¿Cómo las patentes están modelando la industria móvil? - Enric Batalla

© enric batalla

“Patent Wall” de CTTC (reproduït amb permís)

13/02/14

+ Enric Batalla

CONSEJOS “FINALES”

1. Hide. 2. Partner with other patent holders. 3. Make friends with patent trolls. 4. Sell patents to generate revenues. 5. Stockpile arms. 6. Keep the patents core to your business. 7. Keep the patents infringed by competitors you consider dangerous. 8. Don’t keep and maintain costly patents

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Sector Mobility: Pymes y Start-ups

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MOBILE I PATENTS. MONETITZACIO, MERCATS I “PATENT WARS”. 13/02/14

Font:Verizon

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MOBILE I PATENTS. MONETITZACIO, MERCATS I “PATENT WARS”

Font: Visual.ly

1. Apple i Microsoft demanden I són demandats molt. Aquesta és un senyal de companyies que voldrievitar.

2. En canvi, Google té pocs litigis, però moltes méscompres, sobre tot la gran adquisició de Motorola Mobility. Evitant estar en els focus de les demandes, Google es mostra com una companyia amistosa, amb la que jo voldria treballar i associar-me.

Per tant, ja sigui comprant accions o utilitzant elsseus productes, aquesta gràfica reforça la meva idea de que vull que el meu cotce m’el transporti el grantren de Google.

Què vol dir això? L’explosió del cloud computing jaestà arribant. A qui seleccionarem per als serveisbasats en el núvol? A Google.

“GUERRES DE PATENTS” EN EL MÒBIL

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- Les MOBILE WARS o MOBILE PATENTS LICENSING AND LITIGATION es una batalla empresarial que s’està lliurant entre fabricants de mòbils inclonet Sony, Google, Apple Inc., Samsung, Microsoft, Nokia, Motorola, and HTC, etc.. i patent trolls.

- To secure and increase their market share, companies granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since 2010 the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the mobility market, and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly.

- En aquesta guerra, les armes són les patents: els “big guys” n’estàncomprant I llicenciant de grans I “petits” (gran oportunitats per pimes, start-ups, emprenedors)


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- patent war is a "battle" between corporations or individuals to secure patents for litigation, whether offensively or defensively.

- There are ongoing patent wars between the world's largest technologyand software corporations.

- Contemporary patent wars are a global phenomenon, fought by multinational corporations based in the United States, China, Europe, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Yet involving SME’s worldwide.

- The companies involved include Yahoo, Barnes & Noble, ZTE, AOL, Ericsson, Philips, Siemens, GE, Apple Inc., EMC, Foxconn, HTC, Facebook, InterDigital, IBM, Microsoft, LG Corp, Kodak, Halliburton, Nokia, Motorola, Nortel, Oracle, Samsung, Pantech, Gemalto, Openwave, Google, Fractus, VIA Technologies and Research In Motion.

[


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Patent wars have occurred in a wide range of technologies, both in the past and in the present.

The current smartphone wars started in the late 2000s. According to PC Magazine, Apple brought the patent wars to the smartphone market by its desire to "go thermonuclear" on Google's competing Android operating system for mobile devices.

Frase de Steve Jobs de “I Will Spend My Last Dying Breath to Destroy Android”.

This triggered a "war" between major technology companies in the mobile market. Apple has been accused of having links to the company Digitude Innovations, which has been labeled as a patent troll. Following this warfare, Apple itself has also been called a patent-troll


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Tàctiques:- “Patent assertion”- Mesures defensives.- Construcció de carteres.

Diferents models de necogi en el “patent business”:- Agregadors de patents- NPE (Non Practicing Entities)- “Patent Pools Defensius”

Armes = patentsMunició = compres de patentsAliançes = licensingBatalla = Judicis/contrajudicis

PATENTS. UNA MICA D'HISTORIA

1522 – 1ª patent concedida i duta a la pràctica, “al catalán” - Guillem Cabier –“ynstrumento para hazernadar con calma navíos de alto bordo” - CEDULA DE PRIVILEGIO

Cédula de privilegio real para la invención de un nuevo tipo de navío, de Guillén Cabier, fechada en Palencia en 1522 (archivo Gral. de Simancas, Libro de cédulas de 1522)

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US CONSTITUTIONARTICLE 1 ‐ SECTION 8

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and

inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.

