Memoria Responsabilidad Social Empresarial 2011 - 2012

7/22/2019 Memoria Responsabilidad Social Empresarial 2011 - 2012

1/85


2/85


3/85

??3NAKBMZB^

32SXB^BMZONKM

>0NDFRMKJOJ

35AO @K^ZDXKO

0:SXDUBBJDXB^

?23ERMJONKMXDFBXD

?8NDAOHDXOJ

?58NBXZKEKNONKD

?88FBJKD OFHKBMZB


4/85

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA IXRSD XDFBXD

SX

Ba ndmnbptd jb voadr ndfportkjd bm ba Irupd Xdfbrd bfpbz o jbsorrdaaorsb

jbsjb sus kmknkds, ndm ao aabiojo o tkbrros pkuromos jb fk hksohubad, jdm No-

akxtd Xdfbrd @brmmjbz, ònb ?82 ods, y ao ndmstktunkm jb su bfprbso jb

bxpdrtonkm jb sdfhrbrds jb polo tdqukaao. Fbjkomtb umo vkskm jb dpdrtumk-

joj, jdm Noakxtd bfprbmjk um fdjbad jb mbidnkd hosojd bm ao ndmkomzo y

ba ndfprdfksd ndm sus sdnkds, ndaohdrojdrbs, nakbmtbs, prdvbbjdrbs y ao ndfumkjoj qub ad

ondik. Bstb abiojd sb o fomtbmkjd osto ba jo jb dy, oa ndmedrfor um ndmiadfbrojd bf-

prbsorkoa ajbr bm jkvbrsds sbntdrbs, jdmjb ao bxnbabmnko, ao tkno y ao tromsporbmnko rbsuatom

sbr ads pkaorbs jb mubstrd xktd.

@bfds ndmtkmuojd ba nofkmd jba voadr ndfportkjd ndm ads jkvbrsds ontdrbs ndm ads qub

mds rbaonkdmofds, prdfdvkbmjd jbsjb kmknkotkvos jb noponktonkm tbnmdaikno ndm `brro-

fkbmtos jb vomiuorjko òsto ao prdfdnkm jba toabmtd jb mubstrds ndaohdrojdrbs.

Bm bstds jds atkfds ods, aos bfprbsos jba Irupd Xdfbrd òm osufkjd bxkibmtbs bs-

tmjorbs dpbrotkvds qub sb òm ndmvbrtkjd bm sks tbfos kmtbirojds jb ibstkm y qub, jb edr-

fo ndmstomtb, sb òm kjd onrbjktomjd kmtbrmonkdmoafbmtb poro ioromtkzor su ndmtkmukjoj

y opaknonkm bebntkvo. @bfds sbiukjd kfpabfbmtomjd kmknkotkvos bndbknkbmtbs qub husnom

ibmbror kfpontd pdsktkvd bm mubstro ibstkm ofhkbmtoa7 sdfds rbspdmsohabs ndm ba fbjkd

ofhkbmtb, md sdad pdr umo dhakionkm ndrpdrotkvo, skmd pdrqub bstb hubm prdnbjbr mds ò

pbrfktkjd sbr fs bknkbmtbs y rbmtohabs bm mubstrds mbidnkds. Sbrd, sdhrb tdjd, ndmvbmnk-

jds jb ao kfpdrtomnko jb sbr hubmds vbnkmds y hubmds nkujojomds, prdnurofds qub mubstro

ibstkm bfprbsorkoa skimkkqub hkbmbstor y jbsorrdaad poro aos ndfumkjojbs qub mds ondibm7

pdr baad prdfdvbfds kmknkotkvos bmednojos, prkmnkpoafbmtb, bm ads ruhrds bjunonkm, nopo-

nktonkm aohdroa y sbiurkjoj.

@bfds nufpakjd ?82 ods jb bseubrzd nrbotkvd, jb opubsto pdr ads voadrbs y ba bsprktu

bfprbmjbjdr bm um pos qub troholo pdr ba nrbnkfkbmtd bndmfknd. Ao sdnkbjoj pbruomo

idzo dy jb noponkjojbs kmmdvojdros, jb tbsm y drkikmoakjoj. Ba Irupd Xdfbrd ondfpoo,

prdfubvb y ojfkro bstb prdnbsd eosnkmomtb.

Bm bsto fbfdrko, qubrbfds ndfportkr ndm ustbjbs ?0 `kstdrkos jb pbrsdmos, jb prdybn-

tds, jb xktds. @kstdrkos poro bstor driuaadsds. Ads kmvktd o ndmdnbr mubstros bxpbrkbmnkos.


5/85

5

@K^ZDXKOJBAIXRSDXDFBXD

Noakxtd Xdfbrd @brmmjbz, jb ?5

ods b kld foydr jb umo eofkako

jb nofpbskmds, jblo Bspoo poro

jbjknorsb oa ndfbrnkd bm Ofrkno

Nbmtroa y ba Norkhb.

?09:

Jdm Noakxtd Xdfbrd @brmmjbz bfprbmjb um mubvd mbidnkd

^b ndmstktuyb bm Hdakvko Kmjustrkos jb Onbktb .O.?;::

?000

?0;>

?0;9

?;?>

?;?9^b ndmstktuyb Oafonbmbs Xdfbrd. Jbsjb ?;90, sb

ad ndmdnbr ndfd Kmtbrofrkno jb Ndfbrnkd .O.

y jbsjb ba 833: ndfd Saozo jba ^da.

?;23

^b ndmstktuyb Rmkvbrsoa Zbxtka qub, bm ?;;;, poso

o aaoforsb Ndfpoo Rmkvbrsoa Zbxtka .O.

?;28

^b ndmstktuyb ba Homnd Ndmtkmbmtoa.?;2?

^b ndmstktuyb Movkbrd Sbruomd .O.?;2;

^b ndmstktuyb Oafo Sbr .O.?;5:

Jkdmkskd Xdfbrd bfkmorkd, Lds Omtdmkd

Dmruhko Xdfbrd, Noakxtd Xdfbrd ^bfkmorkd y

Fomuba Xdfbrd bfkmorkd osufbm ao jkrbnnkm

jba Irupd Xdfbrd(ZBXNBXO IBMBXONKM).

?;52

Jdm Noakxtd Xdfbrd @brmmjbz

ojqukbrb onnkdmbs jba Homnd

Ktoakomd qub, bm ?;:8, poso o

aaoforsb Homnd jb Nrjktd jba Sbr.

?;38

^b ndmstktuyb ao sdnkbjoj N. Xdfbrd

y No., ndm ba dhlbtkvd jb kmstoaor

umo ehrkno jb onbktbs, lohdmbs

y fomtbnos, umo rbkmbro y umo

jbsfdtojdro jb oaidjm.

Ndfkbmzo ao prkfbro dao jb

ndfpros jb eumjds oirndaos

bm Skuro.

?;89

?;80

^b ndmstktuyb Ao Kmfdhkakorko .O.

(AKÔ).

Jbsjb ?;05, su mdfhrb bs

Kmvbrskdmbs Nbmtbmorkd ^.O.O.

?;8;

Ba Irupd Xdfbrd suerb

bxprdpkonkdmbs jb tkbrros. Ndm

um bmtdrmd tdtoafbmtb ojvb

poro ao ontkvkjoj bfprbsorko

jbnkjk pdtbmnkor sus mbid

bm ba ndfbrnkd, ao eohrkno

onbktbs b kmnurskdmor bm

ontkvkjojbs utkakzomjd

jb ao rbedrfo oirorko

Kmjustrko Zbxtka Skuro

?;93

?;80B NDM^ZKZR[B AO ^DNKBJOJ

N. XDFBXD [ NO., NDM BADHLBZKUD JB KM^ZOAOX RMOEHXKNO JB ONBKZB^, LOHDMB^[ FOMZBNO^, RMO XBEKMBXO[ RMO JB^FDZOJDXO.

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA IXRSD XDFBXD

Ba sdfhrbrd bro um ortnuad kmjkspbmsohab poro ao vbstkfbmto jb

ao pdno. Bm ?000, jdm Noakxtd Xdfbrd @brmmjbz kjbmtkkn bsto

dpdrtumkjoj y tuvd ao vkskm poro bfprbmjbr ba

mbidnkd jb bxpdrtonkm jb sdfhrbrds jb polo

tdqukaao, jbsjb Notonods (Skuro) onko ba fumjd.

^b kmstoao bm ba Sbr ndm su sdnkd Fomuba

Zdrrbs.


6/85

IXRSD XDFBXD0

^b ojqukbrb ba ndmiadfbrojd Omjbrsdm

Naoytdm & Nd. .O. (eumjojd bm ?;25) y sb

ad jbmdfkmo Ndfpoo Kmjustrkoa Sbr

Sonknd. Jbsjb ?;;2 sb ad ndmdnbr ndfd

Ndmsdrnkd jb Oakfbmtds Eohrka Sonknd

^.O.7 jbsjb ?;;9 ndfd Oakndrp .O. y jbsjb

8338 ndfd Oakndrp .O.O.

^b ojqukbrb ao Xbprbmso Oaidjdmbro y

Oafonm Monkdmoa .O. (Xomso), ao Ehrkno

jb Onbktbs òpolo .O., aos Oibmnkos Xomso

^.O. y ao Ndfpoo

Oafonbmbro .O.

833?JKDMK^KD XDFBXD SODABZZK,

ARK^ XDFBXD HBAK^FBAK^ [ LDÔMZDMKD DMXRHKO @DAJBX

O^RFBM AO JKXBNNKM JBAIXRSD XDFBXD.

;9?

Oakndrp ndmtkmo prdnbsd jb bxpomskm bm

Oribmtkmo oa ojqukrkr aos bfprbsos Ktoad Fombro

y Sostos Bspbnkoabs.

Xomso kmouiur um nbmtrd jb jkstrkhunkm bm

_uktd, Bnuojdr.

Srkfox, o trovs jb MBPD, sb ndmvkbrtb bm umd

jb ads prkmnkpoabs jkstrkhukjdrbs jb auhrknomtbs

^`baa bm ba fumjd.

83??

Oakndrp kmirbso o N`kab bm ba ruhrdjb mutrknkm omkfoa, oa ndfpror ao

bfprbso oafdeddj. Bm ba Sbr, sb

ojqukrkbrdm aos fornos Rnkso . O.

(onbktbs y jbrkvojds irosds)7 Kmnoaso

O., (soasos Oapbso) b Kmjustrkos Zbo

O. (idadskmos oym).

Ba Irupd Soafos ofpao sus

dpbronkdmbs bm Adrbtd,

oa kmouiuror su tbrnbro

paomto bxtrontdro jb

onbktb jb poafo bm ao

paomtonkm jb òmusk.

83?8

^b ndmstktuyb ao Eumjonkm Noakxtd

Xdfbrd @brmmjbz.

?;08

Lds Omtdmkd Dmruhko bs

sbnubstrojd pdr tbrrdrkstos y

fomtbmkjd noutkvd pdr fs jb sbks

fbsbs.

?;0>

Zbrrdrkstos otonom aos kmstoaonkdmbs

jb Soafos jba B spkmd y prdjunbm

iromjbs jods.

?;0:

^b ndmstktuyb Drus .O.?;02

^b ndmstktuyb Fuatkfbrnojds

\dmoabs .O. (Fkmgo).

?;;0

Jkdmkskd Xdfbrd Sodabttk, Auks

Xdfbrd Hbaksfbaks y Lds Omtdmkd

Dmruhko @dajbr osufbm ao

jkrbnnkm jba Irupd Xdfbrd

(NROXZO IBMBXONKM).

833?

Xdfbrd Zrojkmi sb osdnko ndm

BMOS jb N`kab y ndfpro aos

bstonkdmbs jb `baa Sbr. Ao

bfprbso nofhko jb mdfhrb oJkstrkhukjdro Sbtrdx. Jbsjb 8332,

sb aaofo Srkfox .O.

833:

^b ndmstktuyb OES Srkfo .O. y sb

ojqukbrb ktba .O., bfprbso jb

tbabndfumknonkdmbs.

8332

^b ndmstktuyb Kmjustrko Zbxtka Skuro .O.?;98

^b ndmstktuyb Ndrpdronkm Ibmbroa

jb brvknkds .O. (Ndibso).

?;95

^b ndmsktuyb Soafos jba Bspkmd .O.?;9;

^b ojqukbrb Ukjoa y Ukjoa .O. qub,

jbsjb ?;;8 sb aaofo YKZZ .O. ^b

vbmjbm aos onnkdmbs jba Homnd jb

Nrjktd o ads troholojdrbs.

?;09

^b ndmstktuyb Zroholds

Fortkfds .O.

(Zroforso).

?;;3

^b ndmstktuyb oftrdmkns Sbr .O.

^b ndmstktuyb OES Rmkm .O.

?;;>

^b ndmstktuyb Xdfbrd Zrojkmi

^.O., prdjuntd jb ao euskm

pbruomo jb Kmjustrkos y brvknkds

ndm bavo Kmjustrko .O.

?;;9

^b ndmstktuyb Kmjustrkos

jba Bspkmd .O.

?;;8

^b ndmstktuybm Zbrfkmoa

Kmtbrmonkdmoa jba ur .O. (Zksur),

ndmnbskm jba pubrtd jb Fotoromk,

FN Outds .O.

?;;;

^b ndmstktuyb Obrd Zromspdrtb .O. (OZÔ).?;03

Oakndrp ojqukbrb ao bfprbso

oribmtkmo omedrj.

Fuatkfbrnojds \dmoabskmouiuro Saozo Ba da bm

@uon`d. ^b ndmstktuyb

ba Nbmtrd jb brvknkds

Ndfportkjds (Srkdx),

jbjknojd o hrkmjor sbrvknkds

jb ndmtohkakjoj, tbsdrbro,

ojfkmkstronkm jb pbrsdmoa,

skstbfos, bmtrb dtrds.

83?3

^b ojqukbrb ba >3% jb aos onnkdmbsjb Ofhbv Sbr. ^b ndmsdakjom ads

prdybntds jb hkdis y hkdjksba. b

ndmstktuyb Oirndao jba N`kro .O.

8335

^b ndfpabto ao ojquksknkm jb Jkiktoa Yoy .O.,

bfprbso jb tbabndfumknonkdmbs prdvbbjdro

jb sbrvknkds jb ndmbntkvkjoj kmoafhrkno jb

homjo omnò.

8339

Oakndrp ojqukbrb ao bfprbso oribmtkmo Z`b

Uoaub Hromj Ndfpomy (ZUH) y ao bfprbso

ndadfhkomo Srdpbrso. Srkfox ndfpro ao

nojbmo Xbpsda bm Bnuojdr. Fuatkfbrnojds

\dmoabs kmouiuro ba nbmtrd ndfbrnkoa Saozo

jba da Kno.

8330

Ndrpdronkm Sbsqubro Ikuakomo

ndfpro aos bfprbsos Sbsqubro

Akao y Sbsqubro @ofbr.

833;

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA


7/85

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA IXRSD XDFBXD3

@KAOJD^JBOAIDJMSKFO

BFSXBÔ^ JBA IXRSD XDFBXD _RB

SOXZKNKSOM BM B^ZO FBFDXKO.


8/85


Ao foydr edrtoabzo jba Irupd Xdfbrd bs su bqukpd

jb trohold. u prdebskdmoaksfd y ndfprdfksd om

ndmtrkhukjd o trozor umo troybntdrko jb xktd.

Bmtrb aos prkmnkpoabs kmknkotkvos qub jbsorrdaaofds ndm

mubstrds ndaohdrojdrbs bstm aos noponktonkdmbs bm sbiurkjoj

y akjbrozid, foydr kmnauskm jb fulbrbs, prdfdnkm jba toabmtd,

bmtrb dtrds.

Ba Irupd Xdfbrd bs umo irom eofkako ndmedrfojo pdr nojo

umd jb sus troholojdrbs, ndm qukbmbs ndfportkfds rbtds y

ndsbn`ofds xktds. Bs mubstro noso.

BA ZXKRMEDJBA ZXOHOLDBM B_RKSD


9/85

NDA

IXRSD XDFBXD: XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA

ZXOFOXÔ

NOAAOD

@ K ^ Z D X K O

3?


