La Soya Para Consumo Humano

22
23/07/2012 1 VII ENCUENTRO DE LA ALIANZA INTERNACIONAL DE PEQUEÑOS PRODUCTORES DE SOYA Y DE LA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR III ASAMBLEA GENERAL Santa Cruz, Bolivia del 18 al 20 de Julio de 2012 La Soya o Soja (Glycine max) Leguminosa de un enorme potencial nutricional, ha sido desde tiempos antiguos parte de la dieta de muchas culturas orientales. Diversos preparados y fórmulas muestran este hecho: tofu o queso de soya,, tempeh, miso, etc. brotes de soya, Salsa de soya, etc. La proteína de la soja en el tempeh comienza a ser más digestivo como resultado del proceso de fermentación. En particular, losoligosacáridos que se asocian frecuentemente con los gases y la indigestión , todos estos efectos se reducen mediante la cultura delRhizopus. En las formas tradicionales de elaboración del tempeh se hacía que la bacteria que elaboraba la B12 estuviera presente durante el proceso. En los países de la cultura occidental es muy común el empleo de la Rhizopus oligosporus

description

La Soya o Soja (Glycine max)• Leguminosa de un enorme potencial nutricional,ha sido desde tiempos antiguos parte de la dietade muchas culturas orientales.• Diversos preparados y fórmulas muestran estehecho: tofu o queso de soya,, tempeh, miso, etc.brotes de soya, Salsa de soya, etc.

Transcript of La Soya Para Consumo Humano

Page 1: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

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VII ENCUENTRO DE LA ALIANZA INTERNACIONAL DE

PEQUENtildeOS PRODUCTORES DE SOYA Y DE LA

AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR

III ASAMBLEA GENERAL

Santa Cruz Bolivia del 18 al 20 de Julio de 2012

La Soya o Soja (Glycine max)

bull Leguminosa de un enorme potencial nutricional ha sido desde tiempos antiguos parte de la dieta de muchas culturas orientales

bull Diversos preparados y foacutermulas muestran este hecho tofu o queso de soya tempeh miso etc brotes de soya Salsa de soya etc

bull La proteiacutena de la soja en el tempeh comienza a ser maacutes digestivo como resultado del proceso de fermentacioacuten En particular losoligosacaacuteridos que se asocian frecuentemente con los gases y la indigestioacuten todos estos efectos se reducen mediante la cultura delRhizopus En las formas tradicionales de elaboracioacuten del tempeh se haciacutea que la bacteria que elaboraba la B12 estuviera presente durante el proceso En los paiacuteses de la cultura occidental es muy comuacuten el empleo de la Rhizopus oligosporus

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bull En la elaboracioacuten de un miso liviano o ligero la soja es inoculada con un cultivo o fermento y se incuba durante setenta y dos horas El cultivo preparado para producir miso se llama kōji (麹) y es una mezcla de trigo o de arroz con el fermento kōji-kin (麹菌 especie de hongo asociado actualmente al Aspergillusoryzae) o sino con el shōyu-kōji-kin (醤油麹菌 Aspergillus sojae)

bull El tofu se obtiene coagulando la leche de soya y prensando el cuajo obtenidoCoagulantes baacutesicos

bull Estos coagulantes se usan de forma industrial y consisten en la adicioacuten de una sal no toacutexica a la leche de soja

bull Sulfato de calcio (yeso) Es el sistema tradicional y el maacutes extendido para obtener tofu al estilo chino Produce un tofu tierno pero de textura ligeramente quebradiza No deja rastro de sabor perceptible en el producto final El tofu obtenido hace que el producto sea tambieacuten rico en calcio

bull Cloruro de magnesio y cloruro de calcio Ambas sales tienen un alto grado de solubilidad en el agua y afectan a la proteiacutena de soja del mismo modo Producen un tofu con una textura tierna y uniforme

bull Coagulantes aacutecidosbull Glucono delta-lactona (GDL) Aacutecido orgaacutenico usado en las recetas chinas de Tofu que

produce un tofu de fina textura casi con la apariencia de la gelatina Este coagulante se usa de forma especiacutefica para los tofus maacutes suaves y proporciona un toque de sabor aacutecido al producto finalizado

bull [editar]En la cultura

En las culturas occidentales la soya es consumida soacutelo hace algunos antildeos principalmente impulsada por sectores naturalistas que promueven el uso de alimentos funcionales nutraceacuteuticos tal es el caso de la ingestioacuten de los isoflavonoides para la regulacioacuten del funcionamiento de tejidos modulados por estroacutegenos

Entre los derivados mas importantes

estaacuten leche de soya yogurt de soya

porotos de soya carne de soya acei-

te de soya harina de soya

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La concentracioacuten de proteiacutenas en la soya excepto metionina con niveles apreciables de aminoaacutecidos esenciales hacen de esta especie un recurso nutricional de alta valoracioacuten particularmente en las regiones maacutes deprimidas

