DISCUTIR EL SOCIALISMO - BENJAMIN ARDITI - PORTALGUARANI

7/21/2019 DISCUTIR EL SOCIALISMO - BENJAMIN ARDITI - PORTALGUARANI

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DA

_COIBAI_LC DHGBLIH BZFIVI

dfioichds - OZIVDZIC

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JD HGBL IH B ZF IVI (Bsuhoiÿh, 2945)

cjtuvc su J.B. dh Dochclìb dh ab Thi-vdrsity ce Vcrchtc, Obhbfâ, y su L. B. dh

Vdcrìb Pc aìtiobdh ab Thivdrsity c e Dssdx,Ihkabtdrrb. Eud ihvdstikbfcr visitbhtd dhda Ihstitutc fd Ihvdstikboichds _coibads

fd ab Thivdrsifbf Hboichba Butÿhclbfd Léxioc (TH BL ) y prcedscr ihvitbfcfd ab Ebouatbf Abtihcbldriobhb fd Oidh

oibs _coibads (EABO_C, Léxioc). Botubaldhtd ds ihvdstikbfcr b obrkc fda

ârdb fd bhâaisis pcaìtioc y tdcrìb scoiba

fda Odhtrc fd Fcouldhtboiÿh y Dstufics(OFD) fd Bsuhoiÿh. Guhtc och GcséObracs Zcfrìkudz dsorijiÿ da Aijrc Abscoidfbf b pdsbr fda dstbfc. Lcvilidhtcs scoibads y rdoupdrboiÿh fd

l co râtiob dh da Pb rbkub y. Ds butcr fd

huldrcscs brtìouacs scjrd tdlbs fd tdcrìb pcaìtiob y pcaì tiob pbrbkubyb, pujaiobfcs

dh rdvistbs fda dxtdricr.




JDHGBLIH BZFIVI

FI_OTVIZ DA _COIBAI_LC

B_THOICH, COVTJZD 29==

.o. c. d .

. ■CCOìLrìiBOiC H Y D_VTC_C_

J I J A I C V D O B

l dfioichds - OZIVDZIC

22?




© JDHGBLIH ÀZFIVIZP dfioichds/ OZIVDZICD. U. Mbdfc 6:;. Bsuhoiÿh - PbrbkubyVdaée.7 9= 060 - :0= ;92

VBPB7 Csvbafc _badrhc scjrd oubfrc fd Zdhé LbkrittdDfioiÿh ba ouifbfc fd Zbebda PdrchiVirbfb7 2000 dgdlpabrds.Mdomc da fdpÿsitc qud dstbjadod ab ady.




B ab ldlcrib fd Baerdfc L. _diedrmdaf

Blikc, oiufbfbhc d ihtdadotuba pbrbkubyc. Vuvc virtufds ihusubads dhtrd hcsctrcs, tbads oclc orddr dh

prihoipics étiocs y, lâs b÷h, prbotiobracs ocmdrdhtdldhtd dh su oclpcrtblidhtc p÷jaioc y privbfc> sdrrdspdtucsc fd abs ifdbs fd acs fdlâs, ihoausc oubhfchc abs oclpbrtìb> sdr lcfdstc bodrob fd ab trbsodhfdhoib fd sus trbjbgcs oclc brqudÿackc fd abmistcrib, pudstc qud, oclc tcfc ihvdstikbfcr lcvifc

pcr ab pbsiÿh fd sbjdr, eud obpbz fd rdochcodr qudhihk÷h bvbhod dh da oblpc fda ochcoilidhtc pudfdbkc’tbr ac qud buh qudfb pcr ochcodr. '

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I H F I O D

PZD_DHVBOICH................ ........... ..... ............................ 22

IHVZCFTOOICH........................... 7................... . 2?

I. DA VDZZDHC VDCZIOC FDA _COIBAI_LC LBZ]I_VB................................................... 2;2. Ab prcfuooiÿh, acous y rbtic euhfbldhtba

fda fisoursc lbrxistb...................... ............ ....... - 29:. Da scoibaislc lbrxistb. ³Rué dstrbtdkib fd

auomb, qué prcydotc fd scoidfbf3......... ............... :?

II. AILIVD_ D]PAIOBVIUC_ FDA LBVDZIBAI_LCMI_VCZIOC.... ........................................................... :;

2. Ab ocheusiÿh, dhtrd”dlbhoipboiÿh mulbhb* ~

y ”dlbhoipboiÿh fda yukc obpitba’. ..................... :9b. ³Ouâa ds da aìlitd fd ab scoibaizboiÿh fd

ab prcpidfbf3..... >.......... ..... ..................... ?0 j. ³Ouâa ds da aìlitd fda pausvbacr dh da

scoibaislc3Dxpactboiÿh dh scoidfbfds pcsobpitbaistbs................................ ............... ?2

:. Ab erbkiaifbf fda hdxc obusba dhtrd dochclìby pcaìtiob........ ..................................................... ?6

?. Da lcfdac jbsd-supdrdstruoturb oclc lcfdac fd ab tctbaifbf scoiba7 pbscs fd uh quidjrd..... ?;b. A b ”vuakbtb’ fda dochclioislc..... ....................?;

j. Dochclioislc sceistiobfc...... ...................... .....?9o. Zdfuooichislc fd oabsd...................... ......... .....6:f. Zdfuooichislc sceistiobfc................................6?

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6. Lbrxislc, ”dxodpoichds mistÿriobs’ y tdsisbf-mco......................... ........................ ................ 66

III. OIDHOIB Y PCFDZ7 AB ECZVIEIOBOICH FDAB ZBWCH ZDUCATOICHBZIB............................. 4?2. Dpistdlcackìb y vdrfbf. Ab pdsbfb mdrdhoib

rboichbaistb.............................. ............................ 44:. Oidhoib y pcfdr.................................................. 5:?. Da oidhtieioislc oclc rdtÿriob sborbaizbhtd

fda pcfdr ........ ..................................................... 54

IU. BFIC_ BA CJZDZI_LC. AB OTD_VICH FDA

_TGDVC.................... ........................ ..................... 592. Da prcjadlb fda cjrdrislc dh da pdhsblidh

tc scoibaistb................... ........ ........ .... ......... ...... ;2:. Da obrâotdr fisoursivc fd Gbs ifdhtifbfds sc

oibads.'Ab prcfuooiÿh fda ochstruotc ”oabsd’........ ;?

?. Da puhtc fd vistb cjgdtivc dstrbtékioc y absifdhtifbfds dxtrb-oabsistbs.............. ....... ......... . ;=6. Orisis fda cjrdrislc I. Fdochstruooiÿh fda

dsqudlb fuba........... ......... ......'........... ................. =?

b. Ab ebaboib fda sdotcr ”lâs dxpactbfc’. .......... =?

j. Ab ebaboib fd ab lbycrìb hulériob............... . =6o. Ab ebaboib fd ab silpaieioboiÿh fd acs

bhtbkchislcs.................... .

...........>........

.....

. =4f. Ab ocheusiÿh dhtrd ”dxpactboiÿh’ y

”cprdsiÿh’...................................................... =;4. Orisis, fda cjrdrislÿ II. Da fdsbeìc fd abs

”ctrbs’ ifdhtifbfds ocadotivbs.................... . =95. Lbrxislc y hudvcs sugdtcs7 fda fdsochcoi

lidhtc ba siluaborc............................................. 96

;. Da sugdtc scoibaistb y ab oclpadgifbf fda prdsdhtd7 trds pcsijiaifbfds, uhb scab cpoiÿh pcaìtiob. ............................... ............. ..................... 9;

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U. BFIC_ BA UBHKTBZFI_LC. AB OTD_VICHFDA PBZVIFC........................................................... 2022. Crkbhizboiÿh y pcaìtiob....... .,.............................. 20?

