Download - Resumen Ejecutivo Del Estudio Sobre La Seguridad de Los Datos de Caracter Personal en El Ambito de Las Entidades Locales

8/7/2019 Resumen Ejecutivo Del Estudio Sobre La Seguridad de Los Datos de Caracter Personal en El Ambito de Las Entidad

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4 FB^JH KJVHFHLGBNH

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Jledhtenbc fjl ptj~jcvj bcahtkj fhcfj ~j tjnhgj jl eclb~b~ r le~ nhcnlz~bhcj~

fj le~ ae~j~ ecvjtbhtj~, e~ nhkh le~ pthpzj~ve~ r tjnhkjcfenbhcj~ fj envzenbc#

Jl j~vzfbh me nhcvefh nhc le petvbnbpenbc fj 1?5 Jcvbfefj~ _dlbne~ Lhnelj~, fjl

nhcizcvh fj jcnzj~ve~ 25 ~hc fj pthnjfjcnbe eccbke, 676 nhttj~phcfjc e

Erzcvekbjcvh~ r >1 ~hc Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~, r fj 46 j}pjtvh~

-pthaj~bhcelj~ r tjptj~jcvecvj~ fj bc~vbvznbhcj~ fj fbqjt~e~ tje~ fj nhchnbkbjcvh"#

Jl kvhfh fj ~jljnnbc kzj~vtel ~j me tjelbyefh fj kecjte j~vtevbabnefe,fjvjtkbccfh~j jl vekeh fj le kb~ke kjfbecvj le atkzle nhttj~phcfbjcvj e zce

phdlenbc abcbve, jc le uzj ~j me j~vbkefh zc ketgjc fj jttht fj 6,64* pete zc cbqjl

fj nhcabecye fjl 2:*#

Le kzj~vte fj Erzcvekbjcvh~ ~j me fjabcbfh fj kecjte ~jgkjcvefe fj enzjtfh el

ckjth fj medbvecvj~ fjl kzcbnbpbh, j~vedljnbcfh~j 2 j~vtevh~ -Vedle 5"#

Vedle 59 _etvbnbpenbc fj jcvbfefj~ pht j~vtevh~ ~hdtj le ptjkzj~vte fj kzcbnbpbh~ r le

nhdjtvzte phdlenbhcel

J~vt C medbvecvj~-kblj~"C

kzcbnbpbh~_tjkzj~vte9 C

Kzcbnbpbh~Kzj~vte9 CKzcbnbpbh~

_etvbnbpenbc~hdtj le

ptjkzj~vte

Nhdjtvztephdlenbhcel

E K~ fj :?? 1 1 > :?,?* :?,?*D Fj 5?? e :?? :: :> 4: 67,4* 6:,:*N Fj :? e 5?? 71 7: >2 :4,?* :5,>*F Fj 5? e :? 16= :=6 5>7 4>,:* 45,5*J Fj : e 5? :47 := >> :1,2* 1,>*A Fj 4 e : 5#?51 =1 17 77,2* 1,1*G Fj 5 e 4 24> =? :2 7>,=* 1,6*M Fj ?: e 5 5#?:6 :7 >= 11,7* >,1*B Kjch~ fj ?,: >#=?7 =7 7> =>,2* 5,2*

VHVEL =#554 5#?=1 676 6>,1* :,=*

Azjcvj9 BCVJNH



12/59


Le petvbnbpenbc pht Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ me ~bfh tjljqecvj,

elnecycfh~j le nbate fj >1 jcvbfefj~ petvbnbpecvj~ ~hdtj zc vhvel fj :7, lh uzj

tjptj~jcve zce petvbnbpenbc fjl 1>,4* fj j~ve vbphlhge fj ghdbjtch~ lhnelj~ jc jlj~vzfbh#

Le petvbnbpenbc pht pjtabl fjl pthaj~bhcel petvbnbpecvj uzj me tj~phcfbfh el

nzj~vbhcetbh jc le~ Jcvbfefj~ _dlbne~ Lhnelj~ me ~bfh fbqjt~e, vel r nhkh tjptj~jcve jl

Gtabnh 5, jc lh tjajtjcvj e9 le nevjghte h pjtabl pthaj~bhcel fj le pjt~hce jcvtjqb~vefe r

jl phtnjcveij fj petvbnbpecvj~ envbqh~ pht pjtabl#

Fj enzjtfh nhc lh~ tj~zlvefh~ hdvjcbfh~, jl pjtabl pthaj~bhcel fjl petvbnbpecvj uzj me

nhcvj~vefh kerhtbvetbekjcvj el nzj~vbhcetbh j~ jl fj zc tj~phc~edlj bcahtkvbnh, nhc zc

>1,=* fj petvbnbpenbc, fjdbfh e uzj medbvzelkjcvj tj~zlvec ~jt lh~ pthaj~bhcelj~ e lh~uzj ~j jcnhkbjcfe bkplecvet le~ kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef# Jc ~jgzcfh lzget, lh~

nzj~vbhcetbh~ mec ~bfh nhkpljvefh~ pht lh~ ~jntjvetbh~ fj le~ JJ#LL#, nhc zc 4=,7*,

nhkh tj~phc~edlj~ vncbnh~ fj lh~ e~zcvh~ ljgelj~# Lh~ netgh~ phlvbnh~ r lh~ nhcnjielj~

h fbpzvefh~ fjljgefh~ mec vjcbfh zce petvbnbpenbc kjcht nhc zc 5:,5* r 1,5*

tj~pjnvbqekjcvj#

^bc jkdetgh, jl phtnjcveij fj tj~pzj~ve~ hdvjcbfe~ pht petvj fj le abgzte fjl

Tj~phc~edlj fj ^jgztbfef fj le~ JJ#LL#, me ~bfh fj zc =,>*, aenvht bcfbnevbqh fj le aelve

fj chkdtekbjcvh j~pjnabnh fj j~ve bkphtvecvj abgzte jc le~ jcvbfefj~#

Gtabnh 59 _jtabl fj lh~ pthaj~bhcelj~ petvbnbpecvj~ jc le~ jcnzj~ve nhkh tjptj~jcvecvj~ fj

le~ JJ#LL# petvbnbpecvj~ -*"

5:,5*

=,>*

4=,7*

5,5* ?,7* ?,4*

?,4*

>1,=*

1,5*5,:*5,5* Tj~phc~edlj fj ^jtqbnbh Bcahtkevbnh

^jntjvetbh

Netgh Vjncbnh

Tj~phc~edlj fj ^jgztbfef

Netgh phlvbnh

Tj~phc~edlj fj ^jtqbnbh

Fbtjnvht TTMM

Tj~phc~edlj E~j~hte Iztfbne

Ez}blbet Efkbcb~vtevbqh

Vjncbnh Bcahtkvbnh

Hvth~

Azjcvj9 BCVJNH



13/59


> NHCHNBKBJCVH, NHCNBJCNBENBC R E^BGCENBC

FJ TJNZT^H^ NHCAHTKJ E LE CHTKEVBQEQBGJCVJ

Jc j~vj epetvefh ~j nhc~bfjte jl gtefh fj nhchnbkbjcvh +nhc~bfjtefh nhkh chnbc

d~bne fj lh~ e~pjnvh~ uzj nhcvbjcjc vecvh le LH_F nhkh jl TFLH_F+ nhc jl uzj

nzjcvec le~ Jcvbfefj~ Lhnelj~ nhcahtkj e le chtkevbqe qbgjcvj#

>#5 Cbqjl fj nhchnbkbjcvh fjl TFLH_F jc le~ JJLL

Jcvtj le~ JJ#LL# uzj mec petvbnbpefh jc j~vj j~vzfbh, zc 11,7* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~,

Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~, r ~lh zc 4=* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~, eabtkec nhchnjt jlTFLH_F#

Zc eclb~b~ jc pthazcfbfef pete nefe zch fj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ kzj~vte uzj, lh~ uzj vbjcjc

k~ fj :??#??? medbvecvj~ ph~jjc zc nhchnbkbjcvh pljch fj le pzdlbnenbc fjl

TFLH_F# ^bc jkdetgh, lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ fj pjuzjh vekeh, jc j~pjnbel jc euzjllh~ fj

kjch~ fj :?? medbvecvj~, jl phtnjcveij uzj eabtke nhchnjtlh ~j ~bve jc zc 45,2*#

Jl TFLH_F bcnlzrj nhkh chqjfef ptbcnbpel, jl vtevekbjcvh, elkenjcekbjcvh, fj~vtznnbc

r ennj~h fj lh~ abnmjth~ fj etnmbqh~ jc pepjl# Jl nhchnbkbjcvh fj j~vj e~pjnvh pht petvj

fj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ j~ fbqjt~h ezcuzj pzjfj ~jt nhc~bfjtefh ph~bvbqh# Jc lh~

Erzcvekbjcvh~, jl gtefh fj nhchnbkbjcvh ~j qe tjfznbjcfh jc azcnbc fj le fb~kbcznbc

fjl vekeh fjl kzcbnbpbh# J~vh ~zphcj uzj, pht jijkplh, jc jl ne~h fj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ fj

kjch~ fj :?? medbvecvj~, jl 7=,5* ch vbjcj nhchnbkbjcvh fj uzj jl czjqh Tjglekjcvh

fjabce kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef pete lh~ abnmjth~ fj fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ jc pepjl#

>#4 Cbqjl fj nhcnbjcnbenbc tj~pjnvh fjl nzkplbkbjcvh fj le chtkevbqe fj

pthvjnnbc fj fevh~

Nzeluzbjt jkpljefh fj zce JJ#LL# +nhc bcfjpjcfjcnbe fj ~z pzj~vh+ uzj vtevj nhc fevh~fj netnvjt pjt~hcel, fjdj nhchnjt le~ chtke~ fj ~jgztbfef uzj eplbnec el fj~etthllh fj

~z~ azcnbhcj~ pete jl vbph fj vtevekbjcvh fj fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ uzj pzjfe tjelbyet# Jc jl

ptj~jcvj j~vzfbh zc 76,=* fj le~ jcvbfefj~ nzkplj nhc j~ve ledht#

>#> E~bgcenbc fj tjnzt~h~

Le~ Jcvbfefj~ _dlbne~ Lhnelj~ fjdjc fb~phcjt fj zc neljcfetbh fj nzkplbkbjcvh pete le

efepvenbc el TFLH_F jc lh~ pleyh~ j~vbpzlefh~# Jc j~vj ~jcvbfh, mec ~bfh ptjgzcvefe~

~hdtj le e~bgcenbc fj tjnzt~h~ nhkh bcfbnefht fj ~z efjnzefe plecbabnenbc#

^lh zc 45,6* fj le~ JJ#LL# petvbnbpecvj~ jc jl j~vzfbh mec tjelbyefh fbnme e~bgcenbc#

pht lh uzj fbnme kjfbfe nhc~vbvzrj zce ptzjde fjl j~azjtyh uzj j~vh~ htgecb~kh~ mec fj

Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce 5> fj :2


14/59


lljqet e nedh pete phfjt efjnzet~j# Zc eclb~b~ pht j~vtevh r vekeh fjl kb~kh, kzj~vte

zc bttjgzlet gtefh fj nzkplbkbjcvh fj j~ve hdlbgenbc# E~ jl :1,:* fj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~

nhc gtecfj~ kzcbnbpbh~ vbjcjc plecbabnefe fbnme e~bgcenbc, atjcvj e zc >5,5* fj lh~erzcvekbjcvh~ fj kjfbech~ kzcbnbpbh~ r zc 51,=* fj lh~ fj kjcht vekeh#

