La representación del panorama latinoamericano en los medios europeos : entre intereses económicos...

7/27/2019 La representacin del panorama latinoamericano en los medios europeos : entre intereses econmicos y estereoti

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SGAUC^TAMBM DB^FKT AAA MC IBM^AM

Fb rcprcscgtbdag mcf pbgkrbib fbtagkbicradbgk

cg fks icmaks cspbkfcs y erbgdcscs8

cgtrc cstcrcktapks c agtcrcscs cdkgiadks

Butkr8 Bumrcy Dkrmkvb Efkrcs ^bipbgt

\rkecskrb dkkrmagbmkrb8 ]crcsb Tbgmkvbf Ibrtg

Orbmk cg \crakmasik

>


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B ias pbmrcs y ia `cribgk,

B ia ebiafab

Ias borbmcdaiacgtks b8

Ibracffc Dkrmkvb

Ncghbiag M@bagbut

@dtkr Hubgbtcy

Bgmrs ^cstrcpk

Ucrgadb Uadcgtc

Q tbinag b fks cgtrcvastbmks8

Ncgkt @crvacu

_agstkg Ibgraquc

Xcfibr Iad`cfaga

Hcbg-D`rastkp`c ^bipbf

\bnfk Paigcz mc Tbgmkvbf


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gmadc

A. Agtrkmuddag ...p 3

2.2. Biradb Fbtagb, ugb rcoag dkg pcrspcdtavbs p 3

2.>. \kr qu fks icmaks erbgdcscs y cspbkfcs; .. p 0

2.4. Cf pcrakmasik cg > .. p 2

AAA. @aptcsas y knhctavk ...p 2?

4.2. @aptcsas ... p 2?

4.>. Knhctavks .. p 20

AU. Ibrdk tcradk p 21=.2.]ckrb mcf cgdubmrc ... p 21

=.>. Fb bocgmb .. p >2

U. Ictkmkfkob .p >>

UA. ]rbnbhk cipradk . p >?

5.2. Bspcdtks rcfcvbgtcs dubgtatbtavks mc dbmb icmak

5.2.2. Fks icmaks aiprcsks mc pbok

5.2.2.2.Cf \bs . p >?

5.2.2.>.Fc Ikgmc p >0

5.2.>. Fks icmaks aiprcsks orbtuatks

5.2.>.2 >< iagutks ... p >1

5.2.>.> >< iagutcs ... p 4 p 42

5.2.4.> Erbgdc > - Fc >< `curcs ... p 4>

5.>. Dkipbrbtavb dubfatbtavb y dubgtatbtavb cgtrc fks icmaks

5.>.2.Cf \bs yFc Ikgmc p 4>

5.>.2.2 Sgb Biradb Fbtagb dkrruptb quc rcdanc bf \bpb .... p 44

5.>.2.>. \bscs mkgmc vavc fb aghustadab p 4?

5.>.2.4. Sgb rcoag mc fud`bs y mc dkgefadtks mc agtcrcscs .. p 41

5.>.2.=. Fks pkftadks bgtcs quc fks fbtagkbicradbgks ..... p =2

5.>.>. >< iagutks y >< iagutcs ... p =>

5.>.>.2. Biradb Fbtagb, ugb tacrrb sbfvbhc .. p =4


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" %"

5.>.>.>. Sg cspcdtrk pkftadk iuy supcreadabf, pcrk prcscgtc .. p =4

5.>.>.4. Agtcrcscs erbgdcscs y cspbkfcs ... p ==

5.>.>.=. Fk is ervkfk p =35.>.4. ]cfcmabrak > y Fc >< `curcs ...... p =3

5.>.4.2. Cf \bpb y fbs agstatudakgcs .. p =5

5.>.4.>. Sg pkdk is mc vkz pbrb fks fbtagkbicradbgks .. p =?

5.>.4.4. Tcgsbdakgbfasiks y vakfcgdabs cg Biradb Fbtagb . p =1

5.4. Bspcdtks ocgcrbfcs mc fb dkipbrbtavb cgtrc Cspbb y Erbgdab p 32

UAA. \ragdapbfcs `bffbzoks8 ug pbgkrbib gk tbg mavcrsk .. p 3=

UAAA. Dkgdfusakgcs8 fks agtcrcscs obgbg, fb rcprcscgtbdag mc fb rcbfambm y cf

pcrakmasik pacrmcg .... p 30

AP. Nanfakorbeb .. p 5>

P. Bgcxks .... p ?


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" &"

A. Agtrkmuddag

Ruag gk dkgkdc Crgcstk Oucvbrb, @uok D`vcz, k fb sbfsb, cf rcoobctkg, cf

gbrdktreadk k fbs EB^D; Fbs rcprcscgtbdakgcs quc dkgstruycg fb vasag mc Biradb Fbtagbsc `bg aipfbgtbmk b trbvs mc vbraks dbiagks8 fb dufturb mc ibsbs, fks cstcrcktapks

maeugmamks pkr fks icmaks mc dkiugadbdag ofknbfazbmks y quazs agdkgsdacgtcicgtc, pkr

fks pbscs mcf Gkrtc. Tag cinbrok, skg icgks dkgkdamks ktrks bspcdtks mc cstb rcoag

dkik quc cf `kinrc is radk mcf iugmk scb cf icxadbgk Dbrfks Tfai, quc fbs

davafazbdakgcs is bgtaoubs mc fb davafazbdag `uibgb sc cgducgtrbg tbinag cg Biradb

Fbtagb, k quc `ky cg mb y cg fbs ftaibs mdbmbs, cs ugb mc fbs rcoakgcs is magiadbs, gk

skfbicgtc b gavcf cdkgiadk, sagk b gavcf dufturbf, skdabf y pkftadk.

Cg cstb agvcstaobdag cf knhctavk pragdapbf `b samk prcscgtbr cf pbgkrbib mc fbrcoag Fbtagkbiradb maeugmamb cg fks icmaks erbgdcscs y cspbkfcs. Fbs tckrbs quc sc

`bg utafazbmk, dkik fb tckrb mcf cgdubmrc, fb tckrb mc fb bocgmb scttago k fb dkgstruddag

mcf cspchk skdabf `bg rcoamk cf cstumak murbgtc fks dubtrk icscs.

2.2. Biradb Fbtagb, ugb rcoag dkg pcrspcdtavbs

Biradb Fbtagb cst sacgmk, `ky cg mb, dkgsamcrbmb dkik fb rcoag mc fbs

kpkrtugambmcs pkr fks cdkgkiastbs, yb quc vavc ug drcdaiacgtk cdkgiadk cspcdtbdufbr. Fb

drasas cdkgiadb quc becdtb Curkpb mcsmc cf >


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icmatadbs, cg Curkpb8 fbs madtbmurbs, fbs drasas cdkgiadbs, fbs oucrraffbs y cf

gbrdktreadk.>

Bdtubficgtc bfougks pbscs mc Biradb Fbtagb skg knscrvbmks nbhk cf prasib mcfks pkpufasiks, mc fks oknacrgks azquacrmastbs k rcvkfudakgbraks. Ibrd Tbagt-Spry,

prcdasb cg su fanrk (Tbagt-Spry, >


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agvcstaobr k rcpcgsbr cf dkgdcptk mcBiradb Fbtagb.

Ta sc dkgsamcrbg quc tkmks fks pbscs mc Turbiradb, mc Dcgtrkbiradb, mcf Dbranc

y Ixadk (bugquc pcrtcgczdb b Gkrtcbiradb tacgc ug pbsbmk dkfkgabf dkig bf rcstk mcpbscs), skg pbrtc mc Biradb Fbtagb `bnrb quc rcbfazbr ug cstumak iud`k is fbrok cg cf

tacipk y is prcdask.

2.>. \kr qu fks icmaks erbgdcscs y cspbkfcs;

\brb rcbfazbr cstc cstumak sc dkgsamcr quc bgbfazbr fks icmaks erbgdcscs y

cspbkfcs pcriatarb mbr mks pugtks mc vastb, mks vasakgcs curkpcbs mc fb rcoag8 Erbgdab

pkr su aipkrtbgtc trbmadag pcrakmstadb y sus rcfbdakgcs pugtubfcs dkg fb rcoag y Cspbb,

bugquc tbinag pkr cstb iasib rbzg, sknrc tkmk pkr sus fbzks `astradks, su pbsbmkdkfkgabf y sus rbsoks dkiugcs dkg fb rcoag.

Tc `bg bgbfazbmk fbs ugambmcs agekribtavbs mc fks icmaks mc dkiugadbdag

saouacgtcs8 Cf \bs, Fc Ikgmc, >< iagutks, >< iagutcs, ]cfcmabrak > mc ]UC y Fc >. Cf cstumak sc `b dcgtrbmk cg dik sc rcefchb cf pbgkrbib rcoakgbf tbgtk

b gavcf dubgtatbtavk dkik dubfatbtavk cg fks icmaks trbmadakgbfcs. Tc `b bgbfazbmk cf

gicrk y cf tcib mc fbs gktadabs quc sbfacrkg cg fbs pragdapbfcs dbncdcrbs mc prcgsb k cg

fks tcfcmabraks bs dkik cf cgekquc mbmk.

Tc pfbgtc tbinag fb amcb mc agdkrpkrbr Agtcrgct y fks icmaks maoatbfcs kbftcrgbtavks, sag cinbrok fb tcfcvasag y fks icmaks aiprcsks saoucg tcgacgmk dbnamb cg fb

ibgcrb cg fb quc sc agekribg fks daumbmbgks. Fks tcfcmabraks, pkr chcipfk, saoucg sacgmk

fbs eucgtcs pragdapbfcs mc fks daumbmbgks pbrb agekribrsc. Tcog cf ^csuicg mcf Cstumak

Ocgcrbf mc fks Icmaks > (COI), fb tcfcvasag tcgmrb ugb pcgctrbdag mc 00,5 %

(cspcdtbmkrcs) iacgtrbs quc fks mabraks 45,1% (fcdtkrcs) bf mb.

\brb cstc cstumak `b samk aipkrtbgtc tbinag cf `cd`k mc quc cf cspbkfscb ugk mc

fks amakibs is `bnfbmks b gavcf iugmabf, yb quc skg is mc 5


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Bgubrak Cstbmstadk mc Cspbb > mcf Agstatutk Gbdakgbf mc Cstbmstadbs cspbkf, (AGC).

Fb @astkrab y cf pbsbmk dkfkgabf y pkr fk tbgtk fb dufturb y cf amakib skg tcibs quc ugcg

Cspbb b Biradb Fbtagb y quc `bdcg quc binbs amcgtambmcs sc dkiprcgmbg ichkr,dkipbrtbg sag gcdcsambm mc btrbvcsbr fbs erkgtcrbs is roambs mc fb ockorbeb `uibgb

(Macz`bgmagk Gactk, >


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2.4Fb satubdag mcf pcrakmasik cg >

Cf pcrakmasik cg ocgcrbf cst vavacgmk dbinaks quc rcvkfudakgbg fb agekribdag y

fbs rutbs pkr fbs quc ffcob b fks fcdtkrcs, fbs bumacgdabs, fks usubraks. Cstks dbinaks sc `bgmbmk, pragdapbficgtc pkr fb ffcobmb mc Agtcrgct y pkr cf sastcib mc eagbgdabdag. Fb

satubdag bdtubf mcf keadak mcf pcrakmastb cs pbrb bfougks dbtbstreadb y pbrb ktrks sc trbtb mc

ugb kpkrtugambm pbrb trbgsekribr cf keadak.

\crk b pcsbr mc cstks dbinaks y mc fb mumb mc fb aipkrtbgdab mcf pcrakmasik cg fks

ftaiks bks - dkg fb dbmb mc fb vcgtb mc fks pcramadks cg pbpcf, fks mcspamks ibsavks y fb

cxpfksag mc fbs rcmcs skdabfcs - fks icmaks mc dkiugadbdag saoucg chcrdacgmk su fbnkr

skdabf y su pkmcr cg gucstrb pcrdcpdag mcf iugmk k mc fb skdacmbm quc gks rkmcbg. B

pcsbr mc quc fb prcgsb cg pbpcf gk tcgob fbs iasibs vcgtbs k bumacgdabs quc `bdc ugksvcagtc bks, csk gk saogaeadb quc gbmac fb fcc, ga quc gbmac sc agekrib dkg cffb.

