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ASSE IAQ Presentation - 041510
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Transcript of ASSE IAQ Presentation - 041510
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Guidelines and Strategies for
Maintaining Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Victor DAmato, CIH, CSPReston, VA
703-689-9482, ext, 111
www.atriumehs.com
ASHRAE, SMACNA, LEED, EPA, OSHA, NIOSH, NYCDOH, ACGIH, AIHA
what do these have to do with building air quality?
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ObjectivesProblem
Everyone faces indoor air orenvironmental quality issues in one wayor another.
Plethora of guidelines, standards,
recommendations, etc.but no clearrules.
Solution (well, at least part of it)
Understand whats out there Understand how its inter-related
Understand the scope and limitations
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Lets Start From The End!
ANY
QUESTIONS?
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IAQ Basics - HVAC System Layout
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Sick Building Syndrome
(SBS)
vs
Building Related Illness
(BRI)
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Sick Building Syndrome A persistent set of symptoms in ~20%
Cause(s) not recognizable
Complaints/symptoms relieved after exitingbuilding
NauseaIrritabilityNose bleedsReduced concentration
Difficulty breathingFatigue
Nasal congestionHeadachesDry skinEye, nose, throat irritation
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Building Related Illness Clinically recognized disease Exposure to indoor pollutants
Recognizable causes Legionnaires disease Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Humidifier/Pontiac feverAsthmaAllergies Respiratory diseases
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Acceptable Indoor Air
Air in which there are no known
contaminates at harmful concentrationsand which a substantial majority (usually~80%) of the people exposed do notexpress dissatisfaction.
ASHRAE 62-1999
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Factors Affecting Indoor Air
Quality
Source: there is a source of contamination or
discomfort indoors, outdoors, or within the mechanicalsystems of the building.
HVAC: the HVAC system is not able to controlexisting air contaminants and ensure thermal comfort
(temperature and humidity conditions that arecomfortable for most occupants).
Pathways: one or more pollutant pathwaysconnect the pollutant source to the occupants and adriving force exists to move pollutants along thepathway(s).
Occupants: building occupants are present.
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DESIGN
CONSTRUCT
COMMISSION
MAINTAIN
ACCEPTABLE
BUILDING AIR
QUALITYLIFE CYCLE
ASHRAE
LEED
SMACNA
SMACNA
LEED
RENOVATE
EPA
ASHRAE
ASHRAE
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ASHRAE Standard 62.1What Is It?
Title: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality
Purpose: to specify minimum ventilationrates and indoor air quality that will be
acceptable to human occupants and areintended to minimize adverse healtheffects.
Scope: All commercial, institutional, andhigh-rise residential buildings
Its thethe ventilation standard
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ASHRAE Standard 62.1
Its the basis for many ventilation codes,both now (UMC) and in the future (IMC)
More stringent than codes in some cases(may help establish the standard-of-care)
Less stringent than codes in some cases
Compliance with Std 62.1-2004 is a
prerequisite for any LEED credits underthe New Construction (NC) criteria
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What Does Std 62.1 Require?
General requirements (Sect 4 and 5)
To reduce generation of indoor contaminantsand introduction of outdoor contaminants
Ventilation requirements (Sect 6)
To dilute and remove indoor contaminants
Construction, startup, operation andmaintenance requirements (Sect 7 and 8)
To assure installation/operation as designed
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Std 62.1-2007 Section 6.0
Procedures
6.1.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP).
Prescribes procedures and outdoor airrates, assuming typical space contaminantsources and source strengths
6.1.2 IAQ Procedure (IAQP). Requiresanalysis of contaminant sources,concentration targets and perceived air
quality targets and calculation of outdoorair rates needed to assure IAQ-performance specified
Compliance with Standard 62.1 using the IAQP does NOT meetLEED NC EQp1
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VRP - Outdoor Air Quality
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Primary Standards Secondary Standards
Pollutant Level Averaging Time Level Averaging Time
9 ppm
(10 mg/m3
)
8-hourCarbon
Monoxide35 ppm
(40 mg/m3)1-hour
None
0.15 g/m3 Rolling 3-MonthAverage
Same as PrimaryLead
1.5 g/m3 Quarterly Average Same as Primary
0.053 ppm(100 g/m3)
Annual(Arithmetic Mean)
Same as PrimaryNitrogenDioxide
0.100 ppm 1-hour NoneParticulateMatter (PM10)
150 g/m3 24-hour Same as Primary
15.0 g/m3 Annual(Arithmetic Mean)
Same as PrimaryParticulateMatter (PM2.5)
35 g/m3 24-hour Same as Primary
0.075 ppm(2008 std)
8-hour Same as Primary
0.08 ppm(1997 std)
8-hour Same as Primary
Ozone
0.12 ppm 1-hour Same as Primary
0.03 ppm Annual(Arithmetic Mean)
SulfurDioxide
0.14 ppm 24-hour
0.5 ppm(1300 g/m3)
3-hour
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Ventilation Rate Procedure
Minimum Ventilation Rates
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IAQ Procedure - Section 6.3
Contaminant Sources. Must identifycontaminants of concern, along with sources andsource strengths
Contaminant Concentration. Must specify targetconcentration and exposure time, referencingcognizant authority, for each C of C
Perceived IAQ. Must specify target perceived airquality in terms of percent satisfied
Design Approaches. Must follow an acceptabledesign procedure to find required zone and
system airflow rates, and other parameters(e.g.,air cleaner efficiency)
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LEED IEQ
Goal is to design and construct buildings
that minimize the potential for IAQconcerns
Control Sources
Appropriate HVAC design Minimize potential pathways
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LEED Control Sources
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Selection of materials Low emitting adhesives, sealants, paints,
coatings, flooring systems, composite wood
and agrifiber products, systems furniture andseating
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Buyer Beware
Construction Adhesive VOC compliant
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LEED Control Sources Construction Indoor Air Quality
Management Plan
During construction and prior to occupancy
Chemical Contaminant Maximum Concentration
Formaldehyde 27 parts per billion (ppb)
Particulates (PM10) 50 g/m3
Total Volatile Organic
Compounds (TVOC)
500 g/m3
4-Pheylcyclohexene (4-PCH) 6.5 g/m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 9 ppm,
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LEED - HVAC
Design according to ASHRAE 62.1
Ventilation requirements are based onspace utilization
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LEED - PATHWAYS
Isolate areas of hazardous materials or
processes Separation of storage rooms, workrooms, etc
i.e. slab to slab walls and isolated ventilation
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SUMMARY LEED shouldnt be the driver behind
building design and construction, it is a
method for verifying sustainabledesign/construction decisions andmethods.
