LLUÍS RODA: "De generatione: Jaume Pérez Montaner i el cànon poètic valencià de la generació...

8/2/2019 LLUS RODA: "De generatione: Jaume Prez Montaner i el cnon potic valenci de la generaci dels 70"

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; I}pueb` }pabdekw }`q bKpbk g` ]iùdk g` bk Jkepbwkw g` Jdbibiodk g` bk Pndz`qudwkwg` Zkbnedk" nl. 18.

G@ O@N@[email protected]@ ]Q@S LINWKN@Q D @B ENIN ]IWDE

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2/28

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3/28

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U {p` Ekql`bdnk u`q dnebiuk" `n eknzd" `b ;48? k bknwibiodkGd,nip }i`wù g`bu u`dxknwk g@nqde Akbkop`q kb eiuwkw g`bu zkb`nedknuBbpu Kb}`qk (;458$" Bbpu Z. Kqkedb (;47=$" @ldbd Qigqop`s,A`qnka`p(;47=$" Qkdlin (;47=$ d Izdgd Linwbbiq (;471$. In" wkla }`q `gkw"ù}`qkq`l wqiakq,hd Ckpl` ]q`s Linwkn`q (;458$ i Ciu`} ]kbediu(;458$.1

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dneinued`nw w`ngd`n k ldl`wdwskq bù iqlù d `bu einwdnopwu. G` `w"libwu hd kakngin`n. D libwu }din`qu ekp`n `n biabdw. D `bu {p` ni u}`q{p keka`n o`n`qknw bndù iqwkl`nw }`quinkbu `n q`bked kbu`b`l`nwu dndedkbu eil}kqwdwu. Jdnu ke" qù g`xwqkiqgdnkqd. @uw`bbu"}`q `x`l}b`" `xe`bbdq eil k }i`wk q`kbduwk" lu {p` ni }ku eil k}i`wk`xduw`nedkb eil bd }`qwiekzk o`n`qkedinkbl`nw. Bbpu Kb}`qk klaUpqknw `nldo g`b nkpqkod jnkb" einw`l}b` `b zibp}wpu dne`ngd g`wiwù d ekgkuepnk g` bù iqu g`b nadbhdaduepu (;480$ udnu`qdq gdnu

1 Ni wqkewkq`l ke `b eku udnopbkq g` Ciu`} ]kbediu" {pd kbu zdnw kntu zk opkntkq `b}q`ld Zkbnedk g` bdw`qkwpqk,}iùdk kla Bù {pkwq` ùwkedinu (;404$. Eil k }i`wk" `bubbdaqù uò`nwu hkn ùwkw G`zkuwked (;48;$"Dnz`nwkqd (;487$"Jqinwduuk (;48:$ d Pn np(1==4$.

5 ]`q" `n k{pùw u`nwdw" i}dn`l {p` bk gkwk gùeqd}wpqk u wkla dl}iqwknw" {pkn nieidnedg`dx kla bk g` }pabdeked. Lu `nekqk3 ùg`z lu dl}iqwknw {pkn lu gduwnedkw`l}iqkb hd hk `nwq` bù gpù gkwù" bk gùeqd}wpqk d bk g` }pabdeked. Uizdnw" u `b einw`xwbdw`qkqd k{p`bb {p` `x}bdek wkn bù gdjepbwkwu eil bù kedbdwkwu k bhiqk g` }pabdekq `bu }qd,l`qu bbdaqù. Wkla" ni ekb gdq,hi" bk {pkbdwkw g` bù iaqù. ]`q wkl}ie ni iabdg`l {p` bùiqdodnkbdwkwu i bk {pkbdwkw ni u`l}q` hkn ùwkw a`n qàpgù g`nwqkgk.


4/28

:1

(`xe`bbdnw d kbhiqk bd{pdgknw,bk$ pnk ck knkeqndek uwwdek g`bu ?=" wiwup}`qknw bk }q}dk iaqk q`kbduwk g``nukgk }qioqklwdekl`nw. Bk {pkbeiuk" gù g`b }pnw g` zduwk g` bk hduwqdk bdw`qqdk" ug`z gdz`qwdgkl`nwdqndek" ud lu ni" k ekuk niuwqk. @n wiwk q`bked g`bu ldbbiqu bbdaqù

gkpwiqu zkb`nedknu g` bk o`n`qked g`bu ?= {p` ù }q`w`nok iacèwdzkUpqknw... hkpq gk}kqdx`q nèùuqdkl`nw" kb eiuwkw g` bù iaqù g`Cikn Nkzkqqi" Ukbzkgiq C`q" Ciu`} Ain`w i Oku}kq Ckn" }`q ul`nwkqkbopnu nilu zkb`nedknu `lab`lwdeu gk{pùwk o`n`qked.

@b ;4?7" b`gdwiqdkb Wqù d [pkwq` }pabdek bk }qdl`qk iaqk opkntkgiqkg`b }q`ld Zde`nw Kngqu @uw`bbu Oqdbbu ulib`n okndz`wu k wq`ne g` }iqg` Cikn Nkzkqqi" }q`ld g`b {pkb qùw jnkbduwkBùliqw`gk ùw`bk g`bk }bkwck g` Ukbzkgiq C`q. Wkla b ;4?7" k}kq`dx Ekqn qùek. ]iùdkzkb`nedknk ciz`" pnk knwibiodk gKlkg`p Jkaqòkw {p` kuu`ntkbk klaebkq`gkw bk dn`xd qù}èw` g`b q`kbdul`" `nw u gpnk }qiziekgiqkgdzdud `n ]qdl`qk }kqw3 @b uòpdl`nw g`b q`kbdul`7 d Uòink }kqw3Dnded gpnk nizk }iùdk kb ]ku Zkb`ned0. K{pùwu `wu q`}qù`nw`nbdnded g` bk o`n`qked g`bu ?= kb ]ku Zkb`ned. Kb }qbò gKlkg`pJkaqòkw Kb bbkqo g` {pkwq` knwibiodù }iwd{pù" bbòdl3

]i`wù pndz`qudwkqdu zkb`nedknu ;4:1 ip pn qèpbb }qù`nwkw }`qLknp`b Uknehdu" {p` `ne`w pnk nizk o`n`qked }iwdek ,,d lu dopkbud `b bèwiq zib gdq,n` }qilied,," kbb in hkzdk {p`gkw dnw`qqil}p,gk bKnwibiodk g` bk }iùdk zkb`nedknk" g` Cikn Jpuw`q. V...\ Hd `q`ndnebiuiu3 Bbpu Kb}`qk" Bbpu Kqkedb" @ldbd Aibu" Kbinu Epe" Cikn

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g` bk nizk q`zduwkQ`gpeedinu3Eqinibodekl`nw" ]q`s Linwkn`q }`qwknt k bk o`n`qked g`bu

}i`wù g`b :16 bdw`qqdkl`nw" }`q" ù wqiak lu keiuwkw kbu }i`wù

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qi d Ukbzkgiq C`q.


5/28

:5

g` bbwdlk o`n`qked" k bk {pkb }`qwknt" `n g`jndwdzk" }`q bk gkwk g`}pabdeked g`b u`p }qdl`q qèpbb.

Wqù kntu lu wkqg g` bkewk pngkedinkb g` bk o`n`qked g`bu ?= kb

]ku Zkb`ned {p` ip Ekqn qùek (;4?7$" Daiqqk liuwqkzk eil bu nipubbdaqù d nilu einjqlkz`n" kqk d ke" bk }qi}iuwk dndedkb g` Jkaqòkw3

@b akbkn gk{pùwu wqù bwdlu kntu ni }iw u`q lu g`nu3 ins`qèpbbu g` z`quiu" g/kpwiqu jnu kqk gùeinòpwu" i {p` ck u/hkzd`nùwq`nkw `n bk liuwqk g` Jkaqòkw" u wiw pn qeiqg. V...\ Bk }pabdekedg` bk u`zk iaqk iuedbbk `nwq` `bu zdnw,d,nip kntu g` Ciu`} ]d`qk d `bugdzpdw g` B}`s Akqqdiu Vude\. Nilu Ckpl` ]q`s ,nkuepw b ;458, uhk}qù`nwkw kla pn q`wkqg einudg`qkab`.:

Daiqqk ù q``q`dx k ]q`s Linwkn`q eil k `b lu z`bb g`b oqp}.@nwq` `bu edn{pknwk,{pkwq` }i`wù {p` `b ;4?4 iq`n qèibbdwu kbknwibiodk,liuwqk o`n`qkedinkbBù gkqq`qù w`ngnedù g` bk }iùdkekwkbknk (;4:8,;4?4$"? wqia`l {p`" kbu zkb`nedknu Nkzkqqi" C`q" Ai,n`w" ]d`qk d Z`nwpqk,L`bd {p` ck k}kq`dxd`n kEkqn qùek" ukò`dx`nkqk bu nilu g` Lkqe Oqkn`bb" C. ]q`s Linwkn`q" Oku}kq Ckn Pqakn"Jqkneùe B}`s Akqqdi" Ciu`} ]kbil`qi d Kngq`p Liq`bb.8 E`qwkl`nw"

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Qigqop`s A`qnka`p" {p` gù gKbkeknw eil}b`l`nwkzk bk lkneknk gkpwiqu g`b Upg g`b ]ku Zkb`n,

ed k Ekqn jqùek. KLdociqn wqia`l Ekqain`bb" Ebdl`nw" Okqqdou" H`qnng`s" Lkwì" Liduu" Kngq`p

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hk `bu zkb`nedknu Ain`w" Ekn`w" Eq`lkgù" Oqkn`bb" Hpop`w" Lkwiuù" Ldq" Linci" Nkzkqqi" ]kbil`qi"

]d`qk" Uòp" Oku}kq Ckn d Z`qo`q.? Bkdk" Akqe`bink" ;48=.8 Iau`qz`l {p` `n bk wqdk `wk }`q Kbwkd d Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk gùk}kq`dx`n `bu nilu g`

Jqkneh" Kqbkngdu" Uòp d U`bbu. @n eknzd" g`liuwq`n kla ain eqdw`qd bk dl}qùedngdadbd,wkw g` Ain`w `n pnk wqdk g` }iùdk g`bu ?=. ]`q bi}ed g` Ain`w" `n eknzd" ni qùwk o`nuebkqk `n Ciu`} Daiqqk. Kbu nilu ck einòpwu" Kbwkd ) Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk (;48=$ uibkl`nw k`,odqkn `bu g` Ciu`} ]kbil`qi d Kngq`p Liq`bb. Zò`p niwk 0.

U`qdk dncpuw ni `q,niu qùu g` bknwibiodk @bu gkqq`qu. O`n`qked g`b ?= g` CùuHpop`w (B@dxkl" Zkbnedk" ;4?1$" knw`qdiq k bk g` Ekqn qùek" {p` w `b zkbiq ghkz`q}qù`nwkw kbopnu g`bu nilu dng`podabù `n bk hduwqdk gk{pùwk o`n`qked bdw`qqdk kb]ku Zkb`ned eil kqk `bu g` Ciu`} B. Ain`w" Ciu`} Biskni i Donkud Liqk cpnw kla `bugKz`bbkn" Aini" Ekn`w" H`qnng`s" Jkpuwi" Jiu" Jqkneh" Ldbbi" Niokbù" Qig`nku" Zknk,ebiehk d `b lkw`dx Hpop`w. K lu" k{pùwk }iwu`q qk bk }qdl`qk qù}iuwk kb ]ku Zkb`nedk bknwibiodk pngkedinkb gIqdib ]d g` Ekakntù d Opdbb`l,Ciqgd Oqk`bbu Bk o`n`qkedbdw`qqdk g`bu ?=.10 ùeqd}wiqu nkuepwu `nwq` ;454,;474 (]qwde" ;4?;$ {p` ni dnebik ek}ùeqd}wiq zkb`ned.


6/28

:7

edn{pknwk,{pkwq` }i`wù ni u ek} wqdk" udn pnk g`liuwqked g` iqk.u `zdg`nw {p` bk gkwk g`b ;4:8 eil k q``qnedk udwpk bk liuwqk `nbqadwk d `b g`dxknw g`b Lkdo g`b :8" kla wiw `b {p` kdx `x}qùuk dudlaibdwsk gù g`b }pnw g` zduwk }ibwde" epbwpqkb d" uiaq`wiw" uwwde6 uk gdq" uiedkb. @b ekqew`q undiq" n k{pùwk liuwqk" biuw`nwkqkn QibuEkuklkgk (;415$" Qdekqg Eq`pu (;418$" Uòdlin U`qqkbbinok (;45=$ dJ`bdp Jiqliuk (;457$" wiwu bu {pkbu zkn }pabdekq wkla }`q }qdl`qkzòkgk `n bk gekgk g`bu ?=. G` lkn`qk {p " lu {p` ni }ku b`gkw"wqia`l {p` bk gkwk g` }pabdeked g`b }qdl`q bbdaq` ùg`z wkla `b}qdned}kb `b`l`nw einjopqkwdp gk{pùwk o`n`qked. D w u`nwdw3

K{pùw ùwpgd" gineu" }kqw`dx g` bk bèwpqk g` wiwk bk }iùdk }p,abdekgk }`q kpwiqu cizù" u k gdq" }`q k{p`bbu ùeqd}wiqu {p` un `gd,

wkwu }`q }qdl`qk zòkgk }iuw`qdiql`nw kb ;4:8. @b w`ql` g` cizùkaqkk wknw `b eine`}w` g`gkw eil bkee`}ed {p` `b k udnndl gèinw`l}iqknd. Lkb {p` kdx ni zib gdq b`xebpud kauibpwk g` }i`wùldlwdeu" eklkb`ndeu d ekgpeu6 kbwqkl`nw" bk niuwqk wkuek ni qk }qipwiwkbdwskgiqk d dniqlkwdzk. Bk }qùnedk g` J`bdp Jiqliuk" UòdlinU`qqkbbinok" Qdekqg Eq`pu" Kba`qw Qibu Ekuklkgk d jnu g` Ld{p`bAkp" u b qùpbwkw gk{pùwk zibopgk kl}bdwpg6 wiwk bbpq iaqk" k luk lu ,,`ngkqq`qdgk i eih`q`nw kla bk dn{pd`wpg q`nizkgiqk,," hkùwkw }pabdekgk gdnwq` k{pùw }`qig`4 d" ud g` eku iu akng`ckgk" u`qdkni uibkl`nw l`ntuwdnopgk bbpq dnedgnedk n `b }qieu udn wkla" kekzkbb g` giu w`l}u" }igqdk {p`gkq uiw`qqkgk.