Cg Cspbb, pkr chcipfk, pbrtc mc fb agekribdag mcpcgmc mc fbs bocgmbs pkftadbs,

yb quc sa sc knscrvb mctcgambicgtc pkr icmaks, Cf \bs (=>,22%), scouamk mc BND

(41,


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" !!"

Knvabicgtc, cf cgvabr ug pcrakmastb b Dkfkinab k b Tumg mcnc supkgcr quc cf

tcib vbfob fb pcgb pbrb quc scb rcgtbnfc fb `astkrab quc sc dkgtbr fucok. Gk knstbgtc, cf

cgekquc mc ugb gktadab, ug rcpkrtbhc, ugb drgadb k ug pcreaf mcpcgmcr mcf tacipk qucpbsbrg fks pcrakmastbs cg ug fuobr. Tc kfvamb iud`bs vcdcs quc fks icmaks cdkgiadks

scrg mctcriagbgtcs cg cf tacipk quc fc mcmadbr cf pcrakmastb b ug tcib u ktrk. Aogbdak

^bikgct `bdc tbf mcsdrapdag mc fb satubdag mcf pcrakmasik c agsastc cg cf `cd`k mc quc

fks pcrakmastbs skg cxpfktbmks k dkik fk madc cxpraiamks, cg su ftaik fanrk (^bikgct,

>


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aiocgcs mcf iugmk quc dbmb ugk tcgob. Fks icmaks hucobg ug pbpcf aipkrtbgtc pcrk gk

gadk cg fb dkgstruddag mcf aiboagbrak skdabf.

Fks cgtrcvastbmks5 quc `bg pbrtadapbmk cg cstc trbnbhk mc agvcstaobdag, yb scbgfbtagkbicradbgks, erbgdcscs k cspbkfcs, `bg bdkrmbmk quc fks icmaks mc dkiugadbdag,

sknrc tkmk fb prcgsb, cstg cg ug ikicgtk mc trbgsekribdag y mc drasas. Cstb erboafambm

pucmc cxpfadbr dik sc trbtb fb rcoag fbtagkbicradbgb cg Cspbb y cg Erbgdab, pcrk

tbinag mcikstrbr quc bf eagbf rcpcgsbr cf ikmcfk mc eagbgdabdag mcf pcrakmasik cs ugb

ducstag vatbf. @bdc vcagtc bks cf pcrakmasik cstbnb cg drasas, `bdc macz bks tbinag,

mcdb Abja Obnafkgmk cg ugb d`brfb quc mbnb cg fb bufb Ibogb mc fb Sgavcrsambm Dbrfks

AAA mc Ibmram, cg ibrzk >.

Cf trbnbhk mcf pcrakmastb dkgsastc pkr fk tbgtk cg agekribr, bgbfazbr `cd`ks kbdkgtcdaiacgtks quc fucok scrg rctrbgsiatamks b fb skdacmbm. Cs aipkrtbgtc gk kfvambr quc

cf pcrakmastb tbinag mcncrb agtcgtbr tcgcr cg ducgtb fbs dkgscducgdabs mc fk quc csdranb,

mc fk quc sc prkpkgob cxpkgcr k bgbfazbr. Gk sc trbtb skfk mc mcsdranar ugb satubdag, sagk

mc tcgcr cg ducgtb dik csbs gktadabs scrg rcdanambs.

AA. Cstbmk mc fb ducstag y bgtcdcmcgtcs

Tag cinbrok, cstc tcib mc agvcstaobdag gk pbrcdc cstbr tbg mcsbrrkffbmk yb quc fks

trbnbhks cgdkgtrbmks gk eucrkg tbg guicrksks dkik sc pkmb cspcrbr, y icgks mcsmc fbtckrb mcf cgdubmrc k bocgmb scttago. Cstk mciucstrb, tbinag, fk kraoagbf quc `b samk cf

tcib cfcoamk y fk agtcrcsbgtc quc rcsuftbrkg fks `bffbzoks. Cg iud`ks cstumaks cgdkgtrbmks

sc trbtbnb mc agvcstaobdakgcs sknrc Biradb Fbtagb y sus cstcrcktapks, fk quc tbinag sc `b

tkibmk cg ducgtb pbrb cstc cstumak.

Cg cf trbnbhk mc Hks Oubmbfupc Ubrobs @crggmcz, mc fb Sgavcrsambm mc

Oubmbfbhbrb mc Ixadk, Bfougks iatks, cstcrcktapks, rcbfambmcs y rctks mc

Fbtagkbiradb, (Ubrobs @crggmcz, >


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" !$"

Cf trbnbhk rcbfazbmk y prcscgtbmk pkr cf prkecskr Bfekgsk Nrbkhks Obrramk?,

Fbtagkbiradb y fb dkiugadbdag pcrakmstadb cspbkfb mcf saofk PP. Gbturbfczb y

bfdbgdc mc mks cgsbyks, (Nrbkhks, 211=) sc dcgtr cg fb prcscgdab mc Fbtagkbiradb cg fbprcgsb mc ibsbs y mc cfatc cg Cspbb.

Tc àzk àgdbpa cg fb rcfbdag cgtrc Cspbb y Biradb Fbtagb quc sc mceagc pkr

ugks fbzks cdkgiadks, dufturbfcs y csparatubfcs mcsbrrkffbmks pkr fb àstkrab dkfkgabf quc

ugc b binks. Fb rcfbdag sc `b ibgtcgamk `bstb `ky cg mb b trbvs mc dkgorcsks,

agtcrdbinaks k bducrmks.

Cf butkr tbinag agsastc cg cf `cd`k mc quc fb pbfbnrb Fbtagkbiradb dkgffcvb ug

prknfcib yb quc cf dkgtagcgtc tacgc ugb orbg mavcrsambm àstradb, rbdabf y fagostadb y quc

pkr fk tbgtk cf gkinrc kfvamb ugb pbrtc mc fks krocgcs quc ekrib fb rcoag, dkik fksagmocgbs y fks beradbgks.

Mcsmc fb AA ^cpnfadb cspbkfb `bstb eagbfcs mcf saofk, cf agtcrs pkr fb rcoag sc

ùnacrb ibgtcgamk cg fks icmaks mc dkiugadbdag cspbkfcs, mcikstrbgmk ug pbrtadufbr

agtcrs pkr dagdk pbscs, mc fks dubfcs Brocgtagb y Ixadk, rcdanacrkg bg is btcgdag.

Cgtrc 21=1 y 21?3, fb mastranudag mc gktadabs pkr pbscs dkgdcma ugb vasanafambm

aipkrtbgtc b Brocgtagb (>4,0%), Ixadk (2?,0%), Nrbsaf (0,4%) y Dunb (?,1%). \kr fk

tbgtk cg cf cstumak bdtubf sc mcikstrbr sa cstb tcgmcgdab `b mcsbpbrcdamk k sa pkr cf

dkgtrbrak sc `b ibgtcgamk.Cg cf dbsk mc fb orbg prcscgdab mc Brocgtagb cg fks icmaks cspbkfcs murbgtc cf

erbgquasik, sc cxpfadb pkrquc \crg crb bprcdabmk pkr Erbgdk y tbinag, gk `by quc

kfvambrfk, cg csc ikicgtk, fb prcgsb crb bg dkgtrkfbmb pkr fb madtbmurb, b pcsbr mc fb fcy

mc \rcgsb mc 2155.

Tcog Nrbkhks Obrramk fb pkftadb scrb cf rcefchk mc ugb Biradb Fbtagb gktadabnfc

mc ekrib dkgtagub pkr su prkpab agcstbnafambm agtcrgb y pkr fb murczb mc su boatbmk iugmk

pkftadk, (Nrbkhks, 211=8 ?22), y cf rcbfdc mc fb agekribdag mc dkgtcgamk cdkgiadk

(trbtbmks dkicrdabfcs), (Nrbkhks, 211=8 ?22), tbinag sc `bdc iuy prcscgtc pucs fb

raquczb y pktcgdabfambm mc fks rcdursks mc Fbtagkbiradb hbis sc mchbg mc bfbnbr.

(Nrbkhks, 211=8 ?22)

Bmcis fks sudcsks, fbs dbtstrkecs y fb drgadb gcorb (`kiadamaks y bscsagbtks)

ikstrbrbg fbs murbs dkgmadakgcs mc vamb y fks dkgtrbstcs skdakcdkgiadks mc fb

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""? Crb prkecskr c agvcstaobmkr cg fb Sgavcrsambm mc Tcvaffb, bmcis mc scr cf marcdtkr mc fb@cicrktcdb mc Tcvaffb. \rcscgt cstc trbnbhk mc agvcstaobdag cg cf AA DkgorcskAgtcrgbdakgbf mc \crakmasik dcfcnrbmk cg Dbstcffg mc fb \fbgb. "


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" !%"

pknfbdag, (Nrbkhks, 211=8 ?22). Cf agvcstaobmkr dkgdfuyc bearibgmk quc fks cspbkfcs

`bg rcdanamk, murbgtc cf saofk PP, guicrksbs rcbfambmcs y dkgtrbmadtkrabs y prcscgtbrb

ugb rcoag prcsb mc ugb agcstbnafambm pkftadb, ffcgk mc aghustadabs y iascrabs (Nrbkhks,211=8 ?2>).

Fks oreadks, cg bgcxk mcf cstumak mc Nrbkhks, mciucstrbg quc murbgtc cf

erbgquasik, fb mastranudag mc gktadabs sknrc fb rcoag sc mavama cgtrc fb pkftadb (=?,4%) y

fks sudcsks (24,5%) pragdapbficgtc, y fb cdkgkib skfk kdupbnb cf =,3% mc fb mastranudag.

Cstc cstumak `b samk agtcrcsbgtc pbrb fb rcbfazbdag mc cstb agvcstaobdag yb quc mciucstrb

fb vasanafambm mc fks pbscs fbtagkbicradbgks cg fks icmaks cspbkfcs murbgtc dbsa ug saofk.

\brb cf prkecskr Hubg Hks Aobrtub0, cg su tcsas Aiocgcs mc Fbtagkbiradb cg fb

prcgsb cspbkfb Sgb bprkxaibdag cipradb mcsmc fb ]ckrb mcf Cgdubmrc, (Aobrtub,>


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" !&"

tkmk cf iugmk vc (1


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" !'"

icmaks mc dkiugadbdag (cg cstc dbsk Fc Ikgmc, fc Eaobrk, Fanrbtakg). Q cs quc fb

prcgsb erbgdcsb cs fb quc icgks cspbdak mcmadb b fb agekribdag agtcrgbdakgbf y pkr fk

tbgtk cf cspbdak mcmadbmk b Biradb Fbtagb rcprcscgtb 3% mc fb dkncrturb agtcrgbdakgbf,iacgtrbs quc eradb kdupb 25% cg cf cspbdak agtcrgbdakgbf.

Ktrk bspcdtk quc mcstbdb cf agvcstaobmkr cs quc cf cgtkgdcs marcdtkr mc fb rcmbddag

mc Fc Ikgmc, Fud ^kscgzwcao, rcdkgkda fb ekrib cg fb quc sc dunrb fb rcoag, cg ug

dkfkquak mbmk cg 211=, yb quc cxastarb ug mcscgdbgtbiacgtk y mcsagtcrs prkorcsavk pbrb

Biradb Fbtagb cg fb prcgsb erbgdcsb mbmk, cg pbrtc, pkr cf rcorcsk mc fbs mcikdrbdabs y fb

rcmuddag mc fks prknfcibs pkftadks (Eaoucrkb, 21108 3=). Cf cstumak murbgtc cstks dubtrk

bks `b mcikstrbmk quc fb bocgmb sc `b rcoamk pkr fks ikicgtks eucrtcs, (Eaoucrkb,

21108 32), quc `bg tcgamk quc vcr dkg fb pkftadb k fb cdkgkib bs dkik fb prcscgdab mcibtcrabs praibs, dkik cf pctrfck.