Propiedades de la Soja

bull Proteiacutenas destaca su contenido de proteiacutenas de buena calidad superado incluso el aporte proteico de las carnes100 gramos de soja = 359 gramos de proteiacutena100 gramos de carne de ternera = 20 gramos de proteiacutena

bull Fibra su elevado aporte de fibra contribuye a prevenir o aliviar el estrentildeimiento a hacer maacutes lento el paso de los azuacutecares hacia la sangre y a reducir los niveles de colesterol efecto que tambieacuten comparten las grasas insaturadas que contiene la soja100 gramos de soja = 157 gramos de fibra

bull Hidratos de carbono100 gramos de soja = 158 gramos de hidratos de carbono

bull Grasas la soja es rica en grasas (186) que en su mayor parte son poliinsaturadasDestaca la presencia de dos aacutecidos grasos linoleacutenico (omega-3 la grasa caracteriacutestica del pescado azul) y linoleico (omega-6) ambos fundamentales y beneficiosos para la salud de vasos sanguiacuteneos y corazoacuten Contiene ademaacutes lecitina un tipo de grasa que se emplea como complemento dieteacutetico y aditivo emulsionante (E-322) en chocolates reposteriacutea margarinas etc

bull Minerales y vitaminas en comparacioacuten con el resto de legumbres aporta mayor cantidad de minerales como calcio hierro magnesio potasio y foacutesforo y cantidades apreciables de vitamina E folatos y otras vitaminas del grupo B Asimismo cabe destacar la presencia de isoflavonas antioxidantes de probados beneficios para la salud

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bull Las formulaciones actuales como leche yogurt etc hacen atractivo su uso

bull Sin embargo la soya producida en Sud Ameacuterica tiene un destino predominantemente orientado a la produccioacuten de alimentos para ganado en diversos continentes

bull El destino al consumo humano es escaso en los paiacuteses a los que se exporta

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bull De ahiacute que no existen grandes emprendimientos para valorar la soya como insumo en la dieta humana

bull No obstante la soya en Ameacuterica Latina tiene una tendencia creciente para el consumo humano

bull Se ha establecido que la soya junto a otras leguminosas y pseudocereales (Ej Quinua) puede constituirse en la solucioacuten al problema del hambre al menos en el continente americano

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bull Sin embargo existe el antecedente de que el consumo de soya tienen algunos inconvenientes que ya fueron advertidos inclusive en las culturas orientales

bull Entre estos se cuenta presencia de factores antinutricionales como

Aacutecido Fiacutetico ndash Fitatos Moleacuteculas con capacidad para inhibir la absorcioacuten de Zn++ Ca++ Mg++

bull Inhibidor de proteiacutenas con capacidad para neutralizar la actividad de la tripsina pancreaacutetica en la que bloquean la digestioacuten de proteiacutenas e indirectamente su absorcioacuten

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bull Exceso de Mn que puede acumularse y tener efectos neurotoacutexicos

bull La ausencia de metiotina puede ser compensada por la conversioacuten de la homocisteina siempre que esteacute biodisponible el aacutecido foacutelico y la vitamina B12 que no existen en la soya

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bull Los fitoestroacutegenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrogeacutenico

bull La presencia de Genisteina ademaacutes de efectos estrogeacuteni-cos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrogeacutenico) helliphellip

bull hellipThus soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and

bull thyroid function In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid

bull at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroidbull peroxidase (TPO) in vitro Furthermore rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up tobull 80 helliphelliphellip Daniel R Doerge1 and Daniel M Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology National

Center for Toxicological Research Jefferson Arkansas USA 2Daniel M Sheehan andbull Associates Little Rock Arkansas USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3)349ndash353 (2002)

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bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

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bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

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bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

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Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

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Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

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Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

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Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

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Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

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Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

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WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

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20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 2: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

2

bull En la elaboracioacuten de un miso liviano o ligero la soja es inoculada con un cultivo o fermento y se incuba durante setenta y dos horas El cultivo preparado para producir miso se llama kōji (麹) y es una mezcla de trigo o de arroz con el fermento kōji-kin (麹菌 especie de hongo asociado actualmente al Aspergillusoryzae) o sino con el shōyu-kōji-kin (醤油麹菌 Aspergillus sojae)

bull El tofu se obtiene coagulando la leche de soya y prensando el cuajo obtenidoCoagulantes baacutesicos

bull Estos coagulantes se usan de forma industrial y consisten en la adicioacuten de una sal no toacutexica a la leche de soja

bull Sulfato de calcio (yeso) Es el sistema tradicional y el maacutes extendido para obtener tofu al estilo chino Produce un tofu tierno pero de textura ligeramente quebradiza No deja rastro de sabor perceptible en el producto final El tofu obtenido hace que el producto sea tambieacuten rico en calcio

bull Cloruro de magnesio y cloruro de calcio Ambas sales tienen un alto grado de solubilidad en el agua y afectan a la proteiacutena de soja del mismo modo Producen un tofu con una textura tierna y uniforme

bull Coagulantes aacutecidosbull Glucono delta-lactona (GDL) Aacutecido orgaacutenico usado en las recetas chinas de Tofu que

produce un tofu de fina textura casi con la apariencia de la gelatina Este coagulante se usa de forma especiacutefica para los tofus maacutes suaves y proporciona un toque de sabor aacutecido al producto finalizado

bull [editar]En la cultura

En las culturas occidentales la soya es consumida soacutelo hace algunos antildeos principalmente impulsada por sectores naturalistas que promueven el uso de alimentos funcionales nutraceacuteuticos tal es el caso de la ingestioacuten de los isoflavonoides para la regulacioacuten del funcionamiento de tejidos modulados por estroacutegenos

