ksvò ubs d ibgk i`s

w` j` w hebs) vb w `làv ib ) k i shdn h j hokeb . Ik a kx b w b a `nb w ckg h ih ek e e` ibs n hûbs

e ` v ` n e ` ) ` n v k w u ` ) e ` ib { p ` v p ` e ` n a k n u ` n ` w `n ik a ` n u ` a h ` n u w k s ` su ë n`so w hg h`neb #_oknek a k i hk ) G` w` hu ` w x Db` ia kn ) o hu k eb `n Ok w i hnb ) ;888 ( .



:;

@su wk u `dhks vkwk w`sbiz`w ì v wbgiàk e` sbgwòkwdk obdnhu hzk

K vkw u h w e` i knë i hs hs e` i v wbo`sb e` wèkoo hÿn apocbs kp ubw`s ckn `svòh j hokeb

k idpn ks `su wk u`d hks {p ` ibs sow h ub w`s p u h i h|kn v kw k w`sb iz`w ` i v wbg ià k e ` sbg wòkwdk

obdn h u h zk .

@n u`bw ák ) ik akn`wk aës s`noh i ik e` w`sb iz`w ` i v wbg iàk e` iks ` hd`nohks ò`s hzks

e` ik wèkoo hÿn obns hs u h w á k `n e hz he h w i k u k w`k `n `s uke ábs u àvb wk ia`n u`

hne`v `ne h`n u`s) obab sp wd h` w`n ibs a be` ibs e` ` uk vk s. E` còcb ) kp n{ p` a pocbs

kp ubw `s hnshsu`n `n ik nb i hn`k i he ke e` i v wb o`sb x `n sp wòpwshz he ke ) v w` s n u kn k idpn k

e` `suk s su w k u `d hks `su wòck a `nu` w` iko hbnk e ks obn iks e h j` w`n u`s uk vk s e` i v wbo`sb)

oba b wòpwsbs vk wk w`sb iz`w ibs v wbg ià ks {p ` okek pn b e ` ibs spg vw bo`sbs v w` s n uk .

@su` `s ` i oksb) vb w ` là v ib ) e` iks v wbv p`suk s e` Ob i i hns x D`su` u c`w #;836 ( . E `Jibt `w #;83;( x e` Ap wwk x #;835( . B u wbs k p u bw`s s o`n u wk n `n k idp nb e` ibs

spg vw bo`sbs x v wbv bn`n `su wk u`d hks `svòá j hoks bw h`n uk ek s k ik w`sb ipo hÿn e` ibs

v w b g i ` a k s { p ` v i k n u ` k i k w ` e k o oh ÿ n . V b w ` l` a v i b G `w ` hu ` w # ;8 8 7 ( o hu k e b ` n G ` iu w k n )

#76 6 6 ( v wbv bn` `su wk u`d hks vk wk w`sb iz` w ibs v wbg ià ks e` ik w`z hshÿn vk wk ibs {p `

` su ë n k v w ` n e h `n e b k w ` e k o u k w .

Vkwò`) s hn àgkwdb) hn u` w`sknu` oba`nukw iks `su wk u`d hks aës d`n`wk i`s {p` p u h i h|kn

ibs `sow h ub w`s v kwk kg bwe kw iks e h j hop i u ke `s { p` v w` s n u kn ` i uùb . J ibt `w x C kx `s)

o hu k eb `n _kkz è wk ) #76 6 6 ( ) `n ` i knë i hsh s e` ibs v wb u bob ibs e` v `nska h`n ub b wk i h |keb )

bgs`wzkn {p` iks `su wk u`d hks aës p u h i h|keks vbw ibs `sow h ub w`s vkwk wèpoh w ik v w`s hÿn

e` ibs e hsu hn u bs w`{p `w ha h`n ubs sha p i u ë n`bs sbn<

― E `lk w e ` ik e b p n b e ` ib s w`{ p `w ha h` n u bs= v b w ` l` a v ib ) `sob d h` n e b hd n b wk w ik

kp e h`no hk ) b ik obnz `nohÿn {p ` ` hd` obc`w`no hk `n u w` vë wk jbs) ` uo .

― E hz he hw ` i v wbg i` a k `n spg v wb g i` a k s sà h! hn e `v `n e h` n u `s. C k x { p ` u `n `w `n

op`n uk ) shn à gk wdb ) {p` ik hne`v`ne `no hk oba v iùk `n u w` spg v wbo`sbs nb `s

vbshg i` x vbw ukn ub ibs `sow h ub w`s `n jbokn s` iòu hzka`nu` ik k u`no hÿn `n pn

ksvò ub b `n b u wb ) {p ` vk skn k p n v w ha ` w u è wa hnb ) v` wb w` iko hbnk ebs shàv w`

obn ibs eà ës ksv òubs e` i u ùb .

― @su k g i` o` w v w hb w he k e `s x ’ e k ws` v b w sk u hsjò c b ‑ `n b u wbs k sv ò u bs. @n d `n `wk i)

` i `so w hu b w `sobd` ibs bg lù h zbs {p ` {p h`w` obn s dp h w x ` i n h z` i {p` e ` s k

k iokn|k w = vb w ` là v ib ) obns`dp h w pn u bnb ka hsubsb ) kpn{ p` s`k `n e ` u w ha `n ub

e` ik obc` w`no hk `n u w` iks vk w u`s . Opkneb ek v w hb w heke k k idpnk e` iks



:7

`hd`nohk s) ` i `sow h ub w eò he` ’e kw s v bw sk u hsjòcb‑ `n b u wks. K a `np eb `suë

`su wk u`d hk s` oba g hnk obn ik e` e hz he h w ` i v wbg ià k opk neb s eò he` ’ ek w s

vb w sk u h sjòcb ‑ `n k idün ksvò ub `n ik v w ha ` wk wèkoohÿn vk wk a ` lb wk w ib

vbsu`w hb wa`nu` `n ik w`z hs hÿn .

― Obn z `w u hw `n wp u hn k b v wbo` e ha h` n u b g h` n k v w`n e he b k id p n k e ` ik s bv `wk oh bn `sha v i h o hu k s= `s eò hw ) kp ub a h|k w k idp nk s bv` wk o hbn`s e` a kn` wk {p ` nb bopv `n

a ë s { p ` p n v ` { p ` û b ` sv k o hb a ` n u k i e ` i ` sow h u b w v k w k i hg ` w k w ) e ` ` su ë j b w a k )

pnk okvko heke akxb w {p` ks`dp w` ik d`s u hÿn k n hz` i`s spv` w hb w`s e` i

v wbo`ska h`n ub .

― C k o` w v ik n `s. @su ë `s p n k `suwk u `d hk k ik op k i ib s k p u b w`s k u w hg p x `n p n k iu b

d wke b e` ` jòu h z heke `n ik a ` lb wk e` ik wèk oohÿn vb w{ p` ) ke à ës `s wèpo h w

ibs ` ià`n ubs {p` ok wdkn ik aàbw hk k ob w ub v ik|b ) v` wa h u` hn u`d wk w iks

` hd`nohks aüi u hv i`s e` ik obavbsho hÿn x ap`su wk oÿab h w w`sb iz h`neb ibs

vw bg ià ks. Ibs v ikn`s sbn) `n o h` w ub s n u he b ) pnk e` j`n sk e ` i `sow h ub w obn u wk ik

oba v i` l he ke hnc`w`nu ` `n ik wèk oohÿn . Ibs a ës ü u h i`s sbn ibs e` nk up wk i`|k

j i` hg i` ) {p ` `suk g iò`n v w hb w he k e`s x e ` j hn`n ibs bg l` u hzb s d`n`wk i`s e` i `sow h ub .

J ib t ` w x C k x ` s oh u k e b ` n W` n m ` a k # 7 6 6 6 ( e h su h n d p ` n u w ` s u h v b s e ` v i k n ` s<

;( v ikn`s vk wk ck o`w ) b w h`n uke bs k e ` j hn hw ` i ko ub e` ck g ik ) k w`svb ne` w k i

v w b g i ` a k w ` u ÿ w hob .

7 ( v ikn`s vk wk eò hw ) obnsu h u p áebs vb w pnk z` wshÿn sha v i hj h oke k b kg u wk o uk e` ik

hn jb wa kohÿn { p` s` w`{p h` w` e`skww b i ik w ) x

? ( v ik n`s vk wk oba vb n` w ) {p ` dp ákn ` i v wb o`sb e` oba vbshohÿn x {p ` `suë n

b w h`n uke bs k d`n` wk w obnbo ha h`n ubs b k eò he h w `n u w`s v wboè ha h`n ubs

k i u `nk u h zbs k ik cb wk e` `so w hg h w ` i u ` ub .

Ibs gp `nbs `sow h ub w`s s e hsu hnd p`n v bw sp okv kohek e e` jb wa p ikw v ikn`s vk wk ck o`w x

e` w`z hskw ibs x jb wa pik w ibs) sh `s nò`skw hb ) ep wk n u ` ` i v w bo`sb e` wèk oohÿn . Ibs

`so w hu b w`s kv w`ne ho`s) `n oka g hb ) s iha h u kn k ik jb wa p iko hÿn e` v ikn`s vk wk e òh w )

{ p` sbn) vbw b u wk v kw u ` ) ibs ün hobs { p` s` kobsup a g wkn k ` hd h w `n ik `sop` ik .

Ik a kn` wk e` a ` lb wk w ` i v wbo`sb e` v ikn h j h oko hÿn ) w`{p h` w` e` vbn` w èn jk shs n ibs

v i k n ` s v k w k c k o ` w) `su k g i ` oh `n e b ) v b w ` l ` a v i b ) ob n o ik w h e k e i k h n u ` n oh ÿ n x i b s

wò`vu bw`s e ì `sow h ub .



:?

@njb{p` sìòuhzb b jbokih|kohbn

I k ob a v i ` lh e k e e ` i k k o u hz h e k e e ` w ` e k oo hÿ n u h ` n ` ob a b o b n s op ` n oh k i k e h j h op i u k e e `

u`n` w `n ik a `n u` k ik z `| u bebs ibs ksvò ubs {p ` obn j hdp wk n ` i v wb o`sb ) e`se` ibs

bg l` u hzb s d ibg k i`s k ik s uk w`ks e` s` iòo hÿn iè hok b k ik w`sb ipo hÿn e ` ibs v wbg ià ks

bw u bdwë j hobs. Oba b s e`sv w`ne ` e` ibs e hz`wsbs a be ` ibs obdn h u hzbs `s ha vb shg i`s vk wk w pn b e` ibs spg vw bo`sbs w`sv òub e` i v wbo`sb d ibgk i . V bw `là v ib ) ik

ok v k oh e k e e ` ` n ob n u w k w i k v k ik g w k k e ` op k e k v p ` e ` s` w `l` woh u k e k k i a k w d `n e ` i

o bn u ` u b ob a p n h ok u h z b x i hn d ù á su h ob e ` ib s op k i `s ` su k v k i k g w k u ` n e w ë { p ` jb w a k w

v k w u ` .

E ` G ` k p d w k n e ` # ;8 8 4( k i c k g i k w e ` i b s ` sow h u b w `s k v w ` n e h o` s) a ` n o hb n k { p ` ` i è hu b

e`v `ne` v w hno hvk ia `n u` e` s w okv ko`s e` ` ikgb wk w sps v wbv hbs `so w hu bs cksuk { p`

s kn o ik w bs x u wk uk g i`s e` kop`we b obn ik uèon hok e` w`sb ipo hÿn e ` v wbg ià ks)e`soba vb n hèneb ibs n spg v wbg iàk s.

Obn `suë he`k e `sk w wb i iÿ v wbd wk a ks e` `ns`ûkn|k `n ibs opk i`s ` i v w hno hv hb

jpneka`n uk i ` wk lps uka`n u` `n jbok w s` iò u h zka`n u` k idpnb e` ibs spgv wbg iàks

e` lkneb `n s`dpneb v iknb b u wks obns he`wko hbn`s cksuk ibs kvw`ne ho`s dknkgkn

obnj hkn |k `n ik op`su hÿn s iòo hbnke k.

Ik he`k spg xk o`n u` `s {p ` ` i e`sk w wb i ib e` iks okvk o hek e`s k hsikek s nb obnepo`

n ` o` sk w h k a ` n u ` k i k a ` lb w e ` ik o k v k o h e k e e ` w è k oo hÿ n v k w k i k o p k i u b e k s i k s

ckg h ih ek e`s ckn e` `suk w hn u` w w` iko hbnk ek s x dp hkek s vb w bg lù h zbs d ibgk i`s. V` wb k i

a hsa b u hàv b ` i kv w`ne h|k l` e` ik wè koo hÿn nb s w ák vbshg i` sh nb s vp e h` wk k nk i h|k w

` i v wbo`sb d ibg k i `n spg v wbo`sb x nb s` vp e h` wk e` u` wa hnk w iks ckg h i h eke `s ha v i h okek s

vk wk vbe ` w iks l` woh u k w s i` ou h zk a `n u` .

Ik `ns`ûkn|k e` ik wèkoo hÿn vpè` v ikn u`k ws` obab pn v wbo`sb e hk ièo u h ob `n u w`

ko u h z hek e`s d ibgk i`s x ko u h z he ke `s ibok i`s hn u`d wk ek s `n v wbxò ubs. Ik v wbd wka ko hÿn

vpè` vbn` w ` i ko`n ub `n k idpnb e` ibs spgv wbo`sb b ckg h i h eke`s hav i h okebs {p`

vk sk wë n k bopvk w ik k u`no hÿn v w` j` w`n u` e` v w b j`sb w`s x k ipa nbs #ks( . Ibs eà ës

ksvò ubs b `suë n xk kp ub w h |ke bs b nb i`s ek wë ha vb w uk no hk v b w ` i a ba `n ub ) b g h`n ` i

v wb j`sb w x ik s h u pko hÿn `sob ik w ibs j ko h i h u k wë vk wk {p` nb kokvk w`n ik k u`no hÿn e` i

k ip a n b # k (.



:5

Ik b w h`n uko hÿn e` ik `ns`ûkn|k e` ik wèkoo hÿn k i v wbo`sb ) x nb sÿ ib k i obn u wb i e` i

v wbe po ub ) vk wò` nò`sk w hb v k wk {p ` ` i v wb j`sb w #k ( v pè k hn u` wz`n h w `n ` i e`sk w wb i ib

e` iks bv`wko hbn`s hav i ho h uks x `n b j wò`w vbs hg i heke`s k i k ipanb #k( e` ` l` wo h uk ws` `n

iks e hz `wsks ckg h i hek e`s w`{p `w hek s.

E`se` ` i vp n ub e` z hsuk e` ik b wd kn h|ko hÿn ) ik `ns`ûkn|k e` ik wèk oohÿn {p ` {p h` wk

hno he h w `n ` i v wbo`sb cko` havw`so hne hg i` pn `svkohb `n ` i cbwkw hb `sob ik w {p` v`wah uk

ik ` ikgbwko hÿn e` i `sow h ub `n ob ikgbwko hÿn `n u w` ibs k ipanbs #ks( x `n hn u` wkoo hÿn obn

` i v wb j`sbw #k ( .

U`bwák eì vwbo`sb

@suë u`b w ák sp wd ` oba b pnk nò`sheke e` hnnbz ko hÿn kn u ` ibs a è ube bs u wk e ho hbnk i`s)

opxk ok wk o u` w ásu h ok v w hno hvk i e` `n s ûkn|k ) ` wkn < ik j wk da `n uk o hÿn x k u ba h|ko hÿn eì k i `n d p k .

Ik u `b w ák e ` i v wbo`sb ) obnohg` ik `so w hu p wk oba b p n `z`n u b à hn`n uà `n u` obdn h u h zb )

opxb bg l` ub `s `z he`nohk w pnk s`w h` e` `su wk u`d hks obdn h u hzks {p` spgxko`n `n ` i

` l`wo ho hb e ` `suë ko u h z hek e `n u w` iks {p ` vbe à bs e`suk ok w s `nop`n u wkn < ik sb ipo hÿn

e` v wbg ià ks) ik kp ub w w`dp iko hÿn x ik u ba k e ` eò hshbn`s x ik a ` ukobdn ho hÿn .

E`se` `suk v ` wsvò u h zk ) `suë n ha v i h okebs u w`s dèn`shs e` i obnboha h`n ub e` ik i`ndp k <

pn skg`w sbo hk i {p` cko` w` j` w`no hk k iks w` iko hbn`s e` ibs hn u` w ibop ubw`s= pn skg`w

obno`v u pk i ) {p ` s o`n u wk `n ik w` iko hÿn `n u w` ibs obno`v u bs) ` i a pn eb x ` i u à k e` i

u ` ub . Vb w ü i u ha b pn skg ` w ih ndù ásu h ob b u ` upk i ) `s eò h w pn w`v ` w ub w hb e` iks j b wa ks

i hndù ásu hoks x u ù p ki`s.

@su` `n jb{p ` `suk g iò` pn k s w h` e ` j ks`s `n ` i v wbo`sb e ` o w`ko hÿn e ` pn u ` ub

#v ikn h j h oko hÿn ) v wbepoo hÿn x w`z hs hÿn ( e hocb v ikn u`ka h`n ub j p` wòbd heb `n apocbs

v wbd wkaks e` `ns`ûkn|k e` ik `so w h u p wk ) i bd wkneb e`sv` w uk w d wkn hn u` wès ) e`g heb k

{p ` s v w`bopvk a ës vb w ` i v wbo`sb {p ` vb w ` i v wbe po ub .



:0

@sub ) spv psb p n oka g hb `n ` i e h s ûb e ` iks ko u h z he ke `s ep ok u h zk s) e` u k i j b wa k ) {p `

e` lÿ k u wë s ibs l` woho hbs e` `sow hup wk shn w` iko hÿn obn ` i obn u ùb ) vbw p nk obno`vohÿn e `

’k v w`ne ` w k `so w hg h w ) `so w hg h`neb ‑ x k ik p u h i h|ko hÿn e ` u ` ubs obn pn @OJ.

Ibs v wòp wsb w`s e` `su` `n jb{p ` ) spg wkxk n { p` ` hsu` `n ibs k ip a nbs #k s( `ns`ûke bsg k l b ` su ` a b e ` i b ) p n k v ` w e h e k e ` i a h è b k ` so wh g h w. @ su b e ` g h e b k { p ` k sp a ` n ob a b

k idb nk up wk i i k nbo hÿn e` cko` w pn gb w wkeb w b w`z hsk w pn u ` ub ) s hn {p` w`v w`s`n u`n

v kw k ` i ibs shdn h j hokeb s n`dk u hz bs.

K sá a h sa b ) v i k n u ` k { p ` ) l p n u b o b n i k w ` i` ou p w k x i k ` sow h u p w k e ` p n u ` u b ) { p ` e ` g ` n

s w ’k v w`ne heks x `n s ûke ks‑ ) i k w`z hshÿn obnsu h u p x` p nb e ` ibs a ba `n ubs j p` w u`s e` i

k v w ` n e h| k l` e ` ik v w b e p ooh ÿn e ` p n u ` u b= ` v b n ` { p ` ` s ob n z ` n h` n u ` s v k w k w ` i

a ba `n ub e` w`z hshÿn e` ik v w ha ` wk z` wshÿn e` pn u ` ub x ` i a ba `n ub e` w``so w hu p wk

e` ik z` wshÿn e` j hn hu h zk ) vk wk j k o hi hu k w i k u ba k e` e hsuk no hk e ` ik z ` wshÿn hn h ohk i x pnk

a k x b w i hg ` w u k e e ` k o o hÿ n e ` i u ` u b e ` j hn h u h z b .

B u wk e` iks ok wko u` w ásu h oks e` j hn h u b w hks e` i `n jb{p ` v wbo`spk i ) `s i u w k gk lb `n d wpv b )

x k { p ` e ` ` su k j b w a k ) { p h `n ` s ` so wh g ` n ob a v k w u ` n ` su k u k w ` k ob n sp s v w b j ` sb w `s)

oba vk û`wbs x jk a h i hk w `s k j hn e ` d`n`wkw ibs kn e ka hk l`s nò`skw hbs. @sub w`{ p h` w` {p `

ibs k ipanbs #ks ( ` i h l kn ibs u àks x {p` ` i ib wèpne` `n pn akxb w hn u` wès vk wk ` i

k v w ` n e h | .

Ibs o wáu h obs e` `su` `n jb{p ` ) a kn h j h`suk n { p` ik `so w hu p wk e `g` w ák s` w `n u`ne hek oba b

p n k n ` d b oh k o hÿ n e ` sh d n hj h ok e b s ob a v k w u h e b s= e ` se ` ` su ` v p n u b e ` z h su k ) ib s k i p a n b s

#ks ( obns u wp h w á kn pn abe` ib e` i`ndpk l` `so w h u b gkskeb `n ` i h n u` wokag hb e`

shdnhj hoke bs x e ` uù bs.

Vb w ` i obn u wk w hb ` i a be` ib v wbo`spk i obnshe` wk k i u ` ub oba b pnk v wbe poo hÿn v w h zk ek

{ p ` v ` wu ` n ò` k i h n e hz h e p b . @ su k z h sh ÿn ) u h `n ` w `v ` w op sh bn ` s ha v b w u k n u ` s ` n ik

hn u` wkoo hÿn `n ` i kp ik . Ik w`d ik j pneka`n uk i `s ek w i` ik w`svbnskg h i h eke k i i ò ub w `ni p d k w e ` v ik n u ` k w i` p n a b e ` ib ` v i áoh u b . @n ` su ` ` n jb { p ` u b e b d h wk ` n u b w n b k ib s

o bn b oh a h `n u b s x ` v ` w h` n oh k s v w ` z h k s e ` i k i p a n b # k ( ) ` z h u k n e b v w b v b w oh b n k w a b e ` i b s

b sp d`w`n ohks.



::

@su` `n jb{p ` vbn` `n u ` ik e ` lp h o hb ik v wbe poo hÿn e` u ` ubs nk w wk u h zb s) xk { p` vk wk

ibs e` j`nsb w`s wke hok i`s e` `suk v` wsvò u h zk ) ik nk w wk o hÿn s` ek `n p n v wbo`sb

a k e p w k u h z b nk u p w k i) v ` w b s d ü n D k w oák # 7 6 6 ? ( ` i v w h a ` w u hv b e ` u ` u b { p ` ib s

k ip a nbs #ks( v wbe po`n `n ik `sop` ik ) u h `n` {p` z` w obn ik bgs` wzk o hÿn x ik nk w wk o hÿn )

wk|ÿn vb w ik opk i ` i u ` ub nk w wk u h zb `s s` iòo hbnkeb ) nb vb w {p` opk i{p h` w u `ne`no hknkupwk i i` v wè hsvbndk k ` i`d h w ibs) s hnb vbw {p` ik v wkou hok e` `ns`ûkn|k ibs `su hap ik

k vwbepoh w ibs.

Ik s u`n e`n ohks kou pk i`s s `n jbokn `n ik `sow h up w k oba b p nk `vw`shÿn e ` s n u heb

v` wsbnk i . Vb w `sb ` hd` k i k ipa nb #k ( { p` v w`su` a ës k u `no hÿn k ibs a b u h zk n u`s {p `

hnepo`n k i èpokneb k `sow hg h w ) k obab v`wo hg` sp `sow h up wk ) sp w` iko hÿn obn {p h`n i``

x sp v `wo`vohÿn e` ib {p ` {p h` w` eò h w .

@subs ü i u habs vpnubs `nw h{pò`n ` i `n jb{p` vwbo`spk i . E hocb `n jb{p` knk i h|k ik

`so w h u p wk e`se` pn vpn ub e` z hs uk ` unbd wë j h ob ) obab pn v wbo`sb obne ho hbnkeb vb w ` i

obn u` ub e bne ` s e`sk w wb i ik `svò hk ia `n u` ik j k a h ih k x ik `sop` ik . E` k c á ) {p ` s

hnek dp ` sbg w` ibs oba vbn `n u`s hn u` wnbs e` i kp ik x ik j ka h ih k .

E ` n u w b e ` ` su k u ` b w ák ) `n o bn u w k a b s ` i `n j b { p ` ` o b iÿ d h ob ) ` i op k i `su k g i ò` p n

kagh`nu` kdwkekg i` e` kvbxb) `n ` i {p` ` i `sob ik w s`k obnshe`wkeb obab `sow h ub w ) s`

i` a b u h z` vk wk kspa h w w h`sdbs x ib oba vwb a ` uk `n ik obnsu wp oohÿn e ` shdn h j hokebs.

E ` k o p ` w e b ob n i b k n u ` w hb w ) i k v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s sg b | k e k ` n ì @ OJ `su ë g k sk e k

`n ik u `bw ák e` i v wbo`sb) `n ib { p` w`sv òuk k i s dp ha h`n ub e ` jks`s oba b

v ikn h j h oko hÿn ) v wbep oohÿn x w`z hshÿn e` pn u ` ub .



:4

IK @N_@ÛKN\K E@ IK I@OUB! @_OWHUPWK @N @I @OJ

Iò up wk x `so w hu p wk ) `n u k n ub v wbo`sbs x v wëo u h oks oba v ià`n u k w hks) nb v pè `n

e hsbo hk ws` ) xk { p` s` kv bxk n ` hn u` wk ouü kn obnsuk n u à `nu ` . @n obn s op`nohk ) `s uk w`k

vw hb w h uk w hk e` ik `sop` ik jb wakw gp`nbs iòub w`s ksá obab gp`nbs `sow h ub w`s e` uùbs

#Okssknx ) 76 6 6 ( .

I k sb o h` e k e e ` a k n e k p n e b a h n hb e ` ik i `n d p k ` sow h u k { p ` c k g h ih u ` v k w k ` ik g b w k w

pn k a p i u hv i hohek e e ` a `nsk l`s) `n pn k dwk n zk w hèk e e ` e hsopwsbs) hn s w ub s n e hsu hn u bs

obnuù bs sbo hk i`s x e `su hnk eb s k pn k e hz`wshek e e` vü g i hobs iòub w`s.

Vb w ` i ib ) ` i kv w`ne h|k l` e` ik `so w h u p wk x sp v wëo u h ok obn u hnpkek `n zk w hèke e`

jbwakubs ehsopwshzbs e` psb sbohk i obnsu h upx`n ukw`ks o`nuwk i`s k ib ikwdb eì @OJ. _`

u wk uk e` w`sokukw ik jpno hÿn sbo hk i e` ik `sow h up wk x e` e`skwwb i ik w iks bv`wko hbn`sa `n uk i`s {p ` ik v wbe poo hÿn e` pn u ` ub shdn hj h ok u h zb ha v i hok #A k {p `b ) 766 0 ( .

Ik wèkoo hÿn e` pn `sow h ub ) `s pn vwbo`sb {p` w`{p h` w` ik obnsukn u` w`z hs hÿn e` i uùb

v wbe po heb ) ik w` j i` hÿn sbg w` ik hn jb wa ko hÿn v ` w u hn`n u` v k wk ck o`w ib oba vw`nshg i` ) i k

e hsopshÿn k o`wok e ` ik b wdk n h|ko hÿn e ` iks he`k s) ibs v wboè ha h`n ubs e` obc `shÿn

p u h i h |kebs ) ik b w u bd wk j á k ) i k vpn upko hÿn x ik keòpko hÿn k i w`d hs u wb k u`ne h`neb k ik

s h u pko hÿn obapn hok u h zk .

Vb w ib u k n ub ) sbn u ka g hèn obn u`n hebs e` i @OJ ik ` ikgb wk o hÿn e ` v ik n`s) gb w wke b w`s xv wboè ha h`n ubs e` obw wòohÿn . @v`w ha `nu kw `n sh up k o hbn`s w`k i`s e` oba pn hoko hÿn ik

nò`sheke e` ik `sow h up wk ) ik ` hs u`no hk e` e h j` w`n u`s vwbvÿsh ubs vkwk `sow hg h w

obapn hoko hÿn ) w`sok u` e` ik aàbw hk ) `v` w ha`n uko hÿn `s uè u h ok ) `n u w` b u wbs x ` i

v iko`w e` `sow hg h w ) sbn w`{ p`w ha h`n ubs nò`skw hbs vk wk jb wa kw `sow h ub w`s x `sow h ub wk s

ckg h u pk i`s x oba v` u `n u`s.

Ik `sop` ik e `g` ) `n ubno`s) vbshg h i hu k w k i k ipa nb #k ( ik v wb ep oohÿn e` e hz` wsbs u hvb s e`

uùbs) w`k i`s b hakd hnkw hbs) obc`w`nu`s) obc`shbnkebs x keòpkebs k pnk s h upko hÿn

o ba p n h ok u h z k e ` u ` w a h n k e k ) k sá ob a b i k sh su ` a k u h |k o hÿ n ` sow h u k e ` i b s u ` u b s

w`{ p `whe bs `n ik s e hsu hnu k s e hsohv i hn ks e ` `sup e hb) oba b w`sü a `n`s) sánu`shs ` hnjbw a `s

#Okssknx ) 76 6 6 ( .



:3

@i obnboha h`n ub x ik v wbe poo hÿn e` uùb s e` e h j` w`n u`s `su wp oup wk s #nk wwk o hÿn )

e`sow hvo hÿn ) `vb shohÿn ) hnsu wpoo hÿn x k wd pa `nu ko hÿn( sbn obnu`n hebs e` i @OJ.

@ i w`v` w ub w hb iè hob ) ke{p h w heb vb w ` i k ipanb #k ( k u wkzès e` ik iò up wk x ibs

hn u` wok a ghbs a ü i u hv i`s) s koup k i h|k obn ik `sow h up wk . @s obnu`n heb e ` i @OJ ` i e`skw wb i ib

d wkepk i ) s h s uàë u hob x sbs u`n heb e` i zbokgp ik w hb {p` obn u w hgpx` k ik w h{p`|k x

v wò hshÿn iè hok e ` iks oba pn hoko hbn`s sow h uks #A k{ p`b) 76 6 6 ( .

_ hn epek ) ` i kv w`ne h|k l` e` ik `so w h u p wk ` hd` ik kv wbv hko hÿn e` pn oÿe hdb d wë j h ob

i hndù ásu hob ) obn sps e hsu hn u ks pn hek e`s # u ùb ) vë w wk jb ) b wko hÿn ) vk ikg wk ) sá ikg k) i` u wk ( x

k u ` n e ` w k i k n b wa k u h z k b w u b d w ë j h ok x d w k a k u h ok i .

Vkwk ` i @OJ) ik `sow h up wk spvbn` ik vbs hg h i heke e` obapnhokw vbw `sow h ub a`nsk l`s

shdn h j hok u hz bs x obc`w`nu `s) ke òpke bs k e ` u`wa hnke bs obnuù bs.

Ik vwbepoohÿn e` u ùbs obab pnk `su wk u `dhk vkwk ik obnsbihekohÿn x

ebahnhb eì shsu àk e` `sowh u pwk.

Ik `n s ûkn|k e` ik i`ndpk `so w hu k oba b bg l` ub e` obnbo ha h`n ub e`g ` w` iko hbnk ws`

obn ` i obn u` ub sbo hbop i u p wk i `n ` i opk i s` v wbepo` ) xk {p` ’` i kv w`ne` w k wèko uk w

k e ` o p k e k a ` n u ` n b s ÿ i b e ` v ` n e ` e ` i k a ` e h k o h ÿ n e ` i e b o ` n u ` ` n i k k o u h z h e k e

` lòp ukek ) s hnb u kag hèn `n ` i còcb e` {p` ibs obnbo ha h`n ubs npnok sbn ` u wk áebs

sb i k a ` n u ` e ` i u ` u b ` so b ik w sh n b u k a g h è n e ` i k a g h ` n u ` { p ` ` n a k w o k i k h n su h u p o hÿ n` sob i k w ‑ W b om t ` ii # 7 6 6 6 <5 4( .

Ib kn u` w hb w hne hok {p` ` i kv w`ne h|k l` e` ik `so w h u p wk nb `s uë sp l` ub sb ika`n u` k ik

hn u` wz`no hÿn b dp ák e` i ebo`n u` `n ik ko u h z heke {p` ` i n hûb #k ( e`sk w wb i ik s hnb

uk a g hèn `n ik ha vb w uk no hk x shdn h j hokeb { p` `suk s ko u h z hek e`s u `ndk n vk wk è i ) xk { p`

sh nb dpk wek n w` iko hÿn obn ` i obn u` ub hna è hk u b x shdn h j hok u h zb e` i èpokn eb v kskn k

s`w s hav i`s uk w`ks {p` s` w`k i h|kn aòën hoka`nu` s hn ke{p h w h w u wkso`ne`nohk = e` kc á

{p ` ` i ebo`n u` e `g` wbe `k w k i k ip a nb #k ( e ` ` l`wo hu k o hbn`s `so w hu k s w` iko hbnk ek s obnsp `n ub wnb `sob ik w x oba pn h uk w hb .



:8

E ` kop`we b k Db n|ë i`| #;888( ` hsu`n e hz`wsbs jkou b w`s {p ` ube b eb o`nu` e`g ` u`n`w

`n op`n uk v k wk `n s ûk w k wèko uk w `n ik `sop` ik <

b Ik obnz`n h`no hk e ` j pnek a `n uk w ik k o u h z hek e e ` ik `so w hu p wk `n sh u pk o hbn`s

e hsop wshzks w`k i`s vk wk zk ib wk w ik ke òpk o hÿn e ` i u ` ub k iks a hsa ks.b Ik oba v i` l hek e e ` i v wbo`sb e` `sow hup wk x nò`shek e e ` `n s ûk w `su wk u`d hks

ke òpk ek s x i i `zk w iks k okg b .

b Ik ha v b w uk no hk e ` ik hn u ` wkoohÿn b wk i obn ` i ak `su wb x ibs oba vk û` wbs

ep wkn u ` ` i v wbo`sb e` obav bshohÿn oba b hnsu wp a `n ub v k wk ik ` ikg b wko hÿn e`

ibs p sbs `sowhu bs e ì i`n dp k l`.

b Ik `zk ipko hÿn nb sb ib e` i v wbe po ub shnb u k a g hèn e ` i v wbo`sb e ` `so w hu p wk

W`svòub k ik i`dhg h i heke e` ib {p` ì n hûb `sow hg`) W`x`s #;884<47() s`ûkik {p`< ’` iebo`n u` e`g ` v` wo hg h w b e `sopg w h w i b {p ` ` i n hûb #k ( e ` s k `v w`sk w `n j b wa k `so w hu k k

vk w u h w e` k{p á e`g` `n jk u h |k w ` i còcb e` {p` ik w`v wbepoo hÿn e` ibs s hdnbs {p`

àv i`k e`g` s` w ib aës o ik wk vbs hg i` vk wk vbe` w s` w obavw`ne heb e`g` `n ubno`s ` i

ebo`n u` à v i`k w `suk s v wbe poohbn`s so w hu k s vk wk a b u h z k w x j ba `n uk w `n ` i n hûb #k (

ik ` l` wo h u ko hÿn v wëo u h ok {p` i` obnep|ok k i i bd wb e` pnk v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs

` jòu hzbs‑ .

@ i k v b w u ` e ` ` su ` k p u b w o bn e p o ` k e ` e p o hw { p ` ` i e b o` n u ` e ` g ` ob n u hn p k a ` n u `

a b u h z k w ` i e ` s b e ` i k i p a n b # k ( v b w k e { p h w h w p n k w ` e k o oh ÿn i `d h g i `) x a k n u ` n ` w z h z b

ì hnu`wès vbw `sow hg hw g h`n `n ubeks iks bokshbn`s) hdpkia`nu` sps vwëou hoks ehkw hks) g h`n

d wkepkeks ) {p` s` gks`n `n ok i heke x nb `n okn u heke ) xk {p` ik `so w h u p wk u h `n` pn

vk v` i v w`v bne ` wkn u ` e`n u wb e` ik sbo hèk e ) oba b `s i e` w`v w` s n uk w iks he`ks x iks

a ü i u hv i`s w` iko hbn`s e` èsuk s n u w` sá) sh w z h`neb e ` `suk a kn ` wk e ` a è hb e` w` iko hÿn

`nu w` iks ob iòu hz heke`s cpaknks.

E` kop` web k i kp ub w kn u`s o h u keb ik `so w h u p wk i`d hg i` x ik obavw`ns hÿn e` ib {p` s`

`sowhg`.N b ` s p n k c k g h ih e k e o b d n b so hu h z k { p ` s d ` n `w k ` n j b w a k k g su w k o u k )

n ` p u w k i x a ` w k a ` n u ` v ` w s b n k i v b w v k w u ` e ` i k i p a n b # k ( ) v p ` s ` s u ë

hne hsb ipg ià`nu` i hdkek k ibs obnu`n hebs `svòá j hobs e` ibs uùbs) k iks

w` iko hbn`s aè hkeb wks obn ` i `n ub wnb ob u he hknb x k ik hn u` wz`no hÿn e` i

a k`su wb # k ( oba b a be ` ib ` hn u ` wv w` u` e ` ibs a `nsk l`s sow h ubs. #v . :7(



46

@su` a hsa b kp ub w ) sbsu h`n` {p ` ` i eb o`nu` e`g ` `n u`ne `w {p ` ` i v wbo`sb e` `sow hg h w `s

pnk ikgb w e h j áo hi vk wk ik a kxb w ák e ` ibs n hûbs #ks( x ` hsu`n a pocbs jko ub w`s e` u hv b

v shob iÿd hobs) obdn h u hzbs) ihndù ásu hobs x w` u ÿ w hobs { p` v pè `n e h j hop i u k w ` i e ba hn hb e` `suk

ckg h i h eke obapn hok u h zk ) `n j pno hÿn k `s ub ) s`ûk ik {p` ik a` ubeb ibd ák vk wk ik

`n s ûkn|k x v wëo u h ok e ` ik `so w hu p wk e`g ` uba kw `n obnshe` wko hÿn `subs j ko ub w`s x `njpno hÿn k ` i ibs x iks vk w u h op ik w hek e`s e` ibs n hûbs #ks( {p ` kv w`ne `n ) e`sk w wb i ik w

kou hz heke`s e` `sow h up wk .

@n w` iko hÿn obn ibs j ko ub w`s obdnbso hu h zbs) `su` kp ub w ) `n jk u h |k { p` s` e`g ` jba `n uk w

`n ibs k ipanbs #ks( ik s` iòo hÿn `svbnuën`k e` e h j` w`n u`s uàks e` sp hn u` wès

vkw u hop ik w ) xk {p` nb vpè` `sow hg h w s h nb s` u h`n` k idb hn u` w`sknu` {p` `sow hg h w =

kpnkeb k `s ub s` e`g`n d`n` wk w obne ho hbn`s v wbv ho hks vk wk ` i h n u` wokag hb

obapnhok u hzb e` he`ks `sow h uks= s hdp h`neb iks w`d iks dwkaku hok i`s x ibs v w hno hv hbs

w` uÿ w h obs shn ibs opk i`s ` i k ipa nb #k ( nb v be wë kv w`ne` w k g psok w obn u`n he bs x

bwdk n h|kw iks he`k s { p` `sow hg` .

Ibs jkou b w`s i hndù ásu hobs sbn ub eb s k{ p` i ibs { p` u h`ne`n k e h j hop i u k w ib { p ` s` `vw`sk

`n jb wa k `so w hu k x ibs w` uÿ w h obs sbn ` ià `n ubs {p ` e`g `n hnob wvb wk w s

v w b d w ` sh z k a ` n u ` ` n ì n h û b # k ( ) e ` a k n ` w k { p ` h n e h z h e p k i a ` n u ` z k x k h n u ` w n k i h| k n e b

oÿa b v pè ` `v w`sk w obc` w`n uà `n u` sps he`k s) obn p n heke ) zk w hkn eb iks he`ks {p `

` v w `sk e ` a k n ` w k b w d k n h | k e k .

@i v kvì kou pki e` ik `ns ûkn|k< ì ebo nu ` x sps wòpwsbs

Ik obno`vo hÿn vèkdÿd hok ko upk i ` hd` `n ubno`s pn ebo`n u` {p` dp á` ) b w h`n u` x

kobavkû` k i k ipanb #k ( `n ` i v wbo`sb obns ukn u` e` i kv w`ne h|k l` = pn ebo`n u` {p`

v wb a p`zk ik gü s{p èk e` sb ipo hbn`s e` ibs v wbg ià ks v ik n u`k ebs x {p ` kv w`ne k obn

ibs n hûbs #ks( . @n uk i s`n u heb ) ` i ebo`nu` e`g` obnz`w u h ws` `n pn `su wk u`dk okvk| e`

e h w hd h w ) obn pn ok wëo u` w eàbowë u h ob x j i ` hg i` ) i ks ko u h z heke`s e hk w hks v ikn h j h okeks

vk wk obn u w hgp h w k ik obn j h wa ko hÿn x `zb ipo hÿn e` iks c hvÿ u `shs e` i n hûb #k ( .

V kwk ` i v w b j`sbw ) `n s ûk w k `sow hg h w k sps k ip a nbs #k s( shdn h j hokwë `ns`ûk w i`s k v wbe poh w

uù bs #x n b sÿ ib j wk s s b v ëw wk jbs( `n sh up ko hbn`s e` oba pn hoko hÿn w`k i`s. Hdpk ia `nu ` )

s hdn h j h ok ` ikgb wk w `s u wk u`d hks okvko`s e` u wkns jb wakw ik v wëo u h ok vèkdÿd hok {p`

v ` w a h u k ` w w k e h o k w e ` j h n h u h z k a ` n u ` i k k n u h d p k v ` e k d b d á k i i k a k e k e ` « ` v w ` s h ÿ n

`sowh uk½ `n ik opki ` i n hûb nh s` `vw`sk nh `sow hg` shnb {p` w`ki h|k sÿib ` l`wohohbs



4;

#d wk a ë u hok - zbokg p ik w hb - obn lpd ko hÿn - b w ubd w k j á k - wèk oohÿn ( x obv hks. _ v ik n u`k

`n ubno`s ) ’pn ebo`n u` {p` i i `z` k i kp ik v wbvp`s uks e heëo u h oks {p` v` wa h ukn k ibs

n hûbs #ks( obnu hnpkw sp kvw`ne h|k l` ù wk !`sob ik w k i p u h i h|k w ik `sow h up wk obn sps

jp nohbn`s w`k i`s) x nb sbik a `nu ` `sobikw `s‑ # Okw i hnb x _k nu k nk ) ;888 < 53(.

