Modulo 5 II Trimestre

7/23/2019 Modulo 5 II Trimestre

1/57

0

M$J$J$ S@L@JB D@S\V H@KJDMBB@X ZD[ IMX[NSM@" AJNAS@L@ ] JHNDNO@ :

ZDM\JSXMK@K D@HMND@B KJ [SZFMBBN

L`hzb{`k kj Jkzh`hmd } Hmjdhm`x kj b`Hnozdmh`hmd

Usnhjxnx kjb ujdx`omjd{n u`s` zd` hmjdhm` hnd hndhmjdhm`

Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

[szfmbbn 3503

:


2/57

3


sjxjd{`s jb sj` n {`bbjs" jb hz`b kjcj jx{`s kmsmamkn ` bnx jx{zkm`d{jx } u`ksjx kj lòmbm`" usjhmx`sb`x hù`hmk`kjx kj sj` } bnx usnhjxnx kjb ujdxòmjd{n ` {s`c`f`s hnd xzx imfnx$ Kjcj z{mbmv`sxj zdbjdaz`fj xjdhmbbn } kj lhmb hnousjdxmd" ujsn pzj {jda` hnijsjdhm` } xzx{jd{n bamhn" hzmk`dkn b`sjk`hhmd } ùbmh`hmd kj b`x sjab`x ns{naslmh`x$

Jb @z{ns

Usjxjd{`hmd

Jb hzsxn kj Imx{nsm`" Ajnas`l` } Jhndno` u`s` jb pzmd{n `n kj xjhzdk`sm`"

kjb H$J$J$ S`l`jb D`s|jv H`kjdmbb`x czxh` pzj jb jx{zkm`d{j hndxnbmkj xz lnso`hmd

{jsmh`" oj{nknbamh` } |`bns`{m|` pzj bj ujsom{` jx{`s jd hndkmhmd kj u`s{mhmu`s

`h{m|òjd{j jd b` hndx{szhhmd kj xz mkjd{mk`k xnhmn/hzb{zs`b bnh`b" sjamnd`b" d`hmnd`b" }

ozdkm`b$

Jb usjxjd{j knhzojd{n usj{jdkj pzj jb jx{zkm`d{j o`djfj mdlnso`hmd

hnssjxundkmjd{j ` b` imx{nsm` kjb Ujs hnd{jounsdjn" pzj hnousjdkj jb kjx`ssnbbn

d`hmnd`b hnd sjb`hmd ` b` kmdomh` md{jsd`hmnd`b }" ` u`s{ms kj jbbn" jb`cnsj fzmhmnx

hs{mhnx kj bnx omxonx } usnunda` `b{jsd`{m|`x kj xnbzhmd ` bnx usncbjo`x

lzdkòjd{`bjx pzj bjx i` {nh`kn |m|ms `b Ujs$

Jd jx{j xjd{mkn xj usnhzs`s pzj {nknx bnx {jo`x xj nsmjd{jd ` {s`{`s kj

sjxnb|js bnx usncbjo`x kj b` uncsjv`" kjxhjd{s`bmv`hmd" {jssm{nsmn } `z{ndno`"

usn{jhhmd jhnbamh` } b` kmxhsmomd`hmd } jyhbzxmd hzb{zs`b jd jb Ujs hnd{jounsdjn$

Uns bn `d{jx jyuzjx{n jx{j knhzojd{n kj {s`c`fn jx kj zxn ncbma`{nsmn u`s` jb

jx{zkm`d{j s`l`jbmdn" hnd b uzjkj ub`dmlmh`s } j|`bz`s xz ùsjdkmv`fj" kjcmjdkn `xzoms

jb hnousnomxn kj hzmk`sbn } o`d{jdjsbn `b k`$

Bnx usnljxnsjx$


3/57

8


MDKMHJ$

XJXMD D 516 @D@BMV@ONX B@ HSMXMX XNHM@B UJSZ@D@ KJ B@ KH@K@ KJ BNX XJXJD[@ ] XZXSJUJSHZXMNDJX JHNDOMH@X ] UNB[MH@X JD BNX XJ[JD[@$ Ua$ 05

XJXMD D 596 @D@BMV@ONX ] @XZOMONX ZD@ UNXMHMD HS[MH@ @HJSH@ KJ B@[S@XHJDKJDHM@ IMX[SMH@ KJB ANCMJSDN KJ B@ LZJSV@ @SO@K@ )0=


4/57

IMX[NSM@" AJNAS@L@ ] JHNDNO@H$J$J$ S@L@JB D@S\JV H@KJDMBB@X/ZD[ IMX[NSM@ KJB UJS JD JB HND[JY[N OZDKM@B ):-

;Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

XJXMD D 1

@D@BMV@ONX B@ HSMXMX XNHM@B UJSZ@D@ KJ B@ KH@K@ KJ BNXXJXJD[@ ] XZX SJUJSHZXMNDJX JHNDOMH@X ] UNB[MH@X JD

JX[J UJSMNKN

@USJDKMV@FJX JXUJS@KNX6Kmljsjdhm` b` mdlnso`hmd usmdhmu`b kjb usnhjxn kj mdkzx{sm`bmv`hmd jd jb Ujs$Jyubh`bnx h`ocmnx } ujso`djdhm`x jhndomh`x" unb{mh`x } xnhm`bjx kjb Ujs kjbnx xjxjd{` jd b` `h{z`bmk`k$Jyusjx` fzmhmnx kj |`bns `hjsh` kjb hnouns{`omjd{n jhndomhn" unb{mhn } xnhm`bkj bnx ujsxnd`fjx usmdhmu`bjx } aszunx sjusjxjd{`{m|nx ujsz`dnx jd{sj 0=:< `0=$

3$ [j u`sjhj hnd|jdmjd{j jx{` o`djs` kj usnhjkjs kj knd Ljsd`dkn> Uns pz>Xjad jx{j sjb`{n bm{js`smn Pz xm{z`hmndjx kmlhmbjx nhzssj hnd sjxujh{n `b ancmjsdn } jb Jx{`kn>


5/57


:Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

Jb USNHJXN KJ MDKZX[SM@BMV@HMD KJB UJS )0=:5 /0=15-

Hz`dkn O`dzjb Us`kn sj{nsd` `b ancmjsdn" uns xjazdk` |jv )0=:


6/57



7/57


1Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

u`x" hnd jb {hm{n `un}n kj b`x lzjsv`x`so`k`x } jb jyubhm{n kj b` Kjonhs`hm`Hsmx{m`d`" Ljsd`dkn Cjb`dkj a`d b`xjbjhhmndjx kj 0=


8/57



usnumjk`kjx jd Bmo`$ U`s` b` s`{mlmh`hmd#@h{` kj [`b`s`#$ Jx{j lzj jb uzd{n djasn kjbnx `hzjsknx" uzjx `b usnhjkjs b` lmso`kjxù`sjhm b` uamd` #NDHJ# kndkj" xjadxj kmfn i`c` hmls`x mouns{`d{jx pzjkjx|ms{z`s`d jb xjd{mkn {smzdl`bmx{` pzj xj kmn` kmhin `hzjskn$ Jb sjxzb{`kn kjb jxhdk`bn

lzj pzj jb 8 kj nh{zcsj jd b`x usmojs`x ins`x"b` Ub`v` kj @so`x lzj hjss`k`" bnx {`dpzjx

{no`snd b`x h`bbjx kj Bmo` } jb usjxmkjd{jCjb`dkj lzj bbj|`kn `b `jsnuzjs{n }joc`sh`kn `b jymbmn$Bnx usmojsnx hnozdmh`knx nlmhm`bjx`dzdhm`c`d b` hndx{m{zhmd kj zd ancmjsdn kjb`x Lzjsv`x @so`k`x pzj {no`c` jb hnd{snbkjb u`x jd kjljdx` kj b` #kmadmk`k d`hmnd`b#

HNDXNBMK@HMD6 Bjj kj{jdmkòjd{j h`k` zd` kj b`x `h{m|mk`kjx } bzjanjxhsmcj b`x sjxuzjx{`x$

HNOUSJDXMD USNLZDK@0$ Jb`cns` zd nsa`dmv`kns |mxz`b kj b` bjh{zs`$3$ Jb`cns` kj lnso` mdkm|mkz`b jd {z hz`kjsdn n lnbkjs kj {s`c`fn" zd hz`ksn

hnou`s`{m|n kj {sjx ijhinx unxm{m|n } dja`{m|n pzj dn i`d kjf`kn bnx ancmjsdnx kj Us`kn )0=:$ Kj{jsomd` jd {z `sazojd{`hmd xm jx{` ojkm` lzj djhjx`sm` n uzknjymx{ms `bad n{sn onkjbn jhndomhn$

3$ Jd {z numdmd Hzb lzj jb usmdhmu`b usncbjo` kj {mun unb{mhn pzj {z|n jb ancmjsdn kj Cjb`dkj>HSJ@[M\MK@K

8$ Usnud" xjad {zx usnum`x mkj`x zd onkjbn mdkzx{sm`bmv`hmd uns xzx{m{zhmd kj mouns{`hmndjx jd jbUjs" pzj ujsom{`d un{jdhm`s jb kjx`ssnbb jhndomhn" c`fn bnx bmdjòmjd{nx unb{mhnx } ajnunb{mhnxjd{sj bnx `nx kj 0=:


9/57


=Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

Jx{`cbjhj bnx usmdhmu`bjx h`ocmnx pzj sj`bmv b` fzd{` ombm{`s kj ancmjsdn )0= Uns pz>$

B@ FZD[@ OMBM[@S KJ ANCMJSDN6 )0=


10/57



usnlzdk`x6 hnd|js{msxj jd zd` xnhmjk`k dn xbnhnd hsjhmomjd{n } zd` ojfns kmx{smczhmd kj b`smpzjv`" xmdn sjpzjs` hòcm`s xzx u`{sndjxhzb{zs`bjx7 {jsomd`s hnd bnx sjx{nx kj xz jxusm{z`smx{nhs`{mv`d{j } kmxhsmomd`kns" hnd jbjojd{nxs`hmx{`x pzj jymx{`d jd b`x hb`xjx `b{`x } ojkm`x$[òcmd js` djhjx`smn xzujs`s b` mdkmljsjdhm` kjbu`x nlmhm`b i`hm` jb Ujs `dkmdn" mdkmn }o`samd`kn$ [`b js` jb kmxhzsxn kj b` lbò`d{jFzd{` Ombm{`s `b mdmhm`s xz ancmjsdn jd 0=


11/57



USMDHMU@BJX OJKMK@X JHNDOMH@X" UNB[MH@X ] XNHM@BJX [NO@K@X UNS BNX ANCMJSDNXKJ B@ FZD[@ OMBM[@S@- B@ SJLNSO@ @AS@SM@)3; KJ FZDMN KJ 0= Kjcùà`sxj zd` mdkjodmv`hmd ` bnx jyusnum`knx>@ pzmd kjc` sju`s{msxj b` {mjss`> @ jousjx`xàs`sm`x jx{`{`bjx> Kjc` sju`s{msxj ` bnx

`d{maznx {s`c`f`knsjx kj b`x i`hmjdk`x n ` {nk`b` uncb`hmd szs`b mdhbz}jdkn b` pzj dn {s`c`f`c`kmsjh{òjd{j jd b`x i`hmjdk`x>

Bnx kjc`{jx `b sjxujh{n i`c`d |jdmknunx{jsa`dkn zd` kjhmxmd unb{mh` jd jb `xzd{n$Jb 3; kj fzdmn kj 0=


12/57



{s`c`f`c`d jd b`x i`hmjdk`x } sjusjxjd{`c`d b`hz`s{` u`s{j kjb {n{`b kj b` uncb`hmd szs`b kjb u`x} b`x {sjx hz`s{`x u`s{jx pzjk`snd ujns `d }`pzj ìns` dm xmpzmjs` unk`d jxujs`s b` h`smk`kkjb i`hjdk`kn } kjc`d jdlsjd{`s jb {s`{nmoujsxnd`b kj bnx dzj|nx ajsjd{jx kj b`xhnnujs`{m|`x$

3$ Hnd jb {mjoun b`x hnx`x joujns`snd6 bnxhòujxmdnx {s`c`f`c`d b`x {mjss`x ujsn dn {jd`djyujsmjdhm` jousjx`sm`b u`s` {no`s hszhm`bjxkjhmxmndjx jhndomh`x } hnojshm`bjx7 xzsam b`hnsszuhmd jd{sj lzdhmnd`smnx kj b`x hnnujs`{m|`x/

8$ Xj kmn unh` mouns{`dhm` `b zxn kj {jhdnbna`xonkjsd`x } ùsnum`k`x } ` b` cxpzjk` s`hmnd`b

kjb hskm{n c`dh`smn" jbjojd{n jxjdhm`b u`s` jbkjx`ssnbbn kj b` àsmhzb{zs` hnojshm`b$ Bnx usjhmnxkj bnx usnkzh{nx às`smnx" hnd{snb`knx uns jbancmjsdn" usnd{n xj kj|`bz`snd } b`x hnnujs`{m|`xhnojdv`snd ` |js hsjhjs" dn xzx hzb{m|nx" xmdnxzx kjzk`x$

@\@DHJ B@ SJLNSO@ @AS@SM@ 0=


13/57



C- MDKZX[SM@BMV@HMD KJB U@X6I`} {sjx {munx kj mdkzx{sm`x6 jy{s`h{m|`x" pzjx`h` bnx sjhzsxnx kj b` {mjss`7 cxmh`" pzj{s`dxlnso` jd zd` usmojs` j{ù` kmhinx sjhzsxnx"} o`dzl`h{zsjs` n kj hndxzon" pzj hnd|mjs{jjx{nx usnkzh{nx jd `s{hzbnx u`s` jb hndxzonizo`dn )`bmojd{nx" |jx{mknx" ozjcbjx" j{h$-$ JbUjs mdasjx kjhmkmkòjd{j ` b` hndx{szhhmd kjzd` mdkzx{sm` cxmh` ujsz`d` jd unkjs kjbJx{`kn" pzj dn jymx{` `d{jsmnsojd{j$ B` mdkzx{sm`cxmh` jx zd` umjv` hb`|j kjb kjx`ssnbbnjhndomhn$ Jx b` pzj xms|j u`s` l`csmh`s bnxmdxzonx" n xj` usnkzh{nx pzj xnd {s`dxlnso`knx` xz |jv uns n{s`x mdkzx{sm`x$ Jx{`x xnd `bazd`xjousjx`x jx{`{`bjx6MDKZUJS" pzj kmsmaj b` hndx{szhhmd kj dzj|`xmdkzx{sm`x$ UJ[SNUJS" pzj jy{s`j"

hnojshm`bmv` } sjlmd` jb uj{sbjn$

XMKJSUJS" pzj usnkzhj `hjsn$ Jb Jx{`knujsz`dn d`hmnd`bmv {òcmd b`x mdkzx{sm`x kjbhjojd{n" ljs{mbmv`d{jx" uùjb } k` bnx usmojsnxu`xnx u`s` b` hndx{szhhmd kj b` mdkzx{smùj{snpzomh`$

B` kmlzxmd kj b` usnumjk`k } b` o`}ns usnkzhhmd

hsj`d {òcmd h`k` |jv ox zd ojsh`kn md{jsdnkj `b{n hndxzon km|jsxmlmh`kn pzj xj hndx{m{zms`jd c`xj ` b` lz{zs` mdkzx{sm`bmv`hmd kjb u`x"`xujh{n hjd{s`b kjb usnhjxn kj kjx`ssnbbnjhndomhn kjb Ujs$mdkzx{sm`x jd fzbmn kj 0=15" jb ancmjsdn kmn zdu`xn@b usnozba`sxj b` bj} ajdjs`b kj kjhmxm|n u`s`hsj`s b` hnozdmk`k mdkzx{sm`b kjd{sn kj b`jousjx` kj `hzjskn ` bnx ncfj{m|nx kjb kjx`ssnbbnd`hmnd`b } bnx usmdhmumnx kjb ubzs`bmxon

jhndomhn$ \jònx `bazd`x kj xzxh`s`h{jsx{mh`x6

Xnd omjocsnx kj b` hnozdmk`k mdkzx{sm`b {nknxbnx {s`c`f`knsjx pzj b`cns`d jd b` jousjx` jd

lnso` jx{`cbj" ` {mjoun hnoubj{n n u`shm`b$Bnx {s`c`f`knsjx u`s{mhmu`d jd b` usnumjk`k"ajx{md } z{mbmk`kjx kj b` jousjx`" ujsn jbmd|jsxmndmx{` o`d{mjdj jb unkjs kj kjhmxmd unsi`cjs `xzomkn b` mdmhm`{m|` jousjx`sm`b } jb smjxanpzj hndbbj|`$

Bnx {s`c`f`knsjx" omjocsnx kj b` hnozdmk`kmdkzx{sm`b" u`s{mhmu`d jd b` usnumjk`k kjbu`{smondmn kj b` jousjx`" ojkm`d{j `hhmndjxb`cns`bjx pzj b` jousjx` jom{ms ` l`|ns kj h`k`

zdn kj jbbnx i`x{` `bh`dv`s zd` xzo` jpzm|`bjd{j`b :5* kjb {n{`b kjb ond{n hùm{`b xnhm`b kj b`jousjx`$

U`s{j kjb unshjd{`fj kj b` sjd{` dj{`" kjkzhmk` `l`|ns kjb {s`c`f`kns uzjkj ùbmh`sxj ` n{s`xlnso`x kj md|jsxmd u`s` dn `ssmjxa`s jx{nxsjhzsxnx jd zd` xnb` lzjd{j usnkzh{m|`$ @bnsa`dmv`sxj b`x hnozdmk`kjx mdkzx{sm`bjx jd {nknjb u`x" jb Jx{`kn pzm{ xz sjhndnhmomjd{n ` b`Xnhmjk`k D`hmnd`b kj Mdkzx{sm`x" pzj àszu`c` `

`bazdnx unkjsnxnx mdkzx{sm`bjx usm|`knx" kjcmkn `pzj jx{` xnhmjk`k dn sjusjxjd{`c` sj`bojd{j `bnx ujpzjnx mdkzx{sm`bjx pzj i`c` jd jb u`x dm` b` dzj|`x hnozdmk`kjx$ Jx{` nsa`dmv`hmdxmazj jymx{mjdkn jd b` `h{z`bmk`k hnd jb dnocsjkj Xnhmjk`k kj Mdkzx{sm`x$

H- JB UBZS@BMXON JHNDOMHN ] B@USNUMJK@K XNHM@B6Jb Ujs hnd{`c` hnd zd` jhndno` ubzs`bmx{`"kjd{sn kj jx{j ubzs`bmxon jhndomhn hnjymx{jdkm|jsxnx xjh{nsjx6n B` Usnumjk`k Xnhm`b6 Jx hz`dkn {nknx bnx{s`c`f`knsjx kj b` jousjx` xnd bnx kzjnx kj

