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THEME 52 EOI; ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE. SPREAD

 AND VARIETY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD: UNITY

 AND DIVERSITY.

OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE

1.2. THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH

2. THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH- ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA

2.1. REASONS FOR THE POPULARITY OF ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE

2.1.1. Colonial hiso!"

2.1.2. E#ono$i#s

2.1.%. T!a&'l

2.1.(. In)o!$aion '*#han+'

2.1.,. Pola! #l!'

%. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH

(. THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH

,. CONCLUSION

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1. INTRODUCTION

 More than 300 million people in the world speak English and the rest, it sometimes

seems, try to... Bill B!"son/ 0oh'! Ton+'

En+lish is an in'!naional lan+a+'/ so'n in $an" #on!i's oh as a nai&' an3 as a

s'#on3 o! )o!'i+n lan+a+'. I is a+h in h' s#hools in al$os '&'!" #on!" on his

'a!h. As Bill B!"son hal)-4oin+l" #onsi3'!s in h' o'nin+ #ha'! o) his oo Mother

Tongue/ En+lish has '#o$' h' n3is'3 +loal lan+a+'. I is so'n " o&'! %55

$illion 'ol' as h'i! nai&' on+'. 6' a!' +oin+ o '+in " #o$$'nin+ on h'

sas o) En+lish as a 7o!l3 lan+a+'/ h'n 7' 7ill !'&i'7 h' o!i+ins an3 h' '&olion

o) En+lish. A)'! ha 7' 7ill )o#s on h' $ain !'asons an3 )a#o!s in&ol&'3 in h'

as#'n3an#" o) En+lish as h' $os !')'!!'3 lan+a+'/ an3 7' 7ill s'' h' $ain &a!i'i's

'*isin+. Finall"/ 7' 7ill #o$$'n on h' )!' o) En+lish ')o!' s$$in+ .

  En+lish is so'n haiall" in h' Uni'3 Sa's/ h' B!iish Isl's/ I!'lan3/ Cana3a/

 As!alia/ N'7 8'alan3/ h' R'li# o) Soh A)!i#a/ Li'!ia/ an3 $an" '!!io!i's

n3'! h' Uni'3 9in+3o$ an3 h' Uni'3 Sa's o) A$'!i#a. I is 'si$a'3 ha 300 

$illion 'ol' s'a En+lish as a )i!s :o! nai&'; lan+a+'/ an3 an a33iional 100 

$illion 'ol' s' i )l'nl" as a )o!'i+n lan+a+' :L2;. As a !o+h 'si$a'/1000 

$illion o! on' illion 'ol' a!on3 h' 7o!l3 ha&' so$' no7l'3+' o) En+lish/ 'ih'!

as a nai&' lan+a+'/ as a s'#on3 lan+a+'/ o! as a )o!'i+n lan+a+'.

En+lish is h' $os 7i3'l" so'n )o!'i+n lan+a+' in 1< o) h' 2, EU 0'$'! Sa's

 7h'!' i is no an o))i#ial lan+a+'.

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In a33iion/ En+lish is h' asso#ia' o))i#ial lan+a+' o) In3ia 7hi#h has o&'! 1555

$illion :o&'! illion; 'ol'. Paisan/ Ban+la3'sh/ an3 $an" oh'! naions 7hi#h 7'!'

!l'3 " B!iain #onin' o s' En+lish oh as an oional $'3i$ o) ins!#ion in

h'i! s#hools an3 as on' o) h'i! o))i#ial lan+a+'s. Th' islan3s o) h' Philiin's

#onin' o s' En+lish as an i$o!an ool )o! '3#aion/ a3$inis!aion/ an3 )o! $ass

$'3ia !os's. En+lish is h' #hi') )o!'i+n lan+a+' a+h in h' s#hools o) E!o'/

Soh A$'!i#a/ Asia an3 A)!i#a.

E&'n ho+h so$' naions 7hi#h 7'!' !l'3 " h' F!'n#h #onin' o 'a#h F!'n#h as

h'i! $os !')'!!'3 s'#on3 lan+a+'/ En+lish is +ainin+ +!on3 '&'n in h's' #on!i's.

In h' )o!$'! So&i' Union/ Rssian 7as h' 3o$inan lan+a+'. Sin#' h' !'a o) h'

So&i' Union/ h' C'n!al Asian R'li#s ha&' ''n !ai3l" in!o3#in+ En+lish in

h'i! s#hool s"s'$ as a s'#on3 o! )o!'i+n lan+a+'. In Rssia is'l)/ En+lish is +ainin+

+!on3 as h' $os ola! s'#on3 lan+a+'. In =aan oo/ En+lish is h' $os )a&o!'3

s'#on3 o! )o!'i+n lan+a+'.

Osi3' E!o'/ En+lish is h' !'3o$inan lan+a+' o) in'!naional #o$$'!#'.

 Alho+h h' Uni'3 Naions an3 is &a!ios a+'n#i's ha&' $o!' han on' lan+a+' )o!

!ansa#ion/ $o!' o)'n han no/ En+lish #o$'s o ' #hos'n as h' !')'!!'3 lan+a+'

o) #o$$ni#aion '7''n h' a!i#iain+ $'$'!-naions.

This is so/ '&'n ho+h $o!' 'ol' in h' 7o!l3 s'a Chin's' han En+lish as h'i!

nai&' lan+a+'. Sanish $a" #lai$ a la!+' n$'! o) nai&' s'a'!s/ n'ih'!

Sanish/ no! F!'n#h/ no! Rssian/ no! Chin's' #an '&'n #o$' #los' o h' l'&'l an3

 &a!i'" o) s's o 7hi#h En+lish is in h' 7o!l3 .

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1.2. THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH 

En+lish 'lon+s o h' In3o-E!o'an )a$il" o) lan+a+'s. 6ihin his )a$il"/ En+lish

is a $'$'! o) h' G'!$ani# !an#h. Th' G'!$ani# !a#h $a" ' 3i&i3'3 ino h!''

+!os o! s3i&isions> Eas G'!$ani# 7hi#h #onsis'3 o) Gohi# :no7 an '*in#

lan+a+';? No!h G'!$ani# n3'! 7hi#h 7' in#l3' h' S#an3ina&ian lan+a+'s? an3

 6's G'!$ani# 7hi#h #onsiss o) Hi+h G'!$an/ Lo7 G'!$an/ F!isian an3 En+lish.