@ i vkv ` i e` i a k`su wb obnshsu` `n v b u`no hk w ik k o u h z hek e obdnbso hu h zk vb w vk w u` e` ibs

k ip a nbs #k s( . @n `su` s n u heb ) `s ha vb w uk n u` a `no hbnk w ` i `svò hk i èn jkshs {p ` b ub wdk

Zx db usm x #;848 ( k i wb i {p ` lp`dk ik hn u` wkoo hÿn sbo hk i x ` i a be` ik l` #a è hko hÿn ( `n ik

ke {p hshohÿn e` kv w`ne h|k l`s. _`dün `su` kp ub w ) ik a è hko hÿn obn u w hg px ` k i o wòha h`n ub

x e`sk w wb i ib e` ik vs h{p hs hne hz hepk i ) `n u kn ub ` i n hûb #k ( {p` ck s heb aè hkeb s`

k v w b v h k e ` sp o p i u p w k x k e { p h ` w ` ik ok v k o he k e e ` ` n j w `n u k w sh u p k o hb n ` s x v w b g i à k s

{p ` nb vbe ák w`sb iz` w vb w sá sb ib kn u`s e` { p` ik a è hko hÿn u pz h` wk ipdk w .

@n w` iko hÿn obn ` i kgb wek l` a` ubeb iÿd hob e` ik `ns`ûkn|k e` ik i`ndpk `so w h u k

_kkzè wk #7666 <5? ( ) s`ûk ik ’{p` ik a` ubeb ibd ák e` ik `ns`ûkn|k e` ik i`ndpk

` sow h u k e ` g ` v k w u h w e ` i k z h e k o `w ok n k e ` i n hû b # k ( { p ` k v w ` n e ` ‑ . @ su b h n e h ok { p ` ` su k

a` ubeb ibd ák e`g` `s uk w ksbo hkek k iks `v` w h`no hks hnaè hk uks e` i k ipanb #k ( ) `s

e òhw ) sp c bdk w= iks z hz`n ohks obn sps v ke w`s) c`wa k nbs x k a hdbs.

@ su k v b sh oh ÿn ` s o b a v i à ` n u k e k v b w V k e w ÿ n # ;8 8 8 <7 8 ( ) { p h` n k j h w a k { p ` ’ i k s

z hz`no hks hnaè hk uks e` i n hûb e`g`n s hs uàku h|kws` k u wkzès e` pn vwbo`sb e`

kv w`ne h|k l` {p ` w`sv` u ` iks ok wko u` w ásu h oks hne hz hep k i`s e` i n hûb #k ( ‑ .

@su` kv b w u` v` wa h u` eèp o hw {p ` ik a ` ube b ibd ák e `g` `suk w o`n u wk ek `n ibs hn u` w` s s)

a b u h zk o hbn`s x ok wk o u` w ásu h oks e` i n hûb #k ( {p ` kv w`ne ` x u k i oba b ib s ûk ik @n w á{p `|

#;888<?:( ) ’gk lb iks obne ho hbn`s e` pnk vwbvp`suk e` `ns`ûk|k obn `n jb{p`

obnsu wpou hz hs uk ‑ .

K sá a hsa b) W`x`s #;884( ) J`ww` hwb x Dÿa `| #;883( ) ob hno he`n `n { p` ` i kg bwe k l`

a ` u b e b i ÿ d ho b v k w k i k ` n s û k n | k e ` i k i `n d p k ` sow h u k ` n ` i k p i k ) j p n e k a ` n u k i a ` n u `

`n ` i n hz` i e` @epokohÿn Gëshok ) e`g` w`k i h|kws` e`se` pnk obno`vohÿnobapnhoko hbnk i jpno hbnk i ) ubaënebs` `n op`nuk ibs jkoub w`s vs hob iÿd hobs) sbo hk i`s x

i hn d ù ásu h ob s e ` i bs n hû b s # k s( ob a b p n k a k n ` w k sh dn hj hok u h z k e ` o bn u w hg p h w k i k

jb wako hÿn hn u`d wk i .



47

K nk i h|kne b ibs kv b w u`s u `ÿ w h obs e` ibs kp ub w`s kn u `s a `no hbnk ebs s v pè` e èp o hw

{ p` ob hno he `n `n { p` `sow hg h w shdn h j hok v w be poh w he`k s) obno`vub s) vp nu bs e` z hsuk ) uù b

`n d`n` wk i ) obn ` i v wbv ÿsh u b e` v wbzbok w k idün ` jò ub `n ` i i ò ub w e`su hnk uk w hb ) vk wk ib

opk i `s nò`sk w hb b we`nk w he`ks ) u bakw `n op`n uk iks vk w u h op ik w heke`s e` ik i`ndpk

`sow h uk x ik hn u`no hÿn e ` ib {p ` s zk k oba pn hokw . @sub v bw spv p`sub ha v i hok p nk s w hè` ko ubs a `n uk i`s {p ` ` i `so w hu b w e `g` vbn` w `n lp`db v k wk vbe ` w oba pn hok ws` `n

jbwa k ` jòu hz k obn sps s a ` lkn u `s.

E` k op` web k ibs kp ub w`s kn u `s o hu k ebs ik a ` ube b ibd ák e` ik `n s ûkn|k e` ik `so w hu p wk

e`g ` vk w u h w e` iks `v` w h`nohks ` s no hk i`s e` i n hûb #k ( ) oba b pnk a kn ` wk e` { p` s`

a b u hz` k hno wà `n uk w sps v wbe poo hbn`s `so w hu k s. @suk v wbe poo hÿn `so w hu k e` i k ipa nb

#k ( s` hn ho hk obn `sow h up w ks `svb nu ën `ks {p ` w`k i h|k `n ` i v w ha `w d wk eb ) iks opk i`s s

z k n k a v i h k n e b c k s u k i i ` d k w k s ` u b d w k e b x e ` k o p ` w e b k i v w b o ` s b e ` a k e p w k o h ÿ n

e ` i è p ok n e b # k ( .

@ su ` v w b o `sb e ` a k e p w k o hÿ n i ` v ` w a h u h w ë k i k i p a n b # k ( h n ob w v b w k w v k p u k s j b w a k i ` s e `

`sow h up wk w` iko hbnkeks obn bw ubdwk j ák ) pn heke) obc`w`no hk ) obc`shÿn ) s hn uk hs x

ke òpkohÿn . @s vb w `sub ) { p` ` i ebo`nu ` w`sv ùk ne b ibs v wbo`sbs a `nu k i`s e` a k ep w`|

e ` i k i p a n b # k ( ) e ` g ` u b a k w ` i à ` n u b s a ` n u k i ` s { p ` e ` u ` w a h n k n i k k e { p h sh oh ÿ n e ` i k

e`su w`|k e` ik `sow h up wk obab ` i còcb e` kvbw uk w he`ks sbgw` ib {p` e`s`k `sow hg h w

#oknohbn`s) vb`sáks) wòùks e` obohnk s`noh i iks) `v`wh`nohks zhzheks(= ` i ebo`nu` e`g`

obns he` wk w `s ubs kvb w u`s x obnepo h w k i n hûb `n pn v wbo`sb e hnëa hob k {p`

h n u ` w hb w a ` n u ` b w d k n h o` ik s h e ` k s) i k s ob a v w ` n e k ) h n u ` wn k i h oè x v b su ` w h bw a ` n u ` ik s

`vw`s` `n jb wa k b wk i b `sow h uk .

Opkneb akn h j h`s u` e`s`bs e` cko` w ib `n j b wak `so w h u k ) e`g` dp hk ws` k i k ipanb #k (

vk wk {p` obn j wbn u` ib {p` wèko uk obn ik `v` w h`no hk {p` e`s`k obapn hok w ) e`

akn` wk {p` s` i` b j w`|ok k i èpokneb #k ( s h u pko hbn`s e` kv w`ne h|k l` ebne` vpèk

obnj wbn u k w sps kv bw u `s) `nw h{ pò`w ibs x v wbe poh w np `zbs obnboha h`n ubs.

K o u p k i a ` n u ` ` i k v w ` n e h | k l ` h n u ` d w k i { p ` e ` g ` ` z h e ` n o h k w ` i k i p a n b # k ( e ` s ` u b

d wkeb e`g` ob w w`svbne` w obn {p` ès u` obavw`nek ib {p` i`` x s`k okvk| e`

`v i hokw ib obn sps vk ikg wk s.



4?

@s ha vb w u kn u ` e`suk ok w {p ` opk neb ibs k ip a nbs #ks( obv hkn e ` i ih g wb b v h|k w wÿ n u ` ubs

{p` nb ckn obn u w hgp heb k v wbepo h w ) nb `s uën wèko ukneb = `s vb w ` i ib {p` ubek ik

v wbe poo hÿn `sow h uk e `g` spw d h w e ` ` i ibs) a ku h|ke k vb w sps nò`shek e `s e` oba pn hokw s )

sp akepw`| a`nuk i ) ibs ` ià`nubs obno`vupk i`s {p` akn` lk x iks okwkou`w ás u hoks e` i

obn u` ub {p` ib `nakwok . Ib e`so w h u b `s ib {p` e`g` e` u` wa hnk w ik a` ubeb ibd ákvkw u hop ik w {p` e`g` e`skwwb i ik ws` `n okek kp ik e` o iks`s obn sps okwkou`w ás u hoks

vk w u h op ik w`s .



45

@ZKIPKOHßN E@ IK VWBEPOOHßN E@ U@SUB_

@n ibs ü i u ha bs kûb s s ck e`g k u heb a pocb `n u b wnb k i còcb e ` ik ’ ob w wòo hÿn ‑ e` ik

`sow h up wk `n ik s v wbe poo hbn`s e` ibs `sob ik w`s) jpne ka `nu k ia `nu ` ik e hsopshÿn d h wk `n

u b w n b k i k o bn z ` n h `n o hk b n b e ` ik a h sa k .

K idpn bs kw dp a `nub s sbsu h`n`n { p` nb s` e`g `w ák obw w`d h w iks v wbe p oohbn`s `sow h uks)

sbg w` u beb ) e` ibs n hûbs #ks( a ës v`{ p`ûbs) s w` iko hbnk obn ik he`k e ` {p ` s i `s

vp è` hnc hg h w i k vbshg h i hek e e` s`dp h w obn `s` `sjp` w|b { p` ha v i hok ik `so w hu p wk x { p` )

hno ipsb ) ì còcb e ` {p ` s i` ob w w hd h`wk ha v i h ok w ák ob w uk w sp i hg` w u ke e` `v w`shÿn .

Obab vpè` kv wò hk ws` ) gës hoka`n u` ) ibs k wdpa`n ubs e` aës v`sb ) {p` jp` wbn ibs

{p ` a kx b w hno he`no hk u p z h` wbn `n pn k k o u h u pe ) `n k idp nbs oksbs) e` v ` wa hshz hek e oksh

kg sb ip u k ) k u `neákn a ës k k svòub s vshob iÿd hobs { p` k k svòub s e he ëou hobs. E ` `skjbwa k iks op`su hbn `s sv òáj hok a `nu` e he ë ou hoks { pè kw bn) `n ` i a ` lbw e ` ibs oksbs) `n

p n s` d p n e b v i k n b . @ su k v ` w sv ` o u hz k u p z b w `v ` w op sh b n `s s w hk s ` n ik v w b v h k

obnshe`wk o hÿn e ` ik `ns`ûk n|k .

@suk s obno`vo hbn`s ob w w`svbn e ákn ) `n oh`w u k jb wa k ) obn pn a be` ib ò`shzka `n u`

`svbn uk n` ásuk `n ` i {p ` ik hn u ` wz`no hÿn e ` i ebo`n u` ) obn w` iko hÿn k ik `ns`ûkn|k ) s

vbn ák `n `n u wè hocb . @ i v wbv hb ebo`n u` vbe w ák w`v w`s`n uk w pn bgs uëop ib vk wk {p` è i

k ipa nb #k ( e`sopg w h` wk vb w sá a hsa b ` i obnboha h`n ub . @n a pocbs oksbs) `suk s he`k s s

i i` zk wbn k u k i ` u wà b {p ` s e`sz h w u p ÿ cksuk ` i v wbv hb ko ub èpok u h zb .

_` d`n`wkwbn apocks epeks) sbgw` ubeb `n ibs ebo`nu`s {p` nb u`n ákn ik vbs hg h i heke

e` v wb jpne h|k w `n u `b w áks {p ` vpe h`wkn i i `zk w ibs k v wbg ià k u h|k w k sv òubs e` k idp nks

vwbvp`suks. Ki s`w kv i hokebs o h` w ubs v w hno hv hbs e` i kvw`ne h|k l` s hn u`n`w `n op`nuk ) k i

a hsa b u hà vb ) v w hno hv hbs gë shobs e` ik `ns`ûk n|k s` ow`kwbn e p ek s) hns`dp w hek e`s ` )

hno ipsb ) hnabz h i h eke e heëo u h ok ) vb w u àbw k `s uk w u wkgk lkneb `n j b wak hnob w wò uk

#Dz h w u | ) ;883 ( .

C bx e ák `suë a px o ik wb {p ` `n ì ko ub èpok u h zb hn u` wz h`n`n ) ke à ës e` u w`s ko ub w`s

j p n e k a ` n u k i` s # e b o` n u `) k i p a n b # k ( x o b n b oh a h ` n u b ( b u w k s z k w h k g i `s { p ` v p ` e `n

v wbv hohk w p bgsuk op i h|k w ` i kv w`ne h|k l` . Ik u w áke k e heëo u h ok s oba vbn ` ) nb sb ika `n u`

e ` i k i p a n b # k ( ) sh n b u k a g h è n e ` i `n s û k n u ` x e ` i ob n b oh a h `n u b { p ` ib s ` n z p ` i z ` k

k a g b s) u b e b s ` ii bs ` su ë n h n u ` w k o u p k n e b e ` n u w b e ` p n o b n u ` u b sb oh k i x op i u p w k i



40

e ` u ` w a h n k e b . @n ` i ok sb e ` i k ` e p o k oh ÿ n j b w a k i ) k i o bn u ` u b sb oh b ‟ op i u p w k i s i `

e ` g ` k d w ` d k w ` i ob n u ` u b h n su h u p o hb n k i # O b n e ` a k w án ) 7 6 6 6 ( .

_ h g h`n ` i obno`v ub e` kv w`ne h|k l` `s pn w`{p hs h u b hne hsv`nskg i` vk wk opk i{p h` w

`s u wk u`d hk e` `ns`ûkn|k x vb w ` i ib ) vk wk `ns`ûk w k idb ) ` i ebo`n u` e`g` u`n` w pnk

oh` w uk he`k b spvp`sub e` oÿab ibs kvw`ne ho`s vwbo`skn ibs a`nsk l`s) ik hn u` wz`nohÿn

ebo`n u` `s j pneka`n uk i ) sbg w` u beb opkneb s` u wkgk lk obn o h` w u bs skg` w`s {p` ibs

k ipa nbs #k s( nb v be w ákn #b i`s w`sp i uk w ák a px e h j áo hi ( ke { p h w h w sÿ ibs.

Vb w b u wk vk w u` ) `s g h`n skg heb {p` ubeb ` i {p` v w` u`ne` `ns`ûk w k idb ) ib s`vk b nb )

u h`n` pnk u`b w ák b a ` u ë j b w k hav i á o h u k vk wk `v i h ok w ` i kv w`ne h|k l` . Iks u `b w áks e` i

kv w`ne h|k l` b j wò`n k i e bo`n u` p nk hn jb wa ko hÿn gëshok k o`wok e ` oÿa b kv w`ne`n sps

k i p a n b s # k s( v ` w b ` ii b n b `s sp j h oh `n u ` n h ` v i h ok { p è ) op ë n e b x o ÿ a b ` n s û k w # B v

O h u ( .

@ i ab eb `n { p` k v w`ne `n ibs k ip a nbs #ks( nb `s i ün hob e ` u` wa hnkn u ` obn w` iko hÿn k

ik `n s ûkn|k = e` c òcb ` hsu`n a pocks b u wk s zk w hkg i`s b hn j ip`no hks) eòhshbn`s `

hn u` w`s`s {p` obne ho hbnkn ` i {pè x oÿab e`g`n kv w`ne` w ibs k ipanbs #zk w hkg i`s

he`b iÿdhok s) òbnÿa hoks) ùo.( .

Ik akxbw vkw u` e` iks u`bw áks vs hob iÿd hoks e` i kvw`ne h|k l` sbn abe` ibs `v i hok u hzbs

{p`) `n d`n`wk i ) nko h` wbn `n s h upko hbn`s `v`w ha`nuk i`s) vbw ib {p` sb ika`nu` `n

j b w a k v k w oh k i v b e w á k n ` v i ho k w ` i j p n o hb n k a h `n u b e ` i b s v w b o `sb s w ` k i` s e `k v w ` n e h| k l ` `n ` i k p i k b e ` i v w b v h b k v w ` n e h |k l ` ` n ik z h e k o b u h e h k n k .

K vkw u h w e` o h` w ubs abe` ibs {p` vbn`n ` i èn jks hs `n ibs v wbo`sbs e` kvw`ne h|k l`

h n e h z h e p k i x ` n ib s a ` ok n h sa b s ob d n h u hz b s e ` i k i p a n b # k ( s c k i i` z k e b k i e b o `n u ` k

e ` sk w w b i ik w p n k u ` n e ` n oh k { p ` h a v i ho k i k w ` e p o oh ÿ n e ` i k o b a v i ` lk v w b g i ` a ë u h ok e ` i

kv w`ne h|k l` ) i k obapn hoko hÿn x ik `ns`ûkn|k k pn v wbg iàk e` s hav i` `v i h oko hÿn

vshobiÿdhok.

_ hn àgkwdb `s uë kav i hka`n u` v wbgkeb {p` `n ibs v wbo`sbs e` kv w`ne h|k l` j b wak i

hn u` wz h`n`n jkoub w`s sbo hk i`s {p` nb vpè`n `n u`ne`ws` n h `v i hokws` e`se` ibs

k sv òubs v shobiÿdhobs e ` ibs v wbo`sbs { p` s` ek n `n ib s `sup e hkn u`s) { p ` zk n a ë s k i ië

e ` ibs a hsa bs.



4:

Iks obno`vo hbn`s {p ` ` hsu`n k o`wok e` i kv w`ne h|k l` obn jb wa kn pnk he`k w`dp ikeb wk

{p` s h wz` k ik `ns`ûkn|k. @sk he`k ik e`g`w ák u`n`w ` i ebo`nu` vp`sub {p` i` hne hok

{p è vbe w ák b e`g ` w ák c ko` w . V` wb nb e `g` v `nsk ws` `n ib vshob iÿd hob oba b `n ik ün hok

z k w h k g i ` x ) u k i z ` |) ob a b sb su h `n ` n k i d p n b s k p u b w ` s) n b s k sh` a v w ` i k a ë s

ha vb w uk n u ` . Ib { p` sá `s s dp wb `s {p ` nb `s vb shg i` w`k i h|kw pn k u wk nsj`w`no hk e h wòuke` v w hno hv hbs v i h ok u h zbs {p ` v wbz h`n`n e` ik vshob ibd ák k iks v wë o u h oks e` `n s ûkn|k .

E`g ` wòb wek w s {p` a h`n u wk s {p ` ik v shob ibd ák e ` ik èp oko hÿn b j wò` v w hno hv hbs

`v i hok u hzbs) ik `ns`ûkn|k vw` u`ne` h w aës k i ië ibdwkneb okaghbs `n ibs kvw`ne h|k l`s)

kou h up e`s) v wboè ha h`n ubs e` ibs {p ` kv w`ne `n. Ik V shob ibd ák i`s b j wò` k ibs eb o`nu`s

hnspa bs e` u hvb v shob iÿd hob v`wb n b i`s e ho` {p è cko`w obn ` i ibs) v p`sub { p` `sub `s

uk w`k `svò áj h ok e` ik E heëo u h ok #D z h w u | ) ;883 ( .

E` kop` web k Obneàkw án #7666 ( ) vb w `s ubs x vb w b u wbs ab u h zbs ) ik ob w wòo hÿn e` ikv wbepoo hÿn `so w h u k e` ibs k ipanbs #ks ( s` u wkns jb wak `n vk w u` hn` ipe hg i` e` ik

`ns`ûkn|k . @ i ebo`n u` nb vpè` ` ipe h w `sk u k w`k {p` jb wak vk w u` hn u`d wk i e` i

v wbo`sb e` `ns`ûkn|k x {p` v`ws hdp`) obab pnb e` sps j hn`s jpneka`nuk i`s)

vb u `no hk w ` i kv w`ne h|k l` .

I k ` z k i p k o h ÿ n e ` i k ` s o w h u p w k ` s j p n e k a ` n u k i v k w k p n k v w ` n e h | k l ` o b n u h n p b x

sbsu`n heb e` ik a hsa k .

E` kop` web k ib knk i h |keb kn u` w hb wa`n u` ) v wbepo h w pn u ` ub `so w h u b `s pn ko ubàhn`nuà`nu` obapnhok u hzb #`n ` i {p`) s hn epek) hn u` wz h`n`n vwbo`sbs vs hob iÿd hobs( .

@sub i i ` zk k ik obno ipshÿn e` { p` opk ne b ik cp a kn heke s `n j w`n uÿ k ik `so w hu p wk ) k i

a `nbs) pnb e` sps j hn`s # u k i z`| ` i gë shob ( j p ` ` i e` vbe ` w s oba pn hok w # `n pn

v w hno hv hb ) k u wkz ès e` i u h à vb x e ` i `svk o hb ( .

_hn à g k wdb ) `s oikwb { p ` iks `sopìk s sbn `suk g iòha h`nu bs sbohk i`s `n e bn e ` s

v w` u`ne` havk w u h w obnbo ha h`n ubs ) `n u w` ` i ibs ` i e` ik `so w h u p wk . _ hdp h`neb k Dz h w u |

#;883<;77( ’` i kv w`ne h|k l` `sob ik w `s pn kv w`ne h|k l` e`sobnuù pk i h|ke b‑ . Vb w ib uk n u b )ik v wbepoo hÿn e` pn a`nsk l` `sow h ub vbw ibs `sob ik w`s s`wë s hàvw` ) e` k idpnk jb wak)

uk a g hèn e`sobn u` upk i h|ke b . @ i ib nb ha v he ` {p` ` i ebo`n u` s` `sjp` wo` vb w `nobn u wk w

`su wk u`d hks e heëou hoks {p` gps{p`n ow`kw `svkohbs ukaghèn e heëou hobs {p` s`

ko` w{p `n ) ib a ` lb w {p` vp èk n ) k sh u pk o hbn`s e` ik z hek w`k i .



44

C`wwkah `nuks e` `zki pkohÿn obn wìkohÿn k ik `sowh u pwk

Obns he` wkneb ik e h j h op i u ke k ik {p` nbs `n j w`n ukabs k i `zk ipk w bg l` u h zka`n u` ibs

uùbs ` ikgbwkebs vbw ibs `supe hkn u`s) s` z hb vbw obnz`n h`n u` `sukg iò`w k idpnbs

o w hu ` w hbs {p ` nbs v` wa h ukn kv wb ha k wnb s k i e ba hn hb e` iks ckg h ih eke `s e` `subs `n ik

o b a v ` u ` n o h k .

_bn a pocks iks v w`dpn u ks {p ` pn hnz `su hdk eb w x "b pn ebo`n u` s` v ikn u`k j w`n u` k ik

v wbg ià ë u hok e` ik `n s ûkn|k e` ik v wb ep oohÿn `so w hu k x sp w`svò u h zk `zk ipko hÿn . K

abeb e` ` làv ib ) okg` v w`dpn uk ws` opkneb `zk ipkabs ibs u wkgk lbs e` ibs

`sup e hk n u `s< ²{ pè ksv òubs ub a ka bs `n obnshe`wk o hÿn2) ²oÿa b `s vbshg i` bg u`n `w

hn jb wa k ohÿn sbg w` ` i n hz` i e ` e`skw wb i ib e ` pn `sow h ub w ` he`n u h j hokw sps ksvòub s jp `w u`s

x e èg h i`s2) ² ka hnk a bs sÿ ib ` i v wbe pou b `sow h ub b hn u`n u k a bs hnek dk w ibs v wbo`sbs x

`su wk u`d hks {p` d `n` wk wbn `s` v wbep o ub2

K i w`svò ub ) Okssknx #;884 ( bv hnk {p ` ik e hsu hno hÿn `n u w` ob w wòohÿn x `zk ipko hÿn e` i

e h sop w sb ` so w hu b v p ` e ` s` w k o ik w k e b w k . _` d ü n ` su ` k p u b w ) i k v w h a ` w k h n u ` w `sk a ë s k

a k `su wb s b èp oke bw`s v w`bopv ke bs vb w ik w`z hshÿn e` ibs u wk gk lbs e` sps k ipa nbs #k s(

oba b vk w u` e ` i e`sk w wb i ib e` ik ck g h i h eke `so w hu k .

_p bg lù h zb o`n u wk i `s kx pe k w ibs k `na `ne k w sps ` w wb w`s x kz kn|k w `n ì a kn` lb e`

iks `su wpoup wks x wòpwsbs nò`skw hbs vkwk i i`dkw k ` ikgbwkw uùbs obc`w`nu`s xobc`s hbnkebs `n e hz` wsks u hvb ibd áks . Okssknx bv hnk {p` ik `zk ipko hÿn v wbv hka`n u`

uk i ) s v w`bopv ko hÿn e` { p h`n`s e`g `n e hs`ûk w v wp`gk s b hnsu wp a `n ubs { p` v w` u`nek n

k iokn|kw áne ho`s kvwbv hkebs e` zk i he`| x obnj hkg h i heke ) apocks zò`s) obn ` i bg l` u hzb

e` e ` u` wa hnk w ` i n h z` i e` oba v` u `no hk e hsop wshzk e` p n d wp vb e` sp l` ubs.

_`dün ` i w` j` w heb kp ub w ) s` vpè` ckg ik w e` pnk e heëo u h ok e` ik ob w wòo hÿn {p`

z`n ew ák k obn shsu h w `n ` i obnboha h`n ub x a kn ` lb e` iks uèon hoks v kw k obw w`d h w ibs

`so w h u bs e` ibs k ipanbs #ks ( x v wbepo h w pnk keòpkek x obn u hnpk hn u` wkoo hÿn `n u wà k ` su w b x k i p a n b # k ( ` n u b w n b k i b s u w k g k l b s e ` ` su ` ü i u ha b . U be b ` i ib ) e ` se ` i k

obno`vo hÿn abe` wnk {p` kgb wek ik ob w wòo hÿn obab vk w u` o`n u wk i e` i v wbo`sb e`

v w b e p oo hÿ n u ` u p k i ) ` n ì { p ` ` su k ` u k v k ` s v k w u ` ha v b w u k n u ` e ` i k w ` e oáo ih ok e ` i

v wbo`sb e ` d`n`wk o hÿn e` i `sow h ub .



43

Vkwk b u wbs `svòhk i hs uks) ik `zk ipko hÿn nb `sukw ák e hzbwo hkek e` ik obw wòo hÿn . Ksá ) `n

uèwahnbs d ibgk i`s) s` obnshe`wk {p` ` i v wbvÿsh ub o`nu wk i e` ik `zk ipko hÿn `s obnu w hgp h w

k a` lb wk w ik ok i heke e` ik `ns`ûkn|k x e` i kv w`ne h|k l` ) x nb e` v wbgk w s h pn

k v w ` n e h| k l` b `n s û k n |k c k u ` n he b i p d k w . @ n ` su k ián ` k ) s sb su h `n ` { p ` ib s

v w b o ` e h a h ` n u b s e ` ` z k i p k o h ÿ n e ` g ` n o b n e p o h w k i a ` l b w k a h ` n u b e ` a b e ` i b shns u wpoo hbnk i`s obn ` i j h n e` {p` aës a hàgwbs e` ik sbo hèke k iokno`n pn d wkeb

k e ` o p k e b e ` k i j k g ` u h | k o h ÿ n x e b a h n h b e ` i k s c ` w w k a h ` n u k s j p n e k a ` n u k i ` s e ` i

i`ndp k l` `sow h ub .

@n b u wks vk ikgwks) ibs aòkn hsabs e` `zk ipko hÿn e` i i`ndpk l` `sow h ub e`g`n `su hap ikw

k ibs `s upe hkn u`s k `zk ipk w sp v wbv hb o wò ha h`n ub hn u` iò upk i x v wbz`` w ibs aè hbs

v k w k { p ` i i `d p ` n k b g u ` n ` w h n j b w a k o hÿ n ü u h i { p ` v ` w a h u k i k w ` j i` hÿ n o w áu h ok . _ÿ i b ob n

`suk hn jb wa ko hÿn bvb w u pn k x w h ok `n e ` uk i i`s e` e hz` wsk á neb i` s wë v bshg i` {p ` ibs

a k `su wb s) ibs k ip a nbs #k s( ` ) hno ipsb ) ibs vk ew`s x k vb e`wk eb s suk g i`|okn b g l` u hzbs x

pn v ikn e` hnsu wp oohÿn a ës j hok| #Vk wbe h ) 76 6 6 ( .

Vb w pnk vk w u` ) ` i e h s`ûb e` ik u k w`k {p` ` i h o h u k wë ik v wbepoo hÿn u ` upk i w`z hs u`

`svòhk i havbw ukno hk x e`g` `n j w`n ukw pnk s`w h` e` ` ukvks `svòá j hoks< v ikn h j hoko hÿn )

e`sk w wb i ib x `zk ipko hÿn .

Vb w b u wk ) i k `zk ipko hÿn e` ik ok i heke e` ik v wbepoo hÿn `so w h u k vpè` s` w `n j w`n ukek

e`se` e hz`wsbs `n jb{ p`s. K idpn bs e` ` i ibs) w`sp i u kn a ës k eòpk eb s k a ùbe b ibd áks

hnsu wp oohbnk i`s {p ` gp sokn ` i e`sk w wb i ib x a ` lb wka h`n ub opk i hu k u h zb e ` ik ckg h ih eke e`

obavbn` w vb w `so w h u b # w`dhsuwb cbiásu hob ( = b u wbs) obab ` i u hvb e` i w`dhsuwb eì wksdb

v w h a k w h b ) v` wa h u`n `zk ipk w wksdbs w` i`zk n u`s e` i u ` ub ) s i òohbnke bs e` k op` web k i

ow h u` w hb e` i `zk ipkebw . Bu wb s hs uàk `s ` i w`d hsu wb kn k i á u hob ) {p ` s g ksk `n p nk `sok ik

knkiá u hok e` vpnukl`s. @n ì ik s` obnshdnkn ibs lp hohbs e` ibs iòubw`s!obwwòubw`s {p`

v wbop wk n opk n u h j hok w ) e` k op` web k o h` w u k vk p u k ) ` i i bd wb e` e hz` wsbs wksdbs e` i u ` ub

`sow h ub v wbepoheb .

C b x ` n e á k ) i k ` z k i p k o h ÿ n e ` i k v w b e p o o h ÿ n ` s o w h u k ) c k u b a k e b p n w p a g b

hnz`su hdk u hzb hn u` w`sknu` `n ` i s`n u heb e` `v ib wkw ksvòubs obavià`nukw hbs k i 'psb

o bw w òu b e ` i he h b a k ' x k i ob n b o ha h `n u b sb g w ` ` i j p n o hb n k a h `n u b e ` i k i `n d p k ob a b

shsuà k ) ` ià`n u bs o iëshobs e` i u wkg k lb `sob ik w `n ` i oka vb e` i i `ndpk l`. @n `su`

s n u heb ) s `suë gp sokne b `zk ipk w a ës k i ië e ` i obnboha h`n ub i hndù ásu hob x ik s w`d iks



48

d wka k u hok i`s x b w u bd wë j h oks) ksvò ubs {p ` e` j hn`n ik oba v` u `no hk i h ndù ásu h ok v` wb { p`

n b k d b u k n ` i u w k g k l b v ` e k d ÿ d h ob ` n ` i ë w `k # V è w ` |) 7 6 6 0 ( .

@n vk ás s oba b Ob iba g hk s `suë `zk ipkn eb a ës k i ië e ` ik oba v` u `no hk i hndù ásu h ok )

vp`s k i w`z hskw ` i obn u`n heb ) ibs jpneka`nubs u`ÿw hobs x ibs v wbvÿsh ubs e` e h j` w`n u`s

v w p ` g k s ) s ` n b u k p n k g ü s { p ` e k v ` w a k n ` n u ` v b w s p v ` w k w i k a h w k e k n b w a k u h z k

`n u`ne hek obab ` i k lps uk ws` k ik nb waks `s uënek w e` psb e` ik i`ndpk ) x s` nb uk

ukag hèn ` i h n u` wès vb w v w h z h i `d hk w ibs ` ià`n ubs obapn hok u h zbs x ik güs{pèk e` i

s n u heb `n ibs v wbo`sbs e` oba v w`nshÿn x v wbe poo hÿn e` u ùbs.

@ n ` su ` o k a h n b ) e h j `w ` n u ` s v w b o `sb s e ` ` z k i p k o hÿ n a k sh z k ` n O b ib a g h k c k n b v u k e b

vbw pnk obno`vohÿn e` i`ndpk l` {p` u h`n` `n op`nuk ksvòubs sbo hk i`s) op i up wk i`s x

vwkdaëu hobs) x nb sÿ ib i hndù ás u hobs) obab w` j` w`n u`s vkwk ik `zk ipko hÿn e` ik

v wbepoo hÿn `so w h u k < ' pn i`ndpk l` `s pnk akn` wk e` b wdkn h|k w ` i apneb x ) obab uk i )j pne ka `n uk ibs hn u` woka g hbs n u w` ` i h ne hz he pb x ` i obn u` ub ' #_N @) ;884 ( .

Vb w ib u kn ub ` i v wbvÿs h u b o`n u wk i s` wë e` u` wa hnk w pn obn lpn ub e` o w h u ` w hbs ü u h i ` s {p` )

e ` s e ` p n k ÿ v u h o k ` a h n ` n u ` a ` n u ` u ` u p k i x o b d n h u h z k ) v ` w a h u k i i ` d k w k p n w ` d h s u w b

opk i h uk u hzb e` ik ok i heke e` ibs v wbo`sbs d`n`wkebw`s e` i v wbepoub `sow h ub . Obn `sub )

n b n ` dk a b s ik v b shg h ih e k e e ` { p ` ` su ` w `d h su w b op k i h u k u hz b u ` n d k p u h ih e k e v k w k

w`v ikn u `kw b dp hk w ` i v wbo`sb e ` obwwòohÿn x w`z hshÿn e ` i uùb `sow h ub = `s a ës) ow`à bs

{ p ` v p ` e ` ob n su h u p h w p n h a v b w u k n u ` sb v b w u ` u k n u b v k w k ` i a k ` su w b # k ( o b a b v k w k ` i

k i p a n b ` n sp u w k g k lb ob n lp n u b ` n ì e `sk w wb iib e ` ` su k c k g h ihe k e v b w v k w u ` e ` i

` su p e h k n u ` # V k w b e h ) 7 6 6 6 ( .

Okg` e`s ukok w {p` ik vkp uk `n op`s u hÿn `n jbok ` i v wbo`sb e` `zk ipko hÿn e`se` pnk

ÿv u h ok b wdkn h|ko hbnk i ) `s eò h w ) v w` u`ne` w `zk ipk w ` i e`sàv`ûb e` i `so w h u b w vk wk

bwdkn h|kw x v wbepoh w uùbs obc`w`nu`s) obc`shzbs x keòpkebs. Obn ` i ib s` vw` u`ne`

s`ûk ik w {p` gk lb u h vb e` `zk ipko hÿn opk i h u k u h zk nb s` obns he` wk `n j b wak e h wò uk ` i

knë i hs hs e` ibs wksdbs e` áneb i` jb waki . @subs ü i u habs) u wke ho hbnk ia`nu` e`nbahnkebs

o ba b b w u b d w k j ák k o `n u p k i ) v p n u p k i x i hu ` w k i ! e ` sp x b h a v b w u k n u ` s ` n ` i e ` sk w w b i ib e ` ie hsopwsb `sow hub ! nb obnsu h u px `n v kw u` e ` ibs ow h u` w hbs `zk ipk u hz bs o`nu wk i`s) shnb { p`

k idpn bs e` ` i ibs ck n sheb obnshe`wk eb s d ibg k ia `nu` e`n u wb e` i k në i hshs e` ibs e hz`wsbs

jkoubw`s.



36

@n sán u`shs) i k `zk ipko hÿn e` ik ckg h ih ek e v k wk d`n` wk w x b wdk n h|k w ik hn jb wa ko hÿn `n

uùbs obc`w`nu`s) obc`shzbs x keòpkebs s` bw h`n uk gës hoka`nu` cko hk ` i àvi`b e`

e`su w`|ks u k i`s oba b < ` i e`sk w wb i ib e` p n wk |bnka h`n ub ke òpk eb ) ik j b wa p iko hÿn e`

he`ks v` w u hn`n u`s k ik u k w`k x k pe h`nohk kshdnke k ) ik b wdkn h|kohÿn e` iks he`ks n pn

u` ub obc` w`n u` k n hz` i u kn ub a ho wb obab akowb`s u wpo up wk i x ik b w h`n uko hÿnk e ` op k e k ) ` n j p n o hÿ n e ` i k ` su w p o u p w k w ` u ÿ w hok k w d p a ` n u k u h z k .

G k l b ` su k ob n o `v o hÿ n v b e ` a b s k j h w a k w { p ` s `su ë g p so k n e b ` z k i p k w o b a v ` u ` n o hk

obapn hok u h zk x nb sÿ ib obav` u`no hk i h ndù ás u h ok . Nb s` u wk uk ) e` n hndpnk akn` wk ) e`

bvbn`w `subs obno`vubs obab ò ipx`nu`s `n ` i u wkgk lb vèkdÿd hob ) k i obn u wk w hb

hn u` w`sk z `w sp oba v ià `nuk w hèk e= v`wb sá `s nò`skw hb u`n`w `n op`nu k { p` ` i èn jkshs

` n p n k p b u w k ob a v ` u ` n o hk e ` u ` w a h n k ` i b g l ù b e ` i k s z k i p k o h b n `s) e ` i a h sa b a b e b

{p` e` u` wa hnk iks koo hbn`s vèkdÿd hoks w` j` w heks k ik v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs `n ik

`sopìk.

Iks c` w wka h`n uk s e` `zk ipko hÿn vpè `n koba vk ûk w u b eb ` i v wbo`sb e` `so w hu p wk ) x

jbok i h|kws` `n k idp nbs u wk a bs e` ` s v wbo`sb b vp è`n k v i hok w s `sv òáj hoka `nu ` k i

v wbe poub j hnk i e` ` s v wb o`sb.

Vb w b u wk vk w u` ) vpè`n s` w ` ikgb wkeks x p u h i h |keks vb w ` i ebo`n u` b vpè`n s` w

obns u wp heks vb w ibs v wbv hbs k ipanbs #ks ( ) obn ik kxpek ebo`n u` ) s h`neb ukag hèn

p u h ih |ke ks vb w ` i ibs a hsa bs obn ì j hn e` kp ub`z k ipk w s . @n `su` ü i u ha b oksb s

w`{p h`w`n oh` w u bs cëg h u bs e` u wk gk lb {p` s ckxk n ke {p h w heb k ib ik wd b e` i u wkg k lb e`

k p i k .



3;

Okváu p i b H HH .

Pn ko`w okah `nu b k i k

`sow h u p w k n i k sop`i k



37

A@UBEBIBDÁK

@ su ` k v k w u k e b w ` sp i u k h a v b w u k n u ` v k w k ` i e ` sk w w b i ib e ` p n k h n z ` su h d k o hÿ n x k { p `

o bn shsu ` ` n ` v i ho k w ` i a è u b e b e ` u w k g k l b { p ` s ` a v i ` ÿ x i b s w ` sp i u k e b s { p ` s

`sv` wk wbn k iokn|k w e p wk n u` ` i v wbo`sb e ` ik hnz`su hdk o hÿn .

@ i u è wa hnb aës j wòp`n uà`n u` àv i`keb vk wk e`so w hg h w k iks obapn heke`s e`

hnz`su hdko hÿn x iks obno`vohbn`s e` ibs v wbg iàks x aèubebs {p` obavkw u`n ) `s ` i e`

vk wke hdak . @ i u è wa hnb s` ck pskeb e` zk w hks akn` wks ) v` wb e` kop` web k Dkd` ) s`

w` j h` w` k ibs vk wke hdaks obab abe` ibs ) vkp uks b `s{pàks . A`no hbnk {p` ibs

vk wke hdaks nb sbn u`b w áks = s hnb aës g h`n akn` wks e` v`nsk w b vkp uks vk wk ik

hnz`su hdko hÿn {p`) opkneb s` iks kv i hok ) vpè`n k obnepoh w k i e`skwwb i ib e` ik u`bw ák

#Dk d` o hu k eb `n T h u u wbom ;884 ( .

@n ` i ëa g h ub è pok u h zb ) x sbo hk i ) hsu ` pn k op` web `n he`n u h j h ok w u w`s ’v k wk e hda ks‑ `n

i k h n z ` su h d k o hÿ n # G p ` n e á k o hu k e b ` n _ k n e án ) 76 6 ? ( ) i k v ` w sv ` o u hz k ` a v á w hob ‟

k n k i áu h ok e ` g k s` v b sh u h z hsu k ! w k o h bn k i h su k ) ik c p a k n á su h ob ‟ h n u ` wv w ` u k u h z k e ` g k s`

nk u p wk i hsu k ! j `nba `nb iÿd hok x ik o w áu h ok ) gk ske k `n ik `n u wke hohÿn j hi b sÿ j h ok e ` ik

u`b w ák o w áu h ok #v . ?7 ( `n ib {p ` w`svò uk k ik v w`s`n u` hnz`su hdko hÿn èpok u h zk ) `suk s

` n jb oÿ ` n ì v k w k e h d a k c p a k n ásu h ob ‟ hn u ` w v w ù k u h z k ) x k { p ` e h oc b v k w k e hd a k u h `n `

o ba b j hn k i h e k e e ` hn z ` su h d k o hÿ n ` i ` n u ` n e ` w ) ob a v w ` n e ` w ` h n u ` wv w ` u k w i k w `k i h e k e )

ibs shdnhj hokebs e` iks v`wsbnks ) v`wo`vohbn`s) hnu`nohbn`s x koohbn`s cksuk i i`dkw k iksokp sks e ì còcb.