B`x as`dkjx i`hmjdk`x `vzh`sjs`x ujsz`d`x xj

{s`dxlnso`snd jd hnnujs`{m|`x às`sm`x kmsmamk`x uns bnx

usnumnx {s`c`f`knsjx ashnb`x$


14/57


0;Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

{nkn jb u`{smondmn ){mjss`x" o`pzmd`sm`xusnkzhhmd" a`d`dhm`x" j{h$-n B` Usnumjk`k Jx{`{`b6 Hz`dkn bnx {s`c`f`knsjxmd{js|mjdjd hnd xz {s`c`fn c`fn b` `hhmd sjh{ns`kjb jx{`kn$n B` Usnumjk`k Usm|`k` Sjlnso`k`6 Uns b` bj} kjhnozdmk`k b`cns`b" xj jx{`cbjh` pzj xjs` zdxjh{ns jhndomhn kj hnajx{md7 jx kjhmsusnumjk`k kj bnx {s`c`f`knsjx `komdmx{s`k` hnd`}zk` jx{`{`b$n B` Ujpzj` Usnumjk`k Usm|`k`6 Md{jas`k` uns{nk`x b`x `h{m|mk`kjx jhndomh`x kj ujpzj`jxh`b` jd jb hnojshmn" b` mdkzx{sm` `s{jx`d`b } bnxxjs|mhmnx$Jd b` jousjx` kj usnumjk`k xnhm`b hnssjxundkj `bnx {s`c`f`knsjx b` usnumjk`k } b` kmsjhhmd" kj b`jousjx`" ` kmljsjdhm` kj b`x jousjx`x usm|`k`xjd b`x pzj b` usnumjk`k } b` kmsjhhmd

hnssjxundkjd ` bnx md|jsxmndmx{`x usm|`knx$

K- JX[@[MV@HMD KJ JOUSJX@X JMDKZX[SM@X6Jb ancmjsdn kj b`x Lzjsv`x @so`k`x jd xzusmojs` l`xj )0=


15/57


0:Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

kj xzjbknx" sjunxmhmd kj kjxujkmknx } jbsjhndnhmomjd{n kjb Xmdkmh`{n dmhn kj[s`c`f`knsjx kj b` Jkzh`hmd )XZ[JU-$ Jx{ìzjba` kzs` 90 k`x" } xjs nh`xmd kj hnd{mdz`xo`dmljx{`hmndjx unuzb`sjx kj xnbmk`smk`k$

@ ojkm`knx kj o`}n" jb jx{`kn kjf` kj xzcxmkm`sbnx cmjdjx kj hndxzon unuzb`s cxmhn } bnxusjhmnx xzcjd `ssmc` kjb :5 *$ @ujd`x xjhndnhjd kmhi`x ojkmk`x" b`x izjba`x } b`xo`dmljx{`hmndjx unuzb`sjx xj ajdjs`bmv`d jd h`xm{nk`x b`x hmzk`kjx" hnd cbnpzjnx kj h`bbjx }jdlsjd{òmjd{nx hnd b` unbmh`7 bnx xmdkmh`{nxhnd|nh`d hnd ym{n `b u`sn d`hmnd`b bnx k`x 38 }

3; kj o`}n" b`x bzhi`x pzj `hnou``d jx{j u`snjx{d o`sh`k`x uns zd` dn{`cbj hnnskmd`hmd" `dm|jb bnh`b n sjamnd`b" jd{sj b`x nsa`dmv`hmndjxxmdkmh`bjx } b`x kjox nsa`dmv`hmndjx unuzb`sjxzsc`d`x" sjzdmk`x jd lsjd{j hnon" jb Hnom{Hnnskmd`kns kj Nsa`dmv`hmndjx Unuzb`sjx kjbHzvhn" jb Lsjd{j kj Kjljdx` kj bnx md{jsjxjx kjbuzjcbn kj @sjpzmu`" jb Lsjd{j dmhn kj bzhi` kjIz`dh`}n" j{h$

Jb ancmjsdn kj Ons`bjx Cjsokjv" `d{j xzmdjlmhmjdhm` u`s` xnbzhmnd`s jx{` xm{z`hmdhnd|nh` ` jbjhhmndjx kjonhs{mh`x jd 0=95$

HNX[N KJ B@ H@D@X[@ L@OMBM@S KJB JX[S@[N KJ MDASJXNX OX C@FNX 0=18 0=1=&)jd xnbjx ojdxz`bjx-

@n Hnx{n kj b` h`d`x{` lòmbm`s X`b`smn Usnojkmn Dnomd`b X`b`smn Odmon Bja`b0=180=19

0=1=FzdmnFzbmn

;"9:13


16/57


0


17/57



B` bmx{` kj kjsjhinx hnd{jdmknx jd b` Hndx{m{zhmd sjhna` dn xbn bn ojfns kj dzjx{s` {s`kmhmdhndx{m{zhmnd`b" xmdn {òcmd b` òubm` aò` kj kjsjhinx jx{`cbjhmknx jd b`x as`dkjx kjhb`s`hmndjxmd{jsd`hmnd`bjx xncsj b` o`{jsm`" usnon|mk`x jd ozhin uns b`x D`hmndjx Zdmk`x$ Kjxkj jx{j uzd{n kj |mx{`b` Hndx{m{zhmd kj 0=1= lzj zd czjd {jy{n mdlnso`{m|n xncsj bnx kjsjhinx kj b`x ujsxnd`x$ B` Hndx{m{zhmd{s`fn {òcmd zdonkjbn jhndomhnjyubhm{n } kjhndxmkjs`cbjjy{jdxmd" pzj {jd`hnon jfjx b``h{m|mk`kub`dmlmh`kns` }jousjx`sm`b kjbJx{`kn" } jbjxlzjsvn kjmd|jsxmd kjb hùm{`busm|`kn$ Xj k`c`da`s`d{`x kj

lzdhmndòmjd{n `bnx hùm{`bjxusm|`knx7 ujsnhb`sòjd{j" bìjajond` bò`d{jd` jb Jx{`kn"jb pzj ijsjk`c`{nk` b` un{jdhmùsnkzh{m|` kjbmdojdxn xjh{ns kj jousjx`x ucbmh`x hndx{m{zmkn kzs`d{j b` usmojs`l`xj$ Kjxkj jb uzd{n kj |mx{` unb{mhnxj jx{`cbjhm zd xmx{jo` kj ancmjsdn xzx{`d{m|òjd{j xmomb`s `b pzj jymx{` jd b` Hndx{m{zhmd kj 0=88" pzj

lzj xzx{m{zmk` uns b` kj 0=1=$ Xj imhmjsnd onkmlmh`hmndjx odmo`x }" x`b|n jb |n{n zdm|jsx`bojd{jsjhndnhmkn" mdhbzxm|j ` bnx `d`bl`cj{nx" pzj jd `pzjbb` unh` js`d ùsnymo`kòjd{j jb 35* kj bnx|n{`d{jx$

B` Hndx{m{zhmd kj 0=1= jd{s jd ubjd` |majdhm` jb 39 kj fzbmn kj 0=95" `b sjx{`cbjhjsxj jb ancmjsdnhndx{m{zhmnd`b hnd b` `xzdhmd `b o`dkn xzusjon kj b` sjucbmh` kjb `spzm{jh{n Ljsd`dkn Cjb`dkj [jss})0=95/0=9:-" kjxuzx kj b izcmjsnd knx ancmjsdnx hndx{m{zhmnd`bjx6 jb kj @b`d A`sh` Usjv" } @bcjs{nLzfmonsm$ Jd jx{j xjd{mkn" jb kjx`ssnbbn kj b` |mk` unb{mh` jd c`xj ` b` Hndx{m{zhmd kj 0=1= lzj jym{nxn$B` Hndx{m{zhmd kj 0=1= lzj xzx{m{zmk` uns b` kj 0==8" kmh{`k` uns jb Hndasjxn Hndx{m{z}jd{j Kjonhs{mhn ` lmdjx kj 0==8$

Hndxnbmk`hmd j|`bz`{m|`

Hnousjdxmd Usnlzdk`0$ Jb`cns` zd où` hndhju{z`b kj{jsomd`dkn jd jb o`djfn kj dhbjnx {jsmhnx hnd

sjxuj{n `6@$ Xm lzj zd` `z{jd{mh`Sjlnso` @as`sm`b` pzj xj imvn jd jb ancmjsdn kj Fz`d\jb`xhn @b|`s`kn$C$ Pzj xmadmlmh jb amsn k`kn uns Ls`dhmxhn Ons`bjx Cjsokjv {s`x kjundjs `

\jb`xhn>$

3$ Jb`cns` zd Unqjs Unmd{" } jyubmh` hz`bjx lzjsnd b`x ojkmk`x xnhm`bjx ox mouns{`d{jx kj b` Fzd{` Ombm{`s$

Hsm{mhmk`k

8$ Ojkm`d{j zd jdx`}n mbzx{s`kn" kjx`ssnbb` {z numdmd kjcmkòjd{j `sazojd{`k` kj hz`bjx lzjsnd bnxl`h{nsjx } jbjojd{nx pzj dnx ujsom{`d hndxmkjs`s jb ls`h`xn n b` hndxmx{jdhm` kjb ub`d{jòmjd{n

HNDXNBMK@HMD

HNADM[M\@


18/57



d`hmnd`bmx{` kj b` Fzd{` ombm{`s" `x hnon jb snb pzj kjx`ssnbbn hnd sjxujh{n `b mouzbxn kjb kjx`ssnbbnmdkzx{sm`b" } czsazjx` } ojkm` kj dzjx{sn u`x$

Hsj`{m|mk`k;$ Jb`cns` kj lnso` mdkm|mkz`b " zd `lmhij z{mbmv`dkn moajdjx" kmczfnx" `s{hzbnx kj ujsmkmhn } `lmdjx }

jyusjx` {z u`sjhjs `hjsh` kj bn unxm{m|n } dja`{m|n pzj nhzssm jd jb àsn kj dzjx{sn kju`s{òjd{nkzs`d{j jb ancmjsdn kjb as`b$ Fz`d \jb`xhn @b|`s`kn )0= Jx zd jxhjd`smn u`sjhmkn ` hz`dkn Cmbb A`{jx" |jmd{j `nx`{sx" kmfn pzj dn xj unk` moàmd`s hon bbjd`s


19/57

IMX[NSM@" AJNAS@L@ ] JHNDNO@H$J$J$ S@L@JB D@S\JV H@KJDMBB@X/ZD[ IMX[NSM@ KJB UJS JD JB HND[JY[N OZDKM@B )3-

0=Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

Jb s`}n bxjs pzj uzjkj {s`dxljsms {nk`

zd` cmcbmn{jh` jd 05 xjazdknx

Bzdjx" 38 kj o`}n kj 3500

@ jx` |jbnhmk`k xjs` unxmcbj

{s`dxljsms {nk` b` hnbjhhmd kjb` Cmcbmn{jh` kjb Hndasjxn kj

JJ$ZZ$ /b` ox as`dkj kjb

ozdkn/ ` {s`|x kj zd h`cbj

kj lmcs` u{mh` jd xbn kmjv xjazdknx$

Jb {szhn hndxmx{j jd z{mbmv`s bn pzj xj hndnhj hnon

#u{mh` {s`dxlnso`k` kj Lnzsmjs# u`s` kmx{mdazms ox kj

855 hnbnsjx kmljsjd{jx jd zd` s`}n bxjs" h`k` zdn

hnkmlmh`kn hnd xz usnum` h`kjd` kj mdlnso`hmd$

B` {hdmh` ù`sjhj kjxhsm{` jd b` sj|mx{`

D`{zsjUin{ndmhx$Jb kjxjn kj mdhsjojd{`s b` hù`hmk`k kj {s`dxljsjdhm` kj

k`{nx jd b` {jhdnbna` kj {jbjhnozdmh`hmndjx c`x`k`x jd

b` bzv" i` hndxjazmkn zd czjd dojsn kj `|`dhjx jd bnx

b{monx `nx$

B`x usmojs`x {jhdnbna`x kj h`cbjx kj lmcs` u{mh` pzj xj

zx`snd hnkmlmh`c`d b`x h`kjd`x kj k`{nx hnon #hzs|`x#

jd h`k` hnbns kj bzv jd|m`dkn zd` ` b` |jv$

Ujsn ìns` dzj|`x {hdmh`x zx`d |`smnx bxjs u`s`

hnkmlmh`s kmljsjd{jx h`kjd`x kj k`{nx jd kmljsjd{jx

hnbnsjx kj bzv jd|mdknbnx {nknx `b omxon {mjoun `

{s`|x kj zd h`cbj kj lmcs` u{mh`$

Jd jb uzd{n pzj sjhmcj bnx k`{nx {òcmd i`} nxhmb`knsjx

bxjs pzj xnd hù`hjx kj kmx{mdazms h`k` xj`b"

sj|ms{mjdkn `x jb usnhjxn$

Sj|mx`dkn jb uzbxn@zdpzj b` hù`hmk`k kj {s`dxomxmd kj k`{nx jx{

bmom{`k` uns b` h`d{mk`k kj s`}nx bxjs kmxundmcbjx" bnx

hnx{nx xnd `b{nx" `lmso` Qnbl`da Lsjzkj" hn`z{ns kjb

jx{zkmn } `h`komhn kjb Mdx{m{z{n G`sbxszij kj

[jhdnbna` jd @bjo`dm`$#]` ijonx bnas`kn hnousnc`s zd jyujsmojd{n kj

{s`dxomxmd kj 055 {js`cm{x uns xjazdkn#" kmfn ` b` CCH$

#Jb usncbjo` jx pzj dn {jd`d xbn zd bxjs" {jd`d `ban

hnon 815 bxjs bn pzj jx `ban mdhsjcbjojd{j hnx{nxn$

Moàmd` 815 s`}nx bxjs pzj bbjd`c`d |`smnx jx{`d{jx }

hndxzo`d |`smnx gmbnq`{{x kj jdjsa`#" `xjazs$

Jb usnljxns Lsjzkj } xzx hnbja`x xj i`d hndhjd{s`kn jd

czxh`s b` o`djs` kj hsj`s {`x`x kj {s`dxomxmd kj k`{nx

xmomb`sjx" zx`dkn xbn zd s`}n hnd uzbxnx

jy{sjo`kòjd{j hns{nx$

Kjd{sn kj jx{nx uzbxnx i`} zd dojsn kj hnbnsjx

kmxhsj{nx kj bzv pzj xj hndnhjd hnon #ujmdj kj

lsjhzjdhm`x#$

Hz`dkn jx{nx uzbxnx xj jd|`d ` {s`|x kj lmcs` u{mh`"

bnx kmx{md{nx hnbnsjx uzjkjd àsja`s n pzm{`s k`{nx }

hnocmd`sbnx hsj`dkn hjsh` kj 83: kmljsjd{jx hnbnsjx jd{n{`b" h`k` zdn kj bnx hz`bjx uzjkj xjs kjhnkmlmh`kn jd

lnso` mdkjujdkmjd{j$

Jb `n u`x`kn jb usnljxns Lsjzkj } xzx hnbja`x

kjonx{s`snd hon zx`s zd ujpzjn dojsn kj jx{nx

hnbnsjx u`s` {s`dxom{ms 05 {js`cm{x uns xjazdkn$

Ujsn jd jb uzd{n kj sjhjuhmd kj bnx k`{nx" bnx o{nknx

{s`kmhmnd`bjx u`s` xju`s`s bnx hnbnsjx dn lzdhmnd`snd$ Jd

jb jyujsmojd{n `h{z`b" jb jpzmun jd|m b`x xj`bjx `

{s`|x kj zd h`cbj kj lmcs` u{mh` kj :5 go kj b`san }

kjxuzx moubjojd{`snd b` u{mh` {s`dxlnso`k` kj

Lnzsmjs u`s` kmx{mdazms h`k` h`xh`k` kj k`{nx$

Hnbnsjx uns knpzmjsB` u{mh` {s`dxlnso`k` kj Lnzsmjs jx zd hndnhmkn {szhn

o`{jo{mhn pzj" jd jxjdhm`" uzjkj jy{s`js bnx

kmljsjd{jx hnbnsjx kj zd s`}n kj mdlnso`hmd c`xdknxj

dmhòjd{j jd bnx onojd{nx jd bnx pzj bbja`d b`x

kmljsjd{jx u`s{jx kjb s`}n$

Jb jpzmun bnas jx{n jd lnso` u{mh` } dn o`{jo{mh`

bnas`dkn xju`s`s jb s`}n kj bbja`k` jd kmljsjd{jx sz{`x

kjujdkmjdkn kj xz ins` kj bbja`k`" fzd{dknb`x kj

dzj|n jd zd kj{jh{ns$

Kj jx{` o`djs`" sjzdms bnx k`{nx kj kmljsjd{jx hnbnsjx xj

sjxzjb|j ncxjs|`dkn jb onojd{n jd jb pzj bbja` h`k`

k`{n jd zd kmljsjd{j hnbns$

Jb usnljxns Lsjzkj kmhj pzj jx{` {hdmh` uzjkj

jy{sùnb`sxj ` zd himu kj xmbmhmn /hnon bnx pzj xj zx`d jd

bnx usnhjx`knsjx kj b`x hnouz{`kns`x/ bn pzj

`zojd{`s` b`x unxmcmbmk`kjx kj xz zxn hnojshm`b$

B` mkj` jx hnoubjf`" sjhndnhj Lsjzkj" ujsn hsjj pzj

unks moubjojd{`sxj jd b` ojkmk` jd pzj b` mddn|`hmd

czxh` o`}nsjx |jbnhmk`k kj {s`dxomxmd kj k`{nx$

#Umjdxjd jd jb {sjojdkn usnasjxn jd bnx ln{ndjx kj

xmbmhmn#" `xjazs$ #D`kmj unks` i`cjs moàmd`kn i`hj

kmjv `nx pzj jd b` `h{z`bmk`k xjs` {`d hnod md{jas`s

bnx sjb`{m|òjd{j hnoubmh`knx hmshzm{nx ` zd himu kj

xmbmhmn#$
http://www.nature.com/nphoton/index.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nphoton/index.html


20/57



Kjxuzx kj bjjs jx{nx `s{hzbnx sjxundkj6

0$/ Hzb jx {z numdmd hnd sjxujh{n ` jx{` bjh{zs`>

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

3$/ @ {z hsm{jsmn" sjxzb{`s` |jd{`fnxn jb zxn kj b` d`dn{jhdnbna` jd dzjx{s` |mk` hn{mkm`d`>$ Jyubmh`

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

8$/ Hsjjx pzj b` d`dn{jhdnbna` unks` nh`xmnd`s kjx|jd{`f`x jhndomh`x" unb{mh`x" xnhm`bjx jd jb ozdkn }"

kj o`djs` jxujhm`b" jd jb Ujs> Uns pz>

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

;$/ Hndxmkjs`x mouns{`d{j pzj jx{x mdlnso`kn } usju`s`kn u`s` jb zxn kj jx{` {jhdnbna`$ Uns pz>

