Violencia de Genero - Problema Antiguo - Nuevos Abordajes en El Paraguay - PortalGuarani

8/6/2019 Violencia de Genero - Problema Antiguo - Nuevos Abordajes en El Paraguay - PortalGuarani

1/460

=


2/460

2


3/460

5


4/460

0

Cm pubcnemenh `k kstk cnbrg fm sn`g pgsnbck irmenms mc mpgyg `k NEEG & Akr nhMetnk, k Fgcmh`m, kh kc dmreg k su eggpkrmenh egh kc Ekhtrg k @geudkhtmenhy Kstu`ngs (E@K).

Cm rkmcnzmenh `kc trmbmog eght egh kc rkspmc`g `k cm @nrkeenh `k @krkefgsFudmhgs y k cm Egrtk Uuprkdm `k Oustnenm `kc Zg`kr Ou`nenmc.

Ekhtrg k @geudkhtmenh y Kstu`ngs (E@K) Rmqukc Mh`rkm \krm Umckrhg Cms mutgrms y mutgrks

N`km y egdpncmenh?Rmqukc Mh`rkm \krm Umckrhg

Rkvnsnh k eghtkhn`g, dktg`gcgim y lgrdm kc dmtkrnmc?Cnhk BmrknrgyCuns Ckzemhg Ecmu`k

Msksgrm mem`dnem?Dniukc semr Bmome Mcbkrtnhn, Dnhnstrg `k cm Egrtk Uuprkdm`k Oustnenm yRnigbkrtg _mrzm

Egrrkeenh?Lkcnenmhg Zkm

K`nenh mc eun`m`g k? Rmqukc Mh`rkm \krm Umckrhg

@nskg k pgrtm`m?Dmrimrntm Dgrskccn

@nmirmdmenh?Rubh Rnvkrgs

Ndprksnh?K`nenghks y Mrtk U.M.

Zrndkrm k`nenh? =.::: kokdpcmrks

Msuhenh, Zmrmiumy

Fkefg kc `kpsntg quk dmrem cm cky

NUBH? >96->>>;5-60


5/460

;

MIRM@KENDNKHPGU

M cms mutgrms y cgs mutgrks, prglksnghmcks `k eghgen`m trmyketgrnm yovkhks egdprgdktn`gs/ms egh kc emdbng y cm `klkhsm `k cgs `krkefgsfudmhgs, qunkhks ksnhtkrksm`mdkhtk fmh egcmbgrm`g kh cm kcmbgrmenh`k kstk `geudkhtg, brnh`mh`g vmcngsgs mpgrtks y egdpmrtnkh`g suskxpkrnkhenms.

Mc Dnhnstrg k cm Egrtk Uuprkdm k Oustnenm Dniukc semr Bmome Mcbkrtnhny m Rnigbkrtg _mrzm, pgr cm ndpgrtmhtk k nhmprkenmbck msksgrm mem`dnemquk prkstmrgh m cm gbrm, m`kds kc mpgyg nhstntuenghmc brnh`m`g.

M cm @nrkeenh k @krkefgs Fudmhgs k cm Egrtk Uuprkdm k Oustnenm,y `k dmhkrm kspkenmc m su `nrketgrm, Hury Dghtnkc, pgr kc mpgygnhstntuenghmc m cm gbrm, su eghlnmhzm kh cm dnsdm pmrm su luturm utncnzmenhkh cm empmentmenh y skhsnbncnzmenh `k gpkrm`grks `k oustnenm, euym chkm`k trmbmog kh kstk skhtn`g kst dmremh`g cm nlkrkhenm kh kc Zg`kr Ou`nenmc.

Mc Ekhtrg `k @geudkhtmenh y Kstu`ngs (E@K), quk eghln y mpgy

kstk trmbmog lnhmhenmh`g y pkrdntnkh`g cm pubcnemenh `kc dnsdg, egdgpmrtk `k su eghgen`m cuefm pgr cgs `krkefgs fudmhgs y mpukstm mkdprkh`ndnkhtgs kh pgs k cm prgtkeenh k cgs sketgrks ds vuchkrm`gsy nserndnhm`gs k cm sgenk`m`. M su `nrketgrm, Ecy`k Ugtg y su kxekckhtkirupg fudmhg. @k dmhkrm duy kspkenmc m Cnhk Bmrknrg, qunkh megdpmtg`g kc prgeksg y dk mckht m cckvmr kstk kdprkh`ndnkhtg fmstm kc lnhmc yeuym myu`m, mpgyg, eghskogs y khskmhzms sgh nhvmcumbcks. M DyrnmhIghzckz \krm, qunkh mpgy kh kc prgeksg `k k`nenh egh suikrkhenms ympgrtks sudmdkhtk vmcngsgs pmrm cckimr mc rksuctm`g quk tkhkdgs fgy.


6/460

==

=5

=>

65

===

=05

=;

[H EGDZRGDNUG MU[DN@G EGDZMRPN@G..........................

[H CNBRG HKEKUMRNG .................................................................

NHPRG@[EENH? @KU@K @NUPNHPMU ZPNEMU .....................

\NGCKHENM @K IHKRG? HGENGHKU IKHKRMCKU M\MHEKUO[R@NEGU ......................................................................................Rmqukc Mh`rkm \krm Umckrhg

UGBRK CMU \NGCKHENMU EGPN@NMHMU? KHPRK DNPGU ^KVZKRNKHENMU ...............................................................................Kcg`nm Mcdnrh Zruokc

CM \NGCKHENM @K IHKRG EGDG LKHDKHG KUPR[EP[-RMC? [HM MZRGVNDMENH EGHEKZP[MC HGRDMPN\M KHKC DMREG @K CM Z[BCNEN@M@ CMU RKCMENGHKU @K EGH-U[DG ...............................................................................................Dmrm Dkrek`ks Bughikrdnhn Zmcudbg

GBUPE[CGU ZRK\NGU MC RKECMDG O[@NENMC ][K MLKEPMHM CM D[OKR \EPNDM @K \NGCKHENM .......................................

Dyrhm Mrrm `k Ugsm

\NGCKHENM @K IHKRG KH KC DBNPG @GDUPNEG KNHPRMLMDNCNMR ............................................................................Uncvnm Bkmtrnz Cpkz Umln

ZKRUZKEPN\M @K IHKRG ^ KC GR@KH O[R@NEG ZKHMC\NIKHPK. MCI[HGU ZRGBCKDMU ][K ZRKUKHPM KCKU][KDM ........................................................................................

Kdncnmhg Rgch Lkrhh`kz


8/460

6

CM \NGCKHENM EGHPRM CM D[OKR ^ U[ PRMPMDNKHPG KHKC UNUPKDM [HN\KRUMC @K @KRKEFGU F[DMHGU (GH[) .Ugck`m` \nccmirm k Bnk`krdmhh

CM \NGCKHENM @K IHKRG. U[ PRMPMDNKHPG KH KCUNUPKDM NHPKRMDKRNEMHG .......................................................Emrdkh Egrghkc Mnrmc`n

CM \NGCKHENM @K IHKRG ^ U[U NDZCNEMHENMU D@NEG-CKIMCKU. @KCNPGU UKV[MCKU ..................................................Zmbcg Ckdnr y Emrcgs \krm [r`mpnccktm

MCI[HGU MUZKEPGU @K CM \NGCKHENM EGHPRM CMUD[OKRKU M@[CPMU, M@GCKUEKHPKU HNMU ......................@gcgrks Emstkccmhg y Emrcgs \krm [r`mpnccktm

CM ZRGBCKDPNEM @K CM \NGCKHENM FMENM CM D[OKR@KU@K [HM ZKRUZKEPN\M ZUNEGUGENMC ................................Uncvmhm Bmrbm

ZGCPNEMU ZBCNEMU ZMRM CM KRRM@NEMENH @K CM

\NGCKHENM @GDUPNEM KH ZMRMI[M^ ...................................Mhicnem Rgm Rgdkrg

C[EFM@GRMU @K M^KR KH CM @NEPM@[RM. C[EFM@GRMU @KFG^ KH @KDGERMENM ..................................................................Rmqukc Mh`rkm \krm Umckrhg y Rgsm D. Zmcmu Miuncmr

229

2

59>

0:5


9/460

>

[H EGDZRGDNUG MU[DN@G EGDZMRPN@G

Egdg Dnhnstrg `k cm Egrtk Uuprkdm `k Oustnenm, fk `ken`n`g msksg-rmr mem`dnemdkhtk y mpgymr kc cnbrg\ngckhenm `k ihkrg. Zrgbckdmmhtniug Hukvgs mbgr`moks kh kc Zmrmiumy, egdpncmenh fkefm pgrRmqukc Mh`rkm \krm Umckrhg, ym quk eghsn`krg nh`nspkhsmbck quk kstkprgbckdm skm mbgr`m`g y tkhn`g kh eukhtm pgr cgs khemrim`gs k m`dnhns-trmr oustnenm, pmrm quk sus rksgcuenghks skmh mikhtks `k emdbng y rkpmrm-`grms `k cms `ksniumc`m`ks, `nserndnhmenghks k nhkqun`m`ks sgenmcks.

Kstk egdprgdnsg k cuefm eghtrm cm vngckhenm pgr rmzghks k ihkrg

ks msudn`g pgr kc Zg`kr Ou`nenmc y egdpmrtn`g egh grimhnzmenghks `k cmsgenk`m` envnc, m trmvs k eghvkhngs nhtkrnhstntuenghmcks, prgirmdms, tm-rkms eghouhtms, kte. Fgy, ouhtg egh kc Ekhtrg `k @geudkhtmenh y Kstu-`ngs (E@K), nhstntuenh eghgen`m pgr su cuefm m lmvgr k cgs `krkefgs fu-dmhgs y su `klkhsm m cgs irupgs ds vuchkrmbcks `k cm sgenk`m`, y dk-`nmhtk kc mpgyg m\ngckhenm `k ihkrg. Zrgbckdm mhtniug Hukvgsmbgr`moks kh kc Zmrmiumy, sk vk pcmsdm`g kstk egdprgdnsg.

Gtrg dgtnvg quk ndpucs kc mpgyg brnh`m`g m kstk dmtkrnmc ks cm

rkuhnh kc trmbmog k prglksnghmcks quk ks`k sus rkspketnvms kxpkrnkh-enms fmh khrnquken`g cm gbrm1 mciuhgs/ms egh uhm vmstm trmyketgrnm, y gtrgs/ms, quk egh su ouvkhtu` pkrg egh mctg hnvkc, sgh prgdksm y mikhtks `kcemdbng, busemh`g krrm`nemr cgs eghekptgs y kstkrkgtnpgs sgenmcks y euctu-rmcks, quk egcgemh m enkrtgs irupgs kh uh sntng `k nserndnhmenh, fmenh-`gcgs gboktg y suoktg `k vngckhenm.

Egdg Dnkdbrg `k cm Egrtk Uuprkdm `k Oustnenm, dminstrm`g, nhtk-irmhtk kc Zg`kr Ou`nenmc, ournstm y dnkdbrg k cm sgenk`m` pmrmiumym, fk

`ken`n`g uhnrdk mc kslukrzg k tg`ms kstms pkrsghms y m cm cuefm quk fmh


10/460

=:

nhnenm`g kh pgs `k cm krrm`nemenh `k cm vngckhenm pgr rmzghks `k ihkrg,puks cgs quk rkmcdkhtk qunkrkh fmekr mcig pgr emdbnmr kstm sntumenh, hgemccmh`g mhtk kstm rkmcn`m`, snkdprk kheukhtrmh cm dmhkrm `k fmekrcg.

Cgs `kds, mpkhms s kheukhtrmh kxeusms.

Zgr tg`g kstg, hg puk`g dkhgs quk lkcnentmr cm egcmbgrmenh `ksnhtk-rksm`m k tg`gs cgs quk pmrtnenpmrgh kh kstk prgeksg, ms egdg cm nhnenmtn-

vm y kslukrzg `k cm egdpncm`grm, quk kbkh rktrnbunrsk, y cm dkogr dmhkrm`k fmekrcg ks smemh`g prgvkefg m kstk vmcngsg dmtkrnmc, utncnzmh`g tmhtgkh cm skhsnbncnzmenh y empmentmenh `k gpkrm`grks y m`dnhnstrm`grks `k

oustnenm, ms egdg `k gtrgs mikhtks `k cm sgenk`m`.

Dniukc semr Bmome McbkrtnhnDnhnstrg Egrtk Uuprkdm k Oustnenm

Msuhenh, dmrzg k 2::>


11/460

==

[H CNBRG HKEKUMRNG

Kc Ekhtrg `k @geudkhtmenh y Kstu`ngs (E@K) eghsn`krm quk\ng-ckhenm `k ihkrg. Zrgbckdm mhtniug Hukvgs mbgr`moks kh kc Zm-rmiumy, cnbrg egdpncm`g pgr Mh`rkm \krm, ks uh ndpgrtmhtk mpgrtk pmrmcm vnikhenm `kc `krkefg m uhm vn`m cnbrk `k vngckhenm kh kc Zmrmiumy. Cgsprnhenpmcks dgtnvgs sgh eumtrg?

Cm msksgrm mem`dnem k uh dnhnstrg k cm Egrtk Uuprkdm k Oustn-enm, cm pmrtnenpmenh k cm @nrkeenh k @krkefgs Fudmhgs kc Zg`kr Ou`n-enmc y cm vgcuhtm` pgr pmrtk `k tmh ndpgrtmhtks nhstmhenms y pkrsghms `k

quk kc cnbrg snrvm pmrm cm lgrdmenh `k mikhtks `k oustnenm. Enkrtmdkhtk,kh cgs ctndgs mgs sk fmh `ksmrrgccm`g ndpgrtmhtks nhnenmtnvms kh kskskhtn`g egdg cms ndpckdkhtm`ms pgr Ecm`kd-Zmrmiumy, pgr kokdpcg, pkrgsnh ù`m mciuhm cms empmentmenghks y mpgrtks mem`dnegs sgcmdkhtk fmhegdkhzm`g m dgvkr vnkogs prkeghekptgs `nserndnhmtgrngs y kstkrkgtnpgsskxnstms rkprgùen`gs pgr snicgs kh kc dbntg our`neg kh ikhkrmc y `k cm

ou`nemturm kh kspkenmc.

Kc E@K fm mpgstm`g fnstrnemdkhtk m quk cgs emdbngs hkeksmrngs

pmrm cm vnikhenm `k cgs `krkefgs fudmhgs kh kc Zmrmiumy sgcmdkhtkskrh pgsnbcks dk`nmhtk uhm eghouhenh `k kslukrzgs khtrk grimhnzmeng-hks k cm sgenk`m` envnc y kc Kstm`g. Hg fm sn`g snkdprk pgsnbck hn lenc qukksk trmbmog eghouhtg cgs lrutgs kspkrm`gs. Cm pubcnemenh k\ngckhenm`k ihkrg. Zrgbckdm mhtniug Hukvgs mbgr`moks kh kc Zmrmiumyks uh kokdpcg k quk ksm eghlcukhenm ks lmetnbck y quk puk`k skr prgùetn-

vm.

Cm egdpncm`grm fm rkmcnzm`g uh kspkenmc kslukrzg pmrm rkegikr uh

mbmhneg k mbgr`moks hmenghmcks quk trmsenkh`k mdpcnmdkhtk cg our`neg,


12/460

=2

muhquk kc hlmsns sniuk snkh`g kc tkrrkhg `kc `krkefg. Kh ksk skhtn`g,khrnqukekh eghsn`krmbckdkhtk kc trmbmog cgs mpgrtks ks`k cm pkrspketnvmy cm kxpkrnkhenm d`nem, cm psnegsgenmc, cm `ndkhsnh `k cms pgctnems

pbcnems y cm `nlkrkhenmenh ktrkm. Pg`g kccg egh kc luh`mdkhtg `kcrksemtk k cm irmh vngckhenm pbcnem fmenm cms duokrks, ksmrrgccm`m pgr cmcmrim netm`urm quk pm`ken kc Zmrmiumy.

Kc E@K vnscudbrm cm kxnstkhenm k uhm ikhkrmenh k ovkhks ourns-tms lkdnhnstms, ertnems, ecmrms y rniurgsms mem`dnemdkhtk. Kh kstktrmbmog sk puk`k vnsumcnzmr kh cgs mrteucgs our`negs y sgbrk kc snstkdm

ou`nenmc y `k `krkefgs fudmhgs quk, ouhtg m mutgrms y mutgrks quk `ks`kfmek mgs vnkhkh mpgrtmh`g m cm rklckxnh mem`dnem y quk sgh uhm

imrmhtm `k emcn`m`, sk sudmh ovkhks mutgrms egh trmbmogs `k kxekckhtkhnvkc. ^ hg pg`kdgs dkhgs quk lkcnentmr m cm egdpncm`grm quk egheghvneenh y pmsnh cckv m`kcmhtk kstk kdprkh`ndnkhtg.