Th' En+lish ha 7' s'a o3a" has +on' h!o+h )o! $ain sa+'s in is 3'&'lo$'n>

1.2.1 Ang!"S#$!n %&g'#(&!n.

 H'!'@s ho7 h' En+lish lan+a+' +o sa!'3> A)'! Ro$an !oos 7ih3!'7 )!o$

B!iain in h' 'a!l" ,h #'n!"/ h!'' G'!$ani# 'ol's h' An+l's/ Sa*ons/ an3 ='s

$o&'3 in an3 'salish'3 in+3o$s. Th'" !o+h 7ih h'$ h' An+lo-Sa*on

lan+a+'/ 7hi#h #o$in'3 7ih so$' C'li# an3 Lain 7o!3s o #!'a' Ol3 En+lish. Ol3

En+lish 7as )i!s so'n in h' ,h #'n!"/ an3 i loos in#o$!'h'nsil' o o3a"@s

En+lish-s'a'!s. To +i&' "o an i3'a o) 4s ho7 3i))'!'n i 7as/ h' lan+a+' h'

 An+l's !o+h 7ih h'$ ha3 h!'' +'n3'!s :$as#lin'/ )'$inin'/ an3 n'!al;. Sill/

ho+h h' +'n3'! o) nons has )all'n a7a" in En+lish/ (/,55 An+lo-Sa*on 7o!3s

s!&i&' o3a". Th'" $a' onl" ao 1 '!#'n o) h' #o$!'h'nsi&' O*)o!3 En+lish

Di#iona!"/ n'a!l" all o) h' $os #o$$onl" s'3 7o!3s ha a!' h' a#on' o)

En+lish. Th'" in#l3' nons li' 3a" an3 "'a!/ o3" a!s s#h as #h's/ a!$/ an3

h'a!/ an3 so$' o) h' $os asi# &'!s> 'a/ iss/ lo&'/ hin/ '#o$'.

F!anlin D Roos'&'ls s'n'n#' Th' onl" hin+ 7' ha&' o )'a! is )'a! is'l) s's onl"

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 7o!3s o) An+lo-Sa*on o!i+in.

Th' )ollo7in+ i$a+' ils!a's h' An+lo-Sa*on $i+!aion>

so!#'> h>777.&o*.#o$251,%%5,%,212,-$as-ha-'*lain-'n+lish

1.2.2. Th' D#n)#*

Th' n'* so!#' o) En+lish 7as Ol3 No!s'. Viin+s )!o$ !'s'n-3a" D'n$a!/ so$' l'3

 " h' 7on3'!)ll" na$'3 I&a! h' Bon'l'ss/ !ai3'3 h' 'as'!n #oaslin' o) h' B!iish

Isl's in h' l'+al '!$s s#h as la7 an3 $!3'! an3 h' !onons

h'"/ h'$/ an3 h'i! a!' o) No!s' o!i+in. A!$ is An+lo-Sa*on/ l'+ is Ol3

No!s'? 7i)' is An+lo-Sa*on/ hsan3 is Ol3 No!s'.

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1. 2.%. T+) N!'%#n C!n,-)

Th' !'al !ans)o!$aion o) En+lish 7hi#h sa!'3 h' !o#'ss o) !nin+ i ino h'

lan+a+' 7' s'a o3a" #a$' 7ih h' a!!i&al o) 6illia$ h' Con'!o! )!o$

No!$an3"/ in o3a"@s F!an#'. Th' F!'n#h ha 6illia$ an3 his nol's so' '&'nall"

3'&'lo'3 ino a s'a!a' 3ial'#/ An+lo-No!$an. An+lo-No!$an '#a$' h' lan+a+'

o) h' $'3i'&al 'li'. I #on!i'3 a!on3 15/555 7o!3s/ $an" sill s'3 o3a". In

so$' #as's/ No!$an 7o!3s os'3 h' Ol3 En+lish 7o!3s. B in oh'!s/ h'" li&'3 si3'

 " si3' as s"non"$s. No!$an 7o!3s #an o)'n son3 $o!' !')in'3> s7'a is An+lo-

Sa*on/ '!si!' is No!$an. 0ilia!" '!$s :al'/ na&"/ $a!#h/ 'n'$";/

+o&'!n$'nal '!$s :a!lia$'n/ nol';/ l'+al '!$s :43+'/ 4si#'/ laini))/ 4!";/ an3

#h!#h '!$s :$i!a#l'/ s'!$on/ &i!+in/ sain; 7'!' al$os all No!$an in o!i+in. Th'

#o$inaion o) An+lo-No!$an an3 Ol3 En+lish l'3 o 0i33l' En+lish/ h' lan+a+' o)

Cha#'!.

1.2.(. T+) G')#( V!*) S+&/(

  I) En+lish s'llin+ is #on)sin+ 7h" h'a3 son3s nohin+ li' h'a/ o! 7h" s'a

3o'sn@ !h"$' 7ih s!'a/ an3 so$' 3o'sn@ !h"$' 7ih ho$' i is 3' o Th'

G!'a Vo7'l Shi). B'7''n !o+hl" 1(55 an3 155/ h' !onn#iaion o) lon+ &o7'ls

#han+'3. 0i#' so'3 'in+ !onon#'3 $''s'. Hos' so'3 'in+

!onon#'3 li' hoos'. So$' 7o!3s/ a!i#la!l" 7o!3s 7ih 'a/ ' h'i! ol3

!onon#iaion. :An3 No!h'!n En+lish 3ial'#s 7'!' l'ss a))'#'3/ on' !'ason h'" sill

ha&' a 3isin#i&' a##'n.; This shi) is ho7 0i33l' En+lish '#a$' $o3'!n En+lish. No

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on' is s!' 7h" his 3!a$ai# shi) o##!!'3. B i@s a lo l'ss 3!a$ai# 7h'n 7'

#onsi3'! i oo %55 "'a!s. Sha's'a!' 7as as 3isan )!o$ Cha#'! as 7' a!' )!o$

Tho$as ='))'!son.

2. THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH" ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA 

 In h' n'* a!a+ahs 7' 7ill '*a$in' ho7 a lan+a+' !'a'3 )o! #'n!i's as h'

ina3'a' an3 s'#on3-!a' on+' o) 'asans :B!"son/ 0oh'! Ton+'; has '#o$'

h' n3is'3 +loal lan+a+'.

Fi&' hn3!'3 "'a!s a+o/ '7''n )i&' an3 s'&'n $illion 'ol' so' En+lish/ al$os all

o) h'$ li&in+ in h' B!iish Isl's. No7/ an"7h'!' o 1. illion 'ol' s'a En+lish.

 All o) his has ha'n'3 7ihin h' las on' hn3!'3 "'a!s.

 Alho+h En+lish is no h' lan+a+' 7ih h' la!+'s n$'! o) nai&' o! )i!s lan+a+'

s'a'!s/ i has '#o$' a &ng-# /'#n#. A lin+a )!an#a #an ' 3')in'3 as a lan+a+'

 7i3'l" a3o'3 )o! #o$$ni#aion '7''n 7o s'a'!s 7hos' nai&' lan+a+'s a!'

3i))'!'n )!o$ 'a#h oh'!s an3 7h'!' on' on' o! oh s'a'!s a!' sin+ i as a s'#on3s an3 7h'!' on' on' o! oh s'a'!s a!' sin+ i as a s'#on3

lan+a+'. 0an" 'ol' li&in+ in h' E!o'an Union/ )o! '*a$l'/ )!''nl" o'!a' inlan+a+'. 0an" 'ol' li&in+ in h' E!o'an Union/ )o! '*a$l'/ )!''nl" o'!a' in

En+lish as 7'll as h'i! o7n lan+a+'s :7h'!' h's' a!' 3i))'!'n;/ an3 h' '#ono$i#En+lish as 7'll as h'i! o7n lan+a+'s :7h'!' h's' a!' 3i))'!'n;/ an3 h' '#ono$i#

an3 #l!al in)l'n#' o) h' Uni'3 Sa's has l'3 o in#!'as'3 En+lish s' in $an"an3 #l!al in)l'n#' o) h' Uni'3 Sa's has l'3 o in#!'as'3 En+lish s' in $an"

a!'as o) h' +lo'.a!'as o) h' +lo'.