LEED certification doesnt mean buildingoccupants wont have IAQ concerns theLEED process does, however, address 3of the 4 factors recognized as affectingIAQ, and should minimize theiroccurrence.
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SMACNA - IAQ GUIDELINES
FOR OCCUPIED BUILDINGSUNDER CONSTRUCTIONChapter 3
ControlMeasures HVAC
Protection
Source Control
PathwayInterruption
Housekeeping Scheduling
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SMACNA - IAQ GUIDELINES
Chapter 4 Managing theProcess
Assigning Responsibilities Initial Planning
On-going Management
Selecting IAQ Controls Identify sources of odors and dusts
Locate areas potentially affected by project
Identify polluting construction activitiesClassify potential problems by severity
Identify control options
Select specific control measures
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SMACNA - IAQ GUIDELINES
Appendix C Planning Checklist
Potential Emissions Source & Class
Pathway AffectedAreas & Worst Case
Controls Options& Comments
Appendix D Inspection
Checklist
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EPA
1991 Building Air Quality,
developed by the EPA and theNational Institute forOccupational Safety and Health,provides practical suggestionson preventing, identifying, andresolving indoor air quality (IAQ)problems in public andcommercial buildings.
Still relevant today!
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Established Criteria
Ventilation for IAQ ASHRAE 62.1-2007 Minimum outdoor (fresh) air (OA) rates Based on number of occupants, space size and activity
level Ventilation for Dilution ASHRAE 62.1-2007 App. C
Minimum outdoor (fresh) air (OA) rates Based on number of occupants and activity level
Designed to maintain CO2
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Established Criteria
OSHA
Occupational Exposure Levels for
Volatile organic compoundsAsbestos
Lead
EPA Radon
Lead in paint (LBP) and lead dust
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Established Criteria
The American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists (ACGIH), Bioaerosols, Assessment andControl
The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA),Assessment, Remediation and Post-Remediation
Verification of Mold in Buildings
Visual inspection and verification of the presenceof mold growth is critical
Recommend that a comparison of indoor air
sample results to outdoor air sample results Results may be used to assess if an indoor source
is contributing to indoor fungal sporeconcentrations
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Established Criteria
ACGIH and AIHA - Any of the following conditions foundin air sampling results may indicate an indoor fungalsource is present and further evaluation and investigation
is warranted: concentrations of fungi measured indoors are
significantly greater than those measured outdoors;or,
the predominant type of fungi measured indoors isdifferent than the predominant type measuredoutdoors; or,
potentially pathogenic fungi are measured indoors. OSHA refers to an indoor airborne concentration of 1,000
colony forming units of culturable (viable) fungi per cubicmeter of air (cfu/m3) as a possible indicator of indoor
contamination
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Recognized IAQ GuidelinesOSHA ASHRAE ACGIH/AIHA
CO PEL: 50 ppm 8-hr TWA 9 ppm 8-hr TWA
35 ppm 1-hr TWA
35 ppm 8-hr TWA
CO2 5000 ppm 8-hr TWA 700 ppm above outdoor 5,000 ppm 8-hr TWA
VOCs Depends on compound
(1,800 mg/m3
for n-hexane)
Depends on compound Depends on compound
(176 mg/m3
for n-hexane)
Formaldehyde PEL: 0.75 ppm 8-hr TWA
AL: 0.5 ppm 8-hr TWA
Not Specified Ceiling: 0.3 ppm
Airborne Mold 1,000 CFU/m3 Not Specified - less than outdoor
- similar prevalence to
outdoors
- no know pathogens
Relative Humidity Winter Temperature Summer Temperature
30-50% 68.5 - 76.0 74.0 - 80.0
50-60% 68.5 - 74.5 73.0 - 79.0
60-70% 68.0 - 74.0 72.5 - 78.0
Radon: 4 pCu/L (EPA Action Level)
Lead Paint: 1 mg/cm2 (by XRF), 0.5% (5,000 ppm) by weight (EPA)
Lead Dust: 40 ug/ft2 floors/ 250 ug/ft2 window sills (EPA/HUD)
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Recommended Criteria For
Allergens There are no established regulatory standards
> LOD< LODMouse
> 0.5 ug/g< 0.5 ug/gRat
> 2 U/g< 2 U/gCockroach
> 10 ug/g< 10 ug/gDog
> 8 ug/g1 - 8 ug/g< 1 ug/gCat
> 10 ug/g2 - 10 ug/g< 2 ug/gDust Mites
Depends on genus and speciesFungal (mold) Spores
HIGHSIGNIFICANTLOWAllergen
RECOMMENDATIONS
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ANY
QUESTIONS?