@ks`k kc E@K kskmdgs quk uh kslukrzg erkmtnvg y rkmcnzm`g pretn-emdkhtk snh dk`ngs keghdnegs, ` cgs rksuctm`gs kspkrm`gs pgr uhm eg-duhn`m` quk cuefm pmrm quk pg`mdgs vnvnr hukstrms vn`ms snh pm`kekrhnhiuhm lgrdm `k vngckhenm y pmrm quk eumh`g kstm suek`m, hg quk`kndpuhk.

Ekhtrg `k @geudkhtmenh y Kstu`ngs (E@K)Msuhenh, dmrzg k 2::>


13/460

=5

NHPRG@[EENH

@KU@K @NUPNHPMU ZPNEMU

Cms vngcmenghks `k `krkefgs fudmhgs suek`kh tmhtg m fgdbrks yduokrks, m hnms y hngs, ovkhks y mhenmhgs/ms, m pkrsghms bcmhems yhkirms1 snh kdbmrig, kh em`m uhg `k cgs sketgrks sgenmcks, cms duokrkssgh prgbmbckdkhtk cms quk ds fmh sulrn`g kstk tnpg `k vngcmenghks m cgcmrig `k cm fnstgrnm. @urmhtk snicgs y fmstm fgy, fmh sn`g vuchkrm`ms khsus `krkefgs luh`mdkhtmcks y `nserndnhm`ms lrkhtk m gtrgs irupgs sgenm-cks y kh su prgpng irupg sgenmc. Eumh`g cgs dgtnvgs k kstgs fkefgs sgh kcmrrmnim`g pmtrnmrem`g y cgs dmh`mtgs sgenmcks y eucturmcks `gdnhmhtks,

hgs kheghtrmdgs lrkhtk m uh tnpg `k vngckhenm quk sk fm `m`g kh ccmdmrvngckhenm pgr rmzghks `k ihkrg.

Cms `nserndnhmenghks sgh tmh egduhks quk m vkeks sk nhvnsnbncnzmh ycckimh m lgrdmr pmrtk k cm egtn`nmhn`m`. ksg ks cg irmvk, cm egdpcnen`m`,kc snckheng y cm nhmeenh lrkhtk m uh prgbckdm quk mcemhzm dmihntu`ksnhsgspkefm`ms. Cm `nserndnhmenh y cm vngckhenm lsnem, snegcinem, kegh-dnem, skxumc eghtrm cm duokr, quk geurrkh tmhtg kh kc dbntg pbcnegegdg kh kc prnvm`g, pgr kc sgcg fkefg `k skr duokr ks uhm rkmcn`m` tmh

mhtnium egdg kc duh`g, euym prkgeupmenh, geupmenh y sgcuenh sghrkenkhtks.

Cms prndkrms kh rkmeenghmr mhtk kstm rkmcn`m` lukrgh cms lkdnhnstms`kc snicg VNV, muhquk ym mhtks sk kheukhtrmh kokdpcgs nihgs k dkheng-hmr, egdg kc emsg `k Gcydpnm `k Iguiks. Uniunkh`g kc kokdpcg `k kccms,\ngckhenm k ihkrg. Zrgbckdm mhtniug Hukvgs mbgr`moks kh kc Zmrmiumynhtkhtm hg emccmr mhtk kstm rkmcn`m` m trmvs kc trmbmog, cm kxpkrnkhenm, y`ks`k kc cuimr y cm ptnem k em`m uhg y em`m uhm k cms y cgs prglksnghmcks

quk egcmbgrmrgh egh sus eghgendnkhtgs kh cm kcmbgrmenh `k kstk `geu-


14/460

=0

dkhtg. Mbgim`gs/ms, ournstms y dminstrm`gs/ms1 d`negs/ms, snecgigs/ms1y mqukccgs/ms quk trmbmomh kh pgctnems pbcnems, nhvkstnimenh y mrefnvgs.

Nhtkrhmenghmcdkhtk, rkenh fmek mcrk`k`gr k 5: mgs, cms grimhnzm-enghks lkdnhnstms y mdpcnms k duokrks egdkhzmrgh m ckvmhtmr cm prgbck-dtnem fmstm quk sk cgir cm eghsmirmenh k cm Eghvkhenh Nhtkrmdkrnem-hm pmrm prkvkhnr, smhenghmr y krrm`nemr cm vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr(Eghvkhenh Bkcd `g Zmr, =>>0). Ks ksk kc prndkr nhstrudkhtg `kc`krkefg nhtkrhmenghmc `k cgs `krkefgs fudmhgs, quk busem `mr uhmrkspukstm smtnslmetgrnm m kstm sntumenh. [hg m uhg cgs pmsks k cm rkinheghsmirmrgh ckyks sgbrk kstm prgbckdtnem y kc Unstkdm [hnvkrsmc erkuhm rkcmtgrm sgbrk vngckhenm fmenm cms duokrks.

Kh kc Zmrmiumy, egh cm rmtnlnemenh `k cm Eghvkhenh `k Bkcd `gZmr (=>>;) y egh cm prgducimenh kh kc mg 2::: `k cm Cky H =;2, rmtnlnem`m kh =>6>), cmeghsmirmenh k cgs `krkefgs pgctnegs k cms duokrks (=>9>, rmtnlnem`m kh =>6>2, quk eghsmir uh mrteu-cg kspkelneg sgbrk cm hg vngckhenm gdstnem (Mrteucg


15/460

=;

`k cms duokrks quk cm vnvkh, trm`uenkh`g cm rkmcn`m` kh pmcmbrms ykefmh`g pgr tnkrrm dntgs eghstrun`gs mcrk`k`gr k cm duokr mirk`n`m.

Dmrm Dkrek`ks Bughikrdnhn Zmcudbg rkmcnzm uh membm`g kstu`ng`k cm vngckhenm kstrueturmc y k su nhen`khenm k nhlcukhenm kh cms rkcmenghksfudmhms, dk`nmhtk uhm mprgxndmenh eghekptumc y hgrdmtnvm, ykhdmreh`gcms kh cm pubcnen`m` y cms rkcmenghks k eghsudg1 eghsn`krm cm`kirm`menh `k cm duokr m trmvs `k kccms, cms cndntmenghks ckimcks y kceudpcndnkhtg -g nheudpcndnkhtg- `k kstms. Kh Gbsteucgs prkvngs mcrkecmdg ou`nenmc quk mlketmh m cm duokr vetndm k vngckhenm, Dyrhm Mrrm`k Ugsm `ksirmhm cm egdpcnem`m trmdm `kc prgeksg pgr kc eumc pmsmh cmspkrsghms vngckhtm`ms y tg`ms cms nlneuctm`ks quk mtrmvnksmh pmrm meek`kr

mc mpmrmtg ou`nenmc kh busem `k prgtkeenh y rkspukstm `k cm oustnenm. Meghtnhumenh, Uncvnm Cpkz Umln prgluh`nzm cm vngckhenm gdstnem, cm CkyH =


16/460

=


18/460


19/460

=>

\NGCKHENM @K IHKRGHgenghks ikhkrmcks y mvmheks our`negs

Rmqukc Mh`rkm \krm Umckrhg

Eghekptg y ktndgcgim

\ngckhenm ks, skih cgs `neenghmrngs `k ckhium kspmgcm egh-suctm`gs, kc mbusg `k cm lukrzm. Gbcnimr, lgrzmr. Lukrzm quk sk

kdpckm eghtrm kc `krkefg g cm cky=. Ks cm emcn`m` `k vngckhtg. ^ cgvngckhtg kst `klnhn`g egdg cg quk kst lukrm `k su hmturmc kstm-`g, sntumenh g dg`g, cg quk uhg fmek eghtrm su iustg, cg kokeutm-`g eghtrm kc dg`g hmturmc g lukrm `k rmzh y oustnenm. \ngckhtmrks mpcnemr dk`ngs vngckhtgs m egsms g pkrsghms pmrm vkhekr surksnstkhenm2.

= Imrem Zkcmyg y Irgss, Rmdh.Zkqukg Cmrgussk ncustrm`g. K`. Cmrgussk. Zmrs.Ndprksg kh Bukhgs Mnrks, =>69, p. =::.


20/460

2:

Ukih kc @neenghmrng `k Cm Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm,vnisndgskiuh`m k`nenh, cm pmcmbrm vngckhenm `krnvm `kc cmthvngckhtnm5.

Zgr su pmrtk, kc vgembcg ihkrg prgvnkhk `kc cmth ikhus,ikhkrns y snihnlnem, skih cgs `neenghmrngs `kc dnsdg n`ngdm, kceghouhtg `k skrks quk tnkhkh skdkomhzms eghstmhtks k ndpgrtmh-tks. Mciuhgs nhecusnvk sk rklnkrkh m cg dmseucnhg y cg lkdkhnhg,pkrg egh uh skhtn`g ds bnkh irmdmtnemc0.

Cms mekpenghks kheghtrm`ms kh cgs `neenghmrngs `k cm ckhium

kspmgcm hg kxpcnemh kc vkr`m`krg mcemhek `kc vgembcg ihkrg,puks egdg cg mskvkrm cm Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm, kc dnsdg `kbkskr utncnzm`g egdg ecmsk g tnpg, pgr uh cm`g, y egh uh skhtn`girmdmtnemc (ihkrg pmrm cms pmcmbrms y skxg pmrm cgs skrks vn-vgs), pgr kc gtrg, sgstkhnkh`g m`kds quk ks krrhkm ksm trm`ue-

\ngckhenm? l. Emcn`m` `k vngckhtg. -Meenh y klketg `k vngckhtmr g vngckhtmrsk. -Meenh vngckhtm g eghtrm kc hmturmc dg`g `k prgek`kr.- lni. Meenh k vngcmr m uhmpkrsghm.Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm. @neenghmrng k cm ckhium kspmgcm, vnisndm k`nenh. P.NN. K`. Kspmsm. Dm`rn`, =>60.\ngckhenm. (@kc cmt. vngckhtnm).l. Emcn`m` `k vngckhtg. || 2. Meenh y klketg `kvngckhtmr g vngckhtmrsk. || 5.lni. Meenh vngckhtm g eghtrm kc hmturmc dg`g `kprgek`kr. || 0. lni. Meenh k vngcmr m uhm duokr.\ngckhtmr? tr. Mpcnemr dk`ngs vngckhtgs m egsms g pkrsghms pmrm vkhekr su rksnstkh-enm. -lni. @mr nhtkrprktmenh g skhtn`g vngckhtg m cg nefg g kserntg. -lni. Khtrmr khuhm emsm u gtrm eghtrm cm vgcuhtm` k su ukg. -prhc. lni. \khekr uhg su rkpui-

hmhenm m fmekr mciuhm egsm.\ngckhtg/m? m`o. ]uk kst lukrm `k su hmturmc kstm`g, sntumenh g dg`g. -]uk gbrmegh dpktu y lukrzm. -@e. k cg quk fmek uhg eghtrm su iustg, pgr enkrtms eghsn`k-rmenghks. -Mpcquksk mc ikhng ndpktugsg y quk sk kom cckvmr lencdkhtk k cm nrm. -lni. Lmcsg, tgren`g, lukrm k cg hmturmc. -lni. ]uk sk kokeutm eghtrm kc dg`g rkiucmrg lukrm k rmzh y oustnenm.

5 Zi. Ykb k cm Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm? fttp?//www.rmk.ks/ (dmrzg, 2::6).0 Imrem Zkcmyg y Irgss, Rmdh1 Gp. ent., p. ;::.

Ihkrg? d. (cmt. Ikhus, ikhkrns). Egckeenh k skrks quk tnkhkh khtrk s mhmcgimsndpgrtmhtks y eghstmhtks?kc ihkrg fudmhg||Ecmsk, dmhkrm?ihkrg `k vn`m.||Irmd. Lgrdm quk rkenbkh cms pmcmbrms pmrm nh`nemr kc skxg?kc ihkrg dmseu-

cnhg.||

RM][KCMH@RKM\KRMUMCKRHG


21/460

2=

enh `kc nhics egdg snhhndg `k skxg, pgr hg egrrkspgh`kr m cmtrm`nenh eucturmc kspmgcm;.

Un bnkh ks enkrtm cm lmctm `k trm`nenh kh cm utncnzmenh `k cgsvgembcgs skxg y ihkrg egdg snhhndgs kh kspmgc, kh kc dmreg`k hukstrg tkdm ekhtrmc y m cgs klketgs `k uhm dkogr egdprkh-snh `kc mcemhek y mpcnemenh `k kstk ctndg kh cgs kstu`ngs me-tumcks y kh cgs nhstrudkhtgs nhtkrhmenghmcks, ks eghvkhnkhtkdkhenghmr cm `klnhnenh `kc Kstmtutg `k Rgdm k dmyg k 2::0, egh dgtnvg kc kstu`ng kcZrgyketg k Cky Nhtkirmc eghtrmcm vngckhenm `k ihkrgpgr kc igbnkrhg kspmgc (mprgbm`g kh cm sksnh pckhmrnmmem`dnem kc =5 k dmyg k 2::0)1 Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm1 pi. wkb ent. (mbrnc,2::6).

< Kstmtutg `k Rgdmquk kstmbckek cm Egrtk Zkhmc Nhtkrhmenghmc, m`gptm`g kh cm

Enu`m` k Rgdm kc =9 k oucng k =>>6. (M/Eghl. =65/>).

\NGCKHENM@KIHKRG. HGENGHKUIKHKRMCKU^M\MHEKUO[R@NEGU


22/460

22

sk mirupmh tg`gs cgs mspketgs psnegcinegs, sgenmcks y eucturmcks`k lkdnhn`m`/dmseucnhn`m`. Zgr cg tmhtg, cm meenh `k cm sgenk-`m` ks `klnhntnvm pmrm su mprkh`nzmok y `ksmrrgccg9.

Unh kdbmrig, cgs dmh`mtgs `k ihkrg kh cms `nstnhtms euctu-rms y sgenk`m`ks hg sgh cgs dnsdgs, ms egdg tmdpgeg egnhen`khkh pgems fnstrnems `nvkrsms hn nhecusg kh cgs `nlkrkhtks kstrm-tgs g ecmsks `khtrg `k uhm dnsdm sgenk`m` y kh kc dnsdg dg-dkhtg. \mrmh duefms vkeks `kc emdpg m cm enu`m`. ^ duefgds hgtgrnm sk fmek kstm mlnrdmenh, sn sk rkmcnzm uhm egdpmrm-enh g eghtrmpgsnenh Grnkhtk-Geen`khtk. Kh kc duh`g geen`kh-

tmc, ym fmek uhgs mgs mtrs, y kh kc grnkhtmc ds rkenkhtkdkhtk,cgs dgvndnkhtgs - y fmstm sn sk qunkrk rkvgcuenghks - lkdnhnstmshmekh oustmdkhtk egh cm rupturm `k cms duokrks egh cgs dmh`m-tgs `k ihkrg trm`nenghmcks g ecsnegs.

[h ecmrg kokdpcg `k cg `nefg chkms mrrnbm sgh cms nhvkstnim-enghks `k cm mhtrgpcgim Dmrimrkt Dkm` (=>:=-=>96), qunkh rkm-cnz kstu`ngs nh sntu kh vmrnms eucturms y sgenk`m`ks prndntnvms

`kc Zmelneg y pgstkrngrdkhtk kh cm sgenk`m` hgrtkmdkrnemhm-prnhenpmcdkhtk- egdpmrh`gcm egh gtrms, pubcnemh`g cukig suslmdgsms gbrms Egdnhi gl mik nh Umdgm (=>26), Irgwnhi up nhHkw Iunhkm (=>5:), Ukx mh` Pkdpkrmdkht nh tfrkk prndntnvkssgenktnks(=>5;),Dmck mh` Lkdmck (=>26), euym trm`ueenh cntkrmc ks Fmenh-

`gsk m`uctg kh Umdgm1 Erkenkh`g kh Hukvm Iunhkm (=>5:)1 Ukxg y tkdpkrmdkhtg

kh trks sgenk`m`ks prndntnvms (=>5;)1 y Fgdbrk y Duokr (=>


23/460

25

egdpgrtmdnkhtgs `k vmrghks y duokrks, puks sn bnkh ks uh lmetgrnhlcuykhtk y prkpgh`krmhtk kh kccgs, tmdbnh `kbk skr tkhn`m kheukhtm -`k dmhkrm prndgr`nmc- cm irmh eugtm `k nhlcukhenm quk

kh kccgs tnkhkh cm sgenk`m` y cm eucturm.

Ukih sus kstu`ngs y kxpkrnkhenms kh cm zghm `k Hukvm Iun-hkm, cgs fmbntmhtks `k Mrmpksf (fgdbrks y duokrks) krmh fmbn-tumcdkhtk pmelnegs, cgs `k Duh`uiudgr (`k mdbgs skxgs) krmhikhkrmcdkhtk iukrrkrgs y bkcnegsgs, y pmrm cgs Pefmdbucn cgsrgcks geen`khtmcnzm`gs `k vmrghks y duokrks kstmbmh nhvkrtn`gs,puks krmh kccms pretnems y trmbmom`grms y kccgs vmhn`gsgs y duy

mrrkicm`gs, utncnzmh`g tg`g su tnkdpg pmrm kccg, rgdpnkh`g msegh cgs pmrdktrgs kurgpkgs y mdkrnemhgs -y tg`g cg geen`khtmc-`k prnhenpngs `kc snicg VV. Egdg cg skmcm uh mcudhg `k Dkm`?kstk cnbrg `geudkhtmbm cm vmrnmenh kh cgs rmsigs `k cm pkrsg-hmcn`m` dmseucnhm y lkdkhnhm y sus rkspketnvgs egdpgrtmdnkh-tgs m trmvs `k cms eucturms>.