Entre los derivados mas importantes

estaacuten leche de soya yogurt de soya

porotos de soya carne de soya acei-

te de soya harina de soya

23072012

3

La concentracioacuten de proteiacutenas en la soya excepto metionina con niveles apreciables de aminoaacutecidos esenciales hacen de esta especie un recurso nutricional de alta valoracioacuten particularmente en las regiones maacutes deprimidas

Propiedades de la Soja

bull Proteiacutenas destaca su contenido de proteiacutenas de buena calidad superado incluso el aporte proteico de las carnes100 gramos de soja = 359 gramos de proteiacutena100 gramos de carne de ternera = 20 gramos de proteiacutena

bull Fibra su elevado aporte de fibra contribuye a prevenir o aliviar el estrentildeimiento a hacer maacutes lento el paso de los azuacutecares hacia la sangre y a reducir los niveles de colesterol efecto que tambieacuten comparten las grasas insaturadas que contiene la soja100 gramos de soja = 157 gramos de fibra

bull Hidratos de carbono100 gramos de soja = 158 gramos de hidratos de carbono

bull Grasas la soja es rica en grasas (186) que en su mayor parte son poliinsaturadasDestaca la presencia de dos aacutecidos grasos linoleacutenico (omega-3 la grasa caracteriacutestica del pescado azul) y linoleico (omega-6) ambos fundamentales y beneficiosos para la salud de vasos sanguiacuteneos y corazoacuten Contiene ademaacutes lecitina un tipo de grasa que se emplea como complemento dieteacutetico y aditivo emulsionante (E-322) en chocolates reposteriacutea margarinas etc

bull Minerales y vitaminas en comparacioacuten con el resto de legumbres aporta mayor cantidad de minerales como calcio hierro magnesio potasio y foacutesforo y cantidades apreciables de vitamina E folatos y otras vitaminas del grupo B Asimismo cabe destacar la presencia de isoflavonas antioxidantes de probados beneficios para la salud

23072012

4

bull Las formulaciones actuales como leche yogurt etc hacen atractivo su uso

bull Sin embargo la soya producida en Sud Ameacuterica tiene un destino predominantemente orientado a la produccioacuten de alimentos para ganado en diversos continentes

bull El destino al consumo humano es escaso en los paiacuteses a los que se exporta

23072012

5

bull De ahiacute que no existen grandes emprendimientos para valorar la soya como insumo en la dieta humana

bull No obstante la soya en Ameacuterica Latina tiene una tendencia creciente para el consumo humano

bull Se ha establecido que la soya junto a otras leguminosas y pseudocereales (Ej Quinua) puede constituirse en la solucioacuten al problema del hambre al menos en el continente americano

23072012

6

bull Sin embargo existe el antecedente de que el consumo de soya tienen algunos inconvenientes que ya fueron advertidos inclusive en las culturas orientales

bull Entre estos se cuenta presencia de factores antinutricionales como

Aacutecido Fiacutetico ndash Fitatos Moleacuteculas con capacidad para inhibir la absorcioacuten de Zn++ Ca++ Mg++

bull Inhibidor de proteiacutenas con capacidad para neutralizar la actividad de la tripsina pancreaacutetica en la que bloquean la digestioacuten de proteiacutenas e indirectamente su absorcioacuten

23072012

7

bull Exceso de Mn que puede acumularse y tener efectos neurotoacutexicos

bull La ausencia de metiotina puede ser compensada por la conversioacuten de la homocisteina siempre que esteacute biodisponible el aacutecido foacutelico y la vitamina B12 que no existen en la soya

23072012

8

bull Los fitoestroacutegenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrogeacutenico

bull La presencia de Genisteina ademaacutes de efectos estrogeacuteni-cos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrogeacutenico) helliphellip

bull hellipThus soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and

bull thyroid function In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid

bull at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroidbull peroxidase (TPO) in vitro Furthermore rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up tobull 80 helliphelliphellip Daniel R Doerge1 and Daniel M Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology National

Center for Toxicological Research Jefferson Arkansas USA 2Daniel M Sheehan andbull Associates Little Rock Arkansas USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3)349ndash353 (2002)

23072012

9

bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

23072012

10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

23072012

11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

23072012

12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

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Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

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Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

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Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

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22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 3: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

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3

La concentracioacuten de proteiacutenas en la soya excepto metionina con niveles apreciables de aminoaacutecidos esenciales hacen de esta especie un recurso nutricional de alta valoracioacuten particularmente en las regiones maacutes deprimidas

Propiedades de la Soja

bull Proteiacutenas destaca su contenido de proteiacutenas de buena calidad superado incluso el aporte proteico de las carnes100 gramos de soja = 359 gramos de proteiacutena100 gramos de carne de ternera = 20 gramos de proteiacutena

bull Fibra su elevado aporte de fibra contribuye a prevenir o aliviar el estrentildeimiento a hacer maacutes lento el paso de los azuacutecares hacia la sangre y a reducir los niveles de colesterol efecto que tambieacuten comparten las grasas insaturadas que contiene la soja100 gramos de soja = 157 gramos de fibra

bull Hidratos de carbono100 gramos de soja = 158 gramos de hidratos de carbono

bull Grasas la soja es rica en grasas (186) que en su mayor parte son poliinsaturadasDestaca la presencia de dos aacutecidos grasos linoleacutenico (omega-3 la grasa caracteriacutestica del pescado azul) y linoleico (omega-6) ambos fundamentales y beneficiosos para la salud de vasos sanguiacuteneos y corazoacuten Contiene ademaacutes lecitina un tipo de grasa que se emplea como complemento dieteacutetico y aditivo emulsionante (E-322) en chocolates reposteriacutea margarinas etc

bull Minerales y vitaminas en comparacioacuten con el resto de legumbres aporta mayor cantidad de minerales como calcio hierro magnesio potasio y foacutesforo y cantidades apreciables de vitamina E folatos y otras vitaminas del grupo B Asimismo cabe destacar la presencia de isoflavonas antioxidantes de probados beneficios para la salud