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10/78 – 5’


Hace 200 A: Batalla de Trafalgar. Los cañones ingleses eran de una aleación patentada que permitía una cadencia de tiro triple que la de los cañones franceses y españoles.

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“Before then [the adoption of the United States Constitution], any man might instantly use what another had invented; so that the inventor had no special advantage from his own invention. The patent system changed this; secured to the inventor, for a limited time, the exclusive use of his invention; and thereby added the fuel of interest to the fire of genius, in the discoveryand production of new and useful things”.Abraham Lincoln, 1859

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Generalmente los grandes economistas, “gurús” y empresarios han reconocido el valor de las patentes para la empresa.

“La solución es patentar todo lo que podamos. Una empresa que quiera despegar en el futuro si patentes en propiedad, se verá

forzada a pagar el precio que le impongan los grandes. Este precio puede ser muy alto. Las empresas establecidas tienen

interés en excluir a futuros competidores”. (Bill Gates Memo, 1991)

“Over the last 10 years, it has become imperative for CEOs to have not just a general understanding of the intellectual property issues facing their business and their industry, but to have quite a refined expertise relating to those issues… It is no longer simply the legal department’s problem. CEOs must now be able to formulate strategies that capitalize on and maximize the value of their company’s intellectual property assets to drive growth, innovation and cooperative relationships with other companies.”(Microsoft Chairman, Bill Gates 2004.)

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PATENTS: PROTECCIO CONFERIDA PER UNA PATENT

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PATENTS: QUÈ/CÓM ÉS UNA PATENT?

El concepto de “patente” ha evolucionado y se ha conformado paralelamente en todo el mundo

En general: un intercambioentre sociedad e inventor: MONOPOLIO LEGAL a cambio de HACER PATENTE EL INVENTO: DESCRIPCION “SUFICIENTE” DEL INVENTO, PONIENDO LA INVENCION A DISPOSICION DE LA SOCIEDAD.

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Art. 50 Ley de Patentes Española (similar en el resto de países de la WTO): “La patente confiere a su titular el derecho a impedir a cualquier tercero que no cuente con su consentimiento: a) la fabricación, El ofrecimiento, la introducción en el comercio o la o la de los mencionados fines” -> CONCEPTO DE “BARRERA DE ENTRADA”

PROGRAMA Philips + Osram + Zumtobel

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El titular tiene el derecho a impedir a cualquier tercero que no cuente con su consentimiento...

- su fabricación- su ofrecimiento- su introducción en el comercio- su utilización- su importación- su posesión

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1. Novetat

2. Activitat Inventiva (USA: “Non-obviousness”)

3. Aplicabilitat industrial (USA: “Useful”)

4. Suficiència de la descripció (USA: “EnablingDescription”)

LES 4 CONDICIONS DE PATENTABILITAT

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PATENTS: MATERIA PATENTABLE

© enric batalla20/78 – 10’


“Core to understanding the patent business is an appreciation of the nature of patents. A patent is a weapon of litigation, a right to ask a court to award damages for infringement, and prevent future infringement by blocking the sale of infringing products. Although inventors often prize their patents as trophies of technical prowess, patent industry insiders appreciate that the only substantive right a patent holder enjoys is the right to exclude othersfrom unauthorized practicing of the invention. A patent is more of a dagger than a shield.” (David Smith, “Patents, Cloaks & Daggers”, 2013)

“Bajable” en http://www.daggers.co/

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Fuente: Prof. Pascual Segura (UB)