Kh kc dnsdg skhtn`g sk puk`k entmr m Dmcnhgwsay kh su gbrm

Ukxg y rkprksnh kh cm sgenk`m` prndntnvm=:

(=>29),qunkh sgstnk-hk, cukig `k sus nhvkstnimenghks kh cm Dkcmhksnm, quk cgsPrgbrnmh` tnkhkh uhm sgenk`m` dmtrncnhkmc, mc eghtrmrng `k cmeucturm geen`khtmc. @k niumc dmhkrm, Rutf Bkhk`net, kh Zmttkrhsgl eucturk==(Zmtrghks `k eucturm g kc Fgdbrk y cm eucturm, =>50),eghecuyk sus kstu`ngs sgbrk cgs pukbcgs prndntnvgs hgrtkmdkrn-emhgs mlnrdmh`g quk cms grimhnzmenghks sgenmcks `k cgs _un, cgs@gbu y cgs Awmanutc sk bmsmh tmdbnh kh cm dmtrncnhkmcn`m`, cgquk rgdpk -mc niumc quk cgs trgbnmh`ksks `k Dmcnhgwsay y cgsPefmdbucn `k Dkm`- egh cgs pmtrghks geen`khtmcks, ndpukstgskh tg`m Mdrnem cukig `k cm egcghnzmenh, sniunkh`g kc dg`kcgkurgpkg.

> Agttma, Eghrm` Zfnccnp.Mhtrgpgcgim. [hm kxpcgrmenh k cm nvkrsn`m` fudmhm.K`. DeIrmw-Fncc. Dm`rn`, =>>9.

=: Entm`g pgr Mpu , Nsdmkc khEucturm, pkrsghmcn`m` y psnegmhcnsns. Ugbrk kc kbm-tk khtrk cm mhtrgpgcgim y kc psnegmhcnsns m cm cuz `k cgs `mtgs kthgirlnegs, pi.wkb? fttp?//www.kspmengcmtnhg.egd (dmyg, 2::6).

== Entm`g pgr Mpu`, Nsdmkc.Gp.ent.



24/460

20

Cgs trks mutgrks busemh cckimr m uh `ktkrdnhnsdg eucturmc-`nseutn`g pgstkrngrdkhtk egh uh kxtrkdnsdg rkcmtnvnstm y cck-imh`g metumcdkhtk m uh puhtg dk`ng khtrk mdbgs, quk sk egd-

pmrtk kh kstk mrteucg-, `k euyms eghecusnghks sk pg`rm nhlkrnrfgy quk kc ihkrg ks cm eghstrueenh sgengeucturmc y kc mprkh`n-zmok `k cm `nstnhenh quk `k mdbgs skxgs sk fmek kh uh dgdkhtgy cuimr `ktkrdnhm`gs. M kstg sk puk`k mirkimr cg sgstkhn`g pgrUndghk `k Bkmuvgnr, hgvkcnstm lrmheksm, lncsglm kxnstkhenmcnstmy lkdnhnstm, kh su cnbrgCk @kuxndk Ukxk (Kc Ukiuh`g Ukxg, =>0>),Hg sk hmek duokr, sk cckim m skrcg=2.

Unh kdbmrig, cgs ctndgs kstu`ngs enkhtlnegs `ksemrtmh uhmkxecusnvm eghstrueenh sgenmc y eucturmc `k cgs ihkrgs skxumcks ysus rgcks, suinrnkh`g nhecusg quk cm eucturm tnkhk bmsks bngcinemsy lnsngcinems mhtks quk dkrmdkhtk mrbntrmrnms=5. Gtrm mlnrdm-enh `k kstm nhlcukhenm bngcinem -y hg kxecusnvmdkhtk eucturmc-kh kc egdpgrtmdnkhtg `k vmrghks y duokrks ks cg `nefg pgr FuigCnmg=0, Oklk `kc Ukrvneng `k Hkurgcgim `k cm Echnem Zukrtm `kFnkrrg `k Dm`rn`, kh su cnbrg Ekrkbrg `k fgdbrk, ekrkbrg `k

duokr? Kc dg`g kh quk kc ekrkbrg dmseucnhg kst grimhnzm`gcg fmek ds empmz kh cms pkrekpenghks kspmenmcks, pgr ksg sk lm`k su skhtn`g `k grnkhtmenh k nhtkhtm kheghtrmr su `kstnhg snhmyu`mKc dg`g kh quk kc ekrkbrg lkdkhnhg kst grimhnzm`g fmekm cm duokr ds empmz kh rkms vkrbmcks, cg eumc ck cckvm m nhtkh-tmr rksgcvkr kc prgbckdm pgr dk`ng `k cm pmcmbrm.... Eghtnhmcukig mskvkrmh`g? kc nhlcuog `k cm tkstgstkrghm, eumh`g kc lktgkst lgrdh`gsk kh kc tkrg dmtkrhg, fmek duefg ds quk kstm-bckekr cms emrmetkrstnems skxumcks kxtkrhms. Kh egherktg, cm

tkstgstkrghm pgtkhenm uh ekrkbrg dmseucnhg y cm muskhenm `ktkstgstkrghm cg lkdnhnzm. Uk puk`k mm`nr cg sgstkhn`g kh kcmrteucgEkrkbrgs `nstnhtgs7 `k cm RkvnstmKc Duh`g, `kc sniunkhtk

=2 Entm`m khKstu`ngs `k ihkrg. Ynanpk`nm, cm khenecgpk`nm cnbrk, pi. wkb? fttp?//www.wnanpk`nm.gri/ (dmyg, 2::6).

=5 Kstu`ngs `k ihkrg. Ynanpk`nm, cm khenecgpk`nm cnbrk, pi. wkb ent. (dmyg, 2::6).=0 Entm`g khKstu`ngs `k ihkrg. Ynanpk`nm, khenecgpk`nm cnbrk, pi. wkb ent. (dmyg,

2::6) y khEkrkbrgs `nstnhtgs7. Kc Duh`g. Dmimznhk. Kc pg`kr `k cms duokrks,pi. wkb? fttp?//www.kcduh`g.ks (dmyg, 2::6).



25/460

2;

dg`g?^ ks quk -kh eghtrm `k cg quk prk`nembm nhsnstkhtkdkhtkkc lkdnhnsdg kh cgs mgs


26/460

29.Efvkz Rgoms, Ikrdh.Kstm`gs nhtkrskxumcks, mrteucg pubcnem`g kh Kckdkhtgs`k Inhkegcgim y Gbstktrnenm, P. NN. K`. Msgenmenh `k D`negs `kc Fgspntmc `k

Inhkeg Gbstktrnenm H 5. Dxneg, =>9


27/460

29

prkh`kh `k kstk kc skxg kùemenghmc (metntu`ks g pmrdktrgs`khtrg `k cgs snstkdms `k kùemenh g nhecusnvk `k cm prndkrmktmpm `k cm dnsdm kh cm emsm. Zmrm gtrgs tmdbnh cms emrrkrms g

metnvn`m`ks `kstnhm`ms m cgs fgdbrks sgh `nlkrkhtks m cms `kstn-hm`ms m duokrks). Gtrgs mirkimh nhecusnvk kc skxg ckimc g m`dn-hnstrmtnvg (egdg uhm pkrsghm ks mhgtm`m kh kc rkinstrg envnc, khkc metm `k hmendnkhtg)=6.

Pmdbnh ks ndpgrtmhtk rklkrnrsk mc mriudkhtg -sn sk qunkrkeghtrmrng- quk `khgtm cm `nlkrkhenm quk pmrm duefgs mutgrks fmykhtrk skxg y ihkrg1 puks, egdg kccgs skmcmh, m dkhu`g krr-

hkmdkhtk sk cgs eghluh`k y sk cgs utncnzm egdg snhhndgs.Dghskrrmt Egdms `Mrikdnr n Ekh`rm y Ogmh O. ]ukrmct n Ond-hkz, entm`gs pgr cm Emtk`rtnem `k @krkefg Zkhmc `k cm [hnvkrsn-`m` `k Irmhm`m, Dmrm Cunsm Dmquk`m Mbrku=>, sgstnkhkh qukm `nlkrkhenm `kc trdnhg skxg, quk sk rklnkrk hnemdkhtk m cms`nlkrkhenms bngcinems khtrk fgdbrk y duokr, kc vgembcg ihkrgsnrvk `k bmsk pmrm dgstrmr quk cms `ksniumc`m`ks khtrk mdbgsskxgs sk fmh eghstrun`g fnstrnemdkhtk egdg eghskeukhenm `k cmkstrueturm lmdncnmr-pmtrnmremc y hg egdg lrutg `k cm hmturmckzm

bngcinem `k cgs skxgs.

Unh kdbmrig, kc Nhlgrdk `k cm Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm sg-brk cm kxprksnh \ngckhenm `k Ihkrg`kc => `k dmyg `k 2::0,

=6 Lukhtks k cm eghlgrdmenh kc skxg?Hmvmrrg, Lkrhmh`g M. Dnhn`neenghmrng ertneg k u`ms. Prmùeenh y Pkrdnhgcg-im. ZmhmekJ, \gc. \, h =9.Efvkz Rgoms, Ikrdh.Kstm`gs nhtkrskxumcks, mrteucg pubcnem`g kh Kckdkhtgs`k Inhkegcgim y Gbstktrnenm, P. NN. K`. Msgenmenh `k D`negs `kc Fgspntmc `kInhkeg Gbstktrnenm H 5. Dxneg, =>9 Dmquk`m Mbrku, Dmrm Cunsm.Cm \ngckhenm `k ihkrg. Khtrk kc eghekptg our`negy cm rkmcn`m` sgenmc, mrteucg pubcnem`g kh cm Rkvnstm Kcketrhnem k Enkhenm Zkhmc

y Erndnhgcgim, hd. :6-:2. Kspmm, 2::


28/460

26

prkpmrm`g egh dgtnvg `kc kstu`ng `kc Zrgyketg `k Cky Nhtkirmceghtrm cm vngckhenm `k ihkrgpgr kc igbnkrhg kspmgc y mprgbm`gkh cm sksnh pckhmrnm mem`dnem `kc =5 `k dmyg `k 2::0, skmcm?

Ks duy ndpgrtmhtk, m`kds, tkhkr kh eukhtm quk kh cm trm`n-enh eucturmc kspmgcm cm pmcmbrm skxg hg rkùek su skhtn`g mcmspketg dkrmdkhtk bngcineg. Bmstm pkhsmr mc prgpsntg cg qukkh ksm chkm fm snihnlnem`g cm gpgsnenh `k cms kxprksnghks skxglukrtk/skxg `bnc, euyg eghekptg kst, pgr enkrtg, `kbmog `k bukhmpmrtk `k cms metumenghks vngckhtms2:.

Kh kstk mrteucg hg sk egdpmrtk, kdpkrg, cm tmomhtk `nlkrkh-

enmenh khtrk skxg y ihkrg, puks kh emstkccmhg cm pmcmbrm skxghg sgcg eghhgtm mspketgs bngcinegs y grihnegs, snhg vm ds mcc`k kccgs. Hg gbstmhtk, tmdpgeg sk mekptm cm hkimenh mbsgcutm `kcm utncnzmenh `kc trdnhg ihkrg, puks, pmrtnkh`g `k ksm trmùe-enh `kc nhics `k ikh`kr y `k cm utncnzmenh `kc vgembcg kh skh-`gs nhstrudkhtgs nhtkrhmenghmcks, ks sudmdkhtk hkeksmrng kh-tkh`kr cm ndpcnemhenm quk kstk tnkhk fgy. M`kds, sk m`fnkrk mcm tksns quk sgstnkhk quk kc skxg hg sgcg ndpcnem `nlkrkhenms kh-

trk fgdbrks y duokrks, snhg tmdbnh `kbkh skr tkhn`ms kh eukh-tm cms `kds vmrnmhtks dkhenghm`ms ds mrrnbm.

Mfgrm bnkh, cm kxprksnh vngckhenm `k ihkrg2= kdpkz m tk-hkr uh muik dmygr kh cm èm`m `kc >:. Ms, kh =>>= sk rkuhn kcirupg `k kxpkrtgs sgbrk vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr `k cm Grimhn-zmenh `k cms Hmenghks [hn`ms22, eghecuykh`g quk kh cgs nhstru-

2: Nhlgrdk k cm Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm sgbrk cm kxprksnh \ngckhenm k Ihkrg,`kc => k dmyg k 2::0, egh dgtnvg kc kstu`ng kcZrgyketg k Cky Nhtkirmc eghtrmcm vngckhenm `k ihkrgpgr kc igbnkrhg kspmgc (mprgbm`g kh cm sksnh pckhmrnmmem`dnem kc =5 k dmyg k 2::0). Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm, pi. wkb ent. (mbrnc,2::6).

2= Lukhtk kc grnikh k cm kxprksnh vngckhenm k ihkrg? Ynanpk`nm, cm khenecgpk`nmcnbrk, pi. wkb ent. (dmrzg, 2::6) k Nhlgrdk k cm Rkmc Mem`kdnm Kspmgcm sgbrk cmkxprksnh \ngckhenm `k Ihkrg, kc => k dmyg k 2::0, egh dgtnvg kc kstu`ng`kcZrgyketg `k Cky Nhtkirmc eghtrm cm vngckhenm `k ihkrgpgr kc igbnkrhg kspmgc(mprgbm`g kh cm sksnh pckhmrnm mem`dnem kc =5 k dmyg k 2::0), pi. wkb ent.(mbrnc, 2::6).

22 @k mfgrm kh ds GH[ g sndpckdkhtk Hmenghks [hn`ms.



29/460

2>

dkhtgs nhtkrhmenghmcks quk sk fmccmbmh kh vnikhenm hg sk `kln-hm hn sk eghsn`krmbm mprgpnm`mdkhtk cm vngckhenm pgr rmzghks`k ihkrg, eghstntuykh`g kstm uh `kcntg. M pmrtnr `k =>>5 prn-

dgr`nmcdkhtk, egdkhz m tkhkr dmygr rkpkreusnh, pgr cm utncn-zmenh quk sk ck `ng kh `geudkhtgs `k cm dkhenghm`m grimhnzm-enh, y ks prnhenpmcdkhtk kh cm N\ Eghlkrkhenm Duh`nmc sgbrk cmDuokr(Bknonhi, =>>;), muspnenm`m pgr cms Hmenghks [hn`ms, eumh-`g sk `nluh`n y ikhkrmcnz cm dnsdm kh vnrtu` `k su mpcnemenhkh kccm. Kstm prgvnkhk `k cm trmùeenh `kc nhics `kikh`kr bmsk`vngckhek g ikh`kr vngckhek, y sk rklnkrk m tg`g tnpg `k vngckhenm-lsnem, skxumc, keghdnem, snegcinem, kte.- kokren`m sgbrk cms du-

okrks pgr su sntumenh `k sgdktndnkhtg mc vmrh kh cms sgenk`m-`ks pmtrnmremcks. Gtrgs sk vmh ds ckogs y skmcmh quk kc vgembcgikh`krkrm usm`g mc prnhenpng egdg snhhndg `k skxg pgr cgs pu-rntmhgs pmrm kvntmr `kenr snqunkrm kstk ctndg g pgr cm dgonimtk-rm purntmhm, egdg tmdbnh mùekh25. Muhquk cg ds eghgen`gks cm utncnzmenh pgr pmrtk `k Rgbkrt Utgcckr, psnegmhmcnstm y sk-iun`gr `k Lrku`, rklnrnh`gsk egh kstk mc skxg dkhtmc g m cmsemrmetkrstnems skxumcks dkhtmcks, `nlkrkhenh`gcg ms `kc skxg

lsneg. Kstg luk lrutg `k sus kstu`ngs egh fgdgskxumcks quk euc-dnh egh su cnbrg Ukxg y Ihkrg (=>;=, fmenkh`g mcusnh mc egdpghkhtk eucturmc -nhlcun`g pgr cmkùemenh y kc mprkh`nzmok- kh cm lgrdmenh k cm n`khtn`m` skxumc

25 Lukhtk kc usg kc trdnhgikh`kr kh vkz k skx pgr cgs purntmhgs?\ngckhenm sgbrk cm duokr. Pkrdnhgcgim. Ynanpk`nm, cm khenecgpk`nm cnbrk, pi. wkbent., euym lukhtk prndmrnm ks Gxlgr` Khicnsf @netnghmry (GK@)1 ihkrg, mekpenh5 (dmrzg, 2::6).Hmvmrrg, Lkrhmh`g M.Dnhn`neenghmrng ertneg `k ù`ms. Prmùeenh y Pkrdnhg-cgim. ZmhmekJ, \gc. \, h =


30/460

5:

-y rklutmh`g kc `ktkrdnhnsdg bngcineg egdg pmrtnenpmhtk kh kccm-muhquk rkeghgekh kc prndkr nhtkhtg `k eghekptumcnzmenh pgrUtgcckr2;. Kh cgs mgs


31/460

5=

nhikhun`m` g cnikrkzm `k cm vetndm1 cm prgstntuenh lgrzm`m1 cmtrmtm `k pkrsghms1 kc mbusg g mprgvkefmdnkhtg `k cm sntumenh `k`ksvkhtmom g cm nckimcn`m` `k cms duokrks dnirmhtks1 cm vngckhenm

prnhenpmcdkhtk eghtrm cm pmrkom kh kc dbntg `gdstneg g nhtrm-lmdncnmr1 y tg`m gtrm lgrdm `k mirksnh y `nserndnhmenh kh kcdbntg pbcneg egdg kh kc prnvm`g y quk tkhim egdg emusm cms`ksniumc`m`ks `k ihkrg.