Hdpk ia `nu ` ) ik v w` s n u ` hnz`su hd ko hÿn ) e` kop `we b obn sps okwk ou`w ásu hoks x bg l` u hzb s s

pg hoÿ gk lb pn k v ` wsvò u h zk `v hsuà b iÿd hok e ` i obnsu wp oohbnk i h sa b ) e` kop` web k

_kne án #766? < 54 ( ) ’pnk v` wsvò u h zk `v hs uàb iÿd hok `s pnk jb wak e` obavw`ne` w x

`v i h ok w oÿab obnboàbs ib {p` skgàbs x pn hn u`n ub e` `v i h ok w oÿab bg u`nàbs

pn e` u` wa hnkeb obnbo ha h`n ub e` ik w`k i heke ‑ ) vb w sp vk w u` ` i Obns u wpoo hbn hsab

k j h w a k { p ` i k z ` w e k e x ` i sh d n hj h ok e b ` a ` w d ` k v k w u h w e ` n p ` su w k h n u ` wk o oh ÿ n ob n i k

w`k i heke . @ i shdn h j hokeb nb s` e`sopg w` ) shnb { p` s` obnsu wp x` . E`se` `suk v` wsvò u h zk )

s k spa hÿ { p` e h j` w`n u `s v `wsbnk s vp è`n obnsu w p h w e hz`wsbs shdn h j hokeb s n w` ik o hÿn k

p n a h s a b j ` n ÿ a ` n b . B g l ` u h z h e k e x s p g l ` u h z h e k e s b n a p u p k a ` n u ` o b n s u h u p u h z k s

#v .53( .



3?

@n ib {p` obno h` wn` k ik v` wsvò u h zk u `ÿ w h ok e` j hn hek obab ’vbs up wk j h i b sÿ j h ok {p`

sp g x k o ` k p n k a ` u b e b ib d ák x { p ` v w b v b w oh bn k p n o bn u ` u b x j p n e k a ` n u k oh ÿn v k w k

` i e`skwwb i ib e` i v wbo`sb e` hnz`su hdko hÿn‑ #Owb u ux o h ukeb `n _kneán ) 766?< 58( ) ik

v w`s`n u` hnz`s u hdko hÿn {pèÿ pg hokek e`se` pnk v` wsvò u h zk u `ÿ w h ok e` i

H n u` wv w` uk u h z h sa b ik opk i s ok wko u` w h |k vb w obnshe` wk w iks koo hbn`s èp ok u h zk s eàkn` wk s hdn h j h ok u h zk .

_` wòbnbo` ik s hndp ik w heke ` hav wèò hg h i h eke e` u bek s h u pko hÿn e` `ns`ûkn|k !

kv w`ne h|k l` . @ i obnbo ha h`n ub e` w h zkeb e` ik hnz`s u hdko hÿn `s p u h i h |keb s hàvw` obn

okwëou`w c hvb uè u hob x obnuùpk i ) `n z h w upe e` iks okwkou`w ás u hoks vòp i hk w`s koupk i`s `

c hsuÿ w hoks e` i d wp vb # kp ik ) o`n u wb ) ùo .( #v . 0:( .

K sá a h sa b ) ` su ` ` su p e hb ` su ë p g h ok e b g k l b ` i `n j b { p ` op k i hu k u h z b ) ì a è u b e b p u h ih| k e b

j p ` ` i `su p e h b e ` o k sb s ob n p n k u è on h ok ` u n b d w ë j hok x e ` k o p ` w e b k G ` w u ` ix # 7 6 6 6 (

pnk uèon hok ` un bd wë j h ok `s i obn lpn ub e ` obno`v ubs ko` wok e ` ib {p ` `n u`neà bs vb w

w`k i heke ) z` wek e ) bg l` ub x sp l` ub e` obnboha h`n ub .

@n ib {p ` w`sv òuk k i `sup e hb e ` oksbs) `su` obnshsu` `n w` j` w h w pnk sh u pk o hÿn w`k i

u b a k e k ` n sp o b n u ` u b x k n k i h |k w i k v k w k z ` w o ÿ a b s a k n h j h` su k n x ` z b ip o hb n k n i bs

j`nÿa `nbs e` pn shsuà k sbo hk i { p` u h`n` sps vwbv hks e hnë a hoks #Vèw`|) ;883( . Vbw sp

v k w u ` A ` w u `n s o hu k e b ` n _k a v h ` w h # 7 6 6 0 ( e ` j hn ` k i `su p e h b e ` ok sb ob a b p n k

hnz`su hdk o hÿn sbg w` pn hne hz hep b ) d wp vb ) b wdkn h|ko hÿn ) oba pn heke b sbo hèk e = {p ` `s

z h su b x k n k i h| k e b o b a b p n k ` n u h e k e .

X hn ) o hu k eb `n _ka v h` w h #76 6 ? ( a `no hbnk { p` pn k e ` iks z`n u k lks e` i `sup e hb e` oksbs

`s v wbv b wo hbnk w pnk hn jb wa ko hÿn `n ik {p` s vpè k bgs` wzk w ` i lp`db e` pn d wk n

n ü a ` w b e ` j k ou b w ` s { p ` hn u ` w k o u ü k n ob n l p n u k a ` n u ` .



35

@svkohb j áshob x d`bdwë j hob

@n ib {p ` obnoh` wn` k i `svk ohb j áshob x d `bdwë j hob ) ik hnz `su hd ko hÿn s` w`k i h|ÿ `n ik

`sop` ik v w hak w hk Jè` wk i ’ LPKN E@ IK GKWW@WK‑ . U .A . @s pn o`n u wb èpok u h zb

e ` n b a h n k e b ob a b p w g k n b a k w d hn k i ) s `n op ` n u w k p g h ok e k ` n ik o b ib n hk K a k i hk

_b iÿ w|knb e` Oë we `nks) k i nb wb`su` ) `n ` i a pn hohv hb e` Uòba ën ) Ob i ha k . _p o ikz ``sob ik w `s< 6 :E VW6 548\.

@suë hn u`d wke k v b w s` hs a k`su wbs e` d wp vb ) e` v w ha ` wb k s` ub d wk eb ) pn a k`su wb e `

èpoko hÿn j á s h ok ) pnk ak`s u wk e` kvbxb #P_K@W( ) pn u ` wkv hs uk e` i`ndpk l` ) pnk

vshoÿ ibdk x pnk e h wòub wk .

Ik ob ibn hk kn u` w hb wa`n u` a`no hbnkek `s v`{p`ûk ) xk {p` op`n uk obn ukn sÿ ib bocb

akn|knks iks opk i`s u h`n`s kv wb hakeka`n u` `n u w` ;3 x 76 ib u`s vk wk è h j h ok w ibscbdk w`s x kün s` `nop`n u wkn k idpnbs ib u`s gk ie ábs vb w opke wk . Dwkn vk w u` e` i

k ip a nke b v wbz h`n` e` ob ibn hks o`woknks.

Ik ob ibn hk s` `nop`n u wk `n pn k e ` iks b w h i ik s e` i a pn hohv hb xk a `no hbnk eb ) vb w ib {p`

oh` w ub n ü a `wb e` sp v bg iko hÿn `s j ib uk n u ` = `s obnshe`wk e k k sá) v bw s w v`wsbnk s {p `

z h`n`n e` b u wks `n u heke`s j è` wk u h zks k u wkgk lk w ik u àvb wkek e` obsòck ) x k i

u` wa hnkw èsuk s w`dw`skn k sp ipd kw e ` bw hd`n.

E`sowhvohÿn e` ibs splùbs

Ibs sp l` ubs vk w u h o hvk n u`s `n `suk hnz`su hdk o hÿn j p` wbn : k ipa nbs #ks( e` s` ub d wke b

e` v w ha k w hk ) ? cba gw`s x ? a p l`w`s. Ibs sp l` ubs vw bz h`n`n e` p n n hz ` i sbo hbòbnÿa hob

a è hb x gk lb . _p èk e v wba è hb `s e` `n u w` ;7 x ;? kûbs. @n ibs d wke bs kn u ` w hb w`s)

`s ubs k ipanbs #ks ( ckn i i `zkeb k okgb ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs v w b v h b s

# ` n u ` n e h ` n e b ` i u è w a h n b v w b v h b s) obab u` ubs {p` nko`n e` ik o w`k u h z heke e` i

k ipa nb #k ( ) x nb e ` ik u wk nsow hvo hÿn e` k idün i hg wb e ` oh`no hks nk up wk i`s) c hsub w hk ) ùo .(

k u wkz ès e` ik k shdnk u p wk e` @svk ûb i .

I k w k | ÿ n v b w i k o p k i s` e ` o he h ÿ b g s` w z k w ` su ` d w k e b ` sob i k w ` s v b w { p ` s` o bn sh e ` wb

obnz`n h`n u` obnbo` w oÿab `n ik ko upk i heke `s uën j b wakneb k ibs n hûbs #ks ( e`

v w ha k w hk v k wk hnd w`sk w k i n h z` i s opn ek w hb x e` ibs obnboha h`n ubs {p ` i i`zk n k okg b

` n w ` ik o hÿ n k i jb w u k i ` oh a h `n u b e ` ik ` sow h u p w k . K e ` a ë s e ` { p ` ` n s u b d w k e b s

kn ha k k ibs sup e hkn u`s k { p` oba vbn dk n pnk zk w hèke e` v wbep o ubs so w hu bs.



30

E ` ` su ë a k n ` w k ` n ` su ` n h z ` i x o bn i b s k n u ` o` e ` n u ` s n ik v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s { p `

`subs sp l` ubs u h`n`n `n vk w u h op ik w ) v wbg kg ià `n u` ck g wë n ` l`wo hu k eb ib sp j h o h`n u` iks

`su wk u`d hks gë shoks #v ikn `kw ) wèkou kw ) w`z hsk w ) obw w`d h w x e hzp idkw sps `sow h ubs(

w`{p`w heks vkwk vwbepoh w uùbs obc`w`nu`s) obc`shbnkebs) obn s hn uk hs x keòpkohÿn

v k w k w è k ou k w k v w b v h k e k a ` n u ` u ` u b s.

B u w k w k | ÿ n { p ` l p su h j hoÿ ` i a b u h z b a ` n oh b n k e b v w ` z h k a ` n u ` ` s { p ` ` su b s su p e h k n u ` s

s `nop`nu wk n `n ` i v `w ábe b obnoipx `nu` e` sps `sup e hbs e` vw ha kw hk x w`sp i u ÿ

hn u` w`skn u ` z` w ibs w`sp i u k ebs {p ` ckn k iokn|ke b `n ub wn b k ik wèk oohÿn ) k ib ik wdb e `

sp hnsu wp oohÿn `sobikw g ë shok.

Uèonhoks hnsu wpa`nu bs e` wòbiòohÿn e` eku bsUèonhoks

Vk wk ik bg u`no hÿn e` ik hn jb wa ko hÿn e` opë i`s sbn iks `su wk u`d hks gë shoks e` `so w hu p wk#v ikn`k w ) wèko uk w ) w`z hsk w ) ob w w`d h w x e hzp idk w sps `so w hu bs( {p ` p u h i h|kn ibs k ipa nbs

# k s( v k w k v w b e p o hw p n u ` u b ) s k v i hoÿ i k u è on h ok e ` b g s` w z k o hÿ n v k w u h o hv k n u ` ) k i

w`svò ub ) Cp w ukeb x Ub wb #;883 ( ) k j h wakn < ’{p` ` i h nz`s u hdkeb w s` hn u wbep|ok `n ik

oba pn heke b d wp vb {p ` s v wbv bn` `sup e hk w = h nzb ipo wk ws` shdn h j hok ck o`w s vk w u h o hv `

e` ik z hek obapnh uk w hk ‑ . #v . ;;6( ) `s eò h w ) `nzb iz`ws` `n iks koo hbn`s vwbv hks e` ik

obapnheke {p` s` `suë bgs`wzkneb) s hn hn u` w j` w h w `n ibs v wbo`sbs {p` s` `suèn

e`sk w wb i ikneb ) s hnb s hav ià`n u` z hz h w i k bgs` wzko hÿn e` pnk akn` wk a h i h u kn u` x

oba vw ba ù he b obn ibs ksv òubs { p` sbn v wbv hbs k ik hnz `su hdk o hÿn .

@sv òáj hoka `nu` ) s bgs`wzk wbn iks kou hz he k e`s e`skww b i ike ks ep wk nu ` ` i u w kn sopwsb e`

ik kshdnk u p wk e` i ë w`k e ` @svk ûb i ) xk {p ` `s k u wkz ès e` `suk a k u ` w hk {p ` ` i v wb j`sb w

e` i d wp vb `n op`su hÿn a kn ` lk ik v wbe poo hÿn e` uùb s n ` i k p ik . Ik s bg s wzk o hbn`s s

i i` zk wbn k okgb e p wk n u ` ì u wk nsop wsb e` u w`s a ` s s) e` i ;5 e` j `g w` wb k i ;5 e` a kxb

e` i 76 6 4) `n e bs s shbn`s e` e bs cbwk s vb w sà kn k.

B u w k u è o n hok p u h ih |k e k i k ob n su h u p x ÿ i k ` n op ` su k = s k v i h oÿ ob n ` i b g l ` u hz b e `

obav ià`n uk w ik hn jb wako hÿn kvb w ukek vb w ibs w`d hs u wbs e` bgs` wzko hÿn x ko ik wk w

k i d p n k ob n j p sh ÿ n b e p e k ) x e ` ` su ë a k n ` w k v ` w a h u hw k i b s h n j bw a k n u ` s o ik z ` s k n ` k w

hn jb wako hÿn s hdn h j h ok u h zk k ik hnz`s u hdko hÿn . Ik kv i h oko hÿn e` ik `nop`s uk v` wa h u hÿ

obnbo` w ` i v wbo`sb e ` `so w hu p wk { p` i i `zk wbn k okg b ibs k ip a nbs #k s( e ` s ub d wk eb

epwknu` ik v wbepoo hÿn e` uùbs) x e` u`wahnkw opë i`s `su wk u`d hks gës hoks e` `sow h up wk

p u h ih |k wbn . Okg` w`sk i u k w {p ` ik `nop`suk s e`sk w wb i ib k a kn` wk e` `n u w`z hsuk ) `sub



3:

vk wk w`sok uk w ik j h e` i hek e e ` iks w`svp `suk s b ub wd ke ks. Ik `nop`suk s e`sk w wb i iÿ `n pn

e hë ibdb j w`n u` k j w`n u` obn ` i k ipanb #k ( `n ebne` ` i h nz`s u hdkeb w i` ák ik v w`dpn uk x

` i k i p a n b # k ( ob n u ` su k g k e ` a k n ` w k b w k i sp w ` sv p ` su k ) p u h i h| k n e b v k w k ` ii b ` i k v b x b

e ` p n k d w k g k e b w k v k w k w ` d h su w k w i k s w ` sv p ` su k s e ` i bs k i p a n b s # k s( .

_` p u h ih |ÿ ` i op ` su h b n k w h b ob a b a ` e h b v w h n o hv k i v k w k b g u ` n `w ik h n j b w a k o hÿ n x s

hno ipx ` wbn v w`dp n uk s kg h`w uk s `n ebn e` sÿ ib s j b wa p iÿ ik v w`dpn u k ) shn `suk g iò`w

o k u ` d b wák s e ` w` sv p ` su k ) ` su b v k w k v b e ` w v w b j p n e h |k w p n k w `sv p ` su k sh n h n j ip h w k i

k i p a n b # k ( . E ` hd p k i a k n ` wk ) s h noip x ` w bn v w `d p n u k s o` ww k e k s ` n e b n e ` s

` su k g i òh `w b n k i u ` w n k u h z k s e ` ' _h N b ) V b o b ) N k e k ‑ v k w k d p h k w ik w ` sv p ` su k e ` i k i p a n b

# k ( x v b e ` w ` su k n e k w h |k w i k .

Ehs`ûb eì hnsu wpa`nu b e` ik `nop`su k

Pnk z`| e` u` wa hnkebs ibs ksvò ubs o`n u wk i`s {p` obavw`ne`n ik obav` u`no hk

`su wk uèd hok `n `so w hu p wk ) `s nò`sk w hb e ` u` wa hnk w ` i u h vb e` c` w wka h`n uk {p ` v` wa h uk

k i k i p a n b # k ( ` v i h oh u k w sp o b n b oh a h `n u b i p ` d b e ` ` ik g b w k w p n u ` u b ` so wh u b ) ` s e ` oh w)

wksu w`k w ik p u h i h|ko hÿn b nb p u h ih |ko hÿn e` `suë oba v` u `no hk e p wk n u` ` i v wbo`sb e`

oba vb sho hÿn s`dp heb .

Ip`db e` `zk ipk w pnk s` w h` e` k i u ` wnk u h zks a` ubeb iÿd hoks vk wk kv wb hak wnbs e` ik

a ` lb w a k n `w k k `su k ob a v ` u `n ohk ) s b v u ÿ v b w p u hi h| k w ik ` nop ` su k ) x k { p ` s` dü n

Oksu` i iÿ #;888 ( `suè u hv b e ` u èon hok v` wa h u` o`n u wk w ` i h n u` wès n iks w`v w` s n uk o hbn`skoo`shg i`s k ik obno h`no hk { p` ibs sup e hk n u `s obnsu wp x`n sbg w` iks uk w`ks e` `sow h up wk )

c k g h u p k i a ` n u ` hn e h z h e p k i `s) x { p ` e ` g ` n k g b w e k w ` n ì ë a g h u b k o k e è a h ob .

I k ` n op ` su k s ` su w p ou p w ÿ ` n u b w n b k u w ` s s ooh bn ` s< ’ k n u ` s‑ ) ’ e p w k n u ` ‑ x ’ e ` sv p è s‑ e `

i k ` sow hu p w k e ` p n u ` u b . @ s v w ` s n u k e k ` n k n ` b N b 8 .

E`n u wb e` ik sòo hÿn ’k n u`s‑ ) iks v w`dp n uk s ob w w`svbn e`n k ik a b u h zk o hÿn b hn u` wès

cko hk ik `so w h u p wk ) xk {p` nbs hn u` w`sk obnbo` w vk wk i` ika`n u` ik bv hn hÿn e` ibsk ipa nbs #k s( `n `su` ksv òub k j hn e ` `suk g iò`w vbsu`w hb w`s obw w` iko hbn`s obn ` i è h ub

`n ik s uk w`ks e` `sow h up w k = iks w`suk n u `s s oohbn`s s w` iko hbnk n obn ` i oba vb w uk a h`nu b

`su wk uèd hob epwknu` ` i v wbo`sb e` vwbepoo hÿn e` uùbs.



34

I k v w ha ` w k v k w u ` e ` i k ` n op ` su k ) ob a b x k a ` n oh b n k a b s) c k o ` w ` j `w ` n oh k k i k

a b u h z k o h ÿ n e ` i k i p a n b # k ( c k o h k i k u k w ` k e ` ` s o w h g h w p n u ` u b ) u k n u b ` n ` i ë a g h u b

k o k e è a h ob ob a b j p ` wk e ` è su ` . @ su k v k w u ` ob n u ` a v i k h n u ` w wb d k n u ` s v k w k ` i k i p a n b

#k ( w`svòub e` sh i` dpsuÿ `sow hg h w x sh i` dp suÿ ` i uà k sbg w` ` i {p ` `sow hg hÿ .

E` hdpk i a kn ` wk s` kg b wek ` i obnbo ha h`n ub ko` wok e ` ik `so w hu p wk `n k svò ubs a ës

`svòá j hobs< ib {p` ` i k ipanb #k( e ho` skg`w sbgw` iks okwkou`w ás u hoks e` pn uùb g h`n

obnsu wp heb .

Vbs u` w hb wa`n u` ) s` v ikn u`kn iks v w`dpn uks e h w hd heks k hnekdk w sbg w` ik v ikn h j h oko hÿn

{ p ` ` i su p e h k n u ` c h | b e ` sp u ` u b . @n ` su k v k w u ` ) i k ` n u w ` z hsu k k v p n u k k i k d ` n `w k o hÿ n

x b wdk n h|ko hÿn e` he`ks) oba b uk a g hèn k ik j b wa p iko hÿn e` bg l` u h zbs.

@n opknub k ik d`n`wko hÿn ) iks hn u` w wbdknu`s hn u`n ukn skg`w s h s` w`k i h|ÿ k idün i hs ukeb

e` he`k s v w`z hb k i u ` ub a hsa b x ) e` s` w ksá) sh s wòp w w hÿ k k idp nk b u wk j p`n u ` vk wk

` u wk` w a ës he`ks vk wk ` ikgb wk w ` i u ` ub .

@n ik b wdkn h|ko hÿn e` he`ks) s` obnsp i uk sbgw` ` i psb e` k idpnks `su wk u`d hks e`

bwdkn h|ko hÿn ) obab e hgp lbs) `s{pàks) d wë j hobs) gbw wkebw`s) ` uo . J hnk ia`nu` ) `n ik

j b wa p i k oh ÿn e ` i b s b g l ù h z b s) s u h` n e ` k ` ip o he k w sh ì k ip a n b # k ( d ` n `w ÿ

a `n uk ia `n u` sp u ` ub kn u`s e` i i`zk w ib k i vk v` i .

@ n ik s` oo hÿ n ’ e p w k n u ` ‑ ) i k ` n op ` su k k g b w e k i k s ` su w k u ` d h k s e ` a b n h u b w ` b. _` g p sok

e`s`n u wk ûk w sh ` i k ipa nb #k ( w` j i`hbnk a h`n u wks `so w hg` sp u ` ub = k{ p á s i ` ek

havb w ukno hk k iks vkpsks {p` ` jò uük ep wkn u` ` i v wbo`sb ) xk {p` e` kop` web k

Oksu` i iÿ x A h ih ën #;884 ( ` i còcb e` {p` ` i k ipa nb #k ( s e` u`ndk ) i`k ib {p ` ck

`sow h ub ) obnsp i u` sps gbwwkebw`s b v h`ns` kn u`s e` knbukw b u wks he`ks) `s vkw u`

jpneka`n uk i e` i obn u wb i x w`dp iko hÿn e` i v wbo`sb e` obavbs ho hÿn ) keàës e` ik

jko h ih eke obn {p ` vp è` w` uba kw sp `so w hu b ip`db e ` ` i iks.

Iks v w`dpn uks j b wap ikeks v ikn u`kn u w`s k i u ` wnk u h zks e` w`svp`s uk # a p o c b ) v b o b b

n k e k ( { p ` z k n k o b a v k û k e k s e ` i k v w ` d p n u k « v b w { p è ½ ) k j h n e ` ` u w k ` w hn j b w a k o hÿ n

aës kokgkek `n opkn ub k iks `s u wk u`d hks p u h i h |keks vb w ibs k ipanbs #ks ( `n okek

aba`n ub e` i v wbo`sb ) ib {p` v` wa h u` u kag hèn v wò hsk w iks w`svp`s uks e` ibs

`supe hkn u`s.



33

@n ik s oo hÿn ’e `svp ès‑ ) s kgb wek ik sh u pk o hÿn w` uÿ w h ok k ik { p` e`g `n w`svbn e` w ibs

uùbs sb i ho h ukebs k ibs k ipanbs #ks( ) o`n u wënebnbs `n ik w` j i` hÿn w`svòub k ik

kp e h`no hk x ik j h nk i hek e e` sp `so w hu b = `n `su` oksb ) iks v w`dp n uk s s o`n u w kn `n ` i v k w k

{ p h è n x v k w k { p è `sowhghw.

Ik j ks` e` w`z hshÿn `suë `n jboke k k `v ib wk w iks `su wk u`d hks {p ` ` i k ipa nb #k ( p u h i h|ÿ

p n k z ` | u ` w a h n k e k i k v w h a ` w k z ` w sh ÿ n e ` sp u ` u b .

E ` ` su k a k n ` w k ) ` i h n su w p a ` n u b i b o p ` su h b n k k o` w ok e ` i k w ` i ò u p w k d ` n ` w k i e ` i u ` u b )

s h c h |b obavkwko hbn`s `n u w` ik he`k b w hd hnk i {p` u`n ák sbg w` ` i u ` ub {p` {p` w ák

`so w hg h w x ` i u ` ub u ` wa hnke b .

Keàës) s` i` obnsp i uk sbgw` ik w`z hs hÿn vwbv hka`nu` uk i < s h w`z hsÿ sp uùb ) opënuks

zò`s) vbw { pè ib c h|b ) sh w`k i h|ÿ oka g hbs k sp uù b x `n { pè ksvòub s v psb a ës èn jk shs

k i obw w`d h w ib #b w ub dwk j ák ) iè hob ) oik w hek e e ` he`k s) ùo .( .

Vb w b u wk v k w u ` ) i k `nop`suk obn u h`n` pn k s` w h` e` hnsu wp oohbn`s vk wk ibs k ip a nbs #ks(

kn u`s e` kgb wek w iks v w`dpn uks v wbv hka`n u` obab uk i`s . _` v wò hskn ksvò ubs

havb w ukn u`s vk wk ik zk i he`| e` i op`s u hbnk w hb = vb w ` làv ib ) s` `s ukg iò` {p` nb ckx

w`svp `suk s gp `nks b a k iks) ko ik wk o hÿn { p` v ` wa h u` { p` ` i k ipa nb #k ( s` `v w` s obn

a kx b w j k o hi hek e j w`n u` k iks obnsp i u k s.

K e ` a ë s) ik ` n op ` su k s w `k i h| ÿ hn a ` e hk u k a ` n u ` e `sv p è s e ` u ` w a h n k e k ik u k w ` k e `

` sow h g hw = ` n ` su ` ok sb ) i p ` d b e ` ik ` i k g b w k o hÿ n e ` i u ` u b ) v ` w a h u h` n e b e ` ` su k a k n ` w k

{ p ` ` i k i p a n b # k ( u p z h `w k p n k w ` v w ` s n u k o hÿ n i b a ë s n áu h e k x j h ì v b sh g i ` e ` i u ` u b

{ p ` k ok g k g k e ` ìk g b w k w.

_` w`k i h|ÿ ik wòbv h iko hÿn e` ebopa`nubs"kw u` jkoubs) ibs opk i`s jp`wbn ibs uùbs

bwhd hnk i`s sow h ubs vbw ibs sp lùb s e ` hnz `su hdk ohÿn.

Ik s w`sv p`suk s e` ibs k ip a nbs #k s( k i op`su hbn kw hb sbn v w` s n uk ek s k v kw u h w e ` i kn `b

N b. ;6 ck suk ` i kn `b ;6 .0 .



38

Hnsuwpa`nubs

@n u w` ibs hnsu wp a `n ubs i `d hebs jp` ` i w`d hsu wb e` ik bg s` wzko hÿn ) ko u h z hek e {p ` obnshsu`

`n ebopa `n uk w iks bgs` wzko hbn`s k u wkz ès e ` pn e hk w hb e` oka vb . @ i e hk w hb `s ik

`vw`s hÿn e hkowÿn hok e` i opwsb e` ik hnz`su hdko hÿn {p` ap`su wk nb sÿ ib ek ubs jb waki`s

x vwò hsbs e` ik w`k i heke obnow` uk s hnb ukaghèn vw`bopvkohbn`s) eò hs hbn`s) j wkoksbs)

s nsko hbn`s) zk ib wko hbn`s e` i hnz `su hdk eb w x e ` i v wb v hb v wbo`sb e `skw wb i ike b.

E` kop` web k spd` w`no hks e` G` w u` ix #7666 ( ès u` s` ` ikgb wÿ ` i a hsab e ák b k aës

uk wek w pn e ák e`svpès obn ` i j h n e` nb b iz hek w e` uk i i`s e` ib bgs` wzkeb x vbe` w

e`sow hg h w obn a kx bw v wò hshÿn ib kobnu ò he b .

E `nu w b e` i e hk w hb e ` ok a vb s` `nop`nu wkn e`sow h uks iks su w k u `d hks e` `sow h up wk { p` ibs

k ip a nbs #ks( e `sk w wb i ik wbn e p wk n u` ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs) kd wp vë neb iks

`n pn kn u`s) epwkn u` x e`svpès e` ik `sow h up wk ) `s eò h w ) s` w`k i h|kgkn knbuko hbn`s

ko` wok e ` iks su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk { p` p u h i h |kg k ` i k ipa nb #k ( k n u`s e` oba `n|k w

k wèk o uk w sp u ` ub ) sh ` hsu á k k idün u hvb e ` v ikn`ko hÿn ) xk s k sh b wdkn h|kg k sps he`ks

a ` n u k i a ` n u ` # a k n h j ` s u k e k s v b w v k p s k s ( ) s h ` i k g b w k g k k i d ü n u h v b e ` ` s { p ` a k )

e hgp lbs ` uo .). _h e pwk n u ` ik wè koo hÿn e` sp u ùb w`k i h|kg k v kp sks #v `nskw sbg w` ib

`sow h ub ( ) sh w` i` ák x w `z hsk gk ib `sow h ub c ksuk ` i a ba `nu b . _h e`sv pès w`z hskg k sp `sow h ub

x i` w`ki h|kgk iks obwwòohbn`s v`wu hn`nu`s) ùo.

Okg ` w`sk i u k w {p ` iks `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk à v i`kek s vb w ibs k ipa nbs #ks( )

u p z h` wbn ik ok wko u` w ásu h ok v ` wsbnk i ) vp `s okek sp l` ub e òhe hÿ oÿa b ) opk neb x e ` {p è

akn` wk i i `zk w k okgb ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs ) `s ub e` kop` web k sps

obnboha h`n ubs) v w` j` w`no hks) x v bshg h i hek e`s.

B u w b hn su w p a ` n u b p u h i h| k e b j p ` ` i p sb e ` p n k d w k g k e b w k v k w k ` i w ` d hsu w b e ` i k s

w`svp`suks e` ibs k ipanbs #ks( k ik `nop`suk.

W`k i h|kne b p n k në i hsh s n ib {p ` w`svò uk k a be` ibs e` `z k ipk o hÿn e ` ik v wbep oohÿn

e` u ùbs) s `nobnu w ÿ { p` ik a kx bw ák e ` ` i ibs obnshsu`n `n i hsuk s e` ob u ` lb `n e bne ` s

`zk iükn ksvò ubs u k i`s obab s h ` i k ipanb #k ( u bak `n op`n uk ik s h u pko hÿn

obapn hok u h zk #{p hèn ckg ik ) k {p hèn ) vk wk {pè ( ) s h ` i u ` ub ibd wk ` i ` jò ub gpsokeb

# hn jb wakw ) obnz`no` w ) e h z` w u h w ) ` u o . ( ) {p` ik hn jb wako hÿn hno ip hek s`k v` w u hn`n u` ) ` i



86

p u h i h | k w k e ` o p k e k a ` n u ` i k v p n u p k o h ÿ n ) i k p u h i h | k o h ÿ n k e ` o p k e k e ` i k s i ` u w k s

akxüsop iks ) {p` ik s hn uk hs e` ik b wko hÿn s`k d wkak u hok ia`n u` ko`v ukg i` ) i k

obc` w`no hk u àë u h ok s`k sk u h s jko ub w hk x {p` opkneb `so w hgk k aknb ik `so w h u p wk s`k

i`d hg i` ) x `sub u ba kne b oba b `sok ik ibs ksvò ubs e` sá ) k zò`s) nb) gp`nb) w`dpikw b

e`j ho h`n u ` ) { p ` e k n e b o b n ` ii b ik ` z k i p k o hÿ n e ` i u ` u b e ` k o p ` w e b k i k sp g l ù h z h e k e e ` iv wb j`sb w #k ( keàës e` nb w`k i h |k w ik sp j h o h`n u` ko ik wko hÿn ko` wok e` ²opëneb pn

uù b `s obc`w`nu`2 ²opë ne b s` obnshe`wk { p` p n u ùb `suë obc`shbnk eb 2 ²oÿa b sk g`w

sh ik shnu k hs s k o`vu k g i`2.

E k e b i b k n u ` w h b w ) x o b n sh e ` wk n e b i k e h j h op i u k e k i k { p ` n b s ` n j w` n u k a b s k i ` z k i p k w

bg l` u h zk a `n u` ibs u ` ubs ` ikg b wke bs vb w ibs `sup e hkn u`s) s p u h ih |ÿ pn a be` ib e`

` z k i p k ohÿ n e ` i k v w b e p o oh ÿn e ` u ` u b s ` ik g b w k e k v b w p n ` v ` wu b ` n i hn d ù ásu h ok ` i

A u wb . A kp w hohb Vè w`| K g w h i ) e` ik Pn hz` wsheke N ko hbnk i e` Ob iba g hk ) `s pn a be` ib e`

`zk ipko hÿn opk i h u k u h zb `n ebne` e` akn` wk s`no h i i k x o ik wk ) ak wok s h ` i u ` ub `s

obc`w`nu` ) obc`shbnk eb ) obn shn uk hs x ke òpkohÿn ) `sub obn ` i bg l` ub e` e`sopg w h w ik

vbs hg i` hno he`nohk {p` vpèk u`n`w ` i psb e` `su wk u`d hks gës hoks e` obavbsho hÿn x

kv bxb `n ik wè koo hÿn e` p n uù b obc`w`nu` ) obc`shbnk eb ) obn shn uk hs x k eòpk ohÿn .

Okg ` e`suk ok w {p ` ` i a be` ib e` `zk ip ko hÿn `n jbok ` i v wbo`sb e` `zk ipko hÿn e`se`

pnk ÿv u h ok b wdkn h|ko hbnk i ) `s eò hw ) v w` u`ne` `z k ipk w ` i e`sà v`ûb e` i `so w hu b w vk wk

bwdkn h|kw x v wbepoh w uùbs obc`w`nu`s) obc`shzbs x keòpkebs. Vbw ib ukn ub ` i

v wbv ÿsh u b o`n u wk i j p` i i`dk w k pn w`d hsu wb opk i h u k u h zb e` ik ok i hek e e` ibs v wbo`sbs

d`n`wkebw`s e` i v wbepoub `sow h ub .

Okwkou `wásu hoks eì h nsu wpa`nub e` zki pkohÿn e` ik vwbepoohÿn e` uù bs.

O b a b x k s a ` n oh b n ÿ k n u ` w hb w a ` n u ` ) v k w k ` z k i p k w ` i o b n bo ha h `n u b e ` i o ÿe h d b ` sow h u b

s` `s ukg iò hÿ obab dp ák ` i abe` ib e` `zk ipko hÿn v wbvp`s ub vb w ` i A u wb . Akp w ho hb

Vè w`| Kg w h i ) e` ik Pn hz` ws heke Nko hbnk i e` Ob ibag hk x ` i opk i s` v w`s`n uk obab

K n ` b 7 .

_` hav ià`n uk wbn pnks abe h j h oko hbn`s ` ikgb wkeks vb w @ i h |kg` uc Obne` e` ik

Pn hz` ws heke e` i Zk i i` e` Ob ibag hk < Vè w`| v w`s`n uk ik obav` u`no hk u ` u p k i x

v w k d a ë u h o k . Obne` ck k a v i hke b ` i n jb{p ` obn ik obav` u`no hk obdn h u h zk .



8;

Ksá `s obab ik w` l h i ik e` `zk ipko hÿn e hb op`nuk e` u w`s obavù`no hks< Uùpk i )

v w k d a ë u h o k x o b d n h u h z k . @ s u k ü i u h a k c k o ` { p ` s ` k d w ` d p ` n k i k v i k n h i i k b w h d h n k i

np `zk s ob ipa nk s e` ok u`db w áks) spg !ok u `dbw áks x obne hohbn`s.

@ i jp n e k a ` n u b e ` ` su k w ` lh ii k ` su ë ` n ` i ob n o` v u b e ` o b a v ` u ` n o hk ) { p ` ` n s d p h e k se ` j h n hw ë v k w k ` su ` ok sb <

Obavù `nohk u ùpki

_` w` j h` w` k ik vbshg h i hek e e` `so w hg h w u ` ubs {p ` w`svb ne kn k n hz` i`s e` obc` w`nohk )

obc`shÿn) shnukhs x keòpkohÿn.

_` `n u h`ne` v b w obc`w`nohk i k op k i he k e { p ` u h ` n ` p n u ` u b e ` o b n su h u p h w p n k p n h e k e

dibgki e` shdnhj hokohÿn #. . . ( . Ik obc`shÿn ) `n oka g hb ) u h `n` {p` z` w obn ibs a òkn hsa bs

i hndùásu hobs #obnòubw`s) kez`wghbs) shdnbs e` vpnupkohÿn. . . ( k u wkzès e` ibs opki`s s``sukg iò`n obn`hbn`s x w` iko hbn`s `n u w` b wko hbn`s x v wbvbsho hbn`s {p` w` j i` lkn ik

obc` w`no hk d ibgk i e` i u ` ub . Ik shnukhs) `s i b we`n i h n`k i e` k vk w h ohÿn e` iks vk ikg wk s

`n ik b wko hÿn . Ik keòpko hÿn s` w` j h` w` k skg`w `sobd`w ik zkw hèke x ` i w`d hs u wb

#d`n` wk i " `svò áj h ob ) j b wa k i " j ka h i hk w ) bg l` u h zb ( k v wbv hkebs vk wk oke k sh u pk o hÿn .

Obavù `nohk vwkdaëu hok

_` w` j h` w` k ik vbs hg h i heke e` vbs ho hbnkws` `n pnk s h upko hÿn e` obapnhoko hÿn )

w`svbn e h`neb k p nk hn u`no hÿn x s i` oo hbnk neb pn u hvb e` u ` ub ) e` kop` web obn e hock

s h upko hÿn .

Obavù `nohk obdnhu hzk

@s ik okvkoheke vkwk obnsu wp h w x `vw`skw obno`vubs) lp ho hbs x wk|bnkah`nubs) obab

vwbe po ub e ` ik w` iko hÿn e ` i `sup e hk n u` obn p n bg l` ub e` obnbo ha h`n ub . @s eò hw ) {p ` è i

k ipanb #k ( e`g` kspa h w pnk vbs ho hÿn o w á u h ok j w`n u` k sp u ` ub . @n ubno`s ik

oba v` u`no hk obdn h u h z k ) `n `su` oksb ) s w`j h`w` k ik ck g h i h eke e` `zk ipk w x ob w w`d h w )

v bw sá a hsa b) sp w` ik u b e ` o iks` .

I k s ok u ` d b w ák s e ` i k o b a v ` u ` n o hk u ` u p k i ) e ` u ` w a h n k e k s v k w k ` su ` k n ë i hsh s) sb n <

Obc`w`nohk ibok i ) obc`w`no hk i hn`k i ) obc`w`no hk d ibgk i x obc`shÿn ) s hn uk hs x

keòpkohÿn) iks opki`s `suën `vi hokeks vbw iks shdph`nu`s spg!oku`dbwáks x sp

w`svò u h zk obne hohÿn <



87

;. Obnobweknohk < Obnshs u` `n vwbepoh w ) k i a`nbs) pnk bwko hÿn x `sukg iò`w pnk

hn u` w w` ikohÿn ke òpk ek `n u w` ` i sp l` ub x ` i z` wgb .

7 . _ da `n uk o hÿn < Ak wok w ` i i áa h u ` `n u w` b wk o hbn`s a è hkn u ` pn wòp wsb `v i áo hu b oba b

pn `svk o hb ) pn dp hÿn ) pn shdnb e` vp n up ko hÿn .

? . V wbd w`shÿn u à ë u h ok < D`n` wk w a ës e` p nk b wko hÿn x s`dp h w pn c h ib u à ë u h ob .5 . Obnòubw`s obn lpn u hzbs< @sukg iò`w pnk w` iko hÿn `v i áo h uk `n u w` iks b wko hbn`s

cko h`neb p sb e ` pn obnòub w .

0 . _ hdnbs e` vpnupko hÿn < @z he`nohk w ) aè hkn u` sp psb ) w` iko hbn`s `n u w` b wko hbn`s x

vwbvbshohbn`s.

Iks ok u`db w áks {p` v` wa h u`n knk i h |k w ik v wkdaë u hok sbn < Ik hn u`no hÿn ) ik e hz` ws heke

uù pk i x ik spv `w`su wp oup wk . @suk s vw ` s n uk n e bs spg oku`d bw áks<

: . V` w u hn`nohk < Obne ho hÿn { p` ha v i hok {p ` ` i `so w hu b w`svbn ek k ibs w`{p ` w ha h`n ubs

vwëou hobs eì obnuùb. _` wòbnbo` ki hnu`w ibopubw) s` e`sow hg`) s` nkwwk b s`

k w d p a ` n u k .

4 . U hvb u ` upk i < E` u` wa hnk k i u ` ub k ek w ap`s u wks e` pnk s` iòo hÿn x obn u wb i `n sps

obavbn`nu`s d ibgk i`s.

@ i w` e h s û b e ` i a b e ` i b e ` ` z k i p k o hÿ n v ` w a h u hÿ k d w ` d k w i k o b a v ` u ` n o hk o bd n h u h z k { p `

hn u wbe po` ik ok u `db w ák v wbo`sb e` oba vbshohÿn .

A u bebibdák eì knë i hshs e` ibs u ùbs k `zkipkw

@i u wkgk lb v ikn u`keb v w` u`ne` knk i h |k w ` i v wbo`sb s`dp heb vb w ibs k ipanbs #ks (

o p k n e b w ` e k o u k n v k w k e ` sop g w h w i k v b sh g i ` h n oh e ` n oh k { p ` v p ` e ` u ` n `w ` n ik

` ikgbwko hÿn e` pn `sow h ub ` i psb e` `su wk u`d hks gës hoks e` obavbsho hÿn x kvbxb `n ik

wèkoohÿn e` uùbs obc`w`nu`s) obc`shbnkebs) obn shnukhs x keòpkohÿn.