:. Ldsibhislc pcaìtioc7 bfiÿs ba pbrbfiklb adhihistb................................................................... 206b. Ihtdrdsds y ”ldfics fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh’.......... 204

j. Mdrldhéutiob y vdrfbf7 ab tdcackìb vbhkubrfistb fda pbrbfiklb adhihistb.................. 20=

o. Crkbhizboiÿh y pcfdr7 da pbrtifc fdvcrbsu dhtcrhc scoiba.......... ............... .................. 224

?. Pbrtifcs scoibaistbs7 ab lirbfb mboib ab pcaìtiob.2:0b. Cobsc fd ab aÿkiob ”bhtidstbfc’..... ................ 2:0 j. ³Pbrtifc uhioabsistb c ihstituoiÿh pcaìtiob3.

Fivdrsifbf scoiba, uhifbf prckrblâtiob........ 2:?

UI. ZCLBHVIOI_LC Y _DOVBZI_LC DH DAILBKIHBZIC FD AB_ IWRTIDZFB_..... ............... Ì:9

2. Ab hcoiÿh fd ”ilbkihbric ocadotivc’............... . 2?2:. _udòcs fd rdvcauoiÿh. (Bakuhbs ihochedsbfbs

ebhtbsìbs rclâhtiobs fda ihebhtd izquidrfistb)...... 2?:b. Ilâkdhds fd ab rdvudatb. Zclbhtioislc

épioc................... ................................. ....¾.... 2?? j. Fdspués fd ab jcrrbomdrb rclâhtiob. ............ 2?6o. Acs lârtirds hc pudfdh ochtbr mistcribs.

Da pcstdr fda Omd..........

.

............................... 2?5?. Da ”sdr hboichba’ dh da fisoursc fd abs sdotbsvbhkubrfistbs7 ³fistbhoiblidhtc orìtioc crdecrluaboiÿh3.............. .......... ............. ............... 2?;

6. . Vcfcs qudrìblcs sdr sdordtbrics kdhdrbads.Da sudòc fd ab sdotb prcpib.............................. . 2?9

UII. AB OCHFIOICH PC_LBZ]I_VB.............

.

............. 2642. Bfiÿs b ab hcstbakib..... ......... ............. .......... ‖ 26;:. Da adkbfc fd Vckaibtti......... ................................. 242?¾ Fda lbrxislc orìtioc b ab orìtiob fda lbrxislc... 244

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6. Ab ochfioiÿh pcslbrxistb fda prcydotc scoibaistb.................................................................. 249

b. _coibaislc y fdlcorboib7 fcs fisochti

huifbfds pbrb ecrgbr uhb brtiouaboiÿh pcaìtiob........ ............. .................................... 249 j. Oclpadgifbf y dxodhtrioifbf fd ac scoiba...... 255o. Da scoibaislc oclc ”dtmcs’ y prcydotc

ikubaitbric, fdlcorâtioc y aijdrtbric............. 2;2

UIII. JIJAICKZBEIB..................... .......... ...................... 2=2

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PZD_DHVBOICH

Dstd aijrc dstâ oclpudstc pcr sidtd dhsbycs qud sd rdab-oichbh dhtrd sì y bjcrfbh acs sikuidhtds tdlbs7 da prcydotc fda

scoibaislc fdoilchÿhioc> bakuhbs ailitboichds fda lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc dh ac qud rdspdotb ba hdxc dhtrd prcpidfbf y dxpactboiÿh, ba lcfdac jbsdsupdrdstruoturb y b abs dxpdridhoibs rdbads fd obljic scoiba qud mbh sifc gustieiobfbs fdsfd uhb ÿptiob lbrxistb>

da oidhtieioislc och qud sd mb ihtdhtbfc gustieiobr ba fisoursc pcaìtioc fda lbrxislc> ab odhtrbaifbf cjrdrb> da vbhkubrfislc y lchcoabsislc fd abs crkbhizboichds> y, eihbaldhtd, bakuhcs dgds

pbrb uh dtmcs scoibaistb fdlcorâtioc. Dstcs dhsbycs hc dstâh dhobfdhbfcs pbrb ab dxpcsioiÿh, pcr ac ouba pudfdh sdr adìfcs

sdpbrbfbldhtd y dh da crfdh qud da adotcr dstild lâs ochvdhidhtd. _ih dljbrkc, pudfd rdsuatbr prcvdomcsc ocldhzbr och da prildrc

fd daacs bhtds fd bjcrfbr acs ctrcs, pudstc qud ochstituyd uhb jrdvd sìhtdsis brkuldhtbtivb fda fisoursc fda scoibaislc lbrxistb7

Abs hctbs y acs jcrrbfcrds qud simòdrch fd jbsd pbrb rdfbotbr dstcs dhsbycs eudrch prdpbrbfcs dhtrd 29=: y 29=6, lidhtrbs ld fdsdlpdòbjb oclc ihvdstikbfcr visitbhtd dh da Ihs-titutc fd Ihvdstikboichds _coibads fd ab Thivdrsifbf.Butÿhclb fd

Léxioc. Ad fdjc b Guaic Abjbstifb lâs qud uh silpad bkrbfdoi-

lidhtc. Oclc firdotcr fda Ihstitutc dh dsb épcob, hc sÿac.fdpcsitÿ su ocheibhzb dh uh rdoiéh dkrdsbfc, sihc qud tbljiéh mizc pcsijad qud pufidsd fdfiobrld b addr d ihvdstikbr och ab lâs oclpadtb aijdrtbf fd tdlbs, orchckrblbs y mcrbrics fd trbjbgc. Abs mcrbs vicadtbs, tbljiéh ihtdrvihidrch dh dstc, ba ikuba qud ab jbhfb fda

Pbrhbsc y acs oiufbfbhcs fd acs bardfdfcrds fd Ocycboâh dspboic fdstdrritcribaizbfc qud furbhtd uh tidlpc eud ab vdrfbfdrb obpitba

fd Léxioc. Bkrbfdzoc b Gcsé Obracs Zcfrìkudz, oclpbòdrj fda Odhtrc fd Fcouldhtboiÿh y Dstufics, quidh sd abs ihkdhiÿ pbrb dhochtrbr da tidlpc hdodsbric pbrb addr da lbtdriba y bpcrtbr sus ocldhtbrics, vbrics fd acs oubads eudrch ihocrpcrbfcs b acs tdxtcs>

T




dh oidrtc lcfc, sd mb vistc oclpaiobfc dh ab tbrdb y dh abs ifdbs. Da kdhdrcsc bpcyc fd ab Euhfboiÿh Pbjac Ikadsibs fd

'Lbfrif, Dspbòb, pdrlitiÿ qud sd pufidsd aadvbr b objc da trbjbgc

fd rdfbooiÿh eihba fd dstd aijrc.

Bsuhoiÿh, cotujrd fd 29==.




IHVZCFTOOICH

‑Ld ebatb uhb ochodpoiÿh euhfbfb yblpaib fd ab vifb. Vidhd Tf. lia vdodsrbzÿh, pdrc, ³fÿhfd dhochtrbré acs ldfics pbrb qud dstc obljid3 Botubaldhtd, yc, baldhcs, hc vdc pcsijiaifbf bakuhb hi fddhochtrbr uh hudvc prihoipic, hi fd rds pdtbr acs bhtikucs. Jusoc, puds, dstb ifdb,fd ab qud tcfc ac fdlâs fdpdhfd, sih pcfdrmbaabrab“.

Obrtb fd Kustbvd Eabujdrt bKdcrkd _bhf.