Jqbfjcvjkjcvj j~vh~ tj~zlvefh~ j~vc nhcfbnbhcefh~ pht jl gtefh fj nhchnbkbjcvh fjl

TFLH_F, re uzj euzjllh~ kzcbnbpbh~ uzj fjnletec nhchnjt jl TFLH_F, vbjcjc zc

jljqefh phtnjcveij fj plecbabnenbc pete ~z efepvenbc#

>#6 Gtefh fj efepvenbc j bkplecvenbc fj le chtkevbqe

Jc j~vj jpgteaj ~j hatjnj zce qb~bc fj lh~ phtnjcveij~ fj JJ#LL# uzj nzjcvec nhc

phlvbne~ r pthnjfbkbjcvh~ fj ~jgztbfef re bkplecvefh~#

Fjl vhvel fj JJ#LL# petvbnbpecvj~ jc jl j~vzfbh ~hc, lh~ gtecfj~ kzcbnbpbh~, lh~ uzj jc

kerht kjfbfe lljqec e le ptnvbne jl j~vedljnbkbjcvh fj lh~ pthnjfbkbjcvh~ fj ~jgztbfef

j~pjnbabnefh~ jc le chtkevbqe -jcvtj zc :=,4* r zc 61,>*"# J~ zc tj~zlvefh lgbnh re uzj

j~vj vbph fj erzcvekbjcvh~ nzjcvec nhc zc kerht qhlzkjc fj tjnzt~h~ vncbnh~ z

htgecbyevbqh~ uzj pjtkbvjc jl fj~etthllh fj j~vh~ pthnjfbkbjcvh~#



15/59


6 NLE^BABNENBC FJ LH^ ABNMJTH^ _HT CBQJLJ^

FJ ^JGZTBFEF R VTEVEKBJCVH FJ ABNMJTH^J^_JNBELKJCVJ JC^BDLJ^

Le chtkevbqe qbgjcvj ~hdtj pthvjnnbc fj fevh~ fj~nec~e jc le fbajtjcnbenbc fj lh~

fevh~ r lh~ tjuzb~bvh~ fj ~jc~bdblbfef pete ~z cbqjl fj pthvjnnbc#

6#5 Nle~babnenbc fj lh~ abnmjth~ pht cbqjlj~ fj ~jgztbfef

Lh~ abnmjth~ ~j nle~babnec evjcfbjcfh el vbph fj fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ uzj nhcvbjcjc jc9

abnmjth~ fj cbqjl d~bnh, kjfbh r elvh# J~ve nle~babnenbc bkplbne jl j~vedljnbkbjcvh fj

kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef fj ahtke enzkzlevbqe, petvbjcfh fj zce nhc~bfjtenbc fj kcbkh~ljgelj~ j}bgbdlj~#

Vedle 49 Cbqjlj~ fj ^jgztbfef

CBQJL D^BNH

Chkdtj, epjllbfh~, FCB,vjlahch, fhkbnblbh, c nvedecnetbe# Lh~ tjajtbfh~ e bfjhlhge,

eablbenbc ~bcfbnel, tjlbgbc,ntjjcnbe~, htbgjc tenbel, ~elzf hqbfe ~j}zel, nzecfh lh~ fevh~ ~jzvblbnjc cbnekjcvj nhc leabcelbfef fj tjelbyet zcevte~ajtjcnbe fbcjtetbe e le~jcvbfefj~ fj le~ uzj lh~eajnvefh~ ~jec kbjkdth~#

Lh~ abnmjth~ ch ezvhkevbyefh~uzj fj ahtke bcnbfjcvelnhcvjcgec fevh~ j~pjnbelkjcvjpthvjgbfh~ Lh~ abnmjth~ nzrh vtevekbjcvhvjcge nhkh abcelbfef jl

nzkplbkbjcvh fj fjdjtj~pdlbnh~, jc jl ne~h fj fevh~nhkh jl gtefh fj kbcz~qele h lefjnletenbc fj le nhcfbnbc fjbcqelbfjy#

CBQJL KJFBH

Nhkb~bc fj bcatennbhcj~efkbcb~vtevbqe~ h pjcelj~# Euzjllh fj lh~ uzj ~jec tj~phc~edlj~Efkbcb~vtenbhcj~ vtbdzvetbe~ r ~j

tjlenbhcjc nhc jl jijtnbnbh fj ~z~phvj~vefj~ vtbdzvetbe~# Abnmjth~ fj jcvbfefj~ gj~vhte~,~jtqbnbh~ nhkzcj~ fj le ^jgztbfef^hnbel, kzvze~ fj ennbfjcvj~ fjvtedeih r jcajtkjfefj~ pthaj~bhcelj~fj le ^jgztbfef ^hnbel# Menbjcfe pdlbne -fevh~ tjlevbqh~ evtbdzvh~ z hvte~ hdlbgenbhcj~ ab~nelj~uzj vteve le efkbcb~vtenbc ch lh~tjlevbqh~ e lh~ bkpzj~vh~ uzj fjnletecle~ jkptj~e~+"# Fevh~ uzj pjtkbvec fjfznbt jlnhkphtvekbjcvh fj lh~ nbzfefech~#

CBQJL ELVH

Bfjhlhge h eablbenbc~bcfbnel# Tjlbgbc h ntjjcnbe~# Htbgjc tenbel h vcbnh# ^elzf -~jtqbnbh~~hnbelj~, cjnj~bfef fjevjcnbc kfbnej~pjnbel"# Qbfe ~j}zel# Tjnhgbfh~ pete abcj~phlbnbelj~ ~bcnhc~jcvbkbjcvh fjlbcvjtj~efh# Qbhljcnbe fj gcjth#

CBQJL D^BNH

Chkdtj, epjllbfh~, FCB,vjlahch, fhkbnblbh, c nvedecnetbe# Lh~ tjajtbfh~ e bfjhlhge,

eablbenbc ~bcfbnel, tjlbgbc,ntjjcnbe~, htbgjc tenbel, ~elzf hqbfe ~j}zel, nzecfh lh~ fevh~ ~jzvblbnjc cbnekjcvj nhc leabcelbfef fj tjelbyet zcevte~ajtjcnbe fbcjtetbe e le~jcvbfefj~ fj le~ uzj lh~eajnvefh~ ~jec kbjkdth~#

Lh~ abnmjth~ ch ezvhkevbyefh~uzj fj ahtke bcnbfjcvelnhcvjcgec fevh~ j~pjnbelkjcvjpthvjgbfh~ Lh~ abnmjth~ nzrh vtevekbjcvhvjcge nhkh abcelbfef jl

nzkplbkbjcvh fj fjdjtj~pdlbnh~, jc jl ne~h fj fevh~nhkh jl gtefh fj kbcz~qele h lefjnletenbc fj le nhcfbnbc fjbcqelbfjy#

CBQJL KJFBH

Nhkb~bc fj bcatennbhcj~efkbcb~vtevbqe~ h pjcelj~# Euzjllh fj lh~ uzj ~jec tj~phc~edlj~Efkbcb~vtenbhcj~ vtbdzvetbe~ r ~j

tjlenbhcjc nhc jl jijtnbnbh fj ~z~phvj~vefj~ vtbdzvetbe~# Abnmjth~ fj jcvbfefj~ gj~vhte~,~jtqbnbh~ nhkzcj~ fj le ^jgztbfef^hnbel, kzvze~ fj ennbfjcvj~ fjvtedeih r jcajtkjfefj~ pthaj~bhcelj~fj le ^jgztbfef ^hnbel# Menbjcfe pdlbne -fevh~ tjlevbqh~ evtbdzvh~ z hvte~ hdlbgenbhcj~ ab~nelj~uzj vteve le efkbcb~vtenbc ch lh~tjlevbqh~ e lh~ bkpzj~vh~ uzj fjnletecle~ jkptj~e~+"# Fevh~ uzj pjtkbvec fjfznbt jlnhkphtvekbjcvh fj lh~ nbzfefech~#

CBQJL ELVH

Bfjhlhge h eablbenbc~bcfbnel# Tjlbgbc h ntjjcnbe~# Htbgjc tenbel h vcbnh# ^elzf -~jtqbnbh~~hnbelj~, cjnj~bfef fjevjcnbc kfbnej~pjnbel"# Qbfe ~j}zel# Tjnhgbfh~ pete abcj~phlbnbelj~ ~bcnhc~jcvbkbjcvh fjlbcvjtj~efh# Qbhljcnbe fj gcjth#

Azjcvj9 BCVJNH

Nhc jl abc fj jqelzet le nle~babnenbc fj lh~ abnmjth~ pht cbqjlj~ jc le~ JJ#LL#, ~j mec

~jljnnbhcefh lh~ ~bgzbjcvj~ ~jb~ vbph~ fj abnmjth~ nhc fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ uzj

medbvzelkjcvj vtevec9

Envbqbfefj~ nzlvztelj~, jfznevbqe~ r fjphtvbqe~#

Gj~vbc fj j}pjfbjcvj~ efkbcb~vtevbqh~#

Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce 5: fj :2


16/59


Njkjcvjtbh#

Erzfe~ r ~zdqjcnbhcj~#

Etnmbqh mb~vtbnh#

Dbdlbhvjne kzcbnbpel#

Lh~ tj~zlvefh~ tjaljiec zc ptjfhkbcbh fj nle~babnenbc fj lh~ fevh~ nhc cbqjl fj ~jgztbfef

d~bnh nhc zc phtnjcveij ~zpjtbht el 1=*# Ch hd~vecvj, ~j jqbfjcnbe zce mjvjthgjcjbfef

jc j~ve nle~babnenbc pete jl kb~kh vbph fj abnmjth# _ht jijkplh, lh~ abnmjth~ fj

j}pjfbjcvj~ vbjcjc zc phtnjcveij fj nle~babnenbc fj cbqjl deih fjl 1=* r fj nle~babnenbc

fj cbqjl kjfbh fjl 46,1*#

^hc lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj pjuzjh~ kzcbnbpbh~ lh~ uzj hvhtgec zc cbqjl elvh fj

nle~babnenbc nhc phtnjcveij~ uzj h~nblec jcvtj zc 2?,2* jc htgecb~kh~ uzj lh e~bgcec e

abnmjth~ fj envbqbfefj~ nzlvztelj~, jfznevbqe~ r fjphtvbqe~ r zc 76,2* fj erzcvekbjcvh~

uzj lh e~bgcec e lh~ abnmjth~ fj gj~vbc fj j}pjfbjcvj~#

6#4 Vtevekbjcvh fj fevh~ medbvzelj~ pht petvj fj le~ Jcvbfefj~ Lhnelj~

^j mec bfjcvbabnefh lh~ ~bgzbjcvj~ abnmjth~, vhfh~ jllh~ nhc zce elve pthdedblbfef fj

j}b~vjcnbe jc le~ JJ#LL#, nhkh abnmjth~ j~pjnbelkjcvj ~jc~bdlj~9

6#4#5 _eftc fj medbvecvj~

Vhfe~ le~ pjt~hce~ uzj qbqjc jc J~pee vbjcjc le hdlbgenbc fj bc~ntbdbt~j jc jl peftc

kzcbnbpel fj medbvecvj~ fjl lzget fhcfj vjcgec ~z tj~bfjcnbe medbvzel, ~jgc le Ljr