Ks smbn`g quk tmhtg fgdbrks egdg duokrks puk`kh skr, y `kfkefg sgh, vetndms `k vngcmenghks `k `krkefgs fudmhgs, pkrg cgquk hgs pkrdntk n`khtnlnemr cm vngckhenm `k ihkrg ks quk fmy uh

lmetgr `k `kbncn`m` g vuchkrmbncn`m`, kc prk`gdnhng g fkikdghm`k uhg `k kccgs y cm eghsniunkhtk subgr`nhmenh `kc ds `bnc.Kstg sk `kbk m enreuhstmhenms sgengeucturmcks quk sk `nkrgh y sk`mh m trmvs `k cm fnstgrnm y quk nhecusnvk sk vmh pkrpktumh`g ymlnmhzmh`g m cg cmrig `k kccm. Uk dmtkrnmcnzm kstm rkmcn`m` pgr cmsmsndktrms y `ksniumc`m`ks kh cms rkcmenghks khtrk uhgs y gtrmskh uhm sgenk`m`, prnhenpmcdkhtk kh tgrhg mc pg`kr kh cgs `nstnh-tgs dbntgs. Kh kstk gr`kh `k n`kms, ks dkhkstkr rkemcemr cg mlnr-

dm`g `khtrg `kc Zrgirmdm Ihkrg, duokr y `ksmrrgccg `k cmGrimhnzmenh Zmhmdkrnemhm `k cm Umcu`29 quk mskvkrm? Cm vng-ckhenm `k ihkrg ks cm quk sk prg`uek egdg eghskeukhenm `k cms`ksniumc`m`ks khtrk cgs ihkrgs, ikhkrmcdkhtk pgr pmrtk `kc fgd-brk fmenm cm duokr, pkrg nhecusg puk`k `mrsk kh kc skhtn`g nhvkr-sg26. Uk puk`k mirkimr tmdbnh cm Rksgcuenh `kc ZmrcmdkhtgKurgpkg sgbrk tgckrmhenm ekrg mhtk cm vngckhenm eghtrm cms duok-rks, `kc =< `k sktnkdbrk `k =>>9, vnheuch`gcm mc `kskquncnbrngkh cms rkcmenghks `k pg`kr khtrk cgs skxgs kh cgs dbntgs sgenmc,keghdneg, rkcningsg g pgctneg...2>.

29 @k mfgrm kh ds G.Z.U.26 Fgoms Nhlgrdmtnvms `k IkhUmcu`, Zrgirmdm Ihkrg, duokr y `ksmrrgccg `k cm

Grimhnzmenh Zmhmdkrnemhm `k cm Umcu` (G.Z.U.) rkprg`uen`ms kh Cmtnh smcu`,pi. wkb ent. (dmrzg, 2::6).

2> M0 - :2;:/=>>9 (Zghkhtk Krnassgh), entm`m pgr Dmquk`m Mbrku, Dmrm Cunsm. Gp.

ent.,p. 5.



32/460

52

Duefms vkeks ks msgenm`m cm vngckhenm `k ihkrg egh mqukccmquk sk `m eghtrm cms duokrks kxecusnvmdkhtk y kxecuykh`g mbsg-cutmdkhtk m cms gtrms vetndms `k kccm. Kstg sk `kbk m quk kh

hukstrms sgenk`m`ks fm pkr`urm`g cm `ksvmcgrnzmenh y `kirm`m-enh `k cg lkdkhnhg y su sgdktndnkhtg m cg dmseucnhg, ms egdg mcm tmh mrrmnim`m eucturm pmtrnmremc quk eghsn`krm m tg`g pg`krgg `gdnhng pkrtkhkenkhtk ikhrnemdkhtk m cgs fgdbrks. Ms, pmrmmciuhgs ks uh dkemhnsdg sgenmc pmrm rklgrzmr y pkrpktumr kstmfkikdghm y su eghsniunkhtk subgr`nhmenh. M kstg fmy quk mirk-imr cgs rgcks quk cm sgenk`m` y cm eucturm msnihmh m uhgs y gtrms,quk sgh mprkfkh`n`gs `ks`k cgs prndkrgs mgs `k `ksmrrgccg `k

uhm pkrsghm, ym kh cm lmdncnm y kh cm kseukcm, pmrm cukig nr mlnmh-zh`gsk kh gtrgs dbntgs `k rkcmenghmdnkhtg. Nhecusg kxnstkhprgirmdms tkckvnsnvgs, prgpmimh`ms y duefgs gtrgs lmetgrks `knhlcukhenm kh cm vn`m `k cms pkrsghms quk mskvkrmh kstgs pmtrg-hks sgengeucturmcks. Cg quk s ks enkrtg y `kbk skr tkhn`g kh eukh-tm, ks cm kxnstkhenm `k kstu`ngs quk mlnrdmh quk tg`m mirksnh glgrdm `k vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr tnkhk mcih lmetgr quk cm n`kh-tnlnem egh cm quk sk `m pgr dgtnvmenghks `k ihkrg. Kh kccgs sk

mlnrdm quk cm pkrtkhkhenm mc skxg lkdkhnhg ks cm enreuhstmhenm`k `kbncn`m` y cg quk cm fmek vuchkrmbck, y ks mqu `gh`k rm`nemcm `nlkrkhenm egh gtrms. Zgr gtrg cm`g, m pksmr `k cm nhkxnstkhenm`k `mtgs kstm`stnegs icgbmcks g snstkdmtnzm`gs, cms nhvkstnimeng-hks `kdukstrmh quk cm dmygrm `k cms vetndms `k kstm lgrdm `kvngckhenm sgh duokrks. Hg gbstmhtk, cgs fgdbrks tmdbnh puk-`kh skr gboktg `k kstk tnpg vngckhenm, m pksmr `k skr duy ksemsmcm emsustnem kxnstkhtk. Fgy sk smbk, egdg sk fm skmc`g ds mrrn-bm, quk kxnstkh gtrms vetndms `k vngckhenm `k ihkrg, egdg cgsfgdgskxumcks, trmhskxumcks, dktmskxumcks, mskxumcks, khtrkgtrgs, puks cms emusms quk dgtnvmh cms mirksnghks fmenm kccgs rks-pgh`kh - cm dmygrm `k cms vkeks - m rmzghks `k kstk tnpg.

Uk puk`k mirkimr kh kstk skhtn`g cg sgstkhn`g pgr HnkvksRneg, nhtkirmhtk `k cm [hn`m` Duokr y @ksmrrgccg `k cm EKZMC5:?Uk khtnkh`k pgr vngckhenm `k ihkrg kc kokreneng `k cm vngckhenm

5: Eghskog Keghdneg pmrm Mdrnem Cmtnhm y kc Emrnbk, KEGUGE, GH[.



33/460

55

quk rklckom cm msndktrm kxnstkhtk kh cms rkcmenghks `k pg`kr khtrkvmrghks y duokrks, y quk pkrpktm cm subgr`nhmenh y `ksvmcgrn-zmenh `k cg lkdkhnhg lrkhtk m cg dmseucnhg. Kstm sk emrmetkrnzm

pgr rkspgh`kr mc pmtrnmrem`g egdg snstkdm sndbcneg quk `ktkr-dnhm uh eghouhtg `k pretnems egtn`nmhms egherktms, quk hnkimhcgs `krkefgs `k cms duokrks y rkprg`uekh kc `kskquncnbrng y cmnhkqun`m` kxnstkhtks khtrk cgs skxgs. Cm `nlkrkhenm khtrk kstk tnpg`k vngckhenm y gtrms lgrdms `k mirksnh y egkrenh kstrnbm kh qukkh kstk emsg kc lmetgr `k rnksig g `k vuchkrmbncn`m` ks kc sgcg fk-efg `k skr duokr5=. ^ prgsniuk? cms vngcmenghks m cgs `krkefgsfudmhgs `k cms duokrks sk rkcmenghmh `nrketm g nh`nrketmdkhtk

egh kc snstkdm `k ihkrg y cgs vmcgrks eucturmcks `gdnhmhtks52.Kh kstk dnsdg gr`kh, Dmrm Cunsm Dmquk`m Mbrku, kh su

gbrm \ngckhenm `k ihkrg? Khtrk kc eghekptg our`neg y cm rkmcn`m`sgenmc, rkeghgek? cm vngckhenm eghtrm cms duokrks hg ks uhm euks-tnh bngcinem hn `gdstnem snhg `k ihkrg55, sntumh`g egdgemusm `k tg`m mirksnh eghtrm kccms mc ihkrg. Zmrm cm dnsdmmutgrm cm kxpcnemenh quk sk `m kh trdnhgs eucturmcks y hg bng-cinegs m cm vngckhenm eghtrm cms duokrks ks cm quk sk fmccm `klnhn-

`m pgr cm pkrspketnvm `k ihkrg.

Kh niumc skhtn`g, cm @kecmrmenh sgbrk cm Kcndnhmenh `k cm\ngckhenm eghtrm cm Duokr,m`gptm`m pgr Rksgcuenh 06/=:0 `k cmMsmdbckm Ikhkrmc `k cms Hmenghks [hn`ms kc 2: `k `nenkdbrk `k=>>5, rkeghgek? cm vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr eghstntuyk uhmdmhnlkstmenh `k rkcmenghks `k pg`kr fnstrnemdkhtk `ksniumckskhtrk kc fgdbrk y cm duokr, quk fmh egh`uen`g m cm `gdnhmenh

`k cm duokr y m cm `nserndnhmenh kh su eghtrm pgr pmrtk `kc fgd-brk k ndpk`n`g kc m`kcmhtg pckhg `k cm duokr, y quk cm vngckhenmeghtrm cm duokr ks uhg `k cgs dkemhnsdgs sgenmcks luh`mdkhtm-cks pgr cgs quk sk lukrzm m cm duokr m uhm sntumenh `k subgr`nhm-enh rkspketg mc fgdbrk.

5= Rneg, Hnkvks. \ngckhenm `k Ihkrg? uh prgbckdm `k `krkefgs fudmhgs, UkrnkDuokr y ksmrrgccg, Rk` k `ncgig dmergkeghdneg (RK@NDM), EKZMC (GH[),pi. wkb? fttp?//www.ekpmc.gri/ (dmrzg, 2::6).

52 Rneg, Hnkvks. Gp. ent.

55 Dmquk`m Mbrku, Dmrm Cunsm.Gp. ent.



34/460

50

Egdg ym sk fm `nefg -snh hndg `k fmekr rkpktntnvms cms kx-prksnghks, pkrg s `k rkemcemr cg quk m tg`ms cueks sk eghsn`krmhkeksmrng- cm vngckhenm `k ihkrg hg `kbk khtkh`krsk egdg uhm

eukstnh `k skxg rklkrkhtk m emrmetkrks bngcinegs y grihnegs,snhg `k pmtrghks sgengeucturmcks -k nhecusg snegsgenmcks- quk fm-ekh quk kh cms rkcmenghks khtrk vmrghks y duokrks prk`gdnhkuhg `k kccgs1 snh kdbmrig, ks prkensg dkhenghmr quk pgr cm n`kg-cgim rknhmhtk kh cm dmygrm `k cgs pmsks -cg quk hg ks mokhg mcgs `k Mdrnem Cmtnhm, khtrk kccgs kc hukstrg- ks cm duokr cm qukgeupm kc cuimr `k sgdktndnkhtg g subgr`nhmenh. Kstg ks eghsk-eukhenm `k cg quk vucimrdkhtk sk eghgek egdg n`kgcgim dmefns-

tm y `k cm pkrpktumenh `kc dkhenghm`g rindkh pmtrnmremckh cmdmygrm `k hukstrms sgenk`m`ks, egdg cg mlnrdmrgh tmdbnh cmsmutgrms entm`ms.Hg gbstmhtk, kxnstnkh`g uhm sgenk`m` kh cm qukprk`gdnhmh kstgs ctndgs y quk pgr cgs rgcks msnihm`gs m fgd-brks y duokrks kxnstm kstm subyuimenh `k cms skiuh`ms rkspketgm cgs prndkrgs, puk`k `mrsk kh uh irupg dkhgr `khtrg `k mquk-ccm cm sntumenh nhvkrsm1 ks `kenr, quk emdbnkh cgs suoktgs metnvg ypmsnvg `k cm vngckhenm. Kstk emsg sk `m, pgr kokdpcg, kh uhm sgenk-

`m` `ktkrdnhm`m kh quk kxnstmh kc rindkh y cm n`kgcgim mhtk-`nefgs, y kh cm quk sk `nserndnhk m cms duokrks y sk cms supk`ntkkh rkcmenh mc fgdbrk, pkrg quk snh kdbmrig, `khtrg `k uhm lm-dncnm quk lgrdm pmrtk `k kccm, sk ` uhm sntumenh `k dkhgsembgy `ksvmcgrnzmenh `k cm lniurm dmseucnhm, pgr cg quk kh ksk fgimrkxnstnr vngckhenm nhtrmlmdncnmr kh quk cm vetndm skr kc vmrh,pgr kc rgc quk sk ck msnihm `khtrg `k ksk subirupg kxekpenghmc,muhquk kc rkstg g cm dmygrm `k cgs nhtkirmhtks `k cm sgenk`m`skm eghskeukhtk egh cgs vmcgrks rknhmhtks kh kccm.

Zgr gtrg cm`g, sn bnkh ks enkrtg quk kc skxg ks khtkh`n`g pgrduefgs mutgrks sgcg egdg uh eghouhtg `k emrmetkrks bngcinegs ygrihnegs -cg quk hg sk egdpmrtk kh kstk mrteucg, puks kc trdn-hg skxg vm ds mcc y mbmrem duefg ds quk cg bngcineg y gri-hneg-1 kstg hg ks `ktkrdnhmhtk kh cg quk m `nlkrkhenms `k ihkrgsk rklnkrk, egdg rksuctm`g `kc pkhsmdnkhtg y cms n`kms `k cm sg-enk`m` y cm eucturm, pkrg s eghstntuyk uh lmetgr quk nhlcuyk khgr-

dkdkhtk kh kccgs, sgbrk tg`g kh cg quk m vngckhenm rkspketm, puks



35/460

5;

ks eghsn`krm`g uh kckdkhtg `k vuchkrmbncn`m` g `kbncn`m`. Khkstk skhtn`g, ks `k irmh utncn`m` skmcmr cg quk kxprks kc irupg`k kxpkrtgs sgbrk vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr `k cm GH[? tg`m

pkrsghm puk`k skr vetndm `k metgs `k vngckhenm, pkrg kc skxg ksuhg `k cgs lmetgrks quk mudkhtmh snihnlnemtnvmdkhtk su vuchkrm-bncn`m`. Mciuhgs `k cgs kckdkhtgs quk pkrdntkh mlnrdmr quk kxns-tk vngckhenm `k ihkrg sgh cgs sniunkhtks? m) cm dmygrm `k cgsmirksgrks sgh fgdbrks, nh`kpkh`nkhtkdkhtk `k quk cm vetndm skmvmrh g duokr1 b) cm vngckhenm mlketm `k `nstnhtm dmhkrm m cgsvmrghks y cms duokrks, `kbn`g m quk cgs `mgs quk sulrkh sukckhkstmr `ktkrdnhm`gs pgr su skxg1 e) cgs mirksgrks sukckh kstmr

dgtnvm`gs pgr eghsn`krmenghks `k ihkrg, egdg cm hkeksn`m` `klgrtmckekr kc pg`kr y cgs prnvnckings dmseucnhgs (Hmenghks [hn-`ms, =>>5m)50.