Li' Lain in E!o' in h' 0i33l' A+'s/ En+lish s''$s o ' on' o) h' $ainLi' Lain in E!o' in h' 0i33l' A+'s/ En+lish s''$s o ' on' o) h' $ain

lan+a+'s o) in'!naional #o$$ni#aion/ an3 '&'n 'ol' 7ho a!' no s'a'!s o)lan+a+'s o) in'!naional #o$$ni#aion/ an3 '&'n 'ol' 7ho a!' no s'a'!s o)

En+lish o)'n no7 7o!3s s#h asEn+lish o)'n no7 7o!3s s#h as bank, chocolate, computer, hamburguer, hospital,bank, chocolate, computer, hamburguer, hospital,

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hot dog, taxi, telephone, university and chatroom.hot dog, taxi, telephone, university and chatroom. 

Th'!' a!' a n$'! o) in'!lo#in+ !'asons )o! h' ola!i" o) En+lish as a lin+aTh'!' a!' a n$'! o) in'!lo#in+ !'asons )o! h' ola!i" o) En+lish as a lin+a

)!an#a. 0an" o) h's' a!'>)!an#a. 0an" o) h's' a!'> +&(!'&#+&(!'&# :i.'. I$'!ialis$;/:i.'. I$'!ialis$;/ '#(&#'#(&# :i.'. !a))i# #on!ol/:i.'. !a))i# #on!ol/

'$'!+'n#" s'!&i#'s/ '#;/'$'!+'n#" s'!&i#'s/ '#;/ &n())(-#&n())(-# :i.'.s#i'ni)i#/ '#hnolo+i#al/ a#a3'$i#:i.'.s#i'ni)i#/ '#hnolo+i#al/ a#a3'$i#

in)o!$aion/ 7ili'3ia/ '#.;/in)o!$aion/ 7ili'3ia/ '#.;/ )n()'(#&n%)n()n()'(#&n%)n(   :i.'. ola! $si#/ a3&'!isin+/:i.'. ola! $si#/ a3&'!isin+/

#o$'!s/ &i3'o +a$'s/ '#.; an3/ ao&' all/#o$'!s/ &i3'o +a$'s/ '#.; an3/ ao&' all/ !&(&# ')#!n!&(&# ')#!n. In )a#/ lan+a+' is an. In )a#/ lan+a+' is an

in'ns'l" olii#al iss' sin#' i is on3 7ih i3'ni" an3 o7'!.in'ns'l" olii#al iss' sin#' i is on3 7ih i3'ni" an3 o7'!.

O##asionall"/ h' s!'a3 o) En+lish has ''n a!i'3 o h'O##asionall"/ h' s!'a3 o) En+lish has ''n a!i'3 o h' *'!ng *'!ng !'asons. Tha is/!'asons. Tha is/

so$' 'ol' s++'s ha En+lish has '#o$' iios '#as' i is 'as" o l'a!n o!so$' 'ol' s++'s ha En+lish has '#o$' iios '#as' i is 'as" o l'a!n o!

's'#iall" )l'*il'/ a +lan#' a#7a!3s s++'ss ha his is i!!'l'&an. D'si' a's'#iall" )l'*il'/ a +lan#' a#7a!3s s++'ss ha his is i!!'l'&an. D'si' a

hi+hl" #o$l'* #as' s"s'$/ Lain 7as E!o's $os in)l'nial lan+a+' )o! o&'! ahi+hl" #o$l'* #as' s"s'$/ Lain 7as E!o's $os in)l'nial lan+a+' )o! o&'! a

hosan3 "'a!s. Y' 'ol' l'a!n'3 Lain in h' 0i33l' A+'s )o! h' sa$' !'asons h'"hosan3 "'a!s. Y' 'ol' l'a!n'3 Lain in h' 0i33l' A+'s )o! h' sa$' !'asons h'"

l'a!n En+lish no7> o ha&' a##'ss o a ''! li)' an3 ha&' a##'ss o no7l'3+'. In )a#/l'a!n En+lish no7> o ha&' a##'ss o a ''! li)' an3 ha&' a##'ss o no7l'3+'. In )a#/

En+lish is l'a!n'3 '&'!"7h'!' '#as' 'ol' ha&' )on3 o ha no7l'3+' o) En+lishEn+lish is l'a!n'3 '&'!"7h'!' '#as' 'ol' ha&' )on3 o ha no7l'3+' o) En+lish

is a asso! )o! ''! #a!''!/ ''! a"/ a3&an#'3 no7l'3+'/ an3 )o! #o$$ni#aionis a asso! )o! ''! #a!''!/ ''! a"/ a3&an#'3 no7l'3+'/ an3 )o! #o$$ni#aion

 7ih h' 'ni!' 7o!l3. En+lish is also l'a!n'3 )o! h' li'!a!' i oss'ss's/ an3 )o! h' 7ih h' 'ni!' 7o!l3. En+lish is also l'a!n'3 )o! h' li'!a!' i oss'ss's/ an3 )o! h'

 &a!i'" an3 !i#h '*'!i'n#' i !o&i3's. En+lish has !'la#'3 F!'n#h as h' lan+a+' o) &a!i'" an3 !i#h '*'!i'n#' i !o&i3's. En+lish has !'la#'3 F!'n#h as h' lan+a+' o)

3ilo$a#". In his #o$'! a+'/ En+lish is on3 o '*an3 is 3o$ains o) s'3ilo$a#". In his #o$'! a+'/ En+lish is on3 o '*an3 is 3o$ains o) s'

'&'!"7h'!'. E&'!"on' 7ans o a!o!ia' En+lish as h'i! o7n.'&'!"7h'!'. E&'!"on' 7ans o a!o!ia' En+lish as h'i! o7n.

 6' 7ill )ollo7 ='!'$" Ha!$'! :Th' P!a#i#' o) En+lish Lan+a+' T'a#hin+/ 255; in 6' 7ill )ollo7 ='!'$" Ha!$'! :Th' P!a#i#' o) En+lish Lan+a+' T'a#hin+/ 255; in

o!3'! o o))'! a #l'a!# #lassi)i#aion o) h' )a#o!s 7hi#h ha&' in)l'n#'3 an3 ssain'3o!3'! o o))'! a #l'a!# #lassi)i#aion o) h' )a#o!s 7hi#h ha&' in)l'n#'3 an3 ssain'3

h' s!'a3 o) h' lan+a+'>h' s!'a3 o) h' lan+a+'>

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2.1.1. C!!n +&(!'2.1.1. C!!n +&(!'