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

DM\JB@HMD HNADM[M\@

B@ HSMXMX XMX[OMH@ ] JB H@OCMN [HDMHNZD@ \MXMD KJXKJ @OSMH@ B@[MD@

ZA@S[JHIJ" Nxh`s$ Jb l`bxn kmbjo`6 @osmh`B`{md` jd b` jhndno` abnc`b$

H`s`h`x6 Lzdk`hmd Lsmjksmhd Jcjs{ LJX )UJS-"0==1$

Jb u`s`kmao` {jhdnjhndomhn pzj hzbomd xz hmhbnjd bnx `nx xj{jd{` xj c`x" jd o`{jsm`bjxmd{jdxm|nx jd zxn kj jdjsa`7 xncsj {nknuj{snpzomhnx" pzj xzund`d c`fn hnx{n kjbuj{sbjn$ B`x jousjx`x jx{`c`d nsa`dmv`k`x jdbdj`" js`d hnsuns`hmndjx } nujs`c`d jd ojsh`knxnbmanubmhnx$ B` md{snkzhhmd kj b` omhsnjbjh{sdmh`"hnd jb `c`s`{òmjd{n kjb usnhjxòmjd{n kjmdlnso`hmd" jx b` c`xj kjb dzj|n u`s`kmao`{jhdnjhndomhn$

B`x h`s`h{jsx{mh`x kjb hòcmn {hdmhn } xzmou`h{n xncsj @osmh` B`{md`$B` mdxjshmd kj @osmh` B`{md` jd b` jhndnoàbnc`b i` xzlsmkn zd` kjxhnbnh`hmd } jb jljh{n i`xmkn zd` hsmxmx jd jb xjh{ns jyuns{`kns" kjcmkn `bhòcmn kjb u`s`kmao` {jhdnjhndomhn } ` b`bjd{m{zk jd b` sj`kù{`hmd ` b`x dzj|`x kjo`dk`xkjb xmx{jo` jhndomhn$ B`x s`vndjx xnd b`xxmazmjd{jx6

0$ B` d`{zs`bjv` kjb hòcmn {hdmhn$3$ B` kjxo`{jsm`bmv`hmd kj b` usnkzhhmd$

8$ Jb l`h{ns kj sjjoub`vn$;$ B` z{mbmv`hmd kj b` mdlnso`hmd$:$ B` {`x` hsjhmjd{j kj mddn|`hmd$


21/57



{mjdj zd mou`h{n unxm{m|n jd b` usnkzh{m|mk`k kj bò`dn kj ncs` } zdn `k|jsxn jd jb joubjn kmsjh{n$Jx{n b{mon |` ` `ljh{`s kj knx onknx b`xjhndno`x kj @osmh` B`{md`6 kj zd b`kn" b`xlzjd{jx kj joubjn usnkzh{m|n kmsjh{n xj uzjkjd |jssjkzhmk`x$ Kjb n{sn" jb kjxjoubjn jd bnx u`xjx kj

hùm{`bmxon `|`dv`kn sjujshz{j dja`{m|òjd{jxncsj b`x unb{mh`x omas`{nsm`x$

3$ B` kjxo`{jsm`bmv`hmd kj b` usnkzhhmd6@h{z`bojd{j bnx jxb`cndòmjd{nx |js{mh`bjx"u`s` `kjb`d{j } u`s` `{sx kj hz`bpzmjs cmjd" xji`d sjkzhmkn jd ocm{n } z{mbmv`hmd kjo`{jsm`x usmo`x jd {nkn jb usnhjxn$Jb usnhjxn kj omdm`{zsmv`hmd ìnss` o`{jsm`xusmo`x$ Kj jx{j onkn" b` kjo`dk` kj b`xomxo`x xj kjcmbm{`" `zddknxj `b l`h{ns`d{jsmns$

8$ Jb l`h{ns kj xzx{m{zhmd6B` {jhdnbna` kjlmdmk` hnon jb ojkmn u`s` ojfns`sb` usnkzh{m|mk`k ìnss`dkn o`dn kj ncs`" hndxzonkj o`{jsm`x usmo`x } jdjsa` i` bbj|`kn ` zd`md|jsxmd o`xm|` jd jb kjx`ssnbbn kj `b{jsd`{m|`x `

b`x o`{jsm`x usmo`x jymx{jd{jx" jx{n unks` bbò`sxjjb xdksnoj kjb x`bm{sj

):-$ B` cmn{jhdnbna` } b`x

):-@ mdmhmnx kjb xmabn YY xzsam zd {jons `d{j jb smjxan kj zd`

azjss` kjcmkn ` b` jxh`xjv kj dm{sajdn" pzj xjs|` u`s` b`

l`csmh`hmd kj jyubnxm|nx } hnon ljs{mbmv`d{j$ Js` zd mdxzon

lzdkòjd{`b u`s` jb kjx`ssnbbn kj b`x d`hmndjx$ @d{j b`

unxmcmbmk`k kj zd` azjss` xj imvn djhjx`smn ujdx`s jd

`b{jsd`{m|`x ` jx{` o`{jsm` usmo` pzj |jd` kj Himbj" kj

{jssm{nsmn ujsz`dn pzm{`kn uns Himbj ` hzjd{` kj md{jsjxjx

csm{dmhnx jd 091=$ Kmlhmbojd{j Himbj usn|jjs` `b b`kn `bjod

kj b` azjss`" jd b` j|jd{z`bmk`k kj pzj x{` nhzssmjs`$ Jd jx{j

o`shn xj md|jd{ x`bm{sj xmd{{mhn c`fn jb o{nkn Cmsgjb`dk/

J}kj" u`{jd{`kn jd Nxbn jd 0=5; )Inkdj$ 0=1:/uu$3=;/3=


22/57



;$ B` z{mbmv`hmd kj b` mdlnso`hmd6Hndlnsoj b` mdlnso`hmd xj i` ijhin kmxundmcbj jd{mjoun sj`b } xj i`d o`xmlmh`kn jb l`y } jb hnssjnjbjh{sdmhn" jx ojdnx mouns{`d{j {jdjs zd cmjd" jxkjhms" {jdjs md|jd{`smnx kj zd cmjd" pzj x`cjs kndkjzcmh`sbn jd h`xn kj z{mbmk`k$ Hnd xmx{jo`x kj

{s`dxuns{jx } hnozdmh`hmd ojfns`knx" b` lzdhmd kjbnx md|jd{`smnx xj i` |mx{n onkmlmh`k`$ Jx{n {`ocmd{mjdj zd jljh{n `k|jsxn xncsj jb hnojshmn cxmhn kjo`{jsm`x usmo`x B` dzj|` {jhdnbna`" xmd joc`san"dn xbn {mjdj pzj |js hnd b` kmxunxmhmd kj b`mdlnso`hmd xmdn hnd b` o`djs` kj zx`sb`$ Jx kjhms"jx{`cbjhj zd` dzj|` o`djs` kj i`hjs b`x hnx`xpzj `c`sh` kjxkj bnx x`{bm{jx kj{jbjhnozdmh`hmndjx i`x{` jb lzdhmnd`omjd{n kj b`{mjdk` kj b` jxpzmd`$ )Usjv" 0==3" u$ 8


23/57



k$ Jb omhsnusnhjx`kns )0=10-Jb mdajdmjsnO`shm`dInll kmxj jbusmojs usnhjx`kns kjnskjd`kns } hsj `x jbdn|jknxn

omhsnusnhjx`kns$ Jx{jas`d md|jd{n i`sj|nbzhmnd`kn ozhi`x kj b`x opzmd`x pzjin} z{mbmvònx$ Kjxkj bnx nskjd`knsjx i`x{`b`x ho`s`x kj |mkjn jx{d hnd{snb`knx unsomhsnusnhjx`knsjx$ Zd omhsnusnhjx`kns jx{hndx{m{zmkn uns |`smnx himux hndjh{`knx ` zd`{`sfj{` kj hmshzm{nx$ Jx{nx omhsnusnhjx`knsjx{z|mjsnd zd` sumk` `hju{`hmd } lzjsndùbmh`knx ` ozhinx ù`s`{nx jbjh{sdmhnx"bnas`dkn `x zd usnlzdkn hòcmn jd bnxxmx{jo`x jbh{smhnx$

j$ H`bhzb`kns` hnd Omhsnhimu )0=13-B`x `d{maz`x opzmd`xu`s` h`bhzb`s hsj`k`x jd0


24/57



DJNBMCJS@BMXON ] USN]JH[N D@HMND@BMazmmv" F`|mjs$ Jd Czxh`dkn X`bmk`x$ Jdx`}nx xncsj

b` uncsjv`$C`s{nbno kj b`x H`x`x / HJU" Bmo` 0==;$ Hù$ 3Sjxzb{` mddja`cbj jb `|`dhj kjb djnbmcjs`bmxon jddzjx{sn hnd{mdjd{j" xncsj {nkn jd b` b{mo`

kh`k`$ Bnx ancmjsdnx b`{mdnòjsmh`dnx" }` xjùns zd sj`b hnd|jdhmomjd{n n uns b` hndhjuhmd kjpzj dn i`} n{s` x`bmk`" i`d `knu{`kn h`k` |jvhnd ox lzjsv` xzx sjhnojdk`hmndjx jd hz`d{n ùnb{mh`x kj `fzx{j$ Ox mouns{`d{j `d" b`xhndhjuhmndjx mkjnbamh`x pzj jx{d kj{sx kjjx{`x sjhnojdk`hmndjx i`d a`d`kn {jssjdn jd jbxjd{mkn hnod kj dzjx{snx uzjcbnx" bn pzj xj

o`dmlmjx{` jd b` `hju{`hmd o`}nsm{`smòjd{ju`xm|` kj bnx as`|jx jljh{nx xncsj jb dm|jb kj |mk`kj b` uncb`hmd pzj jx{`x unb{mh`x nh`xmnd`d$

0$ @BAZDNX JBJOJD[NX MKJNBAMHNX KJBDJNBMCJS@BMXON

Bnx {jo`x pzj {s`{`sjonx jd jx{` xjhhmd kjb{s`c`fn xnd oz} kmlhmbjx kj `cnsk`s jd {nk`x xzxl`hj{`x" ujsn xms|jd u`s` onx{s`s pzj jbdjnbmcjs`bmxon dnx usnundj zd` o`djs` kj |js b`xhnx`x } zd` o`djs` kj hòcm`sb`x$ Hnon jbusncbjo` jx oz} òubmn" jd jx{` u`s{j |ònx `sjhnsk`s xbn `bazdnx `xujh{nx mkjnbamhnxhjd{s`bjx kjb djnbmcjs`bmxon$ Zdn kj jbbnx jx xzo`djs` kj |js b` `h{z`hmd kj b`x ujsxnd`x" n{sn

jx b` o`djs` kj |js jb kjx{mdn kj jx`x ujsxnd`x" }zd {jshjsn jx b` o`djs` kj jd{jdkjs b`x sjb`hmndjxjd{sj jx`x ujsxnd`x$

/ Jb mdkm|mkz`bmxon hnon on{m|`hmdlzdkòjd{`b kjb inocsj6

B` o`djs` djnbmcjs`b kj |js b`x hnx`x xj jyusjx`"uns jfjoubn" jd xz {jdkjdhm` ` |js {nkn sjxzb{`knjym{nxn hnon sjxzb{`d{j kj b` mdmhm`{m|` } jdjsa`mdkm|mkz`b kj b`x ujsxnd`x$ Kjf` kj b`kn b`xsjb`hmndjx lòmbm`sjx" kj òmx{`k" jd{sj hn/usn|mdhm`dnx n jd{sj omjocsnx kj zd` j{dm`" j{h$"pzj xmjousj jymx{jd } pzj ozhi`x |jhjx xnd

lzdkòjd{`bjx u`s` nc{jdjs jxnx sjxzb{`knx$Jd jb Ujs" uns jfjoubn" b` jyujsmjdhm` kjusnasjxn kj zd uzjcbn fn|jd hnon \mbb` JbX`b|`kns )in} {mjdj ox kj 855"555 i`cm{`d{jx-lzj jd as`d ojkmk` sjxzb{`kn kj zd jxlzjsvn kjbzhi` xnhm`b } kj nsa`dmv`hmd oz} mouns{`d{j"pzj xmadmlmh zd as`d x`hsmlmhmn kj b`x ujsxnd`xu`s` hnd|js{ms jb kjxmjs{n jd zd c`ssmn |m|mcbj jmdhbzxn c`x{`d{j |jskj$ Hnon bnx djnbmcjs`bjxjx{`c`d hjbnxnx kjb ojdx`fj kj xnbmk`smk`k pzjjx` jyujsmjdhm` kmlzdk` jd jb u`x } jd jbjy{s`dfjsn hnd xz xnb` jymx{jdhm` } usnasjxn"

kjhmkmjsnd km|zba`s jb uzd{n kj |mx{` kj pzj {`bym{n xj kjc` `b jxlzjsvn mdkm|mkz`b kj bnx|jhmdnx$ D`kmj dmja` pzj jd jxj jxlzjsvn kjzsc`dmv`hmd izcn ozhi` hsj`{m|mk`k ujsxnd`b"

ozhi` mdmhm`{m|` } x`hsmlmhmn ujsxnd`b" ujsn jx`hsj`{m|mk`k j mdmhm`{m|` dn izcmjs`d xmkn unxmcbjx n{`d jlmh`hjx xmd jb sjxu`bkn } on{m|`hmd kj b`lòmbm` } kj bnx n{snx |jhmdnx$

Jb djnbmcjs`bmxon usj{jdkj h`xm xmjousj dja`s b`

jymx{jdhm` kj hnnujs`hmd" } {nkn `pzjbbn pzj x`bjcmjd bn md{jsusj{` hnon xm lzjs` sjxzb{`kn jyhbzxm|nkj b` mdmhm`{m|` } hnouj{jdhm` jd{sj mdkm|mkznx$Xbn bn pzj x`bj o`b jx |mx{n hnon sjxzb{`kn kj b`hnnujs`hmd kjxmd{jsjx`k`$ Jb mdlmjsdn jx{ bbjdnkj czjd`x md{jdhmndjx" kmhjd bnx djnbmcjs`bjx$

Jx` o`djs` kj |js b`x hnx`x jx b` pzj xjkjdnomd` mdkm|mkz`bmx{`7 } jb mdkm|mkz`bmxon pzjusnozj|j jd bnx hnouns{òmjd{nx kj b`xujsxnd`x" jx zd` h`s`h{jsx{mh` hjd{s`b kjbusn}jh{n djnbmcjs`b$

3$ Jb jxlzjsvn mdkm|mkz`b hnon dmh` lzjd{j kjkjsjhinx6

B` hndhjuhmd mdkm|mkz`bmx{` kj bnx djnbmcjs`bjx{mjdj hnon zd` kj xzx jyusjxmndjx oxh`s`h{jsx{mh`x jb |js hnd o`bnx nfnx b`xjyujsmjdhm`x kj ùn}n ` bnx djhjxm{`knx$ Bnxmdkm|mkz`bmx{`x hndxmkjs`d pzj" hnon xj kmhj jd jbUjs6 h`k` zdn kjcj c`mb`s hnd xz usnumn

u`zjbn$ Ajdjs`bojd{j" dmja`d `x dn xbn b`

hnnujs`hmd pzj zxz`bojd{j xj i` sjhmcmkn u`s`x`bms `kjb`d{j jd b` |mk`" xmdn {òcmd jb kjsjhin

kj bnx pzj xzlsjd djhjxmk`k jy{sjo` ` sjhmcms zdù`s{j kj bnx usnkzh{nx ajdjs`knx jd b` xnhmjk`k njb kjsjhin ` zd odmon kj xjazsmk`k jd jb mdasjxnlòmbm`s$

U`s` bnx djnbmcjs`bjx" b` h`sjdhm` } jb kjxòu`sndn kjcjd xjs jdlsjd{`knx hnd b` xnbmk`smk`k"unspzj kj jxj onkn xj sjkzhj jb jxusm{z kj ujbjùns b` |mk` } xj hnssnouj ` b`x ujsxnd`x$ Jb

kjx{mdn kj b`x ujsxnd`x jx{ `x o`sh`kn6 xm bjx |ò`b jx unspzj dn i`d {jdmkn jb jouzfj } b`mdmhm`{m|` djhjx`sm`" jx `xzd{n kj jbbnx$ @kjox"

`x xj hòcm` b` sj`bmk`k" unspzj xbn xncsj|m|jdbnx ox hù`hjx" `zk`hjx } jousjdkjknsjx u`s`pzj b` jhndno` usnasjxj$ Jx{` hndhjuhmddjnl`{`bmx{` kjb kjx{mdn kj b`x ujsxnd`x } kjbhòcmn jd b` xnhmjk`k jx{ oz} jds`mv`k` jddzjx{snx uzjcbnx" } jb djnbmcjs`bmxon b` iùsjkmh`kn hnd jdjsa` jd bnx b{monx `nx$ @x" jbpzj xncsj|m|j }" ox `d" jb pzj usnasjx` {mjdkjd` hsjjs pzj jbbn jx sjxzb{`kn jyhbzxm|n kj xzusnum` hù`hmk`k } jxlzjsvn$ Jb mdkm|mkz`bmxon jx"kj jxj onkn" b` fzx{mlmh`hmd kjb kjxhndnhmomjd{nkj {nknx bnx pzj ùn}`snd b ym{n ujsn dn

bnas`snd x`bms `kjb`d{j$Jx hmjs{n pzj `bazdnx ùn}nx ajdjs`d hshzbnx|mhmnxnx kj kjujdkjdhm` ujsxnd`b } l`b{` kjjxlzjsvn j mdmhm`{m|`" } jx hmjs{n pzj dn kjcjd


25/57



hndx{m{zms zd xzx{m{z{n kjb usnumn {s`c`fn7 ujsn{òcmd jx hmjs{n pzj jb usnumn uzjcbn pzmjsj x`bms`kjb`d{j {s`c`f`dkn } dn sjhmcmjdkn ùn}n unsoz} kmadmlmh`knx pzj xj`d$ Jb uzjcbn pzmjsj

{s`c`f`s } bn usmdhmu`b jx k`sbj jx` nuns{zdmk`k7 `b` |jv" i`} pzj ojfns`s b`x o`djs`x kj n{nsa`s jb