7(52=:, fj 4 fj edtbl, Tjgzlefhte fj le~ De~j~ fj Tgbkjc Lhnel#

Le~ JJ#LL# ch vbjcjc jl fjdjt fj tjnedet jl nhc~jcvbkbjcvh fjl bcvjtj~efh pete jl

vtevekbjcvh fj lh~ fevh~ fjl peftc, re uzj, nhkh bcfbne jl etvnzlh 1#4 fj le LH_F, jl

peftc ahtke petvj fj le~ azcnbhcj~ efkbcb~vtevbqe~ uzj ~hc nhkpjvjcnbe fj lh~

Erzcvekbjcvh~# Le Efkbcb~vtenbc uzj ~hlbnbvj fevh~ fjl peftc e zc Erzcvekbjcvh,

j}njpvh le~ Azjtye~ r Nzjtph~ fj ^jgztbfef fjl J~vefh j}jcve~ pht jl etvnzlh 44#4,

fjdj iz~vbabnet uzj ~hc pete elgzce fj le~ nhkpjvjcnbe~ uzj lj tjnhchnj jl htfjcekbjcvh

iztfbnh, efjk~ fj etgzkjcvet le tjljqecnbe fj le tj~bfjcnbe h jl fhkbnblbh pete j~vj

vtevekbjcvh#

Tj~pjnvh e le~ kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef e eplbnet e j~vj vbph fj abnmjth~, fjdj vjcjt~j jc

nzjcve uzj ~j vteve fj fevh~ nle~babnefh~ nhkh fj cbqjl d~bnh#



17/59


6#4#4 _eftc fj qjmnzlh~

Le abcelbfef fjl vtevekbjcvh fj lh~ fevh~ fj j~vj abnmjth j~ le tjnezfenbc fjl bkpzj~vh

kzcbnbpel fj nbtnzlenbc, efjk~ fj kecvjcjt zc tjgb~vth fj pthpbjvetbh~ fj qjmnzlh~-pht jijkplh, pete le gj~vbc fj vtec~ajtjcnbe~"#

Le LH_F pjtkbvj uzj jl tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth medblbvj jl ennj~h kevjtbel e fevh~ fj

netnvjt pjt~hcel pht petvj fj le jcvbfef uzj qe e ptj~vetlj zc ~jtqbnbh, uzj ~j nhc~vbvzbt

nhkh jcnetgefh fjl vtevekbjcvh# ^b dbjc ~j j}bgj uzj jc jl nhcvtevh nhc~vjc zce ~jtbj fj

tjuzb~bvh~, velj~ nhkh ~jgzbt le~ bc~vtznnbhcj~ fjl tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth, ch zvblbyet lh~

fevh~ pete zc abc fb~vbcvh, ch nhkzcbnetlh~ e hvte~ pjt~hce~, j~vbpzlet le~ kjfbfe~ fj

~jgztbfef fjl etvnzlh 2 r, nzkplbfe le ptj~venbc, fj~vtzbt lh~ fevh~ h pthnjfjt e ~z

fjqhlznbc el tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth#

6#4#> ^jtqbnbh~ ~hnbelj~

Lh~ ^jtqbnbh~ ^hnbelj~ j~vc fb~phcbdlj~ r ~hc ennj~bdlj~ pete vhfh~ lh~ nbzfefech~ ~bc

fb~ntbkbcenbc# Lh~ abnmjth~ fj fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ gj~vbhcefh~ pht lh~ ^jtqbnbh~ ^hnbelj~

fj le~ Jcvbfefj~ _dlbne~ Lhnelj~ ~j nle~babnec nhkh cbqjl fj ~jgztbfef elvh#

Le LH_F, jc ~z etvnzlh 7, nhc~bfjte nhkh fevh~ fj cbqjl elvh lh~ tjlevbqh~ e le bfjhlhge,

eablbenbc ~bcfbnel, tjlbgbc r ntjjcnbe~, e~ nhkh lh~ fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ uzj megec

tjajtjcnbe el htbgjc tenbel, e le ~elzf r e le qbfe ~j}zel# ^b dbjc, tj~pjnvh e lh~ ptbkjth~

cbnekjcvj ~j pzjfj lljqet e nedh jl vtevekbjcvh nhc jl nhc~jcvbkbjcvh j}ptj~h r pht

j~ntbvh fjl bcvjtj~efh# Tj~pjnvh e lh~ ~jgzcfh~, ~hlh phftc ~jt tjnedefh~ nzecfh e~ lh

fb~phcge zce Ljr h nzecfh jl eajnvefh nhc~bjcve j}ptj~ekjcvj#

_ht lh vecvh, nzecfh zce JJ#LL# tjnedj fevh~ fjdjt kecbaj~vet zce efjnzefe

iz~vbabnenbc fj le abcelbfef fj le pthpbe ptj~venbc ~hnbel#

6#4#6 Lbnjcnbe fj envbqbfef fj lhnelj~ nhkjtnbelj~

Le ~hlbnbvzf fj zce lbnjcnbe fj envbqbfef j~ zc envh hdlbgevhtbh r ptjqbh el bcbnbh fj

nzeluzbjt envbqbfef jkptj~etbel uzj cjnj~bvj zdbnet~j jc zc lhnel#

Jl cbqjl fj nle~babnenbc fj lh~ fevh~ fj j~vh~ abnmjth~ j~ d~bnh, pht lh uzj fjdjc

eplbnet~j le~ kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef nhttj~phcfbjcvj~ bcfbnefe~ jc jl TFLH_F#

J~ medbvzel jc le~ JJ#LL# uzj j~ve ~hlbnbvzf ~j tjelbnj jc ahtkevh pepjl, pht lh uzj ~j

fjdj bcnhtphtet e le kb~ke zc vj}vh j}plbnevbqh jc jl uzj ~j bcfbuzjc nletekjcvj lh~

~bgzbjcvj~ pzcvh~9

J}b~vjcnbe fj zc abnmjth, fjnletefh jc le Egjcnbe J~pehle fj _thvjnnbc fj

Fevh~, fhcfj ~j qec e bcnhtphtet lh~ fevh~ fj le ~hlbnbvzf bcfbnecfh uzbjc j~ jltj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth#



18/59


Abcelbfef fjl vtevekbjcvh fj lh~ fevh~#

Nj~bhcj~ e vjtnjth~ jc jl ne~h fj uzj ~j pthfzynec#

Ahtke fj jijtnjt lh~ fjtjnmh~ fjl bcvjtj~efh9 ennj~h, tjnvbabnenbc, necnjlenbc r

hph~bnbc, hatjnbjcfh zc kjfbh fj nhcvenvh nhc le jcvbfef pete phfjt nhcvenvet#

6#4#: Qbfjhqbgblecnbe

Le nepvenbc r gtedenbc fj bkgjcj~ fj pjt~hce~ a~bne~ bfjcvbabnefe~ h bfjcvbabnedlj~

pht kjfbh fj ~b~vjke~ fj qbfjhnkete~, j~ nhc~bfjtefh pht le LH_F, ~jgc ~z etvnzlh

>#e, nhkh fevh fj netnvjt pjt~hcel# ^j nhc~bfjte vtevekbjcvh fj fevh~ pjt~hcelj~9 le

nepvenbc, gtedenbc, nhc~jtqenbc, khfbabnenbc, dlhuzjh, r nj~bc fj bkgjcj~#

Le~ ptbcnbpelj~ j}bgjcnbe~ e bkplecvet ~hc le~ ~bgzbjcvj~9

^j fjdj nhlhnet, jc le~ yhce~ qbfjhqbgblefe~, zc fb~vbcvbqh bcahtkevbqh

~zabnbjcvjkjcvj qb~bdlj# J~vj fb~vbcvbqh fjdjt bcnlzbt zce tjajtjcnbe e le Ljr

Htgcbne 5:(5222, fj 5> fj fbnbjkdtj, fj _thvjnnbc fj Fevh~ fj Netnvjt

_jt~hcel, zce kjcnbc e le abcelbfef fjl vtevekbjcvh -YHCE QBFJHQBGBLEFE",

r ecvj uzbjc pzjfj jijtnbvet~j lh~ fjtjnmh~ jc kevjtbe fj pthvjnnbc fj fevh~#

^lh ~j nhc~bfjtet efkb~bdlj le bc~velenbc fj nkete~ nzecfh le abcelbfef fjqbgblecnbe ch pzjfe hdvjcjt~j kjfbecvj hvth~ kjfbh~#

Jl abnmjth fj bkgjcj~ fj qbfjhqbgblecnbe j}bgj ~z ptjqbe chvbabnenbc e le Egjcnbe

J~pehle fj _thvjnnbc fj Fevh~, pete le bc~ntbpnbc jc ~z Tjgb~vth Gjcjtel#

Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce 5= fj :2


19/59


: BC^NTB_NBC FJ ABNMJTH^ FJ FEVH^ FJ

NETNVJT _JT^HCEL, TJ^_HC^EDLJ FJ^JGZTBFEF R FHNZKJCVH FJ ^JGZTBFEF

J~vj epetvefh kzj~vte jl cbqjl fj nhchnbkbjcvh jc tjlenbc nhc le bc~ntbpnbc fj abnmjth~

fj fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel, le hdlbgenbc fj fj~bgcet zc tj~phc~edlj fj ~jgztbfef r le

fjabcbnbc fjl elnecnj fjl fhnzkjcvh fj ~jgztbfef#

:#5 Bc~ntbpnbc fj abnmjth~

Le fjnletenbc fj lh~ abnmjth~ jc jl tjgb~vth fj le EJ_F pht petvj fj le~ JJ#LL# j~ zce

ptnvbne phnh j}vjcfbfe e cbqjl glhdel nhkh kzj~vte jl mjnmh fj uzj lh merec tjelbyefhjl 61,6* fj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ atjcvj e zc 6>* uzj ch lh~ me fjnletefh r zc 5?,:* uzj

fbnj fj~nhchnjtlh# Jc jl ne~h fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~, zc

==,2* fj le~ kb~ke~ eabtke medjtlh tjelbyefh atjcvj e ~lh zc =,>* uzj ch lh me mjnmh#

Jl eclb~b~ pht j~vtevh~ pjtkbvj nhkpthdet uzj jl cbqjl fj nzkplbkbjcvh j~ elvh jc jl ne~h

fj lh~ gtecfj~ kzcbnbpbh~ fhcfj zc 24,:* fj lh~ kb~kh~ tjelbyec j~ve ennbc r jc lh~

fj kjfbech vekeh -17,2*"# Jc jl lefh hpzj~vh ~j jcnzjcvtec lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ fj kjcht

vekeh fhcfj zc >7,4* lh tjelbyec# Le j}njpnbc pete j~vj j~vtevh j~v jc jl ne~h fj lh~

ghdbjtch~ fj lhnelbfefj~ fj :?? e 5#??? medbvecvj~ -::,>*"#

:#4 Tj~phc~edlj fj ^jgztbfef

Le~ jcvbfefj~ fjdjc chkdtet zc tj~phc~edlj fj ~jgztbfef pete uzj mere zce abgzte,

nhchnbfe pht vhfh~, jcnetgefe fj qjlet pht jl nzkplbkbjcvh fj le chtkevbqe# ^bc

jkdetgh, le tjelbfef kzj~vte uzj ~lh me ~bfh fj~bgcefh pht zc 4=,7* fj lh~

erzcvekbjcvh~ e cbqjl glhdel r pht jl :4,=* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~