23072012

4

bull Las formulaciones actuales como leche yogurt etc hacen atractivo su uso

bull Sin embargo la soya producida en Sud Ameacuterica tiene un destino predominantemente orientado a la produccioacuten de alimentos para ganado en diversos continentes

bull El destino al consumo humano es escaso en los paiacuteses a los que se exporta

23072012

5

bull De ahiacute que no existen grandes emprendimientos para valorar la soya como insumo en la dieta humana

bull No obstante la soya en Ameacuterica Latina tiene una tendencia creciente para el consumo humano

bull Se ha establecido que la soya junto a otras leguminosas y pseudocereales (Ej Quinua) puede constituirse en la solucioacuten al problema del hambre al menos en el continente americano

23072012

6

bull Sin embargo existe el antecedente de que el consumo de soya tienen algunos inconvenientes que ya fueron advertidos inclusive en las culturas orientales

bull Entre estos se cuenta presencia de factores antinutricionales como

Aacutecido Fiacutetico ndash Fitatos Moleacuteculas con capacidad para inhibir la absorcioacuten de Zn++ Ca++ Mg++

bull Inhibidor de proteiacutenas con capacidad para neutralizar la actividad de la tripsina pancreaacutetica en la que bloquean la digestioacuten de proteiacutenas e indirectamente su absorcioacuten

23072012

7

bull Exceso de Mn que puede acumularse y tener efectos neurotoacutexicos

bull La ausencia de metiotina puede ser compensada por la conversioacuten de la homocisteina siempre que esteacute biodisponible el aacutecido foacutelico y la vitamina B12 que no existen en la soya

23072012

8

bull Los fitoestroacutegenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrogeacutenico

bull La presencia de Genisteina ademaacutes de efectos estrogeacuteni-cos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrogeacutenico) helliphellip

bull hellipThus soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and

bull thyroid function In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid

bull at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroidbull peroxidase (TPO) in vitro Furthermore rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up tobull 80 helliphelliphellip Daniel R Doerge1 and Daniel M Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology National

Center for Toxicological Research Jefferson Arkansas USA 2Daniel M Sheehan andbull Associates Little Rock Arkansas USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3)349ndash353 (2002)

23072012

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bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

23072012

10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

23072012

11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

23072012

12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

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16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 4: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

4

bull Las formulaciones actuales como leche yogurt etc hacen atractivo su uso

bull Sin embargo la soya producida en Sud Ameacuterica tiene un destino predominantemente orientado a la produccioacuten de alimentos para ganado en diversos continentes

bull El destino al consumo humano es escaso en los paiacuteses a los que se exporta

23072012

5

bull De ahiacute que no existen grandes emprendimientos para valorar la soya como insumo en la dieta humana

bull No obstante la soya en Ameacuterica Latina tiene una tendencia creciente para el consumo humano

bull Se ha establecido que la soya junto a otras leguminosas y pseudocereales (Ej Quinua) puede constituirse en la solucioacuten al problema del hambre al menos en el continente americano

23072012

6

bull Sin embargo existe el antecedente de que el consumo de soya tienen algunos inconvenientes que ya fueron advertidos inclusive en las culturas orientales

bull Entre estos se cuenta presencia de factores antinutricionales como

Aacutecido Fiacutetico ndash Fitatos Moleacuteculas con capacidad para inhibir la absorcioacuten de Zn++ Ca++ Mg++

bull Inhibidor de proteiacutenas con capacidad para neutralizar la actividad de la tripsina pancreaacutetica en la que bloquean la digestioacuten de proteiacutenas e indirectamente su absorcioacuten

23072012

7

bull Exceso de Mn que puede acumularse y tener efectos neurotoacutexicos

bull La ausencia de metiotina puede ser compensada por la conversioacuten de la homocisteina siempre que esteacute biodisponible el aacutecido foacutelico y la vitamina B12 que no existen en la soya

23072012

8

bull Los fitoestroacutegenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrogeacutenico

bull La presencia de Genisteina ademaacutes de efectos estrogeacuteni-cos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrogeacutenico) helliphellip

bull hellipThus soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and

bull thyroid function In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid

bull at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroidbull peroxidase (TPO) in vitro Furthermore rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up tobull 80 helliphelliphellip Daniel R Doerge1 and Daniel M Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology National

Center for Toxicological Research Jefferson Arkansas USA 2Daniel M Sheehan andbull Associates Little Rock Arkansas USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3)349ndash353 (2002)

23072012

9

bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

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10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

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11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

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12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

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13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

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16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

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17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

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18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

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19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 5: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