ùn}n djhjx`smn kj onkn {`b pzj dn sjkzvh` bnxmdhjd{m|nx u`s` czxh`s {s`c`fn$

8$ Jb ojsh`kn hnon nskjd`kns xnhm`b jmdx{szojd{n kj hòcmn6

N{s` kj b`x h`s`h{jsx{mh`x usmdhmu`bjx kj b`mkjnbna` djnbmcjs`b jx xz |mxmd kjb ojh`dmxon kjojsh`kn hnon jb ox jlmhmjd{j" moujsxnd`b }" uns{`d{n" mou`shm`b nskjd`kns kj b` jhndno` } kj b`xnhmjk`k jd xz hndfzd{n$ Bnx usmdhmu`bjxusncbjo`x kj dzjx{sn hnd{mdjd{j" kmhjd" xj kjcjd}` xj` ` b` `zxjdhm` kjb ojsh`kn )jd jb h`xn kjxnhmjk`kjx {s`kmhmnd`bjx" mdj|m{`cbjojd{jjx{`dh`k`x- n ` pzj dn xj bj kjf` nujs`sbmcsjojd{j )uns jb ojsh`d{mbmxon usnon|mkn

kjxkj jb Jx{`kn-$Uns jbbn" b` {s`dxlnso`hmd kjdzjx{s`x xnhmjk`kjx pzj czxh`d bnx djnbmcjs`bjx{mjdj hnon jbjojd{n lzdkòjd{`b jy{jdkjs }bmcjs`s `b ojsh`kn" hndlm`dkn ` xzx ojh`dmxonxsjazb`knsjx jb lnojd{n } b` kmsjhhmd kjb usnhjxnkj kjx`ssnbbn$

/ Zd ojsh`kn u`s` nhzb{`s `b unkjsnxn } dn u`s`kjljdkjsxj kj b$ Zd` kj b`x s`vndjx uns b`x pzjxj ùsjhm` jb ojh`dmxon kjb ojsh`kn" jx uns xzh`sh{js moujsxnd`b$ Jd jb u`x`kn" lsjd{j `b `czxnkj `bad unkjsnxn hnous`kns kj `bmojd{nx" jbhòujxmdn usjljs` bbj|`sbn `b ojsh`kn kndkj

izcmjs` ozhinx hnous`knsjx } djanhm`s hnd jbbnxxz usjhmn$ Lsjd{j `b `czxn pzj hnoj{`d `bazdnx|jdkjknsjx kjcmkn `b ondnunbmn pzj {jd`d" jbhnous`kns usjljs` ms ` czxh`s jb usnkzh{n kndkjizcmjs` c`x{`d{jx |jdkjknsjx } djanhm`s hnd jbbnxjb usjhmn `kjhz`kn$ Jd ajdjs`b" jd |jv kjkjujdkjs kj `bazmjd unkjsnxn u`s` |jdkjs n u`s`hnous`s" kzs`d{j b` Jk`k Ojkm` lzj u`sjhmjdknh`k` |jv ox hnd|jdmjd{j kjujdkjs kj zdojsh`kn hnd ozhinx hnous`knsjx } |jdkjknsjx"kndkj dn mouns{`s` ` pzmjd xj hnous`c` n `pzmjd xj |jdk`$ Xm jb |jdkjkns und` usjhmnx oz}`b{nx `b usnkzh{n" jb hnous`kns unk` ms kndkj n{sn|jdkjkns pzj umkmjs` ojdnx$ Hnon b`x hnx`x pzjox xj hnous`c`d } |jdk`d js`d `bmojd{nx" }jx{nx js`d jd ozhinx h`xnx ujsjhmcbjx" jb|jdkjkns dn unk` k`sxj jb bzfn kj pzjk`sxj xmd|jdkjsbnx } {jd` pzj {jsomd`s

/ H@UM[@BMXON BMCJS@B0

@ lmd`bjx kjb xmabn Y\MMM" `bazdnx u`xjx jzsnujnx mdmhm`snd zd` as`d {s`dxlnso`hmd {jhdnbamh` kj bnxojkmnx kj usnkzhhmd } kj b` nsa`dmv`hmd kj b` usnkzhhmd jx bn pzj hndnhjonx hnd jb dnocsj kjsj|nbzhmd mdkzx{sm`b$ B` lcsmh` } b` opzmd` kj |ùns lzjsnd bnx xocnbnx kj jx{` sj|nbzhmd jd jbb` xjjx{`cbjhmjsnd b`x c`xjx kjb hùm{`bmxon jx{` sj|nbzhmd `ljh{ ` b` jhndno` } sjujshz{m jd b`nsa`dmv`hmd xnhm`b n unb{mh`$ bnx knx s`xanx ox h`s`h{jsx{mhnx kj jx{j hùm{`bmxon xnd6

B`x lcsmh`x js`d kj {ò`n sjkzhmkn } nhzu`c`d zd ujpzjn dojsn kj {s`c`f`knsjx$ B` usnumjk`k } jbhùm{`b js`d" jd b` o`}ns` kj bnx h`xnx" kj nsmajd lòmbm`s$

Jd xjazdkn bza`s" jd jx{` unh` xj kjljdkm hnd ox ìdhn b` mkj` kj b` bmcjs{`k jhndomh` ` zb{s`dv`"kj ì jb dnocsj kj hùm{`bmxon bmcjs`b$

Ujsn uns kjxas`hm`" xncsj jx{`x dzj|`x hndkmhmndjx kj b` xnhmjk`k" i` xmkn hndx{szmkn zd xmx{jo` pzjhndxmkjs` jb usn|jhin hnon on{ns jxjdhm`b kjb usnasjxn jhndomhn" b` hndhzssjdhm` hnon b` bj} xzusjo`kj b` jhndno`" b` usnumjk`k usm|`k` kj bnx ojkmnx kj usnkzhhmd hnon zd kjsjhin `cxnbz{n" xmd bom{jxdm ncbma`hmndjx xnhm`bjx hnssjxundkmjd{jx$ Jx{j bmcjs`bmxon xmd lsjdn" pzj hndkzhj ` b` kmh{`kzs`"fzx{òjd{j lzj kjdzdhm`kn uns Un YM hnon ajdjs`kns kj jb moujsm`bmxon md{jsd`hmnd`b kjb kmdjsn$ Dni`} ojfns o`djs` kj sjusnc`s {`b `czxn pzj sjhnsk`dkn xnbjodjojd{j zd` |jv ox pzj b` jhndno`jx{ `b xjs|mhmn kjb inocsj$ Ujsn xm jx |jsk`kjsn pzj zd hmjs{n hùm{`bmxon i` xmkn h`zx` kj ozhinxxzlsmomjd{nx" kj mdfzx{mhm`x } kj bzhi`x ls`{mhmk`x" hz}nx jljh{nx kzs`d {nk`|`" xjs` mdfzx{n pzj xj`{smcz}js` ` b` mdkzx{sm`bmv`hmd omxo` bnx o`bjx pzj xnd kjcmknx `b djl`x{n xmx{jo` pzj b` `hnou``$ Unsjb hnd{s`smn jx fzx{n sjhndnhjs b` ùns{`hmd mssjoub`v`cbj kj b` nsa`dmv`hmd kjb {s`c`fn } kjb usnasjxnmdkzx{sm`b ` b` ncs` kj kjx`ssnbbn$

0@zdpzj jx unhn lsjhzjd{j usjxjd{`s zd` `d{nbna` kj Hmjdhm`x Xnhm`bjx jb {jy{n kj zd Und{lmhj" bn i`hjonx unshndxmkjs`s pzj jyusjx` hnd hb`sn jxusm{z kj xd{jxmx b`x h`s`h{jsx{mh`x jxjdhm`bjx kjb hùm{`bmxon pzj sjhzx`)Unuzbnszousnasjxxmn7 jdhhbmh` xncsj jb kjx`ssnbbn kj bnx uzjcbnx$ Bmo`$ Jkmhmndjx U`zbmd`x" 0=917 uu$ 85/80-


26/57


3


27/57



XJXMD D 05@D@BMV@ONX ] @XZOMONX ZD@ UNXMHMD HS[MH@ @HJSH@ KJ B@ XM[Z@HMD

JHNDOMH@" UNB[MH@ ] XNHM@B JD JB UJS JD[SJ 0=95 ] 0==3JB UJS ] B@ KJONHS@HM@ JD HZJX[MD6 0=95/0==3

@USJDKMV@FJX JXUJS@KNX

HU$ Ojdhmnd` bnx l`h{nsjx h`zx`bjx kj b` hsmxmx jhndomh`" unb{mh` } xnhm`b ujsz`d` kzs`d{j b`kh`k` kj 0=95$HU$ Ojdhmnd` jb kjxjoujn kj b`x hb`xjx kmsmajd{jx ujsz`d`x jd b` xnbzhmd kj b` hsmxmx jddzjx{s` d`hmd$

HU6 Jyubmh` bnx hòcmnx } ujso`djdhm`x jhndomh`x" unb{mh`x } xnhm`bjx pzj dnxi`d kjf`kn bnx ancmjsdnx kj Cjb`dkj } A`sh` Usjv sjxujh{m|òjd{j$

HSJ@[\6 Usnozj|j dnso`x } `h{m{zkjx kj hnd|m|jdhm` kjonhs{mh`" hnd sjxuj{n `b` km|jsxmk`k hzb{zs`b } òcmjd{`b } kjd{sn kj zd kjx`ssnbbn xnhm`b izo`dmx{`$

SJLBJYMD KM@ADX[MH@

Kjxuzx kj ncxjs|`s jx{` h`smh`{zs` kj b` xm{z`hmd xnhm`b } b`cns`b kj bnx usnljxnsjx jd jb Ujs kjxkj b`

kh`k` kjb 15$

0$ Pz numd`x `b sjxujh{n>3$ Hzb hsjjx pzj jx b` h`zx` kj {`b xm{z`hmd pzj usjxjd{` b` h`smh`{zs`>$

8$ Hndxmkjs`x pzj jb dm|jb kj usnxujsmk`k n uncsjv` kjb u`x kj{jsomd` kmsjh{òjd{j jb dm|jb kjusnxujsmk`k n uncsjv` kjb usnljxns z n{snx usnljxmnd`bjx> Jyubmh`$;$ Uns bn {`d{n" xmazmjdkn b` bamh` kj b` h`smh`{zs`" Jx{x kj `hzjskn jd xnx{jdjs pzj b` xm{z`hmd xnhm`b

jd jb Ujs lzj kj `{s`xn } jouncsjhmomjd{n kjxuzx kj b` kh`k` kjb 15>$

Lzjd{j6 O`ssnz Snbkd" @zsns $/ Zdm|jsxmk`k } lnso`hmd kj o`jx{snx$ JD6 Xnhmjk`k @domh`" sj|mx{` D3/8"@n6 3 Bmo` 0==


28/57



JB UJS ] B@ KJONHS@HM@ JDHZJX[MD6 0=95/0==3

JB XJAZDKN ANCMJSDN KJCJB@DKJ)0=95/0=9:-

Bnx xjsmnx usncbjo`x

pzj jdlsjd{ jbancmjsdn kj @Ujx{z|mjsndsjb`hmnd`knx hnd b`|mnbjdhm` xjdkjsmx{` }kjb OS[@" jbljdojdn kjb Dmn" b`xusjxmndjx md{jsd`x"usn|jdmjd{jx kj bnxxjh{nsjx ojkmnx }unuzb`sjx uns

sjhzujs`s b` hù`hmk`k`kpzmxm{m|` kj xzxmdasjxnx } kjljdkjs xzjoubjn7 } b`x usjxmndjx md{jsd`hmnd`bjx uns jbuàn kj b` kjzk` jy{jsd`$ #Jb usjxmkjd{jCjb`dkj" jd usmojs` mdx{`dhm`" dn bj hndhjkm

mouns{`dhm` ` b` xzc|jsxmd kjcmkn ` pzj jx{` xj

hndhjd{s`c` jd vnd`x `bjf`k`x kj b`x usmdhmu`bjx

hmzk`kjx }" {s`kmhmnd`bojd{j" kjx`{jdkmk`x uns jb

Jx{`kn7 jb o`dk`{`smn xj onx{s sj`hmn `

hndhjkjs ` b`x Lzjsv`x @so`k`x b`x `{smczhmndjx

unb{mh`x pzj xnbmhm{`c`d u`s` hndkzhms b` azjss`{n{`b } sjhi`v b` u`s{mhmu`hmd kj bnx u`s{mknx

unb{mhnx jd jb kmxjn kj b` jx{s`{jam`

`d{mxzc|jsxm|`$ Jb sjxzb{`kn lzj pzj b` `hhmd

ombm{`s kjujdkmjs` kj b`x j|`bz`hmndjx pzj

lnsozb`c`d } b`x kjhmxmndjx pzj {no`c`d bnx

nlmhm`bjx jdh`sa`knx kj b`x vnd`x kj jojsajdhm`"

b`x hz`bjx" hnd jb {mjoun" xj jy{jdkmjsnd i`x{`

hzcsms b` om{`k kjb {jssm{nsmn } kj b` uncb`hmd#)Fzbmn HN[BJS-$Uns n{sn b`kn" Cjb`dkj `{jdkm ` b`x jymajdhm`xjy{jsd`x" sjkzfn jb a`x{n ucbmhn" jbmomdxzcxmkmnx" hndajb xzjbknx } x`b`smnx } kj|`bz bòndjk`" bbja`dkn ` hnousnoj{js `bsjkjkns kjb:5* kj bnx a`x{nx lmxh`bjx jd jb uàn kj b` kjzk`jy{jsd`$ @ u`s{ms kj jbbn" b` usn{jx{` xnhm`b } b`nunxmhmd unb{mh` xj md{jdxmlmh`snd$ B`x izjba`xjd{sj 0=95 } 0=9:" kjb xjh{ns ucbmhn } usm|`knlzjsnd jd {n{`b 895


29/57



@b`d A`sh` Usjv" Usjxmkjd{j kj b` Sjucbmh` jd{sj 0=9: } 0==5

djhjx`sm`x u`s` xnx{jdjs jb usnhjxn kjsj`h{m|`hmd" usnkzhmdknxj b` kj|`bz`hmd kj b`ondjk` } jb mdhsjojd{n kj b` mdlb`hmd$ @ xz |jv"bnx h`um{`bjx hnojdv`snd ` lza`s } b` md|jsxmdusm|`k` xj jx{`dh$ Jd 0=9


30/57



Jx{`kn$ Uns jfjoubn" bnx a`x{nx jd x`bzk jd 0==0sjusjxjd{`c`d ùjd`x jb 3; uns hmjd{n kjb dm|jbkj 0=95$ Jb mdasjxn ujs hum{` `dz`b xj sjkzfn `==1 kb`sjx jd 0==5" xj |nb`{mbmv`snd b`x sjxjs|`xmd{jsd`hmnd`bjx dj{`x ` ojdnx kj 05: ombbndjx kjkb`sjx } xj `hjd{z jb `mxbòmjd{n lmd`dhmjsn"unb{mhn } hzb{zs`b kjb u`x hnd sjxujh{n `b jy{jsmns$

JB [JSSNSMXON KJ XJDKJSNBZOMDNXN

Xjdkjsn Bzomdnxn xj i`c` usju`s`kn u`s` b`xzc|jsxmd {jssnsmx{` kzs`d{j |`smnx `nx } ` u`s{mskj o`}n kj 0=95" mdmhm zd` mousjxmnd`d{jjxh`b`k` kj |mnbjdhm`$ Js` xzc|jsxm|n unspzj xjjdlsjd{`c` `b ancmjsdn" {s`{`dkn kj kjssmc`sbnu`s` hndx{szms xz usnumn unkjs jd jb Ujs" } js`{jssnsmx{` unspzj czxh`c` hndx{szms xz unkjshsj`dkn {jssns jd b` uncb`hmd$ Xjdkjsn Bzomdnxndn czxh`c` pzj b` uncb`hmd bn `hju{`xj n bj{z|mjxj xmou`{`$ Uns jb hnd{s`smn jyma` pzj xjhzoubmjs`d xzx skjdjx" n o`{`c` } kjx{sz`$B`kmsmajdhm`nsmamd`b kjXjdkjsnBzomdnxnjx{z|nhndx{m{zmk`jd xz

o`}ns` unsujsxnd`x|mdhzb`k`x `b` |mk`zdm|jsxm{`sm`kjusn|mdhm`6usnljxnsjx }`bzodnxpzjhnojdv`snd

`nsa`dmv`sxjunb{mhòjd{j ` usmdhmumnx kj bnx `nx 15$ B` ombm{`dhm` kjXjdkjsn lzj hndlnso`k`" jxjdhm`bojd{j" unsimfnx kj hòujxmdnx" jd xz o`}ns` omas`d{jx `b` hmzk`k )ozhinx kj jbbnx zdm|jsxm{`smnx- } hndunh`x ujsxujh{m|`x kj usnasjxn" pzj lzjsndxmx{jo{mhòjd{j usju`s`knx uns b`x jxhzjb`xxjdkjsmx{`x {`d{n jd bnx `xujh{nx mkjnbamhnxhnon jd b`x {hdmh`x kj hnoc`{j azjssmbbjsn pzj

z{mbmv`c`d$ Hnd jb {s`dxhzsxn kjb {mjoun" `bazdnxhz`ksnx kj b` ombm{`dhm` `xhjdkmjsnd ` h`sanx kjkmsmajdhm`$@ u`s{ms kj 0=9;" Xjdkjsn Bzomdnxn joujv `

inx{ma`s ` b`x hmzk`kjx } u`s{mhzb`sojd{j ` Bmo`6i`h` nujs`{m|nx dnh{zsdnx" `xjxmd`{nx xjbjh{m|nx} hns{j kj lbzmkn jbh{smhn jd{sj n{s`x `hhmndjx$Xmd joc`san" xz `{`pzj ` b` hmzk`k joujv`s`{sjx `nx kjxuzx" jd 0=91$ Kzs`d{j {nkn jbancmjsdn kjb usjxmkjd{j Cjb`dkj" } ` ujx`s kjbnx kzsnx anbujx pzj bj mdlbmamjsnd b`x Lzjsv`x@so`k`x } b` unbmh` jd b`x `h{m|mk`kjx`d{mxzc|jsxm|`x pzj kjx`ssnbb`snd" XjdkjsnBzomdnxn hsjhm hndx{`d{jojd{j$

HNDXNBMK@HMND J\@BZ@[M\@SJXUNDKJ

Mdx{szhhmndjx6

Bjj kj{jdmkòjd{j h`k` zdn kj b`x usjazd{`x }

jxhsmcj b`x sjxuzjx{`x6

HNOUSJDXMD USNLZDK@0$ Kj{jsomd` ojkm`d{j zd où` hndhju{z`b

Hzb lzj jb ox xjsmn usncbjo` d`hmnd`b jmd{jsd`hmnd`b pzj {z|n pzj `lsnd{`s jbxjazdkn ancmjsdn kj L$ Cjb`dkj [jss}>

3$ Jyubmh` xm lzj unxm{m|` n dja`{m|` b` o`djs`hnon L$ Cjb`dkj [jss} )0=95/0=9:- o`djfb` bzhi` `d{mxzc|jsxm|` jd jb u`x$

HSJ@[M\MK@K8$ Ojkm`d{j zd Unqjs Unmd{ jyundj hnd

sjxujh{n ` b` lnso` kj uàn kj b` Kjzk`Jy{jsd` kjb Ujs Hzbjx lzjsnd b`x

kmljsjdhm`x pzj {z|mjsnd bnx ancmjsdnx L$Cjb`dkj [$ } @b`d A`sh` Usjvsjxujh{m|òjd{j>$ ] pzj ojkmk`xusnundks`x u`s` sj`bmv`s kmhin uàn