Bc~zletj~# Le nhdjtvzte pht cbqjl fj j~vtevh kzj~vte uzj vtj~ j~vtevh~ ~zpjtec jl :?* r

lh~ fh~ j~vtevh~ fj kjch~ fj 5#??? medbvecvj~ ch elnecyec jl 4?*#

:#> Fhnzkjcvh fj ^jgztbfef

J~vj fhnzkjcvh tjnhgj le~ kjfbfe~ vncbne~ r htgecbyevbqe~ fj hdlbgefh nzkplbkbjcvh

pete vhfh jl pjt~hcel nhc ennj~h e lh~ ~b~vjke~ fj bcahtkenbc, pht lh uzj j~ cjnj~etbh

tjqb~etlh fj ahtke pjtbfbne pete uzj j~v ~bjkptj efjnzefh e lh~ nekdbh~ uzj ~j

pthfzynec jc le Jcvbfef# Efjk~ fjdj nhcvjcjt lh~ ~bgzbjcvj~ e~pjnvh~9

:#>#5 kdbvh fj eplbnenbc

Jcvtj le~ JJ#LL# j~ zce ptnvbne phnh nhkc le fjabcbnbc fjl elnecnj re uzj ~lh jl

>:,>* fj le~ kb~ke~ e cbqjl glhdel lh me tjelbyefh# ^bc jkdetgh, jl nzkplbkbjcvh j~kerht jcvtj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ nhc kerht ckjth fj medbvecvj~, fhcfj jl 72,:* fj lh~ fj

:?#??? medbvecvj~ r jl 5??* fj lh~ fj :??#??? medbvecvj~ lh tjelbye#



20/59


:#>#4 Kjfbfe~, chtke~, pthnjfbkbjcvh~, tjgle~ r j~vcfetj~

Jl phtnjcveij fj JJ#LL# uzj e cbqjl glhdel le~ mec bkpljkjcvefh j~ fjl >:,7* pete lh~

erzcvekbjcvh~ r fjl 15,5* pete le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~, atjcvj el62,4* r el >>,>* uzj ch lh mec tjelbyefh#

:#>#> Azcnbhcj~ r hdlbgenbhcj~ fjl pjt~hcel

Zc 61,5* fj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ e cbqjl glhdel r zc :1,=* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ eabtkec vjcjtle~ fjabcbfe~ r fbazcfbfe~#

:#>#6 J~vtznvzte fj lh~ abnmjth~ r fj~ntbpnbc fj lh~ ~b~vjke~ uzj lh~ vtevec

Zc >=,5* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ lljqec e nedh j~ve azcnbc atjcvj e zc 7:* fj

Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~# _ht j~vtevh, fj~vene uzj jl 5??* fj lh~erzcvekbjcvh~ nhc k~ fj :??#??? medbvecvj~ lh tjelbyec# Jc jl lefh hpzj~vh, jcvtj lh~

erzcvekbjcvh~ fj kjcht vekeh, ~lh jl 46,7* fj lh~ fj kjch~ fj :?? medbvecvj~ lh

jajnvec#

:#>#: _thnjfbkbjcvh~ fj chvbabnenbc, gj~vbc r tj~pzj~ve ecvj le~ bcnbfjcnbe~

Eabtkec tjelbyetlh e cbqjl glhdel zc 47,1* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc >1,5* fj le~

Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~# _ht j~vtevh~ le ~bvzenbc, ~elqh jc jl ne~h fj

lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj k~ fj :??#??? medbvecvj~ nhc zc 5??*, qete jcvtj jl 1=*+:2*

pete lh~ fj kerht ckjth fj medbvecvj~# Lh~ fj vekeh bcvjtkjfbh qetec jcvtj zc>>,>* r zc 61,7*# _ht lvbkh lh~ fj kjch~ fj :?? medbvecvj~, nzkpljc nhc lh

j~vedljnbfh zc 57,=*#

:#>#1 _thnjfbkbjcvh~ fj tjelbyenbc fj nhpbe~ fj tj~pelfh r fj tjnzpjtenbc fj

lh~ fevh~

E cbqjl glhdel jl 66* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc 74* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ j~vedljnjc j~vj vbph fj pthnjfbkbjcvh~#

:#>#7 Kjfbfe~ cjnj~etbe~ e efhpvet pete jl vtec~phtvj, tjzvblbyenbc h

fj~vtznnbc fj ~hphtvj~ r fhnzkjcvh~

E cbqjl glhdel zc 4=,>* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc 66,6* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ eabtkec tjelbyetlh# ^lh jc lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj jcvtj :?#??? r

:??#??? medbvecvj~ ~j ~zpjte jl 16* fj nhdjtvzte# Jc lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ fj kjch~ fj 4#???

medbvecvj~ ch ~j ~zpjte jl >:,1*, fj~venecfh lh~ fj kjch~ fj :?? medbvecvj~ jc lh~ uzj

cbnekjcvj zc 51,6* vbjcjc bkplecvefe j~ve ptnvbne#

Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce 4? fj :2


21/59


1 LJGBVBKENBC FJ FEVH^9 BCAHTKENBHC,

NHC^JCVBKBJCVH, NJ^BC R NHCABFJCNBELBFEFJl vtevekbjcvh fj lh~ fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ pht zce Jcvbfef Lhnel, me fj nzkplbt nhc le

chtkevbqe qbgjcvj, jc lh tjlevbqh e le tjnhgbfe fj le bcahtkenbc -etv# : fj le LH_F", e ~z

kecvjcbkbjcvh r envzelbyenbc -etv# 6 fj le LH_F", el vtevekbjcvh r le nj~bc e vjtnjth~

-etv# 55 r 54 fj le LH_F", r e le aenblbvenbc fj lh~ fjtjnmh~ fj lh~ nbzfefech~ -Vbvzlh BBB

fj le LH_F"#

1#5 Fjdjt fj bcahtkenbc el bcvjtj~efh ~hdtj le abcelbfef fjl vtevekbjcvh

Lh~ tj~phc~edlj~ fj abnmjth~ h vtevekbjcvh~ vbjcjc le hdlbgenbc fj bcahtket e lh~nbzfefech~ ~hdtj9

Le bcnhtphtenbc fj ~z~ fevh~ e zc abnmjth#

Le bfjcvbfef r fbtjnnbc fjl tj~phc~edlj#

Le abcelbfef fjl abnmjth#

Lh~ fj~vbcevetbh~ fj le bcahtkenbc#

Le ph~bdblbfef fj jijtnbvet lh~ fjtjnmh~ fj ennj~h, tjnvbabnenbc, necnjlenbc r

hph~bnbc#

Zc 17,:* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc 74,4* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~

Bc~zletj~ fjnletec nzkplbt nhc jl fjdjt fj bcahtkenbc# E cbqjl fj j~vtevh~ jl

nzkplbkbjcvh qete jcvtj zc 2?,7*, zc 75,5* r zc 1:,1* fj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj

gtecfj~, kjfbech~ r pjuzjh~ kzcbnbpbh~ tj~pjnvbqekjcvj#

1#4 Fjdjt fj nhc~jcvbkbjcvh fjl bcvjtj~efh pete jl vtevekbjcvh fj lh~ fevh~

J~vj fjdjt bkplbne le hdlbgenbc fj ~hlbnbvet jl nhc~jcvbkbjcvh j}plnbvh fj le~ pjt~hce~a~bne~ vbvzletj~ fj lh~ fevh~, ecvj~ fj le tjnhgbfe fj lh~ kb~kh~, pete pthnjfjt

ph~vjtbhtkjcvj e ~z vtevekbjcvh#

Jl etv# 5?#> fjl TFLH_F ~jele uzj lh~ fevh~ phftc vtevet~j ~bc cjnj~bfef fjl

nhc~jcvbkbjcvh fjl bcvjtj~efh pete jl jijtnbnbh fj le~ azcnbhcj~ pthpbe~ fj le~

Efkbcb~vtenbhcj~ pdlbne~ jc jl kdbvh fj le~ nhkpjvjcnbe~ uzj lj~ evtbdzre zce chtke

nhc tecgh fj Ljr h zce chtke fj fjtjnmh nhkzcbvetbh#

E cbqjl glhdel, jl >1,6* fj Erzcvekbjcvh~ hdvbjcjc jl nhc~jcvbkbjcvh, ~bjcfh lh~kzcbnbpbh~ fj kerht ckjth fj medbvecvj~, lh~ fj :?#??? e 5??#??? medbvecvj~, nhc zc



22/59


12,4*, lh~ uzj k~ nzkpljc nhc j~vj tjuzb~bvh# Jc jl lefh hpzj~vh, ~j jcnzjcvtec lh~

pjuzjh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ uzj ch ~zpjtec jl 6?*#

1#> Gj~vbc fj le nj~bc fj fevh~

^j jcvbjcfj pht nj~bc fj fevh~ vhfe tjqjlenbc fj fevh~ tjelbyefe e zce pjt~hce a~bne

h iztfbne fb~vbcve fjl bcvjtj~efh#

Lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel hdijvh fjl vtevekbjcvh ~lh phftc ~jt nhkzcbnefh~ e zc

vjtnjth pete jl nzkplbkbjcvh fj abcj~ fbtjnvekjcvj tjlenbhcefh~ nhc le~ azcnbhcj~

bcahtkefe~, r deih jl ptjqbh nhc~jcvbkbjcvh fjl bcvjtj~efh, ~jgc jl etv# 55 fj le LH_F r

jl etv# 5? fjl TFLH_F#

^j vteve fj zce kjfbfe uzj e cbqjl glhdel lh tjelbyec jl 61,2* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc

::,1* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~# ^bc jkdetgh ~b lh j~v pete lh~

erzcvekbjcvh~ fj gtecfj~ kzcbnbpbh~ fhcfj zc 75,7* lh lljqe e nedh atjcvj e zc :>,5*

r zc 66* fj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj kjfbech~ r pjuzjh~ kzcbnbpbh~#

1#6 Nhcabfjcnbelbfef fj lh~ fevh~

Jl tj~phc~edlj fj lh~ abnmjth~ fjdj getecvbyet kjfbecvj jl j~vedljnbkbjcvh fj nlz~zle~

fj nhcabfjcnbelbfef jl fjdjt fj gzetfet ~jntjvh ~hdtj le bcahtkenbc vtevefe# J~ve~ fjdjc

~jt abtkefe~ pht jl pjt~hcel fj le jcvbfef uzj vjcge ennj~h e lh~ abnmjth~ r eajnvec vecvh

el pjt~hcel fj le pthpbe jcvbfef nhkh e lh~ vjtnjth~ nhc lh~ uzj ~j vjcge elgc vbph fj

enzjtfh#

E cbqjl glhdel, zc 4=,2* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ lh lljqe e nedh# Jc jl ne~h fj le~

Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ le ~bvzenbc kjihte re uzj zc 66,6* lh

tjelbye# ^bc jkdetgh, j~v ~bvzenbc j~ k~ pvbke jc lh~ ghdbjtch~ fj vhfh~ lh~ cnljh~

fj jcvtj :?#??? r :??#??? medbvecvj~ fhcfj k~ fj zc 76* fj le~ jcvbfefj~ tjelbyec

j~v ptnvbne#



23/59


7 FJTJNMH^ ETNH

Zch fj lh~ pzcvh~ nleqj fj le LH_F qbjcj nhc~vbvzbfh pht lh~ fjtjnmh~ fj ennj~h,tjnvbabnenbc, necnjlenbc r hph~bnbc -nhchnbfh~ nhkh fjtjnmh~ E#T#N#H#", tjnhchnbfh~

e lh~ vbvzletj~ fj lh~ fevh~# Fj ahtke dtjqj, ~j pzjfjc fj~ntbdbt fj le ~bgzbjcvj ahtke9