G`bu edn{pknwk,{pkwq` kpwiqu einudonkwu" uibkl`nw edne w`n`n iaqk}pabdekgk kaknu g`b ;4?=3 Ld{p`b Akp" Knwin Ekqq`qk" Lkqwk ]ù,ukqqigink" Nkqeu Eilkgdqk d Jqkneùe ]kqe`qduku.;= ]`q kdx" `b }kukb ekwkb g` ]`q` Odl`qq`q }qigpw kla bk }pabdeked g@bu ldqkbbu `b;4?= (`b lkw`dx knt {p` C. L. Ekuw`bb`w `gdwkNp`z` nizudliu }i`wkuù}kibù$;;" hk g` einudg`qkq,u` b q``q`nw aude" }`q a {p` ni nde"}`q k b`laqknsdgk gk{pùwk nizk o`n`qked bdw`qqdk g`bu ?=. G` `w"Jkaqòkw" `b ;4?7" }qù`nwkq `b oqp} g` bk Uòink }kqw. Dnded gpnk

nizk }iùdk kb ]ku Zkb`ned" gdnu Ekqn qùek" ni }`q ekupkbdwkw" klapnk edwked g` ]`q` Odl`qq`q3 Wiw u ek}zù}q` d iq d upaw`qpod.

4 Dnebip bk niwk uò`nw3 Nu `xe`}ed Ld{p`b Akp (;47=$ {p` ck hkzdk }pabdekwbknt ;4:1 Pnk a`bbk hduwqdk.

;= @b ;48?" @. Akbkop`q dnebip Ld{p`b Akp d Jqkneùe ]kqe`qduku k bknwibiodk o`,n`qkedinkbGdnip }i`wù g`bu u`dxknwk" cpnw kla Okaqd`b J`qqkw`q d Bbpu Kb}`qk" `nwq`kbwqù.

;; Akqe`bink" Akqqkb @gdwiqù.


7/28

:0

Zdnw kntu gù}qu g` bk }pabdeked g`Np`z` nizudliu }i`wkuù}kibù" Qiuk Lkqk ]`q`gk eil`nk bk Dnwqigpeedn g`Ciz`n]iùk @u}kibk kla qiwpngdwkw3;1

Ke`qek g` pnk }iwdek np`zk;4:5. K}kqè` `n Akqe`bink@b l`nukc` g`b w`wqkqek" bdaqi cpz`ndb

t aqdbbknw`" `b }qdl`qi g`b {p` lu wkqg` u`q einudg`qkgi eili`bg`bn g` biu cz`nù }i`wku. ]`gqi Odl`qq`q V...\ @èwdzkl`nw`" t tkgùg` uwk }qdl`qk }d`gqk" bk o`n`qkedn u` z`q lkqekgk t }qi}dedkgk}iq `b `nep`nwqi ein biu zd`ciu lkùwqiu" bk O`n`qkedn g`b 1?. V...\ Tkboi lu3 ud Odl`qq`q ù pni g` biu l`ciqù }i`wku ekuw`bbkniu ù"udn gpgk" b l`ciq g` biu cz`nù ekwkbknù. @b wqkuzku` iqlkb {p` hk`èwpkgi ein bk zp`bwk k up b`nopk lkgq` t bk dnzùwdokedn `n `bbkt n upu lkwdeù eili b`nopk epbwk" up}`qk b lkqei dngdzdgpkb" }kqkeinz`qwdqu` `n pn hèhi epbwpqkb g` dl}iqwknedk. T ù g` u`kbkq `bùp`qsi {p`" udn gpgk" b ciz`n }i`wk hk w`ndgi {p` q`kbdskq3 }iq{p` udhkakliu u`kbkgi tk knwù {p` n ekuw`bbkni bk g` uwiu cz`nù qkpnk }iùk dnnizkgiqk t èpngk" n ekwkbn t n b ekui g` Odl`qq`qu` wqkwk g` pnk kpwnwdek}iùk g` pngkedn.

Kla wiwu bu wu d pwu {p` zpbop`p" }`q u kdx. D einz `q eil}q n,udab` b {p` gpnk kbwqk lkn`qk ni u`nw`ngqdk. Gù}qu" zdg`nwl`nw"gd`q`nwu akuù" eil}b`l`nwu d `zibpedinu }`quinkbu" kqkn bk qùwk.Bkqqdakgk g` bk o`n`qked g`bu 8= kq pn `w `b gùdo g` lig`qndwkwd g` niqlkbdwkw bdw`qqdk `n ekwkb. Ud lu ni" }`b {p` k k bk q`bk,

ed kla bk }q}dk wqkgded epbwpqkb d bk qùwk g` bdw`qkwpqù" }`q j cklndlkl`nw keeùudabù `n bk bb`nopk }q}dk. U`nu gpaw`" bù akuùgk{pùwk nizk q`bked zkn u`q ùwkab`qwù }`q bk o`n`qked g`bu ?="}`q a {p` bu g` bk o`n`qked g`bu 8= hko`n uwkw bu lu a`n`jedkwugk{pùwk lndlk niqlkbdwkw bdnouwdek d bdw`qqdk" }`q kqk }kqwdnwgpn u}kd epbwpqkb lu w`qqdwiqdkbl`nw qkol`nwkw" }kqkgixkbl`nw"{p` `b gkbùhiqù.

]`q bk}iqwked (lu `nbb g` bù ekqkew`quwd{pù ù}èj{pù}q}dù$ k bk niuwqk hduwqdk bdw`qqdk gk{pùwk o`n`qked g`bu ?=(u`nu gpaw`" pnk lu g` bù libwù einu`{nedù gdqèwù g` CiknJpuw`q d g`Niukbwqù `bu zkb`nedknu" `n k{pùw eku `n q`bked kla bkbdw`qkwpqk$" bk qùu`nt a`n kzdkw Daiqqk kb u`p kqwdeb`3;5

;1 Ew`gqk" ;48=. @gded g` Eine`}edn O. Liqkb d Q. L. ]`q`gk.;5 Bk nizk }iùdk ekwkbknk g`b ]ku Zkb`ned (;4?7,;4??$"Q`gpeedinu nl. 5" Zde"

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Kdx }`ql`w g` }kqbkq" }`q }qdl`qk zòkgk gù g` bk Gèkgnedk"g/pnk udneqindk epbwpqkb" d jnu d wiw o`n`qkedinkb" g` bk bdw`qkwpqk g`bu]kuiu Ekwkbknu. D ni uibu }`q qkinu g/pnk eidnedgnedk gdwiqdkb i g`gkwù g` nkdx`l`nw3 k{pùwu cizù u/hkn einòpw a`n kzdkw d }kqwded}`n

g` bù lkw`dxù dn{pd`wpgu bdw`qqdù. J`w q`lkqekab`" k{pùw" {p`wq`nek wqkgdedinkbu kqqwldù epbwpqkbu d doniqnedù lwpù. ]`nu`l{p`" }`q x`l}b`" pn Ekqbù Ukbzkgiq dldw Ukbzkw,]k}kuu`dw kla pnu{pknwu kntu g` q`wkqg. Kdx ni `qk }qèdukl`nw pn udon` g` niqlk,bdwkw. Kzpd eil`nk ck k u`q }iuudab` }kqbkq" `n bk bdw`qkwpqk ekwkbknk"g/pnk o`n`qked bdw`qqdk dng`}`ng`nwl`nw g`b bbie g` nkdx`l`nwg`bu u`pu ùeqd}wiqu.

Kdx" kiqwpnkgkl`nw" ck ni hk g`dxkw g` u`q kdx n bù o`n`qkedinu{p` hkn uòpdw. D l`ntu nekqk n bk gkqq`qk. Ckpl` ]q`s Linwkn`q"cpnw kla Lkqe Oqkn`bb d Klkg`p Zdknk" }kqwded}k `n bia`qwpqk g`

}iqwù gpnk nizk d dned}d`nw o`n`qked3 bk g`bu 8=. @b ;48;" hd wqia`l`b wq`w g`dxdgk kla bk }pabdeked gÀqiuuk nizk.]i wù zkb`nedknug`bu 8= {p` qèpbb zdnw,d,wqù nizù z`pu }iwd{pù kla pnk Dnwqi,gpeed g` ]q`s Linwkn`q. Hkn wqknueiqqòpw uibkl`nw u`w kntu gùg` Ekqnqùek" }`q b {p` zib`l q`lkqekq" kqk d ke" u bkpwipadekedg` Ckpl` ]q`s n bk o`n`qked dll`gdkwkl`nw knw`qdiq k bk {p` bblkw`dx }qù`nwk d {p` bd }`ql`w udwpkq,u`" eligkl`nw" nwq` bknw`,qdiq q`kbduwk g`bu := d bk nizk o`n`qked g`bu 8=3

Pnk g` bù }qdned}kbu ekqkew`quwd{pù g` bk nizk }iùdk zkb`nedknk

u }qèdukl`nw bkapngnedk gkpwiqu V...\ C`q" Nkzkqqi" ]d`qk" B}`sAkqqdi" ]q`s Linwkn`q" Ain`w" Z`qo`q" A`bwqkn" Pqakn" Lkqe Oqkn`bb"@uepg`qi" ]kbil`qi" Jdnk Ekqgink" Qigqop`s Ekuw`bb" Kngq`p Li,q`bb" Zde`nw Ukbzkgiq" Wind Lùwq`" Z`nwpqk L`bd" Uòp" Eq`lkgù

Kqbkngdu" ]`q Aùu" we. Pnk zdnw`nk bbkqok g` nipu }i`wù bk lkciqdkg`bu {pkbu }iqwk ck lu gpn bbdaq` }pabdekw.;7

G` lkn`qk {p` `n bk q`bked `wk }`q Linwkn`q g`bu }i`wù zkb`n,edknu g` bk o`n`qked g`bu ?= uhd einuibdgk b oqp} iqlkw }`q Ain`w"Nkzkqqi" C`q" ]d`qk" Z`nwpqk L`bd (}qdl`qk inkgk dnwqigpgk kEkqn qùek" ;4?7$" ]q`s Linwkn`q" B}`s Akqqdi" Lkqe Oqkn`bb" Oku,}kq Ckn" Eq`lkgù Kqbkngdu" Ciu`} B. Uòp (uòink inkgk dnwqigpgk

;7 G` bk nldnk g` Ekqn qùek (;4?7$" qùw`n dnebiuiu g`jndwdzkl`nw n b`we. gk{pù,wk o`n`qked ,,}iwdekl`nw }kqbknw,, Jiu" Ekn`w" Hpop`w" Biskni d Jqkneh. Ek} g`bbu nihkzdk ùwkw dnebu kBù gkqq`qù w`ngnedù... gKbwkd d Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk (;48=$. ]`b {p` kk bk q`bked gkpwiqu g` bkqwdeb` gDaiqqk Bk nizk }iùdk ekwkbknk g`b ]ku Zkb ned (;4?7,;4??$ gùk}kq`dx wkla U`bbu" wknw `n Kbwkd ) Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk (;4?4$ eil `n Linwkn`q(;48;$.


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}`q C. Daiqqk" ;4??,?8$ d Kngq`p Liq`bb" C. ]kbil`qi (w`qe`qk inkgkdnwqigpgk }`q Kbwkd ) Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk" ;48=$.;0 K k{pùwu nilu" ]q`sLinwkn`q kò`dx" `n bk Dnwqigpeed kAqiuuk Nizk (;48;$" `bu g`Z`qo`q" A`bwqkn" @uepg`qi" Jdnk Ekqgink" Qigqop`s Ekuw`bb" Zde`nwUkbzkgiq" Wind Lùwq` d ]`q` Aùu ({pkqwk inkgk dnwqigpgk kAqiuuknizk" ;48;$. ]ig`l kjqlkq" }`q wknw" {p` `b ;48; (knt g` eine`}edg` bk nizk o`n`qked g`bu 8=$";: bk nldnk g` }i`wù zkb`nedknu g`bu?= ù wqiak einuibdgkgk.