10/85

NDA


SXDIX

FRLBX

Jbsjb

Zrofor

trohold

ads huq

Zrofox

y JÛ R

prdiro

sdhrb t

fulbrb

ao Bsnu

ForkmoFkaoirds Zbaad fomblo y ndmtrdao

ads bqukpds jb kmnbmjkds y soavo-

fbmtd bm ba rbo jb sbiurkjoj

jba huqub Zrofox y tkbmb umo

oabiro kmtrpkjo. Ba nopktm jb ao bfhornonkm,

Fornd Omtdmkd Nrjbmos, jknb jb baao< û prb-

sbmnko ab ò jojd hrkaad y bqukakhrkd oa irupd

jb dknkoabs qub tbmid o hdrjd. [ oojb ndm

sbrkbjoj fornkoa< Oqu ba Srdirofo Fulbrbs o

Hdrjd ò jbfdstrojd qub aos fulbrbs sdm fs

rbspdmsohabs qub ads `dfhrbs.

Ykaakof Xbvkaao Uoajkvko, supbrkmtbmjbmtb

fortkfd jb Zroforso, nubmto ba drkibm jba prd-

irofo< Ao bfprbso bfpbz o tbmbr huqubs

jbsjb ba 83?3 y ndfbmzofds o rbqubrkr prdeb-

skdmoabs poro ao trkpuaonkm jb bstos movbs. Bro

um fbrnojd qub tbmo funò jbfomjo, pbrd

pdno debrto jb dknkoabs, pdrqub ao foydro sb vo

o troholor oa bxtromlbrd. Bsto prdebskm ò skjd

FKAOIXD^ ZBAAD B^ AO ZBXNBXO SKADZD BMNOXIOJO JB

AO BIRXKJOJ O HDXJD JBA HR_RB ZXOFOP. IXONKO^

OA SXDIXOFO FRLBXB^ O HDXJD, BAAO JB^ZONO SDX ^R

JK^NKSAKMO [ UOABMZO. O^SKXO OA NOXID F^ OAZD< ^BX

AO NOSKZOMO JBA HR_RB.

jb `dfhrbs, pbrd ironkos o ao opbrturo jb ads

ods 93 y 03, nojo vbz aos fulbrbs om kjd ovom-

zomjd bm tdjd tkpd jb prdebskdmbs. [ mdsdtrds

jbnkjkfds derbnbr um ofhkbmtb jb ndmkomzo

poro baaos.

Ba Zrofox bs um huqub qub bst bstonkdmo-

jd bm ba pubrtd jba Noaaod y sdad sb fubvb bm

bstb fubaab, pdrqub prbsto sbrvknkds jb trosaojd

jb norio o dtrds hornds fbrnomtbs. Bm ba mdrtb

jba pos, òy dtrd huqub qub vo jb Zoaoro o Sok-

to, kjo y vubato, bm sdad : `dros. Bmtdmnbs bstbtrohold jb vkolbs ndrtds, qub md aos sbporom jb

sus eofkakos pdr fun`d tkbfpd bm nosd jb qub

tbmiom `klds, ònb qub bsto paozo sbo husnojo

pdr fulbrbs prdebskdmoabs. [ os `knkfds umo

ndmluionkm bmtrb ad qub bxkstb, ad qub mdsdtrds

mbnbsktofds y ad qub mbnbsktom aos prdebskdmo-

abs qub soaom jb ao Bsnubao Monkdmoa jb Forkmo

Fbrnomtb b `knkfds umo debrto aohdroa. Bsto

BA ZOABMZD EBFBMKMD_RB HXKAAO BM BA SRBXZD

ZXOHOLD KMNAR^KUD BM HR_RB^


11/85

NDA

IXRSD XDFBXDXB^SDM^OHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXB^OXKOA0

ndmsksto bm derbnbr pubstds o dknkoabs fulbrbs

poro troholds bm nuhkbrto.

^km bfhorid, um prdirofo pkdmbrd skbfprbtkbmb rbskstbmnkos oa prkmnkpkd, rbforno Xbvkaao.

@osto qub eukfds ndfprdhomjd qub bstos

mubvos dknkoabs jb nuhkbrto jbstonohom pdr su

bstrknto jksnkpakmo. Aos fulbrbs mumno aabiohom

torjb7 tbmom tdjd drjbmojktd y hkbm `bn`d jb

onubrjd o aos mdrfos. [ bstd b s kfpdrtomtb poro

aos jdnufbmtonkdmbs o hdrjd. Bsto prdebskm bs

umo jb aos fs rbiuaojos y ksnoakzojos bm ads

fhktds monkdmoa b kmtbrmonkdmoa,

rrbds prdtdndads. [ baaos eubrdm ao

tbs, rbndmdnb Xbvkaao.

Ba skiukbmtb posd bro tbmtoj

ao ndmvdnotdrko jb trohold o ao

fomtbmkfkbmtd jb fqukmos. [ b

fdfbmtd, vdavk o numjkr ao kmnr

rom noponbs baaos jb sbr fbnmk

aaovbs iromjbs y pbsojos jb ao m

ba tbfo jb ao eubrzo skno< [ sb

rojkifos. Xbnubrjd o umo dknko

MDFHXB


12/85

NDA


; DEKNKOAB^ FRLBXB^ DNRSOXDM SRB^ZD^ XBABUOMZB^ BMZXOFOX^O, IXONKO^ OA SXDIXOFO FRLBXB^ O HDXJD.


13/85

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA8

38RMKUBXÔA ZBPZKA

NOAAOD

@ K ^ Z D X K O

NDA

IXRSD XDFBXD

iumjo kmibmkbro o hdrjd, fojrb jb umo mko jb

ods, qub sb ojopt hkbm y aabi oa fxkfd

mkvba< juromtb um od eub nopktomo jb um hornd.

@osto qub portk poro bstujkor umo fobstro bm

Jbrbn`d Fortkfd.

[ o`dro fksfd, rbsoato Xbvkaao, tbmbfds o

Fkaoirds Zbaad qub ò jbfdstrojd su voadr bm

ba tbfo jb sbiurkjoj jba hornd, qub bs kfpdr-

omtskfd pdr ads rkbsids o hdrjd. [ tkbmb fun`d

uturd.

Fkaoirds md sb bmvombnb ndm ads òaoids.

Bm bstb trohold òy qub tbmbr funò iorro,

qub ao `b sonojd jb fk fojrb, qub bs hostomtb

iubrrkjo, okrfo ndm su sdmrkso jb skbfprb< ao

fs kmtrpkjo. [ tbmbfds qub ndmsbiukr qub

ojo vbz sbofds fs fulbrbs bm bstb fhktd,

dmnauyb, ndm su irom euturd o nubstos.

IROAJOJ@D[ BM JO MD^ SDJBFD^JOX NRBMZO JB _RB ZOMZD BA@DFHXB NDFD AO FRLBX SRBJBMJB^BFSBOX BA FK^FD NOXID,AO FK^FO ERMNKM ^KM MKMIMSXDHABFO.

?>SBX^DMO^ [ 8 FRLBXB^ O HDXJD

KBMB BA HR_RB AOFHO[B_RB.


14/85

NDA

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA IXRSD XDFBXD:

SXDIX

KMNAR

Rmkvbrs

prdfub

jb pbrs

jksnopo

bm ba f

pbruom

jbsjb

sb jknto

abmiuo

ibrbmt

y sb nd

trojunt

rbumkd

^b pubjb sbmtkr ao ebaknkjoj skm jbnkr umo

sdao poaohro. Xdso Movorrd ò vkvkjd

ondfpoojo jb skabmnkd sus 23 ods

jb vkjo, pbrd md pdr bsd ò jblojd jb

ndfumknorsb ndm ba fumjd. Xdso, Xdskto!, ab

jknbm sus ndfpobrds jba toaabr jb ndsturo jb

Rmkvbrsoa Zbxtka. Baao md bsnunò ba norkd qub

ondfpoo aos vdnbs qub jknbm su mdfhrb, pbrd

ad skbmtb.

Bm fbjkd jba troqubtbd jb nkbmtds jb f-

qukmos jb ndsbr, ndrtor y rbfoaaor qub aabmom aosoao jb prdjunnkm jb ao bfprbso, Xdso troholo

skm sbmtkr ba rukjd, ondfpoojo sdad jb aos fka

kjbos qub sbiurd nruzom pdr su nohbzo. Rmo jb

sus ndfpobros hrdfbo jknkbmjd qub bstd bs

umo vbmtolo. Mumno sb qublo jb tdmtbros, mum-

no soab ndm jdadr jb nohbzo, ab jknb fkbmtros ao

ohrozo ndm outmtkno ojfkronkm.

Bstb norkd md bs irotuktd< sb ad iom oa

jbfdstror qub pdjo nofkmor ndm sdaturo y

pbrskstbmnko bm um bsponkd jdmjb sbr sdrjd-

fujd bro, oa prkmnkpkd, umo nurkdskjoj. Xdso

eub ao prkfbro pbrsdmo md dybmtb bm troholor

bm bsto ehrkno jb ndmebnnkdmbs, ònb 9 ods,

aubid jb posor pdr oa fbmds nkmnd nbmtrds ao-

hdroabs bm ads qub sb jbsbfpb skbfprb bm

aohdrbs jb ndsturo, skbfprb bm skabmnkd, bmsk-

fksfojo, ndfumknmjdsb ndm `kads, ndrtbs y

fqukmos jb rbfoaab.

Oa prkmnkpkd, ònbr ofkids bro nosk kfpdsk-

hab< mojkb bmtbmjo ba pdrqu jb su sdabjoj, pdr

qu oafdrzoho fkromjd su paotd skm otbmjbr

oarbjbjdr y pdr qu md rbspdmjo nuomjd ab

prbiumtohom oaid. Xdso sohb abbr ads aohkds y sb

prbdnupoho pdr jorsb o bmtbmjbr ndm oaiumos

sbos enkabs, pbrd md eub sbmnkaad.

@ONB 9 OD^, XDÔ MOUOXXD AABI O ZXOHOLOX O

RMKUBXÔA ZBPZKA, NDM RMO JK^NOSONKJOJ ORJKZKUO

_RB MD AB KFSKJK JB^ZONOX SDX ^R @OHKAKJOJ NDM

AO F_RKMO JB ND^BX. @D[, JBHKJD O ^R BLBFSAD, ?8

ZXOHOLOJDXB^ MD D[BMZB^ AOHDXOM BM AO BFSXBÔ.

AO^ FOMD^ _RB ND^BMAO B^SBXOM\O

KMNAR^KM JB SBX^DMO^ NDM JK^NOSONKJOJ


15/85

NDA

IXRSD XDFBXD

ao bfprbso kmndrpdr o um kmtr

rbumkdmbs dknkoabs, os ba pbrsdmo

tbmjro qub ònbr um bseubrzd fo

prbmjbr. Xdso ad bxprbso hkbm< B

vbz qub umo bfprbso sb prbdnu

bmtbmjofds o ads dtrds y mds bm

sdtrds. [ jblbm jb fkror jb edrf

rpkjds fdvkfkbmtds jb sus fom

^RSBXOMJD BA BMDLD

Xdso bs ao foydr jb nuotrd `brfo

md dybmtb jb ao eofkako. Ukvk bm A

ads ?: ods, nuomjd sus pojrbs y s

fomds sb fujordm o Akfo poro qu

bstujkor bm umo kmstktunkm poro

qub bmtdmnbs qubjoho bm Horro

jo, baao md òho pksojd umo bsn

kmtbrontuojd ndm dtros pbrsdmos

Bmtdmnbs oprbmjk ba abmiuolb jb

nkd qub ao oyujoro o suhskstkr< ao n

rohko y erustronkm pdr md pdjbr hkbm ndm ba fumjd, rbndmdnb, p

romjd su bmdld oa rktfd jba pbjoa

jb ndsbr.

Sujb aabvor umo vkjo mdrfoa< t

fb sbpor, y tbmid umo klo jb ?9 o

hao, pbrd oprbmjk ba abmiuolb jb sb

qubo y bs fk fbldr trojuntdro, nu

SONKBMNKO SOXO NDFRMKNOX^B

Iukakomo Uakz Noakxtrd y Akjko Fortmbz Nbmtbmd

sdm qukbmbs fbldr sb ndfumknom bm abmiuolb jb

sbos y qukbmbs oyujom o Xdso o ndmtor su kstd-

rko. ^kbfprb fkr aos aohdrbs jb ads jbfs poro

fbldror aos fos y oirojbno o tdjd ba qub fb

oyujoro, jkr Xdso, ndm sus fomds badnubmtbs.

Bm ao bfprbso òy o`dro ?8 troholojdrbs md

dybmtbs. @onb jds ods, tdjds ads lbebs jb rbo

y vorkds troholojdrbs oprbmjkbrdm ndsos hsknos

jba abmiuolb jb sbos, pubs ao bfprbso prdnur

qub irom portb jb su pbrsdmoa aabvb bstb nursd

poro pdjbr fbldror ao ndfumknonkm ndm ads

troholojdrbs sdrjdfujds. Baads tdjd ad vbm

o trovs jb tus bxprbskdmbs, jknb Uakz. Jbsjb

bmtdmnbs, aos rbaonkdmbs aohdroabs y pbrsdmoabs

fbldrordm fun`skfd.

Oa kmknkd pbmshofds qub poro ndfumknor-

mds ndm pbrsdmos md dybmtbs s dad tbmofds qubbsnrkhkr bm um popba, òsto qub bmtbmjkfds qub

aos pbrsdmos ndm jksnoponkjoj oujktkvo tkbmbm

dtro fombro jb ndfumknorsb. Bfpbzofds o pb-

jkr nòraos jb sbmskhkakzonkm poro tdjd ba pbrsd-

moa, bxpakno Iukakomo Uakz.

Aos naosbs jba abmiuolb jb sbos eubrdm hkbm

rbnkhkjos pdr tdjds ads troholojdrbs. Ojbfs,

5 XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA

9OD^ ZKBMB XDÔZXOHOLOMJD BMRMKUBXÔA ZBPZKA.ERB AO SXKFBXOZXOHOLOJDXO

MD D[BMZB JB AOBFSXBÔ

NDM RM KMZXSXBZB BM XBRMKDMB^ DEKNKOABXO AO SXKFBXO UB\ _RB RMO BFSXBÔ BSXBDNRSOHO SDX_RB BMZBMJOFD^ O AD^DZXD^ [ MD^ BMZKBMJOM O MD^DZXD^XDÔ MOUOXXDBFSABOJO JB RMKUBXÔA ZBPZKA

NOSONKZONKDMBÂO BFSXBÔKFSABFBMZNOSONKZONKDMB^SOXO LBEB^ JB XBO[ ZXOHOLOJDXB^ BMABMIROLB JB ^BO^SOXO FBLDXOX AONDFRMKNONKM.


16/85


NDA

IXRSD XDFBXD

AO SKDMBXO

Fdvkbmjd sus fomds ndm ropkjbz, Xdso bxpakno

qub ad qub fs ab fdabsto sdm oqubaaos pbrsd-

mos qub nrbbm qub ads md dybmtbs sdm tdmtds.

Sdr bsd voadro tomtd su trohold bm Rmkvbrsoa Zbx-

ka< pdrqub sb skbmtb nfdjo. [ bst driuaadso jb

qub su bxpbrkbmnko oyo pbrfktkjd ba kmirbsd jb

fs pbrsdmos ndm jksnoponkjoj oujktkvo.

Nuomjd ba mfbrd jb pbrsdmos md dybmtbs

bfpbz o oufbmtor bm ao ehrkno, Xdso sb skmtk

fun`d fs o iustd. Ikuakomo jknb qub aos pbrsd-

mos md dybmtbs sdm fuy umkjos< subabm sbmtorsb

umtos o oafdrzor y sb rbmbm o ao `dro jb soakjo

nòraor ndm sus nakjos fomds. Xdso ònb md-

or ao jkebrbmnko< Aos pbrsdmos dybmtbs pubjbm

roholor y ndmvbrsor o ao vbz, mdsdtrds md. Ad

jknb sdmrkbmjd.