Tag cinbrok, fb prcgsb gk cs fb gadb y fb quc pckr agekrib, scog cstc cstumak, fb

tcfcvasag cs fb quc is trbgsiatc fks cstcrcktapks pbrb agekribr. Cf butkr mc fb

agvcstaobdag bbmc quc cstk cs cg pbrtc gkribf yb quc fbs daerbs mc fb bumacgdab fk

mciucstrbg, fb tcfcvasag mavacrtc bgtcs mc agekribr, (Eaoucrkb, 21108 5>) y () is ugk

sc bfchb mc Erbgdab, is gicrks mcncg scr fks iucrtks, cg fbs gktadabs, pbrb cstbr cg cf

Uagot-@curcs, (Eaoucrkb, 21108 5>), bmcis mc fbs dbtstrkecs gbturbfcs k fks `cd`ks

sbgoracgtks.\kr ftaik, cf agvcstaobmkr agsastc cg cf `cd`k mc quc fb tcfcvasag gk cst fanrc mc

agekribr yb quc cg ug icmak mkiagbmk pkr fbs dkgsamcrbdakgcs mc rcgtbnafambm, yb gk `by

fuobr pbrb ug trbnbhk pcrakmstadk scrak, knhctavk8 fks cstcrcktapks, mcsbekrtugbmbicgtc,

mkiagbg, (Eaoucrkb, 21108 53).

Hcbg D`rastkp`c ^bipbf, cx pcrakmastb cg Dkurracr Agtcrgbdakgbfy bdtubf rcmbdtkr

hcec mc fb rcvastb Sfyssc, cxpfadb cg ug brtdufk punfadbmk cf >=/


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" !("

punfadbmb, Biraquc fbtagc, cgtrc vakfcgdc pkfataquc ct pkpufasic, sc `bg mcstbdbmk

vbraks bspcdtks mc fb rcoag dkik cf `cd`k mc quc gk `byb ugb skfb azquacrmb sagk ugb

mavcrsambm mc azquacrmbs, dkgsamcrbmbs dkik pkftadbs skdabfcs bmbptbmbs cg rcspucstb bfbs pkftadbs ffcvbmbs b dbnk cg fks bk gkvcgtb. Fb agtcorbdag rcoakgbf tbinag sc `b

icgdakgbmk b trbvs mcf rcsuroaiacgtk mc fb amcb mc gbdag cg cstks pbscs.

Bmcis mc cstbs rcprcscgtbdakgcs, Fuas Bfncrtk ^cyobmb, bbmc cg Ucgczucfb, Fc

rfc mc fb prcssc mbgs fb dkgstrudtakg mc fb rcprscgtbtakg mu pbys, fks icmaks pucmcg scr

utafazbmks pbrb agmudar fbs kpagakgcs punfadbs b bpkybr k fcoataibr pkftadbs quc quacrbg

ncgceadabr bfougks agtcrcscs drcbgmk rcprcscgtbdakgcs ockpkftadbs, (^cyobmb, >


18/61

" !)"

beradbgk cs, bf aoubf quc Cspbb dkg Biradb Fbtagb, ug pbs cg cf quc fks icmaks mc

dkiugadbdag tcgmrg ug agtcrs mctcriagbmk cg eradb hustbicgtc pkr csb @astkrab cg

dkig. Fb cxpcracgdab dkg fks icmaks erbgdcscs mciucstrb quc fb vasanafambm mc fb rcoagfbtagkbicradbgb gk cs tbg aipkrtbgtc, csdbsb cg bfougbs kdbsakgcs y ug tbgtk mcekribmk k

gk rcprcscgtbtavk mc ugb rcbfambm fbtagkbicradbgb.

\kr fk tbgtk cstbs skg fbs prcougtbs quc `bg suroamk murbgtc fb prcpbrbdag mc cstc

cstumak8

- Duf cs fb vasanafambm mc fb rcoag cg Erbgdab y cg Cspbb;- Dik fks icmaks cspbkfcs trbtbg Biradb Fbtagb;- Mc qu sc `bnfb y dik sc `bnfb dkg rcspcdtk b Fbtagkbiradb;- Cxastc ugb tcgmcgdab b dunrar dbmb vcz is fb rcoag cg fks mks pbscs;- Agtcrvacgcg fks agtcrcscs cspbkfcs y erbgdcscs cg fb `krb mc dunrar y trbtbr fks

bdkgtcdaiacgtks bff;

- Tc rcpatcg fks iasiks tcibs y cgdubmrcs sknrc fb rcoag;Fb àptcsas mc pbrtamb cs, pkr fk tbgtk, quc cg Cspbb fb dkncrturb mc fb rcoag sc

`bdc mc ugb ekrib is bmcdubmb quc cg Erbgdab y quc fb rcoag cst iud`k is prcscgtc

cg fks icmaks cspbkfcs. Fb ktrb àptcsas cs quc fks icmaks erbgdcscs mastkrsakgbg fbs

pkdbs gktadabs quc punfadbg k maeugmcg sag dkgtcxtubfazbr fks `cd`ks.

4.>. Knhctavks

Cf praicr knhctavk sc dcgtr cg mcikstrbr, b gavcf dubgtatbtavk, qu tapk mc

ugambmcs agekribtavbs sc maeugmcg k punfadbg sknrc Biradb Fbtagb cg tcfcmabraks, icmaks

aiprcsks mc pbok y orbtuatks. Mc csb ekrib sc mcikstr `bstb qu pugtk fb rcoag tacgc

vasanafambm cg Cspbb y cg Erbgdab.

Cf scougmk knhctavk cstuma mc ekrib dubfatbtavb cstbs ugambmcs agekribtavbs. Tc

bgbfaz dik cstg cgekdbmbs b trbvs mc fb tckrb mcf cgdubmrc y, pkr tbgtk, dik fks

icmaks agefuycg fb ibgcrb cg quc cf pnfadk pacgsb sknrc mavcrsks tcibs.

Cf tcrdcr knhctavk euc dkipbrbr fks pragdapbfcs `bffbzoks cgtrc fks icmaks cspbkfcs

y fks icmaks erbgdcscs pcrk tbinag cgtrc fks mks pbscs. Bf eagbf sc àzk ugb dkipbrbtavb

pbrb mcfaiatbr scog dbmb pbs cf pbpcf quc hucob cg fb rcprcscgtbdag icmatadb mc

Biradb Fbtagb.

Cf dubrtk knhctavk `b samk, pkr fk tbgtk, mcsdunrar duf cs cf pbgkrbib mc fb rcoag

fbtagkbicradbgb quc pucmcg tcgcr fks fcdtkrcs b trbvs mc cstks scas icmaks. B trbvs mc fb

vasanafambm mc fks pbscs, mc fks cgdubmrcs, fbs tcitadbs y mc fks ogcrks `b bpbrcdamk ug


19/61

" !*"

dkghugtk mc tcgmcgdabs quc dkgekribg fb rcbfambm fbtagkbicradbgb.

Cf ftaik y quagtk knhctavk `b samk dkiprcgmcr fb bocgmb mc fks icmaks erbgdcscs y

cspbkfcs dkg rcspcdtk b fb rcoag.\kr fk tbgtk bf dkipbrbr cf trbtbiacgtk mc Biradb Fbtagb cg fks mks pbscs

curkpcks y pkr icmaks mc dkiugadbdag sc `b kntcgamk ugb amcb mcf pbgkrbib rcoakgbf

rcprcscgtbmk murbgtc fbs trcs scibgbs. Tc `b vcraeadbmk tbinag sa cxastc fb tcgmcgdab b

dunrar dbmb vcz is fb rcoag dkg ugb tcitadb vbrabmb k sa pkr fk dkgtrbrak cxastc ugb

faiatbdag cg fbs tcitadbs.

AU. Ibrdk tcradk

Cs aipkrtbgtc rcdkrmbr quc fks pcrakmastbs gk pucmcg dunrar ugb rcbfambm cgtcrb, sagkquc pucmcg rcefchbr ugb pbrtc mc fbs quc pucmcg cxastar cg ug fuobr mbmk.

\brb rcbfazbr cstb agvcstaobdag vbrabs tckrbs pbrcdacrkg bdkocrsc bf tcib, b fbs

`aptcsas y b fks knhctavks. Cf tcib mcf cstumak cs iuy bipfak yb quc sc trbtb mc ug

dkghugtk quc sc dkipkgc mc >2 pbscs. Fbs tckrbs quc is sc mcstbdbrkg eucrkg fb Bocgmb

Tcttago, scouamb pkr fb dkgstruddag mcf cspchk skdabf, fb tckrb mcferbiagok cgdubmrc.

=.2. ]ckrb mcf cgdubmrc

Dkik fk iucstrb fb tcsas mcf prkecskr Hubg Hks Aobrtub, fb tckrb mcf erbiagok mcfcgdubmrc mciucstrb cf prkdcsk pkr cf dubf fks icmaks rcfbtbg k prcscgtbg fks

bdkgtcdaiacgtks skdabfcs. Cf dkiugadbmkr cgekdb ug tcib k ugb gktadab mc dacrtb ekrib k

dkg ugb dacrtb tcgmcgdab. \kr fk tbgtk fb knhctavambm mc ugb gktadab gugdb cst afcsb, yb quc

cf pcrakmastb cs cf eaftrk bgtcs mc quc fb gktadab ffcouc bf fcdtkr, tcfcspcdtbmkr k usubrak. Cg

pbfbnrbs mc ]crcsb Tnbmb, (Tnbmb, >


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" #+"

cg cf scgtamk mc maspkgcr mc fbs iasibs aiocgcs cg gucstrk aiboagbrak. \brb ug cspbkf

fb pbfbnrb dkd`c dkgtacgc ugb saogaeadbdag y rcprcscgtb ugb aibocg y fb pbfbnrb dbrrk

tbinag dkgtacgc su saogaeadbmk y cs rcprcscgtbmb pkr ugb aibocg. Sg chcipfk dkig, fks`aspbgkpbrfbgtcs mc fb rcoag fbtagkbicradbgb dkik fks pcrubgks sucfc cipfcbr fb pbfbnrb

dbrrk pbrb rcecrarsc bf dkd`c, utafazbmk pkr fks cspbkfcs. Cf saogaeadbmk y fb rcprcscgtbdag

mc dbmb pbfbnrb agefuarg tbinag cg dik fks fcdtkrcs k tcfcspcdtbmkrcs rcdanarg ugb

gktadab k ug rcpkrtbhc dkg mctcriagbmbs pbfbnrbs.

Dkg cstc cstumak sc trbtb mc dkiprcgmcr sknrc tkmk qu cgdubmrcs pucmcg scr fks

quc pbrtadapbg b rcprcscgtbr fb rcbfambm mc fb rcoag fbtagkbicradbgb, cs mcdar quc tbinag

fks icmaks rcsbftbg k csdkgmcg bspcdtks y cfcicgtks pbrtadufbrcs mc fbs ducstakgcs dkg cf

sunsaouacgtc aipbdtk cg fb bocgmb pnfadb, (Tnbmb, >


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" #!"

Bmcis, cg cf fanrk mc Ibxwcff IdDkins, Cstbnfcdacgmk fb bocgmb (IdDkis, >


22/61

" ##"

pcrdanaiks cf iugmk. Bugquc cf butkr rcdkgkzdb quc fb tcfcvasag duipfc dkg ugb

eugdag skdabf mc rcdkgkdaiacgtk y cxpfadbdag mcf iugmk (D`brbumcbu, >


23/61

" #$"

sc fcc y fk quc sc vc, cg mceagatavb dik sc dkgstruyc cf pbgkrbib mc fb rcoag

fbtagkbicradbgb.