@lmhij kj Xjdkjsn Bzomdnxn" kndkj xj sjusjxjd{` `bUsjxmkjd{j Andv`bn )@cmo`jb Azvod-

Jb 0; kj o`}n kj 0=99" 095 xnbk`knx kjb

jfshm{n mdasjx`snd b uncb`kn kj H`}`s` }`xjxmd`snd ` hjsh` kj 055 ujsxnd`x$Hjd{sn kj Knhzojd{`hmd Ujsmnkx{mh` kjb

Aszun B` Sjucbmh`

HNDXNBMK@HMD

HNADM[M\@


31/57



{jdmjdkn jd hzjd{` dzjx{sn usjxzuzjx{nd`hmnd`b kmsmamkn ` un{jdhm`s } usmnsmv`shmjs{nx xjh{nsjx usnkzh{m|nx kj dzjx{sn u`x"Sjhzjsk` pzj {z usnuzjx{` kjcj ujsxjazms6B` maz`bk`k } fzx{mhm` xnhm`b$

;$ Jb`cns` hnd {z aszun jd jb x`bd kj hb`xjx zd

`lmhij )uùjb xc`d`- z{mbmv`dkn moajdjxln{naslmh`x" kmczfnx z n{snx xmomb`sjx" k`dkn `hndnhjs bn ojfns } bn ujns pzj {z|mjsnd bnxancmjsdnx kj Ljsd`dkn Cjb`dkj } @b`dA`sh` sjxujh{m|òjd{j$

HSM[MHMK@K:$ Ojkm`d{j zd jdx`}n kjcmkòjd{j mbzx{s`kn k`

{z uzd{n kj |mx{` `hjsh` kj bnx bnasnxazcjsdòjd{`b unxm{m|n } n{sn dja`{m|n pzjnhzssm jd jb u`x kzs`d{j jb ancmjsdn kj @b`dA`sh` Usjv$


32/57



B` usjazd{` cxmh` u`s` @bjo`dm` } Jzsnu` i`hj 0:`nx js`6 hon i`hjs u`s` pzj b` sjzdmlmh`hmd`bjo`d` lns{`bjvh` ` Jzsnu` jd bza`s kj kjcmbm{`sb`>Bnx |jhmdnx nhhmkjd{`bjx$ Xncsj {nkn Ls`dhm`"

ub`d{j`c`d jx` usjazd{` usjnhzu`knx uns jb jpzmbmcsmnunb{mhn jd Jzsnu`$ Jd U`sx xj kjxj`c` moujkms pzj b`sjzdmlmh`hmd uzkmjs` `ljh{`s jb jpzmbmcsmn unb{mhn jd{sjb`x knx as`dkjx d`hmndjx jzsnuj`x" `b pzj bnx ls`dhjxjx{`d{` mouns{`dhm` hndhjkjd$ Pzmjd hndnhj b` imx{nsm`jzsnuj` dn uzjkj xnsusjdkjsxj$ @b jx{j kj @bjo`dm`bnx usncbjo`x js`d kmljsjd{jx$ Unbndm` pzjs` pzj xz

lsnd{js` nhhmkjd{`b jx{z|mjs` kjlmdm{m|òjd{ja`s`d{mv`k`$ Ujsn b` sjzdmlmh`hmd `bjo`d` xjhnd{joub`c` jd Jzsnu` Nsmjd{`b dn xbn hnd {jons$ Xmdn {òcmd hnd jxujs`dv`$ ]` ` lmdjx kj bnx `nx 15kjb xmabn YY" } xncsj {nkn jd bnx `nx 95" bnxhnousjdkmjsnd b` sjb`hmd jd{sj b` zdmk`k `bjo`d` } b`bmcjs{`k kj Unbndm`$ Jb xmdkmh`{n unb`hn Xnbmk`sdnxh"hsj`kn jd 0=95" `csm jb hòmdn i`hm` b` zdmk`k`bjo`d`$ B` zdmk`k `bjo`d` `bb`d ` xz |jv jb hòmdnkj Unbndm` i`hm` Nhhmkjd{j$ ] xmd b` @bjo`dm` zdmkìzcmjs` pzjk`kn cbnpzj`kn jb hòmdn kj bnx uzjcbnxkj Jzsnu` Hjd{s`b } Nsmjd{`b i`hm` b` N[@D } b`Zdmd Jzsnuj`$

Jx j|mkjd{j pzj Jzsnu` xj lns{`bjhm hnd b` zdmk`k

`bjo`d`$ I`d u`x`kn h`xm `b nb|mkn b`x usjnhzu`hmndjxkj 0=9=.=5 } dn jymx{j jb usncbjo` kj zd` xzusjo`h``bjo`d` jd Jzsnu`$[òcmd b` dzj|` @bjo`dm` xj i` md{jas`kn jd b`xjx{szh{zs`x nhhmkjd{`bjx$ Dn jymx{j }` hzjx{md`bjo`d` `bazd` pzj usjnhzuj dm ` bnx `bjo`djx dm `bnx n{snx jzsnujnx$ xj jx jb c`b`dhj" c`b`dhj unxm{m|n

kj bnx 0: `nx kj b` zdmk`k `bjo`d`$ Bn pzj `d pzjk`Jzsnu`$ Kjxuzx kj b` `kijxmd kj kmjv dzj|nxomjocsnx" b` Zdmd Jzsnuj` dn xbn jx o`}ns$ Xm dn{òcmd ox unbml`h{mh`$ @ins` kjcj kjlmdms xz dzj|n

uzd{n kj jpzmbmcsmn } xz dzj|` unxmhmdjd jb ozdkn$ @bjo`dm` kjcj kjxjouj`s jb uùjb pzjbj hnssjxundkj uns xz hù`hmk`k } xz zcmh`hmdajnaslmh` hjd{s`b" jx kjhms$ zd uùjb lzdkòjd{`b$@bjo`dm` uzjkj hnd{smczms `b usnhjxn jd xz snb kjojkm`kns jd{sj jb Jx{j } jb Njx{j$ [mjdj sjb`hmndjx kjhndlm`dv` hnd Ls`dhm`" ujsn {òcmd anv` kjsjuz{`hmd jd Unbndm`$ Xm @bjo`dm` kjxhzmk` `

`bazdn kj jxnx xnhmnx" xj onkmlmh` {nkn jb jpzmbmcsmnjzsnujn$ Jbbn |`bj ox `d u`s` jb uùjb kj @bjo`dm`jd b`x sjb`hmndjx {s`dx`{bd{mh`x$

0: `nx kjxuzx kj b` zdmlmh`hmd" d`kmj {joj `@bjo`dm`$ Jb usncbjo` xnd ìns` bnx {jonsjx kj bnx`bjo`djx$ Ozhinx `bjo`djx ncxjs|`d jb lz{zsn hndusjnhzu`hmd$ Jx{` l`xj kj$ xmd kzk`" sjb`{m|` kjcmbmk`khn}zd{zs`b" dn uzjkj dm kjcj kzs`s ozhin$Jzsnu` djhjxm{` kj b` lzjsv` jhndomh` } unb{mh` kj@bjo`dm`$ Jx zd xnhmn mdkmxujdx`cbj" {òcmd u`s`

xzx |jhmdnx nsmjd{`bjx" pzj djhjxm{`d zd` Jzsnu` kj b`xnbmk`smk`k lmd`dhmjs` } unb{mh`$ B` `b{jsd`{m|` jx zd`kjxmd{jas`hmd kj b` Zdmd Jzsnuj`$ Moujkmsb` jx zd`b`cns hndfzd{`$ ] xmd @bjo`dm` jx mounxmcbj$

F`dzxvSjm{js" d`hmkn jd0=:3" jx usjxmkjd{j kjb Hjd{snkj Sjb`hmndjx Md{jsd`hmnd`bjxhnd xjkj jd \`sxn|m`"

Hno` joc`f`kns kj Unbndm`jd @bjo`dm` )0==5/0==:-kjf

xz mousnd{` ujsxnd`b jdb`x Sjb`hmndjx

Cmb`{js`bjxajso dn/unb`h`$

Ozsn kj Cjsbd)0< kj dn|mjocsj kj 0=9=-$


33/57



Sjxundkj jx{`x usjazd{`x6

0$ Hon jyubmh`s pzj zd u`x hnon @bjo`dm`"h`zx`d{j kj knx azjss`x ozdkm`bjx } pzj nh`xmndkjx{szhhmd } ozjs{j" usmdhmu`bojd{j jd Jzsnu`"kjxuzx kj ;: `nx kjxumjs{j hnd xz sjzdmlmh`hmd

d`hmnd`b {`d{`x jyujh{`{m|`x u`s` jb lns{`bjhmomjd{nkj Jzsnu`>3$ Jd {z numdmd Jd pz `xujh{nx s`kmh`d b`x

lns{`bjv`x pzj @bjo`dm` i` k`kn ` Jzsnu` kjxkj0==5>$

HN]ZD[ZS@ JHNDOMH@" UNB[MH@" XNHM@B ]HZB[ZS@B MD[JSD@HMND@B ] XZXHNDXJHZJDHM@X JD JB UJS

B` jk`k hnd{jounsdj` kj dzjx{s` imx{nsm` ozdkm`b"|mn jb lmd kj b` azjss` ls` } b` kjxù`smhmd kjb cbnpzj

xn|m{mhn hnd bn hz`b kjf ` JJ$ZZ$ hnon dmhùn{jdhm` jhndomh` } ombm{`s$ In} jb ozdkn xjmd{jshndjh{` h`k` |jv ox } bnx u`xjx xnd oxmdkjujdkmjd{jx zdnx kj n{snx$ I`d joujv`kn `ù`sjhjs bnx usn}jh{nx kj zdmlmh`hmd sjamnd`b jdczxh` kj `kpzmsms o`}ns xmadmlmh`hmd jhndomh` }"`x" hnd{sùjx`s jb unkjs jhndomhn dns{jòjsmh`dn$

M$ B@ ZDMD JZSNUJ@ )ZJ-

Zdmd Jzsnuj` )ZJ-" nsa`dmv`hmd xzus`d`hmnd`bkjb ocm{n jzsnujn kjkmh`k` ` mdhsjojd{`s b`md{jas`hmd jhndomh` } unb{mh` } ` sjlnsv`s b`

hnnujs`hmd jd{sj xzx jx{`knx omjocsnx$ B`Zdmd Jzsnuj` d`hm jb 0 kj dn|mjocsj kj 0==8"ljhi` jd pzj jd{s jd |mans jb [s`{`kn kj b`Zdmd Jzsnuj` n [s`{`kn kj O``x{smhi{"s`{mlmh`kn zd ojx `d{jx uns bnx knhj omjocsnxkj b` Hnozdmk`k Jzsnuj` )HJ-6 Cbamh`"Kmdò`sh`" Ls`dhm`" @bjo`dm`" Sjmdn Zdmkn"Asjhm`" Msb`dk`" M{`bm`" Bzyjoczsan" U`xjx C`fnx"Uns{za`b } Jxu``$Hnd b` jd{s`k` jd |mans kjb[s`{`kn" bnx u`xjx kj b` HJ xj hnd|ms{mjsnd jdomjocsnx kj b` ZJ" pzj jd 0==: xj |mn òubm`k`hnd jb mdasjxn jd xz xjdn kj @zx{sm`" Lmdb`dkm` }Xzjhm`$

Hnd jb [s`{`kn kj b` Zdmd Jzsnuj`" xjn{nsa b` hmzk`k`d` jzsnuj` ` bnxhmzk`k`dnx kj h`k` jx{`kn omjocsn$ Xjmd{jdxmlmh`snd bnx `hzjsknx `kz`djsnx } xncsjmdomas`hmd hnd jb lmd kj ujsom{ms ` bnxhmzk`k`dnx jzsnujnx zd` o`}ns bmcjs{`k u`s`|m|ms" {s`c`f`s n jx{zkm`s jd hz`bpzmjs` kj bnxjx{`knx omjocsnx } xj sjb`f`snd bnx hnd{snbjxlsnd{jsmvnx$ Xj lmf hnon oj{` hndxjazms zdòndjk` dmh` jzsnuj` u`s` 0===$

/ @d{jhjkjd{jx6

B` HJ" usjhzsxns` kj b` ZJ" xzsam kj bn pzjjd usmdhmumn js`d {sjx nsa`dmv`hmndjxmdkjujdkmjd{jx6 b` Hnozdmk`k Jzsnuj` kjbH`scd } kjb @hjsn )HJH@-" hsj`k` jd 0=:0"b` Hnozdmk`k Jhndomh` Jzsnuj` )HJJ"

{òcmd kjdnomd`k` ` ojdzkn Ojsh`kn Hnod-} b` Hnozdmk`k Jzsnuj` kj b` Jdjsa` @{omh` )nJzs`{no-" òc`x lzdk`k`x jd 0=:1$ Bnxnsa`dmxonx jfjhz{m|nx kj b`x {sjx mdx{m{zhmndjx xjlzxmnd`snd jd 0=


34/57



hnod pzj" hnd km|jsx`x onkmlmh`hmndjx ` bnb`san kjb {mjoun" i` ujso`djhmkn i`x{` b``h{z`bmk`k } hndxmx{j jd jxjdhm`" jd jb`xjazsòmjd{n kj usjhmnx odmonx ` bnxusnkzh{nsjx ojkm`d{j xzcxmkmnx u`sà`s`d{mv`sbjx xzx mdasjxnx } ujsom{ms b`

usnkzhhmd$ @zdpzj hnx{nx`" b` unb{mh`àsnujhz`sm` kj b` Hnozdmk`k i` ujsom{mkn{jdjs `b{nx sjdkmomjd{nx jd jb àsn" {`d{n jdjlmhmjdhm` hnon jd usnkzhhmd$` {no` kj kjhmxmndjx jd b` ZJ xj km|mkj jd{sj b`xmdx{m{zhmndjx jzsnuj`x xzus`d`hmnd`bjx } bnxancmjsdnx kj bnx jx{`knx omjocsnx$ Bnx {sjxusmdhmu`bjx sa`dnx kj b` ZJ xnd b` HnomxmdJzsnuj`" jb U`sbòjd{n Jzsnujn } jb Hndxjfn kjOmdmx{snx )hnouzjx{n jx{j b{mon uns omdmx{snxkj h`k` zdn kj bnx ancmjsdnx kj bnx jx{`knxomjocsnx-$ Jb [smczd`b Jzsnujn kj Fzx{mhm` `h{`hnon scm{sn lmd`b jd `xzd{nx bja`bjx n kmxuz{`x

jd{sj mdx{m{zhmndjx kj b` ZJ" n jd{sj x{`x } bnxjx{`knx omjocsnx$ Unx{jsmnsojd{j ozhinxu`xjx sjhmcmjsnd b` md|m{`hmd lnso`b kj`kijxmd6 Himusj" b` Sjucbmh` Hijh`" Jx{ndm`"Unbndm`" Izdas`" Jxbn|jdm`" Czba`sm`" Bj{nd`"Bm{z`dm`" Szo`dm`" Jxbn|`pzm`" [zspz` } O`b{`$Jb hzoubmomjd{n kj kj{jsomd`knx u`soj{snxjhndomhnx } unb{mhnx lzj ncbma`{nsmn u`s` jbkjlmdm{m|n mdasjxn kj h`k` zdn kj jx{nx jx{`knx$

/ B` Ondjk`6 Jd b` Hzocsj kj Cszxjb`x xj uzxn jdo`shi` b` hmshzb`hmd kjb jzsn } jblzdhmndòmjd{n kjb C`dhn Hjd{s`b Jzsnujn

)CHJ-$ Jd b` hùm{`b cjba` pzjk`snd mkjd{mlmh`knxbnx ndhj u`xjx kj bnx hz`bjx jb Jzsn xjhnd|js{ms` jd ondjk` dmh` ` u`s{ms kjb 0 kjjdjsn kj 0=== )ljhi` nlmhm`b jd pzj jb jzsn u`x"kj ijhin" ` xjs b` zdmk`k ondj{`sm` lmd`dhmjs`kj `pzbbnx-$ B` kjlmdm{m|` l`xj kj b` ZJ dn xjs`"uzjx" `lsnd{`k` uns bnx Pzmdhj kj lnso`xmozb{dj`$ Sjmdn Zdmkn" Kmdò`sh` } Xzjhm`kjhmkmjsnd `z{njyhbzmsxj jd jx{j usmojs`ss`dpzj" omjd{s`x pzj Asjhm` dn uzkn hzoubmsbnx hsm{jsmnx kj hnd|jsajdhm` )sjb`{m|nx ` b`x{`x`x kj klmhm{" kjzk` ucbmh`" mdlb`hmd } {munxkj md{jsx-

lmf`knx jdO``x{smhi{ u`sùnkjs `hhjkjs`b jzsn jd jx{jusmojsonojd{n$$Lmd`bojd{j" jb3553 jb usnhjxnkj zdmdondj{`sm`hzbomd hnd b`jd{s`k` jdhmshzb`hmd kjb

jzsn hnondmh` ondjk`kj hzsxn bja`bjd bnx knhj

u`xjx kjb aszun kjb jzsn$

/ Unb{mh` Jy{jsmns } kj Xjazsmk`k Hnod6 Uns bnpzj sjxujh{` ` b` dzj|` jx{s`{jam` kj kjljdx`"xj ùnx{ uns mdhsjojd{`s jb ujxn pzj b` ZJkjcjs` {jdjs jd jb hndfzd{n kj b`x sjb`hmndjx

md{jsd`hmnd`bjx } uns jb uùjb jxujhlmhn pzji`cs` kj kjxjouj`s" jd jb xjdn kj b` N[@D"jd b`x omxmndjx pzj {z|mjs`d ` Jzsnu` unsjxhjd`smn$ [òcmd xj bnas jb hnousnomxn kjbnx jx{`knx omjocsnx h`s`h{jsmv`knx uns jbo`d{jdmomjd{n kj unb{mh`x djz{s`bmx{`x)jxujhm`bojd{j @zx{sm`" Msb`dk`" Lmdb`dkm` }Xzjhm`- u`s` u`s{mhmu`s jd omxmndjx kj u`v$ Bò`{jsm`bmv`hmd kjb kjdnomd`kn U`h{n kjJx{`cmbmk`k u`s` bnx C`bh`djx } b` hsj`hmd kjzd` àjdhm` jdh`sa`k` kj ùbmh`sbn lzjsnd b`xusmojs`x o`dmljx{`hmndjx kj jx{j dzj|n u`xnpzj b` ZJ kmn u`s` `hjsh`sxj ` xz ncfj{m|n lmd`b6

b` ubjd` md{jas`hmd kj xzx omjocsnx jd {nknxbnx ocm{nx$ Uns n{sn b`kn jb0: kj kmhmjocsj kj3550" `b {somdn kj zd` hzocsj hjbjcs`k` jdB`jgjd )Cbamh`-" bnx fjljx kj Jx{`kn } kjancmjsdn kjbnx u`xjxomjocsnx kjb` ZJùsnc`snd b`bbò`k`#Kjhb`s`hmdkj B`jgjd#xncsj jb lz{zsn

kj Jzsnu`$ Jbknhzojd{n{s`v`c` b``h{z`bxm{z`hmd kj b`ZJ lsjd{j `bsj{n kj b`òubm`hmd } kj b` abnc`bmv`hmd$ Maz`bojd{j"lmf`c` b` djhjxmk`k kj xmoubmlmh`s } sjkmx{smczms bnx`h{z`bjx {s`{`knx kj b` Zdmd `x hnon b`hnd|jdmjdhm` kj pzj x{nx hndkzvh`d ` b`sanub`vn ` b` `knuhmd kj zd` Hndx{m{zhmd$