Knwndk Ekakndbbù" kBk z`bbk }`bb g` bkbak (]iùdk ekwkbknk kb]ku Zkb`ned" ;4?5,;480$ (;480$ kq `b wq`w jnkb gù g`b }pnw g`zduwk o`n`qkedinkb kbu }i`wù g`bu ?=. @b ;480 ug`z" gineu" pn }pnwgdn`xd iacèwdp kla bk}kqded gk{pùwù gpù knwibiodù" ud lu ni"`n bladw g`b ]ku Zkb`ned. G`bu giws` nilu wqdkwu }`q Ekakndbbù }`q

k bk u`pk knwibiodk" wqù k}kq`dxd`n ck k Ekqn qùek (;4?7$3 Nkzkqqi"C`q d ]d`qk (gùk}kq`dx`n bu nilu g` Ain`w d g` Z nwpqk,L`bd$. G`

;0 Ekb qèindx`q bibkew` gKbwkd d g` Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk `n ni dnebipq` k bk u`pk kn,wibiodk }iwdek Ciu`} Bbpu Uòp nd J`qqkn Eq`lkgù d Kqbkngdu" {p` wiw d {p` u`qknkpwiqu q`}qù`nwkwdpu gk{pùwk o`n`qked" hi kekakqkn ug`z`ndnw }`q bk u`pk }qigpeednkqqkwdzk. @n eknzd" Linwkn`q ù k qùu g` wiwu giu. @b ;48= k}kq`dx wkla bknwibiodk

Bk nizk }iùdk ekwkbknk g` C. Lkqei d C. ]inw" `bu {pkbu" `nwq` `bu {pdns` kpwiqu wqdkwu"dnebip`n ]d`qk" Nkzkqqi d Oqkn`bb.

;: Zdnw,d,wqù }i`wù einjql`n k{pùw uebkw dndedkb gpnk o`n`qked nizk" inkl`nwkbk bhiqk g` eqduwkbbdwskq d g` ginkq einwdnpwkw k bù dbbpudinu gpnk niqlkbdwkw epbwpqkb

kb ]ku Zkb`ned3 wknw bdnouwdek eil bdw`qqdk. @u wqkewk kqk gpn oqp} g` o`nw nkuepgk`nwq` ;40? d ;4:1 (gnip g`bu zdnw,d,wqù$. K{pùwu zdnw,d,wqù }i`wù einuwdwp`dx`n" gineu"bk }qdl`qk inkgk gk{pùwk nizk o`n`qked" {p` wdngq `n Bù}kd g`b z`qu ciz` (;480$ bku`pk }qù`nwked ijedkb d }iukgk g` bbkqo. G`p g`bu zdnw,d,wqù }i`wù gÀqiuuk nizk" `buwiqnkq`l k wqiakq kBù}kd g`b z`qu ciz 3 C. L. Abkuei" L. Eizù" K. G``s" D. Gib" C. K. Jbpd,x" L. Cikn d Kqdnt" O. Bbpeh" . Linwùdniu" C. Liq`bb d B. Qigk. K lu g`bu ck ul`nwkwu"{p` ci u}dok" C. Aiw`bbk" C. C. Eindbb d _. Z`nwpqk hkn }pabdekw }i`lù `n iqlk g` bbdaq`kla }iuw`qdiqdwkw. Bk bbduwk g` Aqiuuk nizk ù eil}b`wk kla E. Kopkgi" C. Eklkqkuk" C.Oinsb`s" K. Oinsb`s Nkzkqqi" C. E. Lkqw" L. Nkgkb" E. Nkzkqqi" C. [p`qib" ]. Uknehdu dA. Uknukni. @bu kbwqù zdnw,d,wqù nilu {p` k}kq`dx`qkn kBù}kd g`b z`qu ciz` einiqlknwbk uòink inkgk gk{pùwk o`n`qked un3 ]. Kbk}inw" L. Knqpnu" C. Kzdn`nw" C. Akbbùw`q"W. A`bkdq`" Z. A`q`nop`q" C. Aibp`q" B. Apùui" C. Z. Ebkq" K. Gku" C. @puw{pdi" J. Jinwknk"]. Okbbkqw" J. Okqedk" Q. Opdbb`l" ]. Qdekqg" Z. Lknukn`w" K. Linw`qi" Z. ]kqwkb" L. ]q`sUkbgkntk" B. Uib`qk" @. Uqdk d K. Wiqqòqiuuk. Gk{pùwu wq`nwk,wqù" zdnw,d,u`w hkn nkuepwwkla `nwq` ;40? d ;4:1. @bu nipu undiqu kqk u`qkn Knnk Linw`qi (;407$ d Zde`nw A`,q`nop`q (;400$. [pkwq` g`bu g`p nilu g` bknwibiodk g` J. Ekbkkw Ekl} g` ldnù. ]iùdkekwkbknk g`b ]ku Zkb`ned ;48=,;44= (;44;$ ni hkpqkn k}kqòpw n ek} g` bù knwibiodùo`n`qkedinkbu knw`qdiqu3 L. Okqedk d Oqkp (;4:1$" D. Lkqwn`s Lkqsi (;4:7$" W. ]kuepkb(;401$ d X. Qdekqgi Wqdoi (;404$. @bu kbwqù udu hkzd`n k}kqòpw ck wiwu `bbu k Bù}kd g`bz`qu ciz` (;480$3 Akbbùw`q" A`q`nop`q" Opdbb`l" Linw`qi" Uqdk. Jdnu d wiw" k Aqiuuk nizk(;48;$3 Qigk. KU`q g`b uòb`. Knwibiodk g`bu nipu }i`wù ekwkbknu (;484$" G. Ekuwdbbi" `nwq``bu gzpdw kpwiqu wqdkwu" k k}kqdx`q {pkwq` zkb`nedknu3 Akbbùw`q" Opdbb`l" D. Lkqwn`s d

X. Qdekqgi.


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binkgk dnwqigpgk }`q C. Daiqqk (;4??$" einwdnpkqkn ]q`s Linwkn`q"Lkqe Oqkn`bb d Oku}kq Pqakn (d g`dxkq iqk B}`s Akqqdi" Eq`lkgùKqbkngdu d Ciu`} B. Uòp$. G` lkn`qk {p` Ekakndbbù ukcpuwkq k bkwqdk `wk }`q Kbwkd ) Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk `b ;48= }`b {p` k kbu kpwiqu zk,b`nedknu" wiw dneiq}iqknw" eil bbu" Kngq`p Liq`bb d C. ]kbil`qi (}`q"kbhiqk" qù}èw` gk{p`bbu" g`dxknw g` akngk Ain`w" Z`nwpqk L`bd dB}`s Akqqdi$. Kbu nilu g` Nkzkqqi" C`q" ]d`qk" ]q`s Linwkn`q"Oqkn`bb" Ckn" K. Liq`bb d ]kbil`qi" Ekakndbbù kòdq `bu g` ]`qÀùu" Zde`nw Ukbzkgiq" Jdnk Ekqgink d Lknp`b Qigqop`s,Ekuw`bb.Wiwu {pkwq` q`n n bk q`bked g` Linwkn`q kAqiuuk nizk (;48;$. G`bunipu nilu k}kqòpwu `n bk q`bked g` Linwkn`q" gineu" wkl}ie nizkn wqiakq einjqlked }`q }kqw g` Ekakndbbù" @. Z`qo`q" K. A`bwqkn"C. J. @uepg`qi" W. Lùwq` nd b`we." `zdg`nwl`nw. ]`q `bu giws` wqdkwu

hd jopqkz`n `n bkl}bk q`bked g` Linwkn`q. Wknlkw`dx" `bu q`{pdudwu`wu `x}bedwu }`q Ekakndbbù k bhiqk g` `q bk wqdk un hkz`q }pabdekwkbl`ntu giu bbdaqù g` }i`lù d {p` `bu }i`wù hko`n eil`nkw k}pabdekq `nwq` ;4?5 d ;48=. ]`q" eil gdp" Linwkn`q" n pnk qùu`ntkg Bk z`bbk }`bb g` bkbak3;?Ni {p`gk ebkq ud k{pùwu bldwu kuu`ntkbkwu}`q bkpwiqk un pn qèpqu }`q k cpuwdjekq biacèwdzdwkw g` bk u`bèedi un bù gkwù d bù `xdonedù lndlù k }kqwdq g` bù {pkbu q`kbdwskbk u`pk wqdk. C. ]. Linwkn`q kuu`ntkbk bkaunedk g` wqù kpwiqu {pèil}b`dx`n bù eingdedinu3 C. J. @uepg`qi" Q. Z`nwpqk L`bd d Ld{p`b

g` Q`nsd" akqe`bin qùdg`nw k Zkbnedk. ]`q `b {p` `nu dnw`qùuk"uiaq`wiw" u kuu`ntkbkq {p` C. ]q`s Linwkn`q u u`nw }kqw gk{pùwko`n`qked `lab`lwdek3

@b {p` u a`n e`qw" wknlkw`dx" u {p`Bk z`bbk }`bb g` bkbak u bk}qdl`qk knwibiodk g`bu }i`wù g` bko`n`qked g`bu u`wknwk `wk kb ]ku

Zkb`ned d" n e`qwk lkn`qk" kewpk eil k akbkn d eqwdek gpn }`qig`}kqwdepbkql`nw èpng d gdz`qudjekw }`q k bk }iùdk.;8

Ud C. ]q`s Linwkn`q ip b`nekqqòkw" b ;48;" g` `q bk Dnwqigpe,ed g Aqiuuuk nizk6 `b ;480" kBù}kd g`b z`qu ciz " u`nekqqòkq g`b@}bò. Ud Cùu Hpop`w wdwpbkzk bk }innedk" }pabdekgk kb zibpl3

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11/28

:4

Knwè`g`nwu3 bk o`n`qked g`b ?=6;4 Lkqe Oqkn`bb" n eknzd" kla ainibkew` (i }iwu`q u`nu` kginkq,u`n$" iaqdk d wknekzk pn }`qig` kla`b wwib g` bk u`pk3 ;4?7,;4873 Q`nizked d einuibdgked g` bk }iùdkzkb`nedknk. @b ;487 }kuukq`n q`bkwdzkl`nw gùk}`qeàpwu giu bbdaqùebkpu gpn eknzd3B` upeqd`q z`bipqu g` C. Z. Ebkq d]kqwdwpqk bka`qdnwgKnwind J`qq`q. G` `w" `b ;480 k}kq`dx`n kbhiqk bù gpù knwibiodù3bk g`bu ?= (Bk z`bbk }`bb g` bkbak$ d bk g`bu 8= (Bù}kd g`b z`qu ciz`$"{p` kuu`ntkb`n gkbopnk lkn`qk pn kaknu d pn gù}qu" eil bu `wug` bk uòink l`dwkw g` bk gekgk einjqlkqkn" u`nu` {p` hkop`q`n}iopw u`q dnwpwu }`q `ngkzknw gdnu bklad`nw bdw`qkqd g` b}iek. Nddl}`gdwu. D bu eknzdu knkz`n k u`q udondjekwdpu. Linwkn`q k b@}bòukgink {p` kbopnu nilu ni keka`n g` w`ndq qè`q d" eineq`wkl`nw"`nu }kqbk gkpwiqu {p` hkn }pabdekw `n `bu gkqq`qu edne kntu biaqk

ebkqkl`nw dl}iqwknw i `n zdù g` einuibdgked g` ]`q` Aùu V...\"Knwind J`qq`q V...\" Ciqgd Aiw`bbk V...\" Bbpu Lùuòp`q V...\ d Zde`nwKbinui.1= Nilu" bk lkciq }kqw g`bu {pkbu" kndqkn `nw,u` }qù`nwu klùpqk {p` kzkne` bk gekgk" k ekzkbb ,,kbopnu g`bbu u,, `nwq` gpùgekgù i gpù o`n`qkedinu bdw`qqdù.

E`qwkl`nw" bk o`n`qked g`bu ?= ùwkzk wkneknw,u`" }`q `nekqkni ùwkzk wknekgk. Eil ù z`p" bk o`n`qked g`bu ?= pbwqk}kuuk ù,wqdewkl`nw bk gekgk. G` `w" bhò`lindk g`bu ?=" b ;480" u okdqàkauibpwk. Bù}kd g`b z`qu ciz` ni u udn bk einjqlked gk{pùwkhò`lindk. W pn ekqew`q l`qkl`nw dniqlkwdp3Liuwqk }iwdek ciz`

;4K bk u`pk }innedk" Hpop`w i`q`dx pn bbduwkw g`bu }i`wù g` bk O`n`qked g`bu ?="g`bu }i`wù knwibiokwu d kjqlk `b ;4803 }`q{p pn lpnw gkpwiqu {p` a`n a }igqdk `n,{pkgqkq,u` `n k{pùwk o`n`qked" eku g` Zde`nw Ukbzkgiq i Wind Lkqwn`s Q`z`qw" lkd nihkn ùwkw Vknwibiokwu\. ]`b {p` k k Ukbzkgiq" u pn g`bu giws` g` Bk z`bbk }`bb g` bkbak(;480$. ]`q Hpop`w ni u`labk einudg`qkq Linwkn`q }kqw g` bk u`pk o`n`qked udn g`bknw`qdiq" {p` `bb knil`nk bk o`n`qked g`bu }i`wù pndz`qudwkqdu3 lkoqkgkqdk gdq {p``bu" }`q k ld" giu }i`wù lu gùwkekwu gk{pùw oqp}" Kb}`qk d ]q`s Linwkn`q" u kqk" kbukntu zpdwknwk" {pkn uwkn eq`knw pnk iaqk gùwkekab` d dl}iqwknw" uiaq`wiw Ckpl` ]q`sLinwkn`q {p` k{pùwu gkqq`qu kntu u`nu hk lkndùwkw eil pn g`bu }i`wù lu }qipngug`bu gkqq`qu zdnw,d,edne kntu6 d bKb}`qk" lkboqkw bk u`pk }qigpeed knw`qdiq" u`labk {p` uwkla kqk {pkn hk wqiakw `b bb`nopkwo` }iwde {p` wkn kkntkgkl`nw e`qekzk. Bkgueqd},

ed u`labk ebkqk" }`q" dqindù g` bk zdgk" Linwkn`q u`q pn g`bu giws` g` Ekakndbbù kBkz`bbk }`bb g` bkbak" l`nwq` {p` Hpop`w hd qùwkq `xebu" bk {pkb eiuk einwdnpkq u`nw kdxkA`nokbù `n bk iuek g` ]kbil`qi.