Gtrg mspketg `k sudm ndpgrtmhenm y quk `kbk skr tkhn`g kheukhtm, ks quk cm vngckhenm `k ihkrg sk dmhnlnkstm tmhtg kh cmkslkrm pbcnem egdg kh cm prnvm`m1 pgr tmhtg, cm cuefm eghtrm kccm`kbk `mrsk kh mdbms. Hg gbstmhtk, cm lmctm `k kstm`stnems glnenm-

cks y icgbmcks sgbrk kstm lgrdm `k mirksnh y egkrenh kh hukstrgpms egdg kh emsn tg`m Cmtnhgmdrnem, `nlneuctm `ndkhsnghmr eghkxmetntu` kc prgbckdm. Unh kdbmrig, kxnstkh `mtgs eumhtntmtnvgssketgrnzm`gs g pmrenmcks kh fgspntmcks kstmtmcks egdg kh cgs prn-vm`gs, y gtrgs quk sk puk`kh gbtkhkr fmenkh`g uhm nhvkstnim-enh `k cms `khuhenms kh cms egdnsmrms g kh kc Dnhnstkrng Zbcn-eg, ms egdg `k cgs emsgs quk cckimh m ou`nenmcnzmrsk. Kdpkrg, kssmbn`g quk ds `kc enheukhtm pgr enkhtg `k kccgs hg cckimh hnsnqunkrm m uhm `khuhenm, cg quk sk puk`k hgtmr kh cgs subrkins-trgs kxnstkhtks. ^ kh gtrgs emsgs hn snqunkrm sk cckim m eghgekr khkstk hnvkc. Duefms vkeks, eumh`g cckimh m `khuhenmrsk kstgs fk-efgs, sk khlrkhtm uh skiuh`g prgbckdm? cm vnetndnzmenh skeuh-`mrnm g rkvnetndnzmenh egdg tmdbnh sk cm eghgek. Kstg sk `kbkm cm mtkhenh `nserndnhmtgrnm `k quk sgh gboktg pgr pmrtk `k cmspkrsghms khemrim`ms `k brnh`mrcks mpgyg, grnkhtmenh, myu`m gsndpckdkhtk `k msnstnrcks g cckvmr m`kcmhtk cm nhvkstnimenh eg-

50 Entm`g pgr Rneg, Hnkvks. Gp. ent.



36/460

5tmdbnh fmbcm `k enkrtms pretnems qukeghstntuykh `nserndnhmenh y subgr`nhmenh `k cm duokr y quk`nluh`kh egh`uetms quk ndpcnemh vngckhenm y egmeenh eghtrm kccm,egdg cms mirksnghks y cgs dmcgs trmtgs kh cm lmdncnm, cgs dmtrn-dghngs lgrzgsgs, kc msksnhmtg pgr prkskhtmr `gtks nhsulnenkhtks,cgs mtmquks egh en`g y cm enreuhensnh lkdkhnhm. Ksms eghekp-enghks quk ndpcnemh tmcks prkounengs y pretnems puk`kh cckimr

m oustnlnemr cm vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr egdg uhm lgrdm `k prg-



39/460

5>

tkeenh g `gdnhmenh,egdg suek`k kh mciuhgs cuimrks, cg qukm`kds trmk egdg eghskeukhenm cm subgr`nhmenh `k cm duokr, suksemsm pmrtnenpmenh pgctnem, su hnvkc nhlkrngr `k k`uemenh y,

pgr cg tmhtg, dkhgrks gpgrtuhn`m`ks `k kdpckg. Ukmcm tmdbnhkstk `geudkhtg quk cm `nlusnh `k cm pgrhgirmlm y cm kxpcgtm-enh `k cm duokr egdg gboktg skxumc eghtrnbuykh m cm vngckhenmeghtrm cm dnsdm y lgrdmh pmrtk `k kccm, ms egdg tmdbnh cm trm-tm y cm kxpcgtmenh `k cm prgstntuenh `k kccm, g cg quk eghgekdgsegdg prgxkhktnsdg.

Zgr gtrg cm`g, tmdbnh eghstntuykh vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr

pgr dgtnvgs `k ihkrg, mqukccms quk mlketmh cms imrmhtms `kniumc`m` kh kc kdpckg y kc fgstnimdnkhtg skxumc kh kc cuimr `ktrmbmog. M`kds, eghlgrdmh pmrtk `k kstm cmrim cnstm, cms pretn-ems `k cm eucturm y cm trm`nenh quk pghimh kh pkcnirg su smcu`lsnem g dkhtmc, g su vn`m.

Kh kc dnsdg skhtn`g cm @kecmrmenh sgbrk cm Kcndnhmenh `kcm \ngckhenm eghtrm cm Duokr, m`gptm`m pgr cm Msmdbckm Ikhkrmc

`k cms Hmenghks [hn`ms pgr Rksgcuenh 06/=:0 `kc 2: `k `nenkd-brk `k =>>5, `klnhk cm vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr egdg? Pg`g metg`k vngckhenm bmsm`g kh cm pkrtkhkhenm mc skxg lkdkhnhg quk tkhimg puk`m tkhkr egdg rksuctm`g uh `mg g sulrndnkhtg lsneg, skxumcg psnegcineg pmrm cm duokr, ms egdg cms mdkhmzms `k tmcks me-tgs, cm egmeenh g cm prnvmenh mrbntrmrnm `k cm cnbkrtm`, tmhtg snsk prg`uekh kh cm vn`m pbcnem g kh cm vn`m prnvm`m.

b) Unstkdm Rkinghmc? Grimhnzmenh `k Kstm`gs Mdkrnem-hgs (GKM)

Zmsmh`g m cgs nhstrudkhtgs `kc Unstkdm Rkinghmc, sk tnkhk cmEghvkhenh Nhtkrmdkrnemhm pmrm prkvkhnr, smhenghmr y krrm`n-emr cm vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr, Eghvkhenh `k Bkcd `g Zmr,m`gptm`m pgr cm Grimhnzmenh `k Kstm`gs Mdkrnemhgs5


40/460

0:

enghm`m enu`m` kc > `k ouhng `k =>>0 y rmtnlnem`m pgr kc Eghirksgpmrmiumyg pgr Cky H >;. @nefg nhstru-dkhtg khtnkh`k egdg vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr eumcqunkr me-

enh g eghùetm, bmsm`m kh su ihkrg, quk emusk dukrtk, `mg gsulrndnkhtg lsneg, skxumc g psnegcineg m cm duokr, tmhtg kh kcdbntg pbcneg egdg kh kc prnvm`g.

Ukih cgs trdnhgs `k cm Eghvkhenh, cm vngckhenm eghtrm cmduokr eghstntuyk uhm vngcmenh `k cgs `krkefgs fudmhgs y cmscnbkrtm`ks luh`mdkhtmcks, m`kds `k cndntmr kc rkeghgendnkhtg`k cgs dnsdgs. Kccm egdprkh`k, mpmrtk `k cm vngckhenm lsnem,

skxumc y psnegcinem nhtrmlmdncnmr g `gdstnem, mqukccm quk tnkhkcuimr kh eumcqunkr gtrm rkcmenh nhtkrpkrsghmc, fmym egdpmrtn`gg hg kc mirksgr `gdnencng egh cm duokr, y quk nhecuyk vngcmenh,dmctrmtg y mbusg skxumc, khtrk gtrms egsms1 tmdbnh mqukccm qukks pkrpktrm`m pgr eumcqunkr pkrsghm `khtrg `k cm egduhn`m`, yquk nhecuyk vngcmenh, mbusg skxumc, tgrturm, trmtm `k pkrsghms,prgstntuenh lgrzm`m, skeukstrg y megsg skxumc kh kc trmbmog, ekh-trgs kùemtnvgs, kstmbckendnkhtgs `k smcu` g eumcqunkr gtrg cu-imr1 y pgr ctndg, tmhtg cm quk ks cckvm`m m embg egdg cm quk ks

tgckrm`m pgr kc Kstm`g g sus mikhtks kh eumcqunkr cuimr.

Cm Eghvkhenh rkemcem kc `krkefg `k tg`m duokr m uhm vn`mcnbrk `k vngckhenm, kh cgs dbntgs pbcneg y prnvm`g, cg quk ndpcn-em kc `krkefg quk kccm tnkhk m vnvnr cnbrk `k tg`m `nserndnhmenh,ms egdg m skr vmcgrm`m y kùem`m egh muskhenm `k pmtrghkskstkrkgtnpm`gs `k egdpgrtmdnkhtg y pretnems sgenmcks y euctu-rmcks bmsm`ms kh eghekptgs `k nhlkrngrn`m` g subgr`nhmenh.

Ukih kstk nhstrudkhtg, cm duokr tnkhk `krkefg mc rkeghgen-dnkhtg, igek, kokreneng y prgtkeenh `k tg`gs cgs `krkefgs fudm-hgs y cnbkrtm`ks luh`mdkhtmcks, khtrk cgs quk pg`kdgs entmr cgs`krkefgs m cm vn`m1 mc rkspktg `k cm nhtkirn`m` lsnem, psqunem ydgrmc1 m cm cnbkrtm` y skiurn`m` pkrsghmcks1 m hg skr sgdktn`m mtgrturms1 mc rkspktg `k su `nihn`m` y cm prgtkeenh `k su lmdncnm1m cm niumc`m` `k prgtkeenh mhtk cm cky y `k cm cky1 m uh rkeursgrpn`g y skhenccg mhtk trnbuhmcks egdpktkhtks m lnh `k mdpmrmr-

cm y prgtkikrcm lrkhtk m cgs metgs vngcmtgrngs `k sus `krkefgs1 m cm



41/460

0=

cnbkrtm` `k msgenmenh1 m cm cnbkrtm` `k prglksnh `k rkcninh yerkkhenm `k su kckeenh1 y `k niumc`m` kh kc meeksg m luhenghkspbcnems kh su pms, m cm pmrtnenpmenh kh msuhtgs pbcnegs, nhecu-

snvk cm tgdm `k `kensnghks.

Pg`g kstg ndpcnem cm hkeksn`m` `k prgtkeenh y gbcnimenh `kimrmhtnzmr pgr pmrtk `kc Kstm`g kc kokreneng pckhg y cnbrk `k cgs`krkefgs envncks, pgctnegs, keghdnegs, sgenmcks y eucturmcks `kcm duokr, ms egdg kc rkeghgendnkhtg, pgr pmrtk `kc dnsdg, `kquk cm vngckhenm eghtrm kccm ndpn`k y mhucm kc kokreneng `k ksgs`krkefgs, egdg cg skmcm cm dkhenghm`m Eghvkhenh.

Mciuhms lgrdms k dmhnlkstmenh `k cm vngckhenm k ihkrg

@khtrg `k cm vngckhenm `k ihkrg sk kheukhtrmh vmrnms lgr-dms `k dmhnlkstmenh `k cm dnsdm. Kccms sk `mh kh dmygr g dk-hgr pgrekhtmok kh cms `nlkrkhtks sgenk`m`ks, `k meukr`g m cm euc-turm, cm rkcninh, cm psnegcgim, cms n`kgcgims y gtrgs lmetgrks `k-

tkrdnhmhtks kh kccm. Pg`gs kstgs egdpghkhtks vmrmh `k meukr-`g mc `ksmrrgccg `k em`m sgenk`m`1 ks duefg ds pkrekptnbck cm`nsndncntu` kh kccgs, kh cgs dg`gs `k kxprksnh y kh cms dgtnvm-enghks `k kstk tnpg vngckhenm, sn sk egdpmrm uhm sgenk`m` y uhmeucturm geen`khtmc egh uhm grnkhtmc, egdg ym sk fm `nefg. Unhhndg `k kstmbckekr uhm emsustnem, puks ks ndpgsnbck khudk-rmrcms y migtmrcms m tg`ms, `khtrg `k kstk ttucg sk fmbcmr `kmciuhms `k kccms.

Cm trmtm `k duokrks, cm prgstntuenh lgrzm`m, cms vngcmenghksskxumcks, kc nhekstg, cgs megsgs skxumcks pgr dgtnvgs cmbgrmcks,`k `kpkh`khenm g kh ekhtrgs k`uemtnvgs, cm vngckhenm `gdstnem,cm nhtrmlmdncnmr, kc mbusg skxumc kh pkrsghms prnvm`ms `k su cn-bkrtm`1 cm kxpcgtmenh skxumc pgr dk`ng `k mdkhmzms g dk`nmhtkcm utncnzmenh g mprgvkefmdnkhtg `k cm hkeksn`m`, nihgrmhenm, nh-ikhun`m` g cnikrkzm `k cm vetndm1 metgs `k vngckhenm eghtrm du-okrks `ksmrrmnim`ms y cms dnirmhtks1 kc rkpu`ng m cms duokrks prme-

tnem`g pgr kc dmrn`g pgr dgtnvgs sgenmcks g `k rkcninh1 cm quk sk



42/460

02

`m egdg eghskeukhenm `k `gtks nhsulnenkhtks1 cgs emstnigs lsnegspbcnegs m cms duokrks quk `ksgbk`kekh mc dmrn`g1 cm utncnzmenh`k burams, thnems y gtrg tnpg `k vkstndkhtms nhsmcubrks quk `n-

lneuctmh cm vnsnh y cm dgvncn`m` `k cms duokrks, emusmh`g nhecusgmeen`khtks1 kc lkdnhnen`ng g lkdnen`ng, khtrk gtrms, lgrdmh pmrtk`k cm tnpgcgim `k cm vngckhenm pgr rmzghks `k ihkrg. Hg gbstmh-tk, kstms sgcg sgh mciuhms `k cms quk sk puk`kh entmr, khtrk gtrmstmhtms, ym quk tg`m lgrdm `k `nserndnhmenh g mirksnh pgr kcsgcg fkefg `k skr duokr y pgr skiunr pmutms g pmtrghks sgengeuc-turmcks khrmnzm`gs pgr kc snstkdm pmtrnmremc, kh kc dbntg pbcnegegdg kh kc prnvm`g, eghstntuyk vngckhenm `k ihkrg.

Pkhnkh`g kh eukhtm, egdg sk `nog mhtks, quk cm duokr mbmremkc dmygr pgrekhtmok egdg vetndm `k cm vngckhenm `k ihkrg, yegdg cgs nhstrudkhtgs nhtkrhmenghmcks rmtnlnem`gs pgr hukstrgpms eghsn`krmh quk uhm vn`m cnbrk `k vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokrndpcnem cm muskhenm `k tg`m `nserndnhmenh fmenm kccm1 khtgheks,sn kxnstk `ksniumc`m` khtrk fgdbrks y duokrks pmrm kc meeksg mcpg`kr, pmrm kckinr m cms mutgrn`m`ks g tkhkr niumc `krkefg mc su-

lrming, pmrm cm gbtkhenh `k uh trmbmog `nihg, pmrm kc pmig `k uhmrkduhkrmenh kquntmtnvm y oustm pgr niumc emcn`m` y emhtn`m` `kfgrms cmbgrmcks, `nlkrkhenms kh cms gpgrtuhn`m`ks pmrm kc meeksgm cm k`uemenh, cm enkhenm y cm eucturm, pgr kc sgcg fkefg `kc skxg,khtgheks, kxnstk vngckhenm pgr dgtnvgs `k ihkrg eghtrm mqukccm.

Unh kdbmrig, m pksmr `k kxnstnr duefgs dg`gs `k dmhnlks-tmrsk kstm lgrdm `k vngckhenm, sk trmtmr kspkenmcdkhtk cm quk sk`m `khtrg `kc ereucg lmdncnmr, g ds bnkh `khtrg `kc dbntg `g-dstneg, muhquk hg kxnstmh cmzgs lmdncnmrks, puks `khtrg `k cksth tmdbnh cms kdpckm`ms `gdstnems, cms quk ksth bmog kcrindkh `kc ernm`mzig y tg`m pkrsghm quk vnvm `khtrg `k kstk.Uk `kbk kstk trmtmdnkhtg m quk cm vngckhenm `gdstnem y cm nhtrm-lmdncnmr trmsenkh`kh `nlkrkhenms sgenmcks, keghdnems y eucturm-cks, y sk fmccmh duy kxtkh`n`ms kh hukstrg dk`ng. Muhquk kshkeksmrng tkhkr prkskhtk quk m`kds `k cms duokrks, kxnstkh gtrmsvetndms `k kstgs tnpgs `k vngckhenm quk hg cg sgh pgr dgtnvgs `k

ihkrg, puks kccms puk`kh `mrsk eghtrm cgs mhenmhgs, `k pmrtk `k



43/460

05

cgs fnogs fmenm cgs pm`rks g vnekvkrsm, muhquk m vkeks kstm ctndmsk `m pmrm kokrekr uhm prksnh eghtrm cm pmrkom, puks cgs fnogseghstntuykh kh irmh dk`n`m uh lmetgr `k vuchkrmbncn`m`, pgr cgs

skhtndnkhtgs y kc nhstnhtg `k prgtkeenh fmenm kccgs. Ks prkensg,hg gbstmhtk tg`g cg `nefg, dkhenghmr quk cgs fgdbrks, m pksmr`k skr duy pgbrk cm emsustnem, tmdbnh puk`kh skr vetndms `kvngckhenm kh kc dbntg `kc fgimr, egdg ym sk fm mhgtm`g mhtk-rngrdkhtk. Zkrg m pksmr `k kccg k nhsnstnkh`g kh cg prndkrg, cmskstm`stnems nhtkrhmenghmcks kstmbckekh enlrms `kdgstrmtnvms `kkstm mlnrdmenh, nh`nemh`g quk khtrk cms vetndms `k metgs `kvngckhenm kh kc ereucg `gdstneg y kh kc nhtrmlmdncnmr, kspkeln-

emdkhtk khtrk pmrkoms, kc 2% sgh fgdbrks, kc 9;% sgh duokrks ykc 25% sgh emsgs `k vngckhenm eruzm`m59.