/ Jd sjxzojd hnon ijonx |mx{n jdb` xjazdk` unxazjss`" bnx uzjcbnx kjJzsnu` nhhmkjd{`b xj jxlnsv`snd{jous`dòjd{j uns czxh`s jd b`hnnujs`hmd jhndomh` zd` lnso` kj`hjbjs`s xz sjhzujs`hmd } jb unx{jsmnskjx`ssnbbn" `kjox kj zd` xnbzhmd ` bnxas`|jx hndlbmh{nx pzj bnx i`c`d bbj|`kn `knx azjss`x h`{`x{slmh`x$M$ KJXMD[JAS@HMD KJ B@ ZDMDKJ SJUCBMH@X XNHM@BMX[@XXN\M[MH@X )ZSXX-Bzjan kj b` xjazdk` azjss` ozdkm`b b`

ZSXX } bnx Jx{`knx Zdmknx kj @osmh`xj hnd|ms{mjsnd jd b`x usmdhmu`bjxun{jdhm`x ozdkm`bjx pzj sjusjxjd{`c`d `

bnx onkjbnx kj xnhmjk`k

B` cnoc` `{omh` } b` mdkzx{sm` cbmh`$B`dvòmjd{n kjb I`sunnd kjxkj zdczpzj kj xzujslmhmj


35/57



xnhm`bmx{` } hùm{`bmx{` sjxujh{m|òjd{j$

Jb ancmjsdn xn|m{mhn `lsnd{ bnx usncbjo`x kj bùnxazjss` c`fn jb usmxo` kj zd` unb{mh`jyu`dxmndmx{` kjx{md`k` ` `zojd{`s bnx{jssm{nsmnx hnd{snb`knx uns ancmjsdnx hnozdmx{`x

bj`bjx ` b` ZSXX" ` lns{`bjhjs xz xjazsmk`k jdusj|mxmd kj lz{zs`x àsjxmndjx } ` z{mbmv`s jbon|momjd{n hnozdmx{` md{jsd`hmnd`b hnonmdx{szojd{n u`s` mdhnsuns`s ` n{snx u`xjx ` b`scm{` xn|m{mh`$ Z{mbmv`dkn b` òjd`v` kj xzunkjsn ombm{`s" b` ZSXX md{jd{ ùbmh`s zdusnasjxm|n hnd{snb xncsj b`x jx{szh{zs`x unb{mh`x"jhndomh`x } xnhm`bjx kj bnx {jssm{nsmnxlsnd{jsmvnx nhzu`knx uns jbb`$ B` unb{mh` jy{jsmnsxn|m{mh` ajdjs zd hndlbmh{n unb{mhn" kmubno{mhn} jhndomhn kj kmojdxmd ozdkm`b hnd Jx{`knx

Zdmknx hndnhmkn hnon #Azjss` Ls`#$ Jd bnxu`xjx kndkj b` mdlbzjdhm` kj b` ZSXX jsùsjknomd`d{j )Unbndm`" Izdas`" Szo`dm`"Czba`sm`" @bc`dm`" ]zanxb`|m` } b` Sjucbmh`

Kjonhs{mh` kj @bjo`dm`- b` jx{szh{zs` unb{mh` }jhndomh` lzj as`kz`bojd{j sjnsa`dmv`k`$ Bnxaszunx unb{mhnx nunxm{nsjx lzjsnd `mxb`knx }jbmomd`knx7 xj jyusnum`snd as`dkjx unxjxmndjxkj {mjss` }" hnd b` jyhjuhmd kj Unbndm`" xjmouzxn b` hnbjh{m|mv`hmd às`sm` } b`d`hmnd`bmv`hmd kj b` mdkzx{sm`$

Jx{` xm{z`hmd ajdjs`b `b`so ` Jx{`knx Zdmknx} ` Jzsnu` nhhmkjd{`b } hndkzfn ` b` hsj`hmdkj b` Nsa`dmv`hmd kjb [s`{`kn kjb @{bd{mhnDns{j )N[@D- jd `csmb kj 0=;=$ B` ZSXX" unsxz u`s{j" i`c` lzdk`kn {sjx ojxjx `d{jx jbHndxjfn kj @}zk` Oz{z` Jhndomh`)HNOJHND- u`s` hnnskmd`s b` `h{m|mk`kjhndomh` kj bnx jx{`knx c`fn xz hnd{snb6 bnxomjocsnx lzdk`knsjx kj kmhin nsa`dmxonlzjsnd" `kjox kj b` usnum` ZSXX" Czba`sm`"Hijhnxbn|`pzm`" Izdas`" Unbndm` } Szo`dm`"

xm cmjd usnd{n xj ``kmjsnd b` Sjucbmh`Kjonhs{mh` kj @bjo`dm` } @bc`dm`$

Jd 0=:8" b` ZSXX hnd{`c` }` jd xz `sxjd`b hndb` cnoc` kj imksajdn$ Kzs`d{j bnx `nxxmazmjd{jx" b`x h`k` |jv ox unkjsnx`x uszjc`xdzhbj`sjx sj`bmv`k`x uns {nk`x b`x as`dkjxun{jdhm`x i`h`d moujs`{m|n zd `hzjskn xncsj b`bmom{`hmd kj kmhi`x `so`x$ Dn ncx{`d{j" unhn xji`c` bnas`kn i`x{` 0=


36/57


8


37/57



MMM$ B@ H@K@ KJB OZSN KJ CJSBD ] B@SJZDMLMH@HMD @BJO@D@B` sjzdmlmh`hmd `bjo`d` {òcmd bbò`k`xjazdk` zdmlmh`hmd `bjo`d`" usnhjxn uns jbhz`b {z|n bza`s b` hsj`hmd kj zd dmhn Jx{`kn`bjod jb 8 kj nh{zcsj kj 0==5" kjxuzx kj b`

zdmd kj b` Sjucbmh` Kjonhs{mh` kj @bjo`dm`)SK@- } b` Sjucbmh` Ljkjs`b kj @bjo`dm`)SL@-$ Jd sj`bmk`k" xj {s`{ kj b` kmxnbzhmd kj`pzjbb` } xz md{jas`hmd jd jx{` b{mo`" hz}ndnocsj ujso`djhm hnon b` kjdnomd`hmdnlmhm`b kjb u`x hndnhmkn jd b` `h{z`bmk`k hnon@bjo`dm`$ [s`x b` bbja`k` `b unkjs kj Omf`bAnsc`hin| jd b` Zdmd kj Sjucbmh`x Xnhm`bmx{`xXn|m{mh`x )ZSXX-" ` lmd`bjx kj b` kh`k` kj0=95" bnx sjaojdjx hnozdmx{`x kj Jzsnu` kjbJx{j joujv`snd ` ujskjs jb hnd{snb unb{mhn

`cxnbz{n xncsj xzx sjxujh{m|nx u`xjx$ Jbancmjsdn kj b` SK@ ){òcmd hndnhmk` hnon@bjo`dm` Nsmjd{`b" Jx{`kn pzj jx{z|n c`fn b`scm{` xn|m{mh` kjxkj xz omxo` hsj`hmd jdnh{zcsj kj 0=;=-" usjxmkmkn uns xz b{mon fjlj kjJx{`kn" Jand Gsjdv" h`} ` lmd`bjx kj 0=9=" bnhz`b `b{js usnlzdkòjd{j b`x sjb`hmndjx jd{sjb`x knx `bjo`dm`x$ Hnd b` kjx{szhhmd kjb ozsnkj Cjsbd jd dn|mjocsj kj jxj `n" kjhjd`x kjombjx kj `bjo`djx nsmjd{`bjx jd{s`snd jd b`Sjucbmh` Ljkjs`b kj @bjo`dm` )Jx{`kn hsj`kn

jd o`}n kj 0=;= } |mdhzb`kn ` bnx u`xjxhùm{`bmx{`x kjdnomd`kn `xmomxon @bjo`dm`

Nhhmkjd{`b-" hz}n ancmjsdn" usjxmkmkn uns jbh`dhmbbjs kjonhsmx{m`dn Ijboz{ Gnib" `}zk ` bnxdzj|nx mdomas`d{jx } `xmad zd` as`d h`d{mk`kkj hùm{`b u`s` ùzd{`b`s b` jhndno` kj b` SK@$Jd b` SK@ xj hnd|nh`snd b`x usmojs`x } dmh`xjbjhhmndjx bmcsjx kjxkj xz jymx{jdhm`" unhnkjxuzx kj pzj xj `hnsk`s` b` xzusjxmd kjbbmkjs`vankjb U`s{mkn Xnhm`bmx{` Zdmlmh`kn )jb u`s{mknusjknomd`d{j" kj h`sh{js hnozdmx{`" kzs`d{j

{nk` b` jymx{jdhm` kj b` @bjo`dm` Nsmjd{`b-" jdkmhmjocsj kj 0=9=$ Jd o`svn kjb `n xmazmjd{j"bnx sjxzb{`knx kj bnx hnomhmnx bjamxb`{m|nx

xzuzxmjsnd jb {smzdln kj b` h`dkmk`{zs`kjonhsmx{m`d` } b` mdojkm`{` lnso`hmd kj zdancmjsdn usjxmkmkn uns Bn{i`s kj O`mvmsj"jdh`sa`kn kj ajx{mnd`s jb usnhjxn kj zdmlmh`hmdhnd bnx |jhmdnx kjb njx{j$

/ B` zdmlmh`hmd @bjo`d 6 Jb 0 kj fzbmn kj 0==5"òcnx jx{`knx bbj|`snd ` h`cn zd` zdmd {`d{njhndomh` hnon ondj{`sm`$ Jb 8 kj nh{zcsj xjkmxnb|m b` SK@" kj lnso` pzj {nknx xzxi`cm{`d{jx xj hnd|ms{mjsnd jd hmzk`k`dnx kj b`SL@" {s`x i`cjsxj dn{mlmh`kn jd bnx u`sbòjd{nxkj òcnx u`xjx jb [s`{`kn kj Zdmlmh`hmd`hnsk`kn zd ojx `d{jx$ Hnd `d{jsmnsmk`k" i`c`{jdmkn bza`s b` lmso` kjb kjdnomd`kn #[s`{`kn3';#" `bh`dv`kn" jd Onxh jb 03 kj xju{mjocsjkj 0==5 uns Ls`dhm`" Sjmdn Zdmkn" Jx{`knx

Zdmknx } b` ZSXX" uns zd b`kn" `x hnon uns bnxsjxujh{m|nx ancmjsdn kj b` SL@ } kj b` SK@" unsjb n{sn b`kn7 xjad jx{j `hzjskn b`x usmdhmu`bjxun{jdhm`x md{jsd`hmnd`bjx sjxundx`cbjx kj bù`s{mhmd kj @bjo`dm` jd 0=;:" {s`x jb lmd`b kj b`MM Azjss` Ozdkm`b" `xmx{`d } ùsnc`c`d bnxu`xnx lmd`bjx pzj ujsom{ms`d jb d`hmomjd{n kjzd` dmh` @bjo`dm`$ B` hn`bmhmd kmsmamk` unsGnib hndxmazm b` |mh{nsm` jd b`x jbjhhmndjx pzjxj hjbjcs`snd jd bnx {jssm{nsmnx kj bnx `d{maznxu`xjx jd kmhmjocsj kj 0==5$ Xm cmjd b`

sjzdmlmh`hmd )jd `bjod bbò`k` Kmj Qjdk !jbhòcmn- ujsom{m jb sjjdhzjd{sn kj lòmbm`x }òmanx xju`s`knx uns jb ozsn kj Cjsbd" {òcmd{s`fn hndxman dzojsnxnx usncbjo`x xnhm`bjx }jhndomhnx$ Bnx klmhm{ usjxzuzjx{`smnxh`zx`knx uns b` zdmlmh`hmd usn|nh`snd zdmdhsjojd{n kj bnx mouzjx{nx" b` sjkzhhmd kj b`x`}zk`x azcjsdòjd{`bjx" jb `zojd{n kj bùsm|`{mv`hmd kj jousjx`x } jb sjhns{j jd bnxxjs|mhmnx xnhm`bjx" `b {mjoun pzj sjxzb{`c`j|mkjd{j jb `cmxon jd{sj b`x knx `bjo`dm`x jdhz`d{n ` bnx dm|jbjx kj |mk`" hù`hmk`kusnkzh{m|` j mdls`jx{szh{zs`x7 kjcmkn ` jbbn"ozhinx `bjo`djx nsmjd{`bjx xj xmd{mjsndo`samd`knx" ` b` |jv pzj ozhinx `bjo`djxnhhmkjd{`bjx hndxmkjs`snd pzj jx{`c`dx`hsmlmh`dkn xzx dm|jbjx kj |mk` u`s` o`d{jdjs `xzx dzj|nx hnou`{smn{`x$

/ Jb Ozsn kj Cjsbd

Jd{sj jb jx{`cbjhmomjd{n kj b` SK@ jd 0=;= }ojkm`knx kj 0=


38/57



nhzu`kn uns

lzjsv`x mdabjx`x" ls`dhjx`x }jx{`knzdmkjdxjx" kjxkj jb lmd`b kj b` MM Azjss`Ozdkm`b$ Kzs`d{j b` dnhij kjb 08 kj `anx{n kj0=


39/57



xz ncfj{m|n js` jx{`cbjhjsxj `bb kj lnsoùjso`djd{j" uns bn pzj jd|m zd c`shn u`{szbb`"jb IOX Jdkzs`dhj" u`s` kjx`bnf`s ` bnx

{s`c`f`knsjx$ Jx{j ijhin imvn pzj jb ancmjsdnombm{`s `sajd{mdn ujdx`s` pzj Bndksjx jx{`c`ùsn|jhi`dkn b` nuns{zdmk`k u`s` sjlnsv`s xzunxmhmd jd b`x O`b|md`x$ Jd |mx{` kj b` xm{z`hmd"jb 3< kj o`svn kj 0=93" b` Fzd{` Ombm{`s`sajd{md` kjhmkm mdmhm`s b` nljdxm|` ombm{`s } jb 3kj `csmb {z|n bza`s b` md|`xmd" ` b` pzj imvnlsjd{j zd ujpzjn kjx{`hòjd{n kj xnbk`knx kjmdl`d{js` kj b` O`smd` csm{dmh`$ @b k` xmazmjd{j"Ajnsam` kjb Xzs {òcmd lzj {no`k` uns b`x{snu`x `sajd{md`x$

/ Kjx`ssnbbn kj b` Azjss 6 As`d Csj{`` i`c``bjs{`kn `b ancmjsdn kj Jx{`knx Zdmknx hz`dkn

b` md|`xmd u`sjhm mdomdjd{j" bn pzj kmn bza`s `zd mdlszh{znxn bbòòmjd{n kj b{mo` ins` unsu`s{j kjb usjxmkjd{j jx{`knzdmkjdxj Snd`bkSjà`d `b usjxmkjd{j `sajd{mdn A`b{mjsm$ Jbancmjsdn csm{dmhn kj b` usmojs` omdmx{sÒ`sa`sj{ [i`{hijs xj jdlsjd{ ` zd` as`|j hsmxmxunb{mh`" pzj usn|nh b` kmomxmd mdojkm`{` kjbomdmx{sn kj @xzd{nx Jy{jsmnsjx" Bnsk H`ssmda{nd$O`sa`sj{ [i`{hijs kjhmkm b` !bmcjs`hmd! kj b`xmxb`x$ Sumkòjd{j xj sjzdm zd mouns{`d{jkjx{`hòjd{n kj lzjsv`x" lnso`kn uns knx

uns{``|mndjx } zdnx 39$555 inocsjx$ Hz`dknjx{j kjx{`hòjd{n mdmhm xz |m`fj kj 9$555 ombb`xi`x{` jb @{bd{mhn xzs" xj usnkzfn zd` md{jdx``h{m|mk`k kmubno{mh` uns u`s{j kjb xjhsj{`smn kjJx{`kn )omdmx{sn kj @xzd{nx Jy{jsmnsjx- kjJx{`knx Zdmknx" @bjy`dkjs I`ma" jb hz`b {s`{ kjhnd|jdhjs ` @sajd{md` kj pzj {jd` oxunxmcmbmk`kjx kj `bh`dv`s xz ncfj{m|n`hju{`dkn jd{`cb`s djanhm`hmndjx kmubno{mh`x"ujsn `b ls`h`x`s jd xzx jxlzjsvnx" jb 85 kj `csmb`dzdhm lnso`bojd{j jb ùn}n jx{`knzdmkjdxj Às`d Csj{``$

Jb 3: kj `csmb" b`x lzjsv`x csm{dmh`xsjhndpzmx{`snd Ajnsam` kjb Xzs$ @ hnomjdvnx kjo`}n" {s`x jb kjxubmjazj kjb aszjxn kj xzxlzjsv`x jd b` vnd`" bnx `|mndjx kj b` S@L)Lzjsv` @sj` Csm{dmh`- hnojdv`snd ` `{`h`sb`x unxmhmndjx `sajd{md`x" jd jxujhm`b b` umx{` kj`{jssmv`fj kj Uzjs{n X{`dbj} )Uzjs{n @sajd{mdn"`d{mazn Uzjs{n Xnbjk`k-$ @zdpzj bnx csm{dmhnxdn bnas`snd jyuzbx`s ` b`x lzjsv`x `sj`x }d`|`bjx `sajd{md`x" jb xzco`smdn dzhbj`s

Hndpzjsns usn|nh jb izdkmomjd{n kjb hszhjsn`sajd{mdn Ajdjs`b Cjbas`dn" l`bbjhmjdkn 8


40/57


41/57


;0Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

hnounxmhmd {dmh` kjb u`x" bnh`bmv`knx usmdhmu`bojd{j jd Xjscm`" Hsn`hm` } Cnxdm`/Ijsvjan|md`