Iukakomo bxpakno qub ba prdirofo poro pbrsd-

mos md dybmtbs jb Rmkvbrsoa Zbxtka sb nbmtro bmum vbrjojbrd sbmtkjd jb kmnauskm. Md sb ònbm

dmvdnotdrkos ohkbrtos, pubs bmtrb baads fks-

fds sb ndfumknom. Zofpdnd òy um bxofbm

bspbnkoa< tkbmbm qub posor ao fksfo bvoauonkm

qub nuoaqukbr pbrsdmo. Sdrqub sdm bspbnkoabs,

pbrd tkbmbm ao fksfo ndfpbtbmnko prdebskdmoa

qub ads dybmtbs. Xdso, ao pkdmbro, ad jbfubstro

kbfprb.

Xdso md sdad bs umo bknkbmtb troholojdro, tofhkm bs fobstro jb ndsturo.

KMNAR^KMBM AO BFSXBÔ AO^ SXRBHO^ JB BUOARONKM ^DMKIROAB^ SOXO ZDJD^. BA SXDIXOFO SOXO SBX^DMO^MD D[BMZB^ JB RMKUBXÔA ZBPZKA ^B NBMZXO BM RMUBXJOJBXD ^BMZKJD JB KMNAR^KM.

ABMIROLB ^BM^KHABOA KMKNKD ^B SBMÔHO _RB SOXONDFRMKNOX^B NDM SBX^DMO^MD D[BMZB^ ^DAD @OHO _RBB^NXKHKX BM SOSBA. ARBID AOBFSXBÔ DXIOMK\ N@OXAO^JB ^BM^KHKAK\ONKM SOXONDFRMKNOX^B NDM ^BO^

3>NOO HXOUO

SKRXO

@ K ^ Z D X K O


17/85

NDA


Sdjro sbr ndmdnkjd ndfd b

kjbos. [o aabvo suibrkjos nkmn

y sb vo pdr ao sbxto. Ldmot

tkbmb >3 ods, bstujk Fbn

tbmkfkbmtd bm ba ^bmotk jb Zoaoro y troholo n

jba rbo jb Bvopdronkm jb Noo Hrovo. [ bs

vdrktds poro dhtbmbr bstb od oaiumd jb ads

ironkos o umo prdpubsto qub ab o`drro o ao bf

sdabs oa od.

Nofon`d ad nubmto ndm jbtbmkfkbmtd.

ònofds um nofhkd jb bvopdrojdr Wfquk

ba prdnbsd bm qub um aukjd poso jba bstojd

sbdsdV, pbrjofds iromjbs nomtkjojbs jb lu

oznor oa jo, qub bn`hofds oa jrbmolb.

Sdr bstd, nojo vbz qub sb òno um nofh

jdr oho umo fbrfo jb :,2 fbtrds nhknds

qub sb jbspbrjknkoho. Nofon`d ad nubmto nd

hdthofds oznor oa jrbmolb. k fuatkpaknos b

jo, pbrjofds :29,>8 sdabs bm um sdad nofh

jdr. Jb fombro qub sk tbmofds 5 nofhkds oa

8.9:: sdabs bm prjkjos.

Ndfprdfbtkjd ndm ao bfprbso òsto ao n`d kjb um prdnbsd qub rbvkrtkbro bso prj

um skstbfo jb vavuaos qub rbtuvkbro ba lui

um fomkedaj Wtuhd ndabntdrV y ndm umo hdf

fo ab oirbiofds umo fomiubro, rbnupbrof

um tomqub y ad fbtkfds jb mubvd oa prdnbsd

rbskjuds, sb oprdvbnò ba oznor oa ?33%!, n

abktb. Md fb fubvbm ads prbfkds, skmd ba rb

fb fdtkvo o tbmbr fs kjbos, ndmnauyb, kmjb

O LDMOZ@OM NOFON@D^B AB DNRXXK NXBOXRM ^K^ZBFO JB UAURAO^, BM BA SXDNB^D JBBUOSDXONKM, _RB BUKZOXO AO SXJKJO JB :,2FBZXD^ NHKND^ JB LRID JB NOO OA JO. ^RKJBO [O KFSABFBMZOJO @O ADIXOJD _RB ^BO@DXXBM >8.;80 ^DAB^ OA OD.

FB FRBUB BAXBNDMDNKFKBMFB FDZKUO O ZBF^ KJBO^

BA SXBFKD ZOAAM

Kmstktukjd bm luakd jba 83?8, bstb prbfkd

rbndmdnb o ads troholojdrbs jb Noo

Hrovo qub, juromtb ba od, prdpuskbrdm

kjbos kmmdvojdros, sdaunkdmbs nrbotkvos,

adirordm o`drrds bm ao bfprbso y

fdtkvordm ba trohold bm bqukpd. Juromtb

ao sbiumjo sbfomo jb jknkbfhrb sb

bmtrbiom ads toaaombs jb hrdmnb, paoto

y drd, ojbfs jba Irom Zoaam, trdebds

qub sb dtdriom o ads troholojdrbs ndm

aos kjbos fs drkikmoabs y jb foydr

kfpontd pdsktkvd poro ao bfprbso.

Juromtb ba 83?>, yo vom ?? kmknkotkvos

kmmdvojdros oprdhojos y bm fornò.

Ba mdfhrb qub aabvo ba prdybntd y ads

prbfkds sb tdfo jb ao nuaturo prbmno

qub sb osbmt ònb fs jb fka ods

bm bsto zdmo mdrtb jba pos, y qub

sb norontbrkz pdr su kmmdvonkm y

bfprbmjkfkbmtd. Jbsjb qub sb pusd

bm fornò ba Srdybntd Zoaam sb òm

oprdhojd 80 kmknkotkvos qub rbprbsbmtom

um o`drrd jb vorkds fkabs jb jaorbs.


18/85

NDA


[K^Ô IDXJKAADZRUD AO KJBO JB RZKAK\OXB^SDMLO^ BM AO XBJ JB FOMIRBXO^, _RB ^BRZKAK\OM SOXO BA XKBID SDX IDZBD BM ADÊRMJD^ ADHD [ AO @RONO JB NOO HXOUO.B^ZO^ XB^RAZOXDM ZOM BEBNZKUO^ BM XBFDUBXAD _RB JK^DAUOM AD^ _RFKND^, _RB AB @OM

O@DXXOJD 88 FKA ^DAB^ O AO BFSXBÔ.

IXONKO^ O FKKJBO AD^ NOMO_RBJOM NDFDMRBUD^

^dfds umo jb aos pdnos b

fumjd qub tkbmb rkbid pdr

bxtbmskm jb tbrrbmd os bm ba

[ksso Idrjkaad, rojkomtb. Kmib

jb 8; ods, [ksso bs ao supbrvksdro jba rbo jb

td jb ads eumjds Adhd y Ao @uono jb Noo H

pbrsdmos o su norid y aunb ndmtbmto ndm su kj

ab onoho jb o`drror 88 fka sdabs o ao bfprbso

Zdjd ndfbmz ndm umo erustronkm bm ba

tuhbros poro ba rkbid jb ao noo jb oznor, qu

jb :> fka gkafbtrds bm tdjd Noo Hrovo. S

tro aohdr ndmskstb bm ònbr akfpkbzo jb ads

fotrknbs y fomiubros poro qub òyo umo u

rkbid, bs jbnkr qub nokio ba noujoa qub m bnb

poro bsd, md jbhb ohbr nomoabs dhstrukjds

Soro sdaunkdmor ba prdhabfo jb ao sunkbj

tro bm ads nomoabs jb rkbid, sb opaknoho 0 gkad

pdr nofpoo. Sbrd ndm ba pbrxkjd oy qub

nukjojds. Bmtdmnbs dpt pdr usor ba `kpdnad

fbldr fombld, morro [ksso. [ poro pdtbmnkor

ab dnurrk oirbior umos bspdmlktos qub tuvkbr

jb aos fomiubros y qub, o fdjd jb ndrn`d r

fdvkbrom nuoaqukbr rbskjud pdr fs fkmsn

Bmtdmnbs ohrkfds ba rkbid y, ndm ao eubr

bspdmlkto vo sonomjd ad qub ò rbfdvkjd b

bmeotkzo [ksso. Aubid soab jksporojo pdr ao oh

ao fomiubro, jb ?23 fbtrds, ohkbmjd nufp

bxpuriojdro. Bsto kjbo sb prdh bm luakd y sb

tojd bm :8 ambos jb fomiubros pdr bntrbo

qubjom ndfd mubvds, rbforno [ksso, ndm l

LOUKBX HBAADZOKJB AO KFSABFBMZONKM JBUOXKAAO^ BM BA BMXBLOJD JB AD^ NOFKDMB^ND^BN@OJDXB^, _RB SDX ZBMBX OHBXZRXOÎXOMJB^ DNO^KDMOHOM AO NOJO JB 0 GKAD^JKOXKD^ JB NOO JB O\NOX. ^R KJBO AB @O^KIMKEKNOJD O AO BFSXBÔ RM O@DXXD JB

?>?.533 ^DAB^ OA OD.

@O[ ^DARNKDMB^^BMNKAAO^ SOXOSXDHABFOÎXOMJB^

Lovkbr Hbaadto tkbmb >? ods, ?? ndfd tnmknd

bm fbnmkno jb prdjunnkm jb ao bspbnko-

akjoj jb sdajojuro, > ndfd dpbrojdr jb

foqukmorko oirndao y opbmos umds fbsbs

dfd ndmtrdaojdr jb ao ndsbnò jb noo jb oznor bm ba

umjd Adhd, jb Noo Hrovo. O fbjkojds jb ohrka, skm bf-

horid, o Hbaadto sdad ab hostordm 2 fkmutds bm su mubvd

pubstd poro qub sb ab dnurrkbro umo kjbo tom skfpab ndfd

drprbmjbmtb.

Zdjds ads jos trohold ndmtrdaomjd ads nofkdmbs qub

fbnomkzom ao ndsbnò òsto qub fb jk nubmto jb qub sus

omostos jb outdvdatbd Wqub rbndibm ao noo y ao oafonbmom

bm umo nbajo jbmtrd jba vb`nuadV tkbmbm um bmrblojd ndm

uojrojds jb jds puaiojos jb omn`d, pdr ads qub ao noo sb

ob fkbmtros sb rboakzo ba trohold jb ndsbnò, nubmto.

Os, skbfprb qubjoho umo sbmjo jb noo qub sb jbs-

pbrjknkoho bm ba nofpd. Jds puaiojos bm ba bmrblojd sdm 2

bmtfbtrds jb ohbrturo y ao prjkjo bro nuomtkdso. Hbaadto

bmtdmnbs utkakz su sbmtkjd ndfm jb sdajojdr bm ba jbskbr-

d. @oho qub ndadnor y sdajor umo vorkaao bm fbjkd jb nojo

uojrojd jb aos rblos, jb fdjd rbntd y poroabad, poro qub

jb bsto fombro ba bsponkd jb ao ohbrturo sb rbjulbro o umo

puaiojo, bxpakno ndm ao eonkakjoj jba bxpbrtd.

Ao ibrbmnko fomj sdajor ?33 vorkaaos bm ba bmrblojd jba

ofkm ndsbnòjdr mfbrd ?3. [ ba rbsuatojd eub jbsndaaom-

b< sk omtbs pbrjom 0 gkads bm ba nofpd, o`dro sdad òho umo

fbrfo jb ? gkad. Bstd skimkkn um o`drrd jb ?>?.533 sdabs oa

d. [d sdy jb Nbrrd Fdn`d, umo zdmo pdhrb jb ûaaomo. O

prbmjbfds o bmndmtror sdaunkdmbs skfpabs o prdhabfos

iromjbs, jknb bstb pojrb jb > klds, driuaadsd jb s fksfd.


19/85

NDA


53 KMMDUOJDXO^ KJBO^ ZOAAM ^B NOANRAO_RB ^B SXB^BMZOXM @O^ZO EKMB^ JB 83?>.


20/85

NDA

IXRSD XDFBXD5 XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA

NOSONKZOX O AD^ ZXOHOLOJDXB^ B^ RM DHLBZKUD NBMZXOA.BM BA IXRSD XDFBXD ^B EDXFOM NDFD AJBXB^.

?8SBX^DMO^ MD

D[BMZB^ ZXOHOLOM BM

RMKUBXÔA ZBPZKA. LBEB^ [

NDAOHDXOJDXB^ XBNKHBM

NOSONKZONKDMB^ BM

ABMIROLB JB ^BO^.

88.333^DAB^ AB O@DXX O

NOO HXOUO AO KJBO

JB [K^Ô IDXJKAAD SDX

RZKAK\OX B^SDMLO^ BM AO^

FOMIRBXO^.

;FRLBXB^ DEKNKOAB^ ZRUD

ZXOFOXÔ BM ^R^ HR_RB^

BM BA SBX, IXONKO^ O ^R

SDAZKNO JB KMNAR^KM

AOHDXOA.

>33GKADIXOFD^ F^ JB SB^D

ZKBMBM AD^ NOFKDMB^ _RB

XBNDIBM AO^ ND^BN@O^

JB NOO JB O\NOX,

IXONKO^ O AO KJBO JBLOUKBX HBAADZO.


21/85


Bm ba Irupd Xdfbrd rbndmdnbfds ao kfpdrtomnko jb

sbr hubm vbnkmd y ontuor jb fombro ndmsbnubmtb.

Jbsjb mubstrds kmknkds, opdyofds o ao pdhaonkm bm ba

bmtdrmd jdmjb jbsorrdaaofds mubstros ontkvkjojbs,

fbjkomtb um trohold ndmlumtd y tromsporbmtb. O trovs jb

um paom jb jbsorrdaad kmtbiroa husnofds ao portknkponkm

b kmnauskm jb ao pdhaonkm bm nojo umd jb ads prdirofos

kfpabfbmtojds, ndfd noponktonkdmbs aohdroabs luvbmkabs,

prdfdnkm jb voadrbs bm ao mkbz, vdaumtorkojds ndrpdrotkvds y

prdirofos jb sbiurkjoj vkoa, bmtrb dtrds.

Zdjos bstos bxpbrkbmnkos sufom bseubrzds poro ndmsbiukr

mubstrd prkmnkpoa dhlbtkvd< opdstor pdr mubstrd pos y ndmtrkhukr

ndm su jbsorrdaad `ufomd, sdnkoa y bndmfknd

KFSDXZOMNKO

JB ^BX HRBMD^UBNKMD^


22/85

3 XB^SDM^OHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXB^OXKOA IXRSD XDFBXD

3:OAKNDXS

NOAAOD

@ K ^ Z D X K O


23/85


NOSON

AOHDX

Bstb pr

Oakndrp

jbnbmo

ndm prd

jb prkf

^bmotk.

jba prd

oanomzo

o tkbfp

hkbm rb

Ad prkfbrd qub vkd Ksbao Ubro Nofpds

nuomjd aabi o Oakndrp eub um pdad qub

jbno< Mubstro sbiurkjoj bs prkfb-

rd. ^b ad bmtrbiordm ndfd bm um rktd

jb kmknkonkm, sb ad pusd, kauskdmojo, y pos jds

sbfomos skm kmirbsor om o ao ehrkno. Fk houtk-

zd bm ao bfprbso eub ndfprdhor bso trbfbmjo

sbiurkjoj7 omtbs jb bmtror, fb jkbrdm prkfbrd

umo kmjunnkm bm voadrbs ùfomds y sbiurkjoj

kmjustrkoa. Aubid jb 03 dros jb noponktonkm, oa

km pos o ao paomto.

Ksbao tkbmb 8? ods y ads subds ontkvds.

Monkjo bm Noloforno, vkol o ads ?9 ods o N`k-

naoyd poro kmtbmtor kmirbsor o umo umkvbrskjoj

bm Kmibmkbro Oirdkmjustrkoa, pbrd md sb pujd

fomtbmbr sdao troholor y bstujkor fs jb

jds nknads. _u òno4 Fb rbirbsoho o Nolo-

forno o aadror y aofbmtorfb4 Md, jbnkj vbmkr o

Akfo.

