2207Bibliografía comentada mmiranda

8/11/2019 2207Bibliografa comentada mmiranda

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TALLER DOCTORAL I: CRITICAL READING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Commented bibliography about Twitter and journalismMara de los Angeles Miranda BustamanteJuly 31st, 21!

1" #oguera, J"M" $213%" &ow open are journalists on Twitter' Trends towards the(nd-user journalism)" Communi*ation + o*iety,2- $1%, .3-11!"

Jos/ Manuel #oguera 0io, is a o*tor in Communi*ation and ro4essor o45n4ormation Te*hnology in 6niersidad Cat7li*a an Antonio, in Mur*ia, pain" &eargues that Twitter is *hanging journalism, allowing users to *ollaborate in thenews *onstru*tion"#oguera points out that end8user journalism should be transparent in order toreeal all the news produ*tion stages, that in the past were hidden 4rom the publi*"The author *onsiders that journalism in digital plat4orms *laims a rede4inition o4 thetraditional wor9 routines"

&e uses a :uantitatie *ontent analysis to measure the openness in 2; spanishjournalists< tweets" A**ording to his indi*ators, end8user journalism must only usementions, e=ternal lin9s, hashtags and re:uests o4 in4ormation to the a**ount4ollowers" But *ollaboratie journalism is not only using these plat4orm resour*es"#oguera doesne the deep *ontent o4 tweeted news and its relationshipwith amateur users *omments" &is results don?t in*lude data, opinions andsuggestions proided by the publi*"5n addition, the resear*her doesne i4 the tweets proided by the publi*generate a dis*ussion with media a**ounts, in order to modi4y the journalisti*spee*h or agenda" That debate might lead to a real end8user journalism, in own#oguera


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e=perien*es" ome users *onne*t *elebrities in order to in*rease their ownpersonal reputation in the networ9" Hthers message their 4riends or li9e8mindediewers and inite them to wat*h the show and initiate a *onersation about it"The study analy>es two *ompletely di44erent T0 shows" BBC Iuestion Time is apoliti*al debate and tri*tly Come an*ing is a lie broad*asting, where *elebrities

dan*e and *ompete to stay one more wee9 in show" Also tweeters *an ote 4ortheir 4aorite stars"That *an e=plain that, during tri*tly Come an*ing how, the 4ollowers usuallymention and message the *elebrities in a one8way *onersation" 5nstead, the usersiewing the debate show pre4er to dis*uss in Twitter with their *lose *ir*les"@esear*h 4indings might be more a**urate i4 the authors had ta9en two similarprograms"

Also, the paper doesned in so*ial *ommuni*ation area" 5ndeed, digital networ9s promote a*onergen*e *ulture, where users wat*h more than one media at a time" Twitterand teleision *ombination opens a new way o4 users parti*ipation"5n this arti*le the authors des*ribe with detail the data gathering and samplesele*tion, so this resear*h *ontributes to test the :uality o4 *urrent so*ial networ9sanalysis te*hni:ues and to reeal its limitations"

3" Fwa9, &", ee, C", ar9, &", + Moon, " $21%" hat is Twitter, a so*ial networ9or a news media'" ro*eedings o4 the 1.th international *on4eren*e on orld wideweb, 1., ;.18-"

The authors are part o4 a spe*iali>ed resear*h group in Forea Adan*ed 5nstitute o4*ien*e and Te*hnology, Faist"This is a *omprehensie analysis, whose goal is to study Twitter as a wholephenomenon and to determine its *hara*teristi*s as a new medium o4 in4ormationsharing" The resear*hers say that, to the best o4 their 9nowledge, this is the 4irst:uantitatie study on the entire twittersphere" o they e=pe*t that their *on*lusionsare alid 4or the entire Twitter networ9, despite the *ountries and *ultures"The huge sample in*ludes !1,D million o4 twitter user pro4iles, !"2-2 trending topi*sand 1- millions o4 tweets" The :uantitatie analysis mainly *on*luded that4ollower84ollowing dynami* in Twitter bro9e the traditional human so*ial networ9srules" or e=ample, Ghomophily) is a proen tenden*y in non8digital relationships,whereby a *onta*t between similar people is more li9ely that a *onta*t betweendissimilar people" #eertheless, the study demonstrates that in Twitter, users withmore than 2, re*ipro*al relationships 4re:uently *onta*t with dissimilar users,who lie in another *ontinent"The arti*le deelops interesting data gathering te*hni:ues and tools, li9e Twitterear*h A5" Though it returns only 1"; tweets per :uery, the authors repeatedthe :uery eery ; minutes interal to enlarge the results" They used this same tool