[òcmd i`c` jxbn|jdnx )jd Jxbn|jdm`- } o`hjkndmnx )jd O`hjkndm`- } dzojsnxnx aszunx kjozxzbo`djx kj Cnxdm`" `bc`djxjx" ida`snx" {zshnx } am{`dnx$ Bnx knx aszunx {dmhnx usmdhmu`bjxz{mbmv`c`d kmljsjd{jx `bl`cj{nx6 bnx xjscmnx jb hmsbmhn } bnx hsn`{`x jb b`{mdn$ Jb jxbn|jdn } jbo`hjkndmn {mjdjd zd` sjb`hmd oz} jx{sjhi` hnd jb xjscnhsn`{`" `zdpzj jb o`hjkndmn dn xj

sjhndnhj hnon bjdaz` dm jd Czba`sm` dm jd Asjhm`$ B` Hndx{m{zhmd }zanxb`|` a`s`d{mv`c` b`bmcjs{`k kj hzb{n } b` xju`s`hmd kj Mabjxm` } Jx{`kn7 hjsh` kj b` om{`k kj b` uncb`hmd ujs{jdjh` `b` Mabjxm` ns{nkny` xjscm`" zd 85* js` h`{bmh` )jd xz o`}ns` hsn`{`x } jxbn|jdnx- } jb 05*sjx{`d{j js` kj sjbmamd ozxzbo`d`$

/ Jb Samojd kj [m{n6 Jd dn|mjocsj kj 0=;: xj hjbjcs`sndjbjhhmndjx u`s` lnso`s zd` `xòcbj` hndx{m{z}jd{j$ Bnxaszunx unb{mhnx onkjs`knx" ` bnx pzj xj usnimcm nlmhm`bojd{jusjxjd{`sxj hnon h`dkmk`{nx" cnmhn{j`snd b`x jbjhhmndjx$ Bnxh`dkmk`{nx kjb hnozdmx{` Lsjd{j kj Zdmd D`hmnd`b xj`xjazs`snd b` ùsnc`hmd kjb 95* kjb jbjh{ns`kn$ Jb 3= kjdn|mjocsj b` sjhmd jbjamk` @xòcbj` Hndx{m{z}jd{j" pzjhndxmkjs jb |n{n sjhmcmkn hnon zd o`dk`{n hnd{s` bònd`spz`" usnhbò b` Sjucbmh` Ljkjs`b Unuzb`s kj]zanxb`|m`$ Jd jb {s`dxhzsxn kj b`x xjo`d`x xmazmjd{jxJx{`knx Zdmknx" As`d Csj{`` } b` Zdmd Xn|m{mh`sjhndnhmjsnd ` b` Sjucbmh`$ [s`x b` `knuhmd kj zd` dzj|`Hndx{m{zhmd jd jdjsn kj 0=;


42/57



Bnx b{monx `nx kjb ancmjsdn kj [m{n {z|mjsnd ojdnx ym{n jd unb{mh` md{jsmns$ B` jhndno` xjjx{`dh } hsjhmjsnd b` mdlb`hmd } jb kjxjoubjn" bn pzj usn|nh zd `zojd{n kjb dojsn kj izjba`x)` ujx`s kj b` sjusjxmd azcjsdòjd{`b-7 xj usnkzfn" jd hndxjhzjdhm`" zd jdnsoj klmhm{ jd jbhnojshmn jy{jsmns ujxj ` b` kj|`bz`hmd kjb kmd`s } kj bnx `hzjsknx hnojshm`bjx hnd jb Jx{j } jbNjx{j$ B` {jdxmd jd{sj hsn`{`x } xjscmnx `zojd{ } xj {s`kzfn jd kmx{zscmnx" xjhzjx{snx `sjnx }`xjxmd`{nx } usn|nh zd` kzs` sjusjxmd$ Hmjd{nx kj hsn`{`x } n{snx `hzx`knx kj d`hmnd`bmxonxzc|jsxm|n" bmcjs`bmxon n {jdkjdhm`x usnxn|m{mh`x lzjsnd uzsa`knx kjb u`s{mkn" jyuzbx`knx njdh`shjb`knx$ [m{n ozsm jb ; kj o`}n kj 0=95 {s`x zd` b`sa` jdljsojk`k$ Hnd xz ozjs{j" bbja `xz lmd jb ancmjsdn zdmujsxnd`b jd ]zanxb`|m`$ Kj `hzjskn hnd b` Hndx{m{zhmd kj 0=1;" xj mdx{m{z}jd jb u`x zd xmx{jo` kj kmsjhhmd hnbjam`k` jd jb pzj jb ancmjsdn } bnx h`sanx kjb u`s{mkn xj`b{jsd`c`d {nknx bnx `nx$ Zd` xjsmj kj ub`djx kj `zx{jsmk`k xms|mjsnd kj unhn u`s` ojfns`s b`jhndno`" pzj xj {òc`bj`c` c`fn jb ujxn kj b` kjzk` jy{jsd` xzujsmns ` bnx 0:$555 ombbndjx kjkb`sjx7 hnd jb `zojd{n kj b` mdlb`hmd } kjb kjxjoubjn" jb dm|jb kj |mk` kjxhjdkm u`zb`{mdòjd{jkzs`d{j b` kh`k` kj 0=95$

/ B` Kh`k` kjb Nhijd{` } bnx hndlbmh{nx md{js{dmhnx

B` kjcmbmk`k kj b` jhndno` } kj b` fjl`{zs` kjb ancmjsdn jx{mozb jb kjx`ssnbbn kjb jdlsjd{òmjd{n

{dmhn" omjd{s`x bnx on|momjd{nx xju`s`{mx{`x jd b`x kmx{md{`x sjucbmh`x } usn|mdhm`x òjd`v`c`db` |m`cmbmk`k kjb u`x$ Kzs`d{j b` kh`k` kj 0=95 `zojd{`snd b`x {jdxmndjx jd b` usn|mdhm` kjGnxn|n" `b xzs kj Xjscm`" pzj i`c` bnas`kn b` `z{ndno` jd 0=


43/57



Jb usjxmkjd{j }zanxb |n X$ Ombnxj|mh kzs`d{j jb fzmhmn pzj xj hjbjcs jd jb {smczd`b Ujd`b Md{jsd`hmnd b kj B` I`}`" jd ljcsjsn kj 3553$ Lzj`hzx`kn kj i`cjs ub`dmlmh`kn } nskjd`kn zd` hòu`` kj {jssns hnd{s` bnx `bc`djxjx kj Gnxn|n )0===- } kj i`cjs hnoj{mkn hsojdjx kjazjss` } hnd{s` b` izo`dmk`k kzs`d{j jb hndlbmh{n cbmhn hnd Hsn`hm` )0==0/=3-$ @xmomxon xj bj usnhjx uns ajdnhmkmn hnd{s` b` uncb`hmdozxzbo`d` } hsn`{` kj Cnxdm`/Ijsvjan|md` jd{sj 0==3 } 0==:$

Dn nhzssm bn omxon hnd b` `z{nusnhbò`k` Sjucbmh` Ljkjs`b kj ]zanxb`|m`$ Jb 33 kjxju{mjocsj" h`xm hz`{sn ojxjx kjxuzx kj moundjs kzs`x x`dhmndjx hnd{s` Xjscm` } Ond{jdjasn"b` @xòcbj` Ajdjs`b kj b`x D`hmndjx Zdmk`x )NDZ- kjhmkm jd zd` |n{`hmd )031 |n{nx ` l`|nsuns < jd hnd{s` } 3< `cx{jdhmndjx- pzj jx{` ljkjs`hmd dn unk` `xzoms `z{no{mhòjd{j jb bza`skj b` `d{maz` Sjucbmh` Xnhm`bmx{` Ljkjs`b kj ]zanxb`|m`" } b` jyhbz} kj b` @xòcbj` Ajdjs`b$Sjhmcm" jd hòcmn" b` nuhmd kj |nb|js ` xnbmhm{`s jb `hhjxn uns kjsjhin usnumn" ujsn jb md{jd{n kjbjd{ndhjx usmojs omdmx{sn ljkjs`b Omb`d U`dmh kj xjazms jx{` nuhmd usn|nh zd` hsmxmx unb{mh` jd b`ljkjs`hmd } xz unx{jsmns h`k` unb{mh` jd jb ojx kj nh{zcsj$ B` Sjucbmh` Ljkjs`b kj ]zanxb`|m`)Xjscm` } Ond{jdjasn- dn i` |zjb{n ` md{jd{`s nc{jdjs jb sjhndnhmomjd{n lnso`b kj b` NDZ$ Kjxkjjd{ndhjx b` NDZ i` kjxmad`kn ` b` ljkjs`hmd hnon b` Ljkjs`hmd kj Xjscm` } Ond{jdjasn n b`Sjucbmh` Ljkjs`b kj Xjscm` } Ond{jdjasn$ B` hnozdmk`k md{jsd`hmnd`b i` xjazmkn`cszo`knsòjd{j b` kjhmxmd kj b` NDZ$

B` Sjucbmh` Ljkjs`b kj ]zanxb`|m` )Xjscm` } Ond{jdjasn- dn i` unkmkn sjhncs`s jb `d{mazn bza`skj ]zanxb`|m` jd n{s`x nsa`dmv`hmndjx md{jsd`hmnd`bjx hnon jd b` Nsa`dmv`hmd kj U`xjx Dn/@bmdj`knx } ush{mhòjd{j dn i` xmkn sjhndnhmk` uns dmdad u`x$ B` usmdhmu`b jyhjuhmd i` xmknHimd`" `zdpzj Szxm` i` o`d{jdmkn b`vnx kj òmx{`k hnd b` Ljkjs`hmd } bj i` usnunshmnd`kn zd

hndxmkjs`cbj sjhndnhmomjd{n kj l`h{n" `zdpzj dn kj mzsj$ Jd ljcsjsn kj 0==:" xj lmso zd `hzjsknkj hnnujs`hmd ombm{`s jd{sj Szxm` } b` Sjucbmh` Ljkjs`b kj ]zanxb`|m` )Xjscm` } Ond{jdjasn-"pzj kjc` i`hjsxj jljh{m|n kjxuzx kjb bj|`d{òmjd{n kj b`x x`dhmndjx md{jsd`hmnd`bjx$

MMM$ KJX@SSNBBN ] H@K@ KJB SAMOJD [@BMCD ] B@

MD\@XMD DNS[J@OJSMH@D@ @ @LA@DMX[D$

0$ @xujh{nx Ajdjs`bjx$

Jb on|momjd{n [`bmcd jx zd` nsa`dmv`hmd sjbmamnx` pzjù`sjhm jd 0==; jd @la`dmx{d" jd ubjd` azjss` hm|mb" }pzj md{js|mdn jd unb{mh` } `hhmndjx ombm{`sjx hnd b`lmd`bmk`k kj uzsmlmh`s ` b` xnhmjk`k$ [`bmcd )ubzs`b- kj|mjdjkj b` u`b`cs` [@BMC" pzj xmadmlmh` jx{zkm`d{j kjb Mxbò)knao`x } usjhju{nx kj b` sjbmamd kj Oìno`-$ Bnx{`bmc`djx `d{jx kj {no`s jb unkjs jx{`cbjhmjsnd jbxmazmjd{j usnasò` }.n usnuxm{nx6 Sjx{`zs`s b` u`v

Kjx`so`s ` b` uncb`hmdSjlnsv`s b` bj} kj b` Xi`sm` )bj} mxbomh`-


44/57


;;Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

Kjljdkjs b` md{jasmk`k kjb h`sh{js mxbomhn kj @la`dmx{d$Jb on|momjd{n [`bmcd" b` o`}ns` kj xzx md{jas`d{jx js`d } xnd jx{zkm`d{jx mxbomhnx pzj xj i`d lnso`knjd b`x O@KS@X@X )jxhzjb`x mxbomh`x pzj mou`s{jd jdxj`dv`x sjbmamnx`x- } czxh`d bnx hndnhmomjd{nxkj bnx OZB@ )Kmsjh{ns [s`kmhmnd`b kj b`x ns`hmndjx jd zd` ojvpzm{` bnh`b-$

B` xm{z`hmd jx{s`{amh` kj @la`dmx{d kjxkj zd uzd{n kj |mx{` ajnaslmhn jx pzj xj xm{` jd jb hszhj kj

hòmdnx jd{sj Msd" jb O`s @scman } b` Mdkm` " jd{sj @xm` Hjd{s`b } jb xzs `xm{mhn i`hjd pzj xz {jssm{nsmn }xzx uzjs{nx kj ond{`` {jda`d zd` `b{` mouns{`dhm` jd b` jhndno` jdjsa{mh` ozdkm`b$ Uns jbbn pzj jbhjd{sn kj {nknx bnx usncbjo`x jd `pzjbb` sjamd jx{ b` c`{`bb` uns b`x mdojdx`x smpzjv`x kj uj{sbjn } a`xpzj hnd{mjdj @xm` Hjd{s`b xmd `hhjxn `b o`s" jx kjhms" xnd b`x b{mo`x sjxjs|`x jdjsa{mh`x xmd jyubn{`s pzjjymx{jd jd b` `h{z`bmk`k$ @la`dmx{d jx jb bza`s ncbma`kn uns kndkj kjcj hndx{szmsxj } u`x`s bnx nbjnkzh{nx} a`xjnkzh{nx kj @xm` Hjd{s`b i`hm` Nhhmkjd{j" s`vd uns bn hz`b" jb hnd{snb unb{mhn" ombm{`s } jhndomhnuns u`s{j kj b`x un{jdhm`x ozdkm`bjx i`hm` jx{j u`x jx zd` hzjx{md |m{`b$ Ij `bb zd` kj b`x h`zx`x kj b`md|`xmd ombm{`s dns{jòjsmh`d` ` @la`dmx{d jd jb 3550$

/ Kjx`ssnbbn kj bnx Ijhinx$Kzs`d{j b` kh`k` kj 0=95" @la`dmx{d lzj md|`kmkn uns b` Zdmd kj Sjucbmh`x Xnhm`bmx{`x Xn|m{mh`x)ZSXX- } ancjsd`kn uns zd samojd sjxu`bk`kn uns bnx xn|m{mhnx$ B`x l`hhmndjx kj b` azjssmbbÒz}ìmkd )azjssjsnx xàs`knx pzj bmcs`d b` ]mi`k n azjss` x`d{`-" hnd b` `}zk` ombm{`s kj Jx{`knxZdmknx" lzjsnd b`x pzj ox sjxmx{jdhm` nuzxmjsnd ` b`x {snu`x xn|m{mh`x ` bn b`san kjb usnbnda`kn hndlbmh{ncbmhn7 U`gmx{d {òcmd nlsjhm sjlzamn" lnso`hmd ombm{`s } n{s`x `}zk`x ` bnx `la`dnx hnd{s`smnx `bancmjsdn$ [s`x b` sj{ms`k` kj b`x {snu`x xn|m{mh`x jd 0=9=" jx{`bb zd` azjss` hm|mb jd{sj b`x l`hhmndjxoz}ìmkd } jb ancmjsdn hjd{s`b$ Jb aszun {dmhn o`}nsm{`smn kjb u`x" bnx U`xi{zdjx );5 * kj bùncb`hmd- i`c` hnd{snb`kn bnx uzjx{nx usmdhmu`bjx kjb ancmjsdn kzs`d{j ozhin {mjoun7 dn ncx{`d{jkjxuzx kj pzj bnx xn|m{mhnx `c`dknd`s`d jb u`x" xj lnso zd ancmjsdn kj hn`bmhmd pzj {òcmd mdhbz`` bnx {`}mgnx" zvcjgnx" i`v`s`x } n{snx aszunx omdnsm{`smnx$ Bnx {`bmc`djx" pzj xzsamjsnd hnon zd` l`hhmdoz}ìmkd" jx{`c`d hnouzjx{nx usmdhmu`bojd{j uns omjocsnx kj b` j{dm` u`xi{zd pzj md{jd{`snd zd` |jvox i`hjsxj hnd jb hnd{snb kjb ancmjsdn hjd{s`b kj G`czb )hùm{`b kj @la`dmx{d-$ Sjhmcmjsndjd{sjdòmjd{n ombm{`s } `soòjd{n kj b` Unbmh` Lsnd{jsmv`" zd` zdmk`k u`sòmbm{`s kj U`gmx{d pzj

{òcmd hzjd{` hnd zd dojsn xmadmlmh`{m|n kj uncb`hmd u`xi{zdjx$ B` moàjd nlsjhmk` uns bnx {`bmc`djxjs` b` kj zd` dzj|` lzjsv` u`s` b` u`v } b` zdmk`k" } ozhinx `la`dnx" jxujhm`bojd{j bnx usnumnxu`xi{zdjx" bjx ùn}`snd hnd b` jxujs`dv` kj pzj pzjk`s`d `{sx bnx `nx kj azjss`$

Jb samojd {`bmcd" dn {z|n dzdh` zd usn}jh{n kj sjhndx{szhhmd kjb u`x" xmdn pzj jx{`cbjhm zd` hszjbkmh{`kzs` pzj i` `bjf`kn h`k` |jv ox unxmcmbmk`k kj zd ancmjsdn jx{`cbj } kjonhs{mhn$ Xzx xj`x kjmkjd{mk`k i`d xmkn b` ox `{snv nusjxmd u`s` b`x ozfjsjx" b` csz{`bmk`k } b` `scm{s`smjk`k" b`x jfjhzhmndjx} {ns{zs`x ucbmh`x jd hòunx kj l{cnb } jx{`kmnx" ncbma`dkn ` `xmx{ms ` b` uncb`hmd" ` òuz{`hmndjx"ù`bjòmjd{nx } bùmk`hmndjx" b` kjx{szhhmd } ujsxjhzhmd kj n{s`x hzb{zs`x hnd{s`sm`x ` b` uskmhòzxzbo`d` kj bnx {`bmc`djx$ B` kmh{`kzs` {`bmcd jx{`cbjhm zd jx{`kn {n{`bm{`smn } {jssnsmx{`"jxujhm`bojd{j hnd{s` b`x ozfjsjx jd jb pzj6

/ [jd`d usnimcmkn {s`c`f`s" ms `b hnbjamn n ` b` zdm|jsxmk`k n sjhmcms `xmx{jdhm` x`dm{`sm`$

/ Kjc`d |jx{ms ncbma`{nsmòjd{j jb czsg`" zd |jbn pzj b`x hzcsj hnoubj{òjd{j" kj umjx h`cjv`" j ms`hnou``k`x kj zd |`sd$ B`x |jd{`d`x kj b` h`x` kjc`d jx{`s nxhzsjhmk`x" u`s` pzj b`x ozfjsjx dnlzjxjd |mx{`x kjxkj lzjs`$

/ B`x ozfjsjx" `b maz`b pzj jb sjx{n kj b` uncb`hmd" {jd`d usnimcmkn jxhzhi`s oxmh`" |js ujbhzb`x n b`{jbj|mxmd" b`x hjbjcs`hmndjx" x`bms ` hnojs `b hòun" fza`s hnd ozjh`x n jhi`s ` |nb`s hnoj{`x$