5

bull De ahiacute que no existen grandes emprendimientos para valorar la soya como insumo en la dieta humana

bull No obstante la soya en Ameacuterica Latina tiene una tendencia creciente para el consumo humano

bull Se ha establecido que la soya junto a otras leguminosas y pseudocereales (Ej Quinua) puede constituirse en la solucioacuten al problema del hambre al menos en el continente americano

23072012

6

bull Sin embargo existe el antecedente de que el consumo de soya tienen algunos inconvenientes que ya fueron advertidos inclusive en las culturas orientales

bull Entre estos se cuenta presencia de factores antinutricionales como

Aacutecido Fiacutetico ndash Fitatos Moleacuteculas con capacidad para inhibir la absorcioacuten de Zn++ Ca++ Mg++

bull Inhibidor de proteiacutenas con capacidad para neutralizar la actividad de la tripsina pancreaacutetica en la que bloquean la digestioacuten de proteiacutenas e indirectamente su absorcioacuten

23072012

7

bull Exceso de Mn que puede acumularse y tener efectos neurotoacutexicos

bull La ausencia de metiotina puede ser compensada por la conversioacuten de la homocisteina siempre que esteacute biodisponible el aacutecido foacutelico y la vitamina B12 que no existen en la soya

23072012

8

bull Los fitoestroacutegenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrogeacutenico

bull La presencia de Genisteina ademaacutes de efectos estrogeacuteni-cos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrogeacutenico) helliphellip

bull hellipThus soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and

bull thyroid function In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid

bull at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroidbull peroxidase (TPO) in vitro Furthermore rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up tobull 80 helliphelliphellip Daniel R Doerge1 and Daniel M Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology National

Center for Toxicological Research Jefferson Arkansas USA 2Daniel M Sheehan andbull Associates Little Rock Arkansas USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3)349ndash353 (2002)

23072012

9

bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

23072012

10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

23072012

11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

23072012

12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

23072012

16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

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20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 6: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

6

bull Sin embargo existe el antecedente de que el consumo de soya tienen algunos inconvenientes que ya fueron advertidos inclusive en las culturas orientales

bull Entre estos se cuenta presencia de factores antinutricionales como

Aacutecido Fiacutetico ndash Fitatos Moleacuteculas con capacidad para inhibir la absorcioacuten de Zn++ Ca++ Mg++

bull Inhibidor de proteiacutenas con capacidad para neutralizar la actividad de la tripsina pancreaacutetica en la que bloquean la digestioacuten de proteiacutenas e indirectamente su absorcioacuten

23072012

7

bull Exceso de Mn que puede acumularse y tener efectos neurotoacutexicos

bull La ausencia de metiotina puede ser compensada por la conversioacuten de la homocisteina siempre que esteacute biodisponible el aacutecido foacutelico y la vitamina B12 que no existen en la soya

23072012

8

bull Los fitoestroacutegenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrogeacutenico

bull La presencia de Genisteina ademaacutes de efectos estrogeacuteni-cos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrogeacutenico) helliphellip

bull hellipThus soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and

bull thyroid function In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid

bull at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroidbull peroxidase (TPO) in vitro Furthermore rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up tobull 80 helliphelliphellip Daniel R Doerge1 and Daniel M Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology National

Center for Toxicological Research Jefferson Arkansas USA 2Daniel M Sheehan andbull Associates Little Rock Arkansas USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3)349ndash353 (2002)

23072012

9

bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

23072012

10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

23072012

11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

23072012

12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

23072012

16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

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19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

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20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

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22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 7: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

7

bull Exceso de Mn que puede acumularse y tener efectos neurotoacutexicos

bull La ausencia de metiotina puede ser compensada por la conversioacuten de la homocisteina siempre que esteacute biodisponible el aacutecido foacutelico y la vitamina B12 que no existen en la soya

23072012

8

bull Los fitoestroacutegenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrogeacutenico

bull La presencia de Genisteina ademaacutes de efectos estrogeacuteni-cos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrogeacutenico) helliphellip

bull hellipThus soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and

bull thyroid function In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid

bull at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroidbull peroxidase (TPO) in vitro Furthermore rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up tobull 80 helliphelliphellip Daniel R Doerge1 and Daniel M Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology National

Center for Toxicological Research Jefferson Arkansas USA 2Daniel M Sheehan andbull Associates Little Rock Arkansas USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3)349ndash353 (2002)

23072012

9

bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

23072012

10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

23072012

11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

23072012

12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

23072012

16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 8: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

8

bull Los fitoestroacutegenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrogeacutenico

bull La presencia de Genisteina ademaacutes de efectos estrogeacuteni-cos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrogeacutenico) helliphellip

bull hellipThus soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and

bull thyroid function In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid

bull at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroidbull peroxidase (TPO) in vitro Furthermore rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up tobull 80 helliphelliphellip Daniel R Doerge1 and Daniel M Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology National

Center for Toxicological Research Jefferson Arkansas USA 2Daniel M Sheehan andbull Associates Little Rock Arkansas USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3)349ndash353 (2002)

23072012

9

bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

23072012

10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

23072012

11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

23072012

12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

23072012

16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 9: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

9

bull La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epoacutexidos en los dobles enlaces en los liacutepidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya)

bull El aceite de soya tambieacuten se transforma(se epoxida) Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacioacuten pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Epoacutexido

Sustancias quiacutemicas que se usan en la fabricacioacuten de derivados como los solventes en

aceite pueden tener efectos colaterales

bull Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

23072012

10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

23072012

11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

23072012

12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

23072012

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Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