Dh ab Kdhdbackìb fd ab lcrba, prildrc, y lâs tbrfd dh Ab vcauhtbf fd pcfdrìc, Hidtszomd fdludstrb qud da obrâotdr fd ab”vdrfbf’ hc ds purbldhtd hcrlbtivc sihc tbljiéh pcaìtioc y . dxistdhfba. Y dstbjadod, oclc prihoipic dxpaiobtivc kdhdrba, uhbfcjad rdaboiÿh dhtrd vdrfbf y pcfdr dh ”dstd’ luhfc, da luhfc fdmcljrds y lugdrds fd obrhd y mudsc. Pcr uhb pbrtd, vdrfbf y pcfdr

vidhdh fd ab lbhc pudstc qud ab vdrfbf y acs sbjdrds qud ab dhuhoibhsd ihstituydh oclc ochsdoudhoib fd uhb vcauhtbf fd pcfc’ cvcauhtbf fd sdòcrìc dxitcsb, ab ouba pdrlitd b acs hudvcs sdòcrdsilprilir uh sdhtifc fdtdrlihbfc b acs ochodptcs dh jbsd b sus

prcpics vbacrds. Pcr ctrb pbrtd, acs sbjdrds y abs vdrfbfds ihstituifbscpdrbh oclc ldobhislcs aikitilbfcrds fda pcfdr, ochecrlbhfp acqud Liomda Ecuobuat (2) fdhclihb uh ”rékildh prcfuotcr fd

vdrfbf’.

2. Liomda Ecuobuat, ‑Udrfbf y Pcfdr“, dh ab Liorceìsiob fda pcfdr (29;;), Dfioichds fd Ab Piqudtb,'Lbfrif, 29;=, pp. 2=;-2==.

2?




Th judh dgdlpac fd daac ac jrihfb da prcodsc fd ihstitu-oichbaizboiÿh fda fisoursc lbrxistb fdhtrc fda lcvilidhtc scoibaistb. Da lbrxislc ds uh fisoursc fda scoibaislc, pdrc uhc rdabtivbldhtd rdoidhtd. Dh ab épcob dh qud Lbrx luriÿ, sus dsoritcsdstbjbh rdabtivbldhtd pcoc fieuhfifcs dhtrd acs botivistbs fdalcvilidhtc cjrdrc> pcocs pbrtifcs cjrdrcs sd ifdhtieiobh b sìlislcs oclc ”lbrxistbs’ d, ihoausc, da ochodptc fd ”lbrxislc’ drbutiaizbfc dh uh sdhtifc pdycrbtivc lidhtrbs Lbrx b÷h vivìb. Ds

prihoipbaldhtd krboibs b acs dseudrzcs fd Nbutsny qud oclidhzb bbfquirir uhb ochhctboiÿh pcsitivb (:). Pdrc, audkc fd qud acs

jcaomdviquds ochquistbrch da pcfdr dh uhb rdvcauoiÿh kdhuihb-ldhtd pcpuabr -buhqud fd fufcsb eiaiboiÿh prcadtbrib- rdsuatbjbfieìoia hc rdochcodr dh daab ab vdrfbf rdbaizbfb fda lbrxislc y abdeioboib ilpabobjad féa adhihislc. Fdspués fd 292;, rdsuatbjb obsiilpcsijad adkitilbr ab vbaifdz fd pdrspdotivbs dstrbtékiobs hcadhihistbs c hc jcaomdviquds, sdb dh ics fdjbtds tdÿriocs c fdhtrc fdalcvilidhtc scoibaistb. Pcoc b pcoc, da lbrxislc-adhihislc sd eud

ifdhtieiobhfc och da ”scoibaislc’ oclc tba dh ab pdrodpoiÿh fd abfdrdomb y, pcr supudstc, dh da adhkubgd, ab crkbhizboiÿh, abs ochsikhbs y ab prâotiob pcaìtiob fd abs izquidrfbs fd tcfbs abs abtitufds.

Da prdstikic fd acs jcaomdviquds y fd su rdvcauoiÿh ads pdrlitìb fdsobaieiobr b ctrbs ihioibtivbs, b sbjdrds scoibaistbs fiedrdhtds.Dh su éxitc eâotioc rbfiobjb ab prudjb fd su vdrfbf (?) y dsb vdrfbfihoifìb, b su vdz, dh ab adkitilboiÿh fda lbrxislc oclc prâotiob pc

aìtiob. _d trbtb, dh fdeihitivb, fd uh sdhtifc ilpudstc dh da pabhc hcrlbtivc y vbacrbtivc c, ac qud ds ac lislc, fd uhb iaustrboiÿh fda------------------------------------- ‖ •

:. Dstc mb sifc sdòbabfc pcr Kdcrkds Mbupt, sdk÷h ihfiob Jdlbrf _cig dh ‑Mistcrib d orisd fb prcfuobc fb vdrfbfd hc lbrxislc“, Hcvcs Dstufcs ODJZBP, Uca. :. H9 ?, _bc Pbuac, hcvdljrc 29=?, p. :5.

?. Pbrb oitbr b Guaic Zcfrìkudz Brbljdrri, ‑ac qud ochvidhd tdhdr oabrc fdsfdda prihoipic ds qud b pdsbr fé su sbhtifbf botuba, da adhihislc hc mb sifc

sidlprd uh prihoipic ihfisoutifc fd crkbhizboiÿh y qud, fd hc mbjdr sifc pcrda triuhec fd ab rdvcauoiÿh scoibaistb dh Zusib, fieìoialdhtd dstbrìb mcyrdvdstifc fda pchtieioba och qud sd ouifbrch fd bfcrhbrac tbhtc _tbiih oclc_us bfvdrsbrics“. Uébsd su ‑³Th lcfdac ÷hioc3“, £ / Uidgc Vcpc Dxtrb H9 6,Jbrodachb, 29=0, p. 46.

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hdxc dhtrd sbjdr y pcfdr dhuhoibfc pcr Hidtszomd y fdsbrrcaabfc pcstdricrldhtd pcr Ecuobuat Oclc fiod Jdrhbrfc _crg, ‑fd dstbecrlb, da lbrxislc aadkb ba pcfdr, vbad fdoir, sd ochvidrtd dh da

ldobhislc prihoipba fd adkitilboiÿh fd ab prâotiob pcaìtiob, pdrc bochsdoudhoib fd daac, qudfb obstrbfc oclc fisoursc oidhtìeioc. Daadhihislc mbjìb ihstburbfc bsì uh hudvc rékildh fd vdrfbf“(6).

Mcy, ab pctdhoib fd dsd rékildh fd vdrfbf yb hc ds tbhdvifdhtd. Fdhtrc fd ab izquidrfb scoibaistb sd mbjab fd uhb ”orisis fdalbrxislc’ fdsfd mbod lâs fd uhb féobfb, y dh ab lbycrìb fd acs

pbìsds fd Cooifdhtd abs crkbhizboichds pcaìtiobs ihspirbfbs pcr da

lbrxislc sd mbaabh dh uh erbhoc rdtrcodsc. Luomcs quidrdh buhrdsobtbr da scoibaislc oclc prcydotc fd scoidfbf, tclbhfc fistbhoib fd acs dstbfcs fda ”scoibaislc rdbaldhtd, dxistdhtd’, prdfiobhfc ab hdodsifbf fd rdspdtbr abs aijdrtbfds oiviads ”jurkudsbs* yrdivihfiobhfc ba scoibaislc oclc pdrspdotivb qud pdrlitirìb ”rdbaldhtd’ rbfiobaizbr ab fdlcorboib.

Pdrc ab firdooiÿh b tclbr hc ds tbh oabrb. Ab situboiÿh fd

luomcs ds siliabr b ab pabhtdbfb pcr Eabujdrt dh da erbkldhtcoitbfc. _ÿac qud yb hc sd jusob uh prihoipic euhfboichba uhitbric,sihc lâs jidh uhb sdrid fd pbutbs qud pdrlitbh rdoclpchdr uh

pdhsblidhtc fd izquidrfb. Pcr uh abfc, sd fdsocheìb fd ab vbaifdzfda fisoursc lbrxistb fda scoibaislc y sd sbjd qud ds hdodsbricfdsaikbrsd fd éa> pcr da ctrc, sd jusob uhb hudvb pdrspdotivbscoibaistb, fdlcorâtiob y aijdrtbrib, sih pcfdr mbstb bmcrb mbaabr uhb

ecrluaboiÿh oabrb obpbz fd obpturbr ab ilbkihboiÿh fd ab kdhtd.Pbrdodrìb qud ab orìtiob, botubaldhtd luomc lâs fdsbrrcaabfb qudab cpoiÿh batdrhbtivb, fclihb dh dxodsc da uhivdrsc brkuldhtbtivcX.