1=H` up}qdldw `b wwib g`bu bbdaqù d bù gkwù" }pabdekwu wiwu `bbu `nwq` ;485 d ;480. Klu g`bu ul`nwkwu" Linwkn`q niwk k kbwkq kBù}kd g`b z`qu ciz` }`q wkb gi`qdq kdx pn}kniqklk lu eil}b`w g` bk }iùdk qè`nw" biaqk g`bu kpwiqu {p` hkn knkw k}kq`dx`nw nk{pùwu gkqq`qu edne kntu (}`nuknw" gineu" lu {p` ni }ku `n pn qèknzd o`n`qkedinkb"`n `b ekqew`q lu kzdkw dniqlkwdp g` bk liuwqk$" }`nu`l `n kpwiqu eil Zewiq Uib`q"Ld{p`b Kba`qibk" Ciu`} ]`nkbzk" Knwind Lkqwn`s Q`z`qw" Ciu`} Oqòiqd" Bbpu Knwind Nk,

zkqqi" Zde`nw Uiqdkni.


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80. Ndno ni `dk niuk d bù {pkwq` }innedù d b`}bò {p` bkeil}k,nt`n eiqqù}in`n k kpwiqu g` bk o`n`qked knw`qdiq3 Hpop`w" C`q"Oqkn`bb" @ueqdz d Linwkn`q. Gdz`quiu" kdx u" }`q uùe`ndjek kdxpnk e`qwk epbldnked o`n`qkedinkb kb ]ku Zkb`ned3 wiw }q`w`n`nw

kuuòpqkq bk einwdnpwkw g`b lkw`dx. Gù}qu" k }kqwdq g` ;48:" bùeiuù eil`nkqkn k eknzdkq. Kdx hi e`qwdj{p`n bù dn{ùwdinkabùd dn{ùwdinkgù }kqkpbù g` Linwkn`q k b@}bò3

]iwu`q u lkuuk }qil}w` }`q k }kqbkq g` wq`nekl`nw qù}èw` kbu}i`wù g` bk o`n`qked g`bu u`wknwk3 `bu lig`bu bdw`qkqdu einwdnp`nùu`nw `bu lkw`dxiu d bù }qìep}kedinu kqwuwd{pù" hplknù d uied,kbu libw u`labknwu6 hd k}iqw`n wiwu `bbu" wknlkw`dx" `bu u`pu lkwduiu}qi}du d einwqdap`dx`n k `nqd{pdq" kla b`xdonedk gpn qdoiq iqlkbq`nizkw d bkuudldbked g` bk wqkgded }iwdek qè`nw" `b }kniqklk g`

bk lig`qndwkw bdw`qqdk g` bù niuwqù bb`wqù.

u k gdq" lu `xdonedk" lu qdoiq iqlkb d pnk wqkgded }iwdekqè`nw kuudldbkgk. Bk {pkb eiuk" wqkgpgk" u`nsdbbkl`nw udondjek}`qèedinkl`nw i ldbbiqk g`b {p` hd hkzdk" }`q ni upauwdwped. ]`qwknw" pnk e`qwk kglduud g` b`}doindul` eil k lkqek o`n`qkedinkb.Ud lu ni" `nekqk. ]`q jx`l,niu {p` Linwkn`q" dngdqèwkl`nw" `nugnk `bu u`pu eqdw`qdu }`q wkb g` einudg`qkq pn qèknzd o`n`qkedinkb3w`ndq gd`q`nwu lig`bu bdw`qkqdu d gd`q`nwu }qìep}kedinu kqwuwd,{pù" hplknù d uiedkbu.1;

@n `b eku g` Linwkn`q (eil ieiqq` wkla kla kbwqù }i`wù

1;Bk}kqded g` bù w`qwbdù niewlapbù kb akq Kqknk k Zkbnedk `b ;48: d bù g` Bk Nkdkk Kbkeknw b ;48?" wqkuwiekqkn qkgdekbl`nw k{pùw uwkw g` eiuù. (Bù {pkbu wdngqkn ein,wdnpwkw" qù}èwdzkl`nw" kb Ek Bduaik k Zkbnedk d kb }pa Bk Q`zibdek k Kbkeknw.$ Wklahd einwqdapdqkn nizù q`zduwù eilGkdnk (;48:$ iBkdopkgib (;48:$ d nizù eibbèedinug` }iùdk eil bù g` Oqòkb (;48:$" @gdedinu g` bk Op`qqk (;48?$ i Aqil`qk (;48?$. ]`qu`q" uiaq`wiw" k bk nizk eibbèed g` }bk{p`wwù g` }iùdk knil`nkgkBk iqùw gKqknkin wqiakq`l `b lu ebkq qòduwq` g`bu eknzdu {p` uùwkz`n }qigpdnw jnu kb }pnw {p` bkeinudg`q`l dl}qùedngdab` }`q k {pd zpbok eindx`q `bu eknzdu iqlkbu {p` bk o`n`qkedg`bu 8= zk dnwqpgpdq d {p`" k }ie k }ie" zkn knkq nkwpqkbdwsknw,u`. @b lxdl `x}in`nwgk{pùwu eknzdu ù wqiak" kb l`p }kq`q" `n bk }bk{p`ww`Hil`nkwo` kbu wqiakgiqu {p`

Bk iqùw gKqknk `gdw kqqkn gk{pùw udondjekwdp hil`nkwo` {p` wdnop bbie b ;7 g`lkq g` ;484 kb Ek Bduaik" in uhd lkndùwkz`n pnu lig`bu bdw`qkqdu a`n gd`q`nwu kbu}q`gildnknwu d pupkbu jnu bbkziqu d {p` k}pnwkz`n pn nip ùwdb o`n`qkedinkb" ia`qw d ni}q`ùwkab`qw d in wqia`l q`pndwu Eknwkz`bbk" Jiqnu" L. Lkqwn`s" Aini" C`q" Eibbkgi" Ds,{pd`qgi" Okbkn" Ldq" Qigk" Ebkq" Aùu" Qigqop`s,Ekuw`bb" Jpbbknk" Uknw,E`bind" Akbbù,w`q" L`s{pdwk" A`q`nop`q" d B}`s Akqqdi. K{p`bb ip `b }qdl`q kew` `w kb Ek Bduaik g`bekqq`q g` Ekzkbb`qu gù}qu g`b wknekl`nw gKqknk kb ekqq`q g` Gkbw. Kbwq u q`zduwù eilWpkew` (;44=$" Ekqew`qu (;441$ i nizù eibbèedinu }iwd{pù eil bù gKbklk gKluA`bdnehin (;484$" Kbinu b Lkonndl,DZ@D (;44=$ i bk ck xduw`nw g` Wqù d [pkwq` wkla

zkn einwqdapdq k einuibdgkq `bu eknzdu {p` uùwkz`n }qigpdnw.


13/28

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{p` ùeqdp`n `n bk gekgk g`b ?=$ ud bù }qìep}kedinu kqwuwd{pù"hplknù d uiedkbu bkeiuw`n k pn e`qw q`kbdul` uiedkb }qi}d g` bk o`,n`qked g`bu := (hd hk bù eiqqù}ingnedù zdwkbu kuuiedkgù k ekgkgkwk g` nkdx`l`nw$6 }`q einwqk" `b lig`b bdw`qkqd u`q a`n gd`q`nwd audekl`nw u`q `b eil}kqwdw }`q bkl}b` ù}èwq` g`bu }i`wù {p`ù kn eindx`q k bk gekgk g`bu ?=. Pn eku u`labknw" `b wqia`l `nLkqe Oqkn`bb. D" g` bk lkw`dxk lkn`qk {p`" }`q gkw" nu }bknwò`lbk bòwdlk kgueqd}ed g` Linwkn`q k bk o`n`qked g`bu ?=" }igq`lwkla einudg`qkq bk }`qwdn`nk bdw`qqdk g` Oqkn`bb k bk g`bu u`dxknwk"}`b {p` k k bù }qìep}kedinu kqwuwd{pù" hplknù d uiedkbu. ]`qeil gdp Linwkn`q n q`bked k Kbinui" bk u`pk kewdzdwkw bdw`qqdk hkknkw bbdokgk k bk g`b oqp} gùeqd}wiqu {p` hil hk knil`nkw o`n`,qked g`bu u`wknwk. ]`q kdx ni hk g` uiq}q`ngq`nu bkgueqd}ed k

pnk lkw`dxk o`n`qked g` L. Qigqop`s,Ekuw`bb (;408$ d g` C. ]q`sLinwkn`q (;458$ wiw d bk u`pk gd`qnedk g`gkw.11 G` `w" `bu giu }qd,l`qu bbdaqù gk{pùwu }i`wù qùpbw`n ni uibkl`nw libw u`labknwuudn `lab`lwdeu g`b {p` ù `dk kbùhiqù3Kgz`ndl`nw g` bigd g`Linwkn`q (;4?:$ dBk edpwkw g`b wqnoib g` Qigqop`s,Ekuw`bb (;4?4$.Wkl}ie lkuuk gd`q`nwu g`b }qdl`q bbdaq` g` Oqkn`bb3Bbkqo ekl bbkqo(;4??$. @n b inu" bu wqù eil}kqw`dx`n bù lkw`dxù }qìep}kedinukqwuwd{pù" hplknù d uiedkbu" ud a }iwu`q Oqkn`bb ukbbpnt` {pknwkb lig`b bdw`qkqd.

Ck Ciu`} Daiqqk (;4??,;4?8$ ukadk {p` hkzdk g` cpuwdjekq" k ekpuk

g` b`gkw" bkgueqd}ed g` Linwkn`q `nwq` `bu cizù3

Hd hk wkla" `b }ù g/pn }kuukw" ni zduepw }`bu cizù }i`wù" kbu{pkbu kqk keil}kntk" {p` b kn u`nudab` k liwdzkedinu d }qìep}ked,inu uiedkbu. Gù g/k{pùw }pnw g` zduwk ni u }iw nòkq bk }qùnedk g`bù dn{pd`wpgu {p` liadbdwskq`n `bu }i`wù g`b :1. ]`q Ckpl` ]q`su`/n k eqqè pwdbdwsknw kbwqù qòduwqù d kbwqù iqlù.

Zduw kla }`qu}èwdzk" Kbwkd d Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk keinuòpdq`n iqg`,nkq pn e`qw ekiu o`n`qkedinkb. D hi kuuibdq`n" dqndekl`nw" }kuuknw,

u` g` bk qkwbbk. u k gdq" dngdqèwkl`nw. Bù g`p kliuù upagdzdud,inu {p` }q`w`nd`n kaqkkq `b eiuliu d }qiziekq bk j g` bk hduwqdk`n }iùdk (pnk g` bù ekqkew`quwd{pù o`n`qkedinkbu {p` lu zkdou`nwdq }qiebklkq kbùhiqù `qk }qèdukl`nw {p` ni `n w`nd`n ek}+$

11 Wiwu giu iql`n }kqw g` bk q`gkeed g Bb`wqù g` eknzd (;48=$" {p` cpnw kla Ekdq`bb(;4?4$ iBbilaqdp (;4?8$ q`n bù nd{pù q`zduwù uwqdewkl`nw g` bdw`qkwpqk k Zkbnedk"kbùhiqù.


14/28

?1

Kla B. Kb}`qk d C. ]kbediu. Up`ek" XXZ Okb`puek" Niz`laq` 1==8

(Jiwi ]qkwu d Ekl}u$


15/28

?5

`n bk lùpqk {p` wiw hd `qk `nekadw..." un3 q`kbdul` edzdb" q`kbdul``xduw`nedkb(duwk$" q`kbdul` nkqqkwdp" q`kbdul` dnw`nudp" hd}`qq`kbdul`"q`wiqdedul` ebkuudeduwk" q`wiqdedul` nì}i}pbkqduwk" q`wiqdedul` lode"wqknuiqlkedinkbdul` d w`xwpkbdul`. G` `w" qùwkz`n qùpldgù `nwqù k}kqwkwu3 q`kbdul`" q`wiqdedul` d }iùdk uondek. @n g`jndwdzk"uhd qèin`dxdk bk dnwqigpeed" }`q a {p` kla gùoknk" g`b q`kbdul``n lkciq i l`niq oqkp `n bk gkqq`qk }iùdk" }`q a {p` kla qlp,bù gdz`quù (q`kbdul` uiedkb i ùwdbuwde" }`q `bu giu kbhiqk" q`pndwu"uibu }igd`n u`q kee`}wkabù }`q bk dn`zdwkadbdwkw g`b opd adioqje$"}`q u`l}q` kla pnk zibpnwkw (q``dxdgk i ni$ gpnk }wdnk q`wqdekkgd`nw6 u k gdq" gd`q`nw. Kdx uhd }igdk keinuòpdq `b zduw,d,}bkp. G`bkbwq` eiuwkw" ukee`}wkz`n u`nu` qùwqdeedinu `bu `x}`qdl`nwu ludnz`qu`labknwu i q`dw`qkwu {p` zkn k}iqwkq bù kzknwopkqgù k bk

epbwpqk g` bhil` k }qdned}d g`b uòb` XX" kqk kla pnk q`nizkgk dn,w`nudwkw }udeigbdek hd}}d` i }iuwhd}}d`. @n g`jndwdzk" gpù knwkudù3bk g`b q`kbdul` (bk q`kbdwkw u`l}q` qùpbwk dqq`gpewdab` k bù niuwqù}qiebklù$ d bùwqdewkl`nw w`xwpkb (`b bèwiq ck uhi kq }`q einuwqpdqpn u`nwdw dn`xduw`nw$" ù wqiakz`n kla pnk }qìep}ked q`wqdek iiqlkb g`w`qldnknw}`q eil}kqked kla bk o`n`qked knw`qdiq. Kzk ekqkew`qdwskq bkewdzdwkw }iwdek g` bk o`n`qked g`bu ?=. @n g`j,ndwdzk" }iuudadbdwkq`n pnk laqknsdgk nizk in wiwù gpù uknkz`n kq`wqiakq" epqkgù g`bu einuwd}kwu" `n bk o`n`qked }iuw`qdiq k }kqwdqg` bk uòink l`dwkw g` bk gekgk g`bu 8= kla iaqù g` lu {pkbdwkw"

jnu d wiw }`q }kqw g`bu lkw`dxiu kpwiqu" bb`zkw" e`qwkl`nw" gk{p`bbukpwiqu d bbdaqù lu `lab`lwdeu g`bu ?=. Eil uib ieqq`q.