Unh hndg `k khdmremrcms y khemsnccmrcms kh uhm khudkrm-enh ekrrm`m, y sndpckdkhtk m dg`g kokdpcnlnemtnvg, sk trmkrhm egcmenh cms prnhenpmcks dmhkrms kh quk sk prkskhtm kstm ctn-dm lgrdm `k vngckhenm g egh`uetms eghstntutnvms `k kccm, `klnhn-`ms pgr kc Nhstntutg Mh`mcuz `k cm Duokr, quk sgh cms sniunkh-

tks56

?Mbusg lsneg? su prnhenpmc lgrdm `k kxtkrngrnzmenh sgh cgs

igcpks `k tg`g tnpg, ym skm dk`nmhtk trgdpm`ms, pmtm`ms g egheumcqunkr gboktg, cg quk sk fmek hgtgrng pgr cgs fkdmtgdms, fkrn-`ms, fkdgrrminms nhtkrhms g kxtkrhms, `gckhenms, kte. Kh duok-rks kdbmrmzm`ms puk`k emusmrsk uh pmrtg prkdmturg g uh mbgr-tg. Uk emrmetkrnzm pgr kc khsmmdnkhtg eghtrm cm vetndm, m trm-vs `k pnhefmzgs egh gboktgs puhtnmiu`gs, tnrghks `k pkcg, dgr-`nsegs, qukdm`urms, nhdgvncnzmenh pgr dk`ng `k cm lukrzm g kcusg `k em`khms, eukr`ms g pngcms, khenkrrgs kh cm emsm, kh fmbntm-enghks, bmgs, `kpsntgs g cuimrks nhfmbntmbcks, suengs u gbseu-rgs y tg`m ecmsk `k `mgs lsnegs. Pmdbnh dk`nmhtk kccgs gbcnimr

59 Kstms enlrms lukrgh kxtrm`ms k Egrsn, =>>: entm`g pgr Rneg, Hnkvks.Gp. ent., p. =>.Embk dkhenghmr quk cms kstm`stnems metumcks dmhtnkhkh enlrms sndncmrks.

56 Ecmsnlnemenh rkmcnzm`m kh kc Eum`krhg Nhlgrdmtnvg kc Nhstntutg Mh`mcuz k cmDuokr y egdpckdkhtm`m egh gtrgs kokdpcgs y kxpcnemenghks eghsn`krm`gs pkrtn-

hkhtks.



44/460

00

m egdkr mcndkhtgs nhegdnbcks g kh dmc kstm`g, prnvmr `k cm egdn-`m, lgrzmr m eghsudnr `rgims, mcegfgc g tmbmeg y kxpucsmr vngckh-tmdkhtk `kc `gdnencng. Fmy quk `kstmemr quk duefms vkeks tg`g

kstg tkrdnhm egh `mgs lsnegs kxtkrhgs g nhtkrhgs nrrkpmrmbcks,uhm egh`nenh `k smcu` `kpcgrmbck g egh uh fgdnen`ng. Cg qukds m dkhu`g sk `m ks kc lkdnen`ng g lkdnhnen`ng, quk ks cm dukr-tk prgvgem`m `k cm duokr m trmvs `k metgs sueksnvgs `k vngckh-enm, egheurrkhtks egh gtrgs lmetgrks `k `gdnhmenh y quk tnkhkegdg dvnc cms `nlkrkhenms `k ihkrg y kc mlh `k sgdktndnkhtg`kc ds `bnc, kh kstk emsg cm duokr.

Mbusg kdgenghmc, vkrbmc y snegcineg? kstk sk `m pgr kcmnscmdnkhtg `k cm vetndm, uh eghtrgc kxeksnvg ouhtg egh prgfnbn-enghks empmeks `k mhucmr cm pkrsghmcn`m` y erkmr uhm sntumenh`k tkdgr eghluh`n`m pgr kc mirksgr egh uh lmcsg rkspktg, `nsdn-huenh `k cm mutgkstndm, mtrnbuenh `k eucpms, fudnccmenghks,rn`neucnzmenghks, glkhsms y mdkhmzms vkrbmcks `k metgs `mnhgseghtrm s dnsdgs, eghtrm cm vetndm u gtrgs lmdncnmrks, emusmh`gsnkdprk kc dnsdg rksuctm`g `k dnk`g y mhnquncmdnkhtg `k cm

pkrsghm. Pmdbnh cms mirksnghks g `mgs eghtrm cgs fnogs g mdk-hmzms `k su pgsnbck egdnsnh sgh uh dtg`g `k lukrtk prksnhsnegcinem. Pg`g kstg `kskhem`khm `kprksnghks, cmbncn`m` kdg-enghmc, nhsgdhngs, lmctm `k mpktntg, kstrs, `nsdnhuenh `kc rkh-`ndnkhtg, kte.

Mbusg skxumc? eghsnstkhtk kh cm kxnikhenm `k tkhkr rkcmeng-hks skxumcks, dmhtkhkrcms m cm lukrzm g nhlrnhinkh`g emstnigs, snhg sk meek`k m kccms. M trmvs `k mdkhmzms g egh igcpks gbcnimr m

cm vetndm m cm pretnem `k uhm lkcmenh, m vkr pgrhgirmlm g m`gp-tmr pgsturms g metntu`ks `kirm`mhtks, tg`gs eghtrm su vgcuhtm`.Nhtrg`ueenh pgr dk`ng `k cm lukrzm `k dnkdbrgs egrpgrmcks ugboktgs kh cgs grnlnengs vminhmc g mhmc. Cgs fkefgs ds irmvks sghcgs eghtmings `k tg`g tnpg `k khlkrdk`m`ks `k trmhsdnsnh skxumc,ym skmh vkhrkms g nhlkeenghks egdg kc \NF.

Mbusg mdbnkhtmc? kst eghlgrdm`g pgr cm `kstrueenh `kc

khtgrhg dk`nmhtk igcpks y rgturm `k gboktgs g nhecusg cm qukdm



45/460

0;

`kc cuimr `gh`k fmbntm g trmbmom ikhkrmcdkhtk cm vetndm. M`k-ds, kc `kstrgzg `k dmtkrnmcks `k kstu`ng g trmbmog `k cm dnsdm,`kskefg `k sus pkrtkhkhenms lukrm `k cm emsm g `kstrueenh `k

kccms, vngcmenh `k cm egrrkspgh`khenm `k cm pkrsghm mirk`n`m,dmctrmtg `k sus dmsegtms, khtrk gtrms egsms.

Mbusg lnhmhenkrg g keghdneg? sgh eghùetms `k enkrtmmvmrnenm egh rkspketg m cm vetndm, mprgvkefmh`g cm `kpkh`khenmkeghdnem `k cm dnsdm fmenm kc mirksgr, eghsnstkhtks kh cm rk-tkhenh g cndntmenh `kc `nhkrg, geuctmdnkhtg g mpg`krmdnkhtg`k cms imhmhenms `kc trmbmog `k cm gtrm pkrsghm, lmctm `k prgvn-

snh `k bnkhks sulnenkhtks pmrm eubrnr cms hkeksn`m`ks bsnems `kcm lmdncnm, nhecusnvk pmrm cm mcndkhtmenh, rkmcnzmenh `k imstgskckvm`gs dk`nmhtk `kensnghks uhncmtkrmcks y snh prkvnm eghsuc-tm, geuctmdnkhtg `k bnkhks imhmhenmcks, lrmu`ks y gbcnimenh-dk`nmhtk mdkhmzms y tkdgr nhluh`n`g- `k oustnlnemenh `k ims-tgs `k tg`g tnpg, nhecuykh`g cgs pkrsghmcks.

@khtrg `k kstm ecmsnlnemenh `k cgs mbusgs, rkmcnzm`m pgr kc

entm`g Nhstntutg, puk`kh `nvn`nrsk cms eghùetms kh cms quk cgsgh pgr meenh u gdnsnh. Cgs prndkrgs tnpgs `k mbusg sgh kh sudmygrm `k meenh1 snh kdbmrig, kc ctndg eukhtm egh dmygr emh-tn`m` `k eghùetms `k gdnsnh, egdg kc fkefg `k hg prgvkkr kc`nhkrg hkeksmrng pmrm sgcvkhtmr cms hkeksn`m`ks bsnems, egdglmetgr `k `gdnhmenh y `kpkh`khenm.

Gtrgs fkefgs quk, sn bnkh hg sk mfgh`mrh egdg kc mhtkrngr,s sk fmr rklkrkhenm k fnhempn kh kccgs, pgr cm lgrdm erkenkhtk

kh quk sk ksth dmhnlkstmh`g kh hukstrg dk`ng. Kccgs sgh kc meg-sg y kc msk`ng skxumc kh kc trmbmog y kh ekhtrgs kùemtnvgs. Fgykxnstk kh kc duh`g geen`khtmc uhm mpmrkhtk niumc`m` khtrk kcfgdbrk y cm duokr pmrm meek`kr mc dbntg cmbgrmc -y sk utncnzm kxprglksg cm pmcmbrm mpmrkhtk- puks kstm niumc`m` sk vk eukstnghm-`m pgr kc fgstnimdnkhtg `kc quk sgh gboktg enkhtgs `k duokrks khcg cmbgrmc. Brbmrm @cmhg y Rgsmcbm Pg`mrg5>kh su gbrm Msk`ng

5> Entm`ms pgr Rneg, Hnkvks.Gp. ent., pp. 29-2>.



46/460

0>;.

02 Ynanpk`nm, cm khenecgpk`nm cnbrk, pi. wkb ent. (dmrzg, 2::6).05 Embmcckrg, Gcim y @kh`nm Rmlmkc.Cms eghqunstms our`nems `k cms duokrks. Ekhtrg

Zmrmiumyg k Kstu`ngs k cm Duokr k cm [hnvkrsn`m` Emtcnem Hukstrm Ukgrm kcm Msuhenh (EKZKD). Ekhtrg k Zubcnemenghks k cm [hnvkrsn`m` Emtcnem. Msuh-

enh, =>>;.



49/460

0>

Kh cgs nhnengs `k cm K`m` Dg`krhm egdnkhzmh cms cuefms dslukrtks `k cms duokrks pgr cm rknvnh`nemenh `k sus `krkefgs ycnbkrtm`ks luh`mdkhtmcks, pgr imhmr uh rkeghgendnkhtg y uh ks-

pmeng kh cm sgenk`m`, y sgbrk tg`g, pgr cm tmh mhsnm`m niumc`mègh cgs fgdbrks. Kh =96>, sk prgùog cm Rkvgcuenh lrmheksm, mtrmvs `k cm quk pkckmbmh eghtrm cgs mbusgs `kc pg`kr rkmc y pgrcgs `krkefgs `k tg`gs cgs enu`m`mhgs, muhquk snkdprk sk iumr-`mbmh cgs prnvnckings pmrm cgs fgdbrks, pgr cg quk cukig `k cmeghskeuenh `k cm @kecmrmenh `k cgs `krkefgs y `kbkrks `kc fgd-brk y `kc enu`m`mhg, Gcydpk `k Iguiks rkmeengh y prgecmd cm@kecmrmenh `k cgs `krkefgs y `kbkrks `k cm duokr enu`m`mhm,

dgtnvg kstk pgr kc quk sk cm cckv m cm iunccgtnhm kc 5 `k hgvnkd-brk `k =9>5, snh`nem`m egdg subvkrsnvm y rkvgcuenghmrnm00. Cmspmrnsnhms tmdbnh dmrefmrgh fmenm \krsmccks egh kc dnsdg ckdm`k cgs rkvgcuenghmrngs, cnbkrtm`, niumc`m` y lrmtkrhn`m`, pmrmkxninr egh kccg kc vgtg niumcntmrng pmrm fgdbrks y duokrks g su-lrming lkdkhnhg0;.

Fubg cukig gtrms bmtmccms pgr cm rknvnh`nemenh `k sus `krk-

efgs kh niumc`m` egh cgs fgdbrks, cms quk nhecusnvk sk egbrmrghduefms vn`ms `k duokrks vmcnkhtks, pkrg irmenms m qunkhks fgypuk`kh tkhkr uh dmygr igek y rkeghgendnkhtg `k kccgs. Un bnkhks uhm cuefm duy mhtnium, cms dmygrks eghqunstms sk lukrgh cg-irmh`g rkenh kh cms ctndms èm`ms, dmygrdkhtk m pmrtnr `kcgs mgs 9: y prnhenpmcdkhtk kh cgs 6:, muhquk embk dkhenghmrmciuhms mhtkrngrks.

Ms kc 6 `k dmrzg, lkefm kh quk metumcdkhtk sk ekckbrm kc@m

Nhtkrhmenghmc `k cm Duokr0=:, cm c`kr sgenmc-lkdnhnstm

00 Gcydpk k Iguiks y cm@kecmrmenh `k cgs `krkefgs y `kbkrks `k cm duokr enu`m-`mhmentm`ms pgr Embmcckrg, Gcim y @kh`nm, Rmlmkc, Ekhtrg Zmrmiumyg k Kstu-`ngs `k cm Duokr `k cm [hnvkrsn`m` Emtcnem Hukstrm Ukgrm `k cm Msuhenh(EKZKD).Gp. ent.

0; Ynanpk`nm, cm khenecgpk`nm cnbrk, pi. wkb ent. (dmrzg, 2::6).0< Lukhtk k cgs mtgs fnstrnegs sgbrk kc@m Nhtkrhmenghmc `k cm Duokr?

Ynanpk`nm, cm khenecgpk`nm cnbrk, pi. wkb ent. (dmrzg, 2::6).



50/460

;:

mckdmhm, Ecmrm _ktanh, prgpusg kh cm NN Eghlkrkhenm Nhtkrhmeng-hmc `k Duokrks Ugenmcnstms ekckbrm`m kh Egpkhfmiuk kc 2< y 29`k migstg `k ksk mg, cm ekckbrmenh nhtkrhmenghmc `kc `m `k cm

duokr, nhspnrm`m kh kc Ygdmhs `my ekckbrm`g kc ctndg `gdnh-ig `k lkbrkrg `ks`k =>:6 pgr cms sgenmcnstms hgrtkmdkrnemhms,pmrm rknvnh`nemr kc `krkefg mc sulrming lkdkhnhg `k su pms, gb-tkhn`g kh =>2: m trmvs `k cm @kendghgvkhm Khdnkh`m `k cmEghstntuenh hgrtkmdkrnemhm09. Gtrms lukhtks skmcmh quk cm prn-dkrm ekckbrmenh `kc Ygdmhs `my tuvg cuimr kc 5 `k dmyg `k=>:6, egh kc lnh `k eghskiunr kc sulrming lkdkhnhg y dmhnlkstmrskeghtrm cm ksecmvntu` skxumc06. Cm prndkrm ekckbrmenh `kc @m Nh-

tkrhmenghmc `k cm Duokr tuvg cuimr kc => `k dmrzg `k =>== khMckdmhnm, Mustrnm, @nhmdmrem y Uukenm. [hgs pgegs `ms `ks-pus, egh dkhgs `k uhm skdmhm `k `nlkrkhenm, kc 2; `k dmrzg `kcdnsdg mg geurrn kc nhekh`ng `kc Prnmhick Ufnrwmnst Egdpm-hy0>, cm lmdgsm lbrnem `k emdnsms `k Hukvm ^gra, kh kc quk du-rnkrgh =0< ovkhks `k khtrk =9 y 20 mgs, kh su dmygrm ntmcnmhmsy ou`ms, quk cuefmbmh pgr cm gbtkhenh `k egh`nenghks `k trmbmogoustms y `nihms pmrm cms duokrks, puks krmh qunkhks sulrmh dm-

ygrks dkhgsembgs. Khtrk cgs `krkefgs quk busembmh rknvnh`nemr,sk kheghtrmbmh prnhenpmcdkhtk dkogrks smcmrngs y uh fgrmrngoustg `k =: fgrms, puks trmbmombmh `gek fgrms `nmrnms pgr uhmhlndm emhtn`m` `k `nhkrg. Kstms tgdmrgh cm lbrnem y mhtk cmhkimtnvm `k smcnr, cgs `ukgs cm nhekh`nmrgh egh kccms m`khtrg,pgr cg quk durnkrgh emcenhm`ms. Ukih gtrms lukhtks, ym `kom`ms

Nsns Nhtkrhmenghmc1 6 k dmrzg. @m Nhtkrhmenghmc k cm duokr. Kspkenmc Nsns Nhtkr-hmenghmc1 Bgckth kcketrhneg Kh cm Dnrm, pi. wkb? fttp?//www.nsns.ec (dmrzg, 2::6).