E ` ` su k a k n ` w k ) p n k z ` | b g s w z k e b ` i v w b o` sb e ` v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s k e b v u k e b v b w

` i k ipa nb #k ( `n sá a hsa b) s v wboè hÿ k k nk i h|kw ` i `sow h ub v wb ep ohe b .

Ibs ek ubs bg u `n hebs s k nk i h |k wbn e ` a kn` wk opk i h u k u h zk ) `s eò hw ) s k nk i h |ÿ u ` ub vb w

uù b k j hn e` he`n u h j hokw sh iks v wbv hèk e`s uù pk i`s suë n k ps`nu `s b v w` s n u`s `n ibs

u ` u b s v w b e p o he b s v b w i b s k i p a n b s # k s( x ob n ` i ib e k w w ` sv p ` su k k i k hn u ` w w b d k n u `

v i k n u ` k e k < o p ë i `s sb n i k s v w b v h è k e ` s u ` u p k i `s) hne hsv`nskg i`s vk wk v wbepo h w u` ubs

`jòu hzbs) {p ` `suë n k ps`nu`s b v w`s`nu `s n ibs uù bs v wbe poheb s vb w ibs k ip a nbs #k s( .



8?

Vbw ü i u ha b ) obnshe` wb {p ` ck sheb ha vb w uk n u` ` i obnbo` w ibs hnsu wp a `n ubs {p ` s

p u h ih |k wbn x ` i v wboè ha h`n ub s dp heb v k wk ik wòb iòo hÿn e` ik hn jb wa ko hÿn ) xk { p` ik

h n e k d k ohÿ n b g u ` n he k ` s ik { p ` v ` w a hu h ÿ ` i ` n wh { p ` oha h` n u b e ` i u w k g k l b e `

hnz`su hdko hÿn .



85

UWKGKLB E@ OKAVB

Pnb e` ibs v wbv ÿsh u bs e` `su` v wbx òub j p` obnbo` w opë i`s e` iks su wk u`d hks gë shoks e`

`sow h up wk #v ikn`k w ) wèk ouk w ) w`z hskw ) obw w`d h w x e hz p idkw sps `sow h ubs( obnshdnk e ks `n ` i

@OJ p u h i h|kn ibs k ipa nbs #ks( e p wk n u ` ` i v wbo`sb e ` v wbe poo hÿn e ` u ` ubs = `s vb w ` i ib

{p ` oba b vk w u` e` i u wkg k lb e` oka vb s` w`k i h|k wbn bgs` wzk o hbn`s n ` i kp ik e` s ub

d w k e b e ` ik @ so. V w h a . J ` e . ’ Lp k n e ` i k G k w w ` w k ‑ U . Z e ` i U ò b a ë n ) O b ih a k e p w k n u ` ` i

o ho ib `sob ik w 76 6 : !76 6 4.

Vk wk obnbo`w iks `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk { p` ibs k ipa nbs #ks( à v i`kn ep wkn u ` ` i

v wbo`sb e` vwbepoo hÿn e` uùbs) `svòá j hoka`nu` s` bgs`wzkwbn iks kou hz heke`s

e`sk w wb i ike ks ep wkn u ` ` i u wknsop wsb e ` ik k shdnk u p wk e` i ë w`k e` @svk ûb i ) xk { p` `s k

u w k z è s e ` ` su k a k u ` w hk { p ` èi v w b j ` sb w e ` i d w p v b `n op ` su h ÿ n a k n ` l k i k v w b e p o oh ÿ n

e` u ` ubs n ` i kp ik .

Ik s bg s wzk o hbn`s s i i`zk wbn k okg b e pw kn u` ` i u wk nsopwsb e ` u w`s a `s s e` i ;5 e `

j`g w` wb k i ;5 e` A kx b e ` i 76 6 4 `n eb s s shbn`s e` e bs cb wks vb w s a knk .

Okg` e`s ukok w {p` ik wòbd hek e` ibs ek ubs j pneka`n uk i`s s` ck w`k i h |keb k u wkzès

e` ik bgs` wzko hÿn vk w u h o hvkn u` ) `s ub vk wk okv uk w ik obav i` l heke e` ik w`k i heke sbo hk i

{p ` s ck e` j hn heb oba b oksb e ` `sup e hb . @n np `su wb oksb ) ì vk v` i e` ik hnz`su hdk eb wk

o bw w `sv b n e ` ob n ib { p ` `n ` su ` u h v b e ` u w k g k l b s ob n su h u p x ` i k b g s w z k o hÿ nvk w u h o hvk n u` . _` p u h i h |ÿ pnk uèon hok ` unbd wë j h ok ) vb w ib opk i s w`k i h|k pn k e`so w hvo hÿn

e` iks ko u h z he ke `s x ik hn u` wv w` uk o hÿn e ` i hnz `su hdk eb w .

@n ` i e hk w hb e` oka vb s` e`so w hg` ` i ka g h`n u` j á sh ob e` i kp ik x ik hn u` wkoo hÿn k ip a nb

# k ( ‟ k i p a n b # k ( e p w k n u ` ` i v w b o `sb e ` v w b e p o oh ÿn e ` u ` u b s. @ n èi s `n op ` n u w k n

`sow h uks b wko hbn`s {p` s` w` j h` w`n k iks koo hbn`s {p` kvbxkgkn ik uàëu hok e` i

v wbxòub e ` hnz `su hdk o hÿn `n op`su hÿn .

_` p u h i h|ÿ oba b p nk e` iks ok u `dbw áks e` k në i hshs) iks `su w k u `d hks e` `sow h up wk {p ` ibs

k ipanbs #ks ( àv i`kn ep wkn u` ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs ) w`kd wpvkneb iks

` su w k u `d hk s e ` ` sow hu p w k p u h ih| k e k s ` n p n ’ k n u ` s‑ ) ’ e p w k n u `‑ x ’ e ` sv p è s‑ e ` ik

` sow h u p w k ) ` s e ` o hw ) s w ` k i h| k g k n k n b u k o h b n `s k o ` wok e ` i ob a v b w u k a h `n u b e ` i k i p a n b

# k ( ’ k n u ` s e ` ik ` sow h u p w k ‑ e ` sp ` sow h u b = sh j b w a p i k g k n v i k n ` s v k w k c k o `w sp u ` u b )

’ e p w k n u ` ik ` sow hu p w k ‑ = sh s e ` u `n ák n ) w ì` ák n b w `z h sk g k n ib s j wk d a ` nu b s `sow hu b s



80

cksuk ` i a ba `n ub ) x ’ e`svp ès e` ik `so w hu p wk ‑ sh w`k i h|kg kn ik w`z hshÿn e` sp `so w hu b

p n k z ` | ` ik g b w k e b .

@nu w` b u wb e` ibs bg l` u hzbs `sv òáj hobs e` ik hnz `su hdk o hÿn e`suk oÿ ` i he`nu h j hok w iks

v w b v h è k e ` s u ` u p k i ` s) h n e h sv ` n sk g i `s v k w k v w b e p o hw u ` u b s ` j òu h z b s) { p ` `su ë nkp s n u`s b v w` s n u `s `n ibs uù bs vw be poheb s v bw ibs k ip a nbs #k s( ) e` `suk a kn `wk

pnk z`| ` ikgb wk eb ` i `so w hu b v b w ` i k ipa nb #k ( s` v wboè ák k w`k i h|k w ik wòb iòo hÿn e `

ebopa`nubs kw u` jkoubs {p` jp`wbn ibs uùbs vwbepohebs vbw ` i `supe hkn u` ) `sub obn ` i

bg l` u h zb e ` obnbo` w ik vbshg i` hnohe`no hk { p` vp è` u`n` w `n ik ` ikg b wko hÿn e` pn

`sow h ub ` i psb e ` `su w k u `d hks gë shoks e ` oba v bshohÿn x k vb xb `n ik v wbe poo hÿn e`

u` ubs` jò u h zbs .

B u wk e` iks ok u`db w áks e` knë i hsh s j p` wbn iks e h j h op i u k e`s e` `so w hu p wk bgs` wzk ek s

e p w k n u ` ` i v w b o` sb e ` v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s x i k s v w b e p oo hb n ` s e ` u ` u b s ` ik g b w k e k s

`n ` i kp ik .

Uk i obab s` ck `npno hkeb kn u` w hb wa`n u` ) ik hnz`s u hdko hÿn s` gksb `n pn `s upe hb e`

oksbs) w`k i h|k eb k ? c ba gw`s x ? a pl`w`s) a hsa bs { p` jp `wbn s` iòo hbnke bs k i k |kw e `

jb wa k k i`k ub w hk k u wk zès e` sp nü a `wb e` i hsu k . Vk wk ` jòubs e` i knë i hsh s e` iks

bg s wzk o hbn`s ibs nba gw `s e` ibs n hûbs #k s( ck n sheb ok a ghk eb s) `sub v kwk w`sdp kw e kw

sp h e ` n u h e k e x a k n u ` n ` w ib s n p n ` su k e b k n ÿ n h a b .

K v ` sk w e ` s w p n k h n z ` su h d k o hÿ n e h w h d he k c k o hk i k v w b e p oo hÿ n e ` u ` u b s x ` i p sb e `

`su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk à v i`ke ks vb w ibs k ipa nbs #ks( ) j p` ha vbshg i` e` lk w e ` ikeb

ik v k w u h ohvk o hÿn e ` i v wb j`sb w ep wkn u ` ` i v wb o`sb e ` v wbe poo hÿn e ` u ` ubs) xk {p ` `s è i

` i {p ` e h w hd` ) obb we hnk x `zk iü k ik v wbep oohÿn u ` upk i .

V b w ib k n u ` w hb w ) e p w k n u ` ` i u w k n sop w sb e ` i k i ` ou p w k ) ì i` ou b w v b e w ë ` n ob n u w k w

v ` { p ` û k s e ` sow hv o h b n `s { p ` ` l` a v i h j ho k n ` i v k v ` i w `v w ` s n u k e b v b w ` i v w b j ` sb w

ep wkn u ` ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbe poo hÿn e` u ` ubs) `svò áj h oka `n u` s a p`su wk n iksobnshdnks e` i v wb j`sb w vk wk hn h ohk w ik v wbe poo hÿn e` u ` ubs x ik j b wa k `n {p ` ibs

`zk ipkg k ) o ik wb `suë ) shàv w` shn e` lk w e` ike b ik bgs` wzk o hÿn e ` i bg l` ub e ` `sup e hb

e` ik hnz`su hdko hÿn .



8:

K obn u hnpko hÿn abs u wk wè ib {p` bgs` wzè w`sv`o ub k okek pnk e` iks ok u`db w áks e`

knëihshs.



84

KNËIH_H_ E@ W@_PIUKEB_@i v w b o `sb ` s a p x v k w ` oh e b k i { p ` p u h ih |k p n n h û b

v k w k l p d k w p n l p ` d b e ` o b n s u w p o o h ÿ n . Ob a b s k g `

ib { p ` { p h` w ` o b n s u w p h w ) k û k e ` w ` u b o k i k s v h ` | k s

c k su k { p ` o b nsh d p ` ` k ou k a ` n u ` ik j b w a k { p ù h ` n ` ` n ` i v ` n sk a h` n u b . V h o m ` u u x i k su ` w # ;8 3 5 (

oh uk e b `n Okssk nx #;88;(.

@_UWKU@DHK_ E@ @_OWHUPWK

Knu `s e` ik `sowh u pwk

@sup e hbs w`k i h|ke bs eà p`su wk n { p` ibs gp `nbs `sow h ub w`s eè hokn pn u hà v b

ha vb w u kn u` k v `nsk w k n u`s e` à v`|k w k `so w hg h w .

V ikn`ko hÿn

[p` obnshs u` `n e` j hn h w ibs bg l` u hzbs e` i uùb x `sukg iò`w ` i v ikn {p` dp hk wë ` i

obn lpn u b e` ik v wbe poo hÿn . Ik bv `wko hÿn obnsuk ) k sp z `|) e` u w`s spg vw bo`sbs< ik

obno`vo hÿn b d`n` wko hÿn e` he`ks) ik b wdk n h|ko hÿn x ) j hnk ia `n u` ) ì `suk g iò ha h`n ub e `

bg l` u hzb s n jpn o hÿn e ` ik sh up ko hÿn w` uÿ w hok .

E ` kop `we b obn Ok ssk nx # ;88;() ik `sow h up wk ha v ihok ` i psb e ` ibs v wbo`sbs a `nu k i`s

sp v `whbw`s) obnshsu`n u`s `n bv `wk ohbn`s oba v i`lks ` hnu` iòu pk i`s oba b ik e hsu hnohÿn

`n u w` hn jb wako hÿn w` i`zkn u` ` h w w` i`zkn u` x ik b wdkn h|ko hÿn e` hn jb wako hÿn obn jb wa`k pn k `su wp o up wk v k w u h op ik w x oba vw`nshg i` .

@n ib {p ` w`svò uk k ibs k ipa nbs #ks( bg s w zk ebs) ebs e` ` i ibs= O ikpe hk x K i`lkne wb )

p u h ih |k g k n o b a b ` su w k u ` d hk v w ` z h k e ` ob a v b sh oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s ` i e h k i b d k w o bn sp s

oba vk û` wbs) a`no hbnk w iks he`ks {p ` u`n ákn v k wk e`sk w wb i ik w sp `so w hu b . Obn jb wa ` k

Okavs #;884( iks z`wgk i h|ko hbn`s e` ibs k ipanbs #ks( w` j i` lkn k idpnks e` iks

bv `wko hbn`s v wbv hks e` i v wbo`sb e` oba vb sho hÿn e ` pn u ùb .

O ik p e h k x K i `l k n e w b sb i ák n e ` e h ok w p n u h à v b ` su h a k e b e ` ? a h n p u b s k v ` n sk w b

a è h uk w k n u`s e` oba `n|k w k `so w hg h w ) a h`n u wks { p` ibs 5 k ipa nbs #ks( w`suk n u`s vboks

z ` o` s i b c k o ák n x w k w k a ` n u ` u b a k g k n n b u k s b c k oák n v i k n ` s sb g w ` i k ` su w p o u p w k e ` i

u ` u b .



83

@n ` i oksb `svòá j hob e` Ki` lknewb ) keàës e` cko`w v ikn`s) u`n ák ik jko h i heke vkwk

a be h j hok w ibs e hsu hn u bs `s{p à ks e` i u ` ub {p ` xk s ckg ák v ikn u `ke b e`sk w wb i ik w ) s

a b su w k g k j i ` hg i ` `n a b e h j ho k w sp s ` sow h u b s k a ` e h e k { p ` s i` b op w w ák n h e ` k s n p ` z k s

v k w k h n o bw v b w k w i k s k sp u ` u b . E ` h d p k i a k n ` w k sb i ák e h k i b d k w x o b n s sp k w o bn sp s

oba vk û`wbs) i`s a `nohbnkg k ik s he`k s {p ` u`n ák v k wk e `skw wb i ik w ik s `n sp `sow h ub . E`w`v`n u` s` ob ibokgk v`nsk u h zb kn u`s e` oba`n|k w k wèko uk w x `ns`dp hek `so w hg ák x

e`sk w wb i ikg k ik s he`ks v w`z hka `n u` v ikn`ke ks.

Wòp w w h`neb k kp ub w`s oba b Okk a kûb # 76 6 ;( ) ibs gp `nbs `so w hu b w`s s e h su hndp `n vb w

sp okvko heke e` j b wap ik w v ikn`s vk wk cko` w x e` w`z hsk w ibs x j b wap ik w ibs ) s h `s

nò`sk w hb ) ep wkn u ` ` i v wbo`sb e` wè koo hÿn .

O ik p e h k ) p u h ih |k g k o b a b ` su w k u ` d hk e ` `sow h u p w k ` i c k g i k w v k w k sá a h sa k ` n z b | g k l k x

a ` n oh b n k w sb g w ` i b { p ` ` sow h g h wák ` n sp u ` u b . E ` k i d p n k a k n ` w k ) ì ik ob n sh e ` w k g k i k

w` iko hÿn ` hs u`n u` `n u w` `sow h up wk x i`ndpk bwk i . K i w`svòub k j h wak _`wk j hn h ’`suë

o b a v w b g k e b { p ` i k o k v k o h e k e e ` o b a v b n ` w e ` i b s n h û b s # k s ( k p a ` n u k e ` j b w a k

n b u k g i ` op k n e b s i `s h n z h u k k c k g i k w v w b i b n d k e k a ` n u ` sb g w ` ` i k w d p a ` n u b e ` sp s

`sowh ub s‑ #_`wkj hn h ;88 ?<76 3(.

@nu w` b u wks e` iks `su wk u`d hks p u h i h|keks vbw ` i ik a hsak knu`s e` oba`n|kw k `sow hg h w )

e ` su k o k ` i g p so k w p n i hg w b ` n ` i o p k i v p ` e k g k sk w s` b w ò bw e k w i k h n jb w a k o hÿ n v k w k

o ba ` n |k w k w ` e k o u k w . K i w `sv ` o u b O k ssk n x # 7 6 6 6 ( k j h w a k { p ` i òu p w k x ` so wh u p w k ) `nuk n ub v wbo`sbs x v wëo u h oks oba v ià`n u k w hks) nb v pè `n e hsbo hk ws` ) xk { p` s` kv bxk n

` h n u ` w k o u ü k n ob n su k n u ` a ` n u ` .

Obn u wk w hb k ibs ebs k ip a nbs kn u` w hb w`s= Lpk n ) E hkn k ) Ok w ibs x _b j ák ) a bsu wk gk n

e`shn u` wès kn u` `su` u hv b e` ko u h z hek e`s) x ib w` j i`lkgk n k u wk zès e` ik w`k i h|ko hÿn e`

a p ` o k s e ` k g p w w ha h `n u b .

O p k n e b i k k o u h z h e k e ` w k e ` w ` e k o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s) _b j ák ob n s op u h z k a ` n u ` s hg k k i

gkûb ep wkn u` pn ik wdb wk ub . E`svpès w`d w`skgk x s` ob ibokgk `n sp vpv h u w` s hn

oba `n|k w k v ikn`k w sbg w` ib {p ` `so w hg h w á k ) w`z h s sp i h g w` uk e` @svk ûb i x

obn u hnpka`n u` u h`n` knb uko hbn`s e` sp v wb j`sb w obn ik j wks` ’nb k u h`ne`

hne hoko hbn`s‑ .



88

@n ib {p` w`svòuk k Lpkn x Okw ibs) i`s obsukgk u wkgk lb ` i hn ho hk w k `sow hg h w sp `sow h ub .

Kn u` ik `so w h u p wk e` pn u àk i hg w` `nobn u wkgkn ik e h j h op i u ke e` sbg w` {pè `so w hg h w .

J hnk ia`n u` s` hno i hnkgkn vb w akn h j `s uk w pn e`s hn u` wès u b uk i vb w ik ko u h z heke e`

wèkoo hÿn .

E hknk) bv ukgk vbw e hk ibdkw obn sps obavkû`wks sbgw` b u wks op`su hbn`s k l`nks k ik

ko u h z heke v wbvp`s uk vb w sp v wb j`sb w . I i`dkgkn k u wknsop w w h w cks uk 50 a hnp ubs x ` i ik

k ü n n b o ba ` n |k g k k w ` e k o u k w sp s ` so whu b s.

E` kop` web k Lb i hg` w #7667 ( ` hs u` pnk jk i u k e` ab u h zko hÿn e` ibs n hûbs #ks ( vb w ik

`sow h up wk . K i w`svòub Dÿa`| Vk iko hbs #;83:( a`nohbnk {p` k ibs k ipanbs #ks( i`s

w`sp i u k e h j áo h i v iksa kw sps he`k s n ` i a ba `nu b e ` `sow hg h w sps uù bs.

K n u ` ` su ` u h v b e ` sh u p k o h bn ` s G k h n # ;8 8 4( a ` n oh b n k { p ` i k v w b e p oo hÿ n e ` u ` u b

hn u`no hbnk i `s pn v wbo`sb {p ` oba vbw u k o h` w u ks e h j h op i u k e`s {p ` zk n e `se` ik `z he`n u`

jk i u k e` ` l` wo h u ko hÿn `n ik v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ub v wbv hb ) e`g hek `n vk w u` k iks

e h j h op i u k e`s {p ` ha v i hok ik iòub`so w hu p wk x k i e`sobnboha h`n u b e ` iks c` w wka h`n uk s x

`su wk u`d hks { p` ik jk o h ih uk n ) ck suk ` i còcb a hsa b e` { p` p n `sow h ub w s 'e`snp ek ' kn u `

sps iòub w`s) k i `v bn`w sp v`n sk a h`nub ) he`k s) ow``nohks x `sub k u à bw h|k k i skg `w { p`

b u wbs vbe wën `ka hnk w sp x b hn u` wnb ) x `n o h` w u b a beb obn u wb ik w pn k v k w u ` e` sp s` w .

Epwknu ` ik `sowh u pwkWèko uk w `s ’v bn` w v b w `so w hu b obsks spoè hek s) kob wek ek s b v `nske ks obn

k n u ` w h b w he k e ‑ # G k sp i u b ;8 8 5 <;0 ( . I k w ` k i h| k o hÿ n e ` p n k w ` e k o oh ÿ n e ` a k n e k p n

op heke bsb v wbo`sb x à v i`b e` ` ià `n ubs heÿn`bs vk wk u k i j pn o hÿn .

Ik u ` up k i h |ko hÿn e ` pn `so w hu b ) `suë obnsu h u p hek v b w ` i obn lpn u b e` bv ` wko hbn`s e`

u wk nsjb wa ko hÿn e` ibs obn u`n hebs `n i`ndp k l` `so w hu b i h n`k ia `n u` b wdk n h|keb . Ik

a p i u h v i h oh e k e e ` e ` a k n e k s e ` ` su k b v ` w k o hÿ n # ` l` op o hÿ n d w ë j hok e ` ik s i ù w k s)

` hd`nohks bw u bdwë j hoks) iè hoks) shn uë ou hoks) ` uo( { p` obnshsu` `n v kskw e` p nkb wdkn h|ko hÿn sàën u h ok l` wk w{p h|kek k pnk b wdkn h|ko hÿn i h n`k i ) bg i hdk k j wòp`n u`s

w`z hshbn`s x w` ub wnbs k bv ` wko hbn`s e` v ikn h j h oko hÿn #G` i u wë n ) 766 6 ( .



;66

Oikp e hk ) ep wk n u ` ik wè koo hÿn e` sps sow h ubs sow hg` x `sow hg` ) e` w`v `nu ` ck o` vk psks)

s ob ibok v `nsku hzk = s e ` u h`n` k v`n skw . _h u h`n` e pe ks sbg w` ` i shdn h j hoke b e ` k idpn k

v k i k g w k k o p e ` ob n sp v w b j `sb w v k w k { p ` `su è i` k oi k w ` sp s e p e k s. W `k i h| k e hg p l b s

v kw k g kskws` sbg w` ` i ibs) x `ns`dp hek obnu hnp kw sp `sow h ub ) k ik wd kn eb ok ek z `| a ës ik

wèk oohÿn e` sp u ùb .

O b n su k n u ` a ` n u ` v h ` n sk ` n z b | k i u k sb g w ` ib { p ` o bn u h n p k w ë ` sow h g h` n e b ) sp ` i `

u k a g h èn v i k n ` k w a ` n u k i a ` n u ` ik ` su w p ou p w k e ` sp u ` u b ) shu ü k ` n v w ë o u hok i bs

obnboha h`n ubs v w`z hbs {p ` vbs`` obn w`svò ub k i u à k k wèko uk w .

K i` lk n e w b ) s e ` u h` n ` a h `n u w k s ` sow hg ` x w ì` ` ib s j w k d a ` n u b s { p ` x k c k w è k o u k e b

v k w k ` z k i p k w sh ob w w `sv b n e ` n k i k ha k d ` n a ` n u k i { p ` u h ` n ` e ` i u ` u b ) k i v i k n { p `

ckg ák u wk |keb kn u `s x u ka g hèn v k wk `n ik|k w ik s j wks`s {p ` `so w hg h wë e`svp ès obn iks

kn u ` w hb w`s. Obnsuk n u à `n u` w`z hsk ib {p` i i `zk `so w hu b ck suk ` s a ba `n ub ) `ns`dp hek

i` kd w`dk a ës ksv òubs k sp `sow h ub .

V hknm b #;848( o h uk eb v bw Ok sskn x # ;88;( a `nohbnk { p` ibs gp `nbs `sow h ub w`s) a h`n u wk s

w` i``n ib {p` ckn `sow h ub ) e`soknskn vkwk v ikn h j hokw ib {p` `sow hg h wën k obnu hnpko hÿn )

w`vk skn #np `zk a `n u` ib { p` ck n `so w hu b ( vk wk oba vwbg k w sh `subs v ik n`s s k lpsuk n k i

`sow h ub x e`svp ès s e` u h`n`n b u wk z`| v kwk w` jb wa p ikw ibs.

@n u w` b u wks e` sps su wk u`d hks e`suk ok ` i a `no hbnk w `n zb| a px g k lk ko` wok e ` ib {p `

` sow h g hw ë = ` i z ` w g k i h |k w b k w d p a ` n u k w sp ` so wh u b k n u ` s e ` ob a ` n |k w n p ` z k a ` n u ` k

` sow h g hw u k i o b a b i b v w b v b n ` _` w k j hn h # ;8 8 ? ( . E ` hd p k i a k n ` w k sp ` i ` w ` k i h| k w e h g p l b s

k i p sh z b s k i u ` a k { p ` ` su ë w ` e k o u k n e b .

Bokshbnk ia `n u` p u h i h |k oba b `su wk u`d hk e` `so w hu p wk ` i kv w`ne h|k l` obbv` wk u h zb ) ` i

o p k i ` s e ` j h n h e b v b w A k { p ` b # 7 6 6 0 ( o b a b a ë s k i i ë e ` p n s h a v i ` k d w p v k a h ` n u b e `

`sup e hk n u `s n `{ p hvbs e` o hnob b s` hs. Ibs k ip a nbs #k s( e ` s a v `ûk n ` i v p`sub e` p n

obnepo ub w ) e` pn dp ák ) x kv w`ne`n x v wko u h okn sp `so w hu p wk k i u h àv b {p ` obn u w hgpx`nk i k zk no` e` ibs eà ës.



;6;

_p ob ikgb wko hÿn obns hs u` `n bv hnk w ) obav ià`n uk w x `n w h{pò` w ` i u wkgk lb e` sps

ob a v k û ` w b s # k s( k ik z ` | { p ` w `j p ` w| k n ` i sp x b v w b v hb . ’ I k hn u ` w k ooh ÿn d w p v k i

v wbvb wo hbnk k ibs `s upe hkn u`s k{p` i iks `v` w h`no hks {p` nò`s h u kn vk wk obavwbgk w

{ p ` v p ` e `n k v w ` n e `w p n b s e ` b u wb s‑ # D hw b p ;8 8 6 <3?( . _b g w ` `su k j bw a k e `

kv w`ne h|k l` e ho` Lka `s Obbv `w <Ehock `s u wk u`d hk s` jpneka`nuk `n u w `s ok wko u` w ás u h oks havbw ukn u`s < ibs bg l` u h zbs

dwpvk i`s x iks wòbav`nsks `n `{p hvb ) ik w `svbnskg h i heke hne hz hepk i x ik hdpk ieke

e` bvbw upn heke`s vkwk ibd wk w ` i è h ub . @ i kv w`ne h|k l` obbv`wk u hzb jkzbwò` ik

k x p e k ap up k ` n i b s ` s up e hk n u` s x d ` n ` w k i k h n u` w k o o h ÿ n k i w ` e ` e b w e ` i k s u k w ` k s

k o k e è aho k s ) e ` ak n ` w k { p ` o b n e p o ` k i b s ` s up e hk n u` s k i o ha h` n ub e ` n p ` z b s

zánopibs sbohki`s #;88?< 4(.

Vkwk {p` s` v wbep|ok ` i kv w`ne h|k l` obbv` wk u h zb ckx pnk obne ho hÿn {p` ibs

a h à g w b s e ` i ` { p h v b v ` w shd k n i k a h sa k a ` u k ) { p ` ` su è n a b u h z k e b s x o b n e ` s b s e `k iokn|kw sp bg l` u hzb . _ h `sub spoè`) ubebs ko`vukwën e` gp`n dwkeb iks bv hn hbn`s x

spd` w`no hks e` sps oba vk û` wbs #k s( . E` `suk a kn ` wk ) K i` lkne wb `n k idpnk s bokshbn`s

u wk gk lkg k `n `{p hvb obn eb s k ipa nbs a ës) ibs opk i`s sbn k l`nbs k i `sup e hb e ` oksbs e`

ik hnz `su hdk o hÿn ) vbw ib opk i nb a `nohbnk w` sps nba gw `s.

@ n u w ` ib s u w ` s k i p a n b s e h k i b d k g k n ob n w ` sv ` o u b k i u ` a k { p ` u ` n ák n { p ` w ` e k o u k w ) s

spd`w ákn he`ks) obns`nspkgkn ik hn jb wakohÿn {p` xk vbs`ákn obn w`svòub k i uàk) `s

eò hw ) vbn ákn `n v wë o u h ok sps obnboha h`n ubs v w`z hbs obn w`svò ub k i u ` ub k wèk o uk w ) xj hnk ia`n u` okek pnb wèko ukgk sp v wbepoo hÿn v wbv hk e` i `so w h u b ) ob ibokneb k idpnks

e` ik s bv hn hbn`s x spd `w`no hks b u b wdk ek s n u w ` ` i ibs a hsa bs.

Okg ` w`sk i u k w {p ` ib kn u ` w hb w s vpe b bgs` wzk w `n u w` ibs eà ës k ipa nbs #k s( e` i

d wpvb ) vb w ib opk i s` v wboè hÿ k `n u w`z hs uk w k i v wb j`sb w ko` wok e` {pè `s u wk u`d hk e`

kv w`ne h|k l` p u h ih |k v k wk ik v wbe poo hÿn e` u ` ubs) k ib opk i è i obn u`sub { p` n hndpn k `n

vk w u h op ik w ) sÿ ib v wbvb wo hbnk w i`s ik i h g` w uk e k ibs k ipa nbs #ks( e ` `so w hg h w e ` ik j b wa k

` n { p ` ` ii b s i b e ` s k w ë n ) x k s k e ` a k n ` w k h n e h z h e p k i b d w p v k i . E ` ` su k a k n ` w k sk i `

k w` ipo hw {p` ` i kv w`ne h|k l` obbv ` wk u h z b ibs k ipa nbs #ks( ib v wk o u h okg kn vb w hn h ohk u h z k

v wbv hk x nb v b w s w pnk spd` w`no hk b `su wk u`d hk k gb we ke k v b w sp v wb j`sb w .



;67

Vbw sp v k w u ` ) Lpk n ) ep wkn u ` ik wè koo hÿn e ` sps `so w hu bs) `so w hg ák a px kv w h sk ) shn

a ` e h u k w sb g w ` i b `so wh u b . O b n u hn p k a ` n u ` g p so k g k e h su w k ` w s w `k i h |k n e b b u w b u h v b e `

k o u h z h e k e ` s o ba b l p d k w o bn k i d ü n ob a v k û ` w b b o b n z ` wsk w sb g w ` j ü u g b i .

K i a b a ` n u b e ` w ` u b a k w sp u ` u b x o b n u h n p k w w ` e k ou k n e b ) ib c k o ák sh n w ì `` w i b `sow h u bc k su k ` i a b a ` n u b . O b n u h n p k a ` n u ` w ` op w w ák k i k u w k n sow h v oh ÿ n e ` k i d ü n u ` u b b jw k s`

e` sp i h g wb e` @svk ûb i .

@ i v wb j`sb w e ` i d wpvb e`su hnkg k k i wèè b w e ` ebs cb wks vk wk ik v wbe poohÿn e` u ` ubs)

u w k n sop w w h e b ` s a b a ` n u b ) Lp k n k ü n n b u ` w a h n k g k e ` ` ik g b w k w sp u ` u b ) e ` g h e b k

e hsu wk oohbn`s b k ik k v k u ák w`v w` s n uk ek vb w ik ko u h z he ke e` wèk oohÿn .

@ n ib { p ` ob n o h` w n ` k E h k n k ) p n k z ` | { p ` s v ` w ok u k g k { p ` { p ` e k g k v b ob u h à v b

vk wk u ` wa hnk w ` i ` l`wo ho hb eò he ák `so w hg h w a px k v w h sk ) shn a è h u k w sbg w` ib `so w hu b . E`

kop`web k Okavs #;884( ibs `sow h ub w`s a`nbs okvkoh ukebs obavbn`n sp uùb

`so w hg h`neb kg pn ek n u à `n u` shn u ba kw obno h`no hk sbg w` ib `so w hu b x ik obc` w`nohk { p`

vp èk ` hsu h w `n ik hn jb wa ko hÿn v iksa ke k `n sp u ` ub .

Ik wèkoo hÿn e` pn `sow h ub ) `s pn vwbo`sb {p` w`{p h` w` ik obnsukn u` w`z hs hÿn e` i uùb

v wbe po heb ) ik w` j i` hÿn sbg w` ik hn jb wa ko hÿn v` w u hn`n u` vk wk c ko` w ib oba vw`nshg i` ) i k

e hsopshÿn k o`wok e ` ik b wdk n h|ko hÿn e ` iks he`k s) ibs v wboè ha h`n ubs e` obc`shÿn

p u h i h |kebs ) ik b w u bd wk j á k ) i k vpn upko hÿn x ik keòpko hÿn k i w`d hs u wb k u`ne h`neb k iks h u pko hÿn obapn hok u h zk .

Okw ibs) ep wk n u ` ik wèk oohÿn e` sps sow h ubs s e` u `n ák x s e hsu wk ák `n b u w ks op`su hbn `s)

`n s dp hek w` uba kg k sp `so w hu p wk shn w` i`` w ib `so w hu b cksuk ` i a ba `n ub . @n k idpn ks

b ok sh b n `s v w ` j ` wák u w k n so wh g h w k sp op k e ` w n b i k h n j bw a k o hÿ n o b a v i ` u k e ` p n k i ò u p w k

e` sp i h g wb ) j h nk ia`n u` sp `so w h u b u ` wa hnkgk s hn s` w pnk v wbepoo hÿn v wbv hk s hnb pnk

wòbv h iko hÿn e ` j wk s s e` p nk iòo hÿn .

_b j ák kn u ` ` l` wohohbs e` wèk oohÿn e` v wbe poo hbn`s v wb v hks) ` i ik obn u hnp ka `n u`

u w k n so wh g ák p n u ` u b { p ` x k u ` n ák ` i k g b w k e b e ` se ` c k o ` u h ` a v b . @ i v w b j ` sb w o b a b n b

kobsup a gwk gk i``w ibs `so w hu bs pn k z`| ` ikgb wke bs) nb s` v ` wok u kg k e` {p ` k _b j ák

shà v w` i` `suk gk ok i hj h okne b ` i a hsa b u ` ub .



;6?

E`svpès e` i k `sow h u pwk

W`zhshÿn< j k s` e ` ` z k i p k o h ÿ n e ` i u ` u b w ` e k o u k e b o b n ik j h n k i h e k e e ` w ` j b wa p i k w i b b

a ` lb wk w ib `n oksb e ` obnshe` wk ws` nò`sk w hb # K wnbp ) 766 ? ( .

Ep wkn u` iks bgs` wzko hbn`s j p` `z he`n u` {p` ibs k ipanbs #ks ( pnk z`| u ` wa hnkeb sp

`sow h ub nb w` i` ákn sp uùb obn ` i j hn a hsab e` w`k i h|kw k idpnk obwwòo hÿn k `suè ) e`

kop `web k i @OJ ibs k ip a nbs #k s( s` kp u bobww hd`n) ksv òub {p ` `subs : `sup e hk n u `s kü n

nb e`sk w wb i ikn .

Ki v w hno hv hb e` iks bgs`wzko hbn`s ` i v wb j`sbw p u h i h|kgk obab `su wk u`d hk e` w`z hs hÿn e`

ibs so w hu bs) ì {p ` e` a kn` wk zb ipn uk w hk ) {p h`n k sá ib e òhe h` wk ) i`x` wk sp u` ub k n u`

sps eà ës oba v kû `wbs.

@ i b g l ù h z b e ` ` su k k o u hz h e k e ` w k { p ` ib s k i p a n b s # k s( k i a b a ` n u b e ` i `` w

np`z ka `n u` sp `so w hu b s` v` wok uk s`n e` k idün ` w wb w b w u bd wë j h ob b e` s`da `n uk o hÿn x

obn s op`nu à `nu ` w`k i h|kwë n ik obw wòo hÿn e ` sp `sow h ub .

I k v b s ‟ i` ou p w k e ` ib s ` sow h u b s i i` d b k u w k n sj b w a k w s` `n k i d b a b n ÿ u b n b v k w k i b s

k ipanbs #ks( x ib akn h j`sukgkn k u wkzès e` sp `vw`s hÿn obwvbwk i ) wòkwdënebs` sbgw`

sp vp v h u w` ) k w wk su wk neb sps gk noks e` pn ipdk w k b u wb v wbz bokneb obn ` iib a pocb

wp heb `n ` i kp ik e ` o iks`s.

Ibs k ip a nbs #k s( gp sokg kn e hsu w k`ws` a h`n u wk s k idpn b e` sps oba v kû `wbs #k s( i` ák sp

u` ub ) k i vk wò` w wèko ukgkn pn `so w h u b v` wb `ns`dp hek nb {p` w ákn zb iz` w k i`` w ib

wèk o uke b ) xk { p` obn u hnpk a `n u` {p h`n`s i` ákn sps v wbe poo hbn`s kn u` u be b ` i d wpvb

` wkn ibs a hsa bs k ipa nbs #ks( { p` e ` a kn` wk zb ip n uk w hk s` b j wòákn k c ko` w ib .

@n ib {p` obnoh` wn` k ibs oksbs knk i h|ke bs vk wk `suk hnz`su hdk o hÿn ) sÿ ib O ikp e hk i` ák

sps `sow hub s kn u` u be b ` i d wp v b) a h`n u wk s { p` ` i w`sub e` ibs k ipa nbs #k s( s` iòo hbnke bs

vk wk ` i `sup e hb e ` oksbs s a bsu wk gk n w`np`n u `s cko` w ib a kn h j `suk ne b u`n` w v`nk e`

i``w sp `sow hub k n u ` ube b ` i d wpv b.



;65

Gì u wën #7666( o h uk e hz`wsbs kp ubw`s {p` s` w` j h` w`n k iks obne ho hbn`s k u áv hoks) v`wb

j wòp`nu `s) e` ik wè k oohÿn `sob ik w . _p bv hn hÿn `s {p `) `n d`n`wk i ) ibs sup e hkn u `s nb

k e b v u k n p n v p n u b e ` z h s u k v ` w s b n k i s b g w ` p n u ` a k x ) v b w u k n u b ) s ` w ` k i h | k n p n k

z` we ke ` wk u k w`k e` ` ikgb wk o hÿn e` i v `nska h`n ub vb w{ p` ) ke à ës) o w``n {p ` sps

vp n ubs e` z hsuk nb sbn wì`zkn u `s vk wk pn u wkg k lb koke èa hob .

O ik p e h k ) p n k z ` | { p ` u ` w a h n k g k e ` i` `w sp ` so wh u b d `n ` w k i a ` n u ` u ` w a h n k g k o b n

ò` i`n u`s bv hn hbn`s vbw vkw u` e` sp vwb j`sbw obn w`svòub k ib e` uk i ikeb {p` `wk ik

hn jb wa ko hÿn { p` v w` s n uk gk `n ik wèkoo hÿn e` sps u ` ubs.

B u wk e` iks `su wk u`d hks e` w`z hshÿn p u h i h|ke ks) j p` ` i h n u` woka g hb e ` sps i hg w` u ks vk wk

ob w w`d h w s `n u w` ` i ibs a hsa bs op`su hbn`s b w ubd wë j h oks) kn u` `suk ko u h z hek e ` i w`sp i u k eb

jp` {p` ibs k ipanbs #ks ( nb bgs` wzkgkn ` w wb w`s e` b w ubd wk j á k ) a`no hbnkgkn ckg` w

`sow h ub obw wòuka`nu` iks vk ikgwks.

Obn jb wa` u wknsop w w á kn iks bgs` wzko hbn`s e` i u wkgk lb e` okavb ) ` i v wb j`sb w e` lb e`

w`z hsk w ibs sow h ub s e ` iks k nu `w hbw`s a k n`wk s) k cb wk ib s k ipa nbs #k s( sÿib `sow hgák n x è i

s eè hokgk k `z k ipk w ik a kdn h u pe e` sp `so w hu b ) xk { p` obn u hnpk a `n u` i`s sb i ho hu k gk

wèko uk w pn u àk `n pnk opk w u h i i k e` sp i h g w` uk x `ns`dp hek ok i h j h okgk ` i `so w h u b s hn

i``w ik hn jb wakohÿn e` i uùb ) sÿ ib v`wok uënebs` {p` ` i `sow h ub obw w`svbne h`wk k pnk

opk w u h i ik `sow h uk .

@n ib {p` w`svò uk k iks `s u wk u`d hks e` w`z hs hÿn p u h i h |keks e` akn` wk vk w u h op ik w vb w

okek k ipa nb #k ( ) i bd wb bgs` wzk ws` {p ` pnk z`| u ` wa hnke b sp `so w hu b nb z b iz ákn k i`` w

sp u ` ub vk wk w`k i h |k w i` ob w wòo hbn`s. @n ` i oksb `svò áj h ob e ` K i` lkn e wb oba b ` i i ` ák x

w` i`ák sp `so w hu b ep wkn u` ik v wbep oohÿn e` `suè x w`k i h |kgk iks e`g heks ob w wòo hbn`s)

obns he` wkgk {p` pnk z`| u ` wa hnkeb sp `so w h u b xk nb ` wk nò`sk w hb zb iz` w ib k i`` w x

obww`d h w ib .