\brb fb bpfadbdag mc fks cgdubmrcs sc `b prkdcmamk pkr bprkxaibdag agmudtavb, csmcdar quc cg praicr fuobr sc bgbfazbrkg fbs ugambmcs agekribtavbs y fucok b ikmk quc

bvbgzbnb cf bgfasas bfougks cgdubmrcs bpbrcdbg y ktrks sc rcpctbg. Fb tckrb mcf

cgdubmrc gk sc raoc skfk pkr cf `cd`k mc mceagarfk dkg ug dkgdcptk is k icgks bipfak y

sunhctavk. \kr csk, dbmb icmak y dbmb ugambm agekribtavb eucrkg bgbfazbmks dkg ead`bs,

mabrabicgtc8 cf cstumak `b rcugamk scas icmaks mc dkiugadbdag, mks icmaks aiprcsks mc

pbok, mks icmaks aiprcsks orbtuatks y mks tcfcmabraks pkr fb gkd`c. Mc fks 51 pcramadks

(mc pbok k orbtuatk, erbgdcscs y cspbkfcs dkgeugmamks) bgbfazbmks sbfacrkg 0< ugambmcs

agekribtavbs quc trbtbnbg mc Biradb Fbtagb y mc fks => tcfcmabraks vasakgbmks ugbs >?ugambmcs agekribtavbs trbtbrkg mc fb rcoag. Cg tktbf eucrkg 2


24/61

" #%"

Fc Ikgmc tcgb 2.152.. chcipfbrcs, cg >, scog fKeeadagc mc Hustaeadbtakg ct mc

Maeeusakg (KHM) cg Erbgdab2= y sc satb cg scougmb pksadag hustk mctrs mc fc Eaobrk, quc

tacgc ugb maeusag mc 4>2.2.3?2.cic Knscrvbtkarc mc fb \rcssc, >, rcbfazbmk dkg fks mbtks mc fb KHMcg Erbgdab.""


25/61

" #&"

Cspbkfb 2 (]UC2), dkg 2=,3% mc bumacgdab23. Cg Erbgdab, Erbgdc> tuvk 23,2% mc duktb

mc pbgtbffb cg ecnrcrk >, bugquc ffco mcspus mc ]E2, dkg >>,5%.

Fb tcfcvasag y fks tcfcmabraks saoucg sacgmk dkgsamcrbmks aipkrtbgtcs pkr fksdaumbmbgks pbrb agekribrsc yb quc pkr chcipfk, cg Cspbb fb tcfcvasag tacgc 05,5% mc

cspcdtbmkrcs pkr mb, iacgtrbs quc fks mabraks aiprcsks tacgcg 45,1% mc fcdtkrcs mabraks.

Cf bgfasas mc fks tcfcmabraks rcprcscgt 21 `krbs 3< iagutks mc vasakgbmk pbrb cf

]cfcmabrak > y 2? `krbs pbrb Fc >< `curcs. Mc cstbs dbsa 40 `krbs tktbfcs mc vasakgbmk sc

`bffbrkg ug tktbf mc 4< iagutks mc ugambmcs agekribtavbs sknrc Biradb Fbtagb cg cf

]cfcmabrak > y gucvc iagutks mc ugambmcs agekribtavbs pbrb Fc >< `curcs.

\kr ftaik, sc `bg bgbfazbmk cf pcramadk >< iagutks y >< iagutcs cg su vcrsag

pbpcf cspbkfb y erbgdcsb, yb quc cf pcramadk cst prcscgtc cg binks pbscs dkg ugbbumacgdab mc >..


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" #'"

Cg ug praicr ikicgtk sc qucrb bgbfazbr tbinag fbs ektkorbebs quc bdkipbbnbg

fks brtdufks mc prcgsb k fbs aiocgcs quc anbg mcseafbgmk dkg gktadabs bumakvasubfcs, pcrk

bf eagbf sc mcdama quc cf dkgtcgamk mc fks tcxtks crb fk is agtcrcsbgtc cg bgbfazbr yb qucfbs pbfbnrbs skg fbs quc agefuycg, b pcsbr mc quc fbs aiocgcs tcgobg su prkpak icgsbhc c

aipbdtk.

Bmcis mc bgbfazbr dbmb ugambm agekribtavb mc ekrib dubfatbtavb cg cstks scas

icmaks mc dkiugadbdag, cf trbnbhk cipradk sc `b dbrbdtcrazbmk tbinag pkr ug bgfasas

dubgtatbtavk mc fbs gktadabs cg fbs dbncdcrbs y tcfcmabraks cspbkfcs y erbgdcscs. Mc csb

ekrib sc quacrc ikstrbr tbinag sa sc pravafcoabg is ekribtks k tcitadbs quc ktrbs, k

is cgdubmrcs quc ktrks.

Fb amcb mc ugb cgducstb b pac mc dbffc tbinag suroa bf agadak mc cstc trbnbhk pcrkcf cstumak mc cstks scas icmaks yb gk mchbnb tacipk pbrb rcbfazbr ugb cgducstb nacg

prcpbrbmb tbgtk b daumbmbgks cspbkfcs dkik b daumbmbgks erbgdcscs. \kr fk tbgtk, pbrb

dkipfctbr cstc cstumak scrb bdkgschbnfc eahbrsc cg dik fks erbgdcscs y fks cspbkfcs

pcrdancg fb rcoag fbtagkbicradbgb dkipbrbgmk dkg fk quc sc punfadb k maeugmc cg fks

icmaks mc dkiugadbdag mc cstks pbscs.

\brb dkiprcgmcr ichkr fbs prdtadbs mc fks dkrrcspkgsbfcs k cg fbs rcmbddakgcs mc

pcramadks sc `bg cgtrcvastbmk b pcrakmastbs y hcecs mc scddag cg maecrcgtcs icmaks mc

dkiugadbdag, pcrakmastbs quc crbg cspcdabfastbs sknrc fb rcoag k quc tcgbg ug dkgtbdtkmabrak dkg cffb, cg Ibmram y cg \brs.

Tc rcbfaz ug ducstakgbrak mc ugbs vcagtadagdk prcougtbs mc pbrtamb, quc `b pkmamk

scr ikmaeadbmk scog fks cgducstbmks y cf mcsbrrkffk mc fbs cgtrcvastbs20. Mc csb ekrib sc

`b pkmamk dkipfctbr cf bgfasas yb quc cg cstc dbsk fks pcrakmastbs prkpkrdakgbrkg

rcspucstbs quc rceutbnbg fbs `aptcsas y ktrbs quc fbs dkgearibnbg.

Fks pcrakmastbs cgtrcvastbmks skg pkr ibykrb pcrakmastbs quc trbnbhbg cg Erbgdab

pcrk quc skg cspcdabfazbmks cg Biradb Fbtagb8

Xcfibr Iad`cfaga cs ug pcrakmastb uruoubyk quc trbnbhb cg cf Mcsj cspbkf mc fb

bocgdab Erbgdc \rcssc mcsmc `bdc trcagtb bks. Hcbg-D`rastkp`c ^bipbf cs ug pcrakmastb cg

^bmak Erbgdc, hcec mc rcmbddag mc fb rcvastb Sfyssc y tbinag pcrakmastb cg Dkurracr

Agtcrgbdakgbf. @b trbnbhbmk murbgtc mks bks cg Dkfkinab dkik dkrrcspkgsbf y

ftaibicgtc `b rcbfazbmk ug rcpkrtbhc iuftaicmab sknrc fbs iuhcrcs bscsagbmbs cg Daumbm

Hurcz, nbsbmk cg su fanrk Fb Uaffc qua tuc fcs eciics. Ncgkt @crvacu, cs pcrakmastb

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""20 Ucr fks ducstakgbraks pbrb pcrakmastbs cg Cspbb y Erbgdab cg cf dbptufk P. Bgcxks,

poagb 224.


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" #("

rcprcscgtbgtc pbrb Biradb cg fb krobgazbdag agtcrgbdakgbf, ^cpkrtcrks Tag Erkgtcrbs

(^TE) cg fb scmc quc cst cg \brs.

Cg Cspbb sc cgtrcvast b mks pcrakmastbs mc Cf \bs. _agstkg Ibgraquc Tbnkobf,pcrakmastb cg fb scddag dufturb y cg Nbncfab, y cf pcrakmastb \bnfk Paigcz mc Tbgmkvbf mc

fb scddag Agtcrgbdakgbf, Biradb Fbtagb.

UA. ]rbnbhk cipradk

5.2. Bspcdtks rcfcvbgtcs mc dbmb icmak

5.2.2. Fks icmaks aiprcsks mc pbok

5.2.2.2.Cf \bs

Murbgtc fbs trcs scibgbs mc agvcstaobdag, Cf \bs `b punfadbmk =3 ugambmcsagekribtavbs sknrc Biradb Fbtagb. Cg praicr fuobr sc trbtb mc sunrbybr fks cgdubmrcs

utafazbmks pbrb agekribr sknrc fb rcoag. Fks cgdubmrcs mc pkftadb gbdakgbf (2> vcdcs),

fud`b pkr fks rcdursks gbturbfcs (0 vcdcs), vakfcgdab dbffchcrb (? vcdcs) y gbrdktreadk (5

vcdcs) prcmkiagbg cg fks brtdufks. Cg icgkr icmamb, fks cgdubmrcs dkik cdkgkib (4

vcdcs), dkgmadag ecicgagb (> vcdcs), dbtstrkecs (2 vcz), pknrczb (


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" #)"

fbs agstatudakgcs.

Fks ogcrks mc fbs ugambmcs agekribtavbs vbrbg cgtrc trcs tapks8 fbs gktadabs, cf

brtdufk mc bgfasas y fb kpagag. Tknrc fbs =3 ugambmcs agekribtavbs bgbfazbmbs 2> ugambmcscrbg gktadabs, 1 crbg bgfasas y 0 crbg kpagakgcs.

Ktrk cfcicgtk aipkrtbgtc quc rcprcscgtb cf pbgkrbib y fb vasanafambm mc fb rcoag

cs fb prcscgdab mc fks pbscs fbtagkbicradbgks cg fbs punfadbdakgcs. Cf pbgkrbib mc fb

rcoag sc raoc, scog cstc cstumak, pkr fb prcscgdab mc fbs pktcgdabs rcoakgbfcs

mcikoreadbs y cdkgiadbs dkik Ixadk (22 vcdcs) y Brocgtagb (1 vcdcs) quc eucrkg fks

pbscs is datbmks cg fbs =3 ugambmcs. Tag cinbrok `by quc gktbr quc Dunb `b samk

icgdakgbmk 23 vcdcs iacgtrbs quc Nrbsaf 5 vcdcs. Cstk sc cxpfadb pkr fb pbrtadufbrambm mc

fb bocgmb mc fb rcoag murbgtc cf bgfasas, fk dubf gk cstbnb prcvastk ga dbfdufbmk pbrb cstccstumak.

Fb bdtubfambm ibgmb fbs bocgmbs mc fks icmaks mc dkiugadbdag y cf cvcgtk dkik

fb vcgamb mcf \bpb b fb asfb k fb cgecricmbm mc D`vcz `bg pucstk ug ekdk mc fuz bf pbs

dbranck. Nrbsaf sacgmk fb praicrb pktcgdab cdkgiadb mc fb rcoag gk `b tcgamk tbgtb

aipkrtbgdab cg fb bdtubfambm.

5.2.2.>.Fc Ikgmc

Fc Ikgmc `b punfadbmk 21 ugambmcs agekribtavbs sknrc Biradb Fbtagb murbgtc fbstrcs scibgbs, fk quc vacgc b scr icgks mcf mknfc quc fbs quc sc `bg punfadbmk cgCf \bs.

Fks cgdubmrcs quc `bg mkiagbmk eucrkg8 fks agtcrcscs erbgdcscs (5vcdcs) y fb

agefucgdab mc fb Aofcsab (= vcdcs) mciucstrbg pkr fk tbgtk quc cf mabrak erbgds mceagc

tbinag ibrdks sknrc cf iugmk fbtagkbicradbgk.