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Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

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19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

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22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 10: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

10

bull A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgeacutenicas resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida

bull Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos

El caso maacutes conocido la Soya transgeacutenica ldquoRoundup Readyrdquode la empresa Monsanto

bull El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas la Shikimato Sintasa (5 ndashfosfo-enol-piruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS que es esencial en el metabolismo) Si eacutesta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere

Es resistente a un herbicida el Glifosato de amonio

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11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

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12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

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16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

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17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 11: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

11

bull A la soya transgeacutenica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato obtenido de una bacteria Agrobacterium CP4 que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) por tanto no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES

A- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto Aventis)

Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras Hay

controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla se disponen de controles

B- Para los productores de maiacutez o soya

bull Menos uso de mano de obra el pequentildeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas el grande ya no contrata peones fumiga por avioacuten (aumenta sus ganancias)

bull Usa menos pesticidas quiacutemicos solo se usariacutea Glifosato

ndash El dinero proveniente de la disminucioacuten de costos de produccioacuten (por la no contratacioacuten de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgeacutenica

bull Mas rendimiento No estaacute establecido Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucioacuten de granos que ocasionan las plagas ej-barrenador europeo en el maiacutez convencional Sin embargo diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta Cruz) y que el rendimiento por tanto es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isogeacutenico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artiacuteculo siguiente)

23072012

12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

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13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

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Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

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Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

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WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

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19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

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22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 12: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

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12

Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maiacuteces Bt

en el norte santafesino

Sosa Maria A Vitti Scarel Daniela E

Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004 18 de

Octubre de 2004 Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNNE

Conclusiones

Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S frugiperda aunque con menor intensidad que el

material convencional El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico

convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas

La sequia posiblemente enmascaroacute el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Para los Productores de Semillas Ningunabull Para los productores de Maiacutez o Soya

ndash Se cierra el mercado de productos orgaacutenicos[actualmente en alza tanto en la regioacuten (paises del ALBA) y en Europa]

ndash Contaminan a traveacutes de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Meacutexico y Espantildea) e insectos a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacioacuten geneacutetica) En el caso de Sta Cruz sur debe recordarse que es la regioacuten de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudameacuterica(ver mapa eoacutelico en anexos)

ndash Puede tener cultivos transgeacutenicos sin usar semillas transgeacutenicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente

ndash Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

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13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

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14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

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15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

23072012

16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

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17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

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WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

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22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 13: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

13

Desventajas de los OGMacutes

bull Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras aacutereas de la regioacuten

bull Provoca la creacioacuten de las llamadas supermalezas ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades Bt y hierbas resistentes a glifosato ej Digitaria insularis una especie perenne de difiacutecil control

Las variedades Bt matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacioacuten de insectos beneacuteficos Ej- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas desaparecen las especies que fertilizan airean y drenan la tierra se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies- por tanto afecta las cadenas troacuteficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural El glifosato tiene tambieacuten este efecto

Esterilizan sus tierras el glifosato es toacutexico para la micro flora edaacutefica consecuencia desertificacioacuten o grandes gastos en rehabilitacioacuten

El glifosato tambieacuten tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores

Despueacutes de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible Es necesario ampliar la frontera agriacutecola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

bull Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgeacutenicos (Monsanto DuPont Aventis)

bull Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisioacuten de una corte en Alemania) investigadores independientes encontraron dantildeo hepaacutetico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready

bull Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude

__________

Con dichas ldquopruebasrdquo se aproboacute la importacioacuten de la Soya transgeacutenica en Bolivia y en otros paiacuteses

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

23072012

15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

23072012

16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

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20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

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22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 14: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

14

Hay que diferenciar entreAusencia de evidencia

YEvidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Ademaacutes

bull Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibioacuteticos

bull Un gen no es soacutelo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para proteiacutenas desconocidas que pueden ser

bull Autoaintiacutegenos mutaacutegenos alergenos mielotoacutexicos nefrotoacutexicos

bull Hepatotoacutexicos neurotoacutexicos inmunotoacutexicos

bull Muchos pagraveises se han sujetado al principio de precaucioacuten y rechazan los transgeacutenicos

bull En la UE soacutelo de usa soya para alimentacioacuten de cerdos

bull En Bolivia el maiacutez no es soacutelo forrajero

bull El uacutenico pais de Europa que cultiva transgeacutenicos es Espantildea respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologiacutea e Innovacioacuten

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15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

23072012

16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

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19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

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Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

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bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 15: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

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15

Cristina Gamendiacutea Ministra espantildeola de Ciencia

Innovacioacuten y Tecnologiacutea

Experta en biomedicina y

biofarmacia Presidenta de la empresa de

investigacioacuten Genetrix

ldquoLos transgeacutenicos son seguros Yo me los

comeriacutea tranquilamenterdquo

-------------------El glifosato tambieacuten ha mostrado efectos toacutexicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida tanto en los que utilizan directamente en los aereofumigados en los consumidores y el la fauna afectadaSe ha reportado afectacioacuten del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endoacutecrinoEn animales anomaliacuteas del desarrollo