;60

KNËIH_H_ @ HE@NUHJHOKOHßN E@ VWBVH@EKE@_ U@SUPKI@_ @N IK_

VWBEPOOHBN@_ @IKGBWKEK_

@nu w` p nbs e` ibs bg l` u hzbs `sv òáj hobs e ` ik hnz `su hdk o hÿn e`suk ok ` i he`nu h j hokw ik s

v wbv hèk e`s uù p k i`s { p` `suë n k ps`nu`s b v w` s n u`s `n ibs uù bs vw be pohebs v bw ibs

k ipanbs #ks ( ) e` `s uk akn` wk pnk z`| ` ikgb wkeb ` i `so w h u b vb w ` i k ipanb #k ( s`

vwboèák k w`k i h|kw ik wòb iòo hÿn e` ibs uùbs vwbepohebs vbw ` i `supe hkn u` ) `sub obn

` i bg lù h zb e ` obnbo` w ik vbshg i` hno he`nohk {p ` vp è` u`n` w `n ik ` ikg b wko hÿn e` pn

`sow h ub ` i psb e ` `su w k u `d hks gë shoks e ` oba v bshohÿn x k vb xb `n ik v wbe poo hÿn e`

uù bs obc`w`nu`s) obc`shbnk eb s) obn shn uk hs x ke òpkohÿn .

E ` k op ` w e b k i k h n j b w a k o hÿ n o b n sp i u k e k c k su k ` i a b a ` n u b ` i u ` u b w ` sp i u k n u ` e ` g `

opav i h w i k j pno hÿn e` obapn hok w s hdn h j h okebs `n pnk s h u pko hÿn ekek . @ i vbe` w

àvi`kws` `n ik w` iko hÿn `n u w` iks v`wsbnks) w`svbne`w k ik hn u`no hÿn e` i {p` ib`so w hg` ) nb e`v `ne` w e ` b u wbs u ` ubs v k wk {p ` s` `n u h`nek ) s w obc` w`n u` x w` j i` lk w ik

p n h e k e e ` ob n u ` n h e b x jb w a k .

Vk wk ik he`n u h j h oko hÿn e` iks v wbv hèke`s u` upk i`s s` p u h i h |ÿ obab abe` ib e`

`zk ipko hÿn ik w` lh ii k ` ikg b wke k v b w Vè w`| K g w h i #766 0 ( . _` w`k i h |b pn oba v`ne hb e` ibs

`sow h ub s ikg bwk eb s v bw ibs : k ipa nbs #k s( sìòohbnk e bs v k wk ì `sup e hb e ` oksbs.

Iks ok u`db w áks e` ik obav` u`no hk u ` upk i ) e` u` wa hnkeks e`n u wb e` i abe` ib e``zk ipko hÿn p u h i h|ke b ) sbn < Obc` w`nohk ibok i ) obc` w`no hk i hn`k i ) obc` w`no hk d ibgk i x

obc`shÿn) shnukhs x keòpkohÿn) iks opki`s `suën `vi hokeks vbw iks shdph`nu`s spg!

ok u `dbw áks x sp w`svòu hz k obne ho hÿn <

; . Obnobweknohk < Obnshs u` `n vwbepoh w ) k i a`nbs) pnk bwko hÿn x `sukg iò`w pnk

hn u` w w` ikohÿn ke òpk ek `n u w` ` i sp l` ub x ` i z` wgb .

7 . _`da `n uk o hÿn < A k wok w ` i i áa h u ` `n u w` b wko hbn`s a è hkn u ` pn wòp wsb `v i áo hu b oba b

pn `svk o hb ) pn dp hÿn ) pn shdnb e` v pn u pk o hÿn .

? . V wbd w`shÿn u à ë u h ok < D`n` wk w a ës e` p nk b wko hÿn x s`dp h w pn c h ib u à ë u h ob .5 . Obnòubw`s obn lpn u hzbs< @sukg iò`w pnk w` iko hÿn `v i áo h uk `n u w` iks b wko hbn`s

cko h`neb p sb e ` pn obnòub w .

0 . _ hdnbs e` vpnupko hÿn < @z he`nohk w ) aè hkn u` sp psb ) w` iko hbn`s `n u w` b wko hbn`s x

vwbvbshohbn`s.

Iks ok u`db w áks {p` v` wa h u`n knk i h |k w ik v wkdaë u hok sbn < Ik hn u`no hÿn ) ik e hz` ws heke

uù pk i x ik spv `w`su wp oup wk . @suk s v w` s n uk n eb s spg oku `dbw áks<



;6:

: . V` w u hn`no hk < Obne ho hÿn { p` ha v i hok { p` ` i `so w hu b w`svbn ek k ibs w`{p ` w ha h`n ubs

vwëou hobs eì obnuùb. _` wòbnbo` ki hnu`w ibopubw) s` e`sow hg`) s` nkwwk b s`

k w d p a ` n u k .

4 . U hvb u ` up k i < E` u ` wa hnk k i u ` ub k ek w a p`su wk s e` pn k s` iòohÿn x obn u wb i `n sps

obavbn`nu`s d ibgk i`s.

K i h n u` w hb w e ` i a be` ib e ` `zk ipko hÿn s` `suk g iò h` wbn n hz` i`s e` v wbep oohÿn `so w hu k #K )

G ) O) E ( { p` hne hokn e h j `w`no hks opk i h u k u h zks n opkn u b k ik obav i` lheke e` ibs u ` ubs.

E` kop` web k `s u` abe` ib e` `zk ipko hÿn ) ibs k ipanbs #ks ( {p` wèko ukn u ` ubs obn

iks okwk ou`w ásu hoks e` i vp nu b N b. ? b v wbdw`shÿn uà ëu hok ) s pg hokn `n ` i n hz` i K e `

wèkoo hÿn = {p h`n`s vwbepo`n uùbs obn obnòubw`s obn jpno hÿn #vpnub Nb.5( s` s h uükn

`n ` i n hz` i G= iks wèk oohbn`s { p` v w` s n u kn ube ks iks kn u`w hb w`s okwk ou`w ásu hoks)

ke à ës e` obn uk w obn shdnbs e` v pn u pk o hÿn obn jpno hÿn ) `suë n `n ` i n h z` i O e`

wèkoo hÿn = e` hdpk i akn` wk ) ibs k ipanbs #ks ( opxk wèkoo hÿn e` u ` ubs opav i`n iks

okwk ou`w ásu hoks kn u`w hb w`s) keà ës e` i k sv òub N b. 4) s pg hokn `n ` i E e` wè koo hÿn .

_` `suk g iò` ` i n hz` i K obab ` i gëshob x ` i E oba b ` i n h z` i a ës k i u b .

@n u w` b u wb e` ibs ksvò ubs {p` v` wa h u` wòbnbo` w ` i abe` ib e` `zk ipko hÿn e` ik

v wbe poo hÿn e` uùbs `s ik he`nu h j hoko hÿn e` vwbv hèk e`s uù pk i`s) `s eò h w ube bs ibs

w`{p hs h u bs {p` ck e` opav i h w opk i{p h` w akn h j `s uko hÿn z` wgk i vk wk obns he` wk ws` pn

u ` u b .

@i abe` ib ap`su wk o h` w uks okwkou`w ás u hoks i hndù ás u hoks {p` ck e` opavi h w ` i uùb vkwk

s`w obns he`wkeb obn obc`w`no hk ) obc`shÿn ) s hn uk hs x keòpkohÿn = e` `suk jb wak)

obn jb wa` k ik e` j hn h o hÿn b ok wko u` w á s u h ok b ub wdkek vb w ` i abe` ib ) x u bakneb obab

gks` ` i u ` ub v wbepo heb vb w ` i k ipanb #k ( ) s` v wboè hÿ k he`n u h j h ok w iks v wbv hèke`s

uùpk i`s.

E ` k o p ` w e b k i a b e ` ib e ` ` z k ip k o hÿ n e ` i k v w b e p o ohÿ n `sow h u k p n u ` ub w ` e k o uk e b ob nobc`w`no hk `s ` i { p` v bs`` iks shdp h`nu `s okwk ou`w ásu hoks< vwbe po` k i a `nbs pn k v wbv bsho hÿn

{p ` op`n u k obn obnobwek no hk `n dèn`wb ) nüa `wb ) u hà vb x v ` wsbnk ) `vbn` pn k "s u`shs) uba k

v b s h o h ÿ n j w ` n u` k i k u ` aë u h o k v i k n u` k e k x s ` ` v b n ` n k w d p a` n ub s e ` s e ` p n v p n ub e ` z h s uk

v`wsbnki .



;64

P n u ` u b o bn i k v w b v h ` e k e u ` u p k i e ` obc`shÿn `s i {p ` shdp` pn ` l` uà ëu hob k ib ik wdb e ` ik

wèkoo hÿn) k j án obn ik hns uwpoo hÿn. Iks vwbvbs ho hbn`s `suën `nik|keks k u wkzès eì psb e` k idün

obnò ub w .

Pn `sow hub obn s hnuk hs `s i {p ` obn u h`n` v wbv bshohbn`s s op`no hkek s e` a kn `wk v `w u hn`n u ` )

ow `k n e b p n d w p v b e ` vk ikg wks w` iko hbnk ek s n u w` sá .

V b w ü i u h a b ) e ` k o p ` w e b k i a b e ` i b e ` ` z k i p k o h ÿ n p n u ` u b o b n keòpko hÿn `s `n ì

{ p ` s p u h i h|k n shdnb s e` v pn up ko hÿn v `w u hn `nu `s #k i a `nbs uw `s) `n ibs oksbs `n { p` sbn

w`{ p`w hebs( v kw k hne hok w s da `nu ko hbn`s sà ë nu hoks x "b w` ik o hbn`s e` obc`shÿn) shn u k hs x

k e ` o p k o hÿ n .

@n ib {p` w` j h` w` k ibs `sow h ubs ` ikgbwkebs vbw Ki` lknewb ) ` i e`sukok obn pn n hz` i G e`

wèk oohÿn ) `s eò h w ) e` k op`web k i a be ` ib e` `zk ip ko hÿn p u h i h|ke b) sps uù bs sok wko u` w h |kg kn vb w v wbe po h w b wko hbn`s s da `n uk ek s) `suk g iò` w i áa h u `s e` shdn h j hokeb )

s dp h w pn c h ib uà ëu hob k ib ik wdb e` ik s a hsa ks) sps `sow hubs ` wkn obc`w`nu `s) `n ` i ibs

e`so w hg ák ) nk w wkgk ) ` wkn keòpkebs k i u h vb e` u ` ub sb i h o h u keb xk s`k pn op`n ub )

e`sow hvo hÿn b nkwwk o hÿn .

Vk wk ik e ` i ha h u ko hÿn e ` ibs vë w wk jbs p u h ih |k a òkn hsa bs e` obc`shÿn w`v w`s`n uk ebs vb w

`noke `nk a h`nub e` j wks`s sow h uks k ib ik wdb e` `sow h ub . K u wk zès e` sps `sow h ubs ibdwk

u wk nsa hu h w ` i a `nsk l` {p` e ` s k `suk g iò`w .

_p` i` ba h u h w shdnbs e` v pn up ko hÿn x k s k v pn ub s b oba ks) `n k idpn bs e ` sps `sow hub s

wòp w w` k ` w wb w`s e` shn uk hs v w`ske bs v b w ` i b we`nk a h`n ub hnke òpk eb e ` vk ikg wks

b j w ks`s) v`wb n b shn e ` lk w e` s w obc`w`nu ` `n ib {p ` wèk ouk . #Z`w k n`b N b. ;;(

Ibs `sow h ubs e` Oikpehk spì`n s`w ù`nsbs) e`sow hg` x nkwwk ubeb ib spoèheb shn

b iz hek w v`{p`ûbs e` uk i i`s . K i h dpk i {p` K i` lkne wb ) e`s ukok obn pn n hz` i G e`

wèk oohÿn ) sps vwbe poo hbn`s sbn obc`w`nu`s x obc`shbnk ek s. W`j i` lk p nk v wòkp ohÿn x

`sa `wb `n oke k p nk e` sps vw be poo hbn`s uù pk i`s op hek ne b obn ` i ib ik shn uk hs e` sps

`sowh ub s x ik k e òpk ohÿn e ` `sub s. #Z `w k n`b N b. ;7(

Lpkn x Okwibs ap`suwkn `n sps `sow h ubs `wwbw`s e` s`da`nukohÿn) ik kps`nohk eì psb e`

shdnbs e` vpnupkohÿn) `wwbw`s e` shnukhs) ik jk i uk e` obc`shÿn= sps `sow h ubs spì`n s`w

hnobc`w`nu `s #Z `w k n`b N b.;?( .



;63

E hknk k i `sow hg h w kv w`spw ke ka `nu ` ) sps vw be poo hbn`s w`sp i uk gk n obn ha v wò hshbn`s) xk

{ p ` nb `sv òhj hokg k e ù k i i`s) n h e `sow hgák k dwk ne `s wk sdb s. @n sp s u ùb s s w`j i` lkg k ik

jk i uk obc`shÿn x s`da `nu ko hÿn . #Z`w k n`b N b.;5(

V bw sp v kw u ` ) _bj ák w`k i h|k ik w`v ù ho hÿn e ` a p i` u h i iks) ik jk i uk obc`shÿn `n sps `sow hub s)`wwbw`s e` shnukhs. Kidpnbs e` sps `sow h ubs sbn u wknsow h ubs e` kidün i hgwb. #Z`w kn`b

Nb.;0(

V k w k o b a v b n ` w p n u ` u b o b a p n h o k u h z b ` i k p u b w e ` g ` e b a h n k w ’ p n z k w h k e b o b n l p n u b

e` `su wk u`d hks {p` i` v`wah ukn kv i hokw ibs obnbohah`n ubs e` i oÿe hdb ) d`n`wk i`s x

kgsuwkoubs) `n okek shupkohÿn obnowùk' #Okssknx ;88:<?;(. Vbw ib opki) `s e` w`skiukw

{p` ibs k ipanbs #ks ( {p` nb àv i`k wbn k idün u hvb e` `s u wk u`d hk e` `so w h u p wk nb

i b d w k w b n v w b e p o hw u ` u b s ` j òu h z b s # ob c ` w `n u ` s) ob c ` sh bn k e b s) ob n sh n u k hs xk e ` op k o hÿ n ( ) e ` sop g w h `n e b k sá ` i v k v ` i u w k so` n e `n u k i { p ` u h `n ` ì v w b o` sb e `

oba vbshohÿn `n ik `v w`shÿn `so w hu k ) sh`neb ksá ik j k i u k e ` i psb x kv bxb e` `su wk u`d hks

gë shoks e` `so w hu p wk pn jk o ub w e` u` wa hnkn u ` k {p ` nb s v wbep |okn u ` ubs j òu h zbs `n

ibs k ip a nbs #k s( e ` s ub d wke b p u h i h|ke bs vk wk ` i `sup e hb e ` oksbs.



;68

VWBEPOOHBN@_ E@ U@SUB_ @N @I KPIK

@n ib {p` obnoh` wn` k i obn u`n heb e` iks v wbe poohbn`s e` u ` ubs ` ikgb wk ek s) j p` wbn ibs

shdp h`nu `s uà ks<

;. V k sk u h à v b s j k z b w hu b s.

7 . I ` ou p w k h n e h z he p k i e ` p n op ` n u b e ` i ’ w h n oÿ n e ` i k i` ou p w k ‑ ) v b su ` w hb w a ` n u ` i k

wèk oohÿn v bw `sow hub e` ib i` áeb xk shn obnsp i u k w ` i i hg wb .

? . N k w w k w v b w ` sow hu b i b { p ` c k g á k n w ` k ih |k e b ` i j hn e ` s a k n k .

5 . E`sow hg h w v b w `so w hu b iks ko u h z hek e`s e`sk w wb i ike ks n ik o ik s kn u` w hb w .

0. Uà k ihg w`.

: . W`k i h|ko hÿn e` ` l`wo ho hbs e` wèk oohÿn e` i i hg wb e` k o u h z hek e`s e` @svk ûb i `n

ibs {p` ibs k ipanbs #ks ( hnz`n uk w ákn pn j hnk i e h j ` w`n u` k ik i`x`nek b op`n ub

i`áeb.

4. O w` k ohÿ n e ` hn z ` n u b s.

I k v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s j p ` a k n ` l k e k ob a b p n v p n u b ` u w k v k w k ` i g h a ` su w ` e ` i k

`zk ipko hÿn `n op`su hÿn . Ibs `so w hu bs e`g` w ákn opa v i h w obn pnk a kdn h u pe e` pnk

opk w u h i ik e` p nk cb lk ) ksvò ub { p` i`s okpskg k kn dpsu hk k ibs n hûbs #ks( v p`s u à ákn

nb ibdwk w wèk ouk w pn `sow h ub e` ik ù`n shÿn sb i hoh uk ek .

Epwknu` ` i u wknsopwsb e` iks bgs`wzko hbn`s) ibs k ipanbs #ks( akn h j`sukgkn u`n`w

hn u` wès vbw e`skwwb i ik w vbw `sow h ub uàëu hoks e h j` w`n u`s k iks v wbvp`suks `n ` i kp ik eòiks`s.

K n k i h |k n e b ` su ` k sv ` o u b ) D ÿ a ` | x V k i k oh b s # o hu k e b ` n Ë i z k w ` |) 7 6 6 7 ( ) a ` n oh b n k n

{p ` ì j `nÿa `nb bop w w heb `n `su` u hv b e` oh w opn suk no hks u h`n` vb w nba gw` `so w hu p wk

’ e ` s o b n u ` u p k e k ‑ x s` v wbepo` s`dün `s uk kp ub wk vb w{p` ik v wbepoo hÿn `so w h u k e` i

n hûb # k ( nb s` w`svù k ) sh nb { p` s` i` ha v bn` ib { p` e `g` `sow hg h w .

Oksskn x #76 6 6 ( bg s wzk { p`) k a `np eb ) ibs `sow h ubs `sob ik w`s nb sbn a ës { p` p nk

`vb shohÿn e ` a ku `w hk i`s nb s iòo hbnk eb s vb w ` i `sow h ub w . Ksá vp `s) k j h wa k Oksskn x { p`

`su` u hv b e` sh up ko hÿn `sob ik w ha v he` { p` ibs `sup e hk n u `s e`skw wb i i`n ik ck g h i hek e

e` `vb n`w sps v`nska h`nubs vbw `sow hub .



;;6

_bn obnu `n he bs e ` i @OJ ` i `v`w ha `nu k w `n sh up ko hbn`s w`k i`s e` oba pn hoko hÿn ik

nò`shek e e` ik `sow h up w k ) ik ` hsu`n o hk e` e h j` w`n u`s vw bv ÿsh ubs vk wk `sow hg h w ) ` i w`sok u`

e` ik aàbw hk ) `v`w ha`nuko hÿn `suè u hok ) `n u w` b u wbs x ` i v iko`w e` `sow hg h w ) sbn

w`{p `w ha h`n ubs nò`skw hbs v kw k jb wa kw `sow h ub w`s x `sow h ub wk s ck g h u pk i`s x

obav` u`n u`s .

Vb w ib kn u` w hb w ) i k `sop` ik e`g` ) `n ubno`s ) vbs hg h i h u k w k i k ipanb x k ik k ipank ik

j wòp`nu ko hÿn x v wbe poo hÿn e` e hz`wsbs u hv bs e` u ùbs) w`k i`s b ha kd hnk w hbs)

obc` w`n u`s) obc`shbnke bs x k eòpke bs k pn k sh u pk o hÿn oba pn hok u h zk e` u` wa hnke k ) ksá

obab ik shsuàku h|kohÿn `sow h uk e` ibs uùbs w`{p`whebs `n iks e hsu hnuks e hsohv i hnks e`

`sup e hb) oba b w `sü a `n`s) sánu`shs hn jb wa `s.

I k v w b e p o o h ÿ n e ` u ` u b s e ` g ` w ë a k n ` l k w s ` o b a b p n k v w ` n e h | k l ` o b n u h n p b )

s hs uàë u hob ) {p` e`g` vk w u h w e` ik nò`s heke {p` s h`n u` ` i n hûb #k ( e` obapn hok wsòbn ibs eàës ) obnepo h w s` k i n hûb #k ( k {p` kspak ik `so w h u p wk obab pnk

c` w wka h`n uk ü u h i e` oba pn hoko hÿn ) vk wk { p` sp w lk ip`db `n è i ik nò`sheke e` {p ` sp

`sow h up wk s`k i`d hg i` x obavw`nshg i` vbw k{p` i ibs {p` u wk ukn e` eòbe h j hokw sp

a`nsk l` .

E` hdpk i akn`wk ` i `sow hg h w nb s hàvw` `s jp`nu` e` kvw`ne h|k l` = s`wë nò`skw hb

eba hnk w `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk ke òpk ek s vk wk w`sb iz` w ì v wbg iàk # W b o m t ` i i)

7666 ( . @s u wk u`d hks {p` ` i k ipanb #k ( vbe wë e`sk w wb i ik w x obns u wp h w k ib ik wdb e` spj b w a k o hÿ n k ok e è a h ok .



;;;

EHJHOPIUKE@_ E@ @_OWHUPWK

E` k op` web k i kn ë i h sh s e` i u wk gk lb e` oka vb ibs k ipa nbs #ks( {p ` a kn h j `suk wbn u `n` w

e h j h op i u ke`s e` `so w h u p wk j p` wbn Lpkn ) _b j ák ) E hknk x Ok w ibs . Ik akxb w e h j h op i u ke e`

`so w hu p wk {p ` ibs k ip a nbs #ks( v w` s n uk wbn j p ` ` i `n j w`n uk w s k pnk cb lk `n g iknob .

@nu w` b u wks e` iks e h j hop i uke`s e` `sow h up wk akn h j`sukeks k u wkzès e` ik bgs`wzko hÿn e`

sp v wbo`sb e ` v wb ep oohÿn e` u` ubs) e`suk ok ` i còcb e ` e`j ho h`no hks `n ` i k lpsu` k i

u ` a k . O p k n e b p n k i p a n b b k i p a n k v w ` s ` n u k e h j h o p i u k e ` s o b n ` i k l p s u ` k i u ` a k )

d`n` wk ia`n u` ` i ib `s uë boks hbnkeb vb w sp havbs hg h i h eke vk wk e` u` wa hnk w ik he`k

o`n u wk i e` i obn u `n heb e ` pn u ` ub x iks he`ks sòpne k w hks= b u k a g hèn v pè ` `suk w e ke b

vb w e h j h op i u ke`s vk wk w`spa h w x s hn u` u h |k w `n g w`z`s vk ikg wks iks he`ks {p` u wk uÿ e`

u wknsa h u h w .

B u wk e` iks e h j h op i u ke`s j p` i b s v wbg iàks `n ik ok i heke e` iks he`k s) èsubs jp`wb n

bokshbnke bs vb w i ha h u ko hbn`s `n ` i obnboha h`n ub e` i obn u`n heb { p` s` u wk uk ) vb w j k i u k

e` z hz`no hks b vb w nb w`sp i u k w pn u àk spd` w`n u` b ab u h zkeb w . Ibs v wbg iàks

jbwa ki`s suë n `su wòck a `nu ` w` iko hbnke bs obn ik ok i hek e e ` ib {p ` s `sow hg` .

K u wkzès e` i knë i hs hs e` sps uùbs vpeb obnnbukws` ik jk i uk e` Oikw heke e` iks he`ks x

i k v b g w ` | k e ` z b o k g p i k w h b . Ik jk i u k e` o ik w heke `s upzb w` j i` lkek `n ik

e`sbwdk n h|ko hÿn e ` iks he`k s) ik hnobwwòuk `su w pou p wk o hÿn e ` iks b wk o hbn`s x ik v bg w`|ke` z bokg p ik w hb ksá oba b b u wks i ha h uk o hbn`s i hndù ásu hoks.

@ hsu h ÿ i k e ` i ha h u k o hÿ n h n ob w w òu k e ` ib s v ë w w k j b s { p ` `su ë a p x w ` ik o h bn k e k o b n i k s

e h j h op i u k e`s {p ` v w`s`n uk wbn ibs 5 k ipa nbs #k s( `n ik e` i ha h u ko hÿn e` ik s he`ks

`s`no hk i`s k `v w`sk w vb w `so w h u b x ik j k i u k e` obavw`ns hÿn e` {p` `n okek vë w wk jb

v wèba hnk ` i e`sk w wb i ib e` pnk he`k {p` `s uë w` iko hbnkek obn ik he`k o`n u wk i e` i

uù b . @suk s e` j ho h`no hks ha v he`n { p` s` ibdw` p nk obc`w`no hk x obc`shÿn `n ` i u ùb

` i k g b w k e b .

Ibs k ipa nbs #k s( u `ne h` wbn k wè ko uk w `n ik a è hek `n {p ` s i `s hgkn bop w w h`neb ik s

he`ks ) u k i x obab ckg ikn = nb u `n ákn nbo hÿn e` i v wbepo ub {p` bg u`ne w ákn = nb ` hs u á k

p n k h a k d ` n k n u h oh v k e k e ` i k ` su w p o u p w k e ` i u ` u b k ob n su w p h w .



;;7

@i ckg` w abs u wkeb `n u beb aba`n ub e`s hn u` wès kn u` `s u` u h vb e` ko u h z heke`s )

bgsuk op i h|ÿ ` i à v i`b e` `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk v b w oke k p nb e ` ` i ibs) xk {p ` sÿ ib

abs u wkgkn pnk obns he` wkg i` j k i u k e` ab u h zko hÿn vb w ik wèkoo hÿn e` u ` ubs ) s hn

w`k i h |k w k idün u hvb e` `s jp` w|b vb w a` lb wk w b v wbepo h w a`nsk l`s obc` w`n u`s x

obc`shbnkebs vbw `sow h ub.

@n ib {p` w`svò uk k O ikp e hk x K i` lkn e wb ) ep wkn u ` ` i u wk nsop wsb e` sp v wbo`sb e`

v wbe poo hÿn e` u ` ubs) kn u`s) ep wk n u` x e `svp ès e` ik `so w hu p wk ) nb a kn h j `suk wbn u `n` w

k idün u hvb e` e h j h op i u ke vk wk oba`n|k w k wèko uk w b e`sk w wb i ik w sps `so w h u bs xk {p`

jp` `z he `n u` ` i psb e ` `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk ep wkn u ` ` i v wbo`sb e ` oba vbshohÿn e`

sp s sow h u b s) x k { p ` v k w k o b a v b n ` w p n u ` u b ob a p n h ok u h z b ` i k p u b w e ` g ` e b a h n k w ’ p n

zk w hkeb obn lpn u b e ` `su wk u`d hks {p ` i` v` wa h ukn kv i hok w ibs obnboha h`n ubs e` i oÿe hdb )

d`n `wk i`s x k g suw k oubs) `n oke k shup kohÿn obnowù k ' #Ok ssk nx ;88: <?;(.



;;?

Knëi h sh s x w `sp i u kebs e` i k nop`su k

V k w k o b w w b g b w k w a ë s i k h n j b w a k o h ÿ n b g u ` n h e k k u w k z è s e ` i u w k g k l b e ` o k a v b ) s `

v w b o` e hÿ k w `k i h| k w p n k ` n op ` su k k i bs k i p a n b s # k s( e ` s u b d w k e b s` i` oohb n k e b s

vk wk ` i `sup e hb e` oksbs) `sub v` wa h u hÿ obnbo` w ` i v wbo`sb e` `so w hu p wk { p` i i `zk wbn k

okgb ep wkn u` ik v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs ) x e` u` wa hnk w opë i`s `s u wk u`d hks gës hoks e`

`so w hu p wk p u h ih |k wbn . Okg ` w`sk i u k w {p ` ik `nop`suk s` e`sk w wb i ib k a kn ` wk e`

`n u w`z hs uk ) e`sk w wb i ikneb pn e hë ibdb j w`n u` k j w`n u` obn ` i k ipanb #k ( `n ebne` ` i

h n z ` s u h d k e b w i ` á k i k v w ` d p n u k x ` i k i p a n b # k ( o b n u ` s u k g k e ` a k n ` w k b w k i s p

w`svp`suk.

Ik `nop`suk s w`k i h|ÿ hna è hk u ka `n u` e `sv pès e` u ` wa hnke k ik u k w`k e ` `so w hg h w = `n

`s u` oksb ) ip`db e` ik ` ikgb wko hÿn e` i u ` ub ) v` wa h u h`neb e` `s uk akn` wk {p` ` i

k ipanb #k ( u pz h` wk pnk w`v w`s`n uko hÿn ib aës n á u hek x j h ` i vbs hg i` e` i u ` ub {p`k o k g k g k e ` ` ik g b w k w . I k s ` n op ` su k s s h n oi p x ` n ` n ì k v k w u k e b e ` k n ` b s N b 8 .

@n ib { p` obnoh` wn` k ibs w`sp i u k ebs k w wb lkebs) s e`sv i h`dk k obn u hnpk o hÿn ` i k në i h sh s

e` iks w`svp `suk s e` ibs s hs k ip a nbs #k s( k k id pn ks vw`dp nu ks e` i op`su hbn kw hb . Ibs

op`su hbn ka h`nubs k sk g`w jp`wb n ibs shdp h`n u `s< ` i dp sub v bw ik `sow h up wk x ik uà ëu hok

sbgw` ik opk i `sow hg h` wbn ) obab ukaghèn ` i obnbohah`n ub ko`wok e` ibs w`{p hs h ubs {p`

e`g ` w`pn h w pn u ` ub g h`n `so w hu b ) i bs e`su hnk uk w hbs x ik j hnk i heke e` p n u ` ub . Hn u` w`sÿ

ukag hèn e` uò uk w {pè v` wo`vo hÿn u h`n`n e` ik v ikn h j h oko hÿn x e` ik w`z hs hÿn e` pn

uù b `n uk n u b spg v wbo`sbs e` i v wbo`sb e ` `sow hg h w .

Oba b v pè` bg s w zk w s `n ik u k g ik 7 ) ? e` ibs : `sup e hkn u`s eò ik wk n {p ` i`s dpsuÿ

`sow hg h w ) ` i w`sub akn h j h`suk {p` i`s dpsuk vbob `sow hg h w ) ik ub uk i heke e` ibs : k ipanbs

#k s( `vw `sk { p` ` i uà k `sow h ub i`s w`sp i uÿ e ` sp k dwk eb = a `nohbnkn wòbnbo`w ) n pn

vbwo`nuk l` s hdn h j hok u hzb ) {p` skg`n ko`wok e` iks okwkou`w ás u hoks {p` e`g` u`n`w pn

gp `n u` ub ) `n jk u h |kne b sÿ ib `n op`su hbn`s e` `su wp o up wk e` i u ` ub u k i`s oba b np eb )

e`s`n iko` ) j hnk i ) ` uo = e` `su` vbwo`nuk l` ) ? e` ibs : k ipanbs #ks( eò ik wÿ {p` nb

obnboákn ibs e`su hnk ukw hbs k {p h`n`s e h w hd ákn ` i uùb ) x 0 e` ibs : `supe hkn u`s {pè`sobnbo ákn ik j h nk i heke e` i `so w h u b w`k i h |keb . Opk u wb k ipanbs #ks ( akn h j h`s ukn {p`

n b v i k n h j ho k w b n sp u k w ` k n h ` ik g b w k w b n p n ` s{ p ` a k d ` n `w k i e ` o ÿ a b e ` g á k s` w ` s

uù b ) sÿ ib eb s k ip a nbs #k s( w`k i h|kwb n ik v ikn h j hoko hÿn e ` sp `sow h ub . Ibs : k ipa nbs

#ks( ke a h u`n {p ` w`z hsk wbn vboks zò`s i v wbep o ub ` ikg b wke b .



;;5

Ukgi k 7< W`sv p `suk s w` ik u hzk s k ik v `wo`vohÿn e` ibs `sup e hkn u `s sbg w` spobnboha h`n ub e ` e h j` w`n u `s ksv òubs e` ik wèk oohÿn e` pn u ùb .

@sow hu p wk Uà k Ok wk o.u ` ub

E`s u hnk !uk w h b s

J hn k !i h e k e

V ik n h !j hoko hÿn

@s{pàk W`zhshÿn

A p oc b "_á ?": : ": 0": ?": ;": 7": 7":V b ob ?": : ":N k e k "N b ;": ?": 0": 5 ": 5":

I k u k g i k a p ` su w k { p ` p n k ok n u h e k e sh d n hj h ok u h z k e ` k i p a n b s # k s( ob h n oh e ` `n s û k i k w

ik nb nò`sheke e` v ikn h j hokw vkwk w`k i h|kw ik wèkoo hÿn e` pn `sow h ub ) vp`s obnshe`wkn

{p ` s e`g` d `suk w a ës g h`n `n j b wa k `svbn uë n`k ) cko h`neb uk a g hèn hnnò`sk w hk sp

w`z hshÿn . Ib a hsa b spoè` obn ` i `s{p à k a `n uk i {p` dp ák ` i u ` ub ) ` i {p ` e`g` s` w

` u wk áeb e ` `v` w h`no hks w`k i`s vk wk b u b wdk w z` wbsha h ih u pe k i w` ik u b . J hnk ia `n u` )

k p n { p ` `n p n k o k n u h e k e a ` n b w ) i b s su p e h k n u ` s ob a ` n u k n { p ` ik u k w ` k e ` w è k o u k w

u h ` n ` o ba b j h n k i he k e ` n u w ` d k w p n a ` n sk l ` { p ` s` w ë ` z k i p k e b ) e k n e b k ` n u ` n e ` w { p `

obnohg`n e hock uk w`k oba b pn ` l` wohohb kokeèa hob .

Ibs w`sp i ukebs bg u`n hebs v`wah u`n hn j` w h w {p` ik obno`vohÿn e` i v wbo`sb e`

oba vbshohÿn `n `su` d wp vb e` `sup e hk n u`s vk wò` s w e` nk up wk i`|k i h n`k i ) xk { p` nb

z hsipa gwk n obn o ik w he ke ik nò`sheke e` v ikn h j h ok w x w`z hsk w .

Ubeb `s ub obnepo` k e` u` wa hnk w `n j b wak v wbz hs hbnk i ik kps`no hk e` obnbo ha h`n ub

sbg w` v wboè ha h`n u bs x u èon hoks {p ` jko h ih u `n ik u k w`k e` wè ko uk w . @n b u wk s vk ikg wk s)s `z he `nohk `n ik a kx bw ák e ` ibs sp l` u bs kn k i h|ke bs v kwk ` i `sup e hb e ` oksbs) pn p sb

`su wk uèd hob x obne hohbnk i ` j áa `wb e` `su wk u`d hks e` `sow hup wk .

@n ib {p ` obnoh` wn` k ibs oba `nu kw hbs { p` ibs v wbv hbs sup e hk n u `s ck o`n ko`wok e` ibs

wksdbs {p ` w`z hskn k i a ba `n ub e` w` i`` w sp `so w hu b pn k z`| ` ikgb wk eb ) e`suk okn iks

kv wò hko hbn`s sbg w` ik havb w ukno hk e` ik b w u bd wk j á k ) e` lkneb k pn ikeb pn j ko ub w

ha vb w u kn u` v k wk ik `v w`shÿn `so w hu k {p ` `s i w `z hsk w { p` iks he`ks suèn o ik wka `n u`

wèk o uke ks n sp u ` ub ) s eò hw e` a kn` wk obc`w`n u` x obc`shbnke k .



;;0

Ukgi k ?< W`sv p`suk s w` ik u hzk s k ik lp su h j hoko hÿn x ibs oba `nu kw hbs e` ibs sup e hkn u `ssbg w` ` i obnboha h`n ub e` e h j` w`n u `s ksvòub s e` ik `sow hup wk e` u ùbs.

²V b w { p è2 ²Op ë i"`s2 ²Oÿ a b2 V b wo`n u k l`

k ( i k v w ` s n u k o hÿ n e ` u p

u wk gk lb `sup z h` wk g h`ng ( iks vk ikg wk s sup z h` wkn g h`n

`sow h uks #b w ub dwk j ák (

o ( ` i zbokgp ik w hb `sup z h` wk

g h`n p u h i h|ke b

e( iks he`k s sup z h` wk n

o ik wka`n u` `v w`skeks

;":

?" :

;":

;":

E ` k o p `w e b k ib b g s` wz k e b e p w k n u ` ` i u w k g k l b e ` ok a v b x i b ob w wb g b w k e b e p w k n u ` i k

`n u w`z hsuk ‟ `nop`suk ) ibs k ipa nbs #ks( {p ` ok wò`n e` ik k v i h oko hÿn e` `su wk u`d hks e`

`sow h up wk epwknu` ` i v wbo`sb e` vwbepoo hÿn e` uùbs) sp` i`n s`w ibs {p` nb vwbepo`n

u` ubs ` jòu h zbs) `n u`ne h`neb vb w ` jò u h z hek e ik okv ko heke e` ibd wk w ` i e`s`b {p ` s

`sv`wk ) {p` `n `su` oksb s`wë ` i `vw`skws` vbw `sow h ub e` akn`wk obc`w`nu` )

obc`shbnkek) obn s hn uk hs x keòpkohÿn ) s h`neb ksá ik jk i uk e` i psb x kvbxb e`

`su wk u`d hks gë shoks e` `so w hu p wk p n j k o ub w e` u ` wa hnkn u ` k { p` nb s` v wbe p|okn u ` ubs

` jòu hzbs n ibs k ip a nbs #k s( e ` s ub d wke b p u h i h|ke bs v kw k ` i `sup e hb e ` oksbs.



;;:

OBNOIP_HBN@_

Obn j wòp`no hk ) oba b v wb j`shbnk i e` ik èp oko hÿn ) a` c` v w`dpn u ke b k { pè s` e`g`n

iks e h j h op i u k e`s {p ` ibs k ipa nbs #ks( a kn h j h`suk n k i a ba `n ub e` wèk o uk w u wk gk lbs

`sow h ubs. Ik w`shsu`n o hk {p ` `v`w ha `nu kn ibs `sup e hk n u `s kn u` ik sb i hoh up e e `

`v w`sk ws` vb w `so w h u b `s nb ukg i` x kün aës i i kak u h zb x d wkz` w`sp i u k ` i nüa`wb e`

j wkoksbs {p ` s` w`d hsu wk n k ik cb wk e` w`z hsk w e hocks v wbe poo hbn`s.

K n u ` i k sh u p k o hÿ n v i k n u ` k e k ` n ` i v ë w w k j b v w ` o` e ` n u ` ) a ` v ` w a h u á k z ` n u p w k w { p ` p n k

e` iks wk |bn`s {p ` ck oák uk n e h j hop i ubsk ik v wbe p oohÿn ` j ho h`n u ` e ` uù bs sow h ubs s w ák

i k j k i u k e ` v i k n h jh ok o hÿ n e ` i k v w b e p o oh ÿn ` so wh u k . V b w u k i w k |ÿ n e ` oh e á ob w w b g b w k w ` su k

h e ` k k v k w u h w e ` i k n ë i h sh s x b g s` w z k o hÿ n e ` i v w b o `sb e ` v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s ` n

k i p a n b s # k s( e ` s u b d w k e b e ` v w h a k w h k ) x e ` ` su k a k n ` w k ) o bw w b g b w k w i b s w ` sp i u k e b s

{p ` ckn k iokn|ke b `n u b wnb k ik wèk oohÿn ) k ib ik wdb e ` sp hnsu wp oohÿn `sob ik w gë shok .

@i obwvps vkwk w`k i h|kw ik hnz`su hdko hÿn jp` k u wkzès e` pn @supe hb e` oksbs e` :

k ipanbs #ks( ) ? cbagw`s x ? apl`w`s) s` iòo hbnkebs k i`k ubw hka`nu` e` `n u w` 77

k ipanbs #ks( e` sùb d wkeb e` ik @so. Vw ha. Jè. ’Lpkn e` ik Gkww`wk‑ U . Z `n

Uòba ën ) Ob iha k e ` i o ho ib `sob ik w 76 6 : !76 6 4 .

_` w`k i h |ÿ pn `sup e hb e ` oksbs obn ` i bg l` ub e ` {p ` w`sp i u k wë v bshg i` bgs` wzk w iks

`su wk u`d hks e` `sow h up wk {p` ibs k ipanbs #ks( ibdwkwkn e`skwwb i ik w epwkn u` ` i v wbo`sb

e` v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs.

@ i v w b v ÿ sh u b d ` n ` w k i e ` ` su ` v w b x ` o u b j p ` o bn b o `w k { p ` s` e ` g ` { p ` i b s k i p a n b s # k s(

e` s` ub d wk eb P e` ik @so . Vw ha . Jè . ’ Lpk n e ` ik Gk w w` wk ‑ U . Z e` Uòba ën ) Ob iha k )

`n ` i o ho ib `sob ik w 766:!7664 nb vwbepo`n uùbs ` jòu hzbs x opë i`s e` iks `su wk u`d hks

gëshoks e` `sow h up wk #v ikn`kw ) wèkoukw ) w`z hskw ) obw w`d h w x e hzp idkw sps `sow h ubs(

obnshdnk ek s n ` i @OJ p u h i h|kn e pwk nu ` ` i v wbo`sb e ` vwbe poo hÿn e` uù bs.

@s vb w ` i ib {p ` oba b vk w u` e` i u wkg k lb e` oka vb s` w`k i h |k wbn bgs` wzk o hbn`s `n ` i

kp ik e ` s ub d wke b) `sub obn ` i v wbv ÿsh ub e ` bgs`wzk w iks su wk u`d hks e` `sow h up wk { p`

ibs k ipanbs #ks ( àv i`kn ep wkn u` ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn e` u ` ubs )

`svòá j hoka`nu` s` bgs`wzkwbn iks kou hz heke`s e`skwwb i ikeks epwknu` ` i u wknsopwsb e`

i k k sh d n k u p w k e ` i ë w ` k e ` @ sv k û b i ) x k { p ` ` s k u w k z è s e ` ` su k a k u ` w h k { p ` è i v w b j ` sb w

e` i d wpv b `n op`su hÿn a kn` lk ik v wbe poo hÿn e` u ` ubs n ` i kp ik .