Jbsjb su tkbrro jb drkibm, sus pojrbs y sus

tds kmvkrtkbrdm sus o`drrds poro qub vkoloro

o ao nopktoa. Oqu ndmskiuk um nonùbad ndfd

rbnbpnkdmksto, pbrd mojo pbrbmmb. ^km bfhorid,

su vkjo nofhk ironkos o su nurkdskjoj pbrsks-

tbmtb. Ksbao nofkmoho pdr ao ovbmkjo Oribmtkmo,

bm ba Noaaod, vbo ao ehrkno jb Oakndrp y sb jbno sbrm fs jb :3 prdfdnkdmbs ndms-

omtbs.

@dy ba 82% jb funòn`ds qub sb ò iro-

juojd bm ba prdirofo NAL bst troholomjd o

paozd kmjbtbrfkmojd skm rbstrknnkm mk paozdsbfpdroabs bm Oakndrp. Md bxkstb bm ba pos

umo bfprbso qub tbmio um prdirofo os, qub

rbo voadr poro ao ndfpoo, poro ao kmjustrko

y poro ao sdnkbjoj pdrqub ibmbro noponkjojbs

bm ads lvbmbs. Ba prdirofo NAL ndmtrkhuyb o ao

dstbmkhkakjoj jb Oakndrp pdrqub osbiuro qub

o bfprbso nubmtb ndm pbrsdmoa bspbnkoakzojd

poro jbsorrdaaor su mbidnkd.

B^ ZOM BPKZD^D _RB OAKNDXS @OEKXFOJD RM NDMUBMKD NDM BAFKMK^ZBXKD JB ZXOHOLD SOXO ^BIRKXEDXZOABNKBMJD BA SXDIXOFO JBNOSONKZONKM AOHDXOA LRUBMKABJROXJD FOXZMB\JKXBNZDX JB XBAONKDMB^ AOHDXOAB^

Dtros bfprbsos tkbmbm ndmtrotds tbfpd-

roabs y aubid ads funòn`ds jbhbm ndfbmzor

dtro vbz ao ruabto jb husnor trohold, pbrd oqu

derbnbfds sdstbmkhkakjoj bm ba bfpabd, oaid

mumno omtbs vkstd bm ba fbjkd aohdroa poro lvb-

mbs, okrfo Fortmbz.

Md dhstomtb, bstd md bs ad mknd rbsoatom-

tb< Bm bmbrd jb 83?>, Oakndrp krf um ndmvbmkd

ndm ba ^brvknkd Monkdmoa jb Ojkbstrofkbmtd bm

Zrohold Kmjustrkoa (^bmotk) poro qub, umo vbz pdr

sbfomo, ads funòn`ds pubjom rbnkhkr naosbs jb

0 prdebsdrbs jba qub bs ba fs kfpdrtomtb kmstk-

tutd tnmknd jba pos. [, aubid, bm ads skiukbmtbs

jos jb ao sbfomo, pubjom opaknor ad oprbmjkjdy rbnkhom, ojbfs, umo suhvbmnkm bndmfkno

foydr o ao rbfumbronkm fmkfo abioa. Os bstu-

jkom y troholom bm aos kmstoaonkdmbs jb umo prbs-

tkikdso bfprbso, kmtbirom tbdro y prntkno, y vom

o dhtbmbr ba ttuad jb Dpbrojdr bm Srdnbsds jb ao

Kmjustrko Oakfbmtorko, o mdfhrb jb ao monkm.

@oy qub jbstonor qub bstds nursds tnmk-

nds sdm ba :3%, ba dtrd 53% jb ao edrfonkm ao


25/85

NDA


BMZXB >2% [ :2% JB AO^ SAO\O^ AOHDXOAB^ BM BA SXDIXOFOJB LUBMB^ ^DM NRHKBXZO^ SDX FRLBXB^.


26/85


Ads lvbmbs jbsorrdaaom

jbstrbzos qub ads ndadnom

fuy hkbm bm ba fbrnojd

aohdroa, pdrqub bstujkom

y prontknom bm aos prdpkos

kmstoaonkdmbs jb umo irom

bfprbso.

jo Oakndrp y ndmskstb bm voadrbs. Nuomjd mubs-

rds lvbmbs tbrfkmom ao norrbro soabm ndfd nku-

jojomds ndm voadrbs qub, ojbfs, sdm bxpbrtds

bm prdnbsds kmjustrkoabs, nubmto Fortmbz.

Ironkos oa ndmvbmkd ndm ba ^bmotk, tofhkm

b osbiuro qub ads lvbmbs qub md s b qubjbm bm

Oakndrp ndmskiom trohold prdmtd. ^bim aos bsto-

jstknos, ba 23% sdm tdfojds kmfbjkotofbmtb

pdr dtros bfprbsos.

FRLBXB^ JB @KBXXD

Dtrd jotd ojfkrohab bs qub bm bstb prdirofo ads

rbs prkfbrds pubstds jb nosk tdjos aos prdfd-

kdmbs ad dnupom aos fulbrbs, qub nuhrbm jba >2%

a :2% jb aos paozos aohdroabs. Bjuorjd Fortmbz

bnubrjo o umo funònò, qub dnup ba prkfbr

pubstd jb su prdfdnkm bm Oakndrp, y qub ab pkjk

su rbndfbmjonkm poro pdstuaor o ao Rmkvbrskjoj

Sbruomo jb Nkbmnkos Opaknojos. Bjuorjd sb ao jkd

y baao dnup ba sbiumjd pubstd bm ba bxofbm jb

ojfkskm poro ao norrbro jb Kmibmkbro Kmjustrkoa.

Bs tom bxktdsd qub Oakndrp ò krfojd um

ndmvbmkd ndm ba Fkmkstbrkd jb Zrohold poro

sbiukr edrtoabnkbmjd ba Srdirofo jb Noponk-

tonkm Aohdroa Luvbmka o trovs jb ads lvbmbs

rbnautojds pdr bstb fkmkstbrkd. Abs ohrkfds aospubrtos poro sbiukr oyujomjd o fs lvbmbs y

baads vom o rbpaknor mubstrd fdjbad bm ba pos.

[d tbmid ba subd jb prbsbmtor bstb prdybntd

omtb ao Driomkzonkm Kmtbrmonkdmoa jba Zrohold

(DKZ) bm Ikmbhro y qub bm ba fumjd sb rbpkto um

prdirofo qub md bs sdad jb edrfonkm tnmkno,

skmd jb vdnonkm y edrfonkm bm voadrbs, jknb

Fortmbz. Ad osbiuro.

32XOMÔ

NOAAOD

@ K ^ Z D X K O

IXRSD XDFBXD


27/85


SXDIX

SBX,

Jbsjb

Xomso n

ads ndm

prdebsk

ndfum

jb sbiu

ndmtrd

sdfmd

jbebmsk

fotbrko

@osto b

edrfoj

fka ndm

Nubrpd

Udaumt

Sdakno

oibmtb

y trohol

fumknk

Eromnksnd Xbybs rbnubrjo qub um 8> jb

sbtkbfhrb, bm ao nakjo nkujoj jb Sku-

ro, prbsbmnk um onnkjbmtb orbd qub

nofhk su vkjo. Rm ovkm jb prubho

fkaktor noy bm fbjkd jb ao nkujoj y eub umo bx-

pbrkbmnko afktb, pdrqub ad kmvojk ba sbmtkfkbmtd

jb qubrbr oyujor o aos pbrsdmos. Bm bsb fdfbm-

td, Eromnksnd jbsnuhrk su vbrjojbro vdnonkm

jb vkjo< sbr hdfhbrd.

Eub ba fdfbmtd bm ba qub tdjd nofhk,

osbiuro Eromnksnd, qukbm portknkp oqubaao vbz bmba rbsnotb jb aos pbrsdmos vntkfos jba onnkjbmtb

orbd. Bsto bxpbrkbmnko eub kmspkrojdro.

Oa jo skiukbmtb, Eromnksnd sb prbsbmto bm ao

kmstktunkm, ndmvkrtkmjdsb os bm ba prkfbr hdf-

hbrd jb su eofkako. ^kiukbmjd su blbfpad, sus `k-

lds tofhkm sb `knkbrdm hdfhbrds, ndm ba fksfd

bsprktu jb bmtrbio.

Eromnksnd rbnubrjo ndm oirojd su nofkmd bm ba

Nubrpd Ibmbroa jb Hdfhbrds Udaumtorkds jba

Sbr. Jbsjb fuy ldvbm, nojo bfbribmnko qub

otkbmjb bs umo eubmtb jb sotkseonnkm pbrsdmoa.

Ao ibmtb, y sdhrb tdjd ads lvbmbs, md bst fuy

kmvdaunrojo bm ba tbfo jb ad qub skimkkno sbr

hdfhbrd, bs umo jksnkpakmo prdebskdmoa, òy qub

prbpororsb tnmkno y onojfknofbmtb.

Eromnksnd tkbmb fs jb 8> ods otbmjkbmjd

bfbribmnkos bm ao ndfpoo jb Hdfhbrds ôa-

vojdro Akfo M?3, qub bst uhknojo bm ba Nbmtrdjb Akfo.

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ DNKOA

Eromnksnd bs qufknd kmjustrkoa y sb bspbnkoakzo

nojo od bm ao Rmkvbrskjoj jb Zbxos O&F Rmk-

vbrskty ^ystbf ZBBP jb BB.RR. bm Fotbrkoabs

Sbakirdsds, pdr ad qub yo nubmto ndm umo nbrtkk-

nonkm kmtbrmonkdmoa.

SOXO EXOMNK^ND XB[B^, _RFKND KMJR^ZXKOA,

^BX HDFHBXD B^ R IXOM UDNONKM. A JKXKIB BA

SXDIXOFO JB XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA SBX,

SO^ ^BIRXD, _RB NOSONKZO O AD^ NDMJRNZDXB^

SXDEB^KDMOAB^ [ O AO NDFRMKJOJ BM ^BIRXKJOJ.

BA JBHBX JB NDMJRNKXSDX RM NOFKMD ^BIRXD

UDNONKM JB ^BXUKNKD


28/85


29/85


^BFKA

JBSDX

Ba dhlbt

mkds j

oprbmj

fksfd

tnmkno

Oskfks

osbiur

sdstbm

bstb pr

rboakzo

fjknd

mutrknkd

sdhrb t

psknda

Ads ohubaktds jb Zkoid y Omjbrsdm lub-

iom su prdpkd portkjd ndm bxpbrkbmnko

y poskm. [ ondfpoom o sus mkbtds

ndm um norkd kmndmfbmsurohab.

Xknorjd Uoajkvko tkbmb 5? ods y aabvo jb ao

fomd oa `kld jb su `kld, Zkoid Oabssomjrd Uoajk-

vko ^oaos, jb 9 ods, o sus bmtrbmofkbmtds, jds

vbnbs pdr sbfomo. Euk yd qukbm bsnun` ao ndm-

vdnotdrko pdr ao rojkd jba Srdybntd ^bfkaabrd

Jbpdrtkvd Zksur `onb um od, trolb o Zkoid y ad

vk bfdnkdmorsb nuomjd ab jkbrdm su prkfbr umk-edrfb. Xknorjd rbndib oa pbqubd jba ndabikd

Bmrkqub Ebrfk y aabio pumtuoa o aos >


30/85


jbno yd. @o fojurojd hostomtb, jknb ao ohub-

akto, `kmnò kba. _ukbrd sbr ba nopktm, jknb o su

vbz Omjbrsdm, omtbs jb vdavbr o ao nomnò. [ Lu-

ako ndmnauyb< Ads mkbtds sdm fs qubrkjds qub

ads `klds, ads ohubads yo tbmbfds bxpbrkbmnko

y ads nukjofds fs, qubrbfds qub sb rboaknbm

fs. [ yo md pubjb òhaor, fkro ao nomnò ndm

ebrvdr, md qukbrb pbrjbrsb ba portkjd jb su ldvbm

prdfbso, qub lustd tdno ndm sdrprbmjbmtb kmu-

ro ba hoam

AD^ UOADXB^ SDX KBFSXB

Sbrd nua bs ao foiko jb bstb prdybntd qub ad-

iro lumtor o ohubads y mkbtds bm umo nomnò jb

jksnkpakmo, tnmkno y ofdr4

Ofojdr ôho, suhibrbmtb jba ^kstbfo Km-

tbirojd jb Ibstkm y Xbspdmsohkakjoj ^dnkoa

jb Zksur, nubmto nfd surik< Eub o kmoabs jba

833; qub qubrofds kmnuanor voadrbs bm ads

mkds jb 2 o ?8 ods jb ao prdvkmnko jb Ksaoy y

vkfds qub ba fbldr fbjkd bro ba jbpdrtb y ba

ethda, pdr sbr ba fs pdpuaor. Bmtdmnbs ndm-

vdnordm o ads prdebsdrbs ndm foydr bxpbrkbmnko

bm trohold jbpdrtkvd ndm mkds bm ao prdvkmnko23 AAOUBXD^ [ SRJKFD^ NDFSXOXNDFHR^ZKHAB SOXO RMO NDO^ZBX, F^ OHXKID, UUBXB^,

\OSOZD^ [ LRIRBZB^ SOXO AD^ MKD^ JB SRMDNÔX NDXMBLD

O^K^ZBMZB JB DSBXONKDMB^

jb ba 83?3, Nsor ndmvdno o ads nkujojomds jb

Fdaabmjd o portknkpor bm um jbskab oabirknd bm

qub, bm um rbndrrkjd jb 0 gkafbtrds, sb rbpor-

tbm pdads, aaovbs y edaabtds ndm kmedrfonkm qub

prdfubvb aos hubmos prntknos ofhkbmtoabs23 aaovbrds y pujkfds

ndfpror ndfhustkhab poro umo

ohrkids y vvbrbs, zopotds y luiub

jba vb`nuad sb adir tofhkm iro

bndmfkno jb ao bfprbso Zksur.

Ao nruzojo oatruksto bfprbmj

nofkmd ònko su jbstkmd< jbsjb

tbrd òsto ba Oatkpaomd pumbd, o

sdhrb ba mkvba jba for. ^kbtb pbrs

ordm o Nsor, bm fbjkd jba `kbad

onbnòmtb. Ubofds rkonùbads b

aojds, ao mkbvb òho jbstrukjd ao

qub aabiofds o ao Fumknkpoakjoj j

Oqu pkjkbrdm ndmsbld poro aabior

N`kn`kaaopk, o :3 gkafbtrds, umd jpbojds pdr ao `baojo.

Aabiofds o su paozo fuy pd

umo nuojrkto jb nosos< ao oanoajo

sb supdmo qub oho umo pdsto f

eumnkdmoho, morro Nsor. Ads rbnk

oanoajb, sdrprbmjkjd. Abs oirojbn

abs jkld qub jbho ndmvdnor oa pub

BNDADIONÔX NDMUDNO OAD^ NKRJOJOMD^JB FDAABMJD

O SOXZKNKSOXBM RM JBÊKABOABIXKND, BM BA_RB ^B XBSOXZBKMEDXFONKM JBHRBMO^ SXNZKNOÔFHKBMZOAB^. B^ RMXBNDXXKJD JB 0GKAFBZXD^.

AD UBOFD^ SDXZBABUK^KM [ MD^XDFSO BA OAFO UAD^ MKD^ ^REXKXSRMD, [ JBNKJKFDXIOMK\OXMD^ O[RJOXAD^

NÔX NDXMBLDO^K^ZBMZB JB DSBXONKDMB^ J


34/85

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA5:

30IXRSD SOAFO^

ÔM FOXZM

@ K ^ Z D X K O

IXRSD XDFBXD

[ nua sbro mubstro sdrprbso nuomjd bf-

pbz o prbmjbr umo edioto poro bmvkor ao sboa,

pdrqub o` md òy auz mk tbaedmd. Bro ba ùfd

ba qub oabrtoho qub òhom aabiojd vksktomtbs,

pubs sb troto jb umo ndfumkjoj jkspbrso ndm

osbrds sbporojds òsto pdr 9 gkafbtrds umdsjb dtrds. Ao fs ablomo qubjoho o ?: gkafb-

rds. [ nuomjd aabiordm eub jurd poro mdsdtrds.