Ennj~h9 hdlbgenbc fj bcahtket gtevzbvekjcvj fj vhfh~ euzjllh~ fevh~ uzj ~j

ph~jjc ~hdtj zc nbzfefech#

Tjnvbabnenbc9 nzeluzbjt bcfbqbfzh, vbjcj fjtjnmh e le nhttjnnbc fj vhfh~ euzjllh~

fevh~ uzj nhc~bfjtj bcj}envh~ h bcnhkpljvh~, bcefjnzefh~ h j}nj~bqh~ ~hdtj ~z

pjt~hce#

Necnjlenbc9 nzecfh lh~ fevh~ fjl bcvjtj~efh ~jec bcj}envh~ h bcefjnzefh~, ~vj

phft ~hlbnbvet jl dlhuzjh fj lh~ fevh~, jcvjcfbcfh~j nhkh le bfjcvbabnenbc r

tj~jtqe fj fevh~ nhc jl abc fj bkpjfbt ~z vtevekbjcvh#

Hph~bnbc9 lh~ fevh~ ~jtc j}nlzbfh~ fjl vtevekbjcvh pht jl Tj~phc~edlj fjl

Abnmjth#

Nhkh nhcvtepetvbfe fj j~vh~ fjtjnmh~ le ljr nhcvjkple le hdlbgenbc fjl tj~phc~edlj fjl

abnmjth h vtevekbjcvh fj evjcfjt r aenblbvet jl jijtnbnbh fj j~vh~ fjtjnmh~ e lh~ vbvzletj~ fjlh~ fevh~#

Ch hd~vecvj, r ~jgc tjnhgj jl etv# 4> fj le LH_F, lh~ tj~phc~edlj~ fj lh~ abnmjth~ uzj

nhcvjcgec fevh~ zvblbyefh~ pete abcj~ phlbnbelj~ phftc fjcjget jl ennj~h, le tjnvbabnenbc

h necnjlenbc jc azcnbc fj lh~ pjlbgth~ uzj pzfbjtec fjtbqet~j pete le fjajc~e fjl

J~vefh h le ~jgztbfef pdlbne, le pthvjnnbc fj lh~ fjtjnmh~ r lbdjtvefj~ fj vjtnjth~ h le~

cjnj~bfefj~ fj le~ bcqj~vbgenbhcj~ uzj ~j j~vc tjelbyecfh#

J}b~vj le hdlbgenbc pete le~ Jcvbfefj~ fj fet bcahtkenbc e lh~ nbzfefech~ ~hdtj nkh

j~vh~ fjdjc jijtnjt ~z~ fjtjnmh~ ETNH# Jc j~vj ~jcvbfh, ~j fjdj aenblbvet el bcvjtj~efh

zc kjfbh ~jcnbllh r gtevzbvh pete kecbaj~vet ~z cjgevbqe el vtevekbjcvh fj lh~ fevh~ vel r

nhkh ~j tjnhgj fj ahtke k~ ekplbe jc lh~ etv~# 4: r 41 fjl TFLH_F#

Jl jijtnbnbh fj fjtjnmh~ j~v de~vecvj j}vjcfbfh jcvtj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r le~

Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ fhcfj jc zc 62,6* r zc :4,=* lh hvhtgec,

tj~pjnvbqekjcvj, e ~z~ bcvjtj~efh~# _ht vekeh fjl j~vtevh, le bkplecvenbc fj j~vj

fjdjt ~j tjelbye fj ahtke mjvjthgcje# Jl 5??* fj lh~ cnljh~ fj k~ :??#???

medbvecvj~ lh tjelbyec, ~jgzbfh~ pht lh~ fj phdlenbhcj~ fj :?#??? e 5??#??? medbvecvj~ r

lh~ fj 5??#??? e :??#??? medbvecvj~ fhcfj k~ fjl 7?* fj ~z~ ghdbjtch~ lh jajnvec-72,:* r 7:* tj~pjnvbqekjcvj"# Jl kjcht cbqjl fj nhdjtvzte ~j fe jc lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~

fj :#??? e 5?#??? medbvecvj~ fhcfj ~j tjelbye pht k~ fjl :?* fj lh~ ghdbjtch~#

Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce 4> fj :2


24/59


= KJFBFE^ FJ ^JGZTBFEF

_ete jl nhttjnvh vtevekbjcvh fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel ~j fjdjc vjcjt jc nzjcvephlvbne~ j~pjnabne~ fj ~jgztbfef uzj getecvbnjc le ptbqenbfef fj lh~ kb~kh~# J~ve~ mec

fj vtefznbt~j, jc zce ~jtbj fj pthnjfbkbjcvh~ r nhcvthlj~ uzj ahtkec petvj fj lh~

tjuzjtbkbjcvh~ pete efepvet~j e le chtkevbqe fj pthvjnnbc fj fevh~ r uzj ~hc tjnhgbfh~

fjcvth fjl TFLH_F nhkh kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef# Khvbqh j~vj, pht jl nzel fjdjc abgztet

jc jl fhnzkjcvh fj ~jgztbfef fj le jcvbfef#

E nhcvbczenbc, ~j ecelbye jl cbqjl fj nzkplbkbjcvh fj le~ kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef j}bgbfe~

jc jl TFLH_F, nhkptjcfbjcfh lh~ nhcvthlj~ vecvh fj gj~vbc nhkh fj netnvjt vncbnh#

=#5 Kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef nhc nhcvthlj~ fj netnvjt vncbnh

=#5#5 Tjgb~vth fj bcnbfjcnbe~

Zce bcnbfjcnbe j~ nzeluzbjt echkele uzj eajnvj h pzfbjte eajnvet e le bcvjgtbfef,

nhcabfjcnbelbfef h fb~phcbdblbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel# Jl tj~phc~edlj fj

~jgztbfef fjdj ~jgc jl etv# 5?? fjl TFLH_F, kecvjcjt zc tjgb~vth fj bcnbfjcnbe~ pete

phfjt tjelbyet zc ~jgzbkbjcvh fj le tj~hlznbc fj le~ kb~ke~#

E pj~et fj lh j~vedljnbfh jc le chtkevbqe, le tjelbfef kzj~vte uzj lh tjelbyec zc 45,5* r

zc >=,2* fj Erzcvekbjcvh~ r Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~tj~pjnvbqekjcvj"# E cbqjl fj j~vtevh ~j tjelbye pht jl 15,:* erzcvekbjcvh~ fj gtecfj~

kzcbnbpbh~, jl >>,6* fj lh~ fj kjfbech~ r pht zc 5:,:* fj lh~ pjuzjh~ htgecb~kh~#

=#5#4 Bfjcvbabnenbc r ezvjcvbnenbc

Le~ jcvbfefj~ fjdjc j~vedljnjt nhcahtkj el etv# 2> fjl TFLH_F ntbvjtbh~ pete e~bgcet

fjtjnmh~ fj ennj~h fj lh~ vtedeiefhtj~ e lh~ ~b~vjke~ fj bcahtkenbc jc azcnbc fj ~z

fj~jkpjh, ~bjcfh bkphtvecvj uzj ~j tjqb~jc pjtbfbnekjcvj r envzelbnjc lh~ fjtjnmh~,

jc ne~h fj deie~ h nekdbh~#

Jl :6,7* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 25,7* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~

Bc~zletj~ lh lljqec e nedh# _ht cbqjl fj j~vtevh lh tjelbyec, zc 2=,6* fj gtecfj~

kzcbnbpbh~, k~ fjl =5,1* fj vekeh kjfbech r zc 6>,:* pete le~ fj kjcht vekeh#

Jc nzeluzbjt ne~h jl TFLH_F, jc ~z etvnzlh 25 tjajtbfh el nhcvthl fj ennj~h, re ~jele

uzj jl tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth ~j jcnetget fj uzj j}b~ve zce tjlenbc envzelbyefe fj

z~zetbh~ r pjtablj~ fj z~zetbh~, r lh~ ennj~h~ ezvhtbyefh~ pete nefe zch fj jllh~# E cbqjl

glhdel le hdlbgevhtbjfef fj fb~phcjt jc ~z~ jcvbfefj~ zce lb~ve h tjlenbc fj z~zetbh~ j~

tjelbyefe pht zc >1,4* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc 77,=* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#



25/59


Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce 4: fj :2

_ht hvte petvj, le~ JJ#LL# vbjcjc vekdbc le hdlbgevhtbjfef fj j~vedljnjt elgc pthnj~h fj

ezvjcvbnenbc h nhkpthdenbc fj le bfjcvbfef fjl z~zetbh# Jl z~h fj nhcvte~je~, fj

vetijve~ bcvjlbgjcvj~ h nhcvthlj~ dbhkvtbnh~ ~hc kjfbh~ fb~phcbdlj~ pete vel abc ~bjkptjuzj ~j gj~vbhcjc nhttjnvekjcvj5#

Ch hd~vecvj, le~ JJ#LL# fjdjc jc jl ne~h fj uzj ~j mere jljgbfh zc kvhfh fj

ezvjcvbnenbc pht nhcvte~je~, j~vedljnjt zce phlvbne uzj fjabce le ahtke fj e~bgcet r

nhkzcbnet, le ptbkjte qjy uzj ~j lj hvhtgzj e zc z~zetbh ~z ennj~h el ~b~vjke, e~ nhkh

~z tjchqenbc pjtbfbne# Fbnme kjfbfe re me ~bfh pzj~ve jc ketnme pht zc 1=,5* fj lh~

erzcvekbjcvh~ e cbqjl glhdel r pht zc =>,>* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~

Bc~zletj~#

Efjk~ j}b~vj hvte kjfbfe fj ~jgztbfef nhkh j~ jl nhcvthl fj lh~ bcvjcvh~ aellbfh~ fjennj~h pht petvj fj lh~ z~zetbh~ -etv# 5?> fjl TFLH_F"# J~ve ptnvbne me ~bfh pzj~ve jc

ketnme pht jl 61* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r pht zc 74,4* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~# _ht vekeh fj j~vtevh ~j tjelbye fj ahtke mjvjthgcje pht le~

jcvbfefj~, fefh uzj jcvhtch el =?* fj lh~ htgecb~kh~ fj jcvtj :?#??? r :??#??? ~b lh

lljqec e nedh atjcvj el 11,7* fj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ fj k~ fj :??#??? medbvecvj~#

Jc jl ne~h fj uzj le~ nhcvte~je~ ~j gzetfjc, fjdj menjt~j fj ahtke uzj ch ~jec

ljgbdlj~ pete jqbvet uzj zce pjt~hce ch ezvhtbyefe vjcge ennj~h e le~ kb~ke~ fj ahtke

atezfzljcve# J~ve ennbc le jajnvec jl 74,:* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl =>,>* fj le~Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

=#5#> Nhcvthl fj ennj~h

Jl fjtjnmh fj ennj~h, nhkh ~j mec bcfbnefh ecvjtbhtkjcvj, fjdj ~jt nhcnjfbfh jc

azcnbc fj lh~ tjnzt~h~ uzj ptjnb~jc lh~ z~zetbh~ fjl ~b~vjke pete jl fj~etthllh fj ~z~

azcnbhcj~, j~vecfh jl tj~phc~edlj fj ~jgztbfef hdlbgefh e getecvbyet j~vj nhcvthl -etv# 25

fjl TFLH_F"#

Jl eclb~b~ e cbqjl glhdel kzj~vte uzj jl 7?,6* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 25,7* fj le~Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ eabtkec uzj nefe z~zetbh ennjfj e lh~ fevh~

cjnj~etbh~ nhcahtkj el pzj~vh uzj fj~jkpje jc le jcvbfef# Jc tjlenbc nhc le

j}b~vjcnbe fj lh~ nhcvthlj~ j~vh~ ~hc tjelbyefh~ pht zc 16,6* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r