;;4

Ik s bg s wzk o hbn`s s i i`zk wbn k okg b e pw kn u` ` i u wk nsopwsb e ` u w`s a `s s e` i ;5 e `

j`g w` wb k i ;5 e` A kx b e ` i 76 6 4 `n eb s s shbn`s e` e bs cb wks vb w s a knk .

Ik wòbd hek e` ibs ek ubs j pne ka `n uk i`s s w`k i h |ÿ k u wk zès e` ik bgs` wzko hÿn

vk w u h o hvk n u` ) `sub v k wk okv u k w ik oba v i` lheke e` ik w`k i heke sbo hk i {p ` s ck e` j hn heboba b oksb e` `sup e hb .

@ i u wkgk lb v ikn u`keb v w` u`ne ák knk i h |k w ` i v wbo`sb s`dp heb vb w ibs k ipanbs #ks (

opkneb wèko ukn vk wk e`sopg w h w i k vbs hg i` hno he`no hk {p` vpè` u`n` w `n ik

` ikgbwko hÿn e` pn `sow h ub ` i psb e` `su wk u`d hks gës hoks e` obavbsho hÿn x kvbxb `n ik

wèk oohÿn e` u ùbs.

@s k vkw u h w e` i knë i hs hs e` w`sp i ukebs {p` s` ck obns`dp heb he`nu h j hokw {p` ibs

`supe hkn u`s {p` bg upz h` wbn w`sp i ukebs sk u hs jkoub w hbs `n ik wèkoo hÿn e` uùbs)

hne`v`ne h`n uà`n u` e` ik s h u pko hÿn e heëo u h ok b a` ubeb iÿd hok `n ` i kp ik e` o iks`s )

ibd wk wbn v wbe po h w u ` ubs ` jòu h zbs) `s eò h w ) obc` w`n u`s) obc`shbnke bs) obn shn uk hs x

keòpkohÿn x `sub k u wkzès e` i àvi`b x psb e` `su wk u`d hks e` `sow h up wk uk i`s obab

vikn`kohÿn ) wèkoo hÿn ) w`z hs hÿn x obw wòo hÿn e` ibs `sow h ubs) kn u`s) epwkn u` x e`svpès

e` i v wbo`sb e` v wbe poo hÿn e` uù bs.

Ib kn u` w hb w hne hok {p` ` i kv w`ne h|k l` e` ik `so w h u p wk nb `s uë sp l` ub sb ika`n u` k ik

hn u` wz`no hÿn b dp ák e` i ebo`n u` `n ik ko u h z heke {p` ` i n hûb #k ( e`sk w wb i ik s hnb

uk a g hèn `n ik ha vb w u kn o hk x shdn h j hokeb { p` `suk s ko u h z hek e`s u `ndk n vk wk è i .

K ip a n b s # k ( ob a b Oi k p e h k x K i` lk n e w b e ` a b su w k w b n ob n u w b ik w sp v w b o` sb e `

wèk oohÿn ) okv u kg kn iks ` hd`no hks e` ik u k w `k x w`svbn e ákn obnsòp`n u à `n u` )

v ikn h j h okg kn x `ka hnkg kn sps v wbv hks v wbe poo hbn`s u ` up k i`s ibd wkne b he`n u h j hok w ibs

ko h`w u bs x e h j hop i u ke `s `n sp wè koohÿn . W`k i h|k wbn ` i à v i`b e` `su wk u`d hks e`

`so w h u p wk a hsaks {p` ke{p h w h` wbn e` akn` wk hne hz hepk i . Zk ib wkgkn ibs ibd wbs

bg u `nhe bs n sp s wè k oohbn`s x obww`d ákn sp s wwbw `s.



;;3

@ i p sb e ` ` su w k u ` d hk s e ` ` sow h u p w k o b k e x p z ÿ k e b u k w k i bs k i p a n b s # k s( e `

h n su w p a ` n u b s v k w k v w b e p o h w u ` u b s e ` o k i he k e ) x k { p ` i b d wk w b n u w k n sa h u hw v b w ` sow h u b

a `nsk l`s obc`w`n u `s x obc`shbnk e bs.

@ i @OJ k ipe ` k ik p u h i h|ko hÿn e ` `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk u k i`s oba b v ikn`k w ) wèko uk w )w`z hsk w ) obw w`d h w x e hzp idkw sps `sow h ubs) v`wb `n w`k i hek e ) iks `su wk u`d hks e ` `sow h up wk

p u h ih |ke ks vb w K i` lkn e wb x O ikpe hk up z h` wbn ik ok wk o u` w ásu h ok v` wsbnk i vp`s okek sp l` ub

eò he hÿ oÿab ) opkneb x e` {pè akn` wk i i ` zk w k okgb ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbepoo hÿn e`

u ùb s) `sub e ` kop `we b k sps obnboha h`nu bs) v w`j`w`n ohks) x v bshg h i he ke `s.

Vb w obnshdp h`n u` ik `su wk u`d hk s` wë k v wbv hkek x ` j h ok| `n u kn ub `n opk n ub s k lpsu` k

iks okwk ou`w ásu hoks v òp i hk w`s e` i k ipa nb # k( .

O ikpe hk x K i` lkne wb ) p u h i h |kgkn obab `s u wk u`d hk v w`z hk e` obavbs ho hÿn e` u ` ubs ` i

v w ha ` wka `n u` e hk ibdk w obn sps oba vk û` wbs #k s( ) a `no hbnk w iks he`ks { p` u`n ákn v k wk

e `skw wbi ik w sp `sow h ub.

_ b i á k n e ` e h o k w p n u h ` a v b ` s u h a k e b e ` ? a h n p u b s k v ` n s k w b a ` e h u k w k n u ` s e `

oba `n|kw k `sow hg h w .

_` e` u`n ákn k v`nsk w a h`n u wks `so w hg ákn x w` i` ákn ibs j wkda`n ubs {p` xk ckg ákn

w ` e k o u k e b ) v k w k ` z k i p k w sh ob w w `sv b n e ák n k i k h a k d ` n a ` n u k i { p ` u ` n ák n e ` i u ` u b ) k i

v ikn {p` ckgákn u wk|keb kn u`s x vkwk `n ik|kw iks j wks`s {p` `sow hg h w ákn e`svpès obn

iks knu`w hbw`s.

Wòp w w h`neb k k p u b w`s oba b Okk a kûb #76 6 ;( ) ibs gp `nbs `so w hu b w`s s e h su hndp `n vb w

sp okvko heke e` j b wap ik w v ikn`s vk wk cko` w x e` w`z hsk w ibs x j b wap ik w ibs ) s h `s

nò`skw hb ) ep wkn u` ` i v wbo`sb e ` wèk oohÿn .

@n ` i u wk nsopwsb e ` sp v wbo`sb e` v wbe poo hÿn e` u ùbs) kn u`s) ep wkn u` x e `sv pès e` ik

` sow h u p w k ) n b a k n h j ` su k w b n u ` n ` w k i d ü n u h v b e ` e hj h op i u k e v k w k o b a ` n |k w k w ` e k o u k w b

e`skw wb i ik w sps `sow h ubs) xk { p` jp ` `z he `nu ` ` i psb e ` `su w k u `d hks e` `sow h up wk ep wkn u`

` i v wbo`sb e` oba vbshohÿn e` sps `so w hu bs) vb w{ p` vk wk oba vbn ` w pn u ` ub

o b a p n h o k u h z b ` i k p u b w e ` g ` e b a h n k w ’ p n z k w h k e b o b n l p n u b e ` ` s u w k u ` d h k s { p ` i `



;;8

v`wah ukn kv i hokw ibs obnbohah`n ubs e` i oÿe hdb ) d`n`wk i`s x kgsu wkoubs) `n okek

shup k ohÿn obnowù k ' #Ok ssk nx ;88: <?;(.

@n ib {p ` w` j h`w` k ibs `so w hu bs ` ikgb wk ebs vb w K i` lkn e wb ) ` i e`suk ok obn p n n hz ` i G e `

wèk oohÿn ) `s eò hw ) sps u ` ubs s ok wk o u` w h|kn v b w v wbep o hw b wko hbn`s s da `n uk ek s)`suk g iò`w i áa h u`s e` shdn h j hoke b) s dp h w pn c h ib uà ëu hob k ib ik wdb e ` iks a hsa ks) sps

`sow h ubs jp`wbn obc`w`nu`s) `n ` i ibs e`sow hg` ) nkw wk ) sbn keòpkebs k i u hvb e` uùb

sb i h o h u keb xk s`k pn op`n ub ) e`so w hvo hÿn b nk w wko hÿn . Vk wk ik e` i ha h u ko hÿn e` ibs

vë w wk jbs p u h i h |kgk aòkn hsabs e` obc`s hÿn w`v w`s`n ukebs vb w `noke`nka h`n ub e`

jwk s s sow h uk s k ib ik wdb e ` `sow h ub . K u wk z ès e ` sp s sow h ubs ibdw k u wk nsa hu hw ` i a `nsk l`

{ p ` e ` s k g k ` su k g i ò` w .

Ibs `sow hubs e` O ik pe hk sb i h` wbn s`w ù`nsbs) e`sow hg ák x n kww kg k ub eb ib spoè he b shn

b i z h e k w v ` { p ` û b s e ` u k i i `s. K i hd p k i { p ` K i `l k n e w b e ` su k ok o b n p n n h z ` i G e `

wèk oohÿn ) sps vwbe poo hbn`s sbn obc`w`nu`s x obc`shbnk ek s. W`j i` lk p nk v wòkpo hÿn x

`sa `wb `n oke k p nk e` sps vw be poo hbn`s uù pk i`s op hek ne b obn ` i ib ik shn uk hs e` sps

`sowh ub s x ik k e òpk ohÿn e ` `sub s.

@n ib {p` w` j h` w` k Lpk n ) _b j ák ) Ok w ibs x E hknk ) ibs w`sp i u k ebs {p ` vp e h` wbn z` w h j h ok ws`

jp` wbn np ibs n ib w` j`w heb k i psb e ` `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk x ik v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs

` j` ou h z bs. @ i c k g ` w a b su w k e b `n u b e b a b a ` nu b e ` shn u `w ès k n u ` ` su ` u h v b e `

ko u h z hek e`s bgsuk op i h|ÿ obnbo` w ` i à v i`b e` `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk v b w okek p nb e`

` ii b s) x k { p ` sÿ i b a b su w k g k n p n k o b n sh e ` wk g i ` j k i u k e ` a b u h z k o h ÿ n v b w i k w ` e k o oh ÿ n

e` u` ubs ) s hn w`k i h |k w k idün u hvb e` `s jp` w|b vb w a` lb wk w b v wbepo h w a`nsk l`s

obc`w`n u`s x obc`shbnk e bs v bw `sow h ub.

E ` k o p ` w e b k W b o m t ` i i #7666( ) `sow hg h w nb s hàvw` `s jp`nu` e` kvw`ne h|k l` = s`wë

nò`sk w hb eba hnk w `su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk ke òpk ek s vk wk w`sb iz` w ` i v wb g ià k .

Vk wò` ) s hn àgkwdb ) {p` apocks v` wsbnks opkneb `so w hg`n nb kebv ukn iks

`su wk u`d hks ke òpk ek s v kwk { p` `sub s`k v bshg i` .

Vbe à bs kd w`dk w k `suk s bgs` wzk o hbn`s {p ` ibs k ipa nbs #ks( nb v pe h` wbn a bsu wk w `n

sps u wkgk lbs n hndpnk `su wk u`d hk b wdkn h|k u hzk e` iks he`ks `vp`suks) akn h j`suënebs`

`sub j pn ek a `nu k ia `nu ` `n ` i `soksb b np ib psb e ` obnòub w`s bwdk n h|k u hzbs. @sub s

k v k w ` oh `w b n ` n p n a h sa b v ë w w k j b b g h ` n ` n v ë w w k j b s h n e ` v ` n e h `n u ` s v ` w b ` n k a g b s

oksbs shn obn`hÿn `nuw` ìibs.



;76

Ip `db e ` ck g`w a kwok eb `n iks v wbe poo hbn`s sow h uks< k ( ik k ps`nohk e ` obc`shÿn ) g (

ik j k i u k e` obc` w`nohk ) o(` w wb w`s e` shn uk hs x e ( j k i u k e ` ke òpk o hÿn ) x e` k op` web k i

knë i h s h s e` i u wkgk lb e` okavb w`k i h |keb `n ` i u wknsop wsb e` ik hnz`s u hdko hÿn ) vpè`

obnoip h w s {p ` ibs 5 k ipa nbs #k s( w`suk n u `s okwò`n e` i p sb e ` `su wk u`d hks e` `sow h up wk .

Ibs uùbs w`k i h|kebs vkwò`n bgèò`w aës g h`n k pnk hn up ho hÿn e` ibs k ipanbs #ks({ p ` k p n k v i k n h j ho k oh ÿ n k v w ` n e h e k ` n k i d ü n a b a ` n u b e ` i k v w ` n e h| k l ` e ` ` sow hu p w k .

Vk wk obnoip h w obn `suk w`z hshÿn sbg w` ibs v wbo`sbs ha v i á oh u bs `n ik v wbep oohÿn u ` up k i

e` ibs k ip a nbs #k s( sbg w` ibs { p` s` kv i hoÿ ` i `sup e hb e` ok sbs) vbe à bs suk g iò`w {p `

p n n ü a ` w b ha v b w u k n u ` e ` i bs sp l ` u b s k n k i h| k e b s) n b k i ok n | k i b { p ` v b e w ák a b s

e ` n b a h n k w o b a v ` u ` n oh k o b a p n h ok u h z k v k w k i k v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s sow hu b s.

Ibs kn u òè`n u`s v w`s`n uk ebs v` wa h u`n obno ip h w {p` p n d wp vb e` opk u wb k ipa nbs #ks(

ok wò` e` ibs wksdbs {p ` ok wko u` w h |kn `su` u hvb e` obnbo ha h`n ub `v` w ub x s` i`s e`g `

obnshe` wk w ) a ës g h`n ) oba b `so w hu b w`s {p ` nb ibd wk n k gb we k w ik u k w`k e` wè koo hÿn `n

jb wa k ` j h oh`n u` .

Ibs gk lbs ibdwbs `z he `nohke bs vb w `sub s k ip a nbs #k s( eà p`su wk n `soksb eba hn hb e`

` su w k u ` d hk s e ` ` so wh u p w k k v w b v h k e k s { p ` i` s v ` w a h u k n o b n su w p h w u ` u b s ` j òu h z b s

w` iko hbnkebs obn ibs ` ià`nubs uùpk i`s x v`wah u h`neb ik obc`shÿn x obc`w`no hk

k e ` o p k e k .

@n `su` s n u heb ) ibs e k u bs à vá w hobs bg u`n hebs v pè `n w`sp i u k w hn{ p h` uk n u `s sh s uba k

`n obnshe`wk o hÿn {p ` ibs sp l` ub s sow h ub w`s opwsk n ` i ü i u ha b d wk eb e` è pok ohÿn Gë shok

j b w a k i . N b ok g ` e p e k e ` { p ` a p o c b s e ` ` ii b s o p ia h n k w ë n ` n ` su k ` u k v k sp ` e p o k o hÿ n

s hs uàëu hok x ) e` kop`web k iks o h j wks v w`s`nukeks) `s `z he`nu` {p` `subs sp l` ubs

bsu`n u kn `soksbs ibd wbs `n ksvò ubs w` i`zk n u`s e` p nk ck g h i h eke oba b `s ik e `

oba vbn ` w vb w `so w hu b .

V b w b u w k v k w u ` ) ib s k i p a n b s # k s( o b n p n v ` w j hi k i u b e ` h n u ` wk o oh ÿ n u ` u p k i ) ob a bO ikpe hk x K i` lkne wb ) àv i`k wbn sps ckg h i h eke`s a` uk i hndù ás u h oks vk wk w` j i` hbnk w

obnso h`n u à `nu` sbg w` ` i uù b ) x s `sjb w|k wbn v bw obnu wb ik w ik obnsu wp oohÿn e` sps

`sowh ubs) vbw ib {p` u h`n`n a`nbs j wkoksbs `n sps hnu`nubs e` wèkoohÿn x sbn sps uùbs

ik g ks` a k u ` w hk i `n ik {p ` o`n u wk n sp w` j i` hÿn ) a ës {p ` `n ` i i`ndpk l` b wk i .



;7;

@ n i k ` n op ` su k w ` k i h| k e k e k g k n a ë s h a v b w u k n o hk k i k ob n su w p o oh ÿ n sh n u ë o u hok x

s a ën u hok e ` i uùb ) k ik o ik w he k e e ` iks he`k s vw`ske ks vb w `sow hub .

W ù b a k n e b ` i k sv ` o u b e ` i k ` z k i p k o hÿ n e ` i k v w ` n e h |k l ` e ` i k w ` e k o oh ÿ n = ik ` sop ` i k

nb v pè ` gksk ws` ün hoka `n u` `n ibs u ` ubs v wbe po hebs) shnb ckg w ák { p` u`n` w `nop`nuk ibs vwbo`sbs s`dphebs vbw ibs k ipanbs #ks( x iks e hj hopiuke`s e` ehocbs vwbo`sbs

ksá oba b u ka g hèn iks su wk u`d hks e` `so w hu p wk à v i`ke ks vb w ` i k ipa nb #k ( . @s v wò hsb

{ p ` ` i e b o `n u ` s e ` so` n u w ` e ` sp v w ë o u ho k ob u h e h k n k x e ` i k n b w a k u h z h e k e { p ` i k

`nzp` iz` vkwk knk i h|kw ibs v wbo`sbs hne hz hepk i`s {p` s hdp`n ibs `sob ik w`s `n ik

obnsuwpoohÿn e` ibs kvw`neh|kl`s.

@ n u h `n e b { p ` sÿ i b ` i w ` ob n b oh a h `n u b e ` ` su k ok w ` n oh k v ` w a h u hw ë d ` n ` w k w `n ` i ë a g h u b

e` ik èpoko hÿn gës hok ik k i u ` wnk u h zk {p` vpèk obn u w hgp h w k ik sb ipo hÿn e` i

v wbg iàk. W`sp i uk w ák havbw ukn u` {p` s` d`n`w`n `svkohbs `n ibs opk i`s ibs k ipanbs

# k s( v p ` e k n s w b w h` n u k e b s n ik u k w ` k e ` w ` e k o u k w ) ` n u ` n e h `n e b ` su k v w ë o u h ok ob a b

pnk e` iks j pne ka `n uk i`s e` i ëa g h ub k okeèa hob x sbo hk i .

@ i bg s` w z k w ` i v w b o `sb e ` v w b e p oo hÿ n e ` u ` u b s v ` w a h u hÿ o b n b o` w oÿ a b i k v w b e p o oh ÿ n

`so w h u k `s pn v wbo`sb {p` w`{p h` w` e` pn u wkgk lb v w`z hb e` è ho hÿn `n ` i {p` s`

k s` d p w ` i k ob c ` w `n o hk x o bc ` sh ÿn . K e ` a ë s) ` su ` u h v b e ` k n ë i hsh s e ` a p ` su w k i k

ha vb w u kn o hk e ` hno he h w `n ` i u wk gk lb e` ` ià `n ubs u ` up k i`s n ik v wbe poo hÿn e` u ` ubs

obn ` i j h n e` {p ` ibs k ipa nbs #ks( s obap n h{p `n obn `j h oko hk .

V b w ü i u ha b ) v p ` e b o b n oi p hw { p ` ` i k v w ` n e h| k l ` e ` ik w ` e k oo hÿ n n b ` su ë sp l ` u b

sb ika `n u` k ik hn u ` wz`no hÿn b dp ák e ` i ebo`n u` `n ` i v wbo`sb e` v wbep oohÿn e` u ` ubs)

s hnb u kag hèn e`v`ne` e` i k ipanb #k ( `n s á a hsab ) obab ob w w`svbnskg i` e` sp

vwbo`sb e` kvw`ne h|k l` ) okvk| e` d`n`wkw x e`skwwb i ik w `su wk u`d hks e` obavbsho hÿn `n

ik wèkoohÿn e` `sow h ubs.



;77

GHGIHBDWKJÁK

Kibnsb ) I`bnb w = Kdp h w w` e` Wkaá w`| ) Wpg h` ik #7665 ( . Ik `so w hu p wk o w`k u h zk `n

ik `sop` ik < pnk `v`w h`no hk vèkdÿd hok #e` ) obn( lp`dbs i hndù ás u hobs x

a ` u ë j b w k s. W`z hsuk e` v èk dbd ák . #Z`n`|p` ik ( ) Zb i < 70 ) N b < 45 ) A `s< _@V!

E HO.V ëd s< ?40!?88.

K i k a k w d b u ) E . x O c k n { p b x ) I . # 7 6 6 ;( .Ucwbpdc uc` abe` is b j t w h u h nd . M ipt` w

K okeà ho Vp z i h sc` ws< Eb we wòc u .

Ë i z k w ` |) D # 7 6 6 7 ( . I`d hg h i hek e e ` ik @so w hu p wk `n K ipa nbs e` ik Vw ha ` wk @ ukv k

e` @ep okohÿn Gë shok . U wkg k lb e` Dwke b nb Vpg i hokeb . Ak wkokx . Z`n`|p` ik .

Kw w h` uk e` A`|k ) G`k u w h | A . = A`|k O`vèk ) Wk jk` i Ekn h` i . #7666 ( . K i d p n k s`s u wk u`d hks vk wk ` i a` lb wka h`n ub e` ik iò up wk x e` ik wèkoo hÿn `n

`supe hkn u`s pn hz`ws h uk w hbs e` wò hèn hndw`sb. H nz`s u hdko hÿn x vbs ud wkeb .

#Z`n`|pìk() Zbi< ;0) Nb< ;) A`s< KGW. Vëds< 78;!?;;.

Kwnbp ) @ iz h wk ) E h _ u` jknb ) Ak w hknk ) V` w` h wk ) Oò h i h k #766? ( . I ` o u p w k x

`sow h up wk `n ik Pn hz`ws heke = @PE@GK= ;wk @ehohÿn) 7ek w` havw`shÿn= lp i hb= Gs.

K s. Vv . 740

Gkhn E. ) _ocn`ptix #;884( . C k o h k p n k v ` e k d b d á k e ` i u ` u b . W`zhsuk @svkûbik

e` Hnz`su hdko hÿn @epok u h zk ) _HDNB _. 3 #76 ( . Vëd s. 57 ‟ 58

Gk sp i u b ) C h iek #;885 ( . Opwsb e ` wèk oohÿn . A èhob. @ehu bw hk i u w h i iks. Vv . ;36

G`k i ) O .W. #;88:( . Uc` wb i` b j oba vw `c`nshbn a bn h u b w hnd hn oc h ie w`n ‘s w`z hshbn .

@epok u hbnk i V sxocb ibdx w`z h`t ) 3#?( ) 7;8!7?3.

G`kp d wkn e` ) Wbg` w u !K ik hn e ` x T b i jkn P i w hob E w`ssi`w #;884 ( . H n u wbep oohÿn k ik

i hndù ásu hok e ` i uùb . Gk woìbnk . @e h u b w hk i K w h` i. Vv . 756

G ` iu w ë n ) N p û ` | J hi hg ` w u b # 76 6 6 ( . E ` sk w w b i ib e ` i k O b a v ` u ` n o hk O b a p n h ok u h z k .

Okw i hnb ) V. x _kn uk nk ) E. #Oba vs.( . #;888( . I``w x `sow hg h w obns`nu heb . Pnk



;7?

`v` w h`no hk obnsu wp o u h z h suk `n èp oko hÿn hn jk n u h i x v w ha k w hk . A ke w he < Z hsb w . Vv .

70:.

G `w u ìx G p s{ p ` us) A k w ák # 7 6 6 6 ( . Obnboh`neb np`su wks `sop` iks. P n

ko` woka h`n ub ` unbd wë j h ob k ik op i u p wk `sob ik w . A è hob ) E . J . @e h u b w hk i u w h i ik s. .V v . 5;7.

G`pocku) O. x U. I hwk) #;88?( O w `k u h z he k e x i` n d p k l ` ) _knu hkdb e` Oc h i` < Knewès

G` i ib .

Ghg i hb uòk e` Obnsp i u k A howbsb j u ® @nok w u k ® 76 6 0 . ¨ ;88? !76 6 5 A ho wbsb j u

Obwvbwku hbn. W`s`wzkebs ubebs ibs e`wòcbs.

G b w | b n ` e ` A k n w h { p ` ) K n k A k w h k = E h p m ) G ` k u w h | # 76 6 ? ( . Ik `so w hu p wk e ` u ` ubs

`n n hûbs v`{ p`ûbs< obnboha h`n ub b w ubd wë j h ob x v wbe poohÿn u ` up k i . Ohn `)

opiu p wk x è p okohÿn . #@sv k ûk () Zb i< ;0) N b< ;) A `s< A K W. V ëd s.< ;4!7 4.

Gp u i` w ) E .I .) @iksocpm ) O.I . x V bb i` ) _. #766 6 ( . V wba b uba hnd su wk u`d ho t w h u h nd

gx vbsusòbnekwx s upe`nus t h uc i`kwn hnd e hskg h i h u h`s < K w`vbw u b j uc w`` oks`

supeh`s. I`k wn hnd E hskg h ih u x [p k w u ` w i x ) 7?) ;8:!7;?.

O k k a k û b ) O k wa ` n # 7 6 6 ;( . @zk ipk o hÿn e ` ik v wbep oohÿn `so w hu k . W`zhsuk e` ik

@epokohÿn . Z`ws hÿn ` iòu wÿn hok . Obnsp i ukeb ` i ;: e` nbz hàgw` e` i 766:.

E hsvbn hg i` `n <

c u u v < " "tt t .d`bo hu h `s.oba "kp ikpx " w`z hsuk s" w`v " w`v8;" w`v8;73okk a kn b .c u a .

Oka `wbn ) O.K .) @ea pn es) D .) T hda bw` ) G .) Cp n u ) K .M . x I hn u bn ) A .L. #;884 ( .

Oc h ie w`n ‘s w`z hs hbn b j uùpk i j ikts. H n u` wnk u hbnk i Lbp wnk i b j G`ckz hb wk i

E ` z ` i b v a ` n u ) 7 6 # 5 ( ) ::4!:36 .

O c k e k ) A k w h k e ` i O k w a ` n = G k w k i `) O k w a ` n A k w d k w h u k . # 7 6 6 0 ( . I k o w `k u h z h e k e

`n ik v wbe poo hÿn `sow h uk e ` n hûbs #k s( v `{p `ûbs #k s( . K i u` wnk u hz ks< s w h` `sv kohb

V ` e k d ÿ d h o b . #K wd`nu hnk( ) Zb i < ;6 ) N b< ?3 ) A `s< J@G. v ëd s. < 58! :6 .

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Ockn{ pbx ) I . #76 6 ;( . C bt ub a km ` h u `ksh` w j b w oc h ie w`n u b w`z hs` u c` h w t w h u h nd <

K sup ex b j u ` u w`z hshbn j wba ? we u b 0 uc d wke `s. Gw h u h sc Lbp wn k i b j èpok u hbnk i

vsxocb ibdx ) 4;) ;0!5;.

O k a v s) K n n k # ;8 8 7 ( . Kidpnks bgs`wzko hbn`s sbgw` ik okvkoheke e` w`z hs hÿn eìbs keb i`so`nu`s. Hn jkno hk x kvw`ne h|k l` . A k e w h e . @ e h u b w hk i V k h e ÿ s. V ë d s. :0 ‟

3;.

Oka v s) K nnk #;884( .@sow hg h w . Ik `n s ûkn|k x ` i kv w`ne h|k l` e` ik oba vbshohÿn

`sowhuk . W`zhsuk @sv kû b ik e` Hnz `su hdk o hÿn @ep oku hzk ) _HDN B _. 3 #76 ( . Vë ds. 75

‟ ?? .

Okw i hnb ) V. x _kn uk nk ) E. #Oba v s.( . #;888( . I``w x `sow hg h w obn s`nu heb . Pnk

`v` w h`no hk obnsu wp o u h z h suk `n èp oko hÿn hn jk n u h i x v w ha k w hk . A ke w he < Z hsb w . Vv .

76 ;.

Okw w h ) L #76 6 ;( . Ik u hnbka èw hok x ik @epoko hÿn . A è hob < @e h u b w hk i U w h ii k s

Okssk nx ) E k nhì #;88;(. E`sowhg hw ` i `sow hg hw . Oÿab s` kvw`ne` k `sow hg hw . @svkûk

@eh ub w hk i V k he ÿs. Vv ;80.

O k ssk n x ) E k n h ` i) Ip n k A k w u k ) _k n | D iÿ w hk . # 7 6 6 6 ( . @ns`ûkw i`ndpk. @svkûk .

@e h ub w hk i Dwk ÿ. Vv . ;86

Okssknx) E. #;88?(. W`vk wk w ik `so w h u p wk . Eheëou hok e` ik obw wòo hÿn e` ib

`sowhub . Gk wo` ibnk < Dwkÿ . V v . ?67 .

Obbv `w) Lk a `s #;88?( . @su wk u`d hks e` `ns`ûkn|k . Dp ák vk wk pnk a` lb w

hnsuwpoohÿn. A è hob ) Dwpv b N b w h`dk @e h u b w`s) Vëd . 4

Ob iba `w ) U` w`sk #;884 ( . Ik `ns`ûkn|k x ` i kv w`ne h|k l` e` ik obavw`ns hÿn

iòubwk . W`z hsuk @svk ûb ik e` H nz`su hdk o hÿn @e pok u h zk ) _HDNB _. 3 #76 ( . Vëds : ‟

;0 Ob ii ) Z hn`n u #;885 ( . Wèk oohÿn x `su h ib . Gk wo` ibnk ) @svk ûk . @e h u b w hk i ZB S. Vv .

7;5.

O i` a ` n u ` I h n p ` sk ) A k w ák # ;8 8 8 ( . @ns`ûkw k i``w . Ake w he ) @svkûk . @e h u b w hk i

_@V_K. Vv. ;36.



;70

Ob ne à k w án ) A . x K . A ` e hn k # 76 6 6 ( . @zk ipko hÿn kp uèn u h ok e` ibs

kv w`ne h|k l`s . Pn aè hb vk wk a` lb wk w iks obav` u`no hks `n i`ndpk l` x

obapn hoko hÿn . Ochi`. @e. Kn e wès Gì ib) V v . 7;:.

E` ib w h s) X #76 6 6 ( . Uèon hoks x wòp wsbs `n ik `n s ûkn|k èp ok u h zk . A è hob <@e h u b w hk i V b ubsá

E ` i i$b w e h n ` ) Lb sè I p h s # 7 6 6 ? ( . K v w ` n e ` w k k v w ` n e ` w . Z`ws hÿn ` iòu wÿn hok .

Obnsp i u keb ` i 77 e` e ho hàgw` e` i 766: . E hsvbn hg i` `n <

c u u v <" " t t t .a b n b d w k j h k s.ob a " u w k g k l bs5 " k v w ` n e ` w " k v w ` n e ` w .sc u a i

Eák|) K. #;888(. Kvwb hako hÿn k i u ` ub `so w h u b . Ob ibag hk < Pn hz` ws heke e`

K nu hb{p hk . V v. ;3?.

Ehoohbnkwhb e` Vshobibdák. Ièhobs. Oh`nohks e` ik èpokohÿn #;838(. Aèhob.

@e h ub w hk i _kn u h i ikn k . Vv . 7;6 .

Eh` u` w h oc ) C ` hn| #;888 ( . @i psb e ` i a èube b o h`n u á j hob . A ke w he ) @svk ûk . @e h u b w hk i

Uwhiiks. Vv. ?;7.

@ so k ik n u ` ) Hz ë n # 7 6 6 7 ( . Ik `zk ipko hÿn `sob ik w `n ` i obn u ` ub e` p nk èp oko hÿn

v k w k i k e h z ` wsh e k e . W`zhs uk ` iòu wÿn hok vksb k vksb. @u wk áeb ` i ;4 e` j`gw`wb

e` i 766 4 e`se` c u u v <" " t t t .v k sb k v k sb .ob a .z ` " D @A K _ "d ` a k sR8 5 .c u a / o p k u w b

J`w wk w h ) A . ) Gbp j jk we ) U . x Wk hnz h i i ` ) I . #;883 ( . Tck u akm`s k dbbe t w h u ` w2

E h j j ` w`no`s hn dbbe k ne v bb w t w h u ` ws‘ s ij ! w`dp ik u hbn b j t w h u h nd . Hnsu wpou hbnk i

_oh`no` ) 7: #: ( ) 54?!533.

J`ww`hwb) @. #;88:( Vwbo`sb e` ik `sow h upwk . G p `nb s K hw`s< [email protected] .I. V v . ;30.

Jh`wwb) L. #;883( @i kvw`ne h|k l` e` ik i`ndpk `sow h uk `n ik `sop` ik . Okwkoks<

M k v ` ip | . V v . 7;6 .

J w ` h w ` K i a ` h e k ) A k w o h k A k w h k # 7 6 6 0 ( . V be `) v wbj `ssbw k ) `sow`z `w k ssha 2'.

W`zhsuk e` @e pok ohÿn . #G wksh i ( ) Zb i < ;? ) N b< 0;) A `s< E @\!J@Z) K ûb< 766 0!76 6 :)

V ë ds< 58 ! 0;.

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Dkwoák ) L .N. x Akwgën) L .A. #766?( . @ i v wbo`sb e` obavbsho hÿn `sow h uk `n

k ipa nbs obn EK x "b G W < `sup e hb hnsu wp oohbnk i obn èn jkshs `n ik v ikn h j h oko hÿn .

H n jkno hk x Kv w`ne h|k l` ) 7:#;( ) 84!;;?.

D k w o ák N ü û ` | ) Lp k n K . # 7 6 6 ? ( . @epok w vk wk `so w hg h w . A è hob . @e h u b w hk i I ha psk .Vv. ;38.

Dbn|ë i`| _h iz hk ) Akw`nob I h i hknk H|` #Oba.( #;888( . @sopockw ) ckg ik w ) i``w x

`sow hg hw `n ik @DG . @e h ub w hk i VK HEß _. Gp `nbs K h w`s) K wd`nu hnk . V v. 734.

Dhwbp ) C`n wx #;886 ( . Ibs vwb j`sbw`s obab hn u` iòupk i`s. Ckohk pnk vèkdbdák

o wáu h ok e ` i kv w`ne h|k l` . Gk woìbnk ) @svk ûk . @e . Vk heÿs) Vv 3; ! 3:

D ÿ a ` | V k i k o hb s) A k w d k w h u k # ;8 3 :( . @su wk u`d hks vèkdÿd hoks vk wk spv` wk w iks

e h j hop i uk e`s n ` i eba hn hb e` i shsuà k e ` `sow h up w k . A è hob . _@V ‟ B@K . Vv . ;74.

Dÿa `| Vk iko hbs) A kwdk w h u k #76 6 ? ( .W`z hsuk ` iòu wÿn hok èpok w . Obnsp i u k eb ` i

6 3 !;6 !6 0 E hsvb n hg i` `n <

c u u v < " " èp oko hbn . lk i h sob .dbg .a "obnsp i u k "èpok w "6 3 "3`n u w` .c u a i

Dbn|ë i`| ) @ #7666 ( Hnz`su hdko hÿn opk i h uk u hzk < Uèon hoks e` wòb iòo hÿn x

u wk uka h`n ub e` ik hn jb wako hÿn obab z áks vk wk i`d h u hako hÿn e` skg` w`s .

@e hub w hk i Uw h i iks. Vv . ?;8.

Dbn|ë i`| _h iz hk ) Akw`nob I h i hknk H|` #Oba.( #;888( . @sopockw ) ckg ik w ) i``w x

`sow hg hw `n ik @DG . Gp `nbs K h w`s) K wd`nu hnk . @e h ub w hk i VK HEß _. V v. ;76

Dwkc ka ) _.) _octk w u | ) _.) AoK w ucp w ) K . #;88? ( . Mnbt ièd` b j T w h u h nd k ne uc`

oba vbshnd v wbo`ss) k u u h u pe ` ubt k we t w h u h nd ) kne s ij ! ` j j hokox j b w sup e`n u s t h u c

kne t h u cbp u i`k wn hnd e hskg h i hu h ` s. Lbp wnk i b j i`kwn hnd e hskg h i hu h`s) 7: #5 ( ) 7?4!7 .

Dwkcka) _ . #;888k ( . Uc` wb i` b j u ` u v wbepo u hbn sm h i i h n t w h u h nd e`z` ibva`n u .

I`k wn hnd E hskg h i hu x [p k w u ` w ix ) 77#7 ( ) 40!44. Dph i jb we ) T.C. #766;( . U`koc hnd v``w w`z h`t kne uc` vwbo`ss b j so h`n u h j ho

t w h u h n d . K ez kno`s hn vcx shb ibdx è pok u hbn ) 70#?( ) ;:4!;40.

Dz hwu |) _. x A . V k ika he `ssh #;88 3(. @ i K G O e ` ik u k w ` k e b o` n u ` < op w w áo p ip a x

`ns`ûkn|k. Gp`nbs Khw`s. @ehubw hk i Kh{p`. Vv. ;30.

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C k x` s L. x J ibt `w) I . #;83;( K obdn h u h z` v wbo`ss u c`b wx b j t w h u h nd ) `n Obi i`d`

ob a v b sh u hb n k n e o b a a p n h ok u h b n . Vv ?;.

C kx `s) L.W. x J ibt `w ) I . #;836 ( . He`n u h jx hnd u c` bw dk n h|k u hbn b j t w h u hnd v wbo`ss s.

@n I .T. Dw`dd x @ W. _u` hng`wd #@es. ( ) Obdn h u hz` v wbo`ss`s hn Tw h u hnd #vv . ? !

?6 ( . C h i isek i` ) N.L.< Ikt w`no` @w igk p a K ssbohk u`s. C ` w n ë n e ` | _k a v h ` w h) W b g ` w u b . J` w n ë n e ` | O b ii k e b ) O k w ib s. G k v u h su k ) I p o hb V h ik w

# 7 6 6 : ( . Aùbeb ibd ák e` ik hnz`s u hdko hÿn . Opkw uk è ho hÿn . Aè hob . @e h u b w hk i

A oD w k t ! C h ii . V v . 5 7 6 .

Cpwukeb) H x Ubwb) L #;883( Vkwke hdaks x aè ubebs e` hnz`s u hdko hÿn `n u hàvbs

e ` o k a g h b. A èhob . Zk i`no hk < @v hsuà ` Obnsp i u b w`s K sbohkeb s O.K . Vë d. ;;6 ) ;?6

Hu m h n) _h iz h k N . # 7 6 6 0 ( . Iks obavù`no hks i hndù ás u hoks `n ik `sop` ik hn jkn u h i .

@sopockw) ckgikw) i``w x `sow hg hw . Gp`nbs Kh w`s. @e ho hbn`s NBZ@EKE@_

@EP OK UHZK _. Vv . ;36 .

Lb i hg`w ) Lbsù u ` #76 6 7( . Jbwa kw n hûbs v wbe po ub w`s e` u ` ubs. _knu hkdb e` Oc h i` )

Oc h i` . @e h ub w hk i E b ia `n. V v. 7;6 .

Mbts|xm ) Ekn h` ik = Zë|{p`| ) K i h o hk #7665 ( . Ik hn u` wkoo hÿn `n u w` vk w`s `n

ukw`ks e` `sow h up wk . I ` o u p w k x z h e k < w ` z h s u k i k u h n b k a ` w h o k n k e ` i ` o u p w k .

#K wd`n u hnk () Zbi< 70) N b< 5) A `s< EHO). V ë ds< ?:! 5:.

I k n m sc `k w ) O bihn ) M n b g ì) A h oc ì` # 76 6 6 ( . V wbg ià ks ksbo hke bs obn ik

a ` u b e b i b d á k o p k i h u k u h z k . Z bi. SSHH) nü a . 34. A èhob. @e hub w hk i Uw h i iks. V v . ;34.

I`ÿn) L.) #;88;(. H n u` wz`no hÿn `n `su wk u`d hks e` oba vw`nshÿn < pn a be` ib g kske b

` n ` i ob n b oh a h `n u b x k v i hok o hÿ n e ` i k ` su w p o u p w k e ` i u ` u b ) Hn j k n o hk x

K v w ` n e h | k l ` ) W`zhs uk @svkûb ik e` Hnz`su hdko hÿn @epoku hzk ) _HDNB_ nüa. 0: )

vëd. 44!8;.

I b a k s) O.= B sbwb x Upsÿn) K. #;88?( . Oh`nohks e` i i`ndpk l` ) obavù`no hk

obap n hok u h zk x `n s ûkn|k e ` ik i`ndpk . Gk wo` ibnk< Vk heÿs. Vv . ?75.

I b a k s) O k w ib s # ;8 8 4( . I``w ) `sow hg h w x kvw`ne`w . W`zhs uk @svkûb ik e`

Hnz`su hdk o hÿn @ep oku hzk ) _HDN B_. 3 #76 ( . Vë ds 5! 0 .



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Iba ks) Ok w ibs #;885 ( . @n jb{p` obapn hok u h zb e` ik `ns`ûkn|k e` ik i`ndpk .

A ke w he ) @sv kû k. @e h ub w hk i Eb ia `n. Vv . ?;5.

Iba ks) Ok w ibs #;888 ( . Oÿab `ns`ûkw k cko`w obsks obn iks vk ikgwks. U`bw ák x

v wë o u h ok e` ik è poko hÿn i h ndù ásu h ok . Zb ipa `n H . _`dp ne k è hohÿn . Gp `nbs K h w`s.@ehubw hk i Vkhebs. Vv. ?;:

I p { p ` | ) e ` O k a k o c b ) V ` u w k . J` w n ë n e ` | e ` O` ik x k w k n ) B u h ih k x W h` u z ` i e u e `

Kw u`kdk ) J wkno hs #7667 ) 70 e` bo upg w` ( . Oku`dbw áks obdn h u hzks z hnop ikn u`s obn

ik obnsu wp oohÿn e` i obnboha h`n ub . oksb< `sup e hkn u `s e` okw w` wk e bo`nu` .