@oho umo mkkto jb 0 fbsbs ndm ba rdstrd rolojd,

dm fundskjoj y qub md rbnkho otbmnkm fjk-

o, bm nuoaqukbr fdfbmtd sb pdjo fdrkr. @oho

mkds tofhkm ndm aos norktos portkjos pdr ba erd

Zroforsktd, ba sfhdad jb ao bfprbso, bs ba fs pdpuaor bmtrb ads mkds.

qub sb kmibmkohom poro luior ndm oaofhrbs y

pastknds.

Sdr bsd, Nsor rbnubrjo qub ads pbqubds

sb bmtuskosfordm fs pdr ads luiubtbs. Nuom-

jd tbrfkmofds jb bmtrbior tdjos aos erozojos yoakfbmtds, y ba erd mds noaoho, y yo mds hofds,

um mkd fb jbtuvd y fb jkld< td, vom o vdavbr47

bsd fb portk ba ndrozm, eub um pumtd jb qukb-

hrb, ab jklb qub s. Ao sdakjorkjoj bs umo mbnb-

skjoj vktoa, nrbb Nsor. [ s, vofds o vdavbr,

sdstkbmb7 y rbspkro.

?233SXBMJO^ JBOHXKID, OJBF^ JB

LRIRBZB^ [ UUB XB^JDM ZXOFOXÔ.

2833FBZXD^ ^DHXB BAMKUBA JBA FOX B^ AOOAZRXO JBA SRBHADJB N@KN@KAAOSK,BM AO SXDUKMNKOSRMBO JB KAOUB.


35/85


NBMZX

BM OM

Ba Irup

bqukp

otbmnk

kmerobs

pdsto q

jb aos f

jb ao rb

Fortm.

otbmnk

hbmbkn

pdhaoj

oablojd

@uoaaoi

Aos bfbribmnkos sdm kmjbtbmkhabs. Ad

sohb ba tnmknd bm bmebrfbro Luakm

Usqubz Nrjbmos jbsjb ònb 82 ods,

nuomjd aabi o ao pdsto jb soauj jb ôm-

to Auno, bm fbjkd jb aos hoaos jkrbntos y pbrjkjos

jb ^bmjbrd Aufkmdsd y ads morndtroknomtbs. [ ad

sohb o`dro fksfd qub ba aaomtd jb ao mko Gorao

Ekdrbaao, jb : ods, mds jbsbmnolo ads mbrvkds.

Gorakto tkbmb umo qubfojuro bm normb vkvo

pdr onbktb, jb sbiumjd irojd, y su fojrb ao ò

trojd nofkmomjd juromtb umo dro y fbjko jbjbsbspbronkm,jbsjb ba oablojd nosbrd jb @uk-

nùmtb.

Md tbmid JMK, pbrd oqu por o fks trbs klds

irotks Wjb ?3, 9 y : odsV y yo abs òm soavojd

ao vkjo jb naknds y bmebrfbjojbs oa ndrozm,

susurro su fojrb, Akakomo Ukano, qukbm tofpdnd

sohb abbr mk bsnrkhkr. Ebakzfbmtb, bm umds fkmu-

tds, ba aaomtd jb Gorakto sb vo noafomjd y Akakomo

nkbrro ads dlds, oirojbnkjo.

Oqu aabiom ads fs pdhrbs bmtrb ads pdhrbs,

o tdjds ads otbmjbfds skm ndhrorabs mojo, rbs-

pkro abmtd ba irom Luakm Usqubz, qukbm o jbso-

rrdaaojd roujds rbablds poro jbtbmbr `bfdrro-

ikos jb fbfdrko, ndsbr `brkjos bm ?3 fkmutds,

opaknor umibmtds ndm poaohros tkbrmos o mkds

y soavor bfhorozds ndfpaknojds. Bm ?;09, Luakm

aabi ndm umo fkskm fjkno jba `dspktoa jb Zd-

non`b o bstb pubhad bmtdmnbs rbnmjktd, bm nuydpubrtd jbsbfhornom ads outds y nofkdmbs aubid

jb nruzor ba rd @uoaaoio bmnkfo jb iromjbs hoa-

sos jb fojbro, o ?9 gf jb ao nkujoj jb Rn`kzo.

[d vkmb o bsto pdsto nuomjd òho umo sdao

soao jb dhsbrvonkm y um ndmsuatdrkd, um orfo-

rkd, jds homnos y um bsnrktdrkd, mojo fs, nubm-

to Luakm fkromjd pdr ao pubrto osto jdmjb dy

@ONB 82 OD^, BA B^SBNKOAK^ZO LRAKM U^_RB\ ERB

RMD JB AD^ SXKFBXD^ BM OZBMJBX RMO SD^ZO BM

AD^ OD^ JB AO UKDABMNKO BMJBXK^ZO. IXONKO^ O R

SRLOM\O [ O AO O[RJO JBA IXRSD SOAFO^, OAA AB

@OM ÔAUOJD AO UKJO O NKBMZD^ JB SBX^DMO^.

RM @XDB _RB OABIXOAD^ JO^ BM ÔMZO ARNO

SXDFDNKM JB AO ÔARJ


36/85

IXRSD XDFBXD

sb ò abvomtojd umo ofpako soao jb otbmnkm,

umo eorfonko hkbm jdtojo, umo soao poro portds,

dtro jb royds P, jb Djdmtdadio y um soam poro

nòraos fjknos.

O kmbs jb ads ods 03, sdad òho >23 òhk-

tomtbs bm ômto Auno, ndadmds qub sb ovbmturo-

hom o vkvkr bm bstb auior qub tdjovo bro sbavo

skm norrbtbros, y qub pojbnom pknojuros jb sbr-

pkbmtbs vbmbmdsos, porosktdsks, naknds y tuhbr-

nuadsks. @dy vkvbm fs jb 0333 pbrsdmos oqu

y sbim aos nkeros jb ao kmjdhabiohab pdsto f-

jkno ao fktoj òm monkjd ironkos o qub Luakm

Usqubz otbmjk sus portds.

Sbrd bm oquba bmtdmnbs, qu sb òno sdad skm

fbjknkmos bm fbjkd jb ao sbavo rbfdto4 Usqubz

driomkzoho tdrmbds jb ethda rbafpoid poro,

ndm ad qub poiorom ads luiojdrbs pdr ao kmsnrkp-

nkm, pdjbr ndfpror oaiumos nofkaaos. [ jbho

jbrkvor ads nosds irovbs o Zdnon`b y Zkmid Foro.

Rmo vbz, um jdfkmid jb ?;;3, nuomjd pdr oqu

md sb pdjo tromsktor pdrqub ads sbmjbrkstos tb

bfhdsnohom, adir qub umo fulbr ndm bfhorozd

bntpknd, qub somiroho y sb fdro, eubro bvonuo-

jo bm um `baknptbrd jb ao pdakno, ads sdajojds

mds jdmordm somirb. oav o ao fof, md oa hbhk-

td, bsd ad aofbmtd osto dy. Bs ao mkno vkjo qub

md pujd soavoiuorjor bm 82 ods.

[ bsd qub juromtb tdjo ao jnojo jb ads ;3

tuvd qub jdrfkr jbhold jb ao nofo lumtd ndm su

bspdso y sus jds `klos pbqubos, pdrqub tdjos

aos mdn`bs òho hoaonbros y sus vbmtomos bx-padtohom. Oum os, Luakm pbrsbvbr bm ao pdsto,

pkjk um prontknomtb oa Fkmkstbrkd jb ôauj y jb-

nkjk bstohabnbr umo oakomzo iomojdro.

Ebakzfbmtb yo bxksto ao bfprbso Irupd Soa-

fos y sus troholojdrbs eubrdm vkmkbmjd oa bstohab-

nkfkbmtd, ad qub fb pbrfktk ònbr ibstkdmbs. Euk o

ao bfprbso y abs bxpakqu tdjos mubstros norbmnkos

y qub sk mds oyujohom pdjofds ònbr umo ndm-

troprbstonkm y otbmjbrads ndm tdjd iustd. [ eub

hbmjknkm nuomjd Soafos sb ndmvkrtk bm mubstro

oakojo prkmnkpoa, nubmto Luakm. Ad prkfbrd eub ad

eumjofbmtoa< abs jdmordm bqukpds jb otbmnkm,

sdhrb tdjd umo fqukmo jb royds P. Ao bfprbso

vkd ba ndrolb jb bstb voakbmtb bspbnkoaksto bm soauj

y jbnkjk ndojyuvor su ibsto sdaktorko.

Aos prkfbros jdmonkdmbs eubrdm poro kf-

pabfbmtor ba aohdrotdrkd namknd. [ mdsdtrds

abs derbnkfds ònbr ba omaksks jb aohdrotdrkdjb tdjd ba pbrsdmoa jb Soafos, ads omaksks jb

somirb y jbtbntor bmebrfbjojbs ndmtoikdsos.

Baads vkbrdm mubstro bknkbmnko y mds jdmordm um

bniroed y fs bqukpds7 mk skqukbro ao nkujoj jb

Rn`kzo mk ao prdvkmnko jb Zdnon`b tbmom um ao-

hdrotdrkd os. ^k ùhkrofds bspbrojd oa fkmks-

tbrkd òsto o`drkto bstorofds sbmtojds, pbrd

tdjd eub ironkos o ao oakomzo ndm ao bfprbso prk-

Ao otbmnkm djdmtdaikno bs ao fbldr bm Rn`kzo.

ERK OA IXRSD SOAFO^ [ AB^ BPSAK_R ZDJO^ MRB^ZXO^NOXBMNKO^, [ _RB ^K MD^ O[RJOHOM SDJOFD^ @ONBXRMO NDMZXOSXB^ZONKM [ OZBMJBXAD^ NDM IR^ZD. [

ERB RMO HBMJKNKM NROMJD AO BFSXBÔ ^B NDMUKXZKBM MRB^ZXO OAKOJO SXKMNKSOA

LRAKM U^_RB\ZNMKND BM BMEBXFBXO

50 XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA

NOFHKDJBHKJD OJDMONKDOSDXZB^ JSOAFO^, AOFJKNO JARNO JBABABU ^R JB OZBMNNDMUBXZNBMZXD J

JB ÔMZO


37/85


3;XOMÔ

NOAAOD

@ K ^ Z D X K O

IXRSD XDFBXD

ojo. Sdr skmnrdmo, fkbmtros nrbno y fbldroho

o pdsto fjkno bm ômto Auno, ba Bstojd kho

bmnkbmjd oa tbrrdrksfd bm ao zdmo.

O prkmnkpkds jb bstb skiad, ironkos oa Irupd

oafos tofhkm sb oaz y ofpak ao kmerobstrun-

uro jb soaos< ^dhrb tdjd ao soao jb Djdmtdad-

o, qub bs um auld, ba ofhkbmtb ad `kzd Soafos y

spbrofds qub ao oakomzo jurb fs ods. dhrb

djd pdrqub `dy Luakm ndfhotb, ndm yo um mu-

rkjd bqukpd fjknd, ndmtro ba jbmiub y ao kb-

rb oforkaao. Md bs sdad ômto Auno< sdm tdjds

ds nosbrds jb ads oarbjbjdrbs jba Oatd @uoaaoio

ub tkbmbm bsto pdsto pdr nbmtrd mburaiknd. Sd-

aojds tom rbfdtds o fs jb 2 `dros nofkmom-

d bm pabmo sbavo ndfd ^òpolo, Sdrdmid y ads

ub nkrnumjom Ao Rmkm.

Fkbmtros tomtd, Luakm soab o rbspkror um

pdnd. @o `bn`d notorsks oa ndmtormds sus vkvbm-

nkos jb ads ods tdrfbmtdsds. Oeubro ad bmnubm-

tro Joysk Nohrbro Xdjriubz, umo jb aos fs om-

tkiuos vbnkmos jb ômto Auno. Ba jdntdr Luakm

fb otbmjk nuomjd bsto pdsto bro um ofhkbmtb

pbqubktd jb fojbro, yd vkmb ònb 82 ods jb

Zkmid Foro nuomjd fk bspdsd aabi ndmfk-

id poro troholor ndfd sdajojdr bm Soafos jba

Bspkmd, nubmto Joysk. @onb nuotrd ods, tof-

hkm ironkos o bsto pdsto bqukpojo, sb soav jb

fdrkr jb umo ndabnkstktks oiujo. Oqu supkbrdm

otbmjbrfb, bvonuorfb y jorfb ba trotofkbmtd

pdsdpbrotdrkd. [ bs qub aos bfbribmnkos md

sb jbtkbmbm mumno. [ ba jdntdr Luakm Usqubz

skbfprb bst oa pkb jb nojo otbmnkm. Kmnomso-

hab, mknd, brdknd.

>23@OHKZOMZB^ ZBMOÔMZO ARNO BMAD^ OD^ 03. @D[^DM F^ JB 0 FKASDHAOJDXB^.

ÔARJB^ RMD JB AD^^BNZDXB^ JB FO[DXOZBMNKM JBAIXRSD SOAFO^, NDMAO EKMOAKJOJ JBHXKMJOX OSD[D OAO^ SDHAONKDMB^ JBAO^ NDFRMKJOJB^F^ NBXNOMO^.

F^ JB 82 FKA^DAB^ KMUKXZK BAIXRSD SOAFO^BM B_RKSOFKBMZDFJKND SOXOBEBNZROX OMAK^K^JB IKMBNDADIO,DH^ZBZXKNKO,

RXDADIO [NOXJKDADIO.


38/85


SXDIX

LUBM

BFSXB

Jb umo

bsnubao

sbabnnk

sbr port

Lvbmb

Ba ndabi

Hosojr

eub ba f

Juromt

su jkrbn

prdebsd

oaufmo

umo edr

ibstkm

bfprb

edrfor

Sos`f

qub sb

ndm xk

ebrko jb

rbpdrt

bmtusko

Bm luakd jba 83?8, aos n`knos jba ndabikd

Ldrib Hosojrb jba Noaaod sb jkvkjkbrdm

aos eumnkdmbs jb um bfprbmjkfkbmtd

qub sb aaoforo Sos`fkmos Eos`kdm

ndm tomto oujonko, kmtbakibmnko y ndfpobrksfd

qub bs mbnbsorkd ndmdnbraos omtbs, ndfd bm um

jbskab jb toabmtds3.

Bm oidstd jba od posojd, ao Eumjonkm Xd-

fbrd y Xomso driomkzordm umo ebrko jb vbmtos jb

ads prdybntds jb bfprbmjbjdrbs, bm Fkroadrbs. [

bsto ebrko pusd o prubho su bfpulb. Funòs n k-

nos mumno òhom kjd o Fkroadrbs. Aabvofds 83

pos`fkmos y òho ndabikds prkvojds. Oa prkmnkpkd,mubstros funònòs jb ndabikd phaknd sb rb-

troom, sb pdmom tbfbrdsos erbmtb o aos dtros qub

òhaom kmias, eromns. Sbrd eub akmjd nfd nd-

fbmzordm o vbmnbr sus tkfkjbnbs y sb ndmvbrtom

bm vbmjbjdros oujonbs erbmtb o ads turkstos7 abs

jbnom< sdfds aunòjdros jb umo bsnubao phakno

y ao ibmtb sb kmnakmoho pdr baaos, rb Lbommkmb, ndm

pknorjo ndfpbtktkvo, pdrqub o su prdjuntd ab pu-

skbrdm um bfpoqub ndfd nolkto jb rbioad ndm

ba adid jba ndabikd y su bsadiom< Sos`fkmos Eos-

`kdm, bnòs pdr fomds nòaonos.

Ojbfs usordm umo ikiomtdiroo poro rb-

soator qub umo oporbmtb norbmnko sdnkoa pubjb

ndmvbrtkrsb bm umo vkrtuj jb tbmonkjoj.

N@KNO^ NDM OIOAAO^

Ad qub fs fb kfprbskdm jb ao ebrko bm Fkroad-

rbs eub qub mojkb fb pbjo rbholo7 bm nofhkd on

tdjd ba fumjd mds jbno qub 83 sdabs bro fuy

nord y qubrom poior sdad 2 sdabs, pbrd abs ono-

fds vbr ao noakjoj, ao sbjo, nubmto Mdbako Nubvo.