 A)'! 3'&'loin+ )o! al$os a $il'nni$ on h' B!iish Isl's/ En+lish 7as a'n a!on3 A)'! 3'&'loin+ )o! al$os a $il'nni$ on h' B!iish Isl's/ En+lish 7as a'n a!on3

h' 7o!l3 " h' sailo!s/ sol3i'!s/ il+!i$s/ !a3'!s an3 $issiona!i's o) h' B!iishh' 7o!l3 " h' sailo!s/ sol3i'!s/ il+!i$s/ !a3'!s an3 $issiona!i's o) h' B!iish

E$i!'. B" h' i$' an"hin+ !'ss'$lin+ a lan+a+' oli#" 7as in!o3#'3/ En+lishE$i!'. B" h' i$' an"hin+ !'ss'$lin+ a lan+a+' oli#" 7as in!o3#'3/ En+lish

ha3 !'a#h'3 all #o!n'!s o) h' +lo'.ha3 !'a#h'3 all #o!n'!s o) h' +lo'.

 6h'n h' Pil+!i$ Fah'!s lan3'3 on h' 0assa#hs's #oas in 125 a)'! h'i! '&'n)l 6h'n h' Pil+!i$ Fah'!s lan3'3 on h' 0assa#hs's #oas in 125 a)'! h'i! '&'n)l

 4o!n'" )!o$ Pl"$oh/ En+lan3/ h'" !o+h 7ih h'$ no 4s a s' o) !'li+ios 4o!n'" )!o$ Pl"$oh/ En+lan3/ h'" !o+h 7ih h'$ no 4s a s' o) !'li+ios

 'li')s/ no! onl" a ion''!in+ si!i an3 a 3'si!' )o! #olonisaion/ also h'i! lan+a+'. 'li')s/ no! onl" a ion''!in+ si!i an3 a 3'si!' )o! #olonisaion/ also h'i! lan+a+'.

 Alho+h $an" "'a!s la'! h' A$'!i#ans !o' a7a" )!o$ h'i! #olonial $as'!s/ h' Alho+h $an" "'a!s la'! h' A$'!i#ans !o' a7a" )!o$ h'i! #olonial $as'!s/ h'

lan+a+' o) En+lish !'$ain'3 an3 i is sill h' lan+a+' o) h' 7o!l3s +!'a's '#ono$i#lan+a+' o) En+lish !'$ain'3 an3 i is sill h' lan+a+' o) h' 7o!l3s +!'a's '#ono$i#

an3 olii#al o7'!.an3 olii#al o7'!.

I 7as h' sa$' in As!alia/ oo. 6h'n Co$$an3'! Phili lan'3 h'/ B!iish )la+ inI 7as h' sa$' in As!alia/ oo. 6h'n Co$$an3'! Phili lan'3 h'/ B!iish )la+ in

S"3n'" Co&' on 2h =ana!" 1/ i 7as no 4s a n#h o) B!iish #on&i#s an3 h'i!S"3n'" Co&' on 2h =ana!" 1/ i 7as no 4s a n#h o) B!iish #on&i#s an3 h'i!

+a!3ians 7ho 3is'$a!'3 :o ' !ai3l" )ollo7'3 " $an" )!'' s'l'!s o) ha lan3;/+a!3ians 7ho 3is'$a!'3 :o ' !ai3l" )ollo7'3 " $an" )!'' s'l'!s o) ha lan3;/

  also a lan+a+'.  also a lan+a+'.

In oh'! a!s o) h' B!iish E$i!'/ En+lish !ai3l" '#a$' a ni)"in+3o$inain+In oh'! a!s o) h' B!iish E$i!'/ En+lish !ai3l" '#a$' a ni)"in+3o$inain+

$'ans o) #on!ol. Fo! '*a$l'/ i '#a$' a lin+a )!an#a in In3ia/ 7h'!' a l'ho!a o)$'ans o) #on!ol. Fo! '*a$l'/ i '#a$' a lin+a )!an#a in In3ia/ 7h'!' a l'ho!a o)

in3i+'nos lan+a+'s $a3' h' s' o) an" on' o) h'$ as a 7hol'-#on!" s"s'$in3i+'nos lan+a+'s $a3' h' s' o) an" on' o) h'$ as a 7hol'-#on!" s"s'$

!ol'$ai#. Th' i$osiion o) En+lish as h' on' lan+a+' o) a3$inis!aion h'l'3!ol'$ai#. Th' i$osiion o) En+lish as h' on' lan+a+' o) a3$inis!aion h'l'3

$ainain h' #oloni'!s o7'!.$ainain h' #oloni'!s o7'!.

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In $os o) h' B!iish E$i!'/ h' $ain +oal 7as !a3' so )'7'! B!ions a#all" s'l'3.In $os o) h' B!iish E$i!'/ h' $ain +oal 7as !a3' so )'7'! B!ions a#all" s'l'3.

This '*lains 7h" En+lish 3i3 no #o$' o 3o$ina' #oloni's in Asia an3 A)!i#a/ 7h'!'This '*lains 7h" En+lish 3i3 no #o$' o 3o$ina' #oloni's in Asia an3 A)!i#a/ 7h'!'

i 7as h' lan+a+' o) sin'ss/ a3$inis!aion an3 '3#aion/ no h' lan+a+' o)i 7as h' lan+a+' o) sin'ss/ a3$inis!aion an3 '3#aion/ no h' lan+a+' o)

h' 'ol'.h' 'ol'.

To his 3a"/ En+lish has a '" a3$inis!ai&' !ol' in h's' )o!$'! #oloni's. Fo! a lon+To his 3a"/ En+lish has a '" a3$inis!ai&' !ol' in h's' )o!$'! #oloni's. Fo! a lon+

i$'/ a##'ss o En+lish $'an a##'ss o '3#aion/ 7h'h'! in h' $ission s#hools ini$'/ a##'ss o En+lish $'an a##'ss o '3#aion/ 7h'h'! in h' $ission s#hools in

 A)!i#a o! in h' )i!s ni&'!sii's in In3ia. This #!'a'3 an En+lish-s'ain+ 'li' in so$' A)!i#a o! in h' )i!s ni&'!sii's in In3ia. This #!'a'3 an En+lish-s'ain+ 'li' in so$'

o) h' 7o!l3s $os olos #on!i's/ 7hi#h sill s!&i&' as a 3isin+is'3 #lass.o) h' 7o!l3s $os olos #on!i's/ 7hi#h sill s!&i&' as a 3isin+is'3 #lass.

  In #on!i's 7h'!' la!+' s'l'! #oloni's 7'!' )o!$'3/ s#h as As!alia/ Cana3a an3In #on!i's 7h'!' la!+' s'l'! #oloni's 7'!' )o!$'3/ s#h as As!alia/ Cana3a an3

h' USA/ nai&' lan+a+' an3 #l!'s ha&' ''n sh'3 o n'a!-'*in#ion " h'h' USA/ nai&' lan+a+' an3 #l!'s ha&' ''n sh'3 o n'a!-'*in#ion " h'

!'s'n#' o) En+lish.!'s'n#' o) En+lish.

I 7as no h' )i!s lan+a+' o) E!o'an #olonialis$? Po!+'s' an3 D#h l') h'I 7as no h' )i!s lan+a+' o) E!o'an #olonialis$? Po!+'s' an3 D#h l') h'

#onin'n 'a!li'!.#onin'n 'a!li'!.