Daac hc fdjdrìb sdr lctivc fd lbycr prdcoupboiÿh pudstcqud, ba rdbaizbr uhb cpcsioiÿh orìtiob b ac yb dxistdhtd¾ sd fdjd tdhdrab ochoidhoib fd qud daac pudfd y sudad ihvcauorbr dxodscs pcr pbrtdfd ac ”hudvc’dh su auomb pcr dxistir y beirlbrsd. ³Bobsc hcfigc Jb-

omdabrf qud uh hudvc ochcoilidigtc hbod dh cpcsioiÿh b ac yb dxistdhtd3 Thb hudvb eiacsceìb, beirlb Batmussdr, ‑sÿac dxistd pcr ab pc

6. Jdlbrfp _cig, cp. oìt., p. :=.

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sioiÿh qud coupb y sÿac coupb dsb pcsioiÿh ochquistâhfcab scjrd da pabhc fd uh luhfc yb coupbfc... ^y pbrb daac\ mby qud pdhsbr dhacs dxtrdlcs> dhtdhfblcs pcr dstc uhb pcsioiÿh dh ab qud sd dhuh

oibh tdsis-aìlitd, fchfd pbrb mbodr pcsijad da pdhsblidhtc, sd cou pb da aukbr fd ac ilpcsijad“ (_). Lbrx fdfioÿ obsi tcfb su vifb b aborìtiob, sdb fd ab eiacsceìb fda fdrdomc, fd ab dochclìb pcaìtiob jurkudsb, fd acs prckrblbs fd ab scoibafdlcorboib badlbhb c fd ab eiacsceìb dspdouabtivb-ochtdlpabtivb badlbhb. Fd dsb orìtiob eud surkidhfc da lcldhtc pcsitivc, da fda fdsbrrcaac y fd ab euhfbldhtb-oiÿh fd su ”lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc’, dgd ochodptuba odhtrba fda lbr

xislc.Adhih utiaizÿ uhb ldtâecrb pbrb iaustrbr ab rdaboiÿh dhtrdorìtiob y trbhsecrlboiÿh7 pbrb dhfdrdzbr uh jbstÿh, fiod, prildrcmby (qud fcjabrac lâs fd ac hdodsbric. Pdrc ab tbrdb fd ”fcjabr da

jbstÿh’ hc cjaikb ba orìtioc b bfcptbr uhb pdrspdotivb silétriobldhtd ihvdrsb b ab oritiobfb. Vblpcoc ac dxild fd ocldtdr dxodscsdh ab kdstboiÿh fda lcldhtc pcsitivc fd ab orìtiob, da fda fdsbrrcaac

fd sbjdrds hudvcs c batdrhbtivcs. Ds fdoir, ba bpdabr ba prcodfilidhtc fd ”ourvbr da jbstÿh’ fda sdhtifc ocl÷h ilpdrbhtd mboib ”dactrc abfc’ pbrb trbhsecrlbrac, sidlprd sd ocrrd da ridskc fd ourvbracdh dxodsc c ourvbrac fdlbsibfc pcoc. ,

Ab j÷squdfb fd ac hudvc supchd uhb sdrid fd fdoisichds fdobrâotdr tdÿrioc-pcaìtioc ouycs dedotf_ ihvcauorbh uòb sdrid fdrupturbs, fdspabzblidhtcs y trbhsecrlboichds dh Gbs prâotiobs, acs

rdedrdhtds /ab s tdsisochstitutivbs fda fisoursc scoiâaistb. Oclc dal&xisl®mb sifcda fisoursc mistÿriobldhtd fclihbhtd fda scoibaislc -ihoauydhfc su pcstdricr dvcauoiÿh pcr fdrrctdrcs adhihistbs, dstbaihistbs,lbcistbs uctrcs-, abs fdoisichds Ldhoichbfbssd rdeidrdh euhfbldhtbaldhtd b fiomÿ fisoursc. Da éhebsis dstâ

pudstc scjed aé qué hc puéfd sdkuir uòb vdz qud _d bodptb, oÿlcdh da vdrsc fd Lbombfc, qud hc pudfd mbjdr uh scac oblihc pudstc

q÷d dstd sÿac sd mbod ba bhfbr. .4. Acuis Batmussdr, ‑Vdsis fd Blidhs“ (29;4), dh Fibaéotiob H9 ?, guaic 29;;, rdvistb fd ab ebouatbf fé Eiacsceìb y Adtrbs, Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab, Léxioc, pp. 240, 244.

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DA VDZZDHC VDCZIOC FDA _COIBAI_LC LBZ]I_VB

I

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'”Da qud Lbrx y da lbrxislc eudrch obpbods fd dgdrodr uhb iheaudhoib prdpchfd

rbhtay vdrfbfdrbldhtd obtbstrÿeiob scjrdfivdrscs lcvilidhtcs cjrdrcs hc ds sÿacrdsuatbfc fd ab kdhibaifbf c fda dspìritusbtâhioc fd Lbrx. Da prdfclihic fd ab

prcfuooiÿh dochÿliob y ab ochsdoudhtdrdfuooiÿh fd tcfb prcjadlâtiob scoiba y

pcaìtiob hc sch lâs qud acs tdlbs dstruo-

turbfcrds fda ilbkihbric fd su épcob (y fdab hudstrb)7 da ilbkihbric féa obpitbaislc“(2). '

2.- Ab prcfuooiÿh, acous y rbtiÿ euhfbldhtba fda fisoursc lbrxistb.

Bhtd ab prdkuhtb7 ³oÿlc sd ochstituyd ab uhifbf fd uhbscoidfbf fbfb, qué ad ocheidrd uhb ecrlb c hbturbadzb fdtdrlihbfbb ab paurbaifbf fd prcodscs, rdaboichds y edhÿldhcs scoibadsfivdrscs3, da lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc rdspchfd sih titujdcs7 da lcfcfd prcfuooiÿh fd ab vifb lbtdriba y da prcydotc fd fclihboiÿh qudocrrdspchfd b acs ihtdrdsds y bspirboichds fd uhb oabsd fclihbhtd

qud da lislc lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh dhkdhfrb. Dh dstd sdhtifc, da

2. Ocrhdaius Obstcribfis, ‑_coibaisl bhf Butchclcus _coidty“, Vdacs Hs 6?, Hdw Ycrn, _prihk 29=0, p. 99.

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scoibaislc lârxistb ihtdhtb ”addr* ab rdbaifbf b trbvés fd uh miacochfuotcr euhfbldhtba, b sbjdr, ab prdsdhoib pdrlbhdhtd fd uhbochtrbfiooiÿh dhtrd eudrzbs y rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh y fd uhbhtbkchislc fd oabsd fdtrâs fd ab bpbrdhtd fivdrsifbf scoiba.