Bnbcngtkem k eghsuctm Khemrtm.cvmrkz, Mhm Nsmbkc.Cgs grikhks y cm ekckbrmenh `kc @m Nhtkrhmenghmc `k cmDuokr, =>=:-=>0;. ARA k`nenghks. Gvnk`g, =>>>? nhvkstnimenh rkmcnzm`m `ks`k=>>9 fmstm =>>> pgr cm mutgrm, qunkh lukrm getgrmh`m kc prgirmdm Kstu`ngs kcm Duokr k cm [hnvkrsn`m` k Gvnk`g, utncnzmh`g lukhtks k prndkrm dmhg k cm[hnvkrsn`m` k Fmrvmr`. Pksns klkh`n`m kh =>>>.

09 cvmrkz, Mhm Nsmbkc.Gp. ent.y Ynanpk`nm, cm khenecgpk`nm cnbrk, pi. wkb ent. (dmr-zg, 2::6).

06 Nsns Nhtkrhmenghmc1 6 k dmrzg. @m Nhtkrhmenghmc k cm duokr. Kspkenmc Nsns Nhtkr-hmenghmc1 Bgckth kcketrhneg Kh cm Dnrm, pi. wkb ent.

0> Bufck, Dmrn Og. Ygdkh mh` Mdkrnemh Ugenmcnsd =69:-=>2:, entm`m pgr Dmrm

Nsmbkc cvmrkz.Gp. ent.



51/460

;=

pretnemdkhtk `k cm`g pgr cgs kstu`ngsgs `kc tkdm, kstg geurrnkh cm lbrnem tkxtnc Egttgh kc 6 `k dmrzg `k =>:6. Kstms `gs sghcms vkrsnghks ds `nluh`n`ms pgpucmrdkhtk. @k tg`ms dmhkrms,

fmym sn`g g hg kc 6 `k dmrzg, kc fkefg suek`n y eghstntuy uhlukrtk mhtkek`khtk `k cuefm eghtrm cgs mbusgs cmbgrmcks egdktn-`gs kspkenmcdkhtk eghtrm cms duokrks1 m`kds `k fmbkr sn`g kstkmeghtkendnkhtg `ktkrdnhmhtk kh cm eghskeuenh `k cms mhsnm`msegh`nenghks cmbgrmcks oustms y `nihms.

Gtrm tksns ks cm quk sk bmsm kh uhm dmhnlkstmenh quk tuvgcuimr kh kc cm`g kstk `k Hukvm ^gra, tmdbnh kh kc sketgr tkxtnc.

Zmrm mciuhgs kstg suek`n kc 29 `k skptnkdbrk `k =>:> y pmrmgtrgs luk eghvgem`m kc 6 `k dmrzg `kc dnsdg mg, `urmhtk uhmfukcim `k trkek skdmhms kh cm quk pmrtnenpmrgh ds `k 2:.:::gbrkrgs, kh su nhdkhsm dmygrm duokrks, pgr cg quk sk cm eghgekegdg Cm Uubckvmenh `k cms 2:.:::. Kstgs trmbmom`grks tkxtncks`urmhtk kstk tnkdpg pmsmrgh fmdbrk, pm`kenkrgh mtmquks `ktg`g tnpg, mirksnghks `k ksqunrgcks, `ktkhenghks nhoustnlnem`ms y`kspn`gs khtrk gtrms egsms, pkrg eghsniunkrgh cms pktnenghks rk-

ecmdm`ms kh cm fukcim y cm dmhnlkstmenh, khtrk cms quk kstmbmhcm dkogrm `k cms egh`nenghks cmbgrmcks pmrm cms duokrks, sgbrktg`g pmrm cms kdnirm`ms, cm mbgcnenh `k cm kxpcgtmenh nhlmhtnc ykc `krkefg mc vgtg kh niumc`m` egh cgs fgdbrks. Eumcqunkrm skmcm lkefm kh quk fmym geurrn`g, eghstntuyk fgy uhm lukhtk duyndpgrtmhtk quk luk tkhn`m kh eukhtm kh cm ekckbrmenh `kc @mNhtkrhmenghmc `k cm Duokr. Pmhtg kc nhekh`ng egdg cm dmhnlkstm-enh lukrgh mhtkek`khtks `k cgirgs our`negs cmbgrmcks duy nd-pgrtmhtks pmrm cms duokrks. Kstgs `gs ctndgs fkefgs lukrgh cgsds kxtkh`n`gs sgbrk tg`g pgr kc dgvndnkhtg gbrkrg, y m`kdspmrm eghtrmrrkstmr kc emretkr sgenmcnstm quk kh uh prnhenpng nbmm`qunrnkh`g kstk `m eghdkdgrmtnvg.

M pmrtnr `k =>=0, m prgpukstm `k cms mckdmhms, sk emdbn cmlkefm `kc lkstkog, quk luk rkmcnzm`g pgr prndkrm vkz kc 6 `k dmrzgkh Mckdmhnm, Uukenm y Rusnm, snkh`g kstm cm lkefm quk sk dmhtnk-hk fmstm fgy.



52/460

;2

Kh =>=9, cms duokrks rusms rkmeenghmrgh pgr cm dukrtk `kdnccghks `k sgc`m`gs kh cm Zrndkrm Iukrrm Duh`nmc, khtrk cgsquk sk kheghtrmbmh sus fkrdmhgs, sus pm`rks, sus fnogs y prnhen-

pmcdkhtk sus kspgsgs. Egdg eghskeukhenm `k kccg y snh tkhkr kheukhtm cms ertnems `k cm `nrnikhenm pgctnem, sk `kecmrmrgh khfukcim kh `kdmh`m `k pmh y pmz, kcninkh`g kc ctndg `gdnhig`k lkbrkrg pmrm tmc meghtkendnkhtg. Ksm lkefm fnstrnem y dkdg-rmbck luk kc 25 `k lkbrkrg, skih kc emckh`mrng oucnmhg usm`g khksk khtgheks pgr Rusnm y egnhen`khtk egh kc 6 `k dmrzg `kc em-ckh`mrng irkigrnmhg, utncnzm`g pgr emsn tg`g kc rkstg `k cgs pm-sks geen`khtmcks k nhecusg pgr gtrgs quk hg cg sgh. Eumtrg `ms

`kspus kc _mr mb`ne y kc igbnkrhg prgvnsgrng cks eghek`n kc`krkefg mc sulrming m cms duokrks rusms.

Pg`ms kstms bmtmccms `k cms duokrks, quk nhecusnvk sk egbrm-rgh irmh emhtn`m` `k vn`ms, cgirmrgh kc rkeghgendnkhtg y cm rkn-vnh`nemenh `k duefgs `k sus `krkefgs cmbgrmcks, envncks y pgc-tnegs kh vmrngs pmsks.

Cukig `k kstms nheksmhtks cuefms y ym kh tnkdpgs eghtkdpg-rhkgs, `kbn`g m cm irmh prkgeupmenh quk surim `k dmhkrm dsikhkrmc kh tgrhg mc tkdm, pgr Rksgcuenh == `kc 2= `k ouhng `k=>0


53/460

;5

vngckhenm `k ihkrg ks uh irmvk prgbckdm, hg sgcg pmrm cms duok-rks snhg tmdbnh pmrm kc cgirg `k cm niumc`m`, kc `ksmrrgccg y cmpmz ;2.

Kh tmc kstm`ng `k prkgeupmenh y eghenkhtnzmenh sgbrk kctkdm, sk ekckbrmrgh vmrnms eghlkrkhenms tmhtg kh kc dbntg rk-inghmc egdg kh kc uhnvkrsmc. Pmdbnh surinkrgh vmrnms grimhnzm-enghks lkdnhnstms quk rkmcnzmrgh sus prgpngs kheukhtrgs quk nh-lcuykrgh klnemzdkhtk y cgirmrgh duefms rknvnh`nemenghks pmrmcms duokrks.

Zkrg pmrm quk ksk rkeghgendnkhtg skm rkmc y klketnvg, sk hk-

eksntmbm quk skm pcmsdm`g kh hgrdms. Luk pgr kccg quk tmhtg cgsnhstrudkhtgs `kc Unstkdm [hnvkrsmc -Eghvkhenh sgbrk cm kcndn-hmenh `k tg`ms cms lgrdms `k `nserndnhmenh eghtrm cm duokr(=>9>), kc Zrgtgegcg lmeuctmtnvg `k cm Eghvkhenh sgbrk cm kcndn-hmenh `k tg`ms cms lgrdms `k `nserndnhmenh eghtrm cm duokr(=>>>)y cm @kecmrmenh sgbrk cm Kcndnhmenh `k cm \ngckhenm egh-trm cm Duokr (=>>5)- egdg cgs `kc Unstkdm Rkinghmc -cm Eghvkh-enh Nhtkrmdkrnemhm pmrm prkvkhnr, smhenghmr y krrm`nemr cm vng-

ckhenm eghtrm cm duokr Eghvkhenh Bkcd `g Zmr (=>>0) y kcKstmtutg `kc dkemhnsdg `k skiundnkhtg `k cm ndpckdkhtmenh `kcm Eghvkhenh Nhtkrmdkrnemhm pmrm prkvkhnr, smhenghmr y krrm-`nemr cm vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr Eghvkhenh Bkcd `g Zmr(2::;)-eghstntuykrgh mvmheks y eghqunstms `ktkrdnhmhtks hg sgcgpmrm cms duokrks, snhg pmrm cgs pukbcgs, puks mc mekremrsk m cmtmh mhsnm`m niumc`m` `k ihkrg, sk eghtrnbuyk mc `ksmrrgccg y cmpmz `k cgs dnsdgs.

Kh kc dbntg cmbgrmc tmdbnh sk cgirmrgh cm lnrdm y cm rmtnln-emenh `k meukr`gs nhtkrhmenghks `k irmh ndpgrtmhenm pmrm egd-bmtnr kstms `ksniumc`m`ks. Kh kc dmreg `k cm Grimhnzmenh Nhtkr-hmenghmc `kc Prmbmog;5sk kheukhtrmh kc Eghvkhng =:: sgbrk niumc-`m` `k rkduhkrmenh pgr trmbmogs niumcks, kc Eghvkhng === sg-brk niumc`m` `k gpgrtuhn`m`ks y `k trmtg kh kc kdpckg y kc Egh-

;2 Hmenghks [hn`ms =>6


54/460

;0

vkhng =;< sgbrk niumc`m` `k gpgrtuhn`m`ks pmrm trmbmom`grks ytrmbmom`grms egh rkspghsmbncn`m`ks lmdncnmrks.

Gtrg fkefg `k irmh eghdgenh duh`nmc y quk myu` m skhtmrbmsks scn`ms kh cm cuefm eghtrm cm vngckhenm `k ihkrg, luk kcbrutmc msksnhmtg `k cms fkrdmhms Zmtrnm, Dnhkrvm y Dmrm Pkrk-sm Dnrmvmc, trks metnvnstms pgctnems quk cuefmbmh pgr cm niumc`m`khtrk fgdbrks y duokrks kh cm Rkpbcnem @gdnhnemhm, pgr cmpgcnem skerktm `kc `netm`gr Rmlmkc Pruonccg kc 2; `k hgvnkdbrk`k =>6=, sk rkmcnz kh Bgigt (Egcgdbnm)

kc Zrndkr Kheukhtrg Lkdnhnstm `k Cmtnhgmdrnem y kc Emrnbk,kh kc quk cms duokrks `khuhenmrgh cm vngckhenm `k ihkrg `khtrg`kc dbntg `gdstneg y cms vngcmenghks, megsgs skxumcks, tgrturmsy mbusgs sulrn`gs pgr prnsnghkrms pgctnems prgvkhnkhtks `k cgsKstm`gs prkskhtks kh c. Kh kstm gemsnh luk `kecmrm`g kc 2; `khgvnkdbrk egdg @m Nhtkrhmenghmc pmrm cm Kcndnhmenh `k cm\ngckhenm eghtrm cm Duokr g @m Nhtkrhmenghmc `k cm Cuefm egh-trm cm \ngckhenm fmenm cm Duokr;0. Kc =9 `k `nenkdbrk `k =>>> cmGrimhnzmenh `k cms Hmenghks [hn`ms `ng emretkr glnenmc m `nefm

lkefm, m pk`n`g `k cm Rkpbcnem @gdnhnemhm, egh kc mpgyg `k sk-skhtm igbnkrhgs.

M`kds `k tg`g kccg, pmrm quk kxnstm uhm prgtkeenh klketnvmm hnvkc hmenghmc, sk hkeksntm cm m`gpenh `k cm hgrdmtnvm nhtkr-hmenghmc m trmvs `k cgs dkemhnsdgs nhtkrhgs;;. Ms, hukstrg pmsfm rmtnlnem`g cm Eghvkhenh sgbrk cm kcndnhmenh `k tg`ms cms lgr-dms `k `nserndnhmenh eghtrm cm duokr pgr Cky H =2=; `kc 26 `k

hgvnkdbrk `k =>6


55/460

;;

trm cm duokr pgr Cky H =;y kc Kstmtutg `kc dkemhnsdg `k skiun-dnkhtg `k cm ndpckdkhtmenh `k cm Eghvkhenh Nhtkrmdkrnemhmpmrm prkvkhnr, smhenghmr y krrm`nemr cm vngckhenm eghtrm cm du-okr Eghvkhenh Bkcd `g Zmr.

Pmdbnh ks hkeksmrnm cm m`gpenh `k uhm ckinscmenh nhtkrhmbmsm`m kh cm rkmcn`m` hmenghmc y kh sus hkeksn`m`ks. Ms tkhk-dgs cm Cky eghtrm cm vngckhenm `gdstnem g Cky H =


56/460

;`kcm Eghstntuenh, kst eghlgrdm`m prndkrmdkhtk pgr kccm dnsdm,cgs trmtm`gs g meukr`gs nhtkrhmenghmcks mprgbm`gs y rmtnlnem`gspgr kc Eghirksg Hmenghmc y `kbn`mdkhtk emhokm`gs g `kpgsntm-`gs, ckyks `netm`ms pgr kc Zg`kr Ckinscmtnvg y cms `kds hgrdms`k nhlkrngr okrmrqum.

;9 Rg`riukz, Omvnkr. Kxpgsnenh k lgtgsKseukcms `k Duokrks. K`uemenh kh vmcg-

rks, pi. wkb ent. (dmrzg, 2::6).;6 [h mhcnsns ds kxfmustnvg rkspketg m kstk puhtg sk puk`k kheghtrmr kh Fkneakc,

Dm. \netgrnm, Zkrghn, Bkrtm y Mrrm `k Ugsm, Dyrhm. Cgirgs eghstntuenghmcks`ks`k cm pkrspketnvm k ihkrg. K`. Amrnhm Bnmhefn, Pmcckrks Irlnegs k K`nenghksy Mrtk. Msuhenh, =>>;.

;> Eghstntuenh k =>>2Mrt. =59. @k cm suprkdmem k cm EghstntuenhCm cky suprkdm k cm Rkpbcnem ks cm Eghstntuenh. Kstm, cgs trmtm`gs, eghvkhngs gmeukr`gs nhtkrhmenghmcks mprgbm`gs y rmtnlnem`gs, cms ckyks netm`ms pgr kc Egh-irksg y gtrms `nspgsnenghks our`nems `k nhlkrngr okrmrqum, smhenghm`ms kh eghsk-eukhenm, nhtkirmh kc krkefg pgsntnvg hmenghmc kh kc gr`kh k prkcmenh khuhenm-`g.



58/460

;6

Zgr tmc dgtnvg, ks dkhkstkr quk cms eghqunstms our`nems `kcms duokrks ksth kh cm hgrdm quk kst kh kc ds mctg hnvkc `kokrmrqum, ks `kenr kh cm Eghstntuenh.

^m kh cm Eghstntuenh `k =>0: Emrtm Zgctnem `k =>0: skkheukhtrm uh mrteucg, duy nhhgvm`gr tkhnkh`g kh eukhtm cm pg-em, quk mbgim pgr cm niumc`m` `k ihkrg. Ks kc mrteucg 25


59/460

;>

tkrnzmrgh prkensmdkhtk pgr su tnhtk `kdgertneg, m pksmr `kcrkeghgendnkhtg `k mciuhgs `krkefgs `k cms duokrks y `k cm niumc-`m` quk prksernbk.

Rkspketg mc dnsdg puhtg y eghsn`krm`g uhg `k cgs dmygrkscgirgs our`negs egh pkrspketnvm `k ihkrg kh hukstrm Cky Uu-prkdm metumc, sk `kbk dkhenghmr kc khuhenm`g `kc mrteucg 062Mrt. 06. @k cm niumc`m` k krkefgs khtrk kc fgdbrk y cm duokrKc fgdbrk y cm duokr tnkhkh niumcks krkefgs envncks, pgctnegs, sgenmcks, keghdn-egs y eucturmcks. Kc Kstm`g prgdgvkr cms egh`nenghks y erkmr cgs dkemhnsdgsm`keum`gs pmrm quk cm niumc`m` skm rkmc y klketnvm, mccmhmh`g cgs gbsteucgs qukndpn`mh g nlneuctkh su kokreneng y lmencntmh`g cm pmrtnenpmenh k cm duokr kh tg`gs

cgs dbntgs k cm vn`m hmenghmc.