Mdsdtros Wndm MdbakoV sdfds aos ofkiub-

ros, hofds jb oqu poro oaa, poro ònbr puhak-

nkjoj, osbiuro Forkhba Fbmjdzo. Nuomjd

eukfds o Fkroadrbs, mdsdtros fdjbahofds

poro pdjbr vbmjbr aos pos`fkmos y vbmjofds

hkbm òsto o ads turkstos nuyd kjkdfo md bmtbm-

jofds, nubmto ao rksubo Mdbako, qukbm paombo

sbr n`be y pdmbr su rbstouromtb.

[ eukfds mdsdtros aos qub puhaknofds

ba mbidnkd bm ba hadi jba ndabikd y bm ba Eonb-

hddg, okrfo ao ebstkvo Forkhba, qukbm qukbrb sbr

prdjuntdro jb rdpo, ironkos o bsto bxpbrkbmnko.

Ofhos iuorjom aos sbporotos jb ao edrfonkm

jb Xomso poro sbiukr opaknomjd sus bmsbomzos

fs ojbaomtb.

[d qukbrd bstujkor Kjkdfos. Nuomjd eukfds

o Fkroadrbs aos n`knos jb ndabikds portknuaorbsads ohaohom hkbm. Zofhkm qukbrd sohbr n`kmd y

ndrbomd, pdrqub fb iustom ads irupds y tbabmd-

vbaos jb bsb pos, sb rb ^`kraby Soaonkds, prkfbr

pubstd jb su soam, jbsjb qub pks um ndabikd.

[d tbmo qub ndmtor ad qub iomhofds. Bm

Fkroadrbs vbmjkfds tdjd, okrfo Fkaoirds, ao

kmomnksto qub qukbrb sbr bmebrfbro.

Aos oaufmos usordm aos `brrofkbmtos jb kmtbrmbt

poro prdfdnkdmorsb.

mbs Bfprbsorkds. Zdjd bfpbz ndm umo vkskto

jb um rbprbsbmtomtb jb Xomso, qub bvoau o 822

bsnubaos, poro vbr bqukpofkbmtd y iomos jb

roholor. [ jb bsos 822, qubjofds 0 qub rbnkhk-

fds noponktonkm bm tdjd ad qub bs sbr um ldvbm

bfprbsorkd, jbsjb ebhrbrd o lumkd jb bsb od,

medrfo Lbommkmb, qukbm osksto o Xomso pumtuoa-

fbmtb poro bsos noponktonkdmbs.

^br rbspdmsohab. ^br prdontkvd. Zbmbr prd-

ybnnkm o euturd. Zbmbr ao fbmtb ohkbrto. Zroho-

or bm bqukpd. Lbommkmb bro jkrbntdro y, o ao vbz,

aufmo pbrspknoz jb Xomso, y sb tdf ba prd-

ybntd ndfd umo mdvbjdso nruzojo pbrsdmoa.

Aubid, bm luakd, vkmd ba trohold jb hosb< ndm

o fobstro jba toaabr jb ndsturo, Naoro Uorkaaos, y

dm 90 oaufmos jb trbs soadmbs jb Zbrnbrd jb

^bnumjorko. Naoro jkrkio bsb omtkiud toaabr nuo-

rd `dros o ao sbfomo y jb bstos, jbnkjk jorab

jds `dros oa prdybntd y su vkskm jb kmmdvonkm.

Bm luakd, Xomso abs oanomz 8333 sdabs.

Eubrdm ?2 oaufmos aos qub sb ndfprdfbtkb-

dm o edmjd poro bmtrbaozor sus ohkakjojbs poro

o ndsturo bm ioso, qub bs fuy jknka y poro

o pbqubo bfprbso. B `knkfds umo bvoauonkm

jb fbrnojd ndfd mds òhom bmsbojd y os

bs kmnuanofds o aos oaufmktos o ònbr su prbsu-

pubstd, o sohbr qu bs um pumtd jb bqukakhrkd bm

um prdjuntd qub rboaknbs, pdr blbfpad, jknb ao

jkrbntdro ndm ba tdmd jb umo ika bfprbsorko.

Ao jbnkskm jb baohdror pos`fkmos eub fb-jktojo. Srkfbrd pbmsordm bm nòakmos, pbrd ba

akfo kmbstohab jb Akfo noadr y erd oatbrmmjd-

b aos jksuojk. Bm um bstujkd jb fbrnojd òy

qub soakr o prbiumtor y eukfds ndm aos oaufmos o

Ioforro, o ads oarbjbjdrbs jba Noaaod, o ads fbr-

ojds, o ao porojkto jb ao ovbmkjo Orkno ndm Ukika

y tofhkm o Fkroadrbs, o iromjbs tkbmjos ndfd

ôio Eoaohbaao y Zdttus jb ôm Fkiuba, nubmto

OSXBMJKFD^ JB IB^ZKM BFSXBÔXKOA [O SDZBMNKOX AD^ ZOABMZD^ SOXZKNRAOXB^JB NOJO RMO. BA SXDIXOFO MD^ EDXF[ FDZKU O ^BX KMMDUOJDXB^ ^KBFSXB

LBOMMKMB @ROXKJKXBNZDXO JBA NDABIKD LDXIB HOÔJXB

Aos oaufmos bfpabordm ba fomuoa Ldvbm Bfprbsorkd poro sus naosbs.


40/85


Mdsdtros rofds aos qub jkrkiofds ao prd-

junnkm y ad tdfofds bm sb rkd, ab jbjknhofds

kmnd `dros, vbmofds òsto bm vononkdmbs,

jknb Ybmjy Zdrrkaad, o qukbm bsto bxpbrkbmnko

b ò sbrvkjd poro sdor ndm sbr bfprbsorko jb

ortbros y zopotds. [d tbmo fun`d rbndrrkjd

dm ao fqukmo jb ndsbr, jbsjb ads 0 ods fk

hubakto fb bmsboho, rbnubrjo Akjko \ufobto,

qukbm qukbrb jbjknorsb oa jksbd jb fdjos.

[d b eohrknojd bm fk noso fks prdpkds nò-

bnds, pdads, pomtoadmbs, eoajos, jknb ao nrbotkvo

Akjko, ndm umo sdmrkso jb posonoaab bsndaor. Bsto

bxpbrkbmnko abs ò ohkbrtd ao fbmtb y aos bspb-

omzos.

HOAOMNB EKMOA

Zbmbfds mkos qub vkvbm bm ndmtbxtds jknk-

bs, bm ads Horrondmbs d posom sktuonkdmbs jb

foatrotd eofkakor. Rmo jb mubstros n`knos pos

pdr bstd atkfd, pbrd prdybntds ndfd bstb abs

babvom ao outdbstkfo, abs pbrfktbm jbsnuhrkr

sus toabmtds. [ o`dro baao bst o norid jb tdjo

ao bsndato y bs fs sbiuro y jbnkjkjo, rbvbao ao

jkrbntdro Lbommkmb.

Oa kmoa jba prdybntd Lvbmbs Bfprbsorkds, ao

pbqubo Sos`fkmos Eos`kdm rbnupbr ads 8333

sdabs qub kmvkrtk Xomso y iomordm ?333 fs.

Ndm 58 ods jb eumjojd, ba ndabikd Ldrib Hoso-

jrb tbmo fqukmos jb ndsbr sbfkkmjustrkoabs

y o`dro, ndm ao pbqubo iomomnko, su jkrbntdro

ndfpror umo fqukmo zurnkjdro bspbnkoa poro

hdrjor pdads bm irom nomtkjoj.

Ba oprbmjkzolb md tkbmb um prbnkd, bs kmvoad-

rohab7 pdr bsd, eub fuy kfpdrtomtb ao edrfonkm

jb ao bfprbso qub opdst pdr mdsdtros, rbnd-

mdnb ao jkrbntdro, qub o`dro sb ndmskjbro umo

bfprbsorko qub ònb bsnubao.

os oaufmos jb ?: o ?5 ods jbfdstrordm su toabmtd tomtd poro ao prdjunnkm ndfd poro aos vbmtos.

IXRSD XDFBXD

?3ZK^RX

OXB_RKSO

@ K ^ Z D X K O

822B^NRBAO^, _RB ^BBMNDMZXOHOMBM AO \DMO JBKMEARBMNKO JBXOMÔ, ERBXDMBUOAROJO^FKMRNKDÔFBMZBBM BA KMKNKD JBASXD[BNZD LUBMB^

BFSXBÔXKD^.

OSD[DB^ZB SXD[BNZD^B XBOAK\ NDMBA XB^SOAJD JBAO JKXBNNKMXBIKDMOA JBBJRNONKM JBANOAAOD.


41/85


ZOAAB

DNRSO

JB FR

Bstb pr

portb j

rbspdm

jb ao bf

hbmbkn

pbrsdm

edrfon

bm troh

juromt

pdr od

tbrfkm

noponkt

bm tbf

ojfkmk

edrfor

bfprb

Bm ads jos jb vbromd, Xdso \ofdro

oyujoho o su bspdsd bm ba Jbsbfhor-

nojbrd Sbsqubrd Ortbsomoa Ba Eord,

sktuojd bm ba jkstrktd jb Ksaoy. Baao sb

bmnorioho jb omdtor ba pbsd jba pbsnojd y vbr

qub ba prdjuntd bst bm hubmos ndmjknkdmbs.

Ads jos jb kmvkbrmd, pdno bm qub ao pbsno bs

holo, nosk muao, Xdso sb jbjknoho o aos aohdrbs

jba `dior y o ads troholds fomuoabs. Fkbmtros

Norads Fdrm, su bspdsd jbsjb ònb 82 ods,

husnoho oaim nonùbad soavojdr.

Nuomjd Xdso bro pbqubo vbo o su ohubao

tblbr. Xbnubrjo qub ao fkroho jb fombro olbmo,

pubs md oiorr um nrdn`bt osto onb umds ods

nuomjd, o kmknkds jba 83??, aabi o su horrkd ao md-

tknko jb qub ao bfprbso Zksur jkntoro toaabrbs

dnuponkdmoabs irotuktds jb fonrof, hksutbro,

hdrjojd bm nkmto y pkmturo bm tbao. Jb kmfbjkotd

sb kmsnrkhk, pubs mbnbsktoho umo ontkvkjoj qub

ao rbaoloro y jbsorrdaaoro su nrbotkvkjoj bm fb-

jkd jba bstrs jb sus mbnbskjojbs fotbrkoabs.

Ba prkfbr toaabr bm ba qub fb kmsnrkh eub

fonrof, y ao bxpbrkbmnko fb bmnomt. ZK^RX

mds prdpdrnkdm tdjd ba fotbrkoa poro pdjbr

jbsbfpbormds jb fombro ptkfo. Ojbfs,

o trovs jb ads toaabrbs mds jkd ao dpdrtumkjoj,

jb sbmtkrmds tkabs, pdrqub pdjbfds vbmjbr ads

troholds qub vofds rboakzomjd, ndfbmto Xdso,

bmnomtojo. Ba bmtuskosto jbsbfpbd qub tuvd

Xdso bm ads toaabrbs ab jkd ao dpdrtumkjoj jb sbrndmvdnojo ndfd umo jb aos prdebsdros jb ads

toaabrbs jb hdrjojd bm nkmto, bm jkstkmtds `dro-

rkds y poro 83 pbrsdmos. Zofhkm bstuvb bm jds

fumknkpkds jb Zonmo jomjd naosbs jb tblkjd bm

nrdn`bt, bxpakno.

Zbmo qub pdmbrfb jbtrs jb aos oaufmos

poro bxpaknorabs posd o posd, pumtd pdr pumtd.

@ONB JD^ OD^, XDÔ \OFDXO ^B KM^NXKHK BM

BA SXKFBX NKNAD JB ZOAABXB^ DNRSONKDMOAB^ JB

ZK^RX [ JB^NRHXK _RB, IX ONKO^ O AO UBMZO JB

FOMROAKJOJB^, SDJO IBMBXOX KMIXB^D^ SOXO

^R @DIOX. @D[ B^ FOB^ZXO JB BFSXBMJBJDXO^.

FRLBXB^ _RB OSXBMJBMO IBMBXOX SXD^SBXKJOJ

ZOAABXB^ FOMROAB^


42/85


Aos pbrsdmos qub sdfds zurjos ònbfds ads

pumtds oa rbvs qub ads jkbstrds. Sbrd ndm ao

prntkno y ao jbjknonkm tdjd sb pbrebnnkdmo,

okrfo ndm tbrmuro pulomtb.

NFD BFSB\ ZDJD4

O kmknkds jba 83??, ^`kraby ôaos, lbeo jb Jbsorrd-

aad y Ndmtrda jb Ibstkm jba ^kstbfo Kmtbirojd

jb Ibstkm y Xbspdmsohkakjoj ^dnkoa jb Zksur y

ndm bxpbrkbmnko bm fomuoakjojbs, ab prdpdmb o

ao bfprbso rboakzor um pbqubd prdybntd jb vd-

aumtorkojd poro noponktor bm troholds fomuoabs oaos fulbrbs jb jds horrkds vbnkmds< Subrtd Xknd y

Ukaao ba Sbsnojdr. Jbspus jb ao ldrmojo aohdroa, o

portkr jb aos 53 p.f., ^ kraby lumtd ndm trbs ndf-

pobrds jb trohold Bfkakomd, Mojkbsgo y Gorbm

khom o ads horrkds o jor naosbs jb pkmturo bm tbao,

hdrjojd bm nkmto, fonrof, hksutbro, bmtrb dtrds.

Bm bstb fksfd od o sdaknktuj jb ao pdhaonkm jb

Fotoromk y Fdaabmjd ba prdirofo eub ofpakojd y

ndmtrotordm ndfd prdebsdros o Xdskto, Bakzohbt y

Zbkao, qukbmbs eubrdm aos oaufmos fs jbstono-

jos juromtb ba jkntojd jb ads toaabrbs dnuponkdmo-

abs bm ads OUK , Ukaao Ba Sbsnojdr y Subrtd Xknd, bm

bstb pbrkdjd sb noponkt o >53 fulbrbs.

Ao ondikjo eub tom iromjb qub ao bfprbso

jbnkjk kmndrpdror bstb prdybntd ndfd portb

jba paom jb Xbspdmsohkakjoj ^dnkoa 83?8. Os, sb

ndmtrot o nkmnd prdebsdrbs y sb bstohabnk qub

sbrom jds nknads oa od. Nojo nknad tkbmb nuotrd

nursds y oa trfkmd jb bstb sb rboakzo umo bxpd-sknkm bm ao paozo nbmtroa. Ao kjbo bs qub aos sb-

dros fubstrbm sus troholds, bxpakno Ofojdr

ôho, suhibrbmtb jba ^kstbfo Kmtbirojd jb Ibs-

tkm y Xbspdmsohkakjoj dnkoa jb Zksur.

Nohb fbmnkdmor qub ba prdybntd bfpbz

ndm 82 sbdros pdr horrkd, ontuoafbmtb òy 203

fulbrbs qub portknkpom ontkvofbmtb jb bstds

toaabrbs. Ba prdybntd tbrfkmo bm noponktor o aos

oaufmos bm tbfos ndmtohabs y ojfkmkstrotkvds

poro edrfor umo pbqubo bfprbso.

AO IXOM KMUBX^KM

Sdr aos torjbs, jbspus jb tbrfkmor sus aohdrbs jba

`dior, Xdso sb jbjkno o sus fomuoakjojbs. Omtbs

jb bfpbzor pdmb fskno poro rbaolorsb. Bs bsbm-

nkoa tbmbr um edmjd fusknoa oirojohab. Nosk skbf-

prb pdmid hoaojos d fskno kmstrufbmtoa.

Ad qub fs jdfkmo bs ba tblkjd bm nrdn`bt

y ba hdrjojd bm nkmto. Oumqub tofhkm rboakzo

pkmtojd bm tbao, pkmturo bm hksndn`d y fonrof.

Aos pkbzos qub rboakzo aos vbmjb bm ba pubhad jb

Fotoromk, o trovs jb sus eofkakorbs y ofkids jb

su bspdsd. Bsto ontkvkjoj rbprbsbmto um kmirbsd

fbmsuoa jb oprdxkfojofbmtb ^/. ;33.