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5tai &imelboim and tephen M*Creery are both pro4essors o4 Lrady College o4Journalism and Mass Communi*ation in 6niersity o4 Leorgia" Mar* mith wor9sat the Conne*ted A*tion Lroup in Belmont"The resear*hers attempt to answer i4 Twitter users are really e=posed to *ross8ideologi*al politi*al iews in this plat4orm or i4 they pre4er to 4ollow only to their

partisans"The inestigation is based on :uantitatie methodology allowing to analy>e thedesign o4 the networ9 and, at the same time, the *ontent o4 tweets" They *on*ludethat Gbirds o4 a 4eather 4lo*9 together), that is, users tend to share politi*al*omments only with li9e8minded people, so tweeters usually are not e=posed to*ross8ideologi*al *ontent"The main strength o4 this wor9 is sampling design" 5n order to isuali>e and analy>eso*ial networ9, the authors don


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merely retweets a 4ew messages posted by the host, Farin &Obinette, during thebroad*asting timing" That seems to *orroborate the *ru*ial role o4 the journalists inTwitter *onersation"The main wea9ness o4 this arti*le is data *olle*tion" The author only analy>es thetweets *ontaining the hashtag proposed by the show, so he doesnes the*onersations that 4ollow journalists rules, that is, the use o4 the hashtag proposedby the show team" e ignore i4 the audien*e generated another *onersations onTwitter to re4er to the program topi*s, using other hashtags"5n addition, the resear*h is 4o*used in one show, in one spe*i4i* *ountry" That mightredu*e its generability" But, as a *ase study, it leaes open :uestions and 4indingsto be tested in other T0 genres and *ountries"5n sum, the paper suggests that Twitter o44er a huge possibility 4or

journalistsNaudien*e intera*tion, but it is still too soon to 9now how this plat4orm will*hange traditional patterns in journalisti* pra*ti*es"

D" @ossi, " y Magnani, M" $212%" Conersation ra*ti*es and #etwor9 tru*turein Twitter" i=th 5nternational AAA5 Con4eren*e on eblogs and o*ial Media, -,;-38;--

u*a @ossi wor9s at the epartment o4 Communi*ation tudies at 6niersity o46rbino Carlo Bo, in 5taly, and Matteo Magnani is a pro4essor at the epartment o4Computer *ien*e in Aarhus 6niersity, in enmar9"The authors e=plore the relationships between the Twitter networ9, made o4 usersand their 4ollowers, and the topi*al networ9, that in*ludes all the issues andpotential *onersations that might be started in all twittersphere" The :uestion ishow the list o4 4ollowers is a44e*ted by the parti*ipation in the same hashtag ortrending topi*"The inestigators *olle*ted all tweets using the o44i*ial hashtag P;, during the4i4th season o4 the show G a*tor 5talia)" They dete*ted a rate o4 one tweet perse*ond, during - hours o4 broad*asting" 6sing a :uantitatie analysis, they identi4yretweets, replies and lin9s posted during the show" Then they draw the stru*ture o4*onersation and how the networ9 has *hanged a4ter the hashtag *onersation"They *on*lude that the most addressed users are three o44i*ial a**ounts o4 theshow, so the ordinary users only parti*ipate by addressing the *omment o4 aprominent user" There4ore, the *onersation is 4o*used on the identity o4 the user,not on the *ontent" &oweer, both ordinary and prominent users gained new4ollowers as a result o4 their parti*ipation during the hashtag *onersation"The study also points out that the numbers o4 posted tweets is not releant in new4ollowers a*:uisition" The 9ey 4a*tor in gaining more Twitter *onta*ts is theparti*ipation in the same hashtag based *onersation and sharing a *ommoninterest, so8*alled homophily"