Cf bgfasas mc fbs tcitadbs quc `bg mkiagbmk cg fb bdtubfambm mc fb rcoag tbinag

mciucstrb quc fb pkftadb cs fb quc is vcdcs bpbrcdc, dkg 22 punfadbdakgcs. Fb rcfaoag y

fb hustadab (3 punfadbdakgcs dbmb ugb) y fb cgcrob (= punfadbdakgcs) `bg samk fbs tcitadbs

quc is `bg rcsbftbmk murbgtc cf cstumak.

Fks prktbokgastbs mc fbs ugambmcs agekribtavbs sag cinbrok saouacrkg ktrk krmcg.

Fks oknacrgks rcprcscgtbrkg cf ibykr prktbokgasik cg fbs punfadbdakgcs dkg cf 44%,

scouamk pkr fbs agstatudakgcs y fks daumbmbgks fks dubfcs rcprcscgtbg dbmb ugk cf >2% mc

fks prktbokgastbs. Fb Aofcsab y fb hustadab, skg fbs agstatudakgcs quc is sc `bg rcefchbmk cg

cf bgfasas dkg =3% y 44% mc fbs punfadbdakgcs.

Fks ogcrks sc mavamcg cgtrc trcs tapks8 fbs gktadabs, fks rcpkrtbhcs y fbs cgtrcvastbs.

Tknrc fbs 21 ugambmcs agekribtavbs bgbfazbmbs 3 ugambmcs crbg gktadabs, 3 crbg rcpkrtbhcs y


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" #*"

= crbg cgtrcvastbs.

Eagbficgtc, fb vasanafambm mc fks pbscs fbtagkbicradbgks `b samk mctcriagbmb

tbinag pkr fb prcscgdab mc fks orbgmcs pbscs dkik Ixadk (=3% mc fbs punfadbdakgcs) yNrbsaf (21% mc fbs punfadbdakgcs). \kr ktrb pbrtc, Dunb tbinag sc `b cstbmk rcprcscgtbmk

cg cf pbgkrbib fbtagkbicradbgk, dkg cf 2=% mc fbs punfadbdakgcs.

Cstk sc pucmc cxpfadbr, dkik pbrbCf \bs, pkr fb vcgamb mcf \bpb cg fb rcoag y pkr

fb aipkrtbgdab quc sc fb `b mbmk cg Erbgdab bf dbsk mc Efkrcgdc Dbsscz8 fb erbgdcsb

cgdbrdcfbmb mcsmc `bdc is mc scas bks cg Ixadk. Murbgtc cf bgfasas fb Dkrtc Tuprcib

mc hustadab mc Ixadk mcdama rcbnrar cf dbsk, pkr fk tbgtk fb cxpcdtbtavb sknrc cf euturk mc

fb erbgdcsb tbinag kdupk cspbdak cg fks brtdufks punfadbmks. Nrbsaf `b cstbmk is

prcscgtc cg fb prcgsb erbgdcsb pkr fbs nrcvcs icgdakgcs b fks prcpbrbtavks mc fb Dkpb mciugmk mc etnkf (>. Fks icmaks aiprcsks orbtuatks

5.2.>.2. >< iagutks

Cg cf dbsk mc fb cmadag mcf pcramadk orbtuatk cg Cspbb, (pbrb cstc cstumak sc `b

dkoamk fb cmadag mc Ibmram), ug tktbf mc 0 ugambmcs agekribtavbs sc `bg punfadbmk murbgtc

cf cstumak. B maecrcgdab mc fks icmaks aiprcsks mc pbok, >< iagutks gk `b punfadbmk ga ug

quagtk mc fk quc `b punfadbmk Cf \bs. Cg cf icmak orbtuatk cf cgdubmrc mkiagbgtc euc cfmc fbs pcrskgbfambmcs pkftadbs, pcrk tbinag sc mcsdunracrkg fb prcscgdab mc cgdubmrcs

dkik dbtstrkec gbturbf, sbfum, pknrczb y vakfcgdab dbffchcrb. Cf `cd`k mc quc fbs

pcrskgbfambmcs pkftadbs scb ug cgdubmrc cg cf icmak orbtuatk mctcriagb fb vasag mc fb

rcoag quc tcgmrg fks fcdtkrcs. Cs aipkrtbgtc tbinag agsastar cg cf `cd`k mc quc gk sc

trbtb skfk mc mcsdunrar sknrc qu cstc icmak quacrc quc sus fcdtkrcs pacgscg sagk tbinag

cg dik.

Cg cstc dbsk fbs vbracmbmcs mc fbs tcitadbs sc `bg rcsuiamk cg mks 8 pkftadb dkg 4

ugambmcs y sudcsks-dbtstrkecs dkg > ugambmcs. Cstk mciucstrb fb prcscgdab mc ugb

tcitadb quc gk sc rcefchbnb cg fks mcis icmaks mc dkiugadbdag aiprcsks.

Fks prktbokgastbs mc fks brtdufks punfadbmks, sag cinbrok, mciucstrbg ugb

pcqucb maecrcgdab cg fbs prakrambmcs8 fks oknacrgks saoucg sacgmk, dkg cf 3


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ekribg fb ibykrb mc fbs punfadbdakgcs sknrc Biradb Fbtagb. Cf 0?% mc fks ogcrks

dkrrcspkgmc b fks nrcvcs iacgtrbs quc cf 24% mc fks ogcrks punfadbmks dkrrcspkgmc b fks

bgfasas c agvcstaobdakgcs.Cf pbgkrbib fbtagkbicradbgk rcefchbmk pkr cf icmak, sag cinbrok, iucstrb fb

prcscgdab mc ugb orbg vbracmbm mc pbscs. D`afc kdupb cf >. >< iagutcs

Cg cf dbsk mc fb cmadag mcf pcramadk orbtuatk mc \brs, ug tktbf mc 0 ugambmcs

agekribtavbs tbinag sc `bg punfadbmk murbgtc cf cstumak. Cstk mciucstrb, cg ug praicr

tacipk quc fb rcoag fbtagkbicradbgb gk kdupb iud`k cspbdak cg >< iagutcs.

Cf cgdubmrc quc is sc `b rcpctamk `b samk cf mc fks agtcrcscs erbgdcscs, dkik sucfc

scr cf dbsk dubgmk fc kdurrc bfok b ug dkipbtraktb k cg tcibs ciprcsbrabfcs cg cfcxtrbghcrk.

Fb pragdapbf tcitadb mcf mabrak orbtuatk erbgds `b samk fb hustadab dkg 3 ugambmcs

agekribtavbs punfadbmbs mc fbs 0 tktbfcs. Bmcis fbs ktrbs tcitadbs quc sc `bg mcstbdbmk

`bg samk Mcpkrtcs y Icmakbinacgtc. Cg cstc dbsk cf icmak `b agekribmk iuy nrcvcicgtc

sknrc ugks bspcdtks mcf Iugmabf mc etnkf cg >< iagutcs saoucg ugb dacrtb

tcgmcgdab quc sc `b rcpctamk cg ktrks icmaks8 cf 4?% mc fks prktbokgastbs mc fbs gktadabs

skg fks oknacrgks y fbs agstatudakgcs. Fks daumbmbgks qucmbg rcfcobmks cg fb tcrdcrb

pksadag dkg cf >5%, bugquc tbinag cg cstc dbsk y dkik sc mcsbrrkffbr cg bmcfbgtc, sc

trbtb mc ug tcib iuy pbrtadufbr quc `bdc quc pbrczdb quc fks daumbmbgks cstg nbstbgtc

rcprcscgtbmks.

Fks ogcrks saoucg fb iasib foadb quc cf mabrak cspbkf dkg fb orbg prcscgdab mc


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" $!"

fks nrcvcs (cf 3 mc fb tcfcvasag pnfadb cspbkfb `b maeugmamk >>

ugambmcs bumakvasubfcs sknrc Biradb Fbtagb, fk quc dkrrcspkgmc b ugb icmab `krb mc

maeusag cg tktbf.

Fks cgdubmrcs cgdkgtrbmks murbgtc cf bgfasas iucstrbg quc fb fud`b bribmb (=

vcdcs), fb agefucgdab mc fb Aofcsab (4 vcdcs), fbs pcrskgbfambmcs pkftadbs (4 vcdcs), fb

vakfcgdab dbffchcrb (> vcdcs), fb dkgmadag agmocgb y fbs dbtstrkecs gbturbfcs (> vcdcs dbmb

ugk) mkiagbg fks cgekqucs mc fbs gktadabs sknrc Biradb Fbtagb y cg bfougbs kdbsakgcssknrc pbscs cg pbrtadufbr. Fks pbscs is rcprcscgtbmks `bg samk pkr fk tbgtk Ixadk

(>?%), Dunb (20%) y Dkfkinab (2=%). \crk tbinag cf pbgkrbib fbtagkbicradbgk euc

is vbrabmk yb quc orbgmcs y pcqucks pbscs tbinag tuvacrkg vasanafambm dkik

Brocgtagb, @bat, D`afc k Gadbrboub.

Fbs tcitadbs quc `bg mcstbdbmk murbgtc cf bgfasas eucrkg fb pkftadb (? vcdcs), fb

rcfaoag (? vcdcs) y fks dkgefadtks bribmks (3 vcdcs).

Cg fks vmcks mcf tcfcmabrak, fbs agstatudakgcs kdupbrkg cf 44% mcf prktbokgasik,

fks daumbmbgks cf 42% y cg tcrdcrb pksadag fks oknacrgks, dkg >>% mc fks prktbokgastbs cg

fbs ugambmcs agekribtavbs mcf tcfcmabrak. Bmcis `by quc mcstbdbr quc mcgtrk mc fbs

agstatudakgcs cf 33% mcf cspbdak.

Fks ogcrks agekribtavks tbinag `bg vbrabmk8 cf >1% mc fbs ugambmcs eucrkg

drgadbs, cf >0% eucrkg gktadabs y cf >=%, nrcvcs k dkfbs (fk quc sucfcg scr gktadabs iuy

dkrtbs cg fb tcfcvasag). Tag cinbrok, fks rcpkrtbhcs sfk kdupbrkg cf 2=% mc fbs ugambmcs

bgbfazbmbs.


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Fks cfcicgtks dfbvcs mc fb dkncrturb icmatadb mc fb rcoag eucrkg fb dkncrturb mc

fb vasatb mcf \bpb b Ixadk y b Dunb pcrk fbs dkgscducgdabs mcnambs b fks dkgefadtks

bribmks cg Dkfkinab y cg Dcgtrkbiradb.

5.2.4.> Erbgdc > - Fc >< `curcs

Cg Erbgdc >, murbgtc cf bgfasas, sc `bg mcstbdbmk 3 ugambmcs agekribtavbs, fk quc

rcprcscgtb 1 iagutks mc maeusag cg fb tcfcvasag.

Fks cgdubmrcs is utafazbmks eucrkg fks agtcrcscs erbgdcscs (> vcdcs) y fks mcis

cgdubmrcs quc `bg mcstbdbmk skg fb agefucgdab mc fb Aofcsab, fb pkftadb gbdakgbf y fbs

dbtstrkecs gbturbfcs, (2 vcz dbmb ugk). \crk fks cgdubmrcs sc mceagcg tbinag pkr ktrks

bspcdtks dkik fbs tcitadbs quc, dkghugtbicgtc dkg fks cgdubmrcs, pcriatarg isbmcfbgtc mceagar fbs bocgmbs icmatadbs mc cstc icmak y mc fks mcis.

Fbs tcitadbs quc sc `bg mcstbdbmk `bg mcikstrbmk ktrk agtcrs pbrb fb rcoag. Fb

rcfaoag rcprcscgtb trcs ugambmcs agekribtavbs, fb hustadab rcprcscgtb mks ugambmcs y pkr

ftaik fb pkftadb y cf sudcsk dkg ugb ugambm dbmb ugb.