2.1.2. E!n!%&2.1.2. E!n!%&

 A $a4o! )a#o! in h' s!'a3 o) En+lish has ''n h' +!o7h o) #o$$'!#' h!o+ho h' A $a4o! )a#o! in h' s!'a3 o) En+lish has ''n h' +!o7h o) #o$$'!#' h!o+ho h'

 7o!l3/ an3 in a!i#la!/ h' '$'!+'n#' o) h' Uni'3 Sa's as a 7o!l3 '#ono$i# o7'! 7o!l3/ an3 in a!i#la!/ h' '$'!+'n#' o) h' Uni'3 Sa's as a 7o!l3 '#ono$i# o7'!

a)'! h' 7o 7o!l3 7a!s. 6hil' E!o' 7as !'il3in+ in h' "'a!s a)'! 1

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o)) #'n!i's ')o!'/ ain+ En+lish a!on3 h' 7o!l3 as a lan+a+' o) !a3'. Th'o)) #'n!i's ')o!'/ ain+ En+lish a!on3 h' 7o!l3 as a lan+a+' o) !a3'. Th'

in)l'n#' o) A$'!i#an sin'ss/ #o$in'3 7ih h' !a3iion o) En+lish l') a!on3 h'in)l'n#' o) A$'!i#an sin'ss/ #o$in'3 7ih h' !a3iion o) En+lish l') a!on3 h'

 7o!l3 " h' B!iish E$i!'/ ha&' $a3' En+lish h' n$'! on' lan+a+' o) 7o!l3 " h' B!iish E$i!'/ ha&' $a3' En+lish h' n$'! on' lan+a+' o)

in'!naional !a3' in h' 21s C'n!". All o&'! h' 7o!l3s o sin'ss s#hools no7in'!naional !a3' in h' 21s C'n!". All o&'! h' 7o!l3s o sin'ss s#hools no7

'a#h in En+lish.'a#h in En+lish.

O) #o!s' oh'! '#ono$i# lo#s a!' h+'l" o7'!)l oo/ h' s!'a3 o) in'!naionalO) #o!s' oh'! '#ono$i# lo#s a!' h+'l" o7'!)l oo/ h' s!'a3 o) in'!naional

#o$$'!#' has a'n En+lish alon+ 7ih i. This is h' 7'ni'h-#'n!" h'no$'non o) #o$$'!#' has a'n En+lish alon+ 7ih i. This is h' 7'ni'h-#'n!" h'no$'non o) 

@+loaliaion 3's#!i'3 " h' 4o!nalis =ohn Pil+'! as @...a '!$ 7hi#h 4o!naliss an3@+loaliaion 3's#!i'3 " h' 4o!nalis =ohn Pil+'! as @...a '!$ 7hi#h 4o!naliss an3

olii#ians/ ha&' $a3' )ashional' an3 7hi#h is o)'n s'3 in a osii&' s'ns' o 3'no'olii#ians/ ha&' $a3' )ashional' an3 7hi#h is o)'n s'3 in a osii&' s'ns' o 3'no'

a +loal &illa+' o) )!'' !a3'/ hi-'#h $a!&'ls an3 all in3s o) ossiilii's haa +loal &illa+' o) )!'' !a3'/ hi-'#h $a!&'ls an3 all in3s o) ossiilii's ha

!ans#'n3 #lass/ hiso!i#al '*'!i'n#' an3 i3'olo+"@ :Pil+'! 1

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2.1.4. In/!'%#(&!n )$+#ng)2.1.4. In/!'%#(&!n )$+#ng)

 A +!'a 3'al o) a#a3'$i# 3is#o!s' a!on3 h' 7o!l3 a's la#' in En+lish. I is o)'n a A +!'a 3'al o) a#a3'$i# 3is#o!s' a!on3 h' 7o!l3 a's la#' in En+lish. I is o)'n a

lin+a )!an#a o) #on)'!'n#'s/ )o! '*a$l'/ an3 $an" 4o!nal a!i#l's in )i'l3s as 3i&'!s'lin+a )!an#a o) #on)'!'n#'s/ )o! '*a$l'/ an3 $an" 4o!nal a!i#l's in )i'l3s as 3i&'!s'

as as!oh"si#s an3 oolo+".as as!oh"si#s an3 oolo+".

Th' )i!s "'a!s o) h' In'!n' as a $a4o! #hann'l )o! in)o!$aion '*#han+' ha&' alsoTh' )i!s "'a!s o) h' In'!n' as a $a4o! #hann'l )o! in)o!$aion '*#han+' ha&' also

s''n a $a!'3 !'3o$inan#' o) En+lish :ho+h s#h a siaion $a" no #onin';.s''n a $a!'3 !'3o$inan#' o) En+lish :ho+h s#h a siaion $a" no #onin';.

This !oal" has so$'hin+ o 3o 7ih h' In'!n'@s !oos in h' USA an3 h'This !oal" has so$'hin+ o 3o 7ih h' In'!n'@s !oos in h' USA an3 h'

!'3o$inan#' o) is s' $'!' in h' 'a!l" 3a"s o) h' 6o!l3 6i3' 6'.!'3o$inan#' o) is s' $'!' in h' 'a!l" 3a"s o) h' 6o!l3 6i3' 6'.

En+lish 3o$ina'3 in h' 'a!l" 3a"s o) h' In'!n'. B lan+a+'s onlin' a!' +'in+En+lish 3o$ina'3 in h' 'a!l" 3a"s o) h' In'!n'. B lan+a+'s onlin' a!' +'in+

$o!' 3i&'!s'. In 2515/ En+lish no lon+'! $a3' h' $a4o!i" o) h' '* 7!i'n$o!' 3i&'!s'. In 2515/ En+lish no lon+'! $a3' h' $a4o!i" o) h' '* 7!i'n

onlin'/ as a3&an#'$'ns in '#hnolo+" $a3' i 'asi'! )o! non-Ro$an alha's o 'onlin'/ as a3&an#'$'ns in '#hnolo+" $a3' i 'asi'! )o! non-Ro$an alha's o '

3isla"'3. Sill/ En+lish is h' 3o$inan lan+a+' o) 6ii'3ia oh 7h'n "o #onsi3'!3isla"'3. Sill/ En+lish is h' 3o$inan lan+a+' o) 6ii'3ia oh 7h'n "o #onsi3'!

h' lan+a+' a!i#l's a!' 7!i'n in/ an3 h' )a# ha 'ol' all o&'! h' 7o!l3 s' h'h' lan+a+' a!i#l's a!' 7!i'n in/ an3 h' )a# ha 'ol' all o&'! h' 7o!l3 s' h'

En+lish-lan+a+' &'!sion.En+lish-lan+a+' &'!sion.

