Malignant Catarrhal Fever.pdf

Malignant Catarrhal FeverMalignant Catarrhal Fever

Malignant Catarrhal Fever Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Jeffrey Musser, DVM, PhD Professor Moritz van VuurenJeffrey Musser, DVM, PhD Professor Moritz van VuurenSuzanne Burnham, DVMSuzanne Burnham, DVM

Texas A&M University Texas A&M University UniversityUniversity of Pretoriaof PretoriaCollege of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Department of

Veterinary Tropical DiseasesVeterinary Tropical Diseases


NotesNotes

For additional information, download this For additional information, download this presentation and read the notes attached presentation and read the notes attached

to each slide.to each slide.


Malignant CatarrhalMalignant CatarrhalFeverFever

In this presentation the authors especially drew from the In this presentation the authors especially drew from the first hand experience of their colleagues in South Africa. first hand experience of their colleagues in South Africa. Personal interviews as well as standard research Personal interviews as well as standard research sources provide the insights we bring you for the sources provide the insights we bring you for the recognition of this exotic disease.recognition of this exotic disease.

Jeffrey Musser Jeffrey Musser Suzanne BurnhamSuzanne Burnham


Malignant Catarrhal Malignant Catarrhal FeverFever

Another word of thanks to Dr Corrie Brown who believes Another word of thanks to Dr Corrie Brown who believes that sharing information will make the world a better that sharing information will make the world a better place. Dr Brown generously has shared her work on this place. Dr Brown generously has shared her work on this subject to add to the depth of this worksubject to add to the depth of this work..

MALIGNANT CATARRHALMALIGNANT CATARRHALFEVERFEVER

Dr Corrie Brown


Diseases Notifiable to the OIE Diseases Notifiable to the OIE Cattle diseasesCattle diseasesBovine Bovine anaplasmosisanaplasmosisBovine Bovine babesiosisbabesiosisBovine genital Bovine genital campylobacteriosiscampylobacteriosisBovine spongiform encephalopathy Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Bovine tuberculosisBovine tuberculosisBovine viral Bovine viral diarrhoeadiarrhoeaContagious bovine Contagious bovine pleuropneumoniapleuropneumoniaEnzootic bovine Enzootic bovine leukosisleukosisHaemorrhagicHaemorrhagic septicaemiasepticaemiaInfectious bovine Infectious bovine rhinotracheitisrhinotracheitis/infectious /infectious pustularpustular vulvovaginitisvulvovaginitisLumpkyLumpky skin diseaseskin diseaseMalignant catarrhal feverMalignant catarrhal feverTheileriosisTheileriosisTrichomonosisTrichomonosisTrypanosomosisTrypanosomosis (tsetse(tsetse--transmitted)transmitted)



Malignant catarrhal fever, is an infectiousdisease of ruminants. It is also referred to as malignant catarrh, malignant headcatarrh, and gangrenous coryza.

In South Africa it may also be called “snotsiekte” which means

“snotting sickness”



Malignant catarrhal fever is a sporadic, usually Malignant catarrhal fever is a sporadic, usually fatal, pansystemic disease of cattle and deer fatal, pansystemic disease of cattle and deer characterized by low morbidity but high mortality, characterized by low morbidity but high mortality, high fever, catarrhal inflammation of the upper high fever, catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and the digestive tract, respiratory tract and the digestive tract, dehydration, conjunctivitis, generalized dehydration, conjunctivitis, generalized lymphadenopathy and epithelial lesions.lymphadenopathy and epithelial lesions.