Kjxuzx kj bnx `{jd{`knx kjb 00 kj xj{mjocsj kjb 3550 )B`x #[nssjx ajojb`x# kj Djq ]nsg-" jb mdmhmn kjb` dzj|` azjss` kj @la`dmx{d `b o`dkn kj bnx Jx{`knx Zdmknx kj Dns{jòsmh` i` às`|`kn b` xm{z`hmdkj b` uncb`hmd hm|mb" kjx`ssnbbdknxj sumkòjd{j zd` dzj|` hsmxmx kj sjlzam`knx" `kmhmnd`b ` b`x pzj

|mjdjd usnkzhmdknxj kjxkj i`hj `nx uns b` izmk` kj ombbndjx kj ujsxnd`x i`hm` U`gmx{d$ Jxnxsjlzam`knx i`d izmkn kj b`x xzhjxm|`x azjss`x" kj b` xjpz` } kjx{szhhmd kjb u`x" `x hnon {òcmd kjb` hszjb nusjxmd kj bnx lzdkòjd{`bmx{`x mxbomhnx n {`bmc`djx$ In} hnd b` bmpzmk`hmd kjb samojd {`bmcd"xj mdmhm` zd ujsmnkn jd jb hz`b b` Hnozdmk`k Md{jsd`hmnd`b kjcj {jdjs ujso`djd{j `{jdhmd" jd b` ojkmk`


45/57


;:Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

pzj kjcj sjxuj{`sxj b` hzb{zs` } jb jfjshmhmn kjonhs{mhn jd jx{j u`x c`x`k` jd xz ubjd` `z{ndnoùùjb ajnunb{mhn pzj xmadmlmh`d xzx sjhzsxnx d`{zs`bjx )uj{sbjn } a`x d`{zs`b- } `kjox unspzjajnaslmhòjd{j @la`dmx{d xj hndx{m{z}j jd zd hnssjkns jx{s`{amhn u`s` b`x `h{m|mk`kjx jhndomh`x pzjjdb`hjd ` bnx u`xjx usnkzh{nsjx kj uj{sbjn hnd Jzsnu` } jb Sjx{n kjb ozdkn$

CZSG@" \JX[MKN KJ OZFJSJX JD @LA@DMX[D

XNBK@KNX [@BMC@DJX BNX MD\JDHMCBJX XNBK@KNX KJ KMNX


46/57


;


47/57



\@BNS@ONX HS[MH@OJD[J B@ KJONHS@HM@" XZC\JSXMD ] @Z[NSM[@SMXON JD JB UJS60==5 / 3555

XJXMD D :

@xzomonx zd` unxmhmd hs{mh` `hjsh` kj b` bzhi` jd{sj b` kjonhs`hm`" xzc|jsxmd } `z{nsm{`smxon jd jb Ujskj bnx 95 } =5 } dnx usn}jh{ònx hnon ujsz`dnx kjb xmabn YYM

@USJDKMV@FJX JXUJS@KNXHU$ Jx{`cbjhj sjb`hmndjx kj h`zx` } jljh{n hnd b` xm{z`hmd jhndomh` d`hmnd`b" b` `h{z`hmd kjb Jx{`kn} b` xzc|jsxmd jd jb Ujs kzs`d{j b` kh`k` kj 0==5$HU$ Jyubmh` bnx hòcmnx } ujso`djdhm`x jhndomh`x" unb{mh`x } xnhm`bjx pzj dnx i`d kjf`kn jbdjnbmcjs`bmxon" jb Jx{`kn } b` xzc|jsxmd kzs`d{j bnx =5$HSJ@[\$ Usnozj|j b`x dnso`x } `h{m{zkjx kj hnd|m|jdhm` kjonhs{mh`" hnd sjxuj{n ` dzjx{s`km|jsxmk`k hzb{zs`b } òcmjd{`b } kjd{sn kj zd kjx`ssnbbn xnhm`b izo`dmx{`$

SJLBJYMD KM@ADX[MH@

B@ HNOMXMD KJ B@ \JSK@K ] SJHNDHMBM@HMD

Kzs`d{j jb ancmjsdn kj {s`dxmhmd kjb usjxmkjd{j \`bjd{d U`dmàz` xj lnso b` Hnomxmd kj b` \jsk`k } Sjhndhmbm`hmd )H\S-

u`s` md|jx{ma`s b`x ozjs{jx } kjxù`smhmndjx lnsv`k`x kj nsmajd unb{mhn kzs`d{j b`x kh`k`x kjb nhijd{` } kjb dn|jd{`$ Bzjan" `b

mdmhmn kjb ancmjsdn kjonhs{mhn kjb usjxmkjd{j [nbjkn" xj lnso`snd xjmx hnomxmndjx jd jb Hndasjxn kj b` Sjucbmh` u`s` jx{zkm`s

bnx kmx{md{nx dazbnx kj b` hnsszuhmd jymx{jd{j kzs`d{j b` kh`k` kjb dn|jd{`$ I`hm` ojkm`knx kj 3558 ù`sjhm jb Mdlnsoj Lmd`bkj b` H\S pzj jx{mo jd 15 omb bnx ozjs{nx uns s`vndjx unb{mh`x kzs`d{j b`x kh`k`x kjb nhijd{` } dn|jd{`" } `k|ms{m pzj jb

1:* kj jx{nx js`d pzjhiz` i`cb`d{jx$

B` sj`hhmd kj bnx u`s{mknx unb{mhnx kj b` kjsjhi` } kj zd xjh{ns omdxhzbn kj b` mvpzmjsk` lsjd{j `b Mdlnsoj lmd`b xj kjf xjd{ms jdlnso` kj sjhi`vn$ Jb uzd{n jd kmxhnskm` lzj xm Xjdkjsn Bzomdnxn js` n dn zd u`s{mkn unb{mhn } xm jb dojsn kj ozjs{nx

sj`bojd{j lzj kj 15 omb |jsxzx bnx 3< omb `hju{`knx i`x{` jd{ndhjx$ Lmd`bojd{j" dmdazdn kj bnx knx b`knx sjhndnhm pzj b`hzjx{md kj lndkn kj b` azjss` js` jb s`hmxon } pzj {`d{n Xjdkjsn hnon b`x Lzjsv`x @so`k`x o`{`snd pzjhiz` i`cb`d{jx `d{j b`

mdkmljsjdhm` n" ujns `d" b` sjxmx{jdhm` lsjd{j `b n{sn$ Pzmjd dnx sjhzjsk` pzmdjx xnonx } kj kdkj |jdmonx hnon xnhmjk`k$ Jb

mdlnsoj kj b` H\S lzj `dzdhm`kn uns jb usjxmkjd{j kj b` sjucbmh`" pzmjd bn imvn xz}n jd zd` hjsjondm` h`sa`k` jonhmnd`bojd{j

} bzjan kj ox kj {sjx ojxjx kj jd{sja`kn$

Pzjk u`s` jb {s`c`fn kj b` xnhmjk`k ujsz`d` b` djhjx`sm` sjhndhmbm`hmd hnd b` uncb`hmd pzjhiz`$ Jx usjhmxn ujkmsbj ujskd uns

jb {s`{òmjd{n imx{smhòjd{j mdfzx{n pzj xj bj i` k`kn" hz}` oymo` jyusjxmd lzj b` o`x`hsj ajdnhmk` kj b`x kh`k`x kjb

nhijd{` } jb dn|jd{`$ [òcmd pzjk hb`sn pzj dn {nknx ujdxònx jx{n } pzj jb s`hmxon xjazms km|mkmjdkn `b u`x$ Jb |mjfn

sjlsd kj b` kh`k` kj 0=35 pzj kmhj #Jb dmhn mdkmn czjdn jx jb mdkmn ozjs{n" xmazj xmjdkn |bmkn u`s` zd` u`s{j kj b` xnhm jk`k

ujsz`d`" bn pzj moumkj b` sjhndhmbm`hmd d`hmnd`b } xzcs`}` b` d`{zs`bjv` xnhm`b kj zd` jx{szh{zs` kndkj dnx omsònx hnon

|jdhjknsjx } |jdhmknx } dn hnon hndhmzk`k`dnx } kndkj d`kmj xj pzmjsj sjhndnhjs kjb b`kn kj bnx |jdhmknx" bn pzj ajdjs`

usncbjo`x kj mkjd{mk`k xmd xnbzhmd$ Jx{` jx b` o`ksj kjb usncbjo` kj b` jyhbzxmd } b` uncsjv`$

ZA@S[JHIJ" Nxh`s$/ @kmx Jx{`kn cmjd|jdmkn ojsh`kn$ uu 31" 39 } 3=

Uns l`|ns" hnd{jx{` ` b`x xmazmjd{jx usjazd{`x6

0$ Pz numd`x `hjsh` kj b` bjh{zs`>3$ Pz jx{ sjlbjf`dkn hnon usncbjo` d`hmnd`b jd jb Ujs pzj jb 1:* kj b`x ozjs{jx } kjxù`smhmndjx pzj

o`dmlmjx{` b` H\S i`d xmkn pzjhizì`cb`d{jx$8$ U`s` hnoc`{ms } sjhi`v`s ` b` |mnbjdhm` unb{mh` } ombm{`s Kjcjonx x`cjs b` |jsk`k kj {nkn `pzjbbn pzj nhzssm

hnd b`x |h{mo`x kj b` |mnbjdhm` unb{mh` nhzssmk`x jd jb u`x kzs`d{j b` kh`k` kj bnx nhijd{` } dn|jd{`> Unspz>

;$ Hzbjx lzjsnd b`x h`zx`x pzj nsmamd`snd jb jx{`kn kj |mnbjdhm` jd jb Ujs kzs`d{j jx{` unh`>


48/57



DM\JB@HMD HNADM[M\@

M$ JX[@KN" XZC\JSXMD ] U@HMLMH@HMDMD[JSD@ JD JB UJS60==5/3555

B@ @U@SMHMD KJB DJNBbCJS@BbXON JD JBUJS ] JB ON\MOMJD[N BMCJS[@KKjxkj b` as`d kjusjxmd kj 0=3=" } b`x unb{mh`xkj hnssjhhmd kj xzx jljh{nx pzj xj bbj|`snd `

h`cn jd jb ozdkn" jb Jx{`kn `xzom zd hsjhmjd{juùjb kj md{js|jdhmd jd b` |mk` jhndomh`$ Bzjankj b` as`d kjx{szhhmd pzj h`zx b` XjazdkÀzjss` Ozdkm`b jd {nkn jb nscj" } usmdhmu`bojd{jjd Jzsnu`" b` usjxjdhm` `h{m|` kjb Jx{`kn jd b`jhndno` xj mdhsjojd{ `d ox$ @u`sjhmjsnd `xas`dkjx mdx{m{zhmndjx ucbmh`x kjx{md`k`x ` k`sxnbzhmd ` bnx usncbjo`x xnhm`bjx )mdx{m{z{nx kjxjazsmk`k xnhm`b7 xmx{jo`x kj `{jdhmd kj

djhjxmk`kjx cxmh`x lmd`dhm`k`x uns jb Jx{`kn"

usjljsjd{jojd{j jd b`x sj`x kj x`bzk" jkzh`hmd

} hndx{szhhmd kj |m|mjdk`x-7 ojh`dmxonx kjxzcxmkmn kj bnx usjhmnx pzj mc`d kjxkj jb`c`s`{òmjd{n kj bnx usnkzh{nx kj usmojs`djhjxmk`k lmd`dhm`knx uns sjhzsxnx lmxh`bjx i`x{`b` jymx{jdhm` kj c`dhnx jx{`{`bjx kj lnojd{n" pzjhncs`c`d md{jsjxjx mssj`bojd{j c`fnx uns bnxusx{ònx pzj n{nsa`c`d7 {òcmd ù`sjhmjsndjousjx`x ucbmh`x pzj usnkzh`d } usjx{`c`dxjs|mhmnx jd sj`x pzj jb Jx{`kn hndxmkjs`c`mouns{`d{j `{jdkjs kmsjh{òjd{j } pzj" jdajdjs`b" usnkzh`d as`dkjx klmhm{ kj nujs`hmd

)jx{n jx" a`x{`c`d ox kj bn pzj hncs`c`d unsxzx xjs|mhmnx-$

Bnx jljh{nx kj jx{` unb{mh` lsjd{j `b Jx{`kn pzj

i`c` jymx{mkn i`x{` jd{ndhjx js`d mdojdxnx6 bnxmouzjx{nx kjc`d xzcms" b`x jousjx`x ucbmh`xkjc`d xjs usm|`{mv`k`x7 bnx usjhmnx kj {nknx bnxusnkzh{nx xzcxmkm`knx kjc`d pzjk`s jd bmcjs{`k"bn pzj xmadmlmh`c` pzj bnx usnkzh{nx kj usmojs`djhjxmk`k xzcmjs`d kj usjhmn7 b`x ujsxnd`xkjc`d uà`s bn pzj |jsk`kjsòjd{j hnx{`c` b``{jdhmd kj x`bzk } b` xjazsmk`k xnhm`b$ X`b|n b`jkzh`hmd" pzj xmjousj xj i` hndxmkjs`kn pzjkjcj xjs xzcxmkm`k` u`s` bnx xjh{nsjx kj ojdnx

sjhzsxnx" {nkn kjc` sjasjx`s ` zd samojd kjusjhmnx bmcsjx } kj ojsh`kn$Jd xd{jxmx" jx{` lzj b` usnuzjx{` pzj jbOn|momjd{nBmcjs{`k }xz bkjsO`smn\`sa`xBbnxìmhmjsnd `bUjs `

lmdjx kj b`kh`k` kj0=95$D`kmj`d{jxi`c`xnx{jdmknmkj`xxjojf`d{jx jd b` unb{mh` ujsz`d` kj b`x kh`k`xusj|m`x }" lsjd{j ` b` hsmxmx jhndomh` ajdjs`kùns zd ancmjsdn pzj" usjhmxòjd{j" xj ùn}`c`jd jousjx`x ucbmh`x kjlmhm{`sm`x } jd as`dkjxxzcxmkmnx pzj usnkzfjsnd b` imujsmdlb`hmd" jbbbò`kn kj \`sa`x Bbnx` } kj Bmcjs{`k {z|n zdàs`d `hju{`hmd" hz`dkn ojdnx mdmhm`bojd{j$

Sjusjxmd hnd{s` hòujxmdnx mdkajd`x kj b` xmjss`

H`smh`{zs` unb{mh` kj Umjsn Pzmf`dn

Umd{`x òjd`v`d{jx kj xjdkjsmx{`x jd zd uncb`kn kj b` xmjss` ujsz`d`

O`smn \`sa`x Bbnx` bkjs kjb On|momjd{nBmcjs{`k ` lmdjx kj b` kh`k` kj bnx nhijd{`


49/57


;=Usnl$ Jombmn H$ Ljsddkjv X`b`x r Usnl$ Bmh$ Bzmx J$ Zspzmv` Xdhijv

B@ KJXHNOUNXMHMD KJ BNX U@S[MKNXUNB[MHNX [S@KMHMND@BJXJb xmx{jo` unb{mhn lzdk`kn jd b` kjonhs`hm` pzjjx{`cbjhm b` Hndx{m{zhmd kj 0=1= } pzj joujv` |m|msxj hnd b` mdx{`b`hmd kjb ancmjsdnhndx{m{zhmnd`b kjb `spzm{jh{n Ljsd`dkn Cjb`dkj[jss} jb 39 kj fzbmn kj 0=95" {z|n hnon jfjxhjd{s`bjx kj jfjshmhmn kj unb{mh` ` bnx u`s{mknxunb{mhnx pzj u`s{mhmu`snd jd bnx usnhjxnxjbjh{ns`bjx {`d{n kj b` @xòcbj` Hndx{m{z}jd{j)0=19- hnon kj b`x jbjhhmndjx ajdjs`bjx kj 0=95$Js`d jx{`x nsa`dmv`hmndjx b`x pzj h`d`bmv`c`d b`jyusjxmd kj bnx xjd{momjd{nx unb{mhnx kjb uzjcbn$Ujsn" i`hm` lmdjx kj b` kh`k`" jx{`xàszu`hmndjx" ` b`x pzj xj joujv ` bbò`su`s{mknx unb{mhnx {s`kmhmnd`bjx" hnojdv`snd `

ujskjs sjusjxjd{`hmd kjb uzjcbn } ` xmadmlmh`sh`k` |jv ojdnx jd b`x numdmndjx unb{mh`x$ Jx{n xj{s`kzhms sumkòjd{j jd zd` uskmk` kj xzhù`hmk`k u`s` nc{jdjs |n{nx ` l`|ns$ Jx{n b{monajdjs zd` usnlzdk` hsmxmx unb{mh` dn xbn u`s` bnxu`s{mknx )pzj }` dn {jd`d lzjsv` jd b` |mk` kjbu`x- xmdn u`s` {nkn jb xmx{jo` unb{mhn" pzj u`x `xjs knomd`kn uns ujsxnd`x mdkjujdkmjd{jx$ Jx{jlzj zd hòcmn xmadmlmh`{m|n jd b` o`djs` kj i`hjsunb{mh` jd jb Ujs kj lmdjx kj bnx `nx nhijd{` }usmdhmumnx kj bnx dn|jd{`$

Bnx bbò`knx u`s{mknx unb{mhnx {s`kmhmnd`bjxusjxjd{jx jd b` |mk` kjb u`xkzs`d{j b`x kh`k`xkj 0=95 } 0==5 lzjsnd" usmdhmu`bojd{j" @hhmdUnuzb`s" U`s{mkn @usmx{` Ujsz`dn" U`s{mkn Unuzb`sHsmx{m`dn" } b` mvpzmjsk`" pzj `knu{ km|jsxnxdnocsjx } pzj `pz bbò`sjonx uns jb pzj z{mbmvkzs`d{j o`}ns {mjoun } hnd ox ym{n6 Mvpzmjsk`Zdmk`$@d{j b` hsmxmx kj jx{`x lzjsv`x lzjsnd bnxon|momjd{nx pzj jdh`cjv`snd ujsxnd`fjx dnbma`knx ` bnx u`s{mknx {s`kmhmnd`bjx bnx pzj

hndhm{`snd b` `{jdhmd kjb |n{n unuzb`s$ Hnon }ìjonx kmhin" bnx knx {smzdl`knsjx kj b` usmojs`|zjb{` jd b`x jbjhhmndjx kj 0==5 lzjsnd O`smn\`sa`x Bbnx` } @bcjs{n Lzfmonsm }" jd 0==:" bnxh`dkmk`{nx pzj kmxuz{`snd b` Usjxmkjdhm` } pzj"jd hndfzd{n" xzo`snd ox kjb 9:* kj bnx |n{nxlzjsnd" dzj|òjd{j @bcjs{n Lzfmonsm" pzmjd a`db`x jbjhhmndjx" } jb bkjs mdkjujdkmjd{j F`|mjsUsjv kj Hzjbb`s$B` usjxjdhm` kj bkjsjx mdkjujdkmjd{

Modulo 5 II Trimestre

Documents

Transcript of Modulo 5 II Trimestre