Kdx wqia`l {p` Linwkn`q d Oqkn bb un `wu u`qzdq" nwq` bu kpwiquzkb`nedknu ueibbdwu" }`q wkb gdbbpuwqkq b q`kbdul` edzdb (}qèdukl`nw"cpnw kla pnk g` bù }i`wù {p` kekakq u`nw einudg`qkgk gdzdukgk{pùwk o`n`qked3 L. L. Lkqkb$.15

[pkuda pnk gekgk gù}qu" bkaqdb g` ;484" G. Ekuwdbbi }pabdekU`q g`b uòb`. Knwibiodk g`bu nipu }i`wù ekwkbknu. Kb ]qbò u`lab`n{ùwdinkq,u` bù qinw`qù eine`}wpkbu g` o`n`qked }qiliopgù

gpqknw bk gekgk g`bu ?=. Ekuwdbbi kekakq gd`nw {p` bk q`nizked"{p` zkn `èwpkq dndedkbl`nw `bu }i`wù g`bu u`wknwk" wiwu k{p`bbu{p` zkn ùwkq qèibbdwu k bù knwibiodù g` Lkqei,]inw d Kbwkd,Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk" uùw q``qlknw k aku` g` {pkbdwkw" ednedk d }qèdud.17

15 @n eineq`w" Kbwkd d Ukbk,Zkbbgkpqk iau`qz`n b`npl`qked gùaiqgkgk g` bù }qi,wùwù g` Ckpl` ]q`s Linwkn`q.

17Bk epqudzk u l`pk.


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G` lkn`qk {p` b {p` `bb nu }qù`nwk u pnk nizk }qilied3 H`ludwpkw Wiqn`q" Upadqknk d Ebkq eil k dndedkgiqu g` bk nizk }qilied`n bk qinw`qk `nwq` `b ;487 d `b ;480. D }kqbk" gineu" g`b }inw g`bukntu u`wknwk d g` biaqk g`bu u`pu einwdnpkgiqu3 bu }i`wù cizù g`bu

kntu zpdwknwk" ug`z`ndnw bk ciz`nwpw}`q u` pn zkbiq k einudg`qkq i"ud lu ni" kobpwdnkgiq. Bk gd`qnedk `nwq` pnk }qilied d bkbwqk" ùk zdg`nw" uòinu Ekuwdbbi" kbu dndedu3 kòdnw gù g`bu }qdl`qu bbdaqùpnk lkgpqked d pnk niqlkbdwsked ni einuwkwkab` kbu }qdl`qu bbdaqùg`bu kpwiqu g`bu u`wknwk. D kdx gdp k{p`bbù kjndwkwu ,,`nekqk xeù,udzù,, hkn }`qgpw }q`}ing`qnedk" zkbiqknw,u` ekgk gdk lu biaqkgù g` eqdw`qdu dnwqnuèu. ]`q kdx" Ekuwdbbi gùekwkbiok `bu nilu d}kqbk g` biaqk dngdzdgpkb gkpwiqu k ekzkbb `nwq` gpù }i{pù eilKb}`qk" Akp" ]kqe`qduku i Eilkgdqk" {p` lig`qndws`n dl}iuknw bkebkq`gkw d bk {pkbdwkw. Ekuwdbbi dnebip kb lkw`dx ekbkdx bù knwibiodù

g` }i`wù zkb`nedknuLdociqn (;4??$"Aqiuuk nizk (;48;$ dBk z`bb }`bbg` bkbak (;480$. D gk{pùwk ùl`nwk uibu C`q" Nkzkqqi" Oqkn`bb"Ekqgink" Qigqop`s Ekuw`bb" ]q`s Linwkn`q d ]d`qk. @nekqk {p`wkla Hpop`w" B}`s Akqqdi d Z`qo`q.10 K{pùwk dg`k g` einwdnppl({p` ni kq udn opkntkq kg`}wù `n bù gpù gekgù }iuw`qdiqu$"qùpbwk ebkqkl`nw }`qe`}wdab` {pkn z`d`l bk kedbdwkw kla {p Ekuwdbbiq`pn`dx wqù kpwiqu g` o`n`qkedinu i g` }qiliedinu gd`q`nwu. ]`q`x`l}b`" {pkn gdp3 bk wqkgded g` bk }iùdk zkb`nedknk g`bu @uw`bbu"Kb}`qk i C`q. D ni dnw`qùuk ke wknw b`xkewdwpg g`b {p` kjqlkeil bù dl}bdekedinu g`b {p` hd upackp3 b ln ck `qk ln kaknu g`bu

?= (d" }`q wknw" wkla gù}qu3 wiwhil qùpbwk wkn dl}qùedngdabèil }qùedngdab`$" u`labk gdq,niu. ]`q `nekqk ni u`nw`ndk a g`bwiw" }`q{p `nekqk ni ùwkzk a`n `x}qùukw g`b wiw. Ud `bu ?= w`nd`neinu`{nedù" ni lknekz`n" }`q kdx" g` }qè`g`nwu. Eil uka`l.K}pnwk i}iqwpnkl`nw Ekuwdbbi kb }qbò3

Ud `b lkw`dx Cikn Jpuw`q zk {ùwdinkq `b eine`}w` g` nizk }iùdkkla q``qnedk dl}bedwk kla bk }iùdk gkbopnu g`bu q`}qù`nwknwu zk,b`nedknu g` bk o`n`qked g`bu u`wknwk" }qòpnwknw,u` {p k}iqwkz`n }`qgd`q`nedkq,u` gpn @uw`bbu i gpn Kb}`qk V...\ bkpwnwdek niz`wkw" nekqk

10 Gduqùukgk `n iqlk g` adabdioqkjk" Ekuwdbbi" kb jnkb g`b zibpl" `nu }qù`nwk bkbbduwk g`bu kpwiqu {p` `bb einudg`qk {p` dnwòq`n bk nizk }qilied. K lu g`bu knwibiokwu3Akbbùw`q" Opdbb`l" Dudgq` Lkqwn`s d X. Q. Wqdoi" wqia`l `bu zkb`nedknu A`q`nop`q" C. L.Abkuei" Ebkq" Jbpdx" Okqedk Oqkp" Dopkb" Cikn d Kqdnt" L. Lkqwn`s" Ldq" Linwùdniu"C. Liq`bb" Ibliu" ]. Ukbgkntk" Qigk" Z. Uib`q" Uqdk d _. Z`nwpqk. Jdx`l,niu {p` wiwu `bukpwiqu g` Ekl} g` ldnù ck hd un" bb`zkw gKnnk Linw`qi d g` W`qùk ]kuepkb. ]`qniw`l bù kaunedù gKnwind J`qq`q d g` Lkqdk Jpbbknk" }`q edwkq wkn uibu kbopnu niluq`bb`zknwu.


17/28

?0

}ie kuuibdgk }`bu }i`wù g`bu u`wknwk V...\.

G` wiwk lkn`qk" `b u`p" u`labk" `n kbopnu lil`nwu" pn ein`d,x`l`nw l`gdkwdwskw" ud lu ni" `n q`bked k bk q`kbdwkw zkb`nedknk3H`q`pu VOkqedk Oqkp d Bbpu Qigk\" eil ck uhkzdk ùl`nwkw" g` bk}iùdk lu wùwdlindkb g@uw`bbu d }`q zdk gdqèwk g`bu ]d`qk" Oqkn`bb"Z`qo`q i C`q. In hd wqia`l }ilù d }`qù q`pndgù...

@b ;44=" u }pabdek]i`wqdk. Knwibiodk g` bk }iùdk ekwkbknk.1: @nwq``bu }i`lù wqdkwu gkpwiqu zkb`nedknu }iuw`qdiqu k @uw`bbu" n wqia`lgKb}`qk (;458$" C. ]q`s Linwkn`q (;458$" ]d`qk (;47?$" Nkzkqqi(;40;$" Oqkn`bb (;405$ d C`q (;407$.1?

Bknwibiodk Ekl} g` ldnù. ]iùdk ekwkbknk g`b ]ku Zkb`ned;48=,;44= (;44;$ knkzk }qè`gdgk gpn }qbò g` J. Ekbkkw gdzdgdw n

{pkwq` }kqwu (Bk }iùdk ekwkbknk kb ]ku Zkb`ned" ;4?=,;44=" Pnkgdnldek `gdwiqdkb eq`dx`nw" Gekgk g`bu kntu zpdwknwk d Iau`q,zkedinu jnkbu$. Ni nkdx" gineu" kla pnk zibpnwkw (q`$o`n`qkedinkbebkqk. U`labk" lu kzdkw" bkl}bdked g`bu lkqoù {p` wqiaz`l" udukntu kaknu" kBù}kd g`b z`qu ciz` (;480$ n bk }innedk g` L. Oqkn`bb(;4?7,;4873 Q`nizked d einuibdgked g` bk }iùdk zkb`nedknk$" }`qkla bk q`gpeed k g`p gk{p`bbu wq`nwk,wqù nilu g` bk liuwqk (i kudu" ud a ù ldqk" ck {p` {pkwq` g`bu nilu kqk un nipu$.18U`labk"gineu" pnk kewpkbdwsked kla }`qu}èwdzk3

@u wqkewk gpnk bèwpqk uiaq` `bu gkqq`qu zdnw kntu g` bk }iùdkekwkbknk kb ]ku Zkb`ned V...\ Bk u`bèed g` }i`wù d }i`lù hk wdnopweil k iacèwdp inkl`nwkb i`qdq pnk liuwqk (upacèwdzk$ {p` udok{pkbdwkwdzkl`nw udondjekwdzk g`bu kpwiqu d w`ngnedù g` bù gdz`quù}qiliedinu g`bu kntu zpdwknwk V...\ ud ni ukuudonkuu`n k bù knwibiodùpnk kpwiqdwkw {p` ni bu uekp6 kbl`ntu ni u bk }q`w`nud gk{pùwk"{p` u b wùwdlindkwo` }kqedkb gpnk }kqw g` bk }iùdk gpnk gekgk.G` lkn`qk {p` nd }`q zibpnwkw nd }`q }`qu}èwdzk hk g` einudg`,

qkq,u` g`jndwdzk. @u}èdkbl`nw" gù gpn }pnw g` zduwk gpn qèknzd

1:K. ]bkn`bbù d J. Z`qn`w" Bù}kqz`q bbòdq,Bk Lkoqknk" Akqe`bink. Eibbèed gdqdodgk}`q D. Enupb.

1? Pn knt kaknu" K. @u} d W. Bbi}du hkzd`n }pabdekw Epqu g` }iùdk (Bk`qwù" Akqe`bink";484$" pnk knwibiodk gdgewdek u`labknw wkla kla }i`lù ekwkbknu g` wiwù bù }i{pù.@nwq` `bu }i`wù zkb`nedknu }iuw`qdiqu k @uw`bbu hd hk }i`lù g` Z. Kbinui (;478$" E.Lpb`w (;405$ d B. Qigk (;4:;$. K]iùdk (Ekuw`bbnip" Akqe`bink" ;44?$" g` C. Akgdk d C. Akb,e`bbu" kla pnù ekqkew`quwd{pù wkla u`labknwu" bu x`l}bù }iuw`qdiqu k @uw`bbu {p`wqiakq`l u`qkn g` B. Kb}`qk (;458$" C. ]d`qk (;47?$ d B.Qigk (;4:;$. @u wqkewk g` bbdaqù inbù}`qdw gdgewde d bknwibode hd un q`pndwu.

18Zò`p niwk ;:.


18/28

?:

o`n`qkedinkb {pknw kb bb`nopkwo` bdw`qkqd. Bk gekgk gk}kqded g`bukpwiqu u`labk u`q b`b`l`nw g`w`qldnknw. Bk liuwqk" gineu" }q`wndbbpuwqkq bk einwdnpwkw" lu {p` ni }ku bk q`nizked. D l u`labk a.]`q kdx }iw kjqlkq3

@nwq` `bu }i`wù knwibiokwu ù wqiakq k kbwkq `b nil g` Lknp`bQigqop`s Ekuw`bb {p`" wknw }`q gkw eil }`q hkz`q }pabdekw b oqpdxg` biaqk n bk gekgk }kuukgk" hkpqdk g` w`ndq,hd pn u}kd" }`q }`b `wgk}kqdx`q nBk z`bbk } bb g` bkbak gKnwndk Ekakndbbù" h` uwdlkwni dnebipq`b.