 Anoh'! s#a'+o!"/ Anoh'! s#a'+o!"/ #)'(&&ng6#)'(&&ng6  7ill ' 3'al 7ih as a! an3 a!#'l o) h' #a'+o!" 7ill ' 3'al 7ih as a! an3 a!#'l o) h' #a'+o!"

o) in)o!$aion '*#han+'. 0an" '*a$l's o) En+lish in a3&'!isin+ #o$' )!o$o) in)o!$aion '*#han+'. 0an" '*a$l's o) En+lish in a3&'!isin+ #o$' )!o$

$linaional #o$ani's/ 7ho 7ish o '' h'i! $'ssa+' #onsis'n a##!oss $a!'s/$linaional #o$ani's/ 7ho 7ish o '' h'i! $'ssa+' #onsis'n a##!oss $a!'s/

  so$' '*a$l's a!' lo#al )i!$s looin+ )o! ha 'lsi&' 'l'$'n o) +la$o! ha  so$' '*a$l's a!' lo#al )i!$s looin+ )o! ha 'lsi&' 'l'$'n o) +la$o! ha

En+lish #an !in+. A3&'!is'!s !i3' h'$s'l&'s on !i3in+ h' #l!alEn+lish #an !in+. A3&'!is'!s !i3' h'$s'l&'s on !i3in+ h' #l!al zeitgeist zeitgeist :si!i o) :si!i o) 

a+' in G'!$an;? #!'ain+ #ons$'! 3'si!' h!o+h $ain+ !o3#s s'*". On' o) h'a+' in G'!$an;? #!'ain+ #ons$'! 3'si!' h!o+h $ain+ !o3#s s'*". On' o) h'

 7a"s h'" 3o his is h!o+h sin+ En+lish 7o!3s. 7a"s h'" 3o his is h!o+h sin+ En+lish 7o!3s. O) #o!s'/ his ha'ns in En+lishO) #o!s'/ his ha'ns in En+lish

oo>oo> haute couturehaute couture an3an3 Eau de Toilette Eau de Toilette son3 $#h s'*i'! n!ansla'3.son3 $#h s'*i'! n!ansla'3.

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2.1.5. P!-#' -(-')2.1.5. P!-#' -(-')

In h' 7's'!n 7o!l3/ a l'as/ En+lish is a 3o$inain+ lan+a+' in ola! #l!'. PoIn h' 7's'!n 7o!l3/ a l'as/ En+lish is a 3o$inain+ lan+a+' in ola! #l!'. Po

$si# in En+lish sa!a's h' lan'@s ai!7a&'s. Ths $an" 'ol' 7ho a!' no En+lish$si# in En+lish sa!a's h' lan'@s ai!7a&'s. Ths $an" 'ol' 7ho a!' no En+lish

s'a'!s #an sin+ 7o!3s )!o$ h'i! )a&o!i' En+lish son+s. I 7as no 4s A$'!i#ans'a'!s #an sin+ 7o!3s )!o$ h'i! )a&o!i' En+lish son+s. I 7as no 4s A$'!i#an

$si# ha !o+h En+lish ino h' 7o!l3s 3is#o''s an3 ho$'s. B!iish an3s$si# ha !o+h En+lish ino h' 7o!l3s 3is#o''s an3 ho$'s. B!iish an3s

in#l3in+ h' B'al's/ h' Rollin+ Son's/ ''n/ Pin Flo"3/ Th' Poli#' o! L'3 8''linin#l3in+ h' B'al's/ h' Rollin+ Son's/ ''n/ Pin Flo"3/ Th' Poli#' o! L'3 8''lin

'ns!'3 ha B!iannia !l's h' ai!7a&'s. Th' hi" $o&'$'n #a$' )!o$ San'ns!'3 ha B!iannia !l's h' ai!7a&'s. Th' hi" $o&'$'n #a$' )!o$ San

F!an#is#o an3 Lon3on.F!an#is#o an3 Lon3on.

  0an" 'ol' 7ho a!' !'+la! #in'$a+o'!s :o! TV &i'7'!s; )!''nl" h'a! En+lish in0an" 'ol' 7ho a!' !'+la! #in'$a+o'!s :o! TV &i'7'!s; )!''nl" h'a! En+lish in

sil'3 )il$s #o$in+ o o) h' USA. This 'n3'n#" o!i+ina'3 in h' os-7a!sil'3 )il$s #o$in+ o o) h' USA. This 'n3'n#" o!i+ina'3 in h' os-7a!

3'#a3's. As 7'll as s'n3in+ $on'" a##!oss h' Alani#/ h' USA !o&i3'3 h'3'#a3's. As 7'll as s'n3in+ $on'" a##!oss h' Alani#/ h' USA !o&i3'3 h'

son3!a# h!o+h !o# an3 !oll/ 4a an3/ la'!/ 3is#o an3 hi ho. Holli7oo3 $o&i'sson3!a# h!o+h !o# an3 !oll/ 4a an3/ la'!/ 3is#o an3 hi ho. Holli7oo3 $o&i's

 '#a$' +loal s'nsaions an3 A$'!i#an 'l'&ision s'!i's '#a$' #l!al !')'!'n#' '#a$' +loal s'nsaions an3 A$'!i#an 'l'&ision s'!i's '#a$' #l!al !')'!'n#'

oins. A$'!i#an #l!' 7as '&'!"7h'!'/ !a3iain+ #on)i3'n#' an3 s##'ss? 4s h'oins. A$'!i#an #l!' 7as '&'!"7h'!'/ !a3iain+ #on)i3'n#' an3 s##'ss? 4s h'

hin+s )o! a 7o!l3 ha ha3 ''n !a&a+'3 " 7a!.hin+s )o! a 7o!l3 ha ha3 ''n !a&a+'3 " 7a!.

  Ban3s !'l'as' h'i! 7o! in En+lish o !'a#h h' la!+'s ossil' a3i'n#'. Fil$-$a'!sBan3s !'l'as' h'i! 7o! in En+lish o !'a#h h' la!+'s ossil' a3i'n#'. Fil$-$a'!s

oo. This in&isil' !'ss!' o !o3#' #!'ai&' 7o!s in En+lish a33s o h' #l!aloo. This in&isil' !'ss!' o !o3#' #!'ai&' 7o!s in En+lish a33s o h' #l!al

$o$'n$ h' lan+a+' 3'&'lo'3 in h' s'#on3 hal) o) h' T7'ni'h C'n!".$o$'n$ h' lan+a+' 3'&'lo'3 in h' s'#on3 hal) o) h' T7'ni'h C'n!".

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3. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH

So )a! 7' ha&' al'3 ao En+lish as on' lan+a+'. Y' En+lish/ $#h li' oh'!

lan+a+'s s#h as Sanish/ Po!+'s' o! A!ai#/ )o! '*a$l'/ #an a' $an" )o!$s.

D''n3in+ on 7ho s'as o! 7!i's i an3 7h'!' h'" 3o his/ h'!' #an ' +!'a

3i))'!'n#'s in !onniaion/ &o#ala!" an3 +!a$$a!. P!o)'sso! Hi++ins oas'3 in

 ygmalion ha h' #ol3 la#' an" $an in Lon3on 7ihin 7o $il's/ Jso$'i$'s 7ihin

7o s!''sK. Th'!' $a" ' so$' '*a++'!aion aa#h'3 o ha/ #'!ainl" Yo!shi!'