Da lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc ds da tdrrdhc tdÿrioc dh da ouba dalbrxislc ochstituyd sus cjgdtcs y dstrbtdkibs. Dh térlihcs kdhdrbads, dstd tdrrdhc sd brtiouab bardfdfcr fd sidtd prcpcsioichds bodrobfd ab scoidfbf y ab mistcrib7

b. Ab hbturbadzb c bhbtclìb fd uhb scoidfbf dstâ fbfb pcr

da lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh fclihbhtd dh daab, ab dochclìbochstituyd su jbsd c iherbdstruoturb y da fisoursc fd abdochclìb pcaìtiob -pcr ab vìb fd uh tipc fd sbjdr dspdoìeioc,da lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc- prcpcroichb ab prihoipba aabvd fdboodsc pbrb su ihtdaikijiaifbf>

j. Ab mistcrib fd uhb scoidfbf oubaquidrb ds ab mistcrib fd

acs suodsivcs lcfcs fd prcfuooiÿh qud ab mbh dstruoturbfc>

o. Vcfc lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh kdhdrb uhb oabsd fclihbhtd qud sd ochstituyd b pbrtir fd uhc fd acs fcs aukbrds pcsijadsqud pudfdh coupbr acs bkdhtds scoibads dh abs rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh. _u prcydotc fd fclihboiÿh, dh tbhtc ocfieioboiÿh fd sus ihtdrdsds y bhmdacs oclc oabsd, sd pabslb dh abs

fivdrsbs ecrlbs ihstituoichbads, pcaìtiobs dstbtbads, ochodp-oiÿhds étiobs, prcfuooichds ouaturbads, bhtbkchislcs y rdaboichds scoibads fd ab épcRb fd su fclihic>

f. Da lislc lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh dhkdhfrb b uhb oabsd fclihbfb y bhtbkÿhiob ouyb rdsistdhoib ochfuoirìb, dvdh-tubaldhtd, b ab fdsoclpcsioiÿh fda prcydotc fd fclihboiÿh

dxistdhtd y b ab sustituoiÿh fd dstd pcr da prcydotc batdrhbtivcd mistÿriobldhtd lâs dadvbfc fda ouba ds pcrtbfcr ab oabsdmbstb dhtchods fclihbfb>.

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CD OCOT[DHVBOìCH Y D_VTFIC_




d. Da dadldhtc fdtchbfcr fd abs trbhsecrlboichdsmistÿriobs ds ab ”ochtrbfiooiÿh kdhdrba’ dhtrd eudrzbs fd prcfuooiÿh dh ochtihuc fdsbrrcaac y rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh

qud dh oidrtc lcldhtc sd ochvidrtdh dh trbjbs pbrb sufdsbrrcaac7 hudvbs y lâs dadvbfbs rdabonyids fd prcfuooiÿhsÿac pudfdh surkir oubhfc sd mbh bkctbfc abs pcsijiaifbfdsfd fdsbrrcaac fd abs'eudrzbs prcfuotivbs jbgc acs bhtik÷cs>

e. Da ldobhislc fd ab trbhsecrlboiÿh, da ”lctcr fd abmistcrib’, ac ochstituyd ab auomb dhtrd ocadotivifbfds fd

bkdhtds scoibads qud coupbh acs fcs pudstcs prihoipbadsfdsikhbfcs pcr abs rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh fclihbhtds.Dstbs ocadotivifbfds sd ochvidrtdh dh bkdhtds fda obljicmistÿrioc dh tbhtc ackrbh ochstituirsd dh oabsds scoibads dhauomb pcr ab scoidfbf, vbad fdoir, dh auomb pcr ilprilir uhbfdtdrlihbfb ecrlb c uhifbf b prcodscs y rdaboichds scoibadsy pcr ochtrcabr ab mistcrioifbf fd dscs prcodscs y rdaboichds>

k. Da oioac prckrdsivc fd fclihboiÿhrdsistdhoibfc-lihboiÿh sd rclpdrìb, eihbaldhtd, och da fdspabzblidhtc fdab jurkudsìb fda pcfdr y och da bsodhsc fda prcadtbribfc b suaukbr, pudstc qud sd bsuld (i) ‑abs rdaboichds jurkudsbs fd

prcfuooiÿh sÿh ab ÷atilb ecrlb bhtbkÿhiob fd prcfuooiÿh“(:), qud (ii) da sistdlb fd prcfuooiÿh obpitbaistb prdodfd ba

scoibaislc y bpuhtb b su prcpib fiscauoiÿh fbfbs abs ”adydstdhfdhoibads’ butcfdstruotivbs qud ad sch ihmdrdhtds, y (pid(iii) da prcadtbribfc, oclc ab dabsd lâs dxpactbfb y cprilifb,ba dailihbr ab prcpidfbf privbfb fd acâ ldfics fd prcfuooiÿh-ab jbsd lbtdriba pbrb tcfb fivisiÿh fd oabsds- dailihbrìb balislc tidlpc tcfb ecrlb fd cprdsiÿh.

:. Obracs Lbrx, ‑Prÿackc b ab ochtrijuoiÿh b ab orìtiob fd ab dochclìb pcaìtiob (2.=49) dh Ihtrcfuooiÿh kdhdrba b ab orìtiob fd ab dochclìb pcaìtiob (2=4;), Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd H® 2, hcvdhb dfioiÿh ocrrdkifb y buldhtbfb, Léxioc," 29;=, p. ;;.

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B pbrtir fd dstd tdrrdhc tdÿrioc kdhdrba, da fisoursc lbrxistbmb dabjcrbfc trds ”vdrfbfds euhfbldhtbads’ b abs oubads bsikhb uhstbtus fd rdedrdhtds pbrb da oâaouac dstrbtékiocdh da tdrrdhc pcaìtioc7

b. Ab ochtrbfiooiÿh kdhdrba dhtrd eudrzbs y rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh sd ochvidrtd dh da rdedrdhtd qud ihfiob acsldobhislcs prcfuotcrds fd ab' rupturb y ab ochsikuidhtdtrbhsecrlboiÿh scoidtba>

j. Ab ochtrbfiooiÿh fd oabsd prihoipba, fbfb pcr da lcfc

fd prcfuooiÿh fclihbhtd, pbsb b sdr da rdedrdhtd quddstbjadod da tipc fd auomb y fd bhtbkchislc qud ochfuoirâba fdsdhobfdhblidhtc fd ab orisis y fda ocabpsc fda sistdlbfd dxpactboiÿh-fclihboiÿh dxistdhtd> y, eihbaldhtd,

o. Ab oabsd cjrdrb, h÷oadc euhfbldhtba fd acs trbjbgbfcrds bsbabribfcs, bpbrdod oclc da rdedrdhtd pbrb ochecrlbr ab

ifdhtifbf fda sugdtc rdvcauoichbric, ds fdoir, fda sugdtc quddhoblbrâ y ‑dhobjdzbrâ ab auomb scoibaistb dh virtuf fd su”pcsioiÿh cjgdtivb’ fdhtrc fd ab dstruoturb fd rdaboichds fd

prcfuooiÿh, fd su stbtus oclc ”eudrzb scoiba lâs cprilifby dxpactbfb’ fd ab scoidfbf, fd su lbycrìb hulériob, dto..

Ds dvifdhtd qud och daac da prcjadlb fd ab hbturbadzb fd uhb

scoidfbf, fd su ecrlb fd uhifbf, dstâ sidlprd rdsuda tc fd bhtdlbhc.Ba fdtdrlihbr ab dstruoturb dochÿliob bsikhbfb pcr da lcfc fd

prcfuooiÿh fclihbhtd (pcr dgdlpac, da obpitbaistb), sd rdsudavdtbljiéh da tipc fd uhifbf dxistdhtd (dh dstd obsc, jurkudsb), pudstcqud ab fivdrsifbf scoiba bpbrdod oclc ldtâstbsis fd Th gudkc qudsd fdsbrrcaab dh uh âljitc odhtrba, da dochÿlioc, fchfd sd kdstbtbhtc ab oabsd ouyb fclihboiÿh sd ilprilirâ dh tcfcs acs ihtdrstioicsfda tdgifc scoidtba oclc tbljiéh ab oabsd ouyb rdsistdhoib dstbrìb

prdsdhtd dh tcfcs dscs ihtdrstioics. Bsì, da ochodptc fd ”cprdsiÿh’,eirldldhtd bhoabfc dh da âljitc dochÿlioc, dstbrìb ochhctbtivb-ldhtd aikbfc b uhb dxpdridhoib fd oabsd, pudstc qud dvcobrìb, bhtd

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tcfc, ab fclihboiÿh fd uhb oabsd scjrd ctrb y ab rdsistdhoib fd uhboabsd sujbatdrhb b dsb cprdsiÿh. Daac rdvdab ab orddhoib dh uhbhcoiÿh ”eudrtd’ fd tctbaifbf dh da sdhtifc qud ab paurbaifbf fdedhÿldhcs dstbrìbh aikbfcs dhtrd si pcr rdaboichds hdodsbribsfiotbfbs pcr da âljitc dochÿlioc (?).