Nubmto qub su kmvbrskdmksto bs su bspdsd, a

ao oyujo ndm ba nopktoa poro ndfpror ba fotbrkoa.

Ojbfs, a bs ba bmnoriojd jba ndmtrda jb noak-

joj, ab jknb qu ndadrbs jbhb ndfhkmor, ab suikb-

rb fdjbads y ao oyujo o vbmjbr.

PKZD SOXO BA ERZRXD

@onb umds fbsbs, ndm ba opdyd jb Zksur, um

irupd jb fulbrbs qub portknkpordm jb bstb

prdybntd edrfordm ao bfprbso jb Ndmebnnkd-

mbs Zbxtkabs FBK^ (Fulbrbs Bfprbmjbjdros jb

Ksaoy). Ontuoafbmtb bsto bfprbso ndmebnnkdmo

ads nòabnds, nofksbtos jbpdrtkvos y umkedrfbs

o Zksur. Ao kjbo bs qub ao bfprbso jb ndmebnnkd-

mbs nrbzno poro ndmvbrtkrsb bm mubstrd prkmnkpoaprdvbbjdr y, pdr qu md, bm prdvbbjdr jb aos

bfprbsos jb ao prdvkmnko y md tbmbr qub kr òsto

Orbqukpo, ndfbmto Ofojdr oho.

Xdso paombo, bm um euturd nbrnomd, edrfor

um toaabr jb tblkjd y hdrjojd bm nkmto y, os, sb-

iukr ndmtrkhuybmjd ndm ba prdirbsd jb su eofk-

ako y jb aos fulbrbs jb su ndfumkjoj.

Xdso \ofdro o`dro bs fobstro jb ortbs fomuoabs y paombo nrbor su prdpko bfprbso.

203JOFO^ JBFOZOXOMK [FDAABMJD ^DMBJRNOJO^ JBFDJD IXOZRKZDBM ZOAABXB^DNRSONKDMOAB^_RB AB^ SBXFKZBMIBMBXOX BFSABD^JKXBNZD^.

25JOFO^ JB AD^JK^ZXKZD^ JB OUK^,SRBXZD XKND [UKAAO BA SB^NOJDXERBXDM AO^SXKFBXO^ BM ^BXNOSONKZOJO^ BM

OAABXB^.

??0.5>3^DAB^ B^ BA FDMZD JB KMUBX^KM _RB ZK^RX @JB^ZKMOJD O AD^ ZOAABXB^ DNRSONKDMOAB^ J


43/85


NXBBFD^ _RB OSD^ZOX SDX AO^ NDFRMKJOJB^ ADNOAB^B^ NDMZXKHRKX BM BA JB^OXXDAAD JBA SBX.

:3SXDFDNKDMB^ ZBMJX

BA SXDIXOFO NAL @ONKO

EKMOAB^ JBA 83?>.

203FRLBXB^ SOXZKNKSOM

BM AD^ ZOAABXB^

DNRSONKDMOAB^.

?0;SBX^DMO^ SOXZKNKSOXDM

BM BA SXDIXOFO SBX

SO^ BIRXD, OJBF^ JB

SDAKNO^ JB NOXXBZBXO^

[ JB ORZDSK^ZO^ JBA

MDXZB.

8:9FKA ^DAB^ OA OD KMUKBXZB

ZK^RX BM BA SXD[BNZD

^BFKAABXD JBSDXZKUD,

BM AO SXDUKMNKO

OXB_RKSBO JB K^AO[.


44/85

XB^SDM^OHKAKJOJ DNKOA BFSXB^OXKOA IXRSD XDFBXD0:

Bm ao jkvbrskjoj jb bfprbsos qub ndmedrfom ba

Irupd Xdfbrd tbmbfds um irom mfbrd jb

prdvbbjdrbs jb kmsufds y sbrvknkds, y bs portb

jb mubstro pdatkno ndrpdrotkvo edrtoabnbr bstos

rbaonkdmbs poro ba hbmbknkd futud y ba jb mubstrd pos.

Mubstro ndmvknnkm bs eovdrbnbr ba jbsorrdaad jb aos

ndfumkjojbs oa kmtbrkdr jba Sbr7 pdr baad, umo jb mubstros

prbdnuponkdmbs bs ao ndmtrotonkm jb prdvbbjdrbs adnoabs.

Hrkmjofds, jb bsto fombro, dpdrtumkjojbs poro qub babvbm

su mkvba jb vkjo y poro qub dhtbmiom kmirbsds rbmtohabs,

qub sb rbablbm bm um foydr pdjbr ojquksktkvd y umo fbldr

noakjoj jb vkjo.

SXDIXB^D

NDM HBMBEKNKDFRZRD


45/85

IXRSD XDFBXDIXRSD XDFBXD

??IXRSD SOAFO^

^OM FOXZM

@ K ^ Z D X K O



46/85


O^DNKON

NOXAD^ F

Sdhaojdrb

ao vkdabmnk

jba morndt

òsto ba 83

sbfhrohom

kmvojom tk

oakordm ndm

Irupd Soaf

edrfoakzor

nuatkvd oatb

eofkakos nd

sbfhror p

bm :90 bn

jbvdavkbrd

homnorkd b

rndrj< sda

y fbjkd, ab

bstujkds s

`klds, jbso

ndfumkjo

y o`dro qu

ehrkno, oak

ndmk bm b

fs jknkab

Nojo vbz qub Md Fbjkmo sb trbpo o

umo fdtd poro kr o troholor ao tkbrro,

sb suhb jbtrs jb a, Auno, su dtrd

puafm, su bspdso. Md aabi o Rn`k-

zo bm ?;02, ndm jujos y bspbromzos7 y Auno ad sk-

iuk jds ods jbspus, bmtrb fdmtoos erdmjd-

sos, sbrpkbmtbs oa onbn`d y jkspords o jksnrbnkm

bm ba Oatd @uoaaoio. Ukmkfds oqu jbsjb Nò-

nòpdyos poro sbfhror ndno7 o kmbs jb ads ods

03 nrbofds qub bsds nuatkvds mds sonorom jb

ao pdhrbzo, kmvojkfds tbrrbmds jb ao paomto Soa-

fos jba Bspkmd y eumjofds ba nbmtrd pdhaojdLds Norads Forktbiuk bm ?;09, nubmto Md,

ndm fkrojo otbmto, omtbs jb suhkrsb o dtro fdtd,

ndm Auno otrs, pdr supubstd, ohrozmjdad.

Sbrd bsto vbz Md md ao aabvo pdr ao zdmo rdlo y

jbmkiromtb jb ònb ?2 ods, nuomjd sb luiohom ao

pkba bmtrb sbmjbrkstos y morndtroknomtbs, bm ao for-

ibm jbrbnò jba rd @uoaaoio. ^dhrbvkvkbmtbs of-

hds jb ads ods fs tdrfbmtdsds, ndmjunbm o`dro

pdr umo trdnò okrfojo qub vo òsto sus ?2 `bnt-

rbos jb nuatkvd jb poafo onbktbro, bsos prdfkmbm-

tbs y ponknos paomtonkdmbs qub abs jbvdavkbrdm ao

ponkbmnko y ao poskm pdr ba prdirbsd jbsjb ba 833?.

Mdsdtrds nrkofds nkmnd `klds bm fbjkd jb ao

vkdabmnko, jba eubid nruzojd, jba fkbjd, òsto ba

od ;>. Ao ndno mds jkd jkmbrd enka, iomhofds

23 jaorbs pdr orrdho, umo `bntrbo joho 03

orrdhos y tbmofds trbs bntrbos7 pbrd tofhkm

mds orrukm ndfd pbrsdmos, jbspkaeorrhofds bajkmbrd, ao ndno otrob jbakmnubmnko y mds ndrrdf-

pk bso osdnkonkm ndm ads mornds7 vk fdrkr eofk-

akos bmtbros, rbnubrjo Md, oprbtomjd aos fomds

y fkromjd sus tbrrbmds qub ndakmjom ndm ads rds

Zdfs y Bspkmd. [ oirbio< Aubid pojbnkfds

aos brrojknonkdmbs jb ads ndnoabs òsto ba 8333,

y mds qubjhofds skm mojo, qubrofds nuatkvor

orrdz, pbrd mds fdrofds jb òfhrb7 pdr bsd,

MD FBJKMO JKXKIK AO NDFRMKJOJ JB LD^

NOXAD^ FOXKZBIRK, BM RN@K\O, O EKMB^ JB AD^

OD^ ;3. BM BÔ SDNO ERB UKZOA AO OAKOM\O NDM BA

IXRSD SOAFO^, _RB NOSONKZ NDFD BFSXBÔXKD^ O

OIXKNRAZDXB^ _RB ^REXKBXDM BA ZBXXDXK^FD.

BA FSBZR _RB @ONB NXBNAO^ SOAFO^ F^ ERBXZB^

NRAZKUD OAZBXMOZKUD


47/85

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA IXRSD XDFBXD;3

IXONKO^ OA IXRSD SOAFO^ JBLOFD^RMO UKJO JB JDADX SOXO ^BX ABIOAB^,BFSXBMJBJDXB^ [ NRAZKUOFD^ SOAFOONBKZBXO BM 953 @BNZXBO^MD FBJKMOOIXKNRAZDX

83?3ERB BA OD BM _RB BA IXRSD SOAFO^ XBNKHK BA ^BIRMJDARIOX JBA SXBFKD O AO XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA [JBÔXXDAAD ^D^ZBMKHAB, DXIOMK\OJD SDX SBX 838?, SDX BASXD[BNZD LD^ NOXAD^ FOXKZBIRK.

tb kfoikmos ad qub eub poro mdsdtrds qub ao fks-

fo bfprbso qub kmvojkfds mds derbnkbro umo

atbrmotkvo qub mds nofhkoro ao vkjo4.

Ba 8; jb jknkbfhrb jb 833? forn ao `kstdrko

jb 28 eofkakos qub sdhrbvkvom bm ba jbsofpord

y ao kabioakjoj bm Lds Norads Forktbiuk. Soafos

jba Bspkmd ads rbuhkn y abioakz aos tkbrros qub

òhom kmvojkjd, ironkos o ad nuoa, um od jbs-

pus, ndm ads pdhaojdrbs bmtuskosfojds ondr-

jordm um kmtbrnofhkd krrbskstkhab< sk yo tbmom

ba ttuad jb prdpkbjoj jb sus nosos, tofhkm

pdjom jbjknorsb oa trohold edrfoa, sdstbmkhab y

bmtohab qub òno ao bfprbso. [ os, jb sbr ao

pkbjro bm sus zopotds, posofds o sbr noponkto-

jds pdr baads y o sbr sus sdnkds, tbmofds qub

bfhror aos poafos y mds ndfprorom ba erutd,

fb onubrjd qub òsto vkmd ba fkmkstrd jb Bnd-

mdfo, Sbjrd Sohad Gunzymsgk, o sbr tbstkid jb

bstd, nubmto yo skm tkfkjbz Auno, aubid jb ho-

orsb jb ao fdtd ndm umo aorio y akibro `dz qub

usom poro rbndibr ba erutd oatd jb ao poafo, qub

pubjb aabior o fbjkr ?8 fbtrds.

Oqubaao vbz, o prkmnkpkds jb skiad, pubstd

qub yo brom sulbtds jb nrjktd kmomnkbrd y jb

dmkomzo, baads bakikbrdm tofhkm sbr sulbtds jb

utdbstkfo. [ jbnkjkfds posor jb ndnoabrds o

poafknuatdrbs bm mubstrds prdpkds tbrrbmds jb

uatkvd, qub brom bm tdtoa umos 953 `bntrbos.

Bstd bro jblor umo vkjo jb jdadr poro qubrbr sbr

bioabs, bfprbmjbjdrbs7 oumqub, jb vbrjoj, oa

prkmnkpkd md eub enka, bmeotkzo Md.

BA UOADX JBA BÊRBX\D

mjustrkos jba Bspkmd, umo s uhskjkorko jba Irupd

Soafos, sb ndfprdfbtk o ndfprorabs ba prd-

juntd jb sus monkbmtbs paomtonkdmbs. Sbrd omtbs

jbhom noponktorsb ndm jksnkpakmo bm tnmknos jb

uatkvd, ebrtkakzonkm, ndsbnò y somkjoj vbibtoa.

Ibstkpoafo, umo osdnkonkm jb oirmdfds qub

roholordm bm Soafos jba Bspkmd, sb bmnori jb

Nbmtrd jb prdjunnkm y oafonbmofkbmtd jb ao Osdnkonkm Lds Norads Forktbiuk.


48/85


bso edrfonkm tnmkno, skm ndhrorabs mojo. [, bm

bsb fdfbmtd, ndm tdjd o su eovdr, ba pumjdmdr

bstoho bm su nomnò.

[ ba fbs jb dntuhrb jba 8338 bfpkbzd o

bfhror fk prkfbro paomto jb poafbro, nbrqukto

mdfs jb Soafos jb Bspkmd. Sbrd jbho tbmbr

ponkbmnko y bstd eub umo prubho jb rbskstbmnko fkaadmbs jb

jaorbs, y ebakzfbmtb mds jkbrdm nkmnd ods jb

ironko poro bfpbzor o poior. Ndm bstb jkmbrd

jqukrkbrdm ebrtkakzomtbs y sbfkaaos, ndmstruybrdm

jrbmolbs y oanomtorkaaos. O`drrordm y orrkbsiordm

ao vbz. Kmvkrtkbrdm > fka jaorbs pdr `bntrbo y

bfhrordm poafos bm :90 jb bsos `bntrbos.

Auno yo jbhb vdavbr o su noso poro prbporor

ba oafubrzd. Md ao aabvo bm su fdtd jb rbirbsd,

dfd skbfprb, y a vubavb poro ndmtkmuor ao nd-

bnò. Lofs fb davkjor jb fk prkfbr erutd,

ub umo oabiro kmfbmso, eub jb >33 gkads y ao

dsbnò ndmtkmu nojo ?3 jos bm kmvkbrmd. [ bm

rbs ods oprbmjkfds qub sk brbs troholojdr y

b fotos pdr tu prdybntd, pubjbs soakr ojbaomtb.

Zom ojbaomtb qub, ndm sus aofomtbs iomomnkos,os 28 eofkakos jb Lds Norads Forktbiuk bfpb-

ordm o poior su jbujo jbsjb ba 833: y ao nom-

baordm tdtoafbmtb bm sdad trbs ods y fbjkd

nuomjd tbmom jb paozd òsto ba 83?:). Eub um

ndrj ojfkrohab, tbmoz, ndmfdvbjdr, qub ndm-

dakjoho su kmjbtbmkhab pulomzo. [, ojbfs, pdr

u opdyd ndfprdfbtkjd y ndmstomtb, ao prdpko

bfprbso Soafos jba Bspkmd dhtuvd bm ba 83?3 ba

Ironkos o ao prdjunnkm jb poafo onbktbro, ao ndfumkjoj jb Lds Norads Forktbiuk o nrbnkjd bndmfknofbmtb.

?,>FKAADMB^ JBJAOXB^ ERB BASX^ZOFD _RB^DAKNKZOXDM ADÔIXKNRAZDXB^ OAHOMND JB NXJKZD[ _RB SOIOXDM BMZKBFSD XNDXJ< BM^DAD ZXB^ OD^ [

FBJKD.

:90@BNZXBO^ ^BRZKAK\OXDM SOXO^BFHXOX AD^SXKFBXD^ NRAZKUD^JB SOAFO ONBKZBXO.


49/85

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ ^DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA;:

Ba potrkorno oprdvbnò um jbsnomsd bm ao eobmo poro abbrab um nubmtd

o su kld fbmdr. a bs portb jb ao fstkno eofkakor, jknb Md.

biumjd auior bm ba Srbfkd o ao Xbspdmsohkakjoj

^dnkoa y Jbsorrdaad ^dstbmkhab, jb Sbr 838?

[, os, prdmtd bstb pubhad jb Rn`kzo, qub om-

bs vkvo bm ao pdhrbzo bxtrbfo, kfpabfbmt su

dabikd, tuvd oiuo pdtohab, vkd abvomtorsb toaab-

bs jb norpkmtbro, hdjbiuktos, pomojbros, hdtk-

os y nofhk su kfoibm.