=>,>* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~#

Efjk~, j~vj fjtjnmh fjdj ~jt nhcnjfbfh ~lh pht uzbjc mere fj~bgcefh jl tj~phc~edlj

fjl abnmjth, ~bjcfh medbvzelkjcvj jl efkbcb~vtefht h efkbcb~vtefhtj~ fj lh~ ~b~vjke~ lh~

uzj kevjtbelbyec lh~ pjtkb~h~ fj ennj~h e lh~ ~b~vjke~ fj lh~ z~zetbh~# Le~ jcvbfefj~

5 BCVJNH# Tjnhkjcfenbhcj~ pete le ntjenbc r z~h fj nhcvte~je~ ~jgzte~# Fb~phcbdlj jcmvvp9((www#bcvjnh#j~(^jgztbfef(Hd~jtqevhtbh(J~vzfbh~XjXBcahtkj~(Chve~XrXEtvbnzlh~(tjnhkjcfenbhcj~XntjenbhcXz~hXnhcvte~jce~
http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Notas_y_Articulos/recomendaciones_creacion_uso_contrasenashttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Notas_y_Articulos/recomendaciones_creacion_uso_contrasenashttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Notas_y_Articulos/recomendaciones_creacion_uso_contrasenashttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Notas_y_Articulos/recomendaciones_creacion_uso_contrasenas


26/59


fjdjc j~vedljnjt zc kjnecb~kh fj ezvhtbyenbhcj~ pete uzj jl efkbcb~vtefht nzjcvj nhc

le getecve ~zabnbjcvj fj uzj fjdj hvhtget jl ennj~h el z~zetbh uzj lh mere ~hlbnbvefh#

Fbnmh kjnecb~kh j~ j~vedljnbfh pht jl 7=* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 26,6* fj le~Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

_ht lvbkh, e le mhte fj j~vedljnjt jl nhcvthl fj ennj~h, j~ bkphtvecvj uzj le zdbnenbc fj

lh~ ~b~vjke~ fj bcahtkenbc fj le~ jcvbfefj~ fb~phcge fj zc nhcvthl fj ennj~h a~bnh,

bkpbfbjcfh uzj nzeluzbjt pjt~hce ch ezvhtbyefe vjcge ennj~h r pzjfe tjelbyet nzeluzbjt

kecbpzlenbc atezfzljcve#

E cbqjl glhdel j~ tjelbyefh pht jl ::,1* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 12,6* fj le~

Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

=#5#6 Tjgb~vth fj ennj~h~

Jcvtj le~ kjfbfe~ tjuzjtbfe~ pete lh~ abnmjth~ nle~babnefh~ nhkh cbqjl elvh, j~v jl

tjgb~vth fj ennj~h~, uzj bkplbne zc nhcvthl j}mez~vbqh pete nefe zch fj jllh~, fj

enzjtfh e lh uzj j~vedljnj jl etv# 5?> fjl TFLH_F, nepvztecfh le ~bgzbjcvj bcahtkenbc

fj nefe bcvjcvh fj ennj~h9

Bfjcvbabnenbc fjl z~zetbh#

Ajnme r mhte jc le uzj ~j tjelby#

Abnmjth ennjfbfh#

Vbph fj ennj~h9 nhc~zlve, khfbabnenbc, dhttefh, jvn#

^b me ~bfh ezvhtbyefh h fjcjgefh jl ennj~h#

Tjgb~vth nhcntjvh ennjfbfh9 jc jl ne~h fj uzj jl ennj~h mzdbj~j ~bfh ezvhtbyefh#

E cbqjl glhdel, zc 67,7* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc >1,5* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~

r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ lljqec e nedh zc tjgb~vth fj ennj~h#

Hvth~ jljkjcvh~ uzj le~ jcvbfefj~ mec fj vjcjt jc nzjcve tj~pjnvh e lh~ tjgb~vth~ fj

ennj~h ~hc9

Jl pjtbhfh fj nhc~jtqenbc, czcne ~zpjtbht e fh~ eh~, r jl nhcvthl fj lh~

tjgb~vth~ kjfbecvj le jkb~bc fj zc bcahtkj kjc~zel -etv# 5?>#6 fjl TFLH_F"# Jl

cbqjl fj nzkplbkbjcvh e cbqjl glhdel j~ fj zc 14,5* jc lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r fj zc

67,4* jc le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

Le jledhtenbc, nhc netnvjt kjc~zel, fj zc bcahtkj fj le~ tjqb~bhcj~ tjelbyefe~,

fj lh~ pthdljke~ fjvjnvefh~ pht petvj fjl tj~phc~edlj fj ~jgztbfef -etv# 5?>#:



27/59


fjl TFLH_F"# J~vh j~ nzkplbfh pht jl 41,1* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 5>,2* fj

le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ e cbqjl glhdel#

=#5#: Vjljnhkzcbnenbhcj~

Jl TFLH_F j}bgj jc ~z etv# 5?6, pete fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ nle~babnefh~ nhkh cbqjl elvh, le

bkplecvenbc fj nhcvthlj~ uzj getecvbnjc le nhcabfjcnbelbfef r le bcvjgtbfef jc le~

vtec~kb~bhcj~ e vteq~ fj tjfj~ pdlbne~ h tjfj~ bcelkdtbne~ fj nhkzcbnenbhcj~

jljnvtcbne~# _ete jllh ~j j~vedljnj, nhkh kjnecb~kh k~ medbvzel, jl nbatefh fj lh~

fevh~, fefh uzj getecvbye uzj le bcahtkenbc ch ~jt bcvjlbgbdlj cb kecbpzlefe pht

vjtnjth~#

Fbnmh nbatefh j~ tjelbyefh e cbqjl glhdel pht jl 61,=* r jl :=,>* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r

fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ tj~pjnvbqekjcvj#

=#4 Kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef nhc nhcvthlj~ fj gj~vbc

=#4#5 Gj~vbc fj ~hphtvj~ r fhnzkjcvh~

Jl tj~phc~edlj fj ~jgztbfef vbjcj le hdlbgenbc fj tjelbyet zce gj~vbc jajnvbqe fj lh~

~hphtvj~ uzj j}b~vec jc le Jcvbfef, nhcahtkj e lh j~vedljnbfh jc jl etv# 24 fjl TFLH_F,

pete lh nzel ~j j~vedljnjc zce ~jtbj fj kjfbfe~ jcahnefe~ e9

Le bfjcvbabnenbc fjl vbph fj bcahtkenbc uzj nhcvbjcjc lh~ ~hphtvj~ r fhnzkjcvh~uzj nhcvjcgec fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel -etv# 24#5 TFLH_F", e~ nhkh ~jt

bcqjcvetbefh~ r ennj~bdlj~ pht jl pjt~hcel ezvhtbyefh pete jllh jc jl fhnzkjcvh

fj ~jgztbfef# Le j}njpnbc e j~ve kjfbfe, qbjcj j~vedljnbfe nzecfh le~

netenvjt~vbne~ a~bne~ fjl ~hphtvj bkph~bdblbvjc ~z nzkplbkbjcvh, fjdbjcfh fjiet

nhc~vecnbe khvbqefe fj jllh jc jl fhnzkjcvh fj ~jgztbfef# Jl gtefh fj

bkplecvenbc fj j~vh~ tjuzb~bvh~ j~ tjelbyefh fj kecjte fj~bgzel# E~9

h Le bfjcvbabnenbc j~ tjelbyefe pht jl :=,>* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ e cbqjl

glhdel r pht jl 74,4* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

h Jl bcqjcvetbefh ~j jajnve pht jl 44,1* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 66,6*

fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

h _ht lvbkh, le ennj~bdblbfef fj lh~ ~hphtvj~ r fhnzkjcvh~, uzj j~ve jc

tjlenbc nhc jl ennj~h tj~vtbcgbfh el ~bvbh fhcfj ~j elkenjcec, j~

jijnzvefe pht jl 16,=* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 12,6* fj le~

Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

Le ezvhtbyenbc pht jl tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth h le ezvhtbyenbc qe fhnzkjcvh fj~jgztbfef fj le ~elbfe fj ~hphtvj~ r fhnzkjcvh~ uzj nhcvjcgec fevh~ fj netnvjt

pjt~hcel, bcnlzbfh~ lh~ nhkptjcfbfh~ r(h eijch~ e zc nhttjh jljnvtcbnh, azjte fj



28/59


Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce 4= fj :2

lh~ lhnelj~ r deih jl nhcvthl fjl tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth h vtevekbjcvh -etv# 24#4

TFLH_F"# Nhkpljkjcvetbekjcvj e j~ve fb~ph~bnbc, jl etv# 24#> fjl TFLH_F

j~vedljnj uzj nzecfh ~j qere e pthnjfjt el vte~lefh fj le fhnzkjcvenbc ~jfjdjc efhpvet kjfbfe~ pete jqbvet le ~z~vtennbc, ptfbfe h ennj~h bcfjdbfh e le

bcahtkenbc fztecvj ~z vtec~phtvj#

E cbqjl glhdel, jl nhcvthl fj le ~elbfe r jcvtefe fj ~hphtvj~ j~ tjelbyefh pht jl

5=,6* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r pht zc >?,1* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~# Le ezvhtbyenbc pht petvj fjl tj~phc~edlj fj ~jgztbfef j~

jajnvzef pht jl :1* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl :4,=* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~,

Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

_ht vekeh fj j~vtevh j}b~vj zce fb~petbfef jc le e~zcnbc fj j~ve~hdlbgevhtbjfefj~, kbjcvte~ uzj jl phtnjcveij fj Erzcvekbjcvh~ fj gtecfj~

kzcbnbpbh~ j~ ~zpjtbht el 66* jc jl nhcvthl r el 7?* jc le ezvhtbyenbc, jc jl ne~h

fj lh~ htgecb~kh~ fj kjfbech r pjuzjh vekeh, jl phtnjcveij fj lh~ uzj

nzkpljc ~j epth}bke el qelht glhdel#

Jl eclb~b~ ptjqbh fj le~ cjnj~bfefj~ fjl ~hphtvj h fjl fhnzkjcvh uzj nhcvjcge

fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel ecvj~ fj fj~jnmetlh pete jqbvet jl ennj~h e le

bcahtkenbc nhcvjcbfe jc jl kb~kh h ~z tjnzpjtenbc ph~vjtbht -etv# 24#6 fjl

TFLH_F"# J~ve kjfbfe ~ztgj ecvj lh~ ph~bdlj~ tbj~gh~ nhc lh~ uzj ~j pzjfjcjcnhcvtet le~ jcvbfefj~ nzecfh ~j fj~menjc fj fb~ph~bvbqh~ ~bc medjt~j

e~jgztefh fj medjt jlbkbcefh vhfe le bcahtkenbc4#

_tjgzcvefe~ le~ jcvbfefj~ el jajnvh, le tj~pzj~ve e cbqjl glhdel me ~bfh uzj jl

>2,1* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl >1,5* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~

Bc~zletj~ jijnzvec kjfbfe~ pete bkpjfbt le tjnzpjtenbc bcfjdbfe fj le

bcahtkenbc#

Le bfjcvbabnenbc, gj~vbc r fb~vtbdznbc fj lh~ ~hphtvj~ r jl vtevekbjcvh jc

fb~ph~bvbqh~ phtvvblj~ -etv# 5?5 fjl TFLH_F"# Tj~pjnvh e j~vh~ lvbkh~, le

chtkevbqe j~vedljnj uzj fjdjt jqbvet~j jl z~h fj euzjllh~ uzj ch pjtkbvec ~z

nbatefh r, jc jl ne~h fj uzj ~je j~vtbnvekjcvj cjnj~etbh, ~j met nhc~vet,

khvbqefekjcvj, jc jl fhnzkjcvh fj ~jgztbfef r ~j efhpvetc kjfbfe~ uzj

vjcgec jc nzjcve lh~ tbj~gh~ fj tjelbyet vtevekbjcvh~ jc jcvhtch~ fj~pthvjgbfh~#

E cbqjl glhdel, jl nzkplbkbjcvh fj j~ve~ ptjtthgevbqe~ pht le~ jcvbfefj~ j~ ~bkblet

fefh uzj, jl >7,>* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl >1,5* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~,