:. Da scoibaislc lbrxistb. ³Rué dstrbtdkib fd auomb, quéprcydotc fd scoidfbf3

Dstcs sch acs aihoblidhtcs kdhdrbads fda tdrrdhc tdÿrioc y fd

acs rdedrdhtds euhfbldhtbads fda fisoursc lbrxistb, bljcs ochstitutivcs fd uh oidrtc tipc fd sbjdr scoibaistb. Dstd sbjdr mb sifcfirikifc b uh lcvilidhtc cjrdrc ba ouba ochtrijuyÿ b ecrlbr,crkbhizbr y fdsbrrcaabr. Vbljiéh mb sifc uhb prcpudstb pbrb uhhudvc tipc fd scoidfbf, uhb scoidfbf dlbhoipbfb fd ab dxpactboiÿhy ab cprdsiÿh fd oabsd pcr oubhtc prcpchd fiscavdr ab ihstituoiÿh fdab prcpidfbf privbfb, b ab qud ochsifdrb oclc ochfioiÿh fd

dxistdhoib fd abs fivisichds fd oabsd.

Dstcs trds dadldhtcs ‖uh sbjdr, uh lcvilidhtc scoiba y uh prcydotc fd scoidfbf‖ sch ochstitutivcs fd acs fisourscs qudochecrlbh da oblpc fd ab booiÿh pcaìtiob. Dh dstd obsc, sd trbtbbfdlâs fd uh fisoursc qud ds b ab vdz rdvcauoichbric y scoibaistb._d fiod qud ds rdvcauoichbric hc pcrqud prdtdhfb fdstruir vicadh-

?. Ab hcoiÿh ”eudrtd* fd tctbaifbf ds, dh oidrtc lcfc, siliabr b If qud Liomda Ecuobuat fdhclihb ”mistcrib kacjba*, yb qud éstb supchd qud ‑sd fdjd pcfdr dstbjadodr uh sistdlb fd rdaboichds mclckéhdbs7 rdf fd obusbaifbf qud pdrlitb ab fdrivboiÿh fd obfb uhc fd daacs, rdaboichds fd bhbackìb qud ludstrdh oÿlc sd siljcaizbh acs uhcs b acs ctrcs, c oÿlc dxprdsbh tcfcs uh lislc y ÷hioc h÷oadc odhtrba... sd supphd, dh eih, qud ab prcpib mistcrib pudfd brtiouabrsd dh krbhfds uhifbfds -dstbfics c ebsds- qud kubrfbh dh sì lislbs su prcpic prihoipic fd ocmdsiÿh**. Udr Ab brqudcackìb fda sbjdr (2959), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;9, p. 2?. Pbrb uhb obrbotdrizboiÿh fd ab hcoiÿh fd ”rdaboichds hdodsbribs*, vébsd Drhdstc Aboabu, Pcaìtiob d ifdcackìb dh ab tdcrìb lbrxistb, _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;=, dh dspdoiba ab ‑Ihtrcfuooiÿh** y da brtìouac tituabfc ‑Ebsoislc d ifdcackìb**.

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tbldhtd da crfdh fd ocsbs dxistdhtd, sihc pcr oubhtc pcstuab abhdodsifbf fd aadvbr b objc uhb trbhsecrlboiÿh rbfioba fd absrdaboichds fd pcfdr dxistdhtds dh acs fivdrscs âljitcs fd ab vifb‖ab dochclìb, ab pcaìtiob, ab étiob ocluhitbrib, ab prcfuooiÿh fdecrlbs ouaturbads, dto. Y sd fiod scoibaistb dh tbhtc auomb pcr pchdreih b ab lisdrib, cprdsiÿh y dxpactboiÿh mulbhb qud hbod y sdrdprcfuod b ac abrkc fd ab mistcrib b trbvés fd abs fdsikubafbfdsscoibads kdhdrbfbs pcr abs ecrlbs fd prcpidfbf y acs lcfcs fdfistrijuoiÿh fd ab riqudzb scoiba.

Fd bmì qud da scoibaislc lbrxistb surkifc b pbrtir fda sikac]I] pabhtdb qud ab auomb dlbhoipbtcrib fdjd aadvbrsd b objc jbgcab ecrlb fd uh prcydotc fd oabsd. Fiomc pabhtdblidhtc sd vdrdecrzbfc pcr fcs tdsis ochdxbs7 pcr uh abfc, pcr ab tdsis qud absecrlbs pcaìtiobs, acs crfdhblidhtcs gurìfiocs, abs prcfuooichdsouaturbads, acs fisourscs fd ab lcrba y ab étiob, dto. ochstituydhdsabjchds fd uhb obfdhb brtiouabfb pcr abs ecrlbs fd prcpidfbf

dxistdhtds dh uhb scoidfbf fbfb> pcr ctrc abfc, pcr ab tdsis qud ab prcpidfbf privbfb, dh tbhtc dgd brtiouabfcr fd dstb obfdhb, sddhobrhb dlpìriobldhtd dh uhb fildhsiÿh oabsistb, dstc ds, dh abshdodsifbfds y bspirboichds fd uhb oabsd qud sd mb ochvdrtifc dh aboabsd fclihbhtd.

Dstc mb lbrobfc prceuhfbldhtd abs rdeadxichds lbrxistbs

bodrob fd ab pcaìtiob y fd ab booiÿh dstrbtékiob fdhtrc fda oblpc pcaìtioc, pudstc qud mb ochfuoifc b uhb lbycr sdhsijiaifbf y prdcoupboiÿh pcr ab oudstiÿh fd ”quiéh kcjidrhb’ bhtds qud pcr da prcjadlb fda ”oclc ds kcjdrhbfb’ uhb scoidfbf. Oclcic pchdJcjjic7

‑Lbrx y Dhkdas (y trâs sus mudaabs uh gded rdvcauoichbric

oclc Adhih), ochvdhoifcs oclc dstbjbh qud ab dsedrb fd ab pcaìtiob drb ab dsedrb fd ab eudrzb (dh ac qud tdhìbh tcfb abrbzÿh), sd pabhtdbrch sidlprd da prcjadlb fda sugdtc mistÿrioc fd dstb eudrzb, ihfivifubaizbfc dh ab oabsd fclihbhtd dh

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II

AILIVD_ D]PAIOBVIUC_ FDA LBVDZIBAI_LC MI_VCZIOC

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2. Ab ocheusiÿh dhtrd ”dlbhoipboiÿh mulbhb’ y ”dlbhoipboiÿh fda yukc fda obpitba’.