'ol' #an 'll in an insan 7h'h'! so$'on' #o$'s )!o$ B!a3)o!3 o! L''3s/ '&'n

ho+h h' 7o #ii's a!' #oni+os. C'!ain )'a!'s o) B!iish 3ial'#s #an '

!'$a!al" lo#ali'3. As a $a'! o) )a#/ no la#' in h' En+lish-s'ain+ 7o!l3 is $o!'

 !'ahain+l" !'l'' 7ih 3ial'#s han G!'a B!iain.

F!o$ a !oa3'! '!s'#i&'/ 7' a!' +oin+ o #onsi3'! En+lish as a 6o!l3 Lan+a+' a

h' $a#!o- l'&'l 7hi# 7ill ha&' o ' a'n ino a##on 7h'n 3'&'loin+ #!oss-#l!al

#aaili" in h' #on'* o) En+lish as an In'!naional Lan+a+'.

 Va!iosl" a!i'3 o 6il3'/ Sha7 an3/ $os !'#'nl"/ D"lan Tho$as :s'' C!"sal

1

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L' s '+in 7ih 9a#h!@s #lassi)i#aion o) En+lish as a 6o!l3 Lan+a+' as #onsisin+ o) 

h!'' #i!#l's :9a#h!/ 1 in !'+ions sin+ h's'

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 &a!i'i's h'!' has ''n a #on)li# '7''n lin+sii# no!$ an3 lin+isi# 'ha&io!.

S#h &a!i'i's a!' oh 'n3o- an3 '*ono!$ai&'.

3. Th' )$#n&ng &') in#l3's hos' naions 7hi#h a#no7l'3+' h' i$o!an#' o)

En+lish as an In'!naional Lan+a+'. Hiso!i#all"/ h'" 3o no 'lon+ o ha +!o o)

#on!i's 7hi#h 7'!' #olonis'3 " $'$'!s o) h' inn'! #i!#l'/ an3 En+lish 3o'sn@ ha&'

an" s'#ial in!anaional sas o! )n#ion. Th'" #onsi' h' #on'* in 7hi#h En+lish

is a+h as a @)o!'i+n@ lan+a+' as h' $os s')l &'hi#l' o) in'!naional

#o$$ni#aion. Th's' a!' @no!$-3''n3'n@ &a!i'i's/ an3 a!' 'ss'niall" '*ono!$ai&'

in 9a#h!@s '!$s.

C!"sal :1

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h'i! S#oish/ 6'lsh/ o! !'+ional a##'ns o) o!i+in.h'i! S#oish/ 6'lsh/ o! !'+ional a##'ns o) o!i+in.

 In a $li!a#ial/ $ili#l!al an3 $lilin+al B!iain i s''$s o ' no lon+'! h' #as'

ha 'ol' as#!i' sas/ '3#aional a#+!on3/ an3 so#ial osiion o a '!son

la!+'l" on h' asis o) a##'n.

4. THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH4. THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH

  Alho+h En+lish #!!'nl" a'a!s o ' in an nassailal' osiion in h' $o3'!n

 7o!l3/ is )!' as a +loal lan+a+' is no n'#'ssa!il" ass!'3. In h' 0i33l' A+'s/

Lain s''$'3 )o!'&'! s' as h' lan+a+' o) '3#aion an3 #l!'/ as 3i3 F!'n#h in h'

1h C'n!". B #i!#$san#'s #han+'/ an3 h'!' a!' s'&'!al )a#o!s 7hi#h $i+h

!'#iia' s#h a #han+' on#' a+ain.

Th'!' a!' 7o #o$'in+ 3!i&'s o a' ino a##on> h' !'ss!' )o! in'!naional

in'lli+iili"/ an3 h' !'ss!' o !'s'!&' naional i3'ni".

Th' &'!" 3o$inan#' o) an osi3' lan+a+' o! #l!' #an l'a3 o a a#lash o! !'a#ion

a+ains i. P'ol' 3o no a' in3l" o ha&in+ a lan+a+' i$os'3 on h'$/ 7ha'&'!

a3&ana+' an3 &al' ha lan+a+' $a" !in+ o h'$. As lon+ a+o as 1 JTo +i&' $illions a no7l'3+' o) En+lish is

o 'nsla&' h'$K. Alho+h $os )o!$'! B!iish #oloni's !'ain'3 En+lish as an o))i#ial

lan+a+' a)'! in3''n3'n#'/ so$' :'.+. Tanania/ 9'n"a/ 0ala"sia; la'! 3'li'!a'l"

!'4'#'3 h' ol3 #olonial lan+a+' as a l'+a#" o) o!'ssion an3 s4+aion/

3is'salishin+ En+lish as '&'n a 4oin o))i#ial lan+a+'. E&'n o3a"/ h'!' is a #'!ain

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a$on o) !'s'n$'n in so$' #on!i's o7a!3s h' #l!al 3o$inan#' o) En+lish/

an3 a!i#la!l" o) h' USA.

 As has ''n 3is#ss'3/ h'!' is a #los' lin '7''n lan+a+' an3 o7'!. Th' USA/ 7ih

is h+' 3o$inan#' in '#ono$i#/ '#hni#al an3 #l!al '!$s/ is h' 3!i&in+ )o!#'

 'hin3 En+lish in h' 7o!l3 o3a". Ho7'&'!/ i) h' USA 7'!' o los' is osiion o)

'#ono$i# an3 '#hni#al 3o$inan#'/ h'n h' Jlan+a+' lo"ali'sK o) oh'! #on!i's $a" 

 7'll shi) o h' n'7 3o$inan o7'!. C!!'nl"/ '!has h' onl" ossil' #an3i3a' )o!

s#h a !'la#'$'n 7ol3 ' China/ i is no ha 3i))i#l o i$a+in' #i!#$san#'s

in 7hi#h i #ol3 ha'n.

 A #han+' in olaion :an3 olaion +!o7h; !'n3s $a" !o&' o ' an in)l'nial

)a#o!. Th' in#!'asin+ Hisani# olaion o) h' USA has/ in h' oinion o) so$'

#o$$'nao!s/ al!'a3" '+n a 3ilion o) h' JEn+lishn'ssK o) h' #on!"/ 7hi#h $a"

in !n ha&' !''!#ssions )o! h' sas o) h' En+lish lan+a+' a!oa3. Hisani# an3

Laino A$'!i#ans ha&' a##on'3 )o! al$os hal) o) A$'!i#aMs olaion +!o7h in

!'#'n "'a!s/ an3 h'i! sha!' o) h' olaion is '*'#'3 o in#!'as' )!o$ ao 1

o3a" o a!on3 %5 " 25,5. So$' '&'n s'' h' )!' ossiili" o) a #!'3il'

s'#'ssionis $o&'$'n/ si$ila! o ha )o! an in3''n3'n ''# in Cana3a.

  In #on!as/ a 255 !'o! " h' B!iish Con#il s++'ss ha h' n$'! o) 'ol'

l'a!nin+ En+lish is li'l" o #onin' o in#!'as' o&'! h' n'* 15-1, "'a!s/ 'ain+ a

a!on3 2 illion/ a)'! 7hi#h a 3'#lin' is !'3i#'3. Va!ios a'$s ha&' ''n $a3' o

3'&'lo a si$l'! #on!oll'3 En+lish lan+a+' sial' )o! in'!naional sa+' :'.+.