Malignant Catarrhal FeverMalignant Catarrhal FeverContentsContents

EtiologyEtiologyHost rangeHost rangeTransmissionTransmissionIncubation Incubation Clinical signsClinical signsDiagnosis Diagnosis Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis


EtiologyEtiology

Wildebeest derived MCF is Wildebeest derived MCF is caused by Alcelaphine caused by Alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1(AHVherpesvirus type 1(AHV--1)1)

Sheep associated MCF is Sheep associated MCF is caused by Ovine herpesviruscaused by Ovine herpesvirus--2 2 (OVH(OVH--2)2)


EtiologyEtiologyandand

Caprine herpesvirus type 2Caprine herpesvirus type 2

All are All are LymphotropicLymphotropic CellCell--associated associated Gamma family Gamma family herpesvirusesherpesviruses


EtiologyEtiologyWildebeestWildebeest--derivedderived–– Occurs wherever wildebeest liveOccurs wherever wildebeest live–– Alcelaphine herpesvirusAlcelaphine herpesvirus--11

SheepSheep--associatedassociated–– Endemic, worldwide; sheep is the natural reservoir hostEndemic, worldwide; sheep is the natural reservoir host–– Ovine herpesvirusOvine herpesvirus--22

GoatGoat--derivedderived–– Goats are the natural reservoir host.Goats are the natural reservoir host.–– Caprine herpesvirusCaprine herpesvirus--22–– Seen in deer as alopecia, weight loss syndromeSeen in deer as alopecia, weight loss syndrome


EtiologyEtiologyAll varieties of domestic sheep in North

America are carriers of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OVH-2). Malignant Catarrhal fever in these

natural hosts does not produce clinical disease.

Likewise, goats are endemically infected with caprine herpesvirus-2 (CpHV-2) which

apparently only causes clinical disease in deer.


EtiologyEtiology

The disease expression in “sheep-associated” MCF and

“wildebeest-derived” MCF is very similar.


Host RangeHost Range

The disease can The disease can occur in cattle, occur in cattle, domesticated domesticated buffaloes, a wide buffaloes, a wide range of captive range of captive antelopes and deer, antelopes and deer, and freeand free--living deer. living deer.


Under natural conditions only Under natural conditions only domestic cattle and deer develop domestic cattle and deer develop clinical signs clinical signs

MCF has never been reported in freeMCF has never been reported in free--living wild animals in Africaliving wild animals in Africa




In zoological collections a wide variety of In zoological collections a wide variety of ruminant species have been reported to ruminant species have been reported to develop clinical signsdevelop clinical signs

Rabbits can be infected experimentallyRabbits can be infected experimentally



It was recently confirmed in pigs in It was recently confirmed in pigs in ScandinaviaScandinavia


Reservoir ruminant speciesReservoir ruminant speciesReservoir ruminant species

Blue wildebeestBlue wildebeest

Black wildebeestBlack wildebeest

Domestic sheepDomestic sheep

GoatsGoats


Blue WildebeestBlue Wildebeest


Black WildebeestBlack Wildebeest


TransmissionTransmission

Neonatal and adolescent wildebeest shed virus Neonatal and adolescent wildebeest shed virus


Transmission from reservoir Transmission from reservoir animals to domestic cattle, deeranimals to domestic cattle, deer

contact with calving wildebeest

contact with lambing sheep


Cattle are more susceptible to Wildebeest derived MCF than to the sheep or goat MCF



Transmission of the virus is associated Transmission of the virus is associated with lambing time of sheep or calving with lambing time of sheep or calving season of wildebeest when the virus can season of wildebeest when the virus can be shed from nasal secretions. be shed from nasal secretions. After this period the virus occurs only as After this period the virus occurs only as cellcell--associated, not free virusassociated, not free virus



Droplets and aerosol dispersal of free Droplets and aerosol dispersal of free virus may contaminate feed and water virus may contaminate feed and water sourcessources

Transmission to cattle mostly occurs by Transmission to cattle mostly occurs by inhalation of droplets shed from ewes that inhalation of droplets shed from ewes that are lambingare lambing


Natural transmission of the Natural transmission of the virusvirus

Wildebeest to cattle Wildebeest to cattle Wildebeest to other ruminants Wildebeest to other ruminants Wildebeest to deer Wildebeest to deer Sheep to cattle Sheep to cattle Sheep to other ruminants Sheep to other ruminants Sheep to deerSheep to deerDeer to susceptible species Deer to susceptible species ??Deer to deerDeer to deerGoats to susceptible species Goats to susceptible species ? ? Quite likelyQuite likelyCattle to cattleCattle to cattle XX