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PATENTS: REIVINDICACIONS

"The name of the game is the claim“

RICH, Giles S., (Juez Presidente el Tribunal de Apelación del Circuito Federal de los EEUU), "Extent of Protection and Interpretation of Claims - American Perspectives“, International Review of Industrial Property & Copyright Law (IIC), 1990, vol. 21, pp 497-519

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PATENTS: REIVINDICACIONS

Patent de qualitat = patent eficaç = que quan ens còpien, la patent pot ser duta a un tribunal demandant al copiador, i GUANYAR (=“Litigious Quality”)

Per a que la patent sigui eficaç, les REIVINDICACIONS han de ser:

1. Completes: han d’incloure l’avantage competitiu generat2. Concretes: sense elemens superfuls que limitin la protecció3. Concises: sense circunloquis4. Clares: han de poder ser enteses per un tècnic mig, però

també per un jutge (bench) I fins I tot un jurat (jury)

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UNA PATENT AMB MALES REIVINDICACIONS NO TÉ VALOR

Exemple de mala redacció

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Exemple d’una patent que es va vendre:

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Exemple d’una patent que NO es va vendre:

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Exemple d’una BONA patent

Amb bones reivindicacions

(Veure Claims)

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1/328/85


Cas Carlos Armando Amado



ATENCIO: RECORDATORI

PATENT ≠ DRET A FABRICAR

PATENT = DRET A IMPEDIR

DRET A IMPEDIR => POTENT ARMAESTRATEGICA

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PATENTS EN EL MOBILE: ESTRATEGIA I INNOVACIO OBERTA

Font: E. Batalla – H. Chesbrough

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PATENTS EN EL MOBILE: ESTRATEGIA I INNOVACIO OBERTA

TESLAGarage Born (Elon Musk)+440 patents + apps.2003 Start-up

US8511745 US7671567 USD678154

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PATENTS I MOBILE

LLICENCIARVENDRE

COMPRARADQUIRIR LLICENCIA


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SEGUIR PATENTANT

PATENTS EN EL MOBILE: ESTRATEGIA I “PATENT WARS”

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EXAMPLES (Patents Involved in $1b Apple vs. Samsung Lawsuit):

USD618677 (iPhone design).

USD593087 (iPhone design).

USD504889 (iPad design).

USD604305 (iPhone gui).

US7469381 ('Bounce-back' feature when scrolling beyond the edge of a page. Also known as the rubber band patent).

US7844915 (Distinguishes between single-touch and multi-touch gestures. An example of this would be pinch to zoom).

US7864163 (Enlarging documents by tapping the screen).


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8heTnJaI5Y8&feature=player_embedded

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http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xr3hab_the-stream-patent-wars-a-new-kind-of-competition_tv

Patentes Patent Troll

40/78 - 20’

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PATENTS I MOBILE: PREU VS. VALOR

PREU ≠ VALOR

Exemple:

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PATENTS I MOBILE: PREU VS. VALOR

PREU D’UNA PATENTEsta valoración refleja una actividad real de compra-venta comprobada por brokers de estos mercados en Estados Unidos, en Europa y en todo el mundo, e incluyen datos de los miles de listados de tecnologías sindicados en TYNAX. Las valoraciones reflejan la venta de una gran proporción de las patentes vendidas en el mercado durante los últimos 12 meses. Estos precios son aplicables a patentes US concedidas.

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MONETITZACIO DE PATENTS LLICENCIAMENT I VENDA

LLICENCIARVENDRE

COMPRARADQUIRIR LLICENCIA

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COMPRA/VENDA DE PATENTS

© SILICON VALLEY BUSINESS SCHOOL

• Exemples

• 1. Nortel ven 6.000 patents 4G/LTE a Apple, Microsoft , BB, Nokia, et al, "Rockstar" consortium - $4.5b ($750k/patent)

• 2. Leunamme – sell of Patent ´579 ($300k)

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LLICENCIAMENT DE PATENTS

Licensing de patents

“Carrot” licensing (la pastanaga) Li proposo que em pagui una llicència sobre les meves patents per

a poder comparir la tecnologia patentada per mi Exemple Qualcomm -> Fabricants de mòbils