@n g`jndwdzk" bk }qùnedk n knwibiodù knw`qdiqu ug`z b`b`l`nw}qù n einudg`qked ck {p` ni uhd wqia`n gd`qnedù bdw`qqdù o`n`qk,edinkbu kb bbkqo g`b }`qig` ùwpgdkw (;4?=,;44=$" lu `nbb g`bu wq`wu}qi}du {p` ekqkew`qdws`n biaqk g` ekgk kpwiq. Ud bk q`kbdwkw bdw`qqdkhkzdk eknzdkw" `b }qbò ni u`n `dk qùu. D u {p` ni u edb kginkq,u`n {pkn (ni$ u`n iqlk }kqw. Wknlkw`dx" u wqkewk gpn wqàkbb iqkgiepl`nwkw d zkbpu. Udok eil udok" Ekbkkw" `b ;44;" i`q`dx pn nipenin g` bk o`n`qked }iwdek g`bu ?=3

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C. ]kbil`qi" l`nwq` {p` un q`dneiq}iqkwu Ain`w d Z`nwpqk L`bd ddnebiuiu wkla Z`qo`q d Kbinui ({p`" qù}èwdzkl`nw" }pabd{p`n `bu}qdl`qu }i`lkqdu `b ;48: d `b ;485$. u pnk bbduwk wknekgk {p` `ng`dxk einued`nwl`nw iqk K. J`qq`q (;475$.

Wiw d {p` Ckpl` ]q`s Linwkn`q d Knwind J`qq`q d ]`qkbù zkn ndx`qpnu kntu kaknu {p` `bu kpwiqu knw`qdiqu" bk u`pk iaqk einw`l}iqdwskkla bù dn{pd`wpgu bdw`qqdù gk{pùwu. Bk }iùdk g` Ckpl` ]q`sLinwkn`q }igqdk einudg`qkq,u` eil k }inw `nwq` `bu }qùup}udwubdw`qkqdu g`bu kntu u`dxknwk d `bu g`bu u`wknwk. V...\ Biaqk gKnwindJ`qq`q d ]`qkbù" eil bk g` Z. Kbinui" ù gduwknedk qù}èw` k bk }iùdkknw`qdiq. (}. 5?,58$]`q Knwind J`qq`q w pnk ekapgk lu {p` eligk gdnu bk o`n`qked

g`bu 8=" kb l`p }kq`q" k bk {pkb }`qwknt `n `b inu d `n bk up}`qed`.


19/28

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Eil Ckpl` ]q`s }`qwknt k bk g`bu ?=. Bk gkwk gk}kqded g`bu }qdl`qubbdaqù u wkn dl}iqknw eil bù kewdwpgu d bù kjndwkwu bdw`qqdù" eil ckuhk zduw. ]`q kdx" u`qdk lu edb qèinudg`qkq b eku gKnnk Linw`qi(;407$ eil pnk kpwiqk g` bk o`n`qked g`bu ?= (}pabdek b }qdl`q bbdaq``b ;481$ {p` ni }ku b g` W`qùk ]kuepkb (;401" {p` }pabdek b }qdl`qbbdaq` `b ;48?$.14 ]`q wkla u e`qw {p` Kbinui (;478$ }pabdek `b u`p}qdl`q bbdaq` `b ;485" l`nwq` {p` Uqdk (;408$ hi k `b ;481. D Dudgq`L. Lkqsi (;4:7$ }pabdek (eil W. ]kuepkb$" b }qdl`q bbdaq` b ;48?. @neknzd" C. Z. Ebkq (;4:1$" {p` hi k wkn kzdkw eil `b ;487" ni qùpbwkqknwibiokw. Wknlkw`dx" Ekbkkw `bu wdngq wiwu `n eil}w` kb }qbò gÈkl} g` ldnù. ]`q lu {p` ni }ku `b opuw bdw`qkqd upacèwdp" `b{p` u`labk `zdg`nw u {p` e`qwù }qewd{pù }iwd{pù qùpbwkz`nlu niz`wiuù {p` pnù kbwqù `n q`bked kb {p`" `n ekgk lil`nw" hd

}q`gildnkzk" g` lkn`qk {p` bkauiqed d bkuudldbked gpnù" qùpbwklu edb {p` bù gkbwqù. D kdx" e`qwkl`nw" u eil}q`nudab` hduw,qdekl`nw }`q dnkglduudab` bdw`qqdkl`nw. ]`q kdx" wkla" }pabdekqkzdkw" k zòkgù" ni u udn pn ul}wilk gkeiligked k pnk }iekg`w`qldnkgk. [pkn ni u kdx" b`xebpud" b qàpdo i bk dl}iuudadbdwkwg` }pabdekq u`lab`n bù i}edinu lu }qiakabù" u`nu` {p` k{pùwùq`}qù`nw`n }`q ud lkw`dxù" wkl}ie }`q kdx" ek} udon` g` {pkbdwkw.Kla `b w`l}u" wiw kndq kg{pdqdnw `b u`p bbie cpuw kgd`nw.

U`labknwl`nw" Z. Udlaiq d J. Ekqa kBdw`qkwpqk kewpkb kb ]ku

Zkb`ned (;4?5,;441$" }`b {p` k k bk }iùdk" `b ;445 }kqbkqkn g@bukntu u`wknwk d g@bu kntu zpdwknwk. Qù lu. Gù}qu gùl`nwkq,biuwiwu" `bu kpwiqu zkn gùoqknknw bk u`pk wqdk" e`nwqkgk `n udu kpwiqu3]d`qk" Nkzkqqi" Ukbzkgiq" Ckn" Oqkn`bb d C`q. L`nwq` {p` C. ]q`sLinwkn`q" @uepg`qi" Aùu" ]kbil`qi d Qigqop`s Ekuw`bb k}kq`dx`nlkndùwkl`nw `n pn uòin ndz`bb. U`nu gpaw`" `b bbie g`bu pnu d g`bukbwqù u`qd`n gduepwdabù" ud lu ni" `n pn }kq`bb g` ekuiu. Jdx`l,niu{p` gùk}kq`dx`n Ekqgink d Liq`bb g` bk nldnk g` Ekakndbbù" }`q@uepg`qi hd u kòdw. @n q`bked k Ekbkkw" gùk}kq`dx`n Ain`w" Z n,

wpqk L`bd" Z`qo`q d Kbinui (`b {pkb `n Udlaiq)Ekqa `nek}kbkqbk w`wqkbiodk q`bb`zknw g`bu kntu 8=" cpnw kla A`q`nop`q" Opdbb`l dOkqedk d Oqkp$.5= Pnk zòkgk lu" }`q wknw" K. J`qq`q hd }kuuk gùk,

14 Wknlkw`dx" eil z`pq`l lu `ngkzknw" hd hk pnk w`ngnedk `n kpol`nw k dnebipq`,bk `nwq` `bu }i`wù g` bk o`n`qked g`bu ?=.

5= @n pn kbwq` ndz`bb" gùwk{p`n ins` }i`wù g`bu kntu zpdwknwk3 W. ]kuepkb" Linw`qi"Uqdk" Jpbbknk" Qdekqgi Wqdoi" Akbbùw`q" Qigk" Ebkq" L. Uib`gkw Oinsb`s" Lkqwn`s d Lkq,si d C. Dopkb. Udneiq}iqk" gineu" Z. Kbinui" }`q wkla Jpbbknk" Ebkq" Uib`gkw Oinsb`s d


20/28

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}`qeàpw" wiw d qàq` wkla kbopnu eil`nwkqdu. G` C. ]q`s Linwkn`qhd kjql`n3

]`qwknt }`q b`gkw k bk }qilied knw`qdiq" wiw d {p` ni dnded bk u`pk

}qigpeed bdw`qqdk jnu k l`dwkw g`bu u`wknwk. V...\ Bk u`pk z`p }i,wdek }kbùk pnk `x}`qdnedk }kuukgk }`b u`gu" g`}pqkgk d g`wkbbkgkldwcknknw pn bbòpkwo` bqde {p` lkd ni ekp `n ekqkew`quwd{pùiqlkbduwù. Bk u`pk }iùdk" wiw d {p` w einniwkedinu g` eil}qilu"ni qù}in k pn gduepqu q`kbduwk udn k pnk bdw`qkwpqk kqq`bkgk `n bùedqepluwnedù }`quinkbu {p` bd hk wiekw zdpq`. (}. 77$KA`nokbù n bk iuek. Knwibiodk g` bk }iùdk zkb`nedknk g`b uòb`

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Bk }iùdk g`bu kntu u`wknwk. Kbu {pkbu" hd kò`dx K. Lkwpwkni" {p`ni hd `qk k ek} g` bù bbduwù knw`qdiqu. ]kbil`qi gèdg`dx dnebipq` W.Lùwq` d @. Z`qo`q kb gkqq`q k}kqwkw g` Bk }iùdk g` j g` uòb`.5;G` lkn`qk {p` g`bu nilu g` bk q`bked g` Linwkn`q (;48;$" uibu K.A`bwqkn qùwkq gù}`nckw" l`nwq` {p` `bu kbwqù edne ùl`nwkwu hdun qèp}`qkwu" }`q a {p` padeknw,biu `n k}kqwkwu gd`q`nwu.

Bk lkciq }kqw g`bu bbdaqù }pabdekwu jnu b ;48?" bb`zkw ghinqiuù`xe`}edinu" un kqqiuuòkwu }`b g`dxknw g`b {p` uhkzdk eil`nkw k `q"uiaq`wiw" n bk gekgk g`bu u`wknwk" wiw }kqwded}knw iuw`nudab`l`nw g`bù lkw`dxù ekqkew`quwd{pù. G` lkn`qk {p`" kb l`p }kq`q" kpwiqueil W. Lùwq`" @. Z`qo`q i Z. Kbinui gdedbl`nw }ig`n u`q einudg`qkwul`laqù gpnk o`n`qked gduwdnwk k bk g`bu ?=.51 U`nu gpaw`" biaqk}pabdekgk g` C. Z. Ebkq" K. J`qq`q i L. Jpbbknk einuwdwp`dx`n b`xe`},ed gk{pùw }`qig`. D u `zdg`nw {p`" }`q kdx lkw`dx" bk }iùdk `wkgpqknw bk gekgk g`bu 8= `nekqk ni hk ùwkw a`n ùwpgdkgk. ]`q hieinudg`q`l niqlkb n pnk epbwpqk eil bk niuwqk. ]`b {p` k k C. ]q`s

C. Dopkb" wiw qù}èwknw bk nldnk g` Ekl} g` ldnù. D gù}qu gùl`nwkq wkla kbwqùnilu.

5; Gdnu Bk }iùdk g` j g` uòb`" ]kbil`qi" k lu gdnebipq` wiwu `bu knwibiokwu }`qEkbkkw k Ekl} g` ldnù" dnebip Lùwq`" Z. Kbinui" K. J`qq`q d ]`qkbù" Lùuòp`q" Ebkq"Uib`gkw Oinsb`s" Z`qo`q" Jpbbknk" Lku d Pu" Eibbkgi" Dopkb" Qido" ]iqekq" K. Ol`s" Eibbd C. @. Kg`bb.

51 Uiaq` Z. Kbinui gdp Linwkn`q (Upaz`qudinu" ;44=$3 Gù gk{pùwk }`qu}èwdzk niu `xko`qkw kjqlkq {p` Zde`nw Kbinui u `n e`qwk lkn`qk pn ipwudg`q `n `b }kniqklkkewpkb g` bk }iùdk ekwkbknk kb ]ku Zkb ned" wiw d {p` bk u`pk kewdzdwkw bdw`qqdk hk knkwbbdokgk k bk g`b oqp} gùeqd}wiqu {p` hil hk knil`nkw o`n`qked g`bu u`wknwk. Eil `bbu"hk }pabdekw }i`lù n bù q`zduwù Ekdq`bb"Bb`wqù g` eknzd dQ`gpeedinu. H`pu ke" gineu"bù }bkwkiqlù `wù u`qzdq }`q k{p`bbk o`n`qked.


21/28

?4

Linwkn`q" ]kbil`qi gdp3 K }ùkq g` eiqqù}ingq`,bd }`q `gkw" hkz`qiqlkw }kqw g` bk o`n`qked q`kbduwk g` ;4:1" `b }qiùuiq Ckpl` ],q`s Linwkn`q udneiq}iq wkqgknkl`nw k bù bb`wqù zkb`nedknù" ck{p` gpqknw k{p`bbu kntu `x`qedk bk gienedk `n pnk pndz`qudwkw g`bu@uwkwu Pndwu.