H nz`s u hdko hÿn x Vbs ud wkeb . ]bnihn`Q. zbi.;4) nb.7.. v.;5;!;46. @uwkáeb ì ;0

B o u p g w ` 7 6 6 : . e ` s e `

cu uv < " "ttt7.gzs.bwd .z` "so h` ib .vcv 2sowhvu1sohRkwuuù*vhe1_;?;:!

6 3476 6 766 6 76 6 6 6 :* ind1`s* n wa 1hsb>. H__N ;?;: ! 6 6 34.

A ko Dw`x ) L. #76 6 7 ( Ik iòup wk x ik `so w hu p wk . Koo hbn`s oba v i` lks. #eb opa `n ub

bn i hn`( e hsvbn hg i` `n

c u u v <" " t t t .a b n b d w k j h k s.ob a " u w k g k l bs;7 " v a g b m " v a g b m .sc u a i # ob n sp i u k 7 6 6 : )

nbz hà gw ` ;3(

A k { p ` b) K n k A k w ák #7 6 6 ?( . Vkwk `so w hg h w u ` a` lb w . @e h ub w hk i I HAP_K. A è hob .

V v . 7;8.

A k { p ` b) K n k A k w ák # 7 6 6 0 (. I`ndpk ) kv w`ne h|k l` x `ns`ûkn|k . @ i `n jb{p `

obap n hok u h zb < e` ik u `b w ák k ik v wëo u h ok . @e h u b w hk i I HA P_K . A è hob . Vv 56 : .

A k { p ` b) K n k A k w ák # 76 6 0 (. Wèkoohÿn . @eh ub w hk i I HAP _K . Aèhob . Vv . ?;5.

A k w m ! D ` `sm h ) _ # 7 6 6 5 ( . K o o hb n ` s e p o k u h z k s. O b ib a g h k < @ e h u b w hk i N b a b w .

A k w u á n ` | B i h z è ) K i g k # 7 6 6 6 ( . I hg w b v k w k ` i a k ` su w b . @sv k û b i . @epokohÿn

_òpne kw hk . A èhob ) _@V. V v. ;34.

A ` l ák ) W` g òk x _k n e b z k i ) K n u b n h b . # O bb w e s.( # 7 6 6 7 ( . Uwks iks zùks e` ik

hnz`su hdko hÿn opk i h uk u hzk . V`wsvòu hzks x ko`wokah`nubs e`se` ik v wëou hok .

Hnsu h up ub uònb iÿd hob x e` @supe hbs _pv`w hb w`s e` Boohe`nu` # HU@_B(.

U ik{ p`v k{ p`) Lk i hsob ) A èhob . Vv . 556 .

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;78

A `lhks) \ #76 6 ;( @su wk u`d hks p u h ih |kek s vb w ibs ebo`n u`s e` ik s dpne k ` uk vk e`

@epoko hÿn Gë shok `n ` i ë w`k e ` O h`no hks e` ik nk up wk i`|k x u ònb ibd ák . U wkgk lb

e` d wkeb e` I ho`no hk up wk `n èpoko hÿn ) nb vpg i h okeb ) Pn hz` ws heke

@ v ` w h a ` n u k i G k w o` ib n k ) K n | b k u ` d p h .

Vk ewÿ n) B. #;888( K idpn ks obnshe`wk o hbn`s sbg w` i`ndp k `sow h uk ) v ikn h j hoko hÿn x` z k i p k o h ÿ n . _`w h` E bopa `n ubs) @epoko hÿn x Iòup wk . JPN EK I@OUPWK . Vv .

?;7.

V k w b e h _t ` hs) D hb z k n n h # 76 6 6 ( . I k ` z k i p k o h ÿ n e ` i k v w b e p o o h ÿ n e ` u ` u b s

`so w h u bs k wdpa`n uk u h zbs < pnk k i u ` wnk u h zk obdn h u h zb "e hsop ws hzk . W `z . sh d n b s)

z bi.??) nb.54) V ë ds.;0;! ;:: . H__N 6 4;3! 6 8?5 .

Vèw`| Dÿ a `|) K . # ;887 ( . Ik jpno hÿn x j b wa ko hÿn e` i v wb j`sb w `n ik `ns`ûkn|k

vk wk ik obavw`ns hÿn < Obavw`ne` w x u wkns jb wakw ik `ns`ûkn|k . A k e w h e <

@ehohbn`s A bwk uk . V v . ?;3.

V è w `| K g w hi) A k p w h ohb # 7 6 6 0 ( . O b a v ` u ` n oh k u ` u p k i ) ob a v ` u ` n o hk v w k d a ë u h ok

x o b a v ` u ` n o hk k w d p a ` n u k u h z k . @l `s e ` i k ` z k i p k o hÿ n e ` v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s.

V v . ;;6 .

Vèw`| ) D . #;883 ( . H nz`s u hdko hÿn opk i h u k u h zk . W` ubs ` hn u` w wbdkn u`s. Ake w he . Ik

apwwk i ik . Vv. ;38.

Vèw`|) _.K . #76 6 ;( . W`zhshnd E p w hnd T w h u hnd hn k _òbne Dwk e` O iksswbba .

@epok u hbnk i W` s k woc [p k w u ` w i x ) 70#;() 74!?7.

V h v m h n ) A k g ` i # 7 6 6 ? (. @zk ipko hÿn e` vwbepoo hbn`s `sow h uks e` ik hnz`su hdko hÿn

k ik v wëo u h ok `n ` i kp ik . W@ZH_UK HWHO@. #KWD@NUHNK() Nb< ;4 ) A`s< KDB.

V ë ds< 48!8 4.

W k v b sb V w ù b ! g k x ) K n k A k w hk . # 7 6 6 0 ( . Kidpnbs ksvòubs vèkdÿd hobs e` ik`ns`ûk n|k e` ik `sow h up w k < v wbo`sb b d`n`wb uù pk i . W`z hs uk vb w updp`sk e`

v ` e k d b d á k . #V bwu pd k i( ) Zbi< ?8) N b< ;.Vë ds< 4!74.



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Wè`w ) I .A . x _ocp nn) O.E . #;88:( . A ùk obdn h u hbn eb `s nb u ha v ix kt kw `n`ss<

_u wk u`dx ocb ho` hs dbz` wn`s gx ha v i ho hu i `k wn hnd k ne a à bwx . @n Wè` w #@e . ( )

Ha v i h oh u a ` a b w x k n e a ` u k o b d n hu h b n #v v . 50!44( . A kct k u ) N L< @w igk pa .

W`x`s) I. #;884( @su wk u`d hks vk wk ` i kv w`ne h|k l` ` j hok| e` ik `so w hu p wk . U wkgk lb

e ` D w k e b n b V p g i ho k e b . Ak wkok x. Z`n`|p ` ik . Vv . ;40.

Whgk s) U` w`sk #76 6 ;( . Ik w`dp iko hÿn e` i v wbo`sb e` obavbsho hÿn `sow h uk `n

dwpvb< knë i hs hs e` ik p u h i h|ko hÿn e` vkpuks e` w`z hs hÿn . Gk wo` ibnk < @e h u b w hk i

Dwkÿ . Vk ds. :0 ‟ 3;.

W b o m t ` i i ) V . # 7 6 6 6 ( . Np`zks uèon hoks e heëo u h oks vk wk ik `ns`ûkn|k e` ik

i`ndp k `sow h uk . _`z h i ik . @e h ub w hk i Ab wÿn. Vv . 7;5

W b e w ád p ` | D ÿ a ` | ) D w ` d b w hb = D h i J ib w ` s) Lk z h `w x D k w oák Lh a è n ` | ) @ e p k w e b

# 7 6 6 5 ( . Aùbeb ibd ák e` ik hnz`s u hdko hÿn opk i h u k u h zk . Opgk. @e h ub w hk i Jè i h

Zk wìk . V v . ;38.

Wbsk i`s) Ok w ibs #;886 ( . E h e ë o u h o k e ` i k o b a p n h o k o h ÿ n z ` w g k i . Gk wo` ibnk )

@sv kû k. @e h ub w hk i Uw h i iks. V v. 70:.

_ënoc`|) @. ) Dkwoák) L.N. x eì Wáb) V. #7667(. @sow hg hw `s w`!`sow hg hw < pn knëi hs hs

e` obnu `n heb s e` ibs hn jb wa `s w`k i h|ke bs k ibs k w u áop ibs nb v pg i hoke bs `n HxK .

Hn j k n o hk x K v w ` n e h | k l` . Lb p w n k i j b w u c ` _u p e x b j @ e p o k u h b n k n e E ` z ` i b v a ` n u )

70#;() 0!?0.

_okwe ka ki hk ) A. x G`w` h u ` w ) O. #;887( . Ebs abeìbs `vi hoku hzbs e` ibs vwbo`sbs

e` obavw`nshÿn `sow h uk . H n jkno hk x Kv w`ne h|k l` . W`z hs uk vb w updp`sk e`

v ` e k d b d á k . #V b w up dk i ( ) Zb ipa `n #03 ( ) Vë ds. 5? !:5 .

_oc b b n ` n ) W . x e ` D i b v v ` w ) M . # ;8 8 : ( . T w h u hn d v ` w jb a k o ` k n e m n b t i è d `

kgbp u t w h u h nd . @n D. W h l i kk wseka) C . zkn e`n G` wd x A . Obp| h ln #@es . ( )

Uc`bw h`s) Abe` is kne Aùcbeb ibdx hn tw h u hnd w`s`kwoc #vv. 34!;64(.

K a su` wek a < K a su` wek a Pn hz` wsh u x Vw`ss. _ k k z ` e w k ) B # 7 6 6 6 ( . Kidpnks obnshe`wko hbn`s sbgw` i`ndpk `sow h uk )

v ikn h j h oko hÿn x `zk ipko hÿn . _`w h` Ebopa`n ubs ) @epoko hÿn x Iò up wk .

JPN EK I@OUPWK . V v. ;;7.



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_k izkeb w Ak uk ) J wkno hsob . #7665 ( . Ckg h i h eke`s nk w wk u h zks e` k ipanbs obn

e h j hop i uke`s `n ` i kvw`ne h|k l` < obnsu wpoo hÿn e` uùbs. @ns`ûkn|k < KNPKWHB

hn u`wp n hz `wsh uk w hb e` e heë ou hok . #@sv kû k( ) Zb i < 77 . V ëd s< ?;4!?56 .

_k n e án @ su ` g k n ) A k . V k | # 7 6 6 ? (. H nz`s u hdko hÿn opk i h u k u h zk `n ik @epoko hÿn <j pne ka `n ubs x u wk e ho hbn`s. @svk ûk . @e h ub w hk i AoDwk t C h i i. V v . ;36 .

_`wkj hn h ) Akwák U`w`sk #;88:( Oÿa b s` `sow hg`. Gk woìbnk < Hn u wp a `n ubs Vk heÿs)

#Ob iòo hÿn e h w hd hek vbw Pag`w ub @ob( . Vv. 7;7.

_`wk j hn h ) Ak w hk U` w`sk #;88? ( .Oÿab wèko uk w pn u àk . E heëo u h ok e` ik

`so w hu p wk . Gk wo` ibnk ) Vk hebs. Vë d . 76 3 ) ?64 .

_hsuà k N ko hbnk i e` @zk ipko hÿn e` ik @ep oko hÿn #_N@( . @zk ipko hÿn e` Ibd wbs

Ë w ` k s e ` I `n d p k l ` x A k u ` a ë u h ok s ;8 8 7 ! ;8 8 5 . _`w h` Vpg i hoko hbn`s Vkwk

A k `suw bs) A @N ) ;884) v ë d. 76 .

_b iè ) Hsk g ` i # 7 6 6 6 ( . @sow h up wk x `su wk u`d hks e` kvw`ne h|k l` . E heëou hok x

opww áop ipa . A èhob . @e h u b w hk i Np `zb a kw . Vv . 7;5.

_ahuc) Jwknm. #;83?(Obavw`nshÿn e` ik iòupwk. Knëi hs hs vshobi hndùásu hobs e` ik

iòup wk x sp kv w`ne h|k l` . Aèhob ) Uw h i iks. Vv . 56 ;.

Ukxibw) _.L x Gbdekn) W #;886(. H n u wbepoo hÿn k ibs aè ubebs opk i h u k u h zbs e`

hnz`su hdko hÿn . Gp `nbs Khw`s< Vk heb s. Vv . ;36 .

U`g` wbsm x ) K nk #;884 ( . Vw ha`wb `sow hg h w ) `sow hg h w `n vw ha`wb . W`zhsuk @svkûbik

e` Hnz`su hdk o hÿn @e poku hzk ) _HDN B _. 3 #76( . V ëd s. ?5! 56 .

Ubioc hnsm x) I h i hknk #;880( . K vw`ne h|k l` e ` i i `ndp k l` `so w hu b . Gk wo` ibnk ) @svk ûk .

@ehu bw hk i Uw h i iks. Vv . 5;5.

Zkn e`w Cb`z`n) L . #;888( . E h j j` w`no`s hn tw h u hnd v`w jb wakno`< D`n`wk u hnd ks

hne hok ub w . @n D. W h li kk wsek a x @ . @sv` w` u #@es. e` ik s` w h`( x A . Ub w wkn o` x E .Dk ig wk h u c #@es . e` i zb ipa`n( ) _upe h`s hn Tw h u h nd < Zb i . 5 Mnbt hnd Tck u u b

Tw h u` < Obno`vupk i Vwbo`ss`s hn Uù Vwbepou hbn # v v . : 0 ! 4 4 ( . K a s u ` w e k a <

K a su` wek a Pn hz` wsh u x Vw`ss.



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ZH H Obnd w`sb ik u hnbka`w hoknb . E`skwwb i ib e` ik iòup wk x `sow h up wk . @e hu b whk i

E b i a ` n .

Zhii`dks _.) Oèskw K #;888(.I hndù ásu h ok e` i u ` ub x wèkoo hÿn < pn k `z k ipk o hÿn e `

` su w k u ` d hk s e ` k v w ` n e h | k l ` k u w k z è s e ` i k h n z ` su h d k o hÿ n ! k oo hÿ n . I ` ou p w k x z h e k <W`z hs uk ik u hnbka`w hoknk e` iò up wk . #Kwd`nu hnk( ) Zb i < 76 ) Nb< ? ) A`s< _@V.

Vë ds. 55!0? .

Zh i ib wb ) i p h s #;837 ( . Ow``w) sk g `w) obnbo`w. _hdib SSH @ehu bw`s) A èhob. V v . ?6 5.

Z h iib u k C p w u k e b ) B a k w # 76 6 5 (. Knëi hs hs `su wpoup wk i e` uùbs `n ik èpokohÿn

z h w u p k i. Obnsp i u k eb `n bo upg w` e` i 76 6 0 E hsvbn hg i` `n <

c u u v < " "ttt.` i`k wn hndka`w hok ik u hnk . oba"è ho hbn "kg w h i ;R7665 "nkR7 .vcv

Zd bu sm x) I. #;844(. V`nska h`n ub x i`ndpk l` . Gp `nbs K h w`s. @e h ub w hk i Ik V ièxk e`.

Vv . 554.

Zxdbusmx #;848( . Ik Vw`c hs ub w hk e` i E`skwwb i ib E` i I`ndpk l` @sow h ub . B g w k s

@sobd hek s) uba b H H H) Ak ew he ) Z hsbw . Vv . 567

Thu u wbom) #;884( . Ik hnz`su hdko hÿn e` ik `ns`ûkn|k) H . @n jb{p`s) u`bw áks x

a è u b e b s. Vëds. 5;)53.

T bbes) A ` u` w . #;88? ( . Ik `sop` ik vb w e`n u w b . Ik ` unbd wk j á k `n ik hnz`su hdk o hÿn

èpok u h zk . Uà ks e` èp oko hÿn . Gk wo` ibnk . @e h u b w hk i V k he bs A [email protected].. V v 76 ;.

Tbnd) G.X.I. ) Gpu i`w) E.I. ) Jho|`w`) _.K. x Mpv`whs) _. #;88:(. U`kochnd _upe`nus

t h uc I`k wn hnd E hskg h i h u h ` s kne Ibt Koc h`z` ws u b V ikn ) Tw h u ` kne W`z hs`

B v hnhbn @ssk xs. Lbp wnk i b j I`kwn hnd E hskg h i hu h`s) 78 #7( #v v . ;84!7;7(.

Tbnd) G.X.I. ) Gpu i`w) E.I. ) Jho|`w`) _.K. x Mpv`whs) _. #;884(. U`kochnd

Keb i`so`n us t h u c I`k wn hnd E hskg h i h u h ` s kne Ibt Koc h`z` ws u b V ikn ) Tw h u ` kne

W`z hs Obn u wk su @ssk xs. I`k wn hnd E hskg h i hu h`s W` s kwoc kn e Vw kou ho` ) ;7 #;( # v v . 7!;0(.

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Iò up wk ) Wèkoo hÿn ` H n ho hko hÿn k ik H nz`s u hdko hÿn Ebopa`n uk i . Ob i`d hb e`

O h` n oh k s x C p a k n h e k e ` s< @ N J B [ P @ O B A P N HO K U HZ B . V v . 7 6 3 .

\k z k ik Z h e h` ik ) K n u b n h # ;8 8 3( . Ik v wëo u h ok èpok u h zk . Oÿab `ns`ûk w . 5¬è ho hÿn ) @e h u b w hk i Dwk ÿ. Gkwo` ibnk ) @sv kû k. Vë d. 3;!34 .

\ ü û h d k ) J . # 7 6 6 6 ( V w b v p ` su k v k w k ` i k v w ` n e h | k l` e ` i k i `n d p k ` so wh u k . Aèhob<

_hdib SSH. V v . ;38.



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H.! Ahwk obn ku `nohÿn `su k hakd`n. Wèkou k kcbwk pnk nkwwkohÿn.

Psk `su` `sv k ohb vk wk `sow hg hw ` ig b w w k e b w e ` u p n k w w k o hÿ n .

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K c b w k v k sk ` n i ha v h b u p n k w w k o hÿ n .W`z hsk ik b w u bd wk j á k x ik v pn u pk o hÿn .C k | { p ` u p i` u w k s` ` n u h` n e k . N b u `b iz he`s e` v bn` w pn u áu p ib .

Wèkoohÿn Jhnki RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

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RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR



;7;

HH .! Hnsu wpoohbn`s< Bwe `nk k eòpke ka `n u` ibs shdp h`n u`s vë w wk jbs.

@làvib<

_ ÿ i b i b s j h n ` s e ` s ` a k n k " A k w d k w h u k u w k g k l k k w e p k a ` n u ` e p w k n u ` u b e b ` i e á k . "

kobsup a gw k sk i h w e ` v ks`b obn sps ka hdbs."

A k w d k w h u k u w k g k l k k w e p k a ` n u ` e p w k n u ` u b e b ` i e á k . _ ÿ i b i b s j h n ` s e ` s ` a k n k

kobsup a gwk sk i h w e` vk s b obn sps ka hdbs.

;.! W`dw`ska bs k A èhob `n ik u k w e` ) okn ske bs v `wb obnu`n ubs." E`sv p ès jp ha bs pn

gk in`k w hb {p` `s uë `n H ukvkn e` ik _k i ) `n ebne` nkekabs ) oba habs x nbs

e hz` w u habs apocb . " Ik sàknk vkskek jp habs k pnk òp ws hÿn {p` b wdkn h|ÿ ik

`sop` ik . " Vw ha`wb z hs h ukabs iks d wp uks e` ik @su w` i ik {p` sbn w`k ia`nu` hn u` w`sknu`s)

kp n{p ` e ho`n { p` iks e` Okokcp ka h iv k sbn a ës d wkn e`s ha v w`shbnkn u `s. " RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR



7 .! s k w w`d ib obn `sa `wb . " ²s w ák ik a hsa k2 ²ib ka kw ák oba b shà v w`2." I i`dkg k

Akw hsk e`svpès e` ckg`w vkskeb zkw hbs kûbs `n ` i ù wkn l` wb . " Wbg`w ub ) {p` ckgák

`sv `wke b k nshbsk a `nu ` `s` e ák ) " . RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR




? .! K e ` a ë s) `w k p n k a p l ` w sb i hu k w h k x ` n b lb n k . " v b w { p ` i b s oc h { p h i ib s c k o ák n

eàks hkeb wp heb x i` havè ákn eb wa h w . " o` wok e` ik oksk e` pnk s`ûb wk {p` `s ukgk

`nb lkek x a b i`suk " Ibs n hûbs lpdkg kn `n ` i vk u hb e` k u wë s e` ik oksk e ` V`v` ) "







;77

HHH .! Kdw`dk iks obaks {p` ckdkn j kiu k.

;. Ik o w h sh s ko up k i nb `s a ës {p ` ` i w`sp i u k eb e ` i e`sb we`n ik ob w wpvo hÿn ikhdnb wkno hk x i j k i u k e ` b wdkn h|ko hÿn .

7 . N b `s nò`sk w hb `k i u k w s n h d w h u k w n h eò hw h nsp i u bs. _` u wk uk a ës g h`n e`vw bv bn`w sb ipo hbn`s.

? . K idpnk s ok wko u` w ásu h oks e` p nk gp `nk wèkoo hÿn sbn < oik w hek e v wò hshÿn s`no hi i` |x keòpko hÿn .

5 . V k w k ` i ` k a ` n e ` g `n u w k ` w ië v h| w `d ik g b w w k e b w ob a v ë s ` sop k e w k x u w ` scb lks e` v kv ` i .

0 . W`d w`sk wbn u k we ` s v w`vk wk wbn p n ok jè w`z hsk wbn iks z`n u k nks x s j p` wbn kkobsukw .

: . @ i c b a g w ` s { p ` e b h n a ÿ z h i k i k ` sv ` w k v ` w b n k e k sp o è h ÿ .4. O p k n e b e ` sv ` w u è w ` ob w e k g k ` i sp ` û b o b n oi k w he k e i b z ` ák k è i b ák sp s v k i k g w k s

s n u ák ik jp `w|k e ` sps eè bs n a h g wk |b .3 . B áa bs ` i e h svk wb v`nska bs `n Lb wd` sk i ha bs ob w w h`ne b cko hk ` i v k u hb . N ke h`

`n u`ne ák nkek nbs àvp lëgkabs pnbs k b u wbs u bebs {p` w ákabs i i `dk wv w h a ` w b .

HZ.! Jbwak pnk bwkohÿn obn iks u w`s {p` s ekn.@là v ib < Ik s`ûb wk u h`n` pnk oksk a px d wkne ` .

Ik c h lk e` ik s`ûb wk z hz` `n ` i ` u wkn l` wb .@i k w{ p h u òub Wka bs obnsu wp xÿ ik oksk.

Ik s`ûbwk ) opxk c h lk z h z` `n ` i u wkn l` wb ) u h `n` pnk oksk a px d wkne ` {p` obnsu wpxÿ` i k w{ p h u ò ub Wka bs.

;.! @i a k`su wb Iÿv `| `suë `n ` i cbsv h uk i .@ i a k`su wb u p zb p n koohe`n u` .

@n `s` cbsv h uk i `sup z` xb . RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

7 .! Z h z ák ` n V p ` g i k ` n k { p ` ii k è v b ok .Ubekz ák n b obnboák k ` s a pockocb .@i a pock ocb w`sp i u b s`w v w ha b e` U`w`sk .

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

? .! Z` wÿn hok `suë u w h su ` vb w{ p` zk n k eà b i` w ik oksk .Ik oksk v`w u `nòhÿ k sps kg p` ibs.@i ik nk ohÿ `n `sk oksk .




;7?

5 .! V k u x ` su k a p x h a v w ` shb n k e k .@i ik z hz` `n ` i è h j ho hb .@n ` i e h j h ohb bop w w hÿ p nk u wk dè hk .


0 .! Lpk n a ` vw`suÿ ibs i hg wbs._bn spaka`nu` hn u` w`sknu`s.Lpk n skg ` a pocb e` C hsub w hk x I h u ` wk up wk .


: .! @ i obno h` w u b j p ` `n ` i l k we án .@i obno h` w ub `sup zb a k wk z h i ibsb .@n ` i l k we án j wòp`n u à `n u` c kx ko ubs op iu p wk i`s.


RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Obaviùk obn G b Z s dün obww`svbnek.;.! v bshRRh i he ke

7 .! a b w hRRp n e b? .! RRh`n ub5.!RR`n`nb.0 .! RRh `n k z ` n u p w k e b: .! c k R Rh ih e k e4 .! RR`n` wkg i`

3 . !RR`nàèw h ub8 .! a b R Rh ihe k e;6 .! RRh`n u w`;;.! RR`n` jhohb sb;7.! ohRRh i he k e;?.! RR`nòhkn b;5.! RR`n`jkou bw;0 .! z k d k R Rp n e b



;75

Kn`b 7. Abeìb e` `zkipkohÿn e` ik vw bepoohÿn `sowh u k.

Obavù`nohk

Uùpki < _` w` j h` w` k ik v bshg h i hek e e ` v wbe po h w u` ubs{p` w`svbne`n k n hz` i`s e` obc`w`no hk) obc`s hÿn)shn uk hs x k eòpk ohÿn . _` `nu h`ne ` vbw obc `w`no hk ikop k i he k e { p ` u h ` n ` p n u ` ub e ` o b n su h u p h w p n k p n he k edibg k i e` shdn h j hoke b. @s e ò hw ) ik obc`w`n o hk `suëw` j` w hek k ik `su wp o up wk d ibgk i e` ibs shdn h j h oke bs x kik jb wa k oba b èsubs s b wdkn h|kn s dün pn v ik n xk i w ` e ` e b w e ` p n k j h n k i he k e . I k o b c `shÿ n ) n ok a g hb )u h`n` { p` z `w obn ibs a òknhsa bs i hndù ásu hobs#obnòub w`s) ke z`wg hbs) shdnb s e` v pn up ko hÿn.. .( kuw k z ès e ` ibs opk i`s s` `su kg iò`n obn` hbn `s xw` iko hbn`s n u w` bwk o hbn`s b vwb vb sho hbn`s) x { p`w` j i`lkn ik obc`w`no hk d ibgk i e` i u` ub .

Vwkdaëuhok < _`w`j h`w` k ikob a v ` u ` n oh k v k w kv bshohbnk ws` `n p nksh upk o hÿn e ò b ap n h o k o hÿ n )w`svb ne h`neb kp n k h n u` n ohÿ n xsìòo hbnkneb pnu h v b e ` u ` u b e `kop`we b obn e hocks h upko hÿn.

Obdnhuhzk< _` w`jh`w ì k ok v k oh e k e v k w kbnsuwp h w x `vw`skwbno`vubs) lphohbs x

w k | b n k a h`n ub s) ob a bv w b e p o ub e ` ikw` iko hÿn e ` i

sup e hk n u` o b n p ng l ù b e `b n b o ha h` n ub .

Ok u `d b w ák s Ob c `w`n ohk ib ok iObc`w`no hk i hn`k iObc`w`no hk d ibgk i x obc`shÿn

_hnuk hsK e ` o p k o hÿ n

Hn u`no hÿnE hz ` w sh e k e u ` up k i x_pv`w`s u wpo up wk

_p g ok u `d b w ák s ;Obnobwekno hk

7_`da`nuko hÿn

?Vwbdw`s hÿnU ` aë u h o k

5Obnò ub w`sobn jpn o hÿn

0_hdn bs e `

v p n u p k o h ÿ nobn jpn o hÿn

:V`w u hn`no hk

4U hv b u ` up k i

Ob n e hohb n `s V w be p ohw k ia ` n b s p n kbwko hÿn x`sukgiò`w

obnobwekno hk` n u w `sp l` ub "z` wgbk i hn u` w hb w eìk a hsa k .

_ ` d a ` n u k wb wko hbn`sa ` e h k n u `kidün wòpwsb

`vi áo hub < pn`svkohb) ìok a g h b e `w`nd iÿn ) pnka p i` u h ii k ) p nd p hÿ n ) p nshdnb e `v p n u p k o h ÿ n .

V w b e p o h wa ë s e `p n k

wko hÿn x

` d p h w p nch ib` a ë u h o b

ib ik wdb` i u` ub .

@sukgiò`ww` iko hÿn`vi áo h uk` n u w ` i k s

bwk o hbn`s bvwbvbsho hbn`sk u w k z è s e ` ipsb e` k idünobnòub w bjwksòbnò u hzk .

@z he`no hk ww` iko hbn`s` n u w `bwk o hbn`s b

vwbvbsho hbn`sa ` e hk n u ` ` ipsb e ` shdnb se `v p n u p k o h ÿ nobn jpn o hÿniÿd hok o ik wk .

W`svb ne `w kib sw ` { p ` w ha h` n ub sv w k d a ë u h o b s

e` ik sh upk o hÿne ò b ap n h o k o hÿ n <e`sow hghw )n k w w k w )k w d p a ` n u k w )` uoè u` wk ) xwòbnbo`w k ihn u` w ibop ub w .

_ìòohbnkw xo b n u w b ik w p nu h v b e ` u ` u b`n sps

o b a v b n ` n u ` sdibgki`s.U` ubn k w w k u h z b )nb u hohk ) u` ub`vbsh u hzb)` uoè u` wk .

N h z ` i ` s KG

O

E



;70

Ok u `d b w ák _p g ok u `d b w ák Ob n e hohb n `s N hz ìN b w `sv p ` su k ;. N b

w`svp`sukN b c k xv w b e p o ohÿ n e ù` ub ._` v wbe po`p n k v k ik g w k bs`w h` e `v k i k g w k shnobn`k s)b pnu ` u b { p ` n bo p a v i` ob n i k sobne ho hbn `s e ìn hz` i K

O BAV @ U @ N O HKU @ S U P K I

Obc`w`nohkObc`shÿnuùpki

_hnu khs

7 . I b ok i _` v wb e p o` k ia ` n b s p n kvwbvbsho hÿn{ p ` op ` n ukob nobnobwekno hk`n dèn`wb )

n ü a ` w b )u h à v b xv`wsbnk .

Obc`shÿn

?.D ib g k i " i h n ` k i

_` v wbe poà ë s e ` p n kvwbvbsho hÿn.I k svwbvbsho hbn`s`suënsòp`nohkekse ` a k n ` wkv ` w u h n ` n u` ._` shdp` pn `l`

u ` a ë u h ob k ibi k w d b e ` i u ` ub )k j án obn ikhnsuw poo hÿn. Iksvwbvbsho hbn`s`suën`n ik|ke ks kuw kz ès e ì psbk id ü n ob n ` oub w{ p ` o p a v i`jp n o hÿ n e òbc`shÿn # n`bsk w d p a ` n u k u h z bs(.

Keòpkohÿn5 .D ib g k i " i h n ` k i

_` pu h i h|knshdn bs e`v p n u p k o h ÿ nv`w u hn`n u`s #k ia `nbs uw`s) `nibs oksbs `n{ p` sbnw`{p`w hebs (v k w k h n e h o k w



;7:

s`da`nuko hbn`s s a ë nu hoksx "b w` iko hbn`se ` obc`shÿn)shnukhs xk e ` o p k o hÿ n .

O BAV @ U @ N O HKV W K D A Ë U H OK "K W D P A @ N U K U HZ K

Hn u`no hbnk i heke "spv`w`suwpoupwk

Obc`w`nohk

0. V bshohÿ n _` `v bn `"p nk "s u`shs x sùbak vbs ho hÿnj w ` n u` k i ku ` a ë u h o kv ik n u ` k e k . _w `svb ne ` k ikhn u`no hbnk i heke e ` i` n p n o hk e b .

Obc`w`nohk:. @v bshohÿne `k w d p a ` n u b s

_` ub a kvbsho hÿn jw`nu`k i k u ` a ë u h ok

v ik n u ` k e k x s` v b n ` nk w d p a ` n u b se`se` p nv p n ub e ` z h sukv`wsbnki .

Obc`w`nohk 4.Hn u` w u ` up k i h ek e x_pv`w`suwpoupwk

_` s iòohbn kp n u h v b e ù` ub xobnuwb ik spspv`w`suwpoupwk #c kx o h` w w`( ._`

j p n e k a ` nu k i kk w d p a ` n u k o h ÿn ` n j p ` n u` se b o p a ` n u k i ` sx s` obnsuwpx`` i hn u ` w ibop u b w` n k u ` n ohÿ n kik hn u `no hÿno b ap n h o k u h z k# k e ` op k o hÿ n k ik p e h u b w h b ( .

_` `suk g iò h` wbn n hz` i`s #K ) G) O) E( { p` hne hokn e h j` w`no hks opk i h uk u hzk s n opkn ub kik oba v i` l hek e e` ibs u ` ubs.



;74

NHZ@I@_ E@ W@EKOOHßN E@ U@SUB_

Nhzì K

@s ì n hzì gëshob. _` obnshe`wk {p` s` opavi` obn `su` n hzì sh s` vwbepo`n vbw ib

a `nbs eb s bwk o hbn`s) iks opk i`s `suë n s`da `nu k ek s #s` `suk g iò` p n i áa h u` e `shdn h j hokeb ( x s` shdp` p n c h ib uà ë u hob k ib ik wd b e` iks a hsa ks. @s sv`wk g i` {p` ik

ub uk i heke e` n hûbs #ks ( e`se` k k vk w u h w e` u ` wo` w d wkeb v wbep|okn u` ubs {p`

opa v i`n `suk s obne hohbn`s. O ik wb `suë {p ` `n sh up ko hbn`s e` oba pn hoko hÿn {p ` s kn

s hdn h j hok u hzks vkwk ibs n hûbs) `n u`ne h`neb vbw 's hdn h j hok u hzks' iks `v`w h`no hks e`

`so w hu p wk x oba pn hoko hÿn { p` u h`n`n s`n u heb vk wk ` i `sup e hk n u` x { p` w`svbn e`n k sps

hn u` w`s`s x `vòuk u hzks. _h ` hs u` pnk nò`sheke x pn hn u` wès kp uèn u hobs `n ik

vwbepoo hÿn `sow h uk ) `su` v wbo`sb kzkn|k e` akn`wk obnshe`wkg i` . Vbw ib kn u`w hb w ) k ik

`sopìk i` obww`svbne` d`n`wkw `sks shupkohbn`s `n iks {p` iks vwëou hoks e` `sow h upwk

`s uèn i h dkeks k ik güs{pèk e` k idün s`n u heb x pnk obapn hoko hÿn sbo hk i w`k i ) x

kzkn|k w cko hk ik kv wbv hko hÿn e` iks c` w wka h`n uks i h ndù ás u h oks {p` v` wa h ukn v wbepo h w

u ` ubs {p ` vp èkn s w oba vw`ne hebs vb w b u wb iòub w .

Nhzì G

_` obns he` wk {p` pn u ` ub opav i` obn `s u` n hz` i s h ) keàës e` opav i h w obn iks

obnehohbn`s eì n hzì K) s` `sukgiò`n w` ikohbn`s `nuw` ibs `npnohkebs k u wkzès eì psb

e ` k i d ü n ob n ` ou b w { p ` o p a v i ` p n k j p n o hÿ n i ÿ d ho k o ik w k . K a ` e h e k { p ` s` k z k n | k ` nik obav` u`no hk vk wk v wbepo h w u ` ubs s` zkn kv wbv hkneb iks j pno hbn`s e` iks

`vw`s hbn`s obnòu hzks {p` b ubwdkn obc`w`no hk x obc`shÿn k ibs `sow h ubs. _` u wk uk e`

{p` wòbnb|ok w` iko hbn`s `n u w` `npnohkebs x jb waks e` cko`w iks `v i áo h uks `n ik

vwbepoo hÿn `sow h uk .

Nhzì O

_` obns he` wk {p` pn u ` ub opav i` obn `s u` n hz` i s h ) keàës e` opav i h w obn ibs ebs

knu`w hb w`s) p u h i h|k s hdnbs e` vpnupko hÿn vkwk `sukg iò`w w` iko hbn`s `n u w` ibsoba vb n`nu `s e ` sp `sow h ub . K i hdpk i { p` ibs obnòubw`s) ibs shdnbs e` vp nu pk o hÿn sbn

wòpw sbs opx ks jp nohbn `s sbn `suk g iò`w i áa hu`s `nu w` iks p nhe ke `s e ` shdn hj hoke b `n p n

`sow h ub #s`da `nu ko hÿn s a ën u hok( x `suk g iò`w w` iko hbn`s iÿd hoks n u w ` ibs np no hke bs.



;73

Nhzì E

_` obnshe`wk {p` pn uùb opavi` obn `su` n hz` i s h keàës e` opavi h w obn ibs u w`s

n hz` i`s kn u ` w hb w`s w`svbn e` k ik hn u`no hbnk i heke oba pn hok u h zk w`{p ` w hek x sh ) ke à ës)

` i `so w hu b op`n uk obn pnk spv ` w`su wp o up wk . Ik hn u`no hbnk i hek e s` w`j h` w` k ik

v` w u hn`no hk e` i u ` ub j w`n u` k ik s h u pko hÿn e` obapn hoko hÿn x k i wòbnbo ha h`n ub e` ihnu`w ibopubw. @s eòhw ) s h s` v he` e`sow hg hw ) s` `sv`wk pn uùb e`sow hvu hzb) sh s` v he`

k wdpa`n uk w ) s` `sv` wk pn u ` ub k wdpa`n uk u h zb ) s h s` v he` nk w wk w s` `sv` wk pn u ` ub

nk wwk u hz b ) ` uoè u`wk . _h s v he ` `sow hg h w vk wk p n n hûb #k ( s` e`g `wë s` iòo hbnkw p n iè hob

k e ` op k e b k i hn u ` w ib o p u b w ) x b v u k w v b w p n k j b w a k e ` ` n p n o hk o hÿ n .

Ik spv` w`s u wpo up wk `s uë w` j` w hek k ik vbs hg h i h eke e` s` iòo hbnk w pn u hvb e` u ` ub

v`w u hn`nu` x s`dp h w pn vw hno hv hb iÿd hob e` bwdkn h|ko hÿn e` i a hsab. Vbw ` làvib ) s h s`

s` iòo hbnk ` i uùb nkwwk u hzb ) ik spv`w`su wpoupwk obns hs u h wë `n vw`s`nukw k i a`nbs u w`sdwk ne `s oba vb n`nu `s< p nk kv `w up wk ) pn obnj i houb x pn o h`w w` . _h s s iòo hbnk p n u ùb

`v i h ok u h zb ) s u `ne wë {p ` v w`s`n uk w p nk hn u wbe poo hÿn ) pnk s w h` e ` `v i h oko hbn`s x pn

oh`ww`.



;78

Kn`b ?. U u b.



;?6

Kn`b 5. U`u b.



;?;

Kn`b 0. U`u b.



;?7

Kn`b :. U u b.



;??

Kn`b 4. U u b.



;?5

Kn`b Nb. 3. @ka`n e` @svkûbi :¶ dwkeb.

;! I`` obn k u `no hÿn ` i shdp h`n u ` uùb .

Vwbnub `sukwës ks hs u h`neb k pnk np`zk `sop` ik . ²U` dpsukw ák skg`w obab s`wë2

Hakdhnk ibs np`zbs skibn`s) obn sps dwkne`s z`nuknks x i i`nbs e` ip|. @s` `nbwa`vku hb obn ups np`zbs kahdbs) {p` `sv`wkn {p` lp`dp`s obn ` i ibs obn `sk v` ib uk

dwkne` x `n `{p hvbs {p` u h`n`n obavù`no hks `n u w` s h . Obnbo`wës k b u wbs ak`su wbs.

Ukag hèn ck wës obsks e h j ` w`n u`s kcb wk ) kv w`ne` w np`zks ak u` w hks `v ib wk w aks

v w b j p n e k x k a v i hk a ` n u ` i k s { p ` x k o bn b o` s) u b e b p n a p n e b n p ` z b v k w k

` v ` w h a ` n u k w .

Up aàbw hk ` hn u` i hd`no hk zkn k o wò` w u kag hèn vb w{p` kcb wk u h`n`s np`zks obsks

{ p ` ` n u ` n e ` w x { p ` k v w ` n e ` w . U b e b u ` s` w ë a ë s j ë o hi v b w { p ` u p c k | ` su p e h k e b a p o c b )

xk skg `s ck o`w ups uk w`ks x skg `s i``w a px g h`n .@nop`nu wks np`zks obsks zk i hbsks {p` ow``s {p` u` s h wz`n vkwk i i`dkw k cko`w ib {p`

{ p h`w`s up . Uk i z `s sp`û `s obn {p ` `w`s pn a è hob b pn k z hk eb w . Uk i z `| pn v wb j`sbw e `

`sop` ik b pn v h ib ub e ` ok w w` wks. N b ha vb w u k ` i sp`ûb { p` u`ndk s) `sup e hkn eb ib

w`k i h|kwks.

K ib a` lb w u ps z h` lbs ka hdbs xk nb h wën k u p np`zk `sop` ik . K zò`s u kag hèn

oka g hk a bs vb w a ba `n ubs ibs ka hdbs) x ip`db nbs ek a bs op`n uk e ` {p ` ibs zb izà bs

k `nobn u wk w x kcb wk u `nà bs a pocks np`z ks kz `n up wks {p ` obn uk w i`s.

Okag hk w e` `sop` ik u kag hèn `s gp`nb ) s hàvw` `s gp`nb okag hk w . Okag hkabs

k p n { p ` n b s e p ` i k ) ok a g h k a b s e ` n u w b x ok a g h k a b s v b w j p ` w k x sh à v w ` s` w ë g p ` n b

o k a g h k w .

7 ! Obnu `suk iks shdp h`n u `s v w`dp nu ks w` iko hbnk e ks obn ` i uù b kn u `w hb w ., ²K { p ` ow``s { p ` s e `g ` ì u h up ib e ` `suk iòup wk 2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ..! ²Xk obn bo`s ik { p ` s wë u p np `z k ` sop` ik 2 ²Oÿa b `s2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR , ²Opë i obns he`wks {p` s`wë ik aks dwkne` e h j` w`no hk `n u w` ` i kp ik {p` e` l`s x ik {pù ` `sv`w k `n u p np `z k `sop ìk 2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ²Vb w { pè s` e ho` {p ` up a à bw hk x u p hn u` i hd`nohk zk n k o wò`w2–.!. Vk wk u h ²s wë g p `nb oka g hk w e ` `sop` ik 2 ²V bw { p è2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR



;?0

? ! W` iko hbnk k a gk s ob ipa nk s p u h ih |kn eb i á n`ks e` e h j `w`n u`s ob ib w`s.