60/460


61/460


62/460

2Mrt. >2Mrt. 95. @kc krkefg m cm kùemenh y k sus lnhksPg`m pkrsghm tnkhk krkefg m cm kùemenh nhtkirmc y pkrdmhkhtkUus lnhks sghkc ksmrrgccg pckhg k cm pkrsghmcn`m` fudmhm y cm prgdgenh k cm cnbkrtm` y cmpmz, cm oustnenm sgenmc, cm sgcn`mrn`m`kc rkspktg `k cgs `krkefgs fudmhgs y cgsprnhenpngs kdgertnegsms egdg cm kcndnhmenh k cgs eghtkhn`gs kùemtn-

vgs k emretkr nserndnhmtgrng. (cms hkirntms sgh dms).



63/460

>2, puks `nspgsnenghksskdkomhtks ym sk kheukhtrmh kh cgs tkxtgs eghstntuenghmcks prk-

vngs m kstk. Gtrm prksernpenh eghstntuenghmc `k cm dnsdm tksntu-rm ks cm `kc mrteucg 9092quk imrmhtnzm m tg`ms cms pkrsghms snh`nserndnhmenh mciuhm kc `krkefg `k mprkh`kr y cm niumc`m` `kgpgrtuhn`m`ks y `k meeksg m tg`gs cgs bkhklnengs quk puk`k rken-bnr `k cm eucturm fudmhstnem, cm enkhenm y cm tkehgcgim. Un bnkhkstgs `gs ctndgs mrteucgs hg sk rklnkrkh sgcg m `nserndnhmenh`k ihkrg, snhg m tg`ms cms lgrdms kh quk kccm puk`m dmhnlkstmr-sk, k tg`ms dmhkrms ks rkckvmhtk pmrm cgirmr cm tmh mhsnm`m niumc-

`m` khtrk fgdbrks y duokrks kh tg`gs cgs mspketgs dkhenghm-`gs.

Kh eumhtg m cgs `krkefgs cmbgrmcks, sk puk`k `kenr quk tmd-bnh fmy eghskeuenghks y imrmhtms `k niumc`m` duy ndpgrtmh-tks pmrm cm duokr. Ms kc mrteucg 6>2Mrt. 90. @kc krkefg k mprkh`kr y k cm cnbkrtm` k khskmrUk imrmhtnzmh kc krkefg k mprkh`kr y cm niumc`m` k gpgrtuhn`m`ks mc meeksg mcgs bkhklnengs k cm eucturm fudmhstnem, k cm enkhenm y k cm tkehgcgim snh nsern-

dnhmenh mciuhm.95 Eghstntuenh k =>>2Mrt. 6>2Mrt. 66. @k cm hg nserndnhmenhHg sk m`dntnr nserndnhmenh mciuhm khtrk cgs trmbmom`grks pgr dgtnvgs thnegs,`k skxg, k`m`, rkcninh, egh`nenh sgenmc y prklkrkhenms pgctnems g snh`nemcks.

(cms hkirntms sgh dms).



64/460


65/460

) y =:)96, quk tnkhkh prkskhtk m cm du-okr emdpksnhm kh cms bmsks `k cm rklgrdm mirmrnm y `kc `ksmrrgccgrurmc, gbcnimh`g mc Kstm`g m `mrck mpgyg, kh kspkenmc m cm quk skm

embkzm `k lmdncnm, y m fmekrcm pmrtenpk, kh niumc`m` egh kc fgd-brk, kh cgs pcmhks `k cm dkhenghm`m rklgrdm.

Kh eumhtg m cgs `krkefgs pgctnegs sk puk`k skmcmr kc sulrm-ing lkdkhnhg egdg uh cgirg our`neg `k ihkrg, euyg rkeghgen-dnkhtg sk `m ym kh =>, y ks pcmsdm`g cukig kh cm Eghstntu-enh `k =>>2 sgh cgs mrteucgs ==9y =2: `k cm dnsdm. Kc mrteucg ==96:rkeghgek kc `krkefg m pmrtn-enpmr kh cgs msuhtgs pbcnegs m tg`gs cgs enu`m`mhgs snh `nstnh-

96 Eghstntuenh k =>>2Mrt. ==;. @k cms bmsks k cm rklgrdm mirmrnm y kc ksmrrgccg rurmcCm rklgrdm mirmrnm y kc ksmrrgccg rurmc sk klketumrh k meukr`g egh cms sniunkh-

tks bmsks?>) kc mpgyg m cm duokr emdpksnhm, kh kspkenmc m qunkh skm embkzm `k lmdncnm1=:) cm pmrtnenpmenh `k cm duokr emdpksnhm, kh niumc`m` `k egh`nenghks egh kcfgdbrk, kh cgs pcmhks k cm rklgrdm mirmrnm1.

9> Bmrknrg, Cnhk.Cms rkenh cckim`ms. Duokr y pmrtnenpmenh pgctnem. pi. wkb? fttp?//www.nn`f.k`.er/

6: Eghstntuenh k =>>2Mrt. ==9. @k cgs krkefgs pgctnegsCgs enu`m`mhgs, snh nstnhenh k skxg, tnkhkh kc krkefg m pmrtnenpmr kh cgs msuh-tgs pbcnegs, `nrketmdkhtk g pgr dk`ng `k sus rkprkskhtmhtks, kh cm lgrdm quk`ktkrdnhkh kstm Eghstntuenh y cms ckyks. Uk prgdgvkr kc meeksg k cm duokr m cms

luhenghks pbcnems.



66/460

:6 `kc \nekprksn`khtk `k cm Rkpbcnem IghzckzHmvkrg, qunkh sk fmccmbm kh kokreneng `kc Zg`kr Kokeutnvg. Kh kcZg`kr Ou`nenmc cm prndkrm duokr quk geup uh emrig ourns`neeng-hmc luk Cncnm D. \nu`m `k [rnmrtk Igh`rm, qunkh luk hgdbrm`m kc

6= Eghstntuenh k =>>2

Mrt. =2:. @k cgs kcketgrksUgh kcketgrks cgs enu`m`mhgs pmrmiumygs rm`nem`gs kh kc tkrrntgrng hmenghmc snh`nstnhenh, quk fmymh eudpcn`g nkz y gefg mgs.Cgs enu`m`mhgs sgh kcketgrks y kckinbcks, snh ds rkstrneenghks quk cms kstmbcken-`ms kh kstm Eghstntuenh.

62 Eghstntuenh k =>


67/460

55, kh kc `kendgskxtg pkrg`g ou`nenmc (=>5:-=>50). Kh ksk khtgheks cgs skskhtm emrigs rkstmhtks `k cm dkh-enghm`m nhstntuenh kstmbmh geupm`gs pgr fgdbrks. Kh kc 2::0,

kc tgtmc `k emrigs `k cm dminstrmturm ou`nenmc krm `k , `kspus `k cm em`m `kc rin-dkh `netmtgrnmc `k Mclrk`g Utrgksshkr. Khtrk kccgs sk puk`khentmr, kc Eghvkhng =:: sgbrk niumc rkduhkrmenh pgr niumc trmbm-oglnrdm`m kh =>;=, kc Eghvkhng === sgbrk niumc`m` `k gpgrtuhn-`m`ks y `k trmtg kh kc kdpckgy kc Eghvkhng =;< sgbrk niumc`m` `kgpgrtuhn`m`ks pmrm trmbmom`grks y trmbmom`grms egh rkspghsm-bncn`m`ks lmdncnmrks, tg`gs `k cm GNP, cm Eghvkhenh sgbrk @krk-

60 Cgs snstkdms k prgtkeenh rkinghmc y uhnvkrsmc skrh trmtm`gs kh gtrgs mrteucgs,pgr cg quk sgcg sk cgs dkhenghm egh hndg k quk hg skmh rkpktntnvgs.



68/460

;2 y rmtnlnem`m pgr CkyH ;0/=>6>, cm Eghvkhenh sgbrk cm kcndnhmenh `k tg`ms cms lgr-dms `k `nserndnhmenh eghtrm cm duokr `k =>9> y rmtnlnem`m pgr

Cky H =2=;/=>6>> y rmtnlnem`g pgr Cky H =>0 y rmtnlnem`m pgr Cky H ; ykcKstmtutg`kc dkemhnsdg `k skiundnkhtg `k cm ndpckdkhtmenh `k cm Egh-vkhenh Nhtkrmdkrnemhm pmrm prkvkhnr, smhenghmr y krrm`nemr cm

vngckhenm eghtrm cm duokr Eghvkhenh Bkcd `g Zmr `k 2::;.

Eghqunstms rkcmtnvms m cm gbtkhenh `k cm niumc`m` `k i-hkrg kh hukstrms ckyks

Kh tkrekr cuimr `khtrg `k cm okrmrqum eghstntuenghmc ksthcms ckyks, pu`nh`gsk hgdbrmr tmdbnh cm niumc`m` kh cgs e`n-

igs.Krm fgrm ym `k pghkr kh pretnem cg `nspukstg kh =>06 kh cm

Eghvkhenh Nhtkrmdkrnemhm `k Egheksnh `k @krkefgs Envncks `kcm Duokr, m`gptm`m pgr cm NV Eghlkrkhenm Nhtkrmdkrnemhm `k Bg-igt y rmtnlnem`m pgr Cky H =:0/=>;=, quk kxprksmbm kh su mrt-eucg =? Cgs Kstm`gs Mdkrnemhgs eghvnkhkh kh gtgrimr m cm du-okr cgs dnsdgs `krkefgs envncks `k quk igzm kc fgdbrk6;. ^m kh=>;0 cm Cky 252 egdkhtm`m. 2 K`nenh. K`. Nhtkreghtnhkhtmc. Msuhenh, =>>0.



69/460

cms dg`nlnemenghks quk m kstk rkspketg sk fnenkrgh kh su gbrm @kcm Niumc`m` Envnc `k cgs Ukxgs kh kc @krkefg Egdpmrm`g626>, quk rklgrdm kc E`nig Envnc, vnkhk mpmcnmr y emdbnmr kstm sntumenh. ^m kh su mrteucg =>:pghk kh pnk

`k niumc`m` m vmrghks y duokrks sgstkhnkh`g quk mdbgs tnkhkhcm dnsdm empmen`m` `k igek y kokreneng `k sus `krkefgs envncks,

6< Entm`g pgr Dgrkhg Rulnhkccn, Ogs M.Gp. ent.69 Dgrkhg Rulnhkccn, Ogs M.Gp. ent.66 Cky H ==65/6 [h mhcnsns ds kxfmustnvg `k cm Cky H =/>2 sk puk`k kheghtrmr kh Dgrkhg

Rulnhkccn, Ogs M.Gp. ent.>: Cky H =/>2

Mrt. =. Cm duokr y kc vmrh tnkhkh niumc empmen`m` k igek y k kokreneng k cgs

`krkefgs envncks, eumcqunkrm skm su kstm`g envnc.



70/460

9:

nh`kpkh`nkhtkdkhtk `k su kstm`g envnc. Mcig sudmdkhtk trms-ekh`khtk ks kc khuhenm`g `kc mrteucg 2>=quk sustkhtm cm niumc-`m` khtrk cgs ehyuiks egdg uhg `k cgs prnhenpngs luh`mdkhtm-

cks pmrm mpcnemr k nhtkrprktmr cm entm`m cky. ^ ds cgmbck mh ksquk egcgem m kstk prnhenpng `khtrg `kc gr`kh pbcneg, prgfnbnkh-`g su dg`nlnemenh pgr meukr`gs nhtkrpmrtks. Kh kstk dnsdg gr-`kh `k n`kms kc mrteucg 2 prksernbk cm niumc`m` `k `kbkrks,`krkefgs y rkspghsmbncn`m`ks khtrk cgs kspgsgs snh tkhkr kh eukh-tm su mpgrtk pmrm kc sgsth `kc fgimr. Pmdbnh ndpghk m mdbgscm gbcnimenh `k rkspktg, eghsn`krmenh, ln`kcn`m` y msnstkhenm rk-eprgem.

Cm dkhenghm`m cky `nspghk kh su mrteucg 9>5quk mdbgs eh-yuiks puk`kh kokrekr eumcqunkr prglksnh, nh`ustrnm centm, trm-bmomr lukrm `k cm emsm y eghstntunr sgenk`m`ks, kcndnhmh`g kc em-retkr `nserndnhmtgrng y kc pmpkc nhlkrngr y subgr`nhm`g quk cmduokr tkhm kh kc E`nig Envnc, eumh`g tkhm quk sgcnentmr kc pkr-dnsg `kc dmrn`g pmrm rkmcnzmr kstms metnvn`m`ks.

Kc mrteucg =:>0

`k cm dnsdm cky kstmbckek quk tmhtg kc dmrn-`g egdg cm kspgsm puk`kh usmr kc mpkccn`g `kc gtrg ehyuik m

>= Cky H =/>2Mrt. 2. Cm uhn`m` k cm lmdncnm, kc bnkhkstmr y prgtkeenh k cgs fnogs dkhgrks y cmniumc`m` k cgs ehyuiks sgh prnhenpngs luh`mdkhtmcks pmrm cm mpcnemenh k nhtkr-prktmenh `k cm prkskhtk Cky. @nefgs prnhenpngs sgh `k gr`kh pbcneg y hg pg`rhskr dg`nlnem`gs pgr eghvkhenghks pmrtneucmrks, kxekptg eumh`g cm Cky cg mutgrnekkxprksmdkhtk.

>2 Cky H =/>2

Mrt. 5 Cky H =/>2Mrt. 9. Em`m ehyuik puk`k kokrekr eumcqunkr prglksnh g nh`ustrnm centm y klke-tumr trmbmogs lukrm k cm emsm g eghstntunr sgenk`m`ks pmrm lnhks centgs.

>0 Cky H =/>2Mrt. =:. Cm duokr emsm`m pg`r usmr kc mpkccn`g k su dmrn`g m eghtnhumenh kcsuyg, pkrg hg ndpcnem kc emdbng `k hgdbrk `k kccm, quk ks kc quk eghstm kh cmrkspketnvm pmrtn`m k Rkinstrg Envnc

Kc dmrn`g tkh`r cm dnsdm gpenh k m`nenghmr kc mpkccn`g k cm kspgsm mc suyg.



71/460

9=

eghtnhumenh `kc suyg, snkh`g kstg uhm gpenh y hg uhm gbcnim-enh.

Mhtkrngrdkhtk, cms duokrks hg pg`mh m`dnhnstrmr sus bnk-hks `khtrg `k cm uhnh eghyuimc1 krmh sus dmrn`gs cgs m`dnhns-trm`grks `k tg`gs cgs bnkhks `k cm egduhn`m` egdg sk skmcrkhicghks ds mrrnbm. Kh vnrtu` `k cm hukvm cky `k rklgrdm, skpuk`k vkr egdg uh irmh mvmhek kh cg quk m ihkrg rkspketm, cmnhecusnh `k cm m`dnhnstrmenh eghouhtm `k cgs ehyuiks kh kcrindkh `k egduhn`m` `k imhmhenmcks, puks pghk kh pnk `k niumc-`m` mc fgdbrk y cm duokr kh kc mspketg pmtrndghnmc -keghdneg-

`kc dmtrndghng. [hm ertnem fkefm pgr Ogs Mhtghng DgrkhgRulnhkccn ks cm hg pkrdnsnh `k cm `nsgcuenh `k cm egduhn`m` `kimhmhenmcks snh kxprksnh `k emusm, khemsncch`gcm m sntumenghks`ktkrdnhm`ms, cg quk ndpcnem uh rktrgeksg `k uh emdpg ym imhm-`g kh =>;0 egh cm Cky 25;.

Gtrm prksernpenh `k duefg tnhg y euym dkhenh sk fmek hk-eksmrnm ks cm `kc mrteucg 26>9, puks prgtkik tmhtgm fgdbrks egdg m duokrks quk tuvnkrgh g tnkhkh vn`m kh egdh,sgbrk tg`g m cm ctndm quk duefms vkeks quk`mbm kh sntumenh `k`ksmdpmrg, erkh`gsk cukig `k eumtrg mgs uhm egduhn`m` `kimhmhenmcks khtrk kccgs, y emusmh`g cgs dnsdgs klketgs `k uhdmtrndghng ckimc, sn cg qunsnkrmh nhsernbnr, cukig `k `nkz mgs.

>; Dgrkhg Rulnhkccn, Ogs M.Gp. ent.>< Cky H =/>2

Mrt. 26. Ugh hucms y sk tkh`rh pgr hg kserntms cms ecusucms k cms empntucmenghksdmtrndghnmcks quk mlketkh kc prnhenpng k cm niumc`m` khtrk cg

Violencia de Genero - Problema Antiguo - Nuevos Abordajes en El Paraguay - PortalGuarani

Documents

Transcript of Violencia de Genero - Problema Antiguo - Nuevos Abordajes en El Paraguay - PortalGuarani