Wkla `b ;44?" bk q`zduwk Ek}bb`wqk (nl. 11$ippn linioqjeuiaq` Bdw`qkwpqk ekwkbknk kewpkb. Pn apdgkwo` `w k eiqq`,epdwk g`buùeqd}wiqu zkb`nedknu {p` k}kq`dx`n k bkqwdeb` g` J. Ekbkkw @nwq``b bb`nopkwo` d bk q`kbdwkw3 zdnw kntu g` }iùdk ekwkbknk ({p` bkpwiqgdzdg`dx `n Kntu u`wknwk" Kntu zpdwknwk d Ebi`ngk$ liuwqk bk}qùnedk g`bu }i`wù uò`nwu3 Nkzkqqi" C`q" Oqkn`bb" ]d`qk" Ckn"Ukbzkgiq" Linwkn`q. ]`q wkla Kbinui d J`qq`q.55 Hd gdp3

Gkbwqk akngk" b`zibped g` Ckpl` ]q`s Linwkn`q lkndùwk pneq`dx`l`nw uiuwdnopw gù gpnk }qìep}ked uiedkb dndedkb k bk }iùdkl`gdwkwdzk d g` g`nuk dlkwo`qdk g`Luekqù (;441$"Jqinw`qù (;447$dBiabdw (;44:$. @b u`p pndz`qu gù`neknwkw eincpok `b ln nwdl d `buiedkb kla wqknulpwkedinu jewedù {p` ù gù`nzibp}`n `n ù}kduniewpqnu. Pnk }iùdk {p` k}qipng`dx n bu w`lù g` b`xdbd g` bdngd,

zdgp `n b ln einw`l}iqknd" g` bk }`quinkbdwkw uedngdgk g` bhil`"g` bù w`nudinu `nwq` `b }kuukw d `b }qù`nw. (}. 7=$

Kb lkw`dx nl`qi g` Ek}bb`wqk" @. Uqdk q`}kuuk bk }iùdk zkb`n,

edknk qè`nw.57

Wkla }`q k `bb bk o`n`qked g`b ?= gàpwk" kb ]kuZkb`ned" `n `bu }q`ldu Iewpaq` g` ;4?5 {p` opkntk Cikn Nkzkqqikla pn bbdaq` lab`lwde"Oqdbbu ulib`n okndz`wu k wq`ne g` }iq. Nujnkbduwk Ukbzkgiq C`q" klaBùliqw gk uw`bk g` bk }bkwck. D wklakjqlk3 K{pùw oqp} V...\ ù zdnepbk ùwq`wkl`nw kla `bu u`pu eil,}kntu g` bù Dbbù d `b ]qdned}kw ({p`" g` bk l g` Odl`qq`q" hkn }qù`bu nizudliu eil k }kqkgdolk g` lig`qndwkw$. @nwq` bu zkb`nedknulu cizù {p` @uw`bbu (;417$ {p` `bb ùl`nwk hd hk A`n`twi (;410$"Kb}`qk (;458$ d Qigqop`s,A`qnka`p (;47=$ kgueqdwu kb q`kbdul` ui,edkb" d ]kbediu (;458$. Uqdk udwpk iqk g`b oqp} }iwde g`bu ?= }`q

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55 Ni k}kq`dx" `n eknzd" Qigqop`s Ekuw`bb. Bk qùwk un wiwu `bu }i`wù knwibiokwu kEkl} g` ldnù (bb`zkw g` Okqedk Oqkp$3 A`q`nop`q" Opdbb`l" Linw`qi" Akbbùw`q" Uqdk"Lkqsi" Wqdoi" ]kuepkb d Qigk. K lu g` Ebkq.

57 @ueqdw gù g`b udb`ned. Niwedk g` bk }iùdk zkb`nedknk qè`nw" Ek}bb`wqk " 11" ;44?"}. 1=5,1;:.


22/28

8=

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Pn }kq`bb gkntu lu wkqg" `b ;444" B. Cpbd d W. ]kuepkb `gdw`nZiukbwqù" }kqkpbù. Zdnw,d,edne kntu g` }iùdk kb ]ku Zkb`ned {p`"}qèdukl`nw" wqkewk g` }iukq `n q`bb`p bk einwdnpwkw. ]`q udondj,ekwdzkl`nw b``lqdg` dndedkb einwdnpkq u`nw `b ;4?7" gkwk g` bk}pabdeked g` Ekqn qùek. D ni gde {p` ni udok pnk ``lqdg`" }`qblkud u`l}q` hk einuduwdw" gù}qu ghkz`q }q`wu udlaibdwskq pnkqp}wpqk kla bk o`n`qked knw`qdiq ,,pnk qp}wpqk {p` kqk" }`q" u`nui`q`dx uzkgk,," lkndùwkq,n` bk einwdnpwkw..." d `q g` wiw kbb }iu,w`qdiq `b lkw`dx. Uibkl`nw hi einuwkw`" qù lu3

Pn gdbò gdedb `n b`wk}k knw`qdiq V9\ d {p` uiaqdk k nizù dnp,nedù eil gùwk{p`n" ck gù g`b wwib" bù knwibiodù o`n`qkedinkbu"Ekqn qùek V...\Aqiuuk nizk V...\ iBù}kd g`b z`qu ciz` V...\" d {p` jnud wiw `n kbopn lil`nw u`labkz`n }qù`nwkq pnk qp}wpqk kla `bukpwiqu zkb`nedknu }qè`g`nwu.5:

]`q wknw3 @b eincpnw" gineu" i`q`dx pnk klkboklk {p` w`dx`dx deinjopqk pnk wqkgded V...\ }`q{p iqg`nkwu eqinibodekl`nw k }kqwdqg` bknt g`b }qdl`q bbdaq` }pabdekw ,,i g`b uòin" ud u lu udondjek,wdp,,. Kdx" `bu }i`wù zkb`nedknu {p` hd wqia`l knwibiokwu gù}qug` Qigqop`s A`qnka`p" Kb}`qk d Uneh`s,Epwdbbku un C. Nkzkqqi"

C`q" ]q`s Linwkn`q" ]d`qk" Z`qo`q" Ckn" Oqkn`bb" Aùu" Ekqgink"]kbil`qi" @uepg`qi" Qigqop`s,Ekuw`bb" Lùwq`" Ukbzkgiq" Uqdk"Linw`qi" Z. Kbinui" Aiw`bbk" ]q`s Ukbgkntk" J`qq`q" Ebkq" Opdbb`l"Akbbùw`q" A`q`nop`q" Jpbbknk" Okqedk Oqkp" Wqdoi" Eibbkgi" Knqpnu"L. Lkqwn`s" Qigk" ]kuepkb" C. Ebdl`nw" Uknw,E`bind" Lkqwn`s Lkqsi"L. Oinsb`s" Ldntknk" Qido" Qklin Qklin" L`s{pdwk" ]iqekq" K.Ol`s" L. C. @ueqdz" L. Kbinui" Cikn J. Oqòiqd Kbadib" Kg`bb" Skakbk"K. Nkzkqqi d L. E. Kqnkp.

50 @n pn kbwq` k}kqwkw" ùl`nwk Z. @ueqdz d Z`nwpqk L`bd. D" `nwq` `bu lu cizù i

}iuw`qdiqu" wqia`l Uqdk" Qigqop`s,Ekuw`bb" ]q`s Ukbgkntk" Ebkq" Jpbbknk" L`s{pdwk"Eibbkgi" Qigk" Wqdoi" Opdbb`l" Akbbùw`q" Okqedk Oqkp" Kg`bb" A`q`nop`q" Wini Jiqnu" D.Lkqwn`s Lkqsi" Linw`qi" Qido" Ol`s" Aiw`bbk" X. Qiuu`bb" L. C. @ueqdz" Tkoi" L. Kbin,ui" Knqpnu" Z. Abkuei" Okbkn" L. Oinsb`s" Dopkb" L. Lkqwn`s" Lku" Lkwpwkni" Ldntknk"Ldq" Linwùdniu" Liq`bb" Neh`q" ]qkwu" C. Uknehdu" Uknw,E`bind" B. Uib`q d pn `we. D `nwq``bu ciz`nuudlu knil`nk Qklin Qklin" ]iqekq" K. Nkzkqqi" Oqkn`qi d Skakbk.

5: Doniq`l ud bù kpwiqù bù einudg`q`n" u`nsdbbkl`nw" gd`q`nwu knwibiodù gpnk lk,w`dxk o`n`qked i ud" }`q k `bbù" k{pùwù knwibiodù q`}qù`nw`n o`n`qkedinu gduwdnwù.Uhk ùoiwkw bk pwdbdwkw g` bk nied g` o`n`qked {p` zk u`q pukgk `n bk dqqp}ed bdw`qqdkg` bk o`n`qked g`bu ?=9 @b udon` gdnw`qqioked `nwq` `bu ebkpgwiqu u l`p.


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Jdx`p,ziu {p` u`labk ùw}dg }qòpnwkq,u` k {pdnk o`n`qked}`qwknt Cikn Ebdl`nw (;4;8$" `nekqk {p`" }`q `gkw" ci gdqdk {p` k bkg` Cikn Zkbbu. E`qwkl`nw" hkz`q }pabdekw `b u`p }qdl`q bbdaq` `b ;484ni b einz`qw`dx n pn kpwiq g` bk o`n`qked g`bu 8=. ]`q ni eqè {p``bu ekuiu lu }qiab`lwdeu nu dl}iuudadbdw`n }kqbkq g` o`n`qkedinu.Hd hk bù zdwkbu d hd hk bù bdw`qqdù {p`" }ig`n i ni" neq`pkq,u`. D hdhk bù ùwdbuwd{pù3 {p` einwdnp`n ùwdbu i ndnwqigp`dx`n" g` nipu.D hd hk bk }q}dk wqkcèwqdk g` ekgk kpwiq" lkciql`nw i l`niql`nwgdz`qo`nw qù}èw` g`bu gd`q`nwu einw`xwiu bdw`qkqdu kla {p u` bùhk g` z`pq`. Hd hk biqdodnkbdwkw" {p` w k z`pq` wkla kla einw`xwiu.D hd hk bù gd`q`nwu wqkgdedinu kla {p `b }i`wk u` bù hk. @n {pkb,u`zib eku" nd bù einwdnpwkwu nd bù qp}wpqù un lkd kauibpwù. ]`q`bu lkqeu kedbdw`n bk eil}q`nud d bk zkbiqked giaqù d gkpwiqu {p`

kbwqkl`nw nu }kuu`n i }igqd`n }kuukq,niu gùk}`qeàpwu. I }`q kdxlkw`dx. K ekgkue kbb u`p. Hd hk pn w`l}u }`q k ekgk eiuk.Ud `l u`qzdq bk nied g` o`n`qked g`bu u`wknwk `n `b bbduwkw knw`,

qdiq" wqiakq`l uòpdwu `bu nilu g` C. Nkzkqqi" C`q" ]q`s Linwkn`q"]d`qk" Z`qo`q" Ckn" Oqkn`bb" Aùu" Ekqgink" ]kbil`qi" @uepg`qi"Qigqop`s,Ekuw`bb" Lùwq`" Ukbzkgiq" Uqdk" Linw`qi" Z. Kbinui" Ai,w`bbk" ]q`s Ukbgkntk" J`qq`q" Ebkq... In kekak d in eil`nk k{pùwko`n`qked9 @n {pkbu`zib eku" hd hk nilu {p` zkn d wiqn`n" pnk kbwqù{p` gùk}kq`dx`n }`q u`l}q`... Ni wqia`l ck Ain`w" Z`nwpqk L`bd"Liq`bb... @n eknzd" q`k}kq`dx Ekqgink... D wkla Lùwq`" Aiw`bbk" ]q`sUkbgkntk" J`qq`q i Ebkq. Jpnedink kdx. G`b oqp} g` Ekqn qùek" kqkuibu wqia`l Nkzkqqi" C`q d ]d`qk... Pnu gùk}kq`dx`n }`q u`l}q`"kbwqù un gùeia`qwu i q`gùeia`qwu. Qùwdwpwu. D kdx l`nwq` bklkciq }kqw g`bbu un `nekqk zdpu...

@b ;444" L. Oqkn`bb d D. Lkqwn`s }pabd{p`n pnk knwibiodk wkla3]i`lù gpn uòb`. ]iùdk ieedg`nwkb g`b uòb` XXin kb eiuwkw gkp,wiqu zkb`nedknu" ekwkbknu d akb`kqu" gùeiaqdqu libwu g`bu }qdned}kbunilu g` bk qùwk g` bk }iùdk ieedg`nwkb einw`l}iqndk. @bu }i`lùhd un iqg`nkwu w`ndnw `n eil}w` `bu oqknu w`lù g` bk }iùdk. u

k gdq" ni }`q kgueqd}ed oìoqjek i o`n`qkedinkb. @b nil`nebwiqg`bu }i`wù zkb`nedknu knwibiokwu lu cizù {p` @uw`bbu (;417$" pnkzòkgk iqg`nkwu }`q gkwk g` nkdx`l`nw" u3 A`n`twi" Kb}`qk" ]q`sLinwkn`q" Qigqop`s A`qnka`p" W. Lùwq`" K. J`qq`q" C. ]d`qk" Z. Kbinui"C. Nkzkqqi" Aùu" Ukbzkgiq" O. Ckn" W. ]kuepkb" Oqkn`bb" C`q" Lin,w`qi" A`q`nop`q" Qigqop`s Ekuw`bb" Uqdk" Kqnkp" Opdbb`l" Wqdoi" L.Lkqwn`s" Jbpdx" Ol`s" Qigk" Akbbùw`q" Ebkq" Okqedk Oqkp" L. Kbin,ui" D. Lkqwn`s Lkqsi" @ueqdz" Qklin Qklin" K. Nkzkqqi d Skakbk.


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Kqqdakwu `n k{pùw }pnw" ni uiq}qn {p` `b 1==;" L. Op`qq`qi" kb`xw`nu }qbò {p` }qè`g`dx bknwibiodkU`nu` einw`l}bkedinu. Nip}i`wù }`q kb nip uòb` ({p` ni dnebip ek} zkb`ned$" ùl`nw` W. ]ku,epkb kb eiuwkw g` C. ]. Linwkn`q" Nkzkqqi d O. Ckn (`nwq` `bu kpwiqu"g` o`n`qkedinu knw`qdiqu" dnw`qlgdù i g` bk lkw`dxk o`n`qkedg`bu u`wknwk" {p` g``nu`n }iwd{pù libw gdz`quù }`b {p` k kbugiu bwdlu" d `nwq` `bu }i`wù niwkabù `bu giu }qdl`qu$. @n eknzd"ùl`nwk bu zkb`nedknu Uqdk" D. Lkqwn`s d Opdbb`l nwq` k{p`bbu gò`n`qkedinu }iuw`qdiqu kla iaqk }pabdekgk gpqknw bu kntu zpdwknwkd niqknwk. u wiw.5?