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This arti*le ma9es innoatie *ontributions to the study o4 Twitter *ommuni*ation,but a *ontent8*entered methodology is needed to identi4y the 4a*tors that determinein4luen*e on Twitter" &omophily is produ*ed not only by using a same hashtag, butalso by the possibility o4 users to Gtune) their opinions, reealed in the *ontent o4the posts" 5n this *ase o4 study, it might be possible to analy>e QTwitter sentimentQ

on the posts generated with the same hashtag, in order to identi4y the a44inities thatmotiate the 4ollowedN4ollower relationships"The inestigation is based on two important leels o4 Twitter intera*tions the4ollowedN4ollower dynami* and the potential world wide *onersation, that ispossible sin*e on Twitter a user doesnil"The arti*le dis*usses the problem o4 in4luen*e in Twitter and tries to des*ribe thestru*ture o4 users reputation on this digital plat4orm" 5n the theoreti*al debate, thereare two opposed isions" Hne o4 them argues that there are a 4ew users, *alledin4luentials, who are more persuasie and e44e*tie in *hanging others? opinionsand behaiors" Hn the other hand, the se*ond theory proposes that in4luen*edepends on the relationship among users and the openness o4 a spe*i4i* *ulture toadopt a *hange" The aim o4 this wor9 is empiri*ally demonstrate whi*h o4 these twoideas is *orre*t"The sample is huge it *onsiders a total o4 1,D billion tweets and ;! millions users"5n this :uantitatie study, the inestigators apply three traditional Twitter in4luen*eindi*ators indegree $number o4 4ollowers o4 a user, that determines the si>e o4 hisaudien*e%, retweet in4luen*e $number o4 retweets *ontaining the username o4 ana**ount, that indi*ates the alue o4 the *ontent 4or other users% and mentions$messages posted by other users, *ontaining the name o4 the a**ount, that showsthe ability to inole another users in *onersation%"Comparing these indi*ators in the top in4luentials list, they 4ind that more *onne*tedpeople are not ne*essarily the more in4luential in retweets and mentions" o they*on*lude that indegree or haing a million 4ollowers on Twitter indi*ates popularity,but not ne*essarily more in4luen*e"&oweer, measuring the in4luen*e in topi* *onersation, they 4ind that popularusers *an spread their *ontents in subje*ts outside their area o4 e=pertise" hileordinary users must wor9 hard to in*rease their in4luen*e on Twitter, dedi*atingtheir posts to a spe*i4i* topi*"


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The main *ontribution o4 this inestigation is the attempt to proe *omple= andabstra*t theories about so*ial innoation" #eertheless, the readiness o4 a so*ietyto adopt *hanges is a di44i*ult *on*ept to operationali>e and this study aoids thistas9"5n addition, the *on*lusions are not reolutionary the paper demonstrates that, as

many traditional s*holars thin9, *elebrities and media are more li9ely to bein4luential than *ommon users" And these 4indings are reliable, *onsidering the bigsi>e o4 the sample and the stringen*y in the methodology applied in the study"

A**ordingly to these *on*lusions, mar9eting, politi*s and journalism must inolepopular users in their *ampaigns in order to in*rease their in4luen*e" The otheroption is to *reate more attra*tie and innoatie strategies"

." &ermida, A" $212%" Tweets and truth Journalism as a dis*ipline o4 *ollaboratieeri4i*ation" Journalism ra*ti*e, - $;8-%, -;.8--E"