“Stick” licensing (el pal) Li suggereixo que em pagui un royalty, o si no ens veurem en el

tribunals. No és res personal. Exemple Philips -> fabricants espanyols Exemple Fractus -> fabricants mòbils mundials

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Licensing de patents

Regla general: 25% del EBIDTA és deu a la IP (quan hi han patentsque cobreixen un producte que està en el mercat)

% sobre EBIDTA. COMPLICAT % sobre preu indstrial. COMPLICAT % sobre PVP. MES FACIL Les patents es poden llicenciar (i vendre) soles o amb altres actius

intangibles:

Knowhow Software Plànols Dissenys indusrials

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Regla general: 25% del EBIDTA és deu a la IP (quan hi han patentsque cobreixen un producte que està en el mercat)



Royalties segons tipus de tecnologia llicenciada. Font: David Smith

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VENDA DE PATENTS

Qué compran los compradores cuando adquieren una patente

Al comprar una patente, el comprador adquiere el derecho de aserción de la patente contra los infractores. Naturalmente, si el propio comprador es un infractor, la compra de la patente elimina el riesgo de que el comprador sea demandado por violación de la patente.

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VENDA DE PATENTS

PREUS DE VENDA DE LES PATENTS

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PATENTS USADES/INFRINGIDES:AMB E.O.U. O CLAIM “CHARTS”


Claim Charts ≈ Evidència d’ús ó còpia

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• Request Inc. – Samsung • – 1 patent (‘757)- $300k


• Request Inc. – R&D&PS focused entity – Only 2 patents!!!• Samsung to use ´757 used in 2012 patent war against Apple

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• Alvarion, Ltd. – Wi-Lan Inc.• 50 patents • 4G and Handsets• Transaction Price: $19m• $130k/patent


• Alvarion is a practicing entity selling products (with and withoutlicense) and selling patents divested from non-core business (www.alvarion.com)

•• Wi Lan (“The business of IP”®) is a NPE (PAE or Troll) “suing

everyone” in the mobile and wifi sector. Alvarion portfolio will be asserted against Apple and RIM



• Adaptix (TX) – Acacia Research Corporation (CA)• 230 patents • 4/LTE • Transaction Price: $160m• $700k/patent


• Adaptix: www.adaptix.com Former manufacturer. Now filing and licensing patents.

• Acacia (www.acaciaresearch.com ) is a Licensing NPE (non-PAE) Runs R+D.

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Deal $k per patent Remarks

Nortel ‐ Rockstar 750 Know How Incl.

Motorola ‐ Google 520 Know How Incl.

Adaptix ‐ Acacia 700 Know How Incl.

Request ‐ Samsung 300 IP Only

Alvarion ‐WiLan 130 IP Only

Leunamme ‐ Actuant 300 IP Only

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SECTORS AMB MES ACTIVITAT

Los sectores más activos en la compra/venta de patentes son los sectores de alta tecnología en los que ha habido mucha actividad litigadora por infracción en el reciente pasado. La actividad de compra es mayor en la actualidad en sectores como

‐Mobile Y Smartphones‐Medichem y “med dev”, ‐ comunicaciones inalámbricas (Wifi, RFID, Wimax, NFC) ‐memorias flash y semiconductores, ‐ comercio electrónico, internet,‐ otras aplicaciones de software, apps,‐ E‐car (baterías),‐ Cleantech.