5 ! _p g w k x k ` i bg l ` u b h n e h w ò u b ` n ok e k b w k o hÿ n .K ne w`k x E kn h` i b wdkn h|k wbn p nk j h`suk k sps ka hdbs.

V ` v ` x Lp k n h u b o k n u k w b n i k s a k û k n h u k s k sp a k a k .

0 ! Obv hk e` np`zb oke k b wko hÿn spsu h u p x`neb ` i bg lùb hne h wòub vb w ibs v wbn ba gw`si` b i`s s dü n obww `sv bne `.

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

: ! Oba v i` uk ibs svk o hbs pskne b iks vk ikg wk s e` ik e` wòck {p ` ob w w`svbn ek n .Vkvk RRRRRRRRR {p` kw w`d ik w ` i RRRRRRRRR e` i kdpk {p` Ip ás wbavhÿ k i u wbv`|kw obnsp v k u h n ` u k .

# Up g b ― u p zb (4! _p g w k x k ` i ob a v i ` a ` n u b o hw op n su k n o hk i ` n o k e k b w k o hÿ n .

Lbsè Ën d` i oba vwb opk e` wnbs n ik a kû knk .

Ek n h` i w`sb iz hÿ obn jko h i hek e ik v wp`gk e` hnd i`s.

3 ! Ob ibok ibs ebs vp n ubs ebn e` ob w w`svbn ek n .

@i ak`su wb eh lbIbs ëa `n`s s wën oba b shdp`n @svk ûb i ) A ku à ëu hoks x O h`no hks N ku pw k i`s i e ák e`c b x .

8 ! O b a v i ù k o b n ì e h ou k e b e ` i a k ` su w b .@s RRRRRRRRR { p ` ì RRRRRRRRR e` u p z hshu k k ik RRRRRRRRR `n oba v k ûák e ` RRRRRRRRR `sv k s k w `n ì RRRRRRRRR e` sp v w ha b { p` v bw oh`wu b `s a p x RRRRRRRRR x sp s v p `wu k s a p xv `sk e k s) ksá { p ` ophek e b obn p n RRRRRRRRR. _h z`s k a h ka hdb RRRRRRR e h i` {p ` ik j w p uk{p ` a ` a kn eb `suk gk a px RRRRRRRRR.

G hbd wk j á k .

Vw`sukabs.

U h wk oÿa hokDki ho hsab

Knd i ho hsab

O k w u b n ` s

, U hvbs e` e hgp lbs oba v p`subs vb w pn k s op`no hk e ` Opk e wbs`n ibs opk i`s s nk wwk n v `{ p`û k s chsub w hk s., V k i k g w k s e ` b w h d ` n j w k n o è s { p ` j b w a k n v k w u ` e ` p n kV`wsbnk.

, W` ik uk ibs v w hno hvk i`s kobn uò ha h`n ubs e` ik z hek e` Pnkv`wsbnk., E hgp lbs e` p n sb ib opk e wb { p` v w` s n uk n ik b v hn hÿn _bg w`k i d p n k n b u h oh k b k o b n u ` oh a h `n u b ., V k i k g w k s { p ` v ` w u ` n ò `n k p n k i ` n d p k x { p ` c k n v k sk e bK j b w a k w v k w u ` e ` i z b o k g p i k w hb e ` b u w k ., _bn vk ikg wks {p` v wbz h`n`n e` i h nd i`s v` wb xk j b waknVk w u` e` np`su wb zbokg p ik w hb .



;?:

Kn`b 8. Op`su hbnkwh b e` ik `nop`su k.

Bglùhzb eì hnsuwpa`nub< Obnbo`w ` i v wbo`sb e` `so w hu p wk {p ` ii `zk wbn k okgb ibsk i p a n b s # k s( e ` s u b d w k e b e p w k n u ` i k v w b e p o oh ÿ n e ` u ` u b s) x e ` u ` w a h n k w o p ë i `s`su wk u`d hks gë shoks e` `sow h up wk p u h i h|k wb n .

@i op`su hbnkw hb `suë `su wpoup wkeb `n ub wnb k u w`s sòo hbn`s< kn u`s) epwkn u` x e`svpèse ` i k ` sow h u p w k e ` p n u ` u b .

Nbagw`<

................................................................................................................

W`svbn e` e ` kop` web k ib {p ` s n u h su ` b c hoh su` k i a ba `n ub e` `so w hg h w .

N b ck x w`svp `suk s gp `nk s b a k iks. N b s u wk uk e` e kw obn ik w `svp `suk obw wòuk ) shnbe` `vw`skw up s bv hn hbn`s k i w`svòub .

KNU@_;.! ²@n { pè obnshsu`n iks uk w`ks e` v wbe poo hÿn e` u ùbs `n u p sk iÿn e ` o iks`s2


7.! ²U` dpsuÿ `sow hg hw2A p o c b 6 V b ob 6 N k e k 6²Vbw {p è2


? .! ²_k g`s oÿa b e`g ` s w pn u ùb g h`n `sow h ub2 _á N bE k k idpn ks okw kou `w ásu hoks<


5 .! ²_k g ` s i b { p ` ` s k w d p a ` n u k w b e k w p n k b v h n hÿ n j p n e k a ` n u k e k sb g w ` p n u ` a k v b w`sowhub2 _á b NbE k k idpn ks okwk ou`w ásu hoks<


0 .! ²Obn { p` j wòp`nohk p u h i h|ks ik k wd p a `nu ko hÿn `n up s sow hub s2A p o c b 6 V b ob 6 N k e k 6

²Vbw {p è2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

: . ! ²Obn {p ` j wòp`nohk w`k i h|ks nk wwk o hbn`s2

A p o c b 6 V b ob 6 N k e k 6²Vbw {p è2


4 .! ²Obnboáks i uà k sbg w` ` i {p ` up z hsu` { p` `sow hg h w2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR



;?4

Opk neb u` v he h` wbn {p ` `so w hg h` wks<3 .! ²C ho hsu` k idün i hsuk eb e ` he`k s e` ib {p ` hgk s k `sow hg h w2 _á N b²Vbw {p è2


8 .! _h i b c hoh su` # i hsu k eb ( opkn eb nb u `n áks a ës he`ks vk wk knb u k w ²p u h ih |ksu` k idün

a k u ` w hk i w ` ik o hb n k e b ob n ` i u ` a k v k w k ` n o b n u w k w n p ` z k s h e ` k s2_á Nb²Vbw {p è2


;6 .! ²C hohsu` k idün g b w wke b w ) `s{p à k ) e hgp lb b d wë j h ob k n u`s e` `so w hg h w u p u ` ub2_á Nb²Vbw {p è2


EPWKNU@

;;.! ²[ pè v ksbs s dp hsu` v kw k e`skww b i ik w g h`n up uù b2


;7.! ²C hohsu` v k psks a h`nu wk s sow hgáks up u` ub 2 ²Opë nu k s2_á 6 N b 6²Vbw {p è2


;? .! _h iks c ho hsu` #v kp sks( ) ²v pe hsu` w` u ba kw u p u wkg k lb obn jk o h ihek e e `sv pès e` ` i iks2_á Nb

²Vbw {p è2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

;5 .! ²[ pè c hohsu` e pw kn u` iks vk psks2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

;0 .! K a è hek {p ` `so w hg áks ²hgks obnsp i u k neb k idü n g b w wke b w b `s{p à k2_á Nb²Vbw {p è2


;: . ! K a è he k { p` `sow hg áks ²u` e ` u`n áks v kw k i``w ib { p` i i`zk gk s sow h ub2_á Nb²Vbw {p è2


E@_VP@_

;4.! ²U` dp suÿ ` i uà k sbg w` ì {p ` `sow hg hsu` 2A p o cb V b ob N k e k²Vbw {p è2




;?3

;3.! ²_kg `s k {p hèn hgk e h w hd heb ib {p ` `sow hg hsu`2_á Nb


;8 . ! ²_k g`s obn {p è j hnk i hek e `sow hg hsu`2_á Nb

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR 76 .! ²E`svp ès e` u ` wa hnk w u p u ` ub ib w`z hsksu`2_á Nb²Vbw {p è2


7;.! ²Op ë nu k s z `o`s2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

7 7 .! K i u ` w a h n k w u p u ` u b ) u ` j h lk su ` ` n { p ` <k ( ik v w` s n uk o hÿn e ` u p u wkg k lb `sup z h` wk g h`n

g( iks v k ik gw ks sup z h` wkn g h`n `sow h uks #b w u bdwk j ák (o ( ` i zbokg p ik w hb `sup z h` wk g h`n p u h i h|ke be ( iks he`ks sup z h` wkn o ik wk a `n u` `v w`ske ks²Vbw {p è2


7? .! ²C hohsu` k idün oka g hb `n u p `so w hu b2_á Nb²V bw { p è2 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

7 5 .! ²U ` d p su b o ÿ a b { p ` e b u p u ` u b 2_á Nb

V b w { p è


7 0 .! ²O ÿ a b u ` d p su k w á k { p ` c p g h ` w k { p ` e k e b u ` w a h n k e b u p u ` u b 2

Ek k idpn ks ok wko u` w ásu h oks<


7: .! ²[p è `s ib {p ` u` w`sp i u k a ës e h j áo hi e` ck o`w k i a ba `n ub e ` `so w hg h w2E k k idpn ks okw kou `w ásu hoks<


74.! ²Oÿa b obnshe` wks u p e`s`a v`ûb `n u p `so w hu p wk2A p x G p ` n b G p ` n b W `d p i k w A k i bV b w { p è




;?8

Kn`b ;6. W spi u kebs eì op`su hbnkwh b kv i hokeb epwknu ` ik `nop`su k.

Bglù hzb eì hnsu wpa`nub< Obnbo`w iks e h j hop i u ke `s e` `sow h up w k ) x ` i obnboha h`n ub

x à v i`b e ` `su wk u`d hks gëshoks e` `so w hu p wk `n ik v wbe poo hÿn e ` u ` ubs e` k ipa nbs

#k s( e` sùb d wk eb .

@i op`su hbnkw hb `suë `su wpoup wkeb `n ub wnb k u w`s sòo hbn`s< kn u`s) epwkn u` x e`svpès

e` ik `sow h up wk .

N b a g w ` <

E h k n k

W`svb ne ` e` k op`web k ib { p` s`nu hsu` b c hohsu` k i a ba `nu b e` `sow hg h w .

N b ck x w`svp `suk s gp `nk s b a k iks. N b s u wk uk e` e kw obn ik w `svp `suk obw wòuk ) shnb

e` `vw`skw up s bv hn hbn`s k i w`sv òub .

KNU@_

;.! ²@n {pè obnshsu `n iks ukw `ks e` vw bepoohÿn e` uùbs `n up ski ÿn e`

oiks`s2

V w ha `wb nbs vb n`n k i``w x ip`db ib { p` `n u `ne ha bs ib `sow hg ha bs.

7.! ²U` dpsu ÿ sow hghw Apocb Vbob Nkek2 ²Vbw {pè2

Vbob ) vb w { pè a ` kgp w wb opk neb `subx `so w hg h`neb ) a ` vk wò` kg p w w heb .

?.! ²_kg`s oÿab e`g` s w pn uù b gh`n `sowh u b2 _á Nb

Ek kidpnks okwkou`wásuhoks<

_h) npeb) e`s`niko` x j hnki.

5.! ²_kg`s ib {p` s kwdpa`nuk w b ekw pnk bvhnhÿn jpneka`nu kek sbgw`

pn u àk vbw `sowh u b2_á NbEk kidpnks okwkou`wásuhoks<

_h) e`g ` e` s`w ube b ib {p ` i i`zk ) uk a g hèn `s ik jòck.

0.! ²Obn {p` jw òp`nohk pu hi h|ks ik kwdpa`nukohÿn `n u ps sowh u bs2

Apocb Vbob Nkek ²Vbw {pè2



;56

V boks zò`s) v bw{ p` opk ne b a ` vbn `n k s`w obsks) xb a ` vbn db k c ko`w b u wk s) a `

e hs u wk hdb .

:.! ²Obn {p` j wòp`nohk w`ki h|ks nkww kohbn`s2 Apocb Vbob Nkek

A p o c k s

4.! ²Obnboáks i u àk sbgw` i {p` u pzhsu ` {p` sowh gh w2

_h) v bw { p` c ho` ` i uùb sbg w` a hs ka hdks) x iks obnb|ob e`se` { p hn u b .

Opkneb u` vhe h`wbn {p` sowhgh `wks<

3.! ²Chohsu ` kidün i hsu keb e` he`ks e` ib {p` hgks k `sowh gh w2 _á Nb

²Vbw {pè2

N b ) v b w { p ` v w h a ` w b v p s` k i d b ) x x k a ` j p h k o bw e k n e b x v p s ib e ` a ë s.

8.! _h ib chohsu ` #i hsu keb( opkneb nb u `náks aës he`ks vkw k knbukw pu hi h|ksu `

kidün aku `whki wìkohbnkeb obn i u àk vkwk `nobnu wkw np`zks he`ks2

_á Nb

_h) a ` gk sb `n ibs i hg wbs e`v `ne ` e` ib { p` n bs v he h` wbn .

;6. ! ²Chohsu ` kidün gbwwkebw) `s{pàk) ehgpl b b dwëj hob knu `s e` sowhgh w u p

u ù b2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

N b) a ` zbx e h wòuk a `n u` k `so w hg h w .

EPWKNU@

;;.! ²[pè vksbs s dphsu ` vkw k e`skwwbi ik w gh `n u p u ùb2

J p h k o b we ë n e b a ` u b e b e ` ib { p ` hg k c k o h` n e b e ` se ` { p ` ` n u w `.

;7.! ²Ch ohsu ` vkpsks ah `nu wks sow hgáks u p u ù b2 ²Opënu ks2 _á Nb

sh ) zk w hks zò`s) v kwk kobwe k wa ` sh hg k `sb b nb .

;?.! _h iks chohsu ` #vkpsks() ²vpehsu ` wù bakw u p u wkgklb obn jkohi heke

e`svpès e` i iks2 _á Nb

sh



;5;

;5.! ²[pè chohsu ` epwknu ` iks vkpsks2

H gk z h`neb k z ` w sh hgk g h`n

;0.! K aèhek {p` sowh gáks ²hgks obnspi u kneb kidün gbwwkebw b `s{pàk2

_á NbN b

;:.! K aèhek {p` `sowh gáks ²u ` eù `náks vkwk i` w ib {p` ii `zkgks sowh u b2

_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h ) vk wk z ` w sh nb a ` `{p hzb{ pè `n k idb

E@_VP@_

;4.! ²U` dpsu ÿ i u àk sbgw` i {p` `sow hghsu `2 Apocb Vbob Nkek ²Vbw

{pè2

_h ) vb w { p` `s e` u be b ib {p` hgk c ko h`ne b opkne b `n u w` `n {p hn ub .

;3.! ²_kg`s k {phèn hgk eh w hdh eb ib {p` sow hgh su `2 _á Nb

N b

;8.! ²_kg`s obn {pè j hnki heke `sow hgh su `2 _á Nb

N b) v` wb ` i a k`su wb nbs e ho` {p ` oba b xk z ka bs k `n u wk w k ik s opne k w hk ) nbs vbn ` k`sow hg h w a pocb) vk wk `sow hg h w a ës wëv heb .

76.! ²E`svpès e` u `wahnkw u p u ùb ib w`zhsksu `2 _á Nb

_h

7;.! ²Opënu ks zò`s2

P n k z ` |



;57

77.! Ki u `wahnkw u p u ùb) u` jhl ksu ` n {p`<

k( ik v w`s nu kohÿn e` u p u wkgklb su pzh`wk g h`n

g( iks vk ikgwks su pzh`wkn g h`n sowh u ks #bwu bdwk ják (

o( ì zbokgpik whb su pzh`wk g h`n pu hi h|keb

e( iks he`ks su pzh `wkn oik wka`nu` vw `skeks

²Vbw {pè2

Ik o vk wk z ` w sh ì zbokgp ik w hb `suk gk g h`n .

7?.! ²Chohsu ` kidün okag hb `n u p `sowh u b2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h ) vb w { p` a ` `{p hzb{ p` `n ik O .

75.! ²U` dpsu b oÿab {pèb u p u ùb2 _á Nb

A ë s b a ` n b s

70.! ²Oÿab u ` dpsu kwák {p` cpgh`wk {pèkeb u `wah nkeb up uùb2


Obn ube b ib {p` v ksb x spoè hÿ ) obab sh j p` wk pn k c hsub w h` uk .

7:.! ²[pè s ib {p` u ` w`spi u k aës eh j áoh i e` cko`w ki aba`nub e` sowh gh w2


Vbw { p` nb u `ndb he`ks) ksá obab ) oba b ) ` i v wb j` nbs vbn ` k e hgp lk w ) x k i a ba `n ub

e` e hgp lk w s a ` bop w w`n a pocks he`ks) v` wb ip`db xk nb a ` sk i`n .

74.! ²Oÿab obnshe`wks u p e`s av`ûb `n u p sow h u pwk2 Apx Gp`nb Gp`nb

W dpikw Akib ²Vbw {pè2

W`dp ik w ) vb w{p ` sh`n ub {p ` `so w hgb a px j`b .



;5?

Kn`b ;6.;. W spi u kebs eì op`su hbnkwh b kvi hokeb epwknu ` ik `nop`su k.

Bglù hzb eì hnsu wpa`nub< Obnbo`w iks e h j hop i uk e`s e ` `sow h up w k ) x ` i obnboha h`n ub




e` ik `sow h up w k .

N b a g w ` <

_bják



e` `vw`skw up s bv hn hbn`s k i w`svòub .

KNU@_

;.! ²@n {pè obnshsu `n iks u kw `ks e` vwbepoohÿn e` uùbs `n up ski ÿn e`

oiks`s2

Nbs v he` ` i ak`s u wb {p` ckdkabs pn u` ub e` ib {p` nbsb u wbs {p h` wkabs b s`k e`

nb sbu wbs) e` np `suw bs ka hdbs.

7.! ²U` dpsu ÿ sow hghw2 Apocb Vbob Nkek ²Vbw {pè2

A p o c b v b w { p ` a h i` u w k ` s g b n h u k .

?.! ²_kg`s oÿab e`g` s w pn uùb gh `n `sow h u b2 _á Nb


N b) nb s`



;55


pn u àk vbw sowh u b2 _á Nb


N b) nb s`

0.! ²Obn {p` jw òp`nohk pu h ih |ks ik kwdpa`nukohÿn `n u ps sowh u bs2


N b) vb w{ p` nb s` oba b


A pock s zò`s


_h) `s sbg w` a hs ka hdk s) oba b nb s obnboha bs) nbs v iku hoka bs.

Opkneb u ` vhe h`wbn {p` `sowh gh `wks<

3.! ²Chohsu ` kidün ih su keb e` he`ks e` ib {p` hgks k `sowh gh w2 _á Nb

²Vbw {pè2

_h) n a h a `nu` ) vk wk `sow hg h w ib x ip`d b) `sow hg h w ib .

8.! _h ib chohsu ` #i hsu keb( opkneb nb u `náks aës he`ks vkw k knbukw

²pu hi h|ksu ` kidün aku `wh ki wìkohbnkeb obn i u àk vkwk `nobnu wkw np`zks

he`ks2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

N b) vb w { p` nb { p h s


uùb2 _á Nb

N b .



;50

EPWKNU@


V `nskw ib g h`n


²Vbw {pè2

_h) u w`s) v`n skg k { p` i` hgk k v bn`w k i uùb .

;?.! _h iks chohsu ` #vkpsks() ²vpehsu ` wùbakw u p u wkgklb obn jkohih eke


_h


V`nskgk

;0.! K aèhek {p` sowh gáks ²hgks obnspi u kneb kidün gbwwkebw b s{pàk2

_á 6 Nb 6

n b

;:.! K aèhek {p` `sowh gáks ²u ` eù`náks vkwk i` w ib {p` ii`zkgks sowh u b2_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h) vk wk n b `sow hg h w ib a hsa b { p` x k ck gák `sow h ub .

E@_VP@_

;4.! ²U` dpsu ÿ i u àk sbgw` i {p` sow hghsu `2 Apocb Vbob Nkek ²Vbw {pè2

A pocb) vbw { p` xb ib `sow hg á x ib sk{ p` e ` a hs ka hdks.

;3.! ²_kg`s k {phèn hgk eh wh dheb ib {p` sowh gh su `2 _á Nb

_h ) k k a hdks



;5:


N b .

76. ! ²E`svpès e` u `wah nkw up uùb ib w`zh sksu `2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h) vk wk z`w sh u`n hk `{p hzbok ohbn`s.


P n k z ` |.






²Vbw {pè2

I k K ) { p ` ` su p z h` w k g h ` n x n b a ` ` { p h z b ok w ë .

7?.! ²Chohsu ` ki dün okaghb `n u p `sow h u b2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

N b ) v b w { p ` x k ` su k g k g h `n .

75.! ²U` dpsu b oÿab {pèb u p u ùb2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h ) vb w { p` {p èb gbn h u b .

70.! ²Oÿab u ` dpsu kwák {p` cpgh `wk {pèkeb u `wah nkeb up u ùb2


A ` dpsub oba b a ` {pè b ) vb w { p` ck g ik e ` a hs ka hdks x e` ibs wòp` web s e`

nbsbuwbs.



;54



V `nskw ) vbw { p` sh nb a ` sk i` ip`db a k i .

74.! ²Oÿab obnshe`wks u p e`s av`ûb `n up `sow h u pwk2 Apx Gp`nb Gp`nb

W`dpikw Akib ²Vbw {pè2

Gp `nb ) vb w { p` a ` dpsuk oba b `so w hgb x ip`db zbx a ` lb wkn eb ik i` u wk .



;53

Kn`b ;6.7. W`spiu kebs eì op`su hbnkw hb kvi hokeb epwknu ` ik `nop`su k.






N b a g w ` <

Ok w ibs




KNU@_


oiks`s2

I i`dk ` i a k`su wb x ip`db n bs ek pn op`nu b ) pn ip`d b ibs wòbd`) x ip`d b nbsbu w bs e` ib

e` np `su wb v wbv hk a `n u` ) ib wòb weka bs x ip`db ib `so w hg ha bs.


V bob) s { p` k zò`s a ` ek j ib l` wk .



_h) vp `s {p ` i i`z` u be b ib { p` i i`zk ) vp nu bs) oba ks) `n iks v k ik gw ks g h`n `sow h uks.



;58


pn u àk vbw `sowh u b2 _á Nb


N b .



N b s`


Apocks .


_h ) vb w { p` xk ckg ák i`áeb .


3.! ²Chohsu ` kidün ihsu keb e` he`ks e` ib {p` hgks k `sowh gh w2 _á Nb

²Vbw {pè2

N b) vbw { p` sh ib ck ohk nb hg k k w`k oohbn kw k sá { p`) vp `s sh) ib `sow hgá ksá




N b) vb w { p` sb ib pskg k ib {p` u `n ák d wk gk eb `n ik okg `|k `n a h a `n u` ) x ib `so w hgb )

i b { p ` `n a h a ` n u ` k v w ` n e á.


u ùb2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

K zò`s ib vkskg k `n pnk i hg w` u k ) x xk sh a ` sk i ák g h`n ) ib vk skg k `n pnk cb lk g iknok



;06

EPWKNU@

;;.! ²[pè vksbs s dphsu ` vkwk e`skw wbii kw gh`n u p u ùb2 _á Nb

Ib { p` c ho` jp` `sow hg h w ib ) x xk sh i` jk i u k wb n i` u wk s) ib obw w`d ák b k idb .

;7.! ²Chohsu ` vkpsks ah`nu wks sow hgáks u p u ùb2 ²Opënu ks2

_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

Pnk s ebs b u w`s) sh ) vb w { p` sh nb a ` kob wek gk `n k idb a ` vk wkg k k v`nsk w k z` w sh

a ` k ob w e k g k e ` k id b .

;?.! _h iks chohsu ` #vkpsks() ²vpehsu ` w u bakw u p u wkgklb obn jkohi heke

e`svpès e` i iks2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2_h ) v b w { p ` a ` k o b we k g k .


_h `suk gk g h`n ` i op`n u b ) sh ` wk ib { p` s` a ` ckg ák d wkg ke b .


_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

N b


_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

sh ) ck db ` i op`nub x ip`db ib z p` iz b k i``w b u wk z `|) ck g`w sh `sub x g h`n ) e` ik iòup wk

{ p` xb i` á.



;0;

E@_VP@_

;4.! ²U` dpsu ÿ i u àk sbgw` i {p` `sow hghsu `2 Apocb Vbob Nkek

²Vbw {pè2

A pocb) vbw { p` ck x u ùbs { p` s` w` j h` w`n k obsks gp `nks x ck x u ùbs {p ` s w` j h` w`nk obsk s a k iks.


N b

;8.! ²_kg`s obn {pè j hnki heke `sow hg hsu `2 _á Nb

_h) ksá {p`) obn ik j hnk i hek e e ` {p ` `suèn g h`n ik s vk ikg wks.

76. ! ²E`svpès e` u `wah nkw u p u ùb ib w`zh sksu `2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2_h ) vk wk z` w sh `suk gk g h`n ) vk wk z` w sh ckg ák vp `sub k idb { p` nb `suk gk `n ` i op` n ub .


P n k z ` |



g( iks vk ikgwks su pzh`wkn g h`n sowh u ks #bwu bdwk ják (o( ì zbokgpik whb su pzh`wk g h`n pu hi h|keb

e( iks he`ks su pzh `wkn oikwka`nu ` vw`skeks

²Vbw {pè2

Ik O ) ckx nb ) ik e` `suk gk n g h`n iks vk ikg wk s) #G( vb w {p ` ` i a k`su wb nb s e ho` {p`

u wk gk làbs ube k ik z hek ) x ckdk a bs g h`n iks vk ikg wk s.


_h) vk wk obw w`d h w ik s v k ikg wks.



;07

75.! ²U` dpsu b oÿab {pèb u p u ùb2 _á Nb Vbw {pè

_h ) vb w {p ` vb w {p ` v w ha ` wb c ho` g h`n iks vk ikg wk s x ip`db ksá) x {p ` i i `zk wk oba ks)

ko`nu bs x iks obsks {p ` i i`zk pn uù b x x k ib obw w`d á .

70.! ² Oÿab u ` dpsukw ák {p` cpgh`wk {pèkeb u `wahnkeb up u ùb2


G p ` n b ) sh v b w e ` o hw { p ` k o k g k w u b e b v w b n u b ) x { p ` ` su p z h `w k u b e b g h `n k v p n u k e b .



X b v h `n sb ) x k o p k n e b z b x k ` so wh g h w) { p ` n b a ` ` { p h z b { p ` ) { p ` a ` sk i d k g h `n u b e b )`s {p ` ckx v k ik gw ks {p ` nb s` oba b s` `sow hg`n) {p ` sh i i`zk n a kx üsop iks) a kx üsop iks

s h ) v`wb ckx pnks vk ikgwks {p` `s {p` obab) obab i` e h wè ) sp`nkn hdpk i x s` `sow hg`n

e h j ` w`n u` .

74.! ²Oÿab obnshe`wks u p e`s av`ûb `n up `sowh u pwk2

Apx Gp`nb Gp`nb W`dpik w Akib

Vbw {pè

W`dp ikw ) vb w {p ` xb v h`nsb {p ` ckdb ik s obsks k z ò`s g h`n b k z ò`s a k i ) { p` a `

` { p h z b o b .



;0?

Kn`b ;6.?. W`spi u kebs e`i op`su hbnkwh b kvi hokeb epwknu ` ik `nop`su k.




OP@_UHBNKWHB



N b a g w ` <

O i k p e h k




KNU@_


oiks`s2

[ p ` ` i a k ` su w b n b s e h d k { p ` c k o ` w x k n b u k w ) n b i b u b a k ` n op ` n u k .


_h a ` dpsuk ) v bw {p ` cko`a bs op`nu bs x ibs suk a bs hnz`nu kn eb .



_h) obn v ikn u`k a h`nub ) e`s`n iko` .



;05


pn u àk vbw `sowh u b2 _á Nb Ek ki dpnks okwkou `wásu hoks<

N b) nb s`.

0.! ²Obn {p` jw òp`nohk pu hi h|ks ik kwdpa`nukohÿn `n u ps sowh u bs2Apocb Vbob Nkek ²Vbw {pè2

A ks b a `nbs) vp `s s ek w bv hn hbn`s nb2


²Vbw {pè2

A pocks zò`s) vb w { p` nbs e ho` {p ` xk z ka bs k `n u wk w k ik s opne k w hk x { p`

e`g à bs `sow hg h w .


_h) xk ck gák i` áe b sbg w` iks sh w`nks) uk a ghèn a ` gk s sbg w` pn k v ` i áop ik v `wb nb ik

vp s hdpk i ) shnb {p ` v`nsè x ib knb u ` .



²Vbw {pè2

N b ) su k z ` | n k e k a k s su p z ` w ` ob w e k n e b ) v b w { p ` a ` u k w e b a ë s ik g b w k n e bi hsu k eb s) xb v h`nsb.




N b) vb w { p` sÿ ib a ` gks` `n ib {p ` xb wòb wek gk .

;6. ! ²Chohsu ` kidün gbwwkebw) `s{pàk) e hgplb b dwë jh ob knu`s e` `sowh gh w u pu ù b2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

N b) sb ib a ` g ks` `n a hs he`k s.



;00

EPWKNU@


V p`s ib {p ` ` i a k`su wb nbs ns`ûb) ` i v ikn u `ka h`nub ) e`s`n iko` ) { p` s` u h`n` { p`

`n u`ne` w g h`n .

;7.! ²Chohsu ` vkpsks ah`nu wks sow hgáks u p u ùb2 ²Opënu ks2

_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h ) obab 5 ) vk wk wòb wek w a ës) e` ib {p ` a ` kob wekg k x `sb .



_h


Vp `s wòb wek w ib {p` a ` hak d hnkg k ) x ib e` ik v ` iáop ik .


_á Nb

N b

;:.! K aèhek {p` `sowh gáks ²u ` eù `náks vkwk i` w ib {p` ii `zkgks sowh u b2_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h) vk wk z `w oba b a ` sk i ák ) vbw { p` k z ò`s a ` `{p hzbokg k `n iks oba ks b k idb k sá.

H gk x z b iz ák k i`` w ib .



;0:

E@_VP@_

;4.! ²U` dpsu ÿ i u àk sbgw` i {p` sow hgh su `2


_h ) a ` dpsub a pocb ) vb w { p` ck g ik e` pnk sh w`nk x a ` dpsuk n iks sh w`nks.

;3.! ²_kg`s k {phèn hgk e hw hd heb ib {p` sowh gh su `2

_á Nb

_h) vk wk iks shw`nk s xb v h`nsb.

;8.! ²_kg`s obn {pè j hnki heke `sow hgh su `2

_á Nb

N b .

76.! ²E`svpès e` u`wahnkw u p uùb ib w`zhsksu `2

_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h) vk wk z`w sh ) iks jk i u ks e` b w ub dwk j ák .


Oba b okek vë w wk jb { p` `so w hg ák ib w`z hskg k e bs zò`s b p nk .

77.! Ki u `wahnkw u p u ùb) u` jhl ksu ` n {p`<k( ik v w`s nu kohÿn e` u p u wkgklb su pzh`wk g h`n

g( iks vk ikgwks su pzh`wkn gh `n sowh u ks #bwu bdwkj ák(



²Vbw {pè2

Ik e` k gk lb ) i ks he`ks sup z h` wkn o ik wka `n u` `v w`ske ks) vk wk {p ` `n u`ne h` wkn ` i

u ` u b .



;04

7?.! ²Chohsu ` kidün okaghb `n up `sowh u b2

_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

N b ) v b w { p ` x k a ` ck g á k d p su k e k ob a b a ` { p ` e b .


_h) vb w { p` c kg ik e ` iks sh w`nks.

70.! ²Oÿab u ` dpsu kwák {p` cpgh`wk {pèkeb u `wah nkeb u p u ùb2

Ek kidpnks okwkou `wásu hoks<

_h ) apocb a` lb w ) i k i` u wk vp`s a` lb w ) vb w {p` a` oknsb apocb k i `so w hg h w ) v w ha` wb

à v h`|b k `so w hg h w gbn h u b x k i ü i u ha b ik ckd b j`k ) vb w { p` a ` oknsb .


Ek kidpnks okwkou `wásu hoks<

C kx v p`s vb n`w i` oba ks) vb w {p ` oksh nb s .

74.! ²Oÿab obnshe`wks u p e`s av`ûb `n up `sow h u pwk2

Apx Gp`nb Gp`nb W`dpikw AkibVbw {pè

V p`s gp `nb) vbw { p` sh `sow hgb g h`n .



;03

Kn`b ;6.5. W`spi u kebs eì op`su hbnkw hb kvi hokeb epwknu ` ik `nop`su k.




OP@_UHBNKWHB



N b a g w ` <

K i ` l k n e w b




KNU@_


oiks`s2

Vw ha`wb ` i v wb j` nbs e ho` {p` cko`w x ip`db nbs ek hnsu wpoo hbn`s x ip`db nbsbu wbs ibckoàbs.

7.! ²U` dpsu ÿ sow hgh w2 Apocb Vbob Nkek ²Vbw {pè2

A pocb ) vb w { p` a ` ekn a pocks dkn ks nb s` .

?.! ²_kg`s oÿab e`g` s w pn u ù b gh`n `sowh u b2 _á Nb


_h ) i i` zk neb v ik n u`k a h`n ub ) npeb x e`s`n iko`.



;08


pn u àk vbw `sowh u b2 _á Nb Ek ki dpnks okwkou`wásu hoks<

_h) `sow hg h`n e b gh`n a kx ü sopik s x a hnü sopik s.

0.! ²Obn {p` jw òp`nohk pu hi h|ks ik kwdpa`nukohÿn `n u ps sowh u bs2Apocb Vbob Nkek ²Vbw {pè2

K z ò`s) `s { p ` nb s .

:.! ²Obn {p` jwòp`nohk w`ki h|ks nkww kohbn`s2 Apocb Vbob Nkek

A poc k s z ò`s.


N b ) s p n u ` a k { p ` x b i b hn z ` n u `


3.! ²Chohsu ` kidün ih su keb e` he`ks e` ib {p` hgks k `sowh gh w2 _á Nb

²Vbw {pè2

K zò`s sh ) k z ò`s nb ) xb ib z`b `n i hg wbs x ip`db k v pn ub b e h wòuk a `nu` e ` a h

h a k d h n k o h ÿ n .


²pu hi h|ksu ` kidün aku `wh ki wìkohbnkeb obn i u àk vkwk `nobnu wkw np`zkshe`ks2_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h) a` gksb `n ibs ihgwbs.



_h ) i p`db ck db p n g b w wke b w x ip`db xk ib vk sb g h`n `so w hu b .



;:6

EPWKNU@

;;.! ²[pè vksbs s dphsu ` vk wk e`skw wbi ikw gh`n up u `ub2 _á Nb

_h) h w v`n sk ne b.


_h) oba b 5.



_h) xk v`n sën eb ib vp `s xk ib zb iz ák k `sow hg h w .


H gk v `nskne b obab c ko` w i`.


_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

N b) `n `suk bokshbn` a ` gk s `n a h ha kd hnko hÿn .


_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h ) a ` e` u`ndb x ip`db ib z p` izb k i``w ) vk wk z` w sh zbx g h`n .

E@_VP@_

;4.! ²U` dpsu ÿ i u `ak sbgw` i {p` sow hgh su `2


Vp `s a ës b a `nbs) b a pocb .

;3.! ²_kg`s k {ph èn hgk e hw hdh eb ib {p` sow hgh su `2 _á Nb_h) k i vwb j`) x ` i e ho` sh `suk g h`n b a k i.


N b



;:;

76.! ²E`svpès e` u`wahnkw u p uùb ib w`zhsksu `2

_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h ) vk wk z` w sh `subx g h`n x `n s dp hek ob w w`d h w ib ) n k idpnk vk ikg wk b k idb .

7;.! ²Opënu ks zò`s2A poc k s z ò`s.




o( ì zbokgpikwh b su pzh`wk gh`n pu hi h|keb


²Vbw {pè2Ik G) iks v k ik gwk s sup z h` wk n g h`n `sow h uks.


_h) oka g h` ib { p` v ps` a k i ) ib obw w`d á .


_h ) vb w { p` `suk a px oc heb ) `s e` a h hak d hnko hÿn .

70.! ²Oÿab u ` dpsu kwák {p` cpgh`wk {pèkeb u `wah nkeb u p u ùb2


_h a ës oc heb ) vp `s g h`n ) ck o`w ibs e hg p lbs g h`n ) vk sb p nb ) vk sb e bs x v ksb u w`s # s`

w` j h` w` k sp hnz `nu b ) `n ` i {p ` k u wk z ès e` v ksbs b hnsu wp oohbn`s svò h j hokg k oba b

p u h i h |k w sp v wbepo ub hnz`n ukeb ( .

7:.! ²[pè `s ib {p` u ` w`spi u k aës eh j áoh i e` cko w k i aba`nu b e` sowh gh w2


V p`s v`n skw ib g h`n v bw { p` sh nb ) nb sk i` .



;:7


Apx Gp`nb Gp`nb W`dpikw Akib ²Vbw {pè2

A px gp `nb) a ` dp suk a pocb `sow hg h w ) a ` dpsuk hnz`n uk w obsks) op`nu bs x `sb .



;:?

Kn`b ;6.0. W`spi u kebs eì op`su hbnkwh b kvi hokeb epwknu ` ik `nop`su k.




OP@_UHBNKWHB



N b a g w ` <

Lpkn


N b ck x w`svp `suk s gp `nks b a k iks. Nb s` u wk uk e` e k w obn ik w`svp `suk ob w wò uk ) shnb


KNU@_


oiks`s2Vp`s sbn g h`n jëo h i`s) ` i ak`su wb nbs v he` {p` `sow hgkabs obwwòuka`nu` x {p`

z`kabs b w ubd wk j á k


_h ) Vbob ) vb w { p` a h vkv k u wkg k lk k c á `n ik `sop` ik x a ` kdk w wb `so w hg h`neb ibs

op`nubs {p` u h`n` .



_h) obn) ` i e ` s ) np e b) e`s`nik o`.



;:5


pn u àk vbw `sowh u b2 _á Nb


_h) e` ohw ik s obsk s obww òu k s.



V bob) vb w { p` s` a ` e h j hop i uk n iks i` u wk s.


²Vbw {pè2

Vboks zò`s


_h) vb w { p` k n u `s i`b .



²Vbw {pè2

_h ) vk wk { p` nb s` a ` zkx kn k `n u wkn gp i hok w iks vk ikg wk s.


²pu hi h|ksu ` kidün aku `wh ki wìkohbnkeb obn i u àk vkwk `nobnuwkw np`zks


_h) oba b ` i i hg wb e` @sv kû b i iòup wks.



K zò`s) ckd b e hgp lbs vk wk g ksk wa ` .



;:0

EPWKNU@

;;.! ²[pè vksbs s dphsu ` vkwk e`skw wbii kw g h`n u p uùb2 _á Nb

V p`s ck o`wib ` i op`n ub ) ck g `w sh `suk g h`n `sow h ub ib { p` `sow hgá .


_h) oba b e bs z ò`s.

;?.! _h iks chohsu ` #vkpsks() ²vpehsu ` wùbakw u p u wkgklb obn jkohi heke

e`svpès e` i iks2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

V bob) a ` op`suk u wk gk lb `sow hg h w .


V`nsk w oba b ` wk ) ` i wòb wek w .

;0.! K aèhek {p` sowh gáks ²hgks obnspi u kneb kidün gbww kebw b s{pàk2

_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

N b) nb ib c ho`.


_á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h ) vk wk z ` w sh ) oba b ) a` { pè kg k k c á.

E@_VP@_

;4.! ²U` dpsu ÿ i u àk sbgw` ì {p` sowh gh su `2 Apocb Vbob Nkek

²Vbw {pè2

A p o c b ) v b w { p ` a ` d p su b .


N b .

;8.! ²_kg`s obn {pè jh nki heke `sow hgh su `2 _á Nb

N b



;::

76. ! ²E`svpès e` u `wah nkw u p u ùb ib w`zh sksu `2 _á Nb ²Vbw {pè2

_h) vk wk z`w sh `suk g h`n `sow h ub x n b u h`n` jk i uk s e` b w ub dwk j ák .


E bs




o( ì zbokgpikwh b su pzh`wk gh `n pu hi h|keb


²Vbw {pè2

Ik G) iks v k ik gwk s sup z h` wk n g h`n `sow h uks.


_h ) v b w { p ` k a h a ` d p su k g k a ë s k a v i h b .


_h ) vb w { p` a ` dpsub ` wk p n u à k i hg w` .

70.! ² Oÿab u ` dpsukw ák {p` cpgh `wk {pèkeb u `wah nkeb u p u ùb2


Oba b pn op`n ub ksá.

7:.! ² [pè s ib {p` u ` w`spi u k aës eh j áoh i e` cko`w ki aba`nu b e` sowh gh w2


V p`s) vp`s ck o`w vë wwk j bs dwk ne `s.


Apx Gp`nb Gp`nb W`dpik w Akib Vbw {pè

W`dp ikw v bw { p` `n z ò`s kc á lpdk a bs kc á) `n z ò`s.



;:4

Kn`b ;;. U u b e` Ki`lknewb



;:3

Kn`b ;7. U`ub e` Oikpeh k.



;:8

Kn`b ;?. U u b e` Lpkn

U`ub e` Okw ibs



;46

Kn`b ;5. U`ub e` Ehknk



;4;

Kn`b ;0. U`u b e` _bj ák

La producción de textos efectivos y uso de estrategias básicas

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