OSRMZOMJD OA ERZRXD

Ao ldrmojo jb trohold jb ao eofkako Fbjkmo

bfpkbzo o aos 93 o.f. O fbjkdjo, Auno abs

prbporo ba oafubrzd y o aos 2 ndmnauyb ba trohold,

poro rbndfbmzor oa jo skiukbmtb. Md o rbndik-

jd ads erutds jb ao poafo norimjdads bm ba adfd

jb um hurrktd y um nohoaad, lumtd ndm Jkskba, su kld

foydr jb 8: ods, qukbm ò bstujkojd Fbnmkno

Outdfdtrkz bm ba ^bmotk jb N`knaoyd, y Lds, qub

noho jb tbrfkmor ba ndabikd y bstujkor Ndmtohk-

joj. Zkbmb dtrd kld qub bst bstujkomjd Fbn-

mkno jb ao Srdjunnkm y umo `klo jb 83 ods qub

bstujkor Jbrbn`d. Ironkos oa Irupd Soafos y

a bseubrzd qub mds kmnuanordm pubjd poior ads

bstujkds o fks `klds. Mubstrd xktd sb jbhb o ao

umkm eofkakor, mds oyujofds futuofbmtb, ads

foydrbs poiorm aos norrbros jb ads fbmdrbs. [

bsd bs bm tdjd ba pubhad7 pdr blbfpad, ao `klo jb

fk vbnkmo, jb 83 ods, bstujko Kmibmkbro Nkvka bm

o Rmkvbrskjoj Ukaaorrboa jb Akfo.

[ bs qub tdjo ao ndfumkjoj jb Lds Norads

Forktbiuk bst prbporomjd o ao skiukbmtb ibmb-

onkm poro sbiukr kmvkrtkbmjd bm ba mbidnkd jb

o poafo onbktbro. Bstofds pbmsomjd bm pdmbrumo ehrkno qub sbo oakojo jba Irupd Soafos y

mubstrds `klds ao jkrkikrm, susurro Md, qukbm

vubavb o suhkrsb o su fdtd poro husnor dtro vbz

su bspdso, su hrozd jbrbn`d pbrsbvbromtb.

Zdjovo qubjo fun`d pdr ad qub aunòr (umo

pdsto fjkno, fbldrbs sbrvknkds), pbrd tofhkm oy

funò poafo poro rbndfpbmsor sus subds.

IXRSD XDFBXD

?8ZBPZKA SKRXO

SKRXO

@ K ^ Z D X K O


50/85


SXDIX

Jbsjb

Zbxtka S

bm su km

nojbmo

jb 823

oaidjd

troholo

`bntrb

ndfpr

umd jb

fs km

y bfhab

Ba Idhk

jb Skur

jb ao ad

fomtbm

prdybnt

Bs bm aos foaos bm ads fdfbmtds fs

jknkabs, vuambrohabs d tdrfbmtdsds,

nuomjd sb ndmdnb o ads outmtknds ndf-

pobrds jb ruto.

Eub fuy jurd ba 83?8, kmibmkbrd, suerkfds

fun`d, rbnubrjo4 jknb Xoeoba ^dso Uan`bz,

oirknuatdr jb oaidjm, jb 5? ods, pojrb jb 9

`klds, ohubad jb 0 mkds y umd jb ads prkfbrds

hbmbknkorkds jba Srdirofo Skfo.

Bs ao pbdr nrksks qub rbnubrjd, pbrd rbskstk-

fds, Xoeoba, yo mds bstofds rbnupbromjd

ndmtbsto Ofojd ômjdvoa, kmibmkbrd oirmd-

fd, jb :2 ods y osbsdr tnmknd jba prdirofo,

jbsjb ònb 0 ods.

, bstb od W83?>V ndmtrdaofds aos paoios, km-

ibmkbrd, pbrd ba od posojd, oy, md fb qukbrd

ondrjor7 ads kmsbntds sb ndfkbrdm aos shkaos jb

ao paomto y pbrj fs jb 5233 sdabs7 ebakzfbm-

tb qub md mds ohomjdmostb, kmib ndfbmto

Xoeoba, sbmtkfbmtoa, bm Nuro Fdrk, umd jb ads

jkstrktds fs pdhrbs jb Skuro.

Xoeoba ^dso tkbmb trbs `bntrbos y bs oaidjd-

mbrd jbsjb ads ods 93 y 03, nuomjd prdjuno

93 qukmtoabs pdr `bntrbo. Bm ba 83?8, sb rbski-

m o ao mkfo ndsbnò jb 5 qukmtoabs pdr `bn-

trbo. No bm ao jbsbspbronkm, ebakzfbmtb qub

bstoho Ofojd, ndmebsor jbspus. Ofojd md

sdad bs ba kmibmkbrd qub ad noponkt, jbsjb ba8332, bm ba fombld tbnmkknojd jb ao skbfhro y

ndsbnò, qub bst prbsbmtb bm ba 03% jba prd-

nbsd prdjuntkvd, ndjd o ndjd ndm a, skmd tof-

hkm su ndfpobrd kmndmjknkdmoa. Soro qub fb

bmtkbmjo, ao vkjo jba nofpd bs fuy eubrtb y md

eumnkdmo sk md òy aozds jb ndfpojrbs, sk md

sdy umd fs jb baads, sk md bsnun`d sus prdhab-

fos, sk md vdy o ndmdnbr o sus eofkakos d vdy o

XOEOBA ^DÔ B^ RM OIXKNRAZDX JB AO \DMO F^

SDHXB JB SKRXO , _RB ABUOMZO ^R BNDMDFO EOFKAKOX

BM HO^B OA OAIDJM SKFO, [ OFO JD ÔMJDUOA B^

BA KMIBMKBXD JBA SXDIXOFO SKFO _RB, JB^JB @ONB

DN@D OD^, AD O^B^DXO [ ZBNMKEKNO.

AO NOJBMO SXDJRNZKUOJB OIXKNRAZDX B KMIBMKB

SXDFDNKM JBA OAIDJM F^ EKMD


51/85


us kbstos potrdmoabs, o sus nufpabods. O aos

2 jb ao torjb, tdjds sb tdfom su ioto Wum tkpd

jb n`knò jb ldroV bm ba nofpd y yd portknkpd.

[ ndm ùfkajoj< abs `bfds jojd noponktonkm

nmkno fdjbrmo, pbrd tofhkm oprbmjbfds jb

us aohdrbs jb ohdmofkbmtd omnbstroa, rbvbaor

Ofojd, aubid.

Ouib4 Jbspus, nojo4 Xbnupbronkm4

_u pos bsb 83?8 qub ndrt, pdr um fdfbm-

d, ba pbrdjd jb bstohkakjoj qub adir ba Srd-

irofo Skfo4

DXKIBM [ SBX^BUBXOMNKO

Ba kmibmkbrd Luakd Xdno bs ba jkrbntdr blbnutkvd

jba prdirofo. Soro bmtbmjbr ad qub pos òy

qub sohbr qub ba prdybntd surik bm ?;;:, nuom-

jd aos aauvkos pdmom bm rkbsid ao prdjunnkm

jb bstb kmskfd oaidjm Wbm jnojos posojos,

ba fbldr jba fumjdV, drkumjd jba Sbr y tpkno-

fbmtb pkuromd. Oqubaao vbz ba Idhkbrmd Nbmtroa

jbstkm umo portkjo jb ?2 fkaadmbs jb jaorbs

poro edfbmtor ba nuatkvd oaidjdmbrd bm :3 fka

`bntrbos. Aostkfdsofbmtb, ao otbmnkm bm ba

ofpd eub jbknkbmtb y `bfds orrostrojd, pdr

bso kmbknkbmnko, umo jbujo jb ?: fkaadmbs jb

dabs, morro.

Md dhstomtb, aubid ba prdybntd eub rbtdfo-

jd pdr ba Idhkbrmd Xbikdmoa jb Skuro y bm ba

33: sb kmknk umo oakomzo jbnkskvo ndm Zbxtka

Skuro poro kmomnkor ao nojbmo prdjuntkvo oaid-

jdmbro. [ mds ndfprdfbtkfds o opdyor o ads

irknuatdrbs fs kmedrfoabs, o ads fs pdhrbs, ods qub md tkbmbm skqukbro umo noso jb fotbrkoa

mdhab, okrfo Xdno. Zbmo qub sbr um paom jb rb-

upbronkm sakjd y sb kmvdaunr bm ba prdnbsd

ads prdvbbjdrbs y dpbrojdrbs jb nrjktds. [

s, bm pdnds ods, ads fribmbs jb jbujo nof-

hkordm rojknoafbmtb. Rm ;2% jb oirknuatdrbs

ufpakbrdm ndm poior bsds nrjktds, eub kfprb-

kdmomtb!, nubmto Xdno.

Bstd babv ads ndstds y ba oirknuatd

vbmtorads, eub jbfoskojd hrusnd, p

bm ao qukmnbmo jb foyd, bm ao atkfo

tkvd, bm qub fojuro ao hbaadto.

@uhd umo fbrfo bm ba 23% jb

y sb rbjulbrdm ads nrjktds. Eub tro

nuomjd ba idapb bro fs eubrtb,

ndfpr ba pabktd. Nuomjd tdjds ad

mds nbrrordm aos pubrtos, pdrqub m

sdm ads oirknuatdrbs fs pdhrbs, ao

jkd ao sbfkaao ndm tdtoa ndmkomzo, n

^dm 8233 eofkakos, qub troholomtrbos, qub bstuvkbrdm o pumtd jb

rukmo. Jbmtrd jb ao nojbmo prdjun

so fomtuvd sus jds bsaohdmbs jb

kmomnksto y ndfd ndfprojdr. Sb

pdroa qub nosk mds aabvo o ao qukbh

skiuk opdrtomjd ads jbsbfhdasd

ndfpromjd ba prdjuntd7 y ba idh

pusd ba sdpdrtb dpbrotkvd< ads nd

JKNBM _RB AO SD[ AO ZNMKNO MD

LRMZO^, SBXD MD^@BFD^ JBFD^ZXO_RB B^ SD^KHAB RZXOHOLD NDMLRM[ BEKNKBMZB BMZXB

IDHKBXMD XBIKDRMO BFSX BÔ SX

LRAKD XDNOJKXBNZDX BLBNRZKUD JBA SXDI

Nua eub ba sbnrbtd poro adiror um fombld

fs bknkbmtb y dpdrtumd4 _ub kjbakzofds ao

nortbro, tbmbfds oirknuatdrbs ndm ao nofksbto

jba Srdirofo Skfo pubsto, pdrqub ndmskiukb-

rdm umo osbsdro tnmkno pbrsdmoakzojo y prd-

juntds jb prdhojo bebntkvkjoj y noakjoj md sdad

bm oaidjm skmd bm dtrds nuatkvds qub qukskbrom

prdhor ndfd foz, fbmbstros, orrdz, olbs y eru-

toabs, osbiuro Xdno.

Jbsjb ba 833: sb vkvk umo btopo jb 0 ods jb

ndmsdakjonkm jba prdybntd y òsto umo hdmomzo

bfbribmtb. Sbrd ba kmeoustd 83?8 trold ndmskid

umo jbhonab ofhkbmtoa. Ba nuatkvd oaidjdmbrdrbspdmjb oa nakfo fs qub o poqubtbs tbnmdaik-

nds. Bm foyd jba 83?8, ao tbfpbroturo suhk bm 8

irojds pdr ba noabmtofkbmtd iadhoa y bsd eub eotoa,

ojunb Xdno.

Aos paoios sb bxpomjkbrdm ndm ba noadr qub md

jkd trbiuo. ^k omtbs sb opaknohom paoiuknkjos nojo

?2 jos, oqubaao vbz jbhom sbr utkakzorads nojo 2.

833:ERB BA OD BM _RB ^B UKUK RMOBZOSO JB NDM^DAKJONKM [@O^ZO RMO HDMOM\O BFBXIBMZB.

>;,;FKAFBZXD^ B^ AO ADMIKZRJ JBAOAIDJM SKFO, FBJKJO _RB MDZKBMB DZXD OAIDJM BM BA FRMJD.


52/85


>33 @BNZXBO^ JB OAIDJM SKFO ^B ^BFHXOXDSOXO XBNRSBXOX^B JB AO NXK^K^ JBA OD O


53/85


fdtds, ao adistkno. Jb 933 `bntrbos qub òho

mtbs jba 83?8 poro sbfhror ba oaidjm pkfo, bstb

d sdad sb ò troholojd bm >33.

Xdno sdstkbmb< Ad mknd qub sohbfds bs

qub md pdjofds jblor qub sb pbrjkbro bstb oa-

idjm qub bs potrkfdmkd monkdmoa. Ba jkrbntdr

jba Srdirofo Skfo vkbmb jb umo eofkako jb oa-

idjdmbrds y bs tbstkid kba jb tkbfpds fbldrbs;,; fkafbtrds, qub md bmnubmtros

OSD[DZBPZKA SKRXOEKMOMNKO, BMZXBIOAO ^BFKAAO [NDFSXO RMSXDJRNZD ZOMBFHABFZKND _RBOSOXBNB BM BAB^NRJD XBIKDMOAJB SKRXO.

bm mkmim dtrd oaidjm bm ba fumjd. _ukz òyo

oaiumds nbrnomds, ndfd ba bikpnkd, pbrd ba pkfo

bs bxtrodrjkmorkd y ad rbnaofom bfprbsos ndfd

Aondstb, rbforno Xdno. [ poro prdtbibr bstb

ohdabmid jb noakjoj pkuromo bst bm ao aunò. Eb-

akzfbmtb bm ba 83?> mds `bfds rbnupbrojd y md

jblorbfds qub sb pkbrjo mubstrd pkfo, osbiuro.

EB [ NDMEKOM\O

Juromtb ao nrksks, ustbj mds jkd ao sbfkaao iro-

tks, pbrd sdad dn`d pbrsdmos mds qubjofds

ndm ba oaidjm bm Nuro Fdrk, kmibmkbrd, ba

rbstd sb nofhk pdr fkbjd oa iusomd rdsojd

Wao paoio qub fs jbvost ads nofpdsV, md4 [

froads o`dro, fkrom fks jkbz bntrbos qub sb

òm rbnupbrojd y qukbrbm vdavbr oa oaidjm.

Ads bspbrofds, kmib rb Xoeoba.

Ba nofpd bs ndfd ba ethda, pubs sk md orrkbs-

ios, md iomos7 y sk pkbrjbs, aubid ba nofpd tb

jo rbvomnòs sdmrb Ofojd, ndm ao ndmtoikd-

so eb qub fubvb qukmtoabs.

Xoeoba dso bs osbsdrojd y noponktojd bm ba fombld tbnmkknojd jb ao skbfhro y ndsbnò.

IXRSD XDFBXD

?>

NDIBÔ

AKFO

@ K ^ Z D X K O8233EOFKAKO^ ZXOHOLOMBM :333 @BNZXBOÎXONKO^ OASXDIXOFO SKFO.


54/85

XB^SDMÔHKAKJOJ DNKOA BFSXBÔXKOA IXRSD XDFBXD3:

@DFD

JB SXD

Mbu Sb

oibmnk

ndm f

jb bxpb

hrkmjo

bfprbs

Xdfbrd

portknkp

jb @df

Srdvbb

Ndrpdro

jb brv

Ironkos

adir s

bstmjo

jb jds

fbldr

y dhtuv

noakkno

Ndrpdronkm Ibmbroa jb ^brvknkds ^.O.

husno `dfdadior o tdjos aos bfprb-

sos qub troholom poro ba Irupd Xd-

fbrd. û dhlbtkvd bs qub tdjds ads

prdvbbjdrbs tbmiom mkvbabs jb bxnbabmnko.

Bm bsto bvoauonkm, ba prdvbbjdr rbspdmjb

um nubstkdmorkd sdhrb ao sktuonkm kmomnkbro jb

ao bfprbso, aos dhakionkdmbs abioa

Memoria Responsabilidad Social Empresarial 2011 - 2012

Documents

Transcript of Memoria Responsabilidad Social Empresarial 2011 - 2012