Congenital TransmissionCongenital Transmission

Cow will die then later calf will dieCow will die then later calf will die


PathogenesisPathogenesis

Virus infects Virus infects ““natural killernatural killer”” lymphocytes and lymphocytes and transformstransforms them. Transformed cells then them. Transformed cells then replicate as if they were replicate as if they were neoplasticneoplastic and and attack attack hosthost. Terminal necrotizing lesions are . Terminal necrotizing lesions are believed to be the result of an autoimmune believed to be the result of an autoimmune type phenomenon. Vessels and stratified type phenomenon. Vessels and stratified squamous mucosal surfaces are attacked.squamous mucosal surfaces are attacked.


IncubationIncubation

Unknown for natural infections. Some Unknown for natural infections. Some animals are animals are subclinicallysubclinically infected and only infected and only demonstrate symptoms when stressed. demonstrate symptoms when stressed. Some evidence indicates up to 200 daysSome evidence indicates up to 200 days

Experimentally incubation periods may be Experimentally incubation periods may be from 7 to 77 daysfrom 7 to 77 days


Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Clinical SignsClinical Signs

In some cases MCF presents as chronic In some cases MCF presents as chronic alopecia and weight loss as with deer alopecia and weight loss as with deer infected with the Caprine herpesvirus.infected with the Caprine herpesvirus.

However, MCF is typically fatal.However, MCF is typically fatal.


Clinical SignsClinical SignsThere are many factors that affect the There are many factors that affect the duration of the disease in different speciesduration of the disease in different speciesThe severity of the clinical symptoms will The severity of the clinical symptoms will depend on those factors. Mortality is depend on those factors. Mortality is usually 100% but some animals face usually 100% but some animals face weeks of progressive diseaseweeks of progressive diseaseFor this reasons, once the disease is For this reasons, once the disease is identified, most elect to euthanized the identified, most elect to euthanized the affected animal.affected animal.


Clinical SignsClinical Signs

High fever 106High fever 106--107107°°F (41F (41--41.541.5°°C)C)DepressionDepressionIn deer In deer -- sudden deathsudden deathDeer and bison that survive 2Deer and bison that survive 2--3 days:3 days:–– Hemorrhagic diarrheaHemorrhagic diarrhea–– Bloody urineBloody urine–– Corneal opacityCorneal opacity–– Then deathThen death



The longer the animal survives the course The longer the animal survives the course of the disease the more severe the signs of the disease the more severe the signs become.become.

For example, animals that die acutely may For example, animals that die acutely may not develop lymphadenopathy or corneal not develop lymphadenopathy or corneal opacityopacity


As the disease progresses:As the disease progresses:Catarrhal inflammationCatarrhal inflammationErosions and exudates in upper Erosions and exudates in upper respiratory tract, ocular and oral mucosarespiratory tract, ocular and oral mucosaSwollen lymph nodesSwollen lymph nodesLamenessLamenessCNS signs (depression, tremors, stupor, CNS signs (depression, tremors, stupor, hypohypo--responsive, aggression, convulsionsresponsive, aggression, convulsions



On average the time to death for On average the time to death for European cattle is longer than for deer, European cattle is longer than for deer, bison and water buffalo; usually 7bison and water buffalo; usually 7--17 days 17 days after the appearance of clinical signsafter the appearance of clinical signs

In cattle the swollen lymph nodes and In cattle the swollen lymph nodes and severe eye lesions are more frequentsevere eye lesions are more frequent



Hemorrhagic enteritis and cystitis are Hemorrhagic enteritis and cystitis are more frequently seen in bison and deer more frequently seen in bison and deer than in cattlethan in cattleSkin lesions are common in animals that Skin lesions are common in animals that do not succumb quicklydo not succumb quicklyMost eventually die, about 5% recover Most eventually die, about 5% recover clinicallyclinically


Clinical signsClinical signs

Depressed and VERY SICKDepressed and VERY SICKStertorousStertorous respirationrespirationEnlarged lymph nodesEnlarged lymph nodes



Animals suffer, are painful and breathe with difficulty



Secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia may be eventual cause of death if not euthanized first



Painful swollen eyes



Ocular and Ocular and nasal dischargenasal discharge


“snotsiekte”



Mucopurulent discharge, crusting occludes the nostril; animal begins open mouth breathing.