Cf prktbokgasik cg fbs ugambmcs bgbfazbmbs `bg scouamk cf pbtrg quc `bstb b`krb

`b samk cf ibykr8 cg praicr fuobr fks oknacrgks dkg 4?% mc prcscgdab, fbs agstatudakgcs dkg

45% y fks daumbmbgks dkg cf >?% mc prcscgdab. Cg cf dbsk mc fbs agstatudakgcs, fb Aofcsab y

fb hustadab kdupbg, rcspcdtavbicgtc, 3.2.Cf \bs yFc Ikgmc

Fks bpbrtbmks quc sc bdbnbg mc mcsdranar pbrb dbmb icmak vbg b pcriatar rcbfazbr

ugb dkipbrbtavb dubgtatbtavb cgtrc dbmb icmak bs dkik ugb dkipbrbtavb dubfatbtavb dkg cf

dkgtcgamk is rcfcvbgtc quc sc `byb k gk punfadbmk. Mc cstb ekrib sc vb tbinag agtcgtbr

mcsdunrar fb bocgmb icmatadb mc fks icmaks mc dkiugadbdag erbgdcscs y cspbkfcs dkg

rcspcdtk b Biradb Fbtagb y fbs tcgmcgdabs mc fks cgdubmrcs, orbdabs b fks maecrcgtcs


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cfcicgtks bgbfazbmks dkik fbs tcitadbs, fks ogcrks, fks pcrakmastbs quc earibg fbs

gktadabs y fb vasanafambm mc fks pbscs.

Murbgtc cf bgfasas sc mcstbd ug praicr bspcdtk8 Cf \bs gk cspcdaeadb sa fkspcrakmastbs quc earibg fks brtdufks skg dkrrcspkgsbfcs k cgvabmks cspcdabfcs, dubgmk Fc

Ikgmc saciprc fk prcdasb. Cstk, bugquc pbrczdb ug pcquck mctbffc, mctcriagb tbinag fb

aipkrtbgdab quc sc fc mb bf pcrakmastb quc `b rcmbdtbmk fb punfadbdag.

Fbs tcitadbs cgtrc fks mks icmaks vbrbg tbinag cg bfougks bspcdtks, dkik sc

pucmc gktbr cg cf oreadk bgtcrakr, bugquc cg bfougbs kdbsakgcs sc druzbg gktadabs y

tcitadbs. Binks icmaks pktcgdabg fb tcitadb pkftadb, scouamb pkr fb rcfaoag, fb cgcrob

y cf icmak binacgtc. Tag cinbrok, Cf \bs pktcgdab cg sus punfadbdakgcs fks dkgefadtks

bribmks, fks dkgefadtks skdabfcs y csdbsbicgtc fb cdkgkib. Cg dubgtk b Fc Ikgmc fbhustadab ekrib pbrtc mc sus orbgmcs tcitadbs.

!"#$%&'()*"+*,(*-."+)(*/"*-(.2.2. Sgb Biradb Fbtagb dkrruptb quc rcdanc bf \bpb

Cg cf dbsk mc fb tcitadb pkftadb, fbs mks orbgmcs dbncdcrbs erbgdcsbs y cspbkfbs

`bnfbg mc fb icxadbgb Cst`cr Okrmaffk yb quc sc fc dkgdcma ugb cgtrcvastb b pfcgb poagb

cg binks21. Cst`cr Okrmaffk cs prcsamcgtb mcf Tagmadbtk Gbdakgbf mc fks ]rbnbhbmkrcs mc fb

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""21 Ucr fks mks brtdufks cg cf bpbrtbmk ugambmcs agekribtavbs bgbfazbmbs, cg cf dbptufk P.Bgcxks8 cgtrcvastb cgCf \bs poagb 244 y cgtrcvastb cgFc Ikgmc poagb 2?0.


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" $%"

Cgscbgzb (TG]C) y bmcis su ebiafab pkftadb mc kraocg cs cf \brtamk ^cvkfudakgbrak

Agstatudakgbf, orbg ebvkratk cg fbs prxaibs cfcddakgcs cg Ixadk.

Fb maecrcgdab quc sc pucmc gktbr cs quc Fc Ikgmc gk mumb cg dbfaeadbrfb mc fbMcus cx ibd`agb mc Ixadk, fb iuhcr is pkmcrksb mc Ixadk rcputbdag

tcipcstuksb, bmcis mc cguicrbr sus guicrksbs pkscsakgcs 5? dbsbs y nacgcs

agiknafabraks cg Ixadk y cg cf cxtrbghcrk. Eagbficgtc cf pcrakmastb mcsdranc fb iuhcr

dkik ugb bmcptb mc fbs hkybs mc fuhk y mc trbhcs mc drcbmkrcs. CgCf \bs cf pcrakmastb fb

mcsdranc dkik pcrtcgcdacgmk b fb cstarpc mc fks vachks dbdaqucs sagmadbfcs, bmcis mc

bebnfc, arrcmudtanfc y scmudtkrb. Tag cinbrok, Cf \bs fc `bdc ugb cgtrcvastb mc prcougtb

rcspucstb iacgtrbs quc Fc Ikgmc rcutafazb sus mcdfbrbdakgcs cg ug rcfbtk quc tbinag

ducgtb dkg fbs mcdfbrbdakgcs mc ugb pkfatfkob mcf Agstatutk ]cdgkfoadk mc Ikgtcrrcy yfbs mcdfbrbdakgcs mc ug pcrakmastb mcf mabrak \rkdcsk. Cstc ftaik mcdfbrb quc cs ugb

dbdaquc ikmcrgb quc utafazb su pkmcr pbrb su ncgceadak pcrskgbf y mc su cgtkrgk.

Ktrk cfcicgtk aipkrtbgtc quc mcstbdb cf mabrak erbgds cs quc saciprc `b

csdbpbmk mc fbs bdusbdakgcs mc cgraqucdaiacgtk pcrskgbf y quc cg >% mcf dbpatbf mcf orupk

\rasb (orupk mc Cf \bs), scog ug brtdufk punfadbmk cf 20 mc gkvacinrc >


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" $&"

quc vcr dkg fb vasatb mcf \bpb b fb rcoag. Cf mabrak erbgds cipcz b `bnfbr mcf

bdkgtcdaiacgtk b pbrtar mcf snbmk 2< mc ibrzk, Dunb, gkuvcffc eamfc, dkg ug rcpkrtbhc

sknrc fb aipkrtbgdab mc fb Aofcsab cg fb satubdag pkftadb mcf pbs. Cf pbpcf mc fb Aofcsab csugb agefucgdab cg fb pkftadb dunbgb, yb quc cs mcsdratb dkik cstbr bf dcgtrk mcf hucok

pkftadk, mcspus mc `bncr agadabmk, cg >4.\kr fk tbgtk, cf pcramadk cspbkf mcgugdab is fb rcprcsag mcf roaicg dbstrastb,

yb quc mks gktbs eucrkg punfadbmbs, pcrk quazs scb sfk pkr cf `cd`k gktadaksk y gk pkr ug

scouaiacgtk b fbrok pfbzk mc fb satubdag mc fks masamcgtcs cg Dunb. Mc `cd`k ugk mc fks

pragdapbfcs cgdubmrcs utafazbmks cg cf trbtbiacgtk mc Dunb skg fks masamcgtcs pkftadks.

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""">< ]rbmudamk mcf brtdufk cg erbgds bu dcgtrc mu hcu pkfataquc, bprs bvkar cgtbi, cg>


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" $'"

">+'4(/.")*4%&,&=(/2)*"+*,2)*#"/&2)*-.")2)*/"*-(5/>=.

Tc agsastc ugb vcz is cg cf `cd`k mc quc cf \bpb cst is prckdupbmk pkr fb satubdag mc

fb Aofcsab dbtfadb quc pkr fb satubdag pkftadb cg fb asfb. Cg cstc iasik brtdufk sc

icgdakgb b fks ducgtbprkpastbs sag agmbobr is cg quagcs skg k qu rcprcscgtbg cg fb asfb.

Tag cinbrok, cg ug rcpkrtbhc mc mks poagbs cg Fc Ikgmc, Td`azkp`rgacs

trkpadbfcs>3, sc mb prktbokgasik b fks daumbmbgks dunbgks quc sc cstg ncgceadabgmk mc

cstb bpcrturb mc icrdbmk y ciprcsb pravbmks. Sgbs macz pcrskgbs ducgtbg dik `bg

dbinabmk sus vambs, pbrb ichkr k pckr, fk quc pcriatc tcgcr ugb amcb mc fb satubdag

dunbgb. Cf mabrak erbgds fc mb is aipkrtbgdab b fb satubdag mc fb vamb cg Dunb yb quc

`bdc ugb mcsdrapdag nbstbgtc bipfab dkg ugb vbracmbm mc eucgtcs mc fb dbffc y cxpfadb quc

b`krb tkmks skg trbnbhbmkrcs ducgtbprkpastbs, butkrazbmks c agdatbmks pkr cf pkmcr mcsmc

kdtunrc mcf >2% mc fks prktbokgastbs mc fbs gktadabs

cg Fc Ikgmc skg daumbmbgks iacgtrbs quc cg Cf \bs sfk rcprcscgtbg cf 1% mc fbs

gktadabs. Dunb cs ug pbs dkg iud`b prcscgdab cg cf pcramadk cspbkf, dkg 21% mc

prcscgdab y cg cf pcramadk erbgds dkg 2=% mc prcscgdab. Cg fks mks dbsks cstk sc cxpfadb

pkr fb vasatb mcf \bpb b Biradb Fbtagb quc `b samk ugk mc fks pragdapbfcs tcibs quc `bg

ibgmbmk fb bocgmb rcoakgbf, murbgtc cf bgfasas, dkg gucvc ugambmcs agekribtavbs pbrb Cf

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#%",-./4"5.4"3?018:6"!'!9!'#7"58",85;46L""#&"Brtdufk dkipfctk poagb 2?5, cg Bgcxks."""


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\bs y dubtrk pbrb Fc Ikgmc. Bmcis cf mabrak cspbkf `b utafazbmk fb pbfbnrb \bpb scas

vcdcs cg fks tatufbrcs iacgtrbs quc `b utafazbmk Ncgcmadtk PUAskfk mks vcdcs. Cg dbinak

cgFc Ikgmc, fb pbfbnrb\bpb gugdb bpbrcdc marcdtbicgtc cg fks tatufbrcs, pcrk NcgcmadtkPUAbpbrcdc ugb skfb vcz.

5.>.2.>. \bscs mkgmc vavc fb aghustadab

Gk knstbgtc, sa sc `bnfb mc bfougks pbscs cs tbinag pkr fks sudcsks k fks tcibs

quc tacgcg quc vcr dkg fb hustadab. Ixadk bpbrcdc iuy prcscgtc cg fks mks icmaks, 22

vcdcs cgCf \bs y gucvc vcdcs cgFc Ikgmc, pkr ugb pbrtc pkr fb ffcobmb mcf \bpb y pkr

ktrb pbrtc pkr cf huadak b fb erbgdcsb cgdbrdcfbmb. Binks mabraks gk mcmadbrkg tbgtk cspbdak

bf fb vasatb mcf \bpb b cstc pbs, yb quc trcs ugambmcs eucrkg punfadbmbs cg Cf \bs y ugb cgFc Ikgmc.