Basi# En+lish/ Plain En+lish/ Gloish/ In'!naional En+lish/ S'#ial En+lish/ Ess'nial

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 6o!l3 En+lish/ '#;. In#!'asin+l"/ h' lon+-'!$ )!' o) En+lish as a +loal lan+a+'

!oal" li's in h' han3s o) Asia/ an3 's'#iall" h' h+' olaions o) In3ia an3

China.

  Ha&in+ sai3 ha/ ho+h/ h'!' $a" no7 ' a #!ii#al $ass o) En+lish s'a'!s

h!o+ho h' 7o!l3 7hi#h $a" $a' is #onin'3 +!o7h i$ossil' o so o! '&'n

slo7. Th'!' a!' no #o$a!al' hiso!i#al !'#'3'ns on 7hi#h o as' !'3i#ions/ i

 7'll $a" ' ha h' '$'!+'n#' o) En+lish as a +loal lan+a+' is a ni'/ '&'n an

i!!'&'!sil'/ '&'n.

5. CONCLUSION5. CONCLUSION

  A on' oin in h' 'a!l" 7'ni'h #'n!"/ h' B!iish E$i!' '*an3'3 a##!oss A on' oin in h' 'a!l" 7'ni'h #'n!"/ h' B!iish E$i!' '*an3'3 a##!oss

al$os a a!'! o) h' 7o!l3s s!)a#'/ no in#l3in+ h' USA. A##o!3in+ o a ola!al$os a a!'! o) h' 7o!l3s s!)a#'/ no in#l3in+ h' USA. A##o!3in+ o a ola!

sa"in+/ Jh' sn n'&'! s' on h' B!iish E$i!'K. No7a3a"s/ h' sn has s' on h'sa"in+/ Jh' sn n'&'! s' on h' B!iish E$i!'K. No7a3a"s/ h' sn has s' on h'

'$i!'/ En+lish !'$ains an i$o!an lan+a+' in '&'!" sin+l' )o!$'! #olon" an3 in'$i!'/ En+lish !'$ains an i$o!an lan+a+' in '&'!" sin+l' )o!$'! #olon" an3 in

h' 7hol' 7o!l3.h' 7hol' 7o!l3.

Un3'! h's' #i!#$san#'s/ an3 a##o!3in+ o h' CEFR/ in o!3'! o 3'&'lo s3'nsUn3'! h's' #i!#$san#'s/ an3 a##o!3in+ o h' CEFR/ in o!3'! o 3'&'lo s3'ns

#o$$ni#ai&' #o$''n#'/ 'a#h'!s shol3 '*os' s3'ns o 3i))'!'n lan+a+'#o$$ni#ai&' #o$''n#'/ 'a#h'!s shol3 '*os' s3'ns o 3i))'!'n lan+a+'

 &a!i'i's in lis'nin+ :an3 !'a3in+; '*s so ha h'" 3o no onl" h'a! h' 'a#h'!s &a!i'i's in lis'nin+ :an3 !'a3in+; '*s so ha h'" 3o no onl" h'a! h' 'a#h'!s

 &oi#'. This 7ill !'a!' s3'ns )o! h' i$'s 7h'n h'" #o$' ino #ona# 7ih &oi#'. This 7ill !'a!' s3'ns )o! h' i$'s 7h'n h'" #o$' ino #ona# 7ih

3i))'!'n lan+a+' &a!i'i's.3i))'!'n lan+a+' &a!i'i's.

 Anoh'! iss' o ' a'n ino a##on 7h'n 'a#hin+ Anoh'! iss' o ' a'n ino a##on 7h'n 'a#hin+

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En+lish a an EOI a!' )als' )!i'n3s. D' o h' s!'a3 o) En+lish/ $an" s'a'!s o)En+lish a an EOI a!' )als' )!i'n3s. D' o h' s!'a3 o) En+lish/ $an" s'a'!s o)

Sanish s' a n$'! o) 7o!3s o!!o7'3 )!o$ En+lish. B h'!' a!' $an" J)als'Sanish s' a n$'! o) 7o!3s o!!o7'3 )!o$ En+lish. B h'!' a!' $an" J)als'

)!i'n3sK oo/ 7h'!' si$ila! son3in+ 7o!3s a#all" $'an so$'hin+ i' 3i))'!'n/ )o!)!i'n3sK oo/ 7h'!' si$ila! son3in+ 7o!3s a#all" $'an so$'hin+ i' 3i))'!'n/ )o!

'*a$l'/ Sanish'*a$l'/ Sanish eventualmenteeventualmente :o##asional"; #on!ass 7ih En+lish:o##asional"; #on!ass 7ih En+lish eventuallyeventually :in h':in h'

'n3;.'n3;.

  Pl!ilin+allis$ is on h' in#!'as' in E!o' an3 all a!on3 h' 7o!l3. Tha is 7h"/ asPl!ilin+allis$ is on h' in#!'as' in E!o' an3 all a!on3 h' 7o!l3. Tha is 7h"/ as

'a#h'!s/ 7' a!' 3'&o'3 o 3'&'loin+ l!ilin+al in3i&i3als/ #aal' o) )n#ionin+'a#h'!s/ 7' a!' 3'&o'3 o 3'&'loin+ l!ilin+al in3i&i3als/ #aal' o) )n#ionin+

in his J+loal &illa+'K h' 7o!l3 has '#o$'.in his J+loal &illa+'K h' 7o!l3 has '#o$'.

7I7LIOGRAPHY7I7LIOGRAPHY

Ha!$'!/ ='!'$" . Th' P!a#i#' o) En+lish Lan+a+' T'a#hin+. 255. (Th E3iion.Ha!$'!/ ='!'$" . Th' P!a#i#' o) En+lish Lan+a+' T'a#hin+. 255. (Th E3iion.

Lon+$an Han3oos )o! lan+a+' T'a#h'!s. Cha'! 1. Th' 7o!l3 o) En+lish.Lon+$an Han3oos )o! lan+a+' T'a#h'!s. Cha'! 1. Th' 7o!l3 o) En+lish.

C!"sal/ Da&i3. Th' Ca$!i3+' En#"#lo'3ia o) h' En+lish Lan+a+'.1

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lan+a+'.251(.lan+a+'.251(.

h>lo+.'sl-lan+a+'s.#o$lo+l'a!n-lan+a+'s'n+lish'n+lish-lan+a+'-+loal-h>lo+.'sl-lan+a+'s.#o$lo+l'a!n-lan+a+'s'n+lish'n+lish-lan+a+'-+loal-

n$'!-on'n$'!-on'

h>hos.ni!o$a%.i3o#'nio"lan'*7hi'51.h$h>hos.ni!o$a%.i3o#'nio"lan'*7hi'51.h$

h>777.h'hiso!"o)'n+lish.#o$iss's+loal.h$lh>777.h'hiso!"o)'n+lish.#o$iss's+loal.h$l

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