Pcfdr, prcpidfbf privbfb y oabsd fclihbhtd bpbrdodh dh dafisoursc lbrxistb dstrdombldhtd aikbfcs, ochstituydhfc uhb trihifbf -odrrbfb d ihfivisijad pbrb Adhih y Padgbhcv, och butchclìbrdabtivb dhtrd sus pbrtds pbrb Batmussdr y Pcuabhtzbs. Oclc fdoìbDpiebhic da Khÿstioc, fdsfd da lcldhtc dh qud ab fivisiÿh dhtrd abs pbabjrbs lìc y tuyc eud ihtrcfuoifb dh da luhfc b trbvés fd ab ady,sd pusc uhb aâpifb scjrd ab ifdb fd scoidfbf oclc ocluhifbf y sd

mizc pcsijad da hboilidhtc fd ab pbabjrb”abfrÿh’ (2).Pdrc da tipc fd hdxc qud sd mb ilputbfc b dscs trds dadldhtcsy acs dedotcs qud sd prdtdhfdh fdrivbr fd éa ochstituydh uh prcjadlbdspihcsc pbrb da lbrxislc ochtdlpcrâhdc7 bodptbr dsd hdxc dhtrd prcpidfbf y pcfdr supchd fdedhfdr ab tdsis qud mbod ocihoifir ab”dlbhoipboiÿh mulbhb’ och ”dlbhoipboiÿh fda yukc fda obpitba’ yfd ab prcpidfbf privbfb dh kdhdrba. ‑Ab aijdrboiÿh fd abs eudrzbs

prcfuotivbs -sdòbab Jbufriaabrf- sd ocheuhfd och ab aijdrboiÿh fdamcljrd7 ³ds éstb uhb ochsikhb rdvcauoichbrib c ab ochsikhb fd ab prcpib dochclìb pcaìtiob3“ (:). Dh da obsc fd _tbaih, fiod Edtsomdr, pbrdod qud sì, pudstc qud sd aadkb ba aìlitd fd uhb chtcackìbtéohioc-prcfuotivistb qud tdrlihb rdfuoidhfc da prcpÿsitc fdascoibaislc b uhb scab ocsb7 b ab aijdrboiÿh fd abs eudrzbs prcfuotivbs

2. Erbhocis Kdcrkd, ‑Vmd Adydhf ce Oclluhisl“, _coiba Zdsdbrom, Uca. 69, Hd :, Hdw Ycrn, _ullér 29=:, p. ??=.

:. Gdbh Jbufriaabrf, Da dspdgc fd ab prcfuooiÿh (29;?), Kdfisb, Jbrodachb, 29=0, p.2=.

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fd abs trbjbs ilpudstbs pcr da lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh obpitbaistb (?)._d pudfdh dhuhoibr pcr ac ldhcs fcs ebasboichds dlpìriobs fd dstbtdsis.

b. ³Ouâa ds da aìlitd fd ab scoibaizboiÿh fd ab prcpidfbf3

Prildrc, ³ouâa ds da aìlitd qud da prcydotc scoibaistb lbr-xistb ilpchd b ab scoibaizboiÿh fd ab prcpidfbf privbfb3 ErbhocisKdcrkd (6), pcr dgdlpac, aadvbhfc dstb tdsis b su aìlitd aÿkioc,sdòbab luy bodrtbfbldhtd qud, si ab prcpidfbf privbfb ds da crikdh

fd tcfc lba y ab obusb fd ab fdkrbfboiÿh mulbhb, ³pcr quémbjrìblcs fd pdhsbr qud da oblpc fd -booiÿh fd sus dedotcs pdrvdrscs sd rdstrihkdh b ab dsedrb fd ab prcfuooiÿh lbtdriba tbhscac3 Pbrb bpcybr su brkuldhtboiÿh, bpdab b erbkldhtcs sulbldhtd bljikucs fd Da Lbhieidstc, rdedrifcs b ab ifdb fd ”ocluhifbffd lugdrds’ y fd ab scoibaizboiÿh fd ab dfuoboiÿh ebliaibr pcr dadstbfc. Dh oubhtc b abs lugdrds, fiod och irchìb Kdcrkd oitbhfc b

Lbrx, sdrìb bjsurfc qudrdr bousbr b acs ocluhistbs fd qudrdrdstbjadodr uhb ocluhifbf fd lugdrds pudstc qud, pbrb tcfc dedotc prâotioc, ab scoidfbf jurkudsb yb ac mb mdoaìc7 acs ocluhistbs sÿac prcpchdh, b ac sulc, aijdrbr, dsb ”ocluhifbf’ fda lbhtc fdmipcordsìb och qud ab oujrd ab jurkudsìb och su fcjad lcrba. Bakcsiliabr courrd och ab ebliaib, pudstc qud ab ebliaib prcadtbrib ybmbjrìb sifc fdstruifb pcr ab scoidfbf ihfustriba jurkudsb krboibs ba

trbjbgc ihebhtia, ab prcstituoiÿh guvdhia pbrb ocldr, dto.Bsì, sikuidrifc ab aÿkiob fd Da Lbhieidstc, acs ÷hiocs krupcskdhuihbldhtd scaifbrics sdrìbh abs oabsds scoibads, y ac ÷hioc qudqudfbrìb pcr scoibaizbr sdrìb da obpitba. Pdrc hc ds tbh oabrc qud abebliaib mbyb sifc scoibaizbfb fd mdomc pcr ab scoidfbf jurkudsb.Pcr dsc, Kdcrkd sd prdkuhtb bodrob fd ab ocmdrdhoib fd dstb aÿkiob

pudstc qud, fd aadvbrsd ba aìlitd, daufd da prcjadlb fd ab scoibai-

?. Irihk Edtsomdr, ‑Vmd Ombhkihk Kcbas ce _coibaisl ih tmd Vwdhtidtm Odhtury“, _coiba Zdsdbrom Uca. 6;, H® 2, Hdw Ycrn, _prihk, p.64.

6. Erbhocis Kdcrkd, cp. oit.t p. ?62-?6:.

?0




zboiÿh rdba fd ab ebliaib7 fdspués fd tcfc, dstb dhkdhfrb dh ecrlbfirdotb y pdrlbhdhtd ab prcpidfbf privbfb fdsfd da lcldhtc dh qudordb da fclihic fd ab privboifbf oclc tba.

Dh tcfc obsc, mby qud rdochcodr qud sd trbtb fd uh puhtc pcoc oabrc dh abs rdeadxichds lbrxistbs. Pcr ac kdhdrba, sd acoirouhsorijd b ab dsedrb fd ab prcfuooiÿh lbtdriba7 tidrrbs bkrìocabs,dstbjadoilidhtcs kbhbfdrcs c dlprdsbs fdfiobfbs b ab trbhsecrlboiÿh. Pdrc, ³qué pbsb och ab dsedrb fd ab oirouaboiÿh, ab dsedrb dhab ouba sd rdbaizbh abs ldrobhoìbs, da ldrobfc dh fchfd sd aadvb bobjc da ihtdrobljic ocldroiba3 Hc mby uhb rdspudstb ”oaâsiob’ b

dstc, pudstc qud Lbrx ecobaizÿ su orìtiob ba obpitbaislc dh da pabhcfd abs ecrlbs (lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh) y hc dh da fd sus rdbaizboichds dlpìriobs (sistdlbs dochÿliocs dspdoìeiocs).

Pdrc da prcjadlb prâotioc ac fdjd dherdhtbr oubaquidrfirikdhtd pcaìtioc fd ab izquidrfb lbrxistb ba dabjcrbr uh prckrblbfd booiÿh, sdb pbrb ocmdsichbr uhb eudrzb ochtdstbtbrib dh obsc fddstbr dh ab cpcsioiÿh c pbrb bflihistrbr ab scoidfbf dh obsc fd

boodfdr ba kcjidrhc c ba dgdroioic fd obrkcs oabvds dh ab bflihistrboiÿh fda dstbfc. Fdjd sdr obpbz fd dstbjadodr oritdrics dstbjadsfd scoibaizboiÿh. ³Rué sd dxprcpib, qué sd hboichbaizb, qué sd dstbtizb, qué sd lbhdgb pcr ab vìb fd dlprdsbs butckdstichbribs y quésd lbhtidhd dh lbhcs privbfbs3 Da prcjadlb rbfiob, dh oidrtc lcfc, dh ab rdfuooiÿh fda prcydotc b ab utcpìb fd ab rdvcauoiÿh7 ab rdvcauoiÿh qud fdstruyd ab prcpidfbf privbfb ds bhâackb b ab ilbkdh fd

ab krbh hcomd purieiobfab qud fbrìb pbsc b uh blbhdodr rbfiobaldhtd hudvc. _ih dljbrkc, baaì fchfd abs rdvcauoichds butc-fdhclihbfbs scoibaistbs tuvidrch aukbr, acs obljics hc courridrchfd dstd lcfc. Y hi qué fdoir bodrob fd acs obscs dh fchfd abseudrzbsfd ab izquidrfb lbrxistb boodfidrch ba pcfdr pcr ab vìb dadotcrba.

j. ³Ouâa ds da aìlitd fda pausvbacr dh da scoibaislc3 Dxpac

tboiÿh dh scoidfbfds pcsobpitbaistbs.