Al4red &ermida is an asso*iate ro4essor o4 Journalism, at the 6niersity o4 BritishColumbia, in Canada" &is area o4 e=pertise in*ludes journalism, te*hnology,innoation, so*ial media and Twitter"This paper is not a s*ienti4i* inestigation, but an essay about how Twitter isreshaping the so*ial role o4 journalism" The autor argues that journalism has thetraditional duty o4 eri4ying so*ial 4a*ts to be presented to the publi*, but so*ialmedia hae *hanged this asimmetri*al relationship"&ermida points out that today there is an Qambient journalismQ, where thein4ormations are eerywhere and the data 4low are 4ed with *ontributions o4 both

journalists and amateurs" 5n this *onte=t, *olle*tie intelligen*e, that is the *rowd o4indiidual users, must separate the 4a9e and irreleant news 4rom important andauthenti* ones "&ermida shares the *on*ept o4 openness in journalism the news produ*tion mustbe transparent, so he suggests a lie and publi* eri4i*ation system, whereproisional in4ormations are posted, so Twitter users *an *ontribute and een*orre*t the *ontent o4 in4ormations"&oweer, this proposal 4orgets that, as @odrigo Alsina $1.E.%1says, journalism isstill the more reliable a*tor in so*ial *onstru*tion o4 reality" 5n a *onte=t o4 e=*ess o4in4ormation, and a*9nowledging journalism limitations, pro4essional media are asour*e o4 organi>ed, sele*ted and interpreted in4ormation, espe*ially when ordinaryusers doning theimportan*e o4 users parti*ipation, *onsisting in noti4ying brea9ing news,*ommenting the 4a*ts and superising the a**ura*y o4 pro4essional media" 5t isinteresting the mi=ed solution *ommented by the autor, that is, publishing lie

1@odrigo, M" $1.E.%" a *onstru**i7n so*ial de la noti*ia" Bar*elona, (spaSa aid7s"


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a**ounts with *iti>ens *ontributions and also o44i*ial a**ounts with pro4esionalnews *ontent"

1" ais, B" $213% &ashtag politi*s The polyphoni* reolution o4 PTwitter,epperdine Journal o4 Communi*ation @esear*h, 1, 1-822"

Bud ais is the 4ounder and editor8in8*hie4 o4 the epperdine Journal o4Communi*ation @esear*h at the epperdine 6niersity in Cali4ornia, 6nited tates"5n this paper, he tra*es the eolution o4 politi*al messages on Twitter, *omparingthe last two presidential ele*tions at the 6nited tates, in 2E and 212" &eargues that, though Twitter uses a singular and 4ragmented language, the postsare always dialogi*, be*ause their meanings are *onne*ted with other shortmessages"The autor ta9es the *on*ept o4 interte=tuality to des*ribe the su**ession o4 relatedtweets, o4ten inoled in a same hashtag" Thus, users *an see9 spe*i4i* 9eywordsthat organi>e this burst o4 *haoti* in4ormation around only one topi* o4*onersation"5n this essay, ais proposes that in Twitter there is a polyphony o4 oi*es*ompeting in spreading iews and in4ormations" 5n this s*ene, he *riti*i>es somemar9eting strategies that *reate G*ommodi4ied identities) that people just *onsume"ith these te*hni:ues, dialogue is not allowed"The author states that *iti>en journalists must per*olate politi*ians? spee*hes onTwitter and lead them to dis*uss the oters? agenda"&oweer, this ision seems too optimisti*" *ienti4i* inestigations hae proen thatprominent users, li9e poli*yma9ers, hae more in4luen*e on Twitter that themajority o4 *ommon users" That assymetri* position gies them an adantage inTwitter debate about publi* issues"5n addition, other studies demonstrated that popular users rarely establishre*ipro*al relationships with their Twitter 4ollowers" They usually neer answer their:uestions and they neer 4ollow them ba*9" o ais< good intentions are li9ely tobe an uthopy, at least 4or now"But the appli*ation o4 interte=tuality might be interesting 4or Twitter analysis i4 it isapplied to *onersations or replies se:uen*es" #ot all posted messages are in adialogi* *onte=t" That depends on the in4luen*e o4 the users, that is, his number o44ollowers, retweets and mentions and also the nature and *reatiity o4 his *ontent"@ather, it is possible to say that tweets are potentially dyadi*"

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