Estudios recientes demuestranbullEfecto genotoacutexico (mutageacutenico)bullEfecto inductor de stress oxidativo bullDantildeo en ceacutelulas mononucleares de la sangre bullInduccioacuten de muerte celular en ceacutelulas embrionarias y placentarias incluyendo la bull afectacioacuten de su funcionamiento endoacutecrino

bullLa asociacioacuten entre la presencia de caacutencer y la exposicioacuten a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios

bullLa asociacioacuten con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemioloacutegicos en Suecia y Canadaacute y la asociacioacuten con Mieloma muacuteltiple en EEUU bullLa relacioacuten entre glifosato y caacutencer tambieacuten fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales

bullLa manipulacioacuten geneacutetica realizada en el maiacutez transgeacutenico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen utilizado como marcador geneacutetico que produce resistencia a antibioacuteticos beta-lactaacutemicos (incluyendo la ampicilina) sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacioacuten en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento induciendo asiacute la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes terapeacuteuticos lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologiacuteas infecciosas Recientemente tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

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16

Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

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17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 16: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

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Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Apr45(4)551-62 Epub 2006 Oct 4

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 in Sprague-Dawley ratsMacKenzie SA Lamb I Schmidt J Deege L Morrisey MJ Harper M Layton RJ Prochaska LM Sanders

C Locke M Mattsson JL Fuentes A Delaney BDuPont Haskell Laboratory Newark DE USA

AbstractMaize line 1507 containing event DAS-Oslash15Oslash7-1 (1507) is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that

expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-

acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the

grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB Ostrinia nubilalis Huumlbner Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests Expression of the PAT protein

confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium The current study evaluated

the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding

study The grains in this study 1507 its near-isogenic control (33P66) and a non-GM commercial hybrid

(33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates amino acids minerals anti-nutrients and secondary

metabolites The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed

diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains All diets

were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent

LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002) Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days

In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical

signs of toxicity No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance

variables clinical and neurobehavioral signs ophthalmology clinical pathology (hematology clinical

chemistry coagulation and urinalysis) organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology between

any pair of treatment groups These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as

nutritious as non-GM maize grain

Food Chem Toxicol 2009 Sep47(9)2269-80 Epub 2009 Jun 12

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 in Sprague-Dawley ratsAppenzeller LM Munley SM Hoban D Sykes GP Malley LA Delaney BPioneer A DuPont Company Johnston IA USA

AbstractThis 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from

long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Oslash9814Oslash-6 (98140 trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of

Pioneer Hi-Bred)) Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by

genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence gat4621 from Bacillus

licheniformis tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by

overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to

inactivation Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+GlySU) plants the

conventional non-transgenic near-isogenic control (091) and three commercial non-transgenic reference

hybrids (33J56 33P66 and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38 ww into a common rodent

chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats

(12sexgroup) for at least 91 consecutive days Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the

conventional near-isogenic control maize no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing

grain from 98140 or 98140+GlySU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and

OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD 1998 Section 4 (Part 408) Health Effects

Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Organisation

of Economic Co-operation and Development Paris France] These results support the comparative safety

and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional non-

transgenic hybrid field corn

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 17: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

17

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 May52(4)596-602 Epub 2007 Mar 13

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically

modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicitySeacuteralini GE Cellier D de Vendomois JSCommittee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN Paris France criigenunicaenfr

AbstractHealth risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under

debate throughout the world and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological

studies with mammals One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company

with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe

where it was finally approved in 2005 This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings and the results remained controversial An Appeal Court action in Germany (Muumlnster) allowed public

access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study We independently re-analyzed

these data Appropriate statistics were added such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves and for

biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent

normal diet and separately with six reference diets with different compositions We observed that after the

consumption of MON863 rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both

sexes resulting in 33 decrease in weight for males and 37 increase for females Chemistry

measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity marked also by differential sensitivities in males and

females Triglycerides increased by 24-40 in females (either at week 14 dose 11 or at week 5 dose

33 respectively) urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35 (week 14

dose 33) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets

tested Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible

pathology with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5(7)706-726A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian HealthJoeumll Spiroux de Vendocircmois1 Franccedilois Roullier1 Dominique Cellier12 and Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini131 CRIIGEN 40 rue Monceau 75008 Paris France 2 University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108 76821 Mont-Saint-AignanFrance 3 University of Caen Institute of Biology Risk Pole CNRS EA 2608 14032 Caen France Correspondenceto Prof Gilles-Eric Seacuteralini Institute of Biology EA 2608 University of Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 CaenCedex France Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84 Fax +33 2 56 53 20 Email criigenunicaenfr

AbstractWe present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials withrats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603 MON 810 MON 863)which are present in food and feed in the world NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to thebroad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation MON 810 andMON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides Approximately60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urineafter 5 and 14 weeks of feeding GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenicor parental non-GM equivalent control groups This was followed by comparison to six referencegroups which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties We applied nonparametricmethods including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach PrincipalComponent Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex weeks offeeding diet dose and group) Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linkedwith GM maize consumption which were sex- and often dose-dependent Effects were mostlyassociated with the kidney and liver the dietary detoxifying organs although different between the3 GMOs Other effects were also noticed in the heart adrenal glands spleen and haematopoieticsystem We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity possibly due to the newpesticides specific to each GM corn In addition unintended direct or indirect metabolicconsequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 18: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