@b 1==1" bk q`zduwkBKdopkgib zk }pabdekq pn linioqje uiwk `bqwib ]i`wù zkb`nedknu g`bu u`wknwk. Uhd uwpgdkzk bk wqkcèwqdk g`zpdw }i`wù3 Cikn Nkzkqqi" Ciu`} ]d`qk" Oku}kq Ckn" Zde`nw Ukbzkgiq"

Lkqe Oqkn`bb" Knwind ]qkwu" W`qùk ]kuepkb d Knwind J`qq`q. ]`q"gk{pùwu zpdw" uibu Nkzkqqi" ]d`qk" Oku}kq Ckn d Oqkn`bb }pabd{p`nkbopn bbdaq` `n ekwkb `n `bu u`wknwk. Kdx e`qwdjek {p` bk nied g`}i`wk Vg` bk o`n`qked\ g`bu u`wknwk" w }ie k z`pq` kla bk gekgk`n eineq`w d" uiaq`wiw" lu kla `bu `èwù {p`" }`b {p` k k W`qùk]kuepkb" ud nkee`}w`l bkgueqd}ed" dnebipqdk pnk }i`wk {p` eil`nkk }pabdekq `n bk uòink l`dwkw g` bk gekgk g`bu zpdwknwk. u k gdq"i a u }`q `gkw i a u }`q ùwdb. ]`q l`nwq` {p` K. ]qkwu (;47:$"{p` eil`nk k }pabdekq `b ;48; d W. ]kuepkb (;401$" {p` eil`nk k}pabdekq `b ;488" w`n`n ùwdbu q`bkwdzkl`nw eil}kqkabù6 }`q einwqk"

K. J`qq`q (;475$" {p` eil`nk k }pabdekq n ekwkb b ;487" ni w kla`bbu qù `n eil. u einz`nd`nw" gineu" wiqnkq" gkbopnk lkn`qk" kk{p`bbk gdzdud `nwq` q`kbduwù d q`wiqdeduwù }`q wkb g` ni }`qgq` b niqgbdw`qkqd9 Ekb kaknginkq" g`jndwdzkl`nw" bù k}qixdlkedinu oqp}kbu(o`n`qkedinkbu$ }`b {p` k kbu `wu }iwdeu d bdw`qkqdu9 Uibu eka`n ck bùiqg`nkedinu n uqdù eqinibod{pù" udop`n }`q gkwk g` nkdx`l`nw ig` }pabdeked9 Un bù }qi}iuwù }iwd{pù uwqdewkl`nw dngdzdgpkbu dkbbkgù i w`n`n" u}èdkbl`nw k bdnded" pnk dqqp}ed kla kbopn u`nwdwbdw`qkqd d uiedkb (u k gdq" epbwpqkb$9

Udok eil udok" Cik{pdl Libku" `b ;4??"58

}kqbkzk g` bk ebuudekbbpdwk `nwq` q`wqdeu d w`qqiqduwù. Gù}kqòpwu `bu w`qqiqduwù" uibu{p`g`n bu q`wqdeu. ]`q" gùk}kqòpwu bu q`wqdeu" {pd {p`gk9 @nw`n,gq` bk nizk q`wqdek {p` uhk knkw iaqdnw ekl d ni einingq`,bk kla`b apdw lu dnupbu (u k gdq" ni einingq`,bk nd kla bk q`wqdek apdgk

5? @l}qdù" Akqe`bink.58 Q`wqdeu d w`qqiqduwù n bk }iùdk ekwkbknk g` }iuwop`qqk" @bu Lkqoù" 4" Akqe bink.


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nd kla bk apdgiq gpnk q`wqdek kau`nw ,,bù gpù gduqùuù lu `wùu`qzdq un" qù}èwdzkl`nw" bk g` bk iqlk d bk g`b einwdnopw,,$ u png`bu ekldnu }`q eil`nkq (i einwdnpkq$.

J`qqkn Ekqa kBk }iùdk ekwkbknk g`b uòb` XX(Aqil`qk" 1==?$

`n bk w`qe`qk d gkqq`qk }kqw3 Bk niqlkbdwsked k }kqwdq g`bu kntuu`wknwk" kjqlk3

Gkbwqk akngk" hd hk bk einudg`qkgk nizk }iùdk" {p` u zk dndedkqkla bknil`nkgko`n`qked g`bu u`wknwk" zk k}iqwkq pnk q`nizked g`bon`q` d hk keinuòpdw pnk z`qdwkab` gdz`qudjeked" eil ù einjqlk}iuw`qdiql`nw kla bk nizk d ciz` }qigpeed lu qè`nw g` bk j g`buòb`. K{pùwk einudg`qked eil ko`n`qked zkb `n wknw {p` hd hkzdknizù }qiliedinu g` }i`wù {p` dndedkbl`nw uiqodq`n koqp}kwu kla}bknw`ckl`nwu ùwwdeu eil}kqwdwu d kla }bkwkiqlù }q}dù {p`gù}bkkz`n bù knw`qdiqu. V...\ Uhd einuwkwkzk bk upeeùud o`n`qked,inkb `nwq` `bu }i`wù zkb`nedknu d uhd einjqlkzk `b eknzd g` udonèinwpng`nw `n b`zibped }iwdek k kziq gpnk lkciq `bkaiqked g`buw`xwiu d n g``nuk gpn gduwknedkl`nw g`b wd}pu g` }iùdk eil}qilùkd u`nsdbbk einq`kgk jnu kb lil`nw.

Gù}qu g` gùwkekq" `nwq` `bu zkb`nedknu" C. Nkzkqqi d O. Ckn"`b enin g` J. Ekqa dnebip wkla ]q`s Linwkn`q" ]d`qk" Ukbzkgiq"Oqkn`bb" C`q d Qigqop`s,Ekuw`bb.54 K Niwù uiaq` bk j g`b uòb`"Ekqa kjqlk3

Bk }iùdk g` bù bwdlù gpù gekgù hk k}kqòpw n b }kniqklkbdw`qkqd u`nu` }iudedinkq,u` kla ebkq`gkw eil k q`keed einwqqdk k bk}iùdk dll`gdkwkl`nw knw`qdiq" d" }`q wknw" uiqodnw eil k `zibped dh`qnedk" d eil k udnopbkqdwsked gkbopnu }bknw`ckl`nwu V...\ }`q kùg`z`ndq pnk uplk gdngdzdgpkbdwkwu èbewd{pù `n bk lkqodnkedg`b on`q` V...\.7=

Bk w`ngnedk k gdbpdq i gdingq` ,,}iwu`q wkla k einingq`,, bùqinw`qù d bù gd`qnedù o`n`qkedinkbu" g`dxk ùwqdewkl`nw kb gù,eia`qw biaqk g`bu }i`wù eil k qùpbwkw. D bk ek}kedwkw g` bù u`pù

54 G` bk wqdk `wk kla Udlaiq b ;445 kBdw`qkwpqk kewpkb kb ]ku Zkb`ned (;4?5,;441$"gùk}kq`dx`n kqk `bu nilu g` Aùu" @uepg`qi d ]kbil`qi" l`nwq` {p` `bu kbwqù zpdweinwdnp`n. G` lkn`qk {p` C. Ain`w i K. J`qq`q qùwkqkn wkla" pnk zòkgk lu" `xebiuiu.Aùu" Ain`w i J`qq`q un" eil}kqkwdzkl`nw" dl}qùedngdabù" kb niuwq` }kq`q.

7= D" `nwq` `bu }i`wù zkb`nedknu g` bù gpù gekgù" ùl`nwk Kbinui" ]kuepkb" A`q`n,op`q" Uqdk" Opdbb`l" Lkqwn`s Lkqsi d Okqedk Oqkp. Wkla einudg`qk q`bb`zknwu Linw`,qi" Wqdoi" Qigk" Akbbùw`q" L. Oinsb`s" Ebkq i Z`qo`q. D kwqdap`dx kbu niqknwk `bu nilu g`Neh`q" K. Nkzkqqi" ]iqekq" Qklin Qklin" Jpbbknk" L. C. @ueqdz i Kg`bb.


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Kla Qkdlin d Kngq`p Kbkqi (Lkdo" 1===$


27/28

80

k}iqwkedinu }`quinkbu eil k liwiq ,,g`dx`n g` u`q" gineu" liwiq" bùk}iqwkedinu o`n`qkedinkbu,, gpnk gdnldek epbwpqkb. Ud lu ni" ekgkzòkgk lu. I lu kzdkw u b lil`nw g` q`koqp}kq gù gpnk nizk}`qu}èwdzk ldbbiq giepl`nwkgk kbb {p` hk knkw upee`dnw9 @bu udb`n,edu wkla eil}w`n. Jdnu d wiw" }ig`n kqqdakq k u`q `x}bdekwdzkl`nwinkl`nwkbu.7;@n k{pùw u`nwdw" qùpbw`n kebkqdgiqù bù }kqkpbù gÙqdk (ud lu ni" `n bladw g`b ]ku Zkb`ned$ }`q wkb g`nw`ngq`" eilekb" {p }kuu `n bk uòink l`dwkw g`bu ?= d bk }qdl`qk l`dwkw g`buzpdwknwk k ekuk niuwqk. D {p` u`nw`nok371

Bko`n`qked g`b ?= ni u b qpdw gpnk einxiqxk gknwbòu eq`wdnu"udn gpnk kbwqk" libw q``dxdgk" gùeqd}wiqu kladediuiu. @uw`l }kqbknwgpnoqp} {p` kewp eil k wkb3 pnk eibbk g` o`nw kla pnk eilpndwkwgdnw`qùuiu d kjndwkwu {p` pbwqk}kuu`n" wiw lig`bknw,bk" bù`qk ù,wqdewk g` bk bdw`qkwpqk. V...\ u ebkq {p` ù wqkewkzk gpn ùwqkwko`lkw`ng`nedu d }qipngkl`nw dncpuw kla wiwu bu }i`wù gùekqwkwu. ]`qu {p` pn g`bu iacèwdpu `qk }qèdukl`nw k{pùw3 `b g` gùekqwkq,biu.Bk o`n`qked g`bu ?= zk u`q pnk lkndiaqk }ibwdek kauibpwkl`nw a`b,bdo`qknw (d" }`q e`qw" libw `xdwiuk$. L`nwq` kewp" ni zk }q`w`ngq` lkdu`q pnk g`jnded kekgldekl`nw ku}wdek d nd bd }kuu }`q bk dlkod,nked g` u`q ekqdwkwdzk. Kdx nilu hi hkn }q`wu" gkqq`qkl`nw" `bu

z`ne`giqu gk{p`bbk }ponk" k j g` g``nukq bù }iudedinu opkntkgùbbkziqu gkzknw bkl`nkk gpnù nizùo`n`qkedinu {p` }qiepqkz`n"jnu kqk kla }ie }qijw" gk}bdekq einwqk bbu bu u`pu lkw`dxiu lwigù.

V...\ @b oqp} kpwig`nildnkwo`n`qked g`bu ?= u {p` i}`q. Gpqknw lug` ;0 kntu hk oiz`qnkw bk }iùdk ekwkbknk" uiaq`wiw kb ]ku Zkb`ned"gù g` bk gdqèed g` eibbèedinu d q`zduwù" `bu cpqkwu g` }q`ldu" `bug`}kqwkl`nwu g` bdw`qkwpqk d bù uèedinu g` eqwdek g`bu ldwcknu gèilpndeked. V...\ hk }dnwkw pn }kniqklk g` bù kewpkbdwkwu kziqkab`kbu u`pu dnw`qùuiu" hk einz`qwdw bu u`pu gàkwu dnw`qnu n dniazdkabù{ùwdinu bdw`qqdù d hk kpu}dedkw `bu nipu zkbiqu {p` hk einudg`qkwlu i}iqwpnu. V...\ G` wiw kdx" ù }iw `q pnk eqwdek wkn }`n`wqknweil ekbok (d hi }igqdk u`q libw3 ùw`l }kqbknw gpn lkngkqdnkw" dbk }`qgpqked d q`}qigpeed gk{pùwk l`nk g` einqkqdù g` oiz`qn}iwu`q ni udok b lu einz`nd`nw }`q k pn ln bdw`qkqd nl`qdekl`nwq`gpw eil `b ekwkb$" }`q `b {p` ni ù }iw `q u gùekqwkq,hi eil pn

7; @n pnk pnk q`zduwk eilBbilaqdp (;4?8,;48;$" }`q `x`l}b`" }ig`l wqiakq w`xwiug` ]q`s Linwkn`q" Oqkn`bb" ]d`qk" Qigqop`s Ekuw`bb" Uòp i Udq`qk. ]`q wkla g`]`gqibi" Akp" Lkqw d ]ib" ]ldku" Kba`qw" Kbwkd" ]kqqklin" Xdqdnkehu" Opdbbklin. Ig` L. Akdxkpbd" Lkwpwkni" Qigk" Cikn d Kqdnt" A`bwqkn" `we. u k gdq" pnk oqkn gdz`qudwkwg}wd{pù }`q k k{p`bbk }iek.

71 @ueqdw gù g`b udb`ned. Niwedk g` bk }iùdk zkb`nedknk qè`nw" Ek}bb`wqk " 11" ;44?"}. 1=5,1;:.


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udl}b``qqiq g` bèwpqk. (}. 1=0,1=:$

Gineu" kdx. Ni gùekqw`p `q pnk q`bèwpqk g` bk niuwqk hduwqdk}iwdek qè`nw. @n j" qù {p` `b w`l}u ni epq . Ukbpw d }iùdk+

LLUÍS RODA: "De generatione: Jaume Pérez Montaner i el cànon poètic valencià de la generació...

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