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MERCATS DE PATENTS

Regles generals del mercat de Patents

1. Llei Oferta-demanda

2. Manat per la demanda

3. Molts venedors i Pocs compradors

4. Productes molt “únics”

5. Preus poc públics

6. Gestionat en secret i amb silenci ≈ BROKERS

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PATENT WARS

• NPE ≠ “Patent Troll”

• Classification:

1. R+D based entities: OTRI, Companies focused on R+D (CCTC, ICFO, CSIC, Bdigital, etc)

2. DPA - Defensive Patent Aggregators (of Pes)3. LAE - Licensing Aggregation Entities (“endo” and

“exo”)4. PAE – Patent Assertion Entities = TROLLS5. OPA - Ofensive Patent Aggregators (of other NPEs)

• NPE: An organization that does not manufacture nor sells products, but holds patents and use them for different purposes

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PATENT WARS

DAE - Defensive Patent Aggregators (Operating Entities)

Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (CA)

RPX (CA) – Socios pagan una cuota annual y RPX licencia los portafolios. “Our litigious company” – But they’re not

AST (Allied Security Trust) (NJ) - is a member-based patent holding company that helps protect members from patent infringement lawsuits by NPEs. Does not litigate. Sun, Motorola,,HP,Verizon, Cisco, GoogleEricsson

Round Rock Research (NY) – Researching and licensing: Apple, Sony, LG, Ericsson, HTC, RIM, Sharp, Oracle, …

Sisvel (IT) – Socios (Sharp, Sony, Fujitsu,…) ceden patentes y Sisvellicencia los portafolios. Socios perciben a partir 0,99€/producto

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PATENT WARS

Early Woodward light bulb patent patent 181,613, "Improvement in Electric Lights“Purchased by Thomas Edison to preclude challenges

Thomas Edison, a defensive patent aggregator

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PATENT WARS

LAE - Licensing Aggregation Entities

IV (Intellectual Ventures LLC) (WA) – piles stocks of patents 1) from developers, 2) bought outside for a) minimizing threads from adversarial patents, b) sometimes for trolling. ULTIMO CASO VS. MOTOROLAInterDigital PLC (PA) – Id IV >50.000 patentes (Wireless para Mobile, estándares IEEE, ETSI and 3GPP…)

PAE – Patent Assertion Entities – Patent Trolls

Acacia (CA) – Muy agresivos: “Buys and asserts other’s patents”:- Distressed companies – al acecho de startups- Failed Corps. Controlled by VCs

Wi-Lan (CA)Lodsys (TX) Acumula Apps y demanda a grandes fabricantesKelora – Ha demandado a Microsoft, eBay y Adobe “jointly”Innovatio LLCProject Paperles LLCVS Techs – demandó a TwitterGooseberry – demandó “jointly” a Yahoo + 3-4 PYMES

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MERCATS DE PATENTS

Brokers i marketplaces

1. Epicenter2. IPHarbor (Patentfleet)3. ICAP4. Patentbridge5. Valuextraction6. Yet2.com7. Innoget8. Fraunhofer9. Tynax


70/78 – 35’

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MOBILE “PATENT WARS”

Fets/Exemples constatats:

1. Apple vs. Samsung: Guerra Apple vs. Google2. Compra de Nortel per RockStar: aliança de Microsoft‐Apple‐Nokia‐Sony‐RIM,

contra Google (Frase de Steve Jobs de “I Will Spend My Last Dying Breath to Destroy Android”.)

3. La tornada a Google de L. Page a Google va ser amb la condició de comprar $20,000 milions en patents de mobilitat (Google va comprar 17,000 patentes a Motorola Mobility per $12.5bn a $735,294 per patent).

4. 2014: Google ha venut Motorola per $3b, però sol 2.000 patents, a 1,5m/patent, i retenint les patents core.

5. Huawei està comprant “all patents in the marketplace”6. Philips: està comprant patents de ZigBee, IEEE 1394 firewire, links P2P, MPEG,

UMTS, LED7. Interdigital té més de 50.000 patents. Compra patents de Multimedia, Gaming,

High Def Audio, User Authentication, Mobile, e‐commerce, Position & Locationbased, Security, DRM, Encryption. Codecs video‐audio/speech/image, smartcities and mobility

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Fets/Exemples constatats:

8. El Mobile es un espai MOLT INTENS en patents: a un Smartphone s’incorporen més de 250,000+ patents.

9. Es calcula que unes 25,000 – 50,000 (10‐20%) de les patents mobile són de qualitat (el que es diu “litigious quality”). 150,000 son anul∙lables (per un tribunal) i 50,000 són mediocres