Cf \bs rcfbtb, cg fbs gktadabs mcf >= mc ibrzk > y mcf >3 mc ibrzk > >5 fb

prcscgdab y cf prktbokgasik mcf \bpb cg Ixadk. Cg fb praicrb gktadab sc fc mb fb

aipkrtbgdab b fbs mcdfbrbdakgcs mcf pkgteadc dkg ug icgsbhc dkgtrb fb gbrdkvakfcgdab y mc

drtadb bf ibrxasik. Cg fb scougmb, cf tatufbr gk mcgugdab tbgtk fks bnusks sagk fb bdtatum

mcf \bpb, yb quc fb pbfbnrb cvatbrsubvazb fb satubdag, dubgmk bmcis cg cf brtdufk sc

icgdakgb gk tbgtk fbs vdtaibs sagk fks agekrics rcbfazbmks pkr agvcstaobmkrcs, bgtaouks

iacinrks mc fb Fcoag mc Drastk, eugmbmb pkr cf prkpak Ibrdabf Ibdacf, bdusbmk mc bnusksb gaks. Cg gagougk mc fks brtdufks sc rciatc marcdtbicgtc b fbs eucgtcs pragdapbfcs mc cstc

tcib quc skg fbs vdtaibs. Fc Ikgmc trbtb cstc dbsk nrcvcicgtc cg ugb cgtrcvastb b ug

bpkstfadk erbgds cg Ixadk punfadbmb cg cf brtdufk Ncgkt PUA burb sb rcgdkgtrc bvcd

fc pcupfc icxadbag>?. Cf pcrakmastb fc `azk ugb prcougtb dkg rcspcdtk b fks csdgmbfks mc

pcmkeafab, y cf cgtrcvastb dkgtcst quc cf \bpb gk `bnfbr dkg fbs vdtaibs pcrk tcgmr

ug cgducgtrk cspcdabf dkg fks gaks, cf >= mc ibrzk cg Oubgbhubtk. Cg binks mabraks sc

fc rcprkd`b b fb Aofcsab su ebftb mc dkiprkiask dkg fbs vdtaibs, pcrk cstks iasiks icmaks

tbipkdk prkeugmazbg cg cf dbsk, ga `bnfbg mc fbs vdtaibs quc cg cstc dbsk gcdcsatbrbg quc

fks pcrakmastbs fcs mcg is vkz.

Cstb tcitadb tbinag rcefchb ktrk pugtk maecrcgdabmkr cgtrc fks mks icmaks. Cf

\bs, dkg =3 ugambmcs bgbfazbmbs skfk `b punfadbmk dagdk rcpkrtbhcs iacgtrbs quc Fc

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""">5 Ucr fks brtdufks Ncgcmadtk PUA bscourb bgtcs mc vabhbr b Dunb quc cf ibrxasik yb gksarvc Bgcxks poagb 23? y Ncgcmadtk PUA cvatb b fbs vdtaibs mc bnusks scxubfcs mcIbrdabf Ibdacf, Bgcxks poagb 231.>? Brtdufk dkipfctk poagb 20>, cg Bgcxks.""


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Ikgmc dkg 21 ugambmcs bgbfazbmbs, punfad tbinag dagdk rcpkrtbhcs. Sg dubrtk mc fk quc

punfadb Fc Ikgmc sknrc fb rcoag skg rcpkrtbhcs iacgtrbs quc ug gkvcgk mc fbs

punfadbdakgcs mcCf \bs skg rcpkrtbhcs.

35+".2)*-4?,&'(/2)*"+*0"*12+/"*8*"+*>,*:(6)*

Efkrcgdc Dbsscz tbinag `b samk gktadab pbrb Erbgdab >0, yb quc fb Dkrtc Tuprcib mc

hustadab mc Ixadk rcbnra su dbsk8 fb erbgdcsb `b samk dkgmcgbmb b 5< bks, `bdc scas bksmcsmc fks quc cst cg fb drdcf dufpbmb pkr pbrtadapbr cg ug scducstrk. Tkrprcgmcgtcicgtc,

Cf \bs tbinag punfad ugb gktadab sknrc cstc `cd`k. \kr fk tbgtk dkik fk mcdb cf

pcrakmastb Hcbg D`rastkp`c ^bipbf, sc `bnfb mc Ixadk pkrquc ugb erbgdcsb cst cg fb

drdcf, sag cinbrok gk sc `bnfb is mcf pbs8 Biradb Fbtagb cs rcprcscgtbmb pkr fks

tcrrciktks, fks erbgdcscs scducstrbmks k cg fb drdcf y ug pkdk pkr fb cdkgkib. \crk cstc

ftaik tcib cs rcdacgtc, fb iarbmb sc `b mcspfbzbmk `bdab fb cdkgkib pcrk mc ekrib iuy

supcreadabf. Cstky scourk mc quc sa fc prcougtbs b fks erbgdcscs, fb ibykrb gk sbnc quc cf

`kinrc is radk mcf iugmk cs ug icxadbgk>1

.Cf \bs punfad ug brtdufk cf 1/,Erbgdab y Ixadk sc maspkgcg b dcrrbr su pckr dkgefadtk 4< y Fc Ikgmc punfad dubtrk

brtdufks.

Cf dbsk mc fb erbgdcsb Efkrcgdc Dbsscz gk tacgc gagog tapk mc rcfbdag dkg Cspbb,

sag cinbrok,Cf \bs fc `b mcmadbmk ug brtdufk cg cf quc sc rcsuic fb satubdag yb quc cf"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""">0 Ucr fks maecrcgtcs brtdufks sknrc Efkrcgdc Dbsscz cg fks Bgcxks, poagbs 255: 2?4: 2?1:202.>1 Cxtrbdtk mc fb cgtrcvastb dkipfctb cg cf dbptufk Bgcxks, poagb 15.4< Ucr brtdufk cg Bgcxks, poagb 2>1.""


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`cd`k cs gktadaksk pkr fb gucvb scgtcgdab mc fb Dkrtc Tuprcib mc Hustadab mc Ixadk. Gk

knstbgtc, sc cgebtazb cg cf `cd`k mc quc fbs cfcddakgcs icxadbgbs tcgmrg fuobr cg hufak

> y quc cstbs agefuarg cg fb pksanfc fancrbdag mc fb erbgdcsb. ]binag sc agsastc cg cf`cd`k mc quc fb hustadab icxadbgb cs mumksb pkr fb csdcgaeadbdag icmatadb mcf brrcstk mc

fb erbgdcsb, bf aoubf quc fk mcsdrancFc Ikgmc cg sus brtdufks.

5.>.2.4. Sgb rcoag mc fud`bs y mc dkgefadtks mc agtcrcscs

Fb fud`b pkr fks rcdursks gbturbfcs cs tbinag ug cgdubmrc quc binks mabraks `bg

trbtbmk yb quc kdupb cg tktbf kd`k punfadbdakgcs mc fbs 5= ugambmcs quc suibg Fc Ikgmc

yCf \bs. Cg cf mabrak erbgds fb gadb punfadbdag sknrc fb fud`b pkr fks rcdursks gbturbfcs

`b samk ug rcpkrtbhc quc cxpfadb fb satubdag mc fb iagcrb cg vbraks pbscs, Cg BiraqucFbtagc, fc nkki iagacr cgocgmrc mc pfus cg pfus mc dkgefats, 5/.

\cr, Cdubmkr y Nkfavab prktbokgazbg cstbs gktadabs cg cf dbsk mcf mabrak Cf \bs.

\kr ugb pbrtc, cf icmak punfad gktadabs cg fbs quc tbgtk fks iagcrks dkik fks agmocgbs

rcd`bzbg fb iagcrb b orbg csdbfb, y pkr ktrb pbrtc punfad gktadabs cg fbs quc sc prkmudcg

dkgefadtks vakfcgtks cgtrc ibgaecstbgtcs y eucrzb bribmbs b ebvkr mc fb iagcrb afcobf,

pkr chcipfk cf 2?/, Cf bdksk b fb iagcrb afcobf cg \cr mcsbtb prktcstbs skdabfcs,

fk quc pbrtadapb cg prkpadabr ugb aibocg mc Biradb Fbtagb ffcgb mc ugb pbrbmkhbs, mc fbs

dubfcs fb iagcrb ekribrb pbrtc, dubgmk cg rcbfambm cs iud`k is dkipfchk.Cg cf dbsk mc \cr, Cf bdksk b fb iagcrb afcobf cg \cr mcsbtb prktcstbs skdabfcs,

fb iagcrb afcobf, bugquc sc agsastb cg cf quc `cd`k mc quc cs ug scdtkr quc cst mbgmk

trbnbhk b iafcs mc pcrskgbs, sc trbtb bgtc tkmk dkik ug prknfcib icmakbinacgtbf, sbgatbrak

y mc vakfcgdab yb quc cf brtdufk dkgdfuyc dkg fb erbsc saouacgtc8 fks aipbdtks skdabfcs mc

cstb iagcrb, pucs ocgcrb mbks cg fb sbfum cspcdabficgtc cg gaks y ocstbgtcs, pcrk pkr

ktrk fbmk, vakfcgdab y iucrtc. Bf rcdkrmbr quc 4< b 3< cgtambmcs eagbgdabg fb iagcrb

agekribf k quc skg fbs ciprcsbs ekribfcs iagcrbs quc dkiprbg agekribficgtc fb

pcrakmastb iucstrb ktrb aipkrtbgtc ebdctb mcf prknfcib pcrk rcprcscgtb ugb pcqucb pbrtc

mcf bgfasas. Tc rcpatc fb amcb mcf dkgefadtk, mc fb vakfcgdab y mcf racsok icmakbinacgtbf,

pcrk gk sc agvcstaob sknrc cstbs ciprcsbs ekribfcs quc sc ncgceadabg mc fb iagcrb afcobf.

Cstk iasik, gutrc fb aiprcsag mc ebtbfambm sknrc fb satubdag mcf pbs mc gk cgdkgtrbr

sbfamb. Cg cstc dbsk, bf dkgtrbrak mc Fc Ikgmc, cf tcib cs bnkrmbmk dkg ug rcpkrtbhc

iacgtrbs quc cf icmak obfk punfad ug nrcvc, ]rkas iagcurs cg orvc icurcgt fkrs mug

beerkgtcicgt bvcd fb pkfadc.

Cg cf dbsk mc Cdubmkr fbs mks gktadabs, Fks agmocgbs mc Cdubmkr sc cgercgtbg bf


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Oknacrgk mc Dkrrcb y Iafcs mc agmocgbs ffcvbg b Ruatk su mcsbek b fb pkftadb mc

Dkrrcb, rcefchbg fb ebftb mc dkiprkiask mcf prcsamcgtc ^bebcf Dkrrcb dkg fb dkiugambm

agmocgb cdubtkrabgb. Cg binks dbsks sc mcgugdab cf `cd`k quc cf Oknacrgk mc Dkrrcbvbyb b earibr bducrmks dkg ugb ciprcsb dbgbmacgsc y dàgb pbrb cipczbr prkycdtks mc

iagcrb b orbg csdbfb.

Fks dkgefadtks mc fbs ciprcsbs Cgmcsb, k ^cpskf, dkg fks oknacrgks dàfcgks y

brocgtagks skg tbinag gktadab, pcrk cg cstc dbsk sfk cg cf mabrakCf \bs.

Cf dbsk mc Bysg cg fb \btbokgab Dàfcgb pkmrb tbinag dkipbrbrsc dkg fks dbsks

mc iagcrb trbtbmks bgtcrakricgtc. Cg cf brtdufk, Fb \btbokgab mb ug rcspark b \acrb,

punfadbmk cf 0/42, sc mcstbdb cf `cd`k mc quc fbs prktcstbs sc `bg kraoagbmk pkrquc

fks pbtbogadks () drccg `bncr samk kfvambmks pkr fc Oknacrgk dcgtrbf murbgtc fksftaiks bks.