18

WIKIPEDIA RoundupReady Fraude cientiacuteficoEn dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccioacuten Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientiacuteficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacioacuten contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories un revisor del EPA declaroacute despueacutes de la investigacioacuten sobre falsificacioacuten de datos de rutina que era difiacutecil de creer la integridad cientiacutefica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los uacuteteros de conejos machos26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacioacuten de resultados ocurrido en 1991 el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs) y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos el propietario fue condenado a 5 antildeos de prisioacuten y una multa de 50000 doacutelares el laboratorio fue multada con 155 millones de doacutelares y se le ordenoacute pagar 37 millones en restitucioacuten29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven habiacutean realizado estudios para 262 empresas entre ellas los plaguicidas de MonsantoPublicidad engantildeosaEn 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engantildeosa de los productos derivados del glifosato acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32

El 20 de enero de 2007 Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engantildeosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneciacutea limpio despueacutes de su uso Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores planteoacute el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato el ingrediente principal del Roundup estaacute clasificado por la Unioacuten Europea como peligroso para el medio ambiente y toacutexico para los organismos acuaacuteticos Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto33

[

Environ Toxicol Chem 2007 Oct26(10)2094-100Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea(Unionidae)Bringolf RB Cope WG Mosher S Barnhart MC Shea DDepartment of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Campus Box 7633 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7633 USA rbringolfwarnellugaeduAbstractNative freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants however there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides including glyphosate to mussels Therefore the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate its formulations and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea a native freshwater mussel Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels Roundup its active ingredient the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate IPA alone and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L siliquoidea glochidia MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (05 mgL) for L siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date Juvenile L siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818 Roundup glyphosate IPA salt and IPA alone Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive In summary these results indicate that L siliquoidea a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 19: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

19

Chemosphere 2003 Aug52(7)1189-97Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factorsTsui MT Chu LMDepartment of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong ChinaAbstractGlyphosate-based herbicides (eg Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors In this study the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibriofischeri) microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum) protozoa (Tetrahymenapyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated The effects of four environmental factors (temperature pH suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C dubia were also examined Generally the toxicity order of the chemicals was POEAgtRoundupgtglyphosate acidgtIPA salt of glyphosate while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (ie IC50 from 235 to 295 mg AEl) In contrast microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa Except photosynthetic microalgae POEA accounted for more than 86 of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mgl) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C dubia but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007 Jul53(1)126-33 Epub 2007 May 4Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Sipahutar H Moslemi S Gasnier C Travert C Seacuteralini GELaboratoire Estrogeacutenes et Reproduction USC-INRA IBFA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceAbstractRoundup is the major herbicide used worldwide in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells but also on normal human placenta and equine testis The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 03 within 1 h in serum-free medium and it decreases to reach 006 (containing among other compounds 127 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum In these conditions the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones In all instances Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2 ie with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient glyphosate suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup We demonstrated that serum-free cultures even on a short-term basis (1 h) reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses from 001 (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h that Roundup is an aromatasedisruptor The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney equine testicular or human fresh placental extracts) Furthermore glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase independently of its acidity and in a dose-dependent manner The cytotoxic and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time Taken together these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic

or hormonal impact

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 20: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

20

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010 Oct73(7)1681-8 Epub 2010 Sep 1The toxicity of Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophsLipok J Studnik H Gruyaert SFaculty of Chemistry Opole University Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland jaceklipokuniopoleplAbstractThe toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundupreg 360 SL widely used nonselective herbicide and its main constituents glyphosate (PMG) equimolar (11) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundupreg glyphosate GIPA and IPA The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundupreg 360 SL formulation and its main constituents Market available formulation of Roundupreg was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this attributed to its main constituents however both these compounds isopropylamine and glyphosate also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner Notably the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations Considering Roundupreg 360 SL formulation these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range Notably in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau isopropylaminealone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate

Chem Res Toxicol 2009 Jan22(1)97-105Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical embryonic and placental cellsBenachour N Seacuteralini GEUniVersity of Caen Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction UPRES EA 2608 Institute of Biology Caen 14032 FranceAbstractWe have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations from 10(5) times dilutions on three different human cell types This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations POEA HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and necrosis by release of cytosolic adenylate kinasemeasuring membrane damage They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 37 activity This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells G provokes only apoptosis and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G In conclusion the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G through apoptosis and necrosis The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert Moreover the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 21: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

21

Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cellsand AromataseSophie Richard Safa Moslemi Herbert Sipahutar Nora Benachour and Gilles-Eric SeraliniLaboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire USC-INCRA Universiteacute de Caen Caen FranceRoundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it Its residues may thus enter the food chain and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants Surprisingly Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell cultureWe conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup not just glyphosate can beobserved in mammals We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability andor bioaccumulation Key words adjuvants aromatase endocrine disruption glyphosate herbicide human JEG3 cells placenta reductase Roundup xenobiotic Environ Health Perspect 113716ndash720

Existe solucioacuten para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano-Los procesos de fermentacioacuten utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambieacuten utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual

-La purificacioacuten de proteiacutena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos Fitoestroacutegenos etc)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipo-oxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Page 22: La Soya Para Consumo Humano

23072012

22

bull Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgeacutenica ya que

bull No se puede quitar el gen insertado

bull No se puede ldquolavarrdquo el glifosato

bull CONCLUSIOacuteN

bull Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

rogercarvajalaceleratecom

Graciashelliphelliphelliphelliphellip