10. Les empreses, incloses les Pimes i les startups construeixen carteres amb moltes patents (cal que ho siguin per a que, estadísticament, tinguin un número de patents de qualitat. Veure Anex 1 transaccions de carteres de patents en els últims 2 anys

11. El Cas Fractus vs. Samsung ensenya com una tecnologia innovadora d’una Start‐up es pot imposar gestionant correctament la IP en el camp de batalla de les “patent wars”

12. En el SV hi ha una tendència a assolir que: Patents => Innovació => Riquesa (i no a l’inrevés)

13. Molts “patent Trolls” assistiran al Barcelona Mobile World Congress (“under theradar”): IV, Interdigital, RPX, Acacia, AST, ... .

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Large Mobile Companies

•Build a huge stockpile of patents. Google spent more than $12bn to buy patents and other assets from Motorola. The strategy is to hold sufficient patents that others will be deterred from attacking you.•Hire a team of patent litigators. A fearsome team of patent litigators will deter attacks from patent holders.•Prepare claims charts. Your patents are weapons of litigation, but they are not armed until they are aimed at an infringer. Claims charts represent evidence of infringement, and help you understand which patents are useful and which ones are not.•Enter cross‐licensing agreements. Large patent holders often enter‐cross licensing agreements that represent a form of truce—we won’t sue you if you don’t sue us.

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Large Mobile Companies

•Don’t create patents with weak claims. If the patent claims are so long an unwieldy that none of you competitors’ products can be found to infringe the claims, the patent is of no value to anyone. You need patents with broad claims that your competitors are likely to infringe.•Don’t keep and maintain patents with weak claims. A large portfolio of weak patents might impress your clients and those unsophisticated when it comes to patent litigation, but your competitors will quickly determine that weak patents are of little threat to them. Patents with weak claims cannot be used in litigation, they are not sellable, so it’s difficult to justify paying the maintenance fees for patents with long, complex claims. You might as well abandon them.

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Small Mobile Companies—What To Do:

1. Hide. It’s impossible for large players like Apple, Google and Samsung to hide, but smaller companies can stay under the radar to avoid being the target of patent infringement suits. 2. Partner with other patent holders. A small child in the school playground is unlikely to be bullied if his best friends is the biggest, strongest child in the school. Small companies are well advised to form relationships with large patent holders, and then publicize the relationship to deter attacks from competitors and patent trolls. 3. Make friends with patent trolls. Patent trolls are generally feared and avoided. Patent trolls have armies of lawyers and dangerous patents, and will often be prepared to lend these patents to their partners. Your small company will appear stronger and less vulnerable if you have a partnership with a patent troll. 4. Sell patents to generate revenues. Patents are weapons of litigation, and only weapons of litigation. Unless you have a war chest of funds and an army of lawyers, you will not be taken seriously in the patent wars. Patent wars are for big companies with deep pockets. If you have patents and you don’t have $10m to finance a lawsuit, then your patents are weapons that cannot be used. Sell them and put the cash to better use.

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Small Mobile Companies

5. Stockpile arms: File own patents. Acquire patents from others. Remove patents from the market.

6. Keep the patents core to your business—patents covering inventions featured in your products.

7. Keep the patents infringed by competitors you consider dangerous.

8. Don’t keep and maintain costly patents. If you already have patents, but you don’t have an army of patent litigators, then the patents are likely useless to you. Sell the patents that are sellable, and abandon the rest. Unfortunately, some small companies hold and maintain patents because they are advised to by their patent attorneys, and encouraged to do so by their investors. Holding patents might appease the investors, but in reality, paying maintenance fees is a waste of money for small companies that lack the resources to fully deploy the patents in court.

¿Cómo las patentes están modelando la industria móvil? - Enric Batalla

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Transcript of ¿Cómo las patentes están modelando la industria móvil? - Enric Batalla