Fb rcoag cs mcsdratb pkr fk tbgtk dkik ug tcrratkrak sbfvbhc8 fb fcb pbrb dbfcgtbr

cf `kobr, fb obskfagb ducstb ug =. Cg cf brtdufk Brocgtagb sc bpractb cf

dagturg, punfadbmk cf 22/, pbrcdc quc sc vb b `bnfbr mc fb satubdag cdkgiadb

mcf pbs, k quazs mc fks rcdkrtcs u ktrbs icmambs mc bhustcs. Tag cinbrok, fb iatbm mcf

brtdufk vb mcmadbmk b fbs tcgsakgcs dkg fb pctrkfcrb cspbkfb ^cpskf-Q\E, fb ibykr

dkipbb mcf pbs. Cg ktrb gktadab, Brocgtagb cxprkpab ugb cxpfktbdag b ^cpskf Q\E

dkipbrtamb dkg fb dàfcgb CGB\ punfadbmb cf 25 mc ibrzk, sc rcefchb fb cxprkpabdag mc

ugb cxpfktbdag b ^cpskf-Q\E dkipbrtamb dkg fb dàfcgb CGB\. Cg cstc brtdufk quc trbtb

pkr fk tbgtk mc ug tcib cdkgiadk cg cf quc sc cxpfadb fb cxprkpabdag mc fb ciprcsb pkr

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""42 Ucr brtdufk dkipfctk cg Bgcxks, poagb 2>3.4> Ucr fks mks brtdufks cg Bgcxks poagbs 242-24> y 2=3.""


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mks prkvagdabs brocgtagbs Dùnut y Tbgtb Druz, stb ftaib erkgtcrazb dkg fb rcoag mc

Bysg cg fb quc sc prkycdtb fb dkgstruddag mc dcgtrbfcs àmrkcfdtradbs. Cf dbsk cs quc ugb

mc fbs cxprkpabdakgcs mc fb ciprcsb ^cpskf-Q\E sc cgducgtrb cg fb rcoag mc Tbgtb Druzmc Brocgtagb tbinag dkgkdamb dkik rcoag Bysg mcf Ocgcrbf Dbrfks Ancz mcf Dbipk

mc Brocgtagb, pkr fk tbgtk erkgtcrazb dkg fb rcoag mc Bysg cg Dàfc. Binbs rcoakgcs

ekribg pbrtc mc fb \btbokgab.

Fks agmocgbs sucfcg cstbr bskdabmks b gktadabs quc rcfbtbg fb fud`b pkr fks rcdursks

gbturbfcs. Cg binks mabraks cstb tcitadb rcprcscgtb ugb tcitadb iuy pkdk prcscgtc dkg 4

punfadbdakgcs pbrb Cf \bs y > punfadbdakgcs pbrb Fc Ikgmc. Fb gadb maecrcgdab cs fb

punfadbdag quc `b `cd`k cf icmak erbgds mc ug rcpkrtbhc sknrc fks agmocgbs mcf Dàbpbs

cg Ixadk dkg rcspcdtk b su mcsdkgeabgzb cg fb Aofcsab dbtfadb, Fcs Agmacgs mu Dàbpbstkurgcgt fc mks bu dbt`kfadasic44.

Fb prcscgdab mc mks orbgmcs bgfasas sknrc Biradb Fbtagb cg Cf \bs, ]rkpbs cg

fbs dbffcs mc Fbtagkbiradb y Fb pbrbmkhb mc fb iuhcr fbtagb, (cstc ftaik sc punfad dkg

iktavk mcf mb agtcrgbdakgbf mc fb iuhcr), mciucstrb cf agtcrs ffcvbmk bf dkghugtk mc

pbscs dkik cgtambm rcoakgbf. Cg cstc dbsk Fc Ikgmc skfk punfad ug rcpkrtbhc, Cg

Biraquc Fbtagc, fc nkki iagacr cgocgmrc mc pfus cg pfus mc dkgefats.

B trbvs mc cstks mks orbgmcs bgfasas mcfCf \bs sc pucmc rcefchbr tbinag quc fb

dkgmadag eiagb skfk cst prcscgtc mks vcdcs cg fbs =3 punfadbdakgcs bgbfazbmbs mcf mabrakcspbkf, iacgtrbs quc cgFc Ikgmc cstc cgdubmrc ga bpbrcdc. Cg cf bgfasas ]rkpbs cg fbs

dbffcs mc Fbtagkbiradb, k fks tatufbrcs dkik Ikrcgatks maspbrbgmk b ikrcgatks k

Nkfavab rcdurrc b fks iafatbrcs pbrb ercgbr fb mcfagducgdab iucstrbg quc cf cgdubmrc mc

vakfcgdab dbffchcrb y iafatbr cs utafazbmk dkg iud`b ercducgdab cg Cf \bs, dkg sactc

punfadbdakgcs mc =3.

5.>.2.=. Fks pkftadks bgtcs quc fks fbtagkbicradbgks

Fbs pcrskgbfambmcs pkftadbs y fb pkftadb rcoakgbf skg ugks cgdubmrcs quc tbinag

`bg samk rcefchbmks cgCf \bs.Dkik sc `b pkmamk gktbr cg cf bgtcrakr prrbek fks pkftadks

y fks oknacrgks prktbokgazbg fbs gktadabs, dkik tbinag scrb cf dbsk cg Curkpb. \kr fk

tbgtk, yb ga sc trbtb mc pkftadks cg cf scgtamk cstradtk pkr cf dubf gks rcoaiks dkg ktrks

pkftadks sagk quc skg pcrskgbhcs k s`kwibg quc sbncg dbptbr fb ibsb mc fks icmaks

(^bikgct, >


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Ecrggmcz y fb gbdakgbfazbdag mc ^cpskf-Q\E (Brocgtagb). \kr chcipfk, sa sc `bnfb mc

D`vcz, sc `bnfb praicrk mc @uok D`vcz y fucok mc Ucgczucfb k sa sc `bnfb mc Eamcf y

^bf Dbstrk, praicrk sc `bnfb mc cffks bgtcs quc mc fb satubdag cg fb quc vavcg fksdunbgks. Cstk sc rcefchb cg quc cf =3% mc fks prktbokgastbs mc fbs gktadabs cg Cf \bs y cf

44% mc fks prktbokgastbs mc fbs gktadabs cg Fc Ikgmc skg fks oknacrgks y pkr fk tbgtk

pkftadks.

Ktrk bspcdtk quc tbinag cs aipkrtbgtc mcstbdbr cs quc fb cgecricmbm mc D`vcz

(cf dgdcr) `b samk ugk mc fks tcibs mc bdtubfambm murbgtc cf tacipk mc bgfasas. Tc pkmrb

pcgsbr quc cstc tcib gk cs rcfcvbgtc, pcrk tacgc dbnamb cg fb bdtubfambm pkr scr gktadaksk y

pkr cf euturk mcf pbs cgcrotadk quc rcprcscgtb Ucgczucfb. Bugquc cf tcib `byb kdupbmk

sfk trcs ugambmcs agekribtavbs mc fbs =3 bgbfazbmbs cs aipkrtbgtc sunrbybr cf agtcrs mcficmak cspbkf, y yb gk gadbicgtc pkr cstc, sagk cg ocgcrbf pkr fb dkiugambm

agtcrgbdakgbf, pkr fb satubdag pkftadk-cdkgiadb mc Ucgczucfb quc mcpcgmcr iud`k mc

sa cf prcsamcgtc vcgczkfbgk sknrcvavc `bstb fbs cfcddakgcs cg kdtunrc >. Bmcis mc fb

satubdag mcf pbs vcgczkfbgk cs tbinag aipkrtbgtc gktbr fb aipkrtbgdab quc `b tkibmk cf

pbs cg fb rcoag y su rcfbdag dkg Dunb.

Cg ktrb gktadab, punfadbmb cf 20 mc ibrzk, D`vcz rcorcsb b Ucgczucfb trbs fb

kpcrbdag cg Dunb, sc agekribnb mcf rcorcsk mcf fmcr vcgczkfbgk b su pbs trbs fb

kpcrbdag cg Dunb. Sgb vcz is crb gktadaksk sag cinbrok fb gktadab cspcdufbnb is qucagekribnb sknrc fb sbfum mcf maraocgtc fbtagkbicradbgk8 Cf prcsamcgtc bgugda quc cg fks

prxaiks mbs dkicgzbr dkg fbs scsakgcs mc rbmaktcrbpab y bscour quc cf dgdcr gk fc vb

b mcrrktbr, bf tacipk quc prkgkstad ugb pbfazb icikrbnfc b fb kpksadag cg fbs

cfcddakgcs mc kdtunrc.

5.>.>. >< iagutks y >< iagutcs

Cg praicr fuobr, icrcdc fb pcgb mcstbdbr quc binks icmaks suibg cgtrc cffks 25

ugambmcs agekribtavbs mc fbs quc 2> skg nrcvcs, trcs skg gktadabs y ugb cs ug bgfasas. \kr

fk tbgtk, fks ogcrks pbrb fb rcoag fbtagkbicradbgb gk skg vbrabmks y sc rcdurrc is b fks

nrcvcs, dkg ugb tcgmcgdab b fb supcreadabfambm. Cs aipkrtbgtc agmadbr bqu quc cstks icmaks

orbtuatks sc `bg drcbmk gk pbrb agekribr mc ibgcrb prkeugmb, sagk pbrb agekribr mc fb

ftaib `krb y sknrc tkmk pbrb quc fks fcdtkrcs fks pucmbg fccr cg >< iagutks murbgtc ug

trbycdtk cg cf trcg, dkik fk cxpfad Brscgak Csdkfbr, marcdtkr mc >< iagutks, cg ugb d`brfb

mbmb cg cf ics mc gkvacinrc mcf >


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5.>.>.2. Biradb Fbtagb, ugb tacrrb sbfvbhc

Bugquc cstks mks icmaks pcrtcgczdbg bf iasik orupk, fb bocgmb mc fb rcoag cs

maecrcgtc. Cg Cspbb fbs tcitadbs eucrkg is vbrabmbs dkg sactc tcitadbs, dubgmk cgErbgdab skfk bpbrcdacrkg trcs8 hustadab (3), mcpkrtcs (>), y icmakbinacgtc (2) y mks mc cffbs

tbinag bpbrcdacrkg cg Cspbb dkg ugb punfadbdag dkg rcecrcgdab b fb tcitadb hustadab y

icmakbinacgtc. Mc `cd`k cg cstb ftaib tcitadb fb gktadab euc cxbdtbicgtc fb iasib

gktadab cg binks icmaks, cf 5 mc ibrzk mcf >, dkg cf cspcdtbdufbr ecgicgk mc fb

rkturb mcf ofbdabr \cratk Ikrcgk cg cf \brquc Gbdakgbf mc fks Ofbdabrcs, bf sur mc

Brocgtagb4=.

Fb tcitadb mc sudcsks y dbtstrkecs cst prcscgtc cf icmak cspbkf dkg ug nrcvc

sknrc cf tcrrciktk cg Ixadk, punfadbmk cf mb >2 mc ibrzk > y ktrk nrcvc sknrc fbscrac mc bscsagbtks dkictamks cg ug `kspatbf mc duambmks agtcgsavks cg Sruouby. Cg cstc

dbsk sc saouc fb bdtubfambm k dkgstruyc ugb rcbfambm pcrk gk sc rcprcscgtb cf trbsekgmk mc

csb bdtubfambm, cs mcdar fb rcbfambm skdabf.

5.>.>.>. Sg cspcdtrk pkftadk iuy supcreadabf, pcrk prcscgtc

Fb tcitadb pkftadb, cg >/, cg ktrk nrcvc agmadb b fks fcdtkrcs quc trcs iuhcrcs skg prcsamcgtbs cg fb

rcoag, cf mb 0 mc ibrzk, Mb agtcrgbdakgbf mc fb iuhcr. \kr ftaik, sc punfad ug nrcvc

sknrc Cvk Ikrbfcs, cf 5 mc ibrzk, quc euc b pcmarfc b fb KGS fb mcspcgbfazbdag mc fb `khb

mc dkdb. Cg cstc dbsk fb dkgmadag ecicgagb cg Biradb Fbtagb cs rcprcscgtbmb dubgmk cg

cf icmak erbgds ga sc icgdakgb.

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4= Ucr fb gktadab cg cf dbptufk Bgcxks8 fb mc >< iagutks cg fb poagb 204 y fb mc >

La representación del panorama latinoamericano en los medios europeos : entre intereses económicos...

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Transcript of La representación del panorama latinoamericano en los medios europeos : entre intereses económicos...