4 BCVJNH# Tjzvblbyenbc r ~z~vbvznbc ~jgzte fj fb~ph~bvbqh~ fj elkenjcekbjcvh# Fb~phcbdlj jcmvvp9((www#bcvjnh#j~(^jgztbfef(Hd~jtqevhtbh(J~vzfbh~XjXBcahtkj~(Chve~XrXEtvbnzlh~(TjzvblbyenbhcXrX~z~vbvznbhcX~jgzteXfjXfb~ph~bvbX55
http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Notas_y_Articulos/Reutilizacion_y_sustitucion_segura_de_dispositi_11http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Notas_y_Articulos/Reutilizacion_y_sustitucion_segura_de_dispositi_11http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Notas_y_Articulos/Reutilizacion_y_sustitucion_segura_de_dispositi_11http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Notas_y_Articulos/Reutilizacion_y_sustitucion_segura_de_dispositi_11


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Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ eabtkec nbatet lh~ fevh~ nhcvjcbfh~ jc lh~ ~hphtvj~

uzj ~eljc fj le~ bc~velenbhcj~ fj le jcvbfef#

=#4#4 Nhpbe~ fj tj~pelfh r tjnzpjtenbc

J~ ntvbnh getecvbyet le nhcvbczbfef fj le~ envbqbfefj~ fj le JJ#LL#, pete lh uzj ~j fjdj

e~jgztet le fb~phcbdblbfef fj lh~ fevh~ uzj ~j vtevec# Le~ nhpbe~ fj ~jgztbfef h fj

tj~pelfh, pthnztec j~vj hdijvbqh, jkpljcfh~j pete le tjnzpjtenbc fj lh~ fevh~

htbgbcelj~ jc ne~h fj ptfbfe h elvjtenbc bcfjdbfe# Le chtkevbqe j~vedljnj zce ~jtbj fj

kjfbfe~ e lljqet e nedh9

Le tjelbyenbc, nhkh kcbkh ~jkecel, fj nhpbe~ fj tj~pelfh, ~elqh uzj jc fbnmh

pjthfh ch ~j mzdbjte pthfznbfh cbcgzce envzelbyenbc fj lh~ fevh~ -etv# 26#5 fjl

TFLH_F"# J~ve ennbc ~j tjelbye, e cbqjl glhdel, pht jl ::,4* fj lh~

Erzcvekbjcvh~ r k~ fjl 2?*, jc nhcntjvh 26,6*, fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~

r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

Jl j~vedljnbkbjcvh fj pthnjfbkbjcvh~ pete le tjnzpjtenbc fj lh~ fevh~ uzj

getecvbnjc, jc vhfh khkjcvh, ~z tjnhc~vtznnbc el j~vefh jc uzj ~j jcnhcvtedec

el vbjkph fj pthfznbt~j le ptfbfe h fj~vtznnbc -etv# 26#4 fjl TFLH_F"# Nhc le

j}njpnbc fj uzj ~b eajnve~j e abnmjth~ h vtevekbjcvh~ petnbelkjcvj

ezvhkevbyefh~ r ~bjkptj uzj le j}b~vjcnbe fj le fhnzkjcvenbc pjtkbve le

tjnzpjtenbc, ~j fjdjt pthnjfjt e gtedet keczelkjcvj lh~ fevh~ fjiecfhnhc~vecnbe khvbqefe fj j~vj mjnmh jc jl fhnzkjcvh fj ~jgztbfef# Jcvtj le~

JJ#LL#, jl :4,=* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl ==,2* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ getecvbyec le tjnhc~vtznnbc fj lh~ fevh~#

Le qjtbabnenbc nefe ~jb~ kj~j~ pht jl tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth fj uzj ~j tjelbye

zce nhttjnve fjabcbnbc, azcnbhcekbjcvh r eplbnenbc fj lh~ pthnjfbkbjcvh~ fj

tjelbyenbc fj nhpbe~ fj tj~pelfh r fj tjnzpjtenbc fj fevh~ -etv# 26#> fjl

TFLH_F"# J~ve kjfbfe ~j tjelbye pht le kerhte fj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ nhc

bcfjpjcfjcnbe fj ~z vekeh, ~elqh jc jl ne~h fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ fj :#??? e5?#??? medbvecvj~ fhcfj jl phtnjcveij fj jcvbfefj~ ~j epth}bke el fj le~

Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ -1=*"#

Ch hd~vecvj, j~ve kjfbfe vekdbc ~zphcj uzj jl tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth9

h Ezvhtbnj pht j~ntbvh le tjnzpjtenbc fj lh~ fevh~# Jcvtj le~ JJ#LL# j~ve

ennbc ch j~v lh ~zabnbjcvjkjcvj bkpljkjcvefe re uzj jl kerht gtefh fj

nhdjtvzte ~j ~bve jc jl 66* pete lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ fj 5??#??? e :??#???

medbvecvj~# _ete jl tj~vh fj j~vtevh~ ~j jcnzjcvte pht fjdeih fjl >>,>*,

bcnlzbfe~ le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ uzj lljgec el

4:* fj nhdjtvzte#



30/59


h Kecvjcge zc tjgb~vth nhc vhfe~ le~ tj~veztenbhcj~ uzj ~j tjelbnjc# J~vj

fjdj nhcvjcjt le ~bgzbjcvj bcahtkenbc9 ajnme r mhte, pjt~hce uzj tjelbye

le tj~veztenbc r lh~ fevh~ uzj ~j tj~veztec fj ahtke keczel -pht ch j~vetbcnlzbfh~ jc le nhpbe fj tj~pelfh"# Tj~pjnvh el tjgb~vth, jl gtefh fj

bkplecvenbc j~ kerht, nhc zc 5??* fj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ fj k~ fj :??#???

medbvecvj~ r fjl :5* pete lh~ fj k~ fj :?#??? medbvecvj~# Jl tj~vh fj

j~vtevh~ qete jcvhtch el 4:* fj htgecb~kh~ uzj nzkpljc nhc lh

j~vedljnbfh jc le chtkevbqe, kjch~ jc jl ne~h fj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ fj jcvtj

5?#??? r :?#??? medbvecvj~ ->:,7*"#

Le nhc~jtqenbc fj zce nhpbe fj tj~pelfh fj lh~ fevh~ r fj lh~ pthnjfbkbjcvh~ fj

tjnzpjtenbc fj lh~ kb~kh~ jc zc lzget fbajtjcvj fj euzjl jc uzj ~j jcnzjcvtjclh~ juzbph~ bcahtkvbnh~ uzj lh~ vtevec, pete euzjllh~ fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ fj cbqjl

elvh -etv# 5?4 fjl TFLHF_"# J~ve hdlbgenbc j~ nzkplbfe pht jl 16,:* fj lh~

Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 11,7* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~# Ch

hd~vecvj, e cbqjl fjl vekeh fj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~, jl nzkplbkbjcvh j~ ~zpjtbht e

j~vh~ phtnjcveij~ jc lh~ fj k~ fj 5?#??? medbvecvj~#

=#4#> _tzjde~ nhc fevh~ tjelj~

Jl TFLH_F j~vedljnj jc ~z etv# 26#6 uzj le~ ptzjde~ ptjqbe~ e le bkplecvenbc h

khfbabnenbc fj lh~ ~b~vjke~ fj bcahtkenbc uzj vtevjc abnmjth~ nhc fevh~ fj netnvjt

pjt~hcel ch ~j tjelbyetc nhc fevh~ tjelj~, ~elqh uzj9

^j e~jgztj jl cbqjl fj ~jgztbfef nhttj~phcfbjcvj el vtevekbjcvh tjelbyefh#

^j echvj ~z tjelbyenbc jc jl fhnzkjcvh fj ~jgztbfef#

^j tjelbnj zce nhpbe fj ~jgztbfef#

Le tj~pzj~ve fj le~ jcvbfefj~ petvbnbpecvj~ jc jl j~vzfbh kzj~vte uzj, e cbqjl glhdel, jl

1?* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl :=,>* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~

eabtkec uzj le~ ptzjde~ ch ~j tjelbyec nhc fevh~ tjelj~ atjcvj e zc 4:* r e zc 47,=*

tj~pjnvbqekjcvj uzj ~b lh~ zvblbyec#

Jc nzeluzbjt ne~h, le chtkevbqe tjnhkbjcfe jl z~h fj fevh~ abnvbnbh~ pete ch vjcjt uzj

efhpvet nhcvthlj~ fj ~jgztbfef efbnbhcelj~, r uzj ~j zvblbnjc le~ kb~ke~ kjfbfe~ fj

~jgztbfef uzj ~j eplbnetc ~b lh~ fevh~ azj~jc tjelj~# Fbnme ptjneznbc j~ vhkefe jc

nhc~bfjtenbc pht zc :4,4* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc :4,=* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~,

Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

=#4#6 EzfbvhteLh~ ~b~vjke~ fj bcahtkenbc j bc~velenbhcj~ fj vtevekbjcvh r elkenjcekbjcvh fj fevh~

uzj kecjijc fevh~ fj cbqjl kjfbh fj ~jgztbfef, mec fj ~hkjvjt~j ~jgc j~vedljnj jl

Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce >? fj :2


31/59


etv# 21 fjl TFLH_F e zce ezfbvhte bcvjtce h j}vjtce, el kjch~ nefe fh~ eh~, uzj

qjtbabuzj jl nzkplbkbjcvh fj le~ kjfbfe~ fj ~jgztbfef#

E cbqjl glhdel, fbnme~ ezfbvhtbe~ ~hc tjelbyefe~ pht jl 5?,2* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl

52,6* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~#

Ch hd~vecvj, fbnme ezfbvhte fjdjt tjelbyet~j nhc netnvjt j}vtehtfbcetbh ~bjkptj uzj ~j

tjelbnjc khfbabnenbhcj~ ~z~vecnbelj~ jc jl ~b~vjke fj bcahtkenbc uzj pzjfec tjpjtnzvbt

jc jl nzkplbkbjcvh fj le~ kjfbfe~ bkplecvefe~ nhc jl hdijvbqh fj qjtbabnet le efepvenbc,

efjnzenbc r jabnenbe fj le~ kb~ke~#

Vte~ jl pthnj~h fj ezfbvhte ~j fjdjt tjelbyet zc bcahtkj uzj me fj nzkplbt nhc lh~

~bgzbjcvj~ hdijvbqh~9

Fbnvekbcet ~hdtj le efjnzenbc fj le~ kjfbfe~ r nhcvthlj~ e le Ljr r ~z

fj~etthllh tjglekjcvetbh#

Bfjcvbabnet le~ fjabnbjcnbe~ uzj pzjfec nhcvjcjt lh~ ~b~vjke~ fj bcahtkenbc r le~

bc~velenbhcj~#

_thphcjt le~ kjfbfe~ nhttjnvhte~ h nhkpljkjcvetbe~ cjnj~etbe~#

Bcnlzbt lh~ fevh~, mjnmh~ r hd~jtqenbhcj~ jc uzj ~j de~jc lh~ fbnvkjcj~elnecyefh~ r le~ tjnhkjcfenbhcj~ pthpzj~ve~#

Fbnmh bcahtkj j~ tjelbyefh pht jl 5>,2* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl >>,>* fj le~

Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~# _ht vekeh fjl j~vtevh, ~j nzkplj pht jl

:?,=* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ fj gtecfj~ kzcbnbpbh~, jl 47,2* fj lh~ fj kjfbech~

kzcbnbpbh~ r 7,7* fj lh~ fj kjcht vekeh#

_ht lvbkh, le chtkevbqe j~vedljnj uzj lh~ bcahtkj~ fj ezfbvhte mec fj ~jt ecelbyefh~

pht jl tj~phc~edlj fj ~jgztbfef nhkpjvjcvj, uzj jljqet le~ nhcnlz~bhcj~ el

tj~phc~edlj fjl abnmjth h vtevekbjcvh pete uzj efhpvj le~ kjfbfe~ nhttjnvhte~

efjnzefe~ r uzjfetc e fb~ph~bnbc fj le Egjcnbe J~pehle fj _thvjnnbc fj Fevh~ h,

jc ~z ne~h, fj le~ ezvhtbfefj~ fj nhcvthl fj le~ nhkzcbfefj~ ezvchke~#

E cbqjl glhdel, zc 45,1* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r zc 52,6* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~

r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ lh lljqec e nedh0 ezcuzj e cbqjl fj j~vtevh ~j tjelbye pht jl >2* fj

lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ fj gtecfj~ kzcbnbpbh~ r pht jl 4?,:* fj lh~ fj kjfbech vekeh#

Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce >5 fj :2


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2 ^Z_JTQB^BC, BC^_JNNBHCJ^, FJCZCNBE^ R

^ECNBHCJ^ FJTBQEFE^ FJL BCNZK_LBKBJCVH FJLE CHTKEVBQE FJ _THVJNNBC FJ FEVH^

Le~ Egjcnbe~ fj _thvjnnbc fj Fevh~, vecvh le j~vevel nhkh ezvhckbne~, vbjcjc

evtbdzbfe~, pht ljr, nhkpjvjcnbe~ jc kevjtbe ~ecnbhcefhte#

Jl pthnjfbkbjcvh ~ecnbhcefht, fj nhcahtkbfef nhc lh ptjqb~vh jc jl etvnzlh 6=#5 fj le

LH_F, j~v tjgzlefh jc jl Tjel Fjntjvh 5>>4(5226, fj 4? fj izcbh, uzj fjvelle jl neznj

e ~jgzbt pete le fjvjtkbcenbc fj le~ bcatennbhcj~ r le bkph~bnbc fj ~ecnbhcj~#

Jc jl ne~h fj le~ Efkbcb~vtenbhcj~ _dlbne~, ~jgc jl etv# 6>#4 fj le LH_F, ~j j~vet, jc

nzecvh el pthnjfbkbjcvh r le~ ~ecnbhcj~, e lh fb~pzj~vh jc jl etv# 61 uzj j~vedljnj le~

bcatennbhcj~ fj j~ve~ jcvbfefj~#

J~vj epetvefh ecelbye, jl qhlzkjc fj JJ#LL# uzj ~j mec qb~vh eajnvefe~ pht zce

bc~pjnnbc fj le EJ_F, jl cbqjl fj nhchnbkbjcvh tj~pjnvh e le~ ~ecnbhcj~ e le~ uzj

pzjfjc qjt~j ~hkjvbfh~ lh~ htgecb~kh~, nhkh nhc~jnzjcnbe fj zc bcnzkplbkbjcvh fj le

chtkevbqe fj pthvjnnbc fj fevh~, r ~b mec ~zatbfh elgzce ~ecnbc#

2#5 Bc~pjnnbhcj~E cbqjl glhdel, jl =2,4* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl =?,1* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ eabtkec ch medjt ~zatbfh cbcgzce bc~pjnnbc pht petvj fj le~ Egjcnbe~

fj _thvjnnbc fj Fevh~# ^bc jkdetgh, vhfh~ lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ fj k~ :??#???

medbvecvj~ petvbnbpecvj~ jc jl j~vzfbh mec ~zatbfh elgzce bc~pjnnbc0 nbtnzc~vecnbe j~ve

uzj j~ j}plbnedlj fefh jl jljqefh qhlzkjc fj fevh~ r abnmjth~ uzj gj~vbhcec# Fj~vene

uzj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj :#??? e 5?#??? eabtkec ch medjt tjnbdbfh cbcgzce bc~pjnnbc#

2#4 Fjczcnbe~ r ~ecnbhcj~

Le~ jcvbfefj~ petvbnbpecvj~ jc jl ptj~jcvj j~vzfbh mec ~bfh ptjgzcvefe~ enjtne fj ~b

vbjcjc nhchnbkbjcvh fj le~ ~ecnbhcj~ uzj pzjfj bkphcjt le Egjcnbe J~pehle fj

_thvjnnbc fj Fevh~ r ~b mec ~zatbfh elgzce ~ecnbc#

Jl >4,5* fj lh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~ r jl 12,6* fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~

Bc~zletj~ eabtkec nhchnjtle# _ht vekeh fjl j~vtevh j~vj nhchnbkbjcvh j~ fj zc =?,=*

pete lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj lh~ gtecfj~ kzcbnbpbh~, zc :?,>* pete lh~ kjfbech~ r zc

46,5* pete lh~ fj kjcht vekeh#

Jc tjlenbc nhc le ~jgzcfe ptjgzcve, j~vh j~, ~b mec ~zatbfh elgzce ~ecnbc, jl 4,2* fjlh~ Erzcvekbjcvh~, e cbqjl glhdel, eabtke medjtle ~zatbfh atjcvj e zc 2:,7* uzj ch lh me



33/59


mjnmh# Jc jl ne~h fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ zc 25,7* fj jlle~

ch me ~zatbfh ~ecnbc r jl tj~vh eabtke fj~nhchnjtlh#

Jl bkphtvj fj le~ ~ecnbhcj~ j~ qetbedlj# Fj~fj lh~ 1?? me~ve lh 1?#???, jc jl ne~h fj

le~ bcatennbhcj~ ljqj~, e lh~ bcvjtqelh~ fj 1?#5?5,45 r lh~ 5=?#5?5,45, pete le~ gteqj~,

me~ve lljget e le~ kzr gteqj~ nhc bkphtvj~ uzj ~j ~bvec jcvtj lh~ >??#:?1,?:+

1?4#456,54# Jcvtj lh~ ~zpzj~vh~ uzj ~jele le chtkevbqe pete nefe zce fj le~

~ecnbhcj~ ~j jcnzjcvtec lh~ ~bgzbjcvj~9

Bcatennbhcj~ ljqj~9 fj~evjcfjt le ~hlbnbvzf fjl bcvjtj~efh fj necnjlet ~z~ fevh~

pjt~hcelj~, ch ~hlbnbvet le bc~ntbpnbc fjl abnmjth fj fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc

jl Tjgb~vth Gjcjtel fj _thvjnnbc fj Fevh~, h ch nzkplbt jl fjdjt fj bcahtkenbc

el tjnedet lh~ fevh~ pjt~hcelj~ uzj j~vedljnj jl etv# : fj le LH_F#

Bcatennbhcj~ gteqj~9 ntjet abnmjth~ fj vbvzletbfef pdlbne h bcbnbet le tjnhgbfe fj

fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel ~bc ezvhtbyenbc fj fb~ph~bnbc gjcjtel pzdlbnefe jc jl

Dhljvc Habnbel fjl J~vefh h fbetbh habnbel nhttj~phcfbjcvj#

Bcatennbhcj~ kzr gteqj~9 nhkzcbnet h njfjt fevh~ azjte fj lh~ ~zpzj~vh~

pjtkbvbfh~, h tjnedet r vtevet lh~ fevh~ ~bc jl nhc~jcvbkbjcvh fjl eajnvefh, vel r

nhkh qbjcj j~vedljnbfh jc jl etv# 6: TFLH_F#

E cbqjl glhdel, jcvhtch el >=* fj le~ jcvbfefj~ eabtkec medjt ~zatbfh elgzce fj le~

~ecnbhcj~ uzj le chtkevbqe j~vedljnj0 jc nhcntjvh jl >=,1* ~ecnbhcj~ ljqj~, jl >=,5* fj

JJ#LL# ~ecnbhcj~ gteqj~ r kzr gteqj~# Jc jl ne~h fj le~ Fbpzvenbhcj~, Nhc~jll~ r

Nedblfh~ Bc~zletj~ jl phtnjcveij fj jcvbfefj~ pete vhfe~ le~ ~ecnbhcj~ j~ jl kb~kh

->=,2*"#

_ht lvbkh, r jc tjlenbc nhc jl nhchnbkbjcvh fj le~ ~ecnbhcj~ pht petvj fj le~ jcvbfefj~,

nedj ~jelet uzj ~vj j~ pthgtj~bqh ~jgc jl vekeh fj le kb~ke# Fj j~ve ahtke, ~j

pzjfj nhkpthdet uzj le~ ~ecnbhcj~ uzj ptjfhkbcec jcvtj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj

kzcbnbpbh~ gtecfj~ ~hc le~ gteqj~ -:4,6*", ~jgzbfe~ fj le~ ljqj~ -:?,7*" r pht lvbkhle~ kzr gteqj~ -62,>*"# Jcvtj lh~ erzcvekbjcvh~ fj kjfbech~ kzcbnbpbh~, le~ ~ecnbhcj~

k~ bkpzj~ve~ ~hc le~ kzr gteqj~ -6:,=*", ~jgzbfe~ fj le~ ~ecnbhcj~ ljqj~ -6:,4*" r

pht lvbkh le~ gteqj~, jl 6:* fj lh~ kzcbnbpbh~ e~ lh eabtkec#

Tj~zkjc Jijnzvbqh fjl J~vzfbh ~hdtj le ~jgztbfef fj lh~ fevh~ fj netnvjt pjt~hcel jc jl kdbvh fj le~ JJLLHd~jtqevhtbh fj le ^jgztbfef fj le Bcahtkenbc _gbce >> fj :2


34/59


5? LE H_BCBC FJ LH^ J]_JTVH^ TJ^_JNVH EL

GTEFH FJ EFE_VENBC J BK_LECVENBC FJ LECHTKEVBQE

Jc j~vj nepvzlh ~j tjnhgj le hpbcbc fj j}pjtvh~ jc le kevjtbe nhc jl abc fj j~vedljnjt zc

ketnh fj eclb~b~ uzj ephtvj czjqe~ pjt~pjnvbqe~ r ~jelj czjqe~ vjcfjcnbe~ fj

envzenbc tj~pjnvh fjl gtefh fj efepvenbc j bkplecvenbc fj le chtkevbqe jc pthvjnnbc

fj fevh~ pht petvj fj le~ JJ#LL#

Le ~jljnnbc fj lh~ j}pjtvh~ ~j tjelby e petvbt fj zch~ kdbvh~ fj tjptj~jcvevbqbfef r fj

pjtablj~ pthaj~bhcelj~ uzj pjtkbvbjte getecvbyet jl jcahuzj bcvjgtel r le nhdjtvzte fjfbajtjcvj~ pzcvh~ fj qb~ve9

J}pjtbjcnbe fj gj~vbc r(h vncbne jc jl kdbvh fj le~ jcvbfefj~ pdlbne~#

J~pjnbelbyenbc jc pthvjnnbc fj fevh~#

Tj~phc~edblbfef jc le plecbabnenbc r gj~vbc fj lh~ ~b~vjke~ fj bcahtkenbc r

nhkzcbnenbhcj~#

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~z efepvenbc e le Ljr, bfjcvbabnecfh le~ dzjce~ ptnvbne~, vecvh fj netnvjt



35/59


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