Progresses to total opacity

Early corneal opacity beginsat the limbus

Characteristic of MCF



Severe panophthalmitis, hypopion, corneal erosions Severe panophthalmitis, hypopion, corneal erosions are more frequent in cattleare more frequent in cattle


Severe Ocular lesionsSevere Ocular lesions

Painful Conjunctivitis



Progresses to corneal opacity beginning at Limbus



Characteristic eye lesions


Oral LesionsOral Lesions

Erosions on gums, dental pad and near teethErosions on gums, dental pad and near teeth



Erosions near the teethErosions near the teeth



Necrosis of papillae similar to rinderpestNecrosis of papillae similar to rinderpest



Erosions here are similar to bluetongue in AfricaErosions here are similar to bluetongue in Africa


Erosions of papillae



Erosions in squamous (anterior) portion of Erosions in squamous (anterior) portion of nasal cavitynasal cavity


Enlarged and edematousEnlarged and edematouslymph nodeslymph nodes


Moist necroticdermatitis withexudation and encrustations

Skin lesions associated with both sheep form and wildebeest derived.Resembles foot-and-mouthdisease


Mild diarrhea sometimes seen

which is black andtarry, but not

effusive


In terminal stages CNSsymptoms: falling, circling,head pressing, high steppingconvulsions, then death


Clinical Signs in SwineClinical Signs in SwineFrom a case in Norway:Symptoms reported as: hyperemic conjunctiva,

vomiting, restlessness and anorexia. The rectal temperature was 41° C, the respiratory rate was 33 per minute, and the heart rate was 110 per minute. Despite parenteral antibiotic treatment, the symptoms worsened and the pig died 5 days after onset of disease. Over a short period, three other adult swine in the same herd died after showing similar clinical signs.


Clinical Features SummaryClinical Features SummaryIncubation period is LONG Incubation period is LONG –– weeks to monthsweeks to monthsMorbidity LOW Morbidity LOW Clinical illness Clinical illness –– weight loss, enlarged lymph weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, corneal opacity, rhinitisnodes, corneal opacity, rhinitisMortality Mortality –– 100%100%


DiagnosisDiagnosis

Polymerase chain reactionPolymerase chain reactionGross PathologyGross PathologyHistopathologicalHistopathological examinationexaminationSerologySerologyVirus isolationVirus isolation


Diagnosis at NecropsyDiagnosis at Necropsy

The disease is systemic and lesions can The disease is systemic and lesions can be found in any organbe found in any organInflammation and necrosis of the Inflammation and necrosis of the respiratory, alimentary and urinary mucosarespiratory, alimentary and urinary mucosaGeneralized lymphoid proliferation and Generalized lymphoid proliferation and necrosisnecrosisWidespread vasculitisWidespread vasculitis


Focally disseminated erosions and Focally disseminated erosions and ulcerations in the GITulcerations in the GIT


““button ulcersbutton ulcers”” 55--10 cm erosions10 cm erosions


Frequently see erosions in the bladder mucosa


Lymphoid infiltrationLymphoid infiltration


Multifocal lymphoid infiltrationMultifocal lymphoid infiltration


Enlarged lymphoid tissue – everywhere

– looks like lymphoma

Tonsils bulge

Lymph nodes –TOO BIG


Spleen infiltrated

Hemal nodes are prominent


Peyer’s patches stand out


DiagnosisDiagnosis


HistopathologyHistopathology

T lymphocytehyperplasia,cell necrosis



Severe necrotizingSevere necrotizingvasculitisvasculitis

Perivascular Perivascular lymphoid infiltrationlymphoid infiltration



Perivascular lymphoid Perivascular lymphoid infiltration of arteriolesinfiltration of arterioles


Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis

Mucosal diseaseMucosal diseaseRinderpestRinderpestInfectious bovine rhinotracheitisInfectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Orbivirus infectionsOrbivirus infections


Control of MCFControl of MCF

There is no vaccineThere is no vaccineKeep cattle away from Keep cattle away from lambing sheep and lambing sheep and calving wildebeest!calving wildebeest!


Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Infectious Bovine RhinotracheitisInfectious Bovine RhinotracheitisRinderpestRinderpestFootFoot--andand--mouth diseasemouth diseaseBovine Viral Diarrhea/mucosal diseaseBovine Viral Diarrhea/mucosal diseaseEast Coast Fever (East Coast Fever (TheileriosisTheileriosis))With CNS signs can resemble rabiesWith CNS signs can resemble rabies


An excellent video about Malignant Catarrhal Fever is available from:http://www.up.ac.za/academic/veterinary/depts_vtd_teach/index.htm

Script, directing and editing: Prof M van Vuuren

Video footage: Prof M van Vuuren and Prof JAW Coetzer

Voice-Over: Mr M GoodingEditing: Mr A du Plessis


SummarySummaryThink Malignant Catarrhal fever when: Think Malignant Catarrhal fever when:

Only a few cattle are affected and they dieOnly a few cattle are affected and they dieCattle have been exposed to sheep during Cattle have been exposed to sheep during lambing seasonlambing seasonCattle have severe respiratory symptoms Cattle have severe respiratory symptoms and conjunctivitis with cornel opacityand conjunctivitis with cornel opacityLesions are on the ventral side of the Lesions are on the ventral side of the tonguetongue


Image Watermark Image Watermark

““KAWKAW”” images by Dr. Ken A. Waldrupimages by Dr. Ken A. Waldrup““CoetzerCoetzer”” images used with permission by images used with permission by Dr. J.A.W. CoetzerDr. J.A.W. Coetzer““LLoganLLogan”” images by Dr. Linda Loganimages by Dr. Linda Logan““SuzSuz”” images by Dr Suzanne Burnhamimages by Dr Suzanne Burnham““MVVMVV”” images by Prof Moritz van Vuurenimages by Prof Moritz van VuurenLogo for Dr. Juan Logo for Dr. Juan LubrothLubroth


AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Special thanks to Professors Moritz van Vuuren and JAW CoetzerProfessors Moritz van Vuuren and JAW Coetzer Department of Department of

Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, U oVeterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, U of f PretoriaPretoria

Linda Logan, DVM PhD, USDA International Services, AttachLinda Logan, DVM PhD, USDA International Services, AttachééKen Waldrup, DVM, PhD, Texas Department of State Health ServicesKen Waldrup, DVM, PhD, Texas Department of State Health ServicesRobin Sewell, DVM, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Robin Sewell, DVM, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary

Medicine, Librarian Medicine, Librarian Kelsey PohlerKelsey Pohler-- Research Assistant, TAMUResearch Assistant, TAMULinda Venter, Instructional Designer, Department of Veterinary TLinda Venter, Instructional Designer, Department of Veterinary Tropical ropical

Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, U of PretoriaDiseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, U of PretoriaLilly Lilly MphahleleMphahlele, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of , Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of

Veterinary Science, U of PretoriaVeterinary Science, U of Pretoria


Special thanks for materials Special thanks for materials borrowed with permission borrowed with permission

from presentations by:from presentations by:

Corrie Brown, DVM PhD, University of Georgia, Corrie Brown, DVM PhD, University of Georgia, Department of Veterinary PathologyDepartment of Veterinary PathologyProfessor Moritz van Vuuren and Professor JAW Professor Moritz van Vuuren and Professor JAW Coetzer, Coetzer, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, “Malignant Catarrhal Fever” presented at the FEAD course in Knoxville, Tenn. 2005.


This presentation is a collaborative effort

Malignant Catarrhal Fever.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Malignant Catarrhal Fever.pdf