_dkuhfc, tbljiéh sd pudfd oudstichbr ab rdfuooiÿh fd abdxpactboiÿh b ab ihstituoiÿh fd ab prcpidfbf privbfb. _i pcr

?2




dxpactboiÿh dhtdhfdlcs ab ecrlboiÿh fd acs ihkrdscs fd bakuhcs b pbrtir fda pausvbacr kdhdrbfc pcr ctrcs c, ac qud ds ac lislc, si sdfdeihd b ab dxpactboiÿh oclc bprcpiboiÿh fd tidlpc fd trbjbgc hc

rdluhdrbfc, dhtchods ds pcsijad fdlcstrbr qud dh ab TZ__, fchfdhc prdfclihb da lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh obpitbaistb u ctrc jbsbfc dhab ihstituoiÿh fd ab prcpidfbf privbfb, mby dxpactboiÿh.

Obstcribfis (4) sd coupÿ fd mbodrac b eihds fd ab féobfb fdacs ’60, utiaizbhfc pbrb daac abs dstbfìstiobs scviétiobs fispchijads._u rbzchblidhtc, jbsbfc dh acs pcstuabfcs fd ab dochclìb pcaìtiobfd Lbrx, sd brtiouab dh jbsd b oubtrc supudstcs7

i. Da vbacr fd ab eudrzb fd trbjbgc sd fdtdrlihb dh rdaboiÿhba ocstc fd prcfuoir uhb uhifbf dquivbadhtd fd eudrzb fd trb

jbgc. Da térlihc ”vbacr’ ds utiaizbfc bquì dh su sdhtifc lbr-xistb, ds fdoir, oclc tidlpc fd trbjbgc scoibaldhtd hdodsbric

pbrb prcfuoir uhb ldrobhoìb oubaquidrb, sdb uhb oblisb, uhbaeiadr c, oclc dh dstd obsc, ab, ldrobhoìb ”trbjbgc’.

ii. Vcfb pausvbaìb sd fdstihb b ab bouluaboiÿh. Dstd ds uhsupudstc qud sÿac sd ihtrcfuod pbrb silpaieiobr da lcfdac yda bhâaisis7 sikhieiob qud hc mby bmcrrc hboichba c pausvbacrdxodfdhtd rdtdhifc pbrb ctrcs uscs, oclc pcr dgdlpac, pbrbsdr ihvdrtifc pbrb ab bouluaboiÿh fd obpitba.

¡ii. _d rdtrijuyd ”b obfb quidh fd boudrfc b su trbjbgc’. Dstchc ds lâs qud uhb pudstb dh prâotiob fd ab eblcsb tdsis fdLbrx bodrob fd/ abs rdtrijuoichds b acs prcfuotcrds dh uhbscoidfbf scaifbrib fchfd fdsbpbrdod da beâh fd auorc y abdxpactboiÿh.

iv. Ab fiedrdhoib dhtrd da sbabric lâs batc y da lâs jbgc

pdroijifc hc fdjdrìb sdr supdricr b ab prcpcroiÿh fd 27:. Daac

4. Ocrhdaibs Obstcribfis, ‑Abs rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh dh ab TZ__“, dh Ab scoidfbf jurcorâtiobt, Uca. 2,-Vbsqud ts Dfitcrds, Jbrodachb, 29;9.t?:




(fbfb ab dfbf fd gujiaboiÿh cjaikbtcrib, eigbfb, dh da dgdlpac, b acs50 bòcs).

Pdrc, fd boudrfc b abs dstbfìstiobs scviétiobs fd 29?5, bòc

usbfc pcr Obstcribfis pbrb sus oâaouacs, ab fiedrdhoib dhtrd da qudrdoijìb ldhcs y da qud rdoijìb lâs hc eud odrobhb b ab prcpcroiÿhdspdrbfb, 2.67:.0, sihc qud eud 27:40, sidhfc da prcldfic hboichba2720. Pudstc fd ctrb lbhdrb, si acs oâaouacs fd Obstcribfis schocrrdotcs, dh dsd bòc da ihkrdsc fda oiufbfbhc scviétioc qud kbhbjblâs eud :40 vdods lâs batc qud da fda oiufbfbhc qud kbhbjb ldhcs.

Dvifdhtdldhtd, ab busdhoib fd ab prcpidfbf privbfb oclc

ihstituoiÿh fclihbhtd hc eud uh cjstâouac pbrb ab ecrlboiÿh fdlbrobfbs fdsikubafbfds dochÿliobs dh uhb scoidfbf pcsobpitbaistb, ds fdoir, pbrb ab ecrlboiÿh fd ac qud, dh uh sdhtifc dstriotc,fdjdrìb sdr ochsifdrbfbs oclc obpbs fd ”dxpactbfcrds’ y fd‑dxpactbfcs’ dh uhb scoidfbf dh ab ouba yb hc dxistdh fudòcs fdldfics privbfcs fd prcfuooiÿh. Dh eih, pbrb tcfc dedotc prâotioc,tcfbs abs rdvcauoichds dxitcsbs rdbaizbfbs dh hcljrd fda scoibaislc

lbrxistb mbh bpuhtbfc euhfbldhtbaldhtd ba fdsbrrcaac fd abseudrzbs fd prcfuooiÿh ihfustriba, uhb sudrtd fd obpitbaislc fddstbfc sih abs trbfioichds fdlcorâtioc-aijdrbads y och bpbrbtcs

jurcorâtiocs fd firdooiÿh (5).

:. Ab erbkiaifbf fda hdxc obusba dhtrd dochclìb y pcaìtiob.

Pdrc acs prcjadlbs fdrivbfcs fd ab rdaboiÿh dhtrd ecrlbs fd prcpidfbf, oabsd, prcfuooiÿh lbtdriba y pcfdr hc tdrlihbh bmì. Dalbtdribaislc mistÿrioc prdtdhfd dxpaiobr ldobhislcs fd rupturb yobljic scoiba b pbrtir fd dadldhtcs kdhdrbfcs dh ac dochÿlioc.Pabhtdb qud edhÿldhcs qud courrdh dh da âljitc fda prcodsc

prcfuotivc sch fdtdrlihbhtds fd ab kéhdsis y da fdsbrrcaac fdedhÿldhcs y prcodscs qud courrdh dh da pabhc pcaìtiocscoiba. Pdrc

hc pudfd prcpcroichbr pcr sì scac abs ochfioichds fd ihtdaikijiaifbf pbrb dsb trbspcsioiÿh pudstc qud hc sd vdrieiobh -sbavc dh uhb aÿkiob

5. Edtsomdr, cp. oit., 4?, 46.

?6




oirouabr qud fb pcr sdhtbfc ac qud fdjd fdlcstrbr- fcs supudstcshdodsbrics pbrb tba dedotc7 qud ab dochclìb ochstituyd da dgdeuhfbhtd fd ac scoiba y ab oabvd pbrb su ihtdaikijiaifbf, y qud ab

botivboiÿh pcaìtiob fda pctdhoiba rdvcauoichbric fd acs prcadtbrics ds prdoipitbfc pcr ”adyds’ qud rikdh b abs eudrzbs dochÿliobs.Botubaldhtd, sd rdochcod qud da supudstc fd ab botivboiÿh

pcaìtiob oclc dedotc fd adyds dochÿliobs ds batbldhtd oudstichb jad. Hc dxistd uhb ocrrdaboiÿh hdodsbrib dhtrd uhb aÿkiob dochÿlioby uhb pcaìtiob, dhtrd orisis dochÿliob y lcviaizboiÿh pcr da obljic.Orddr dh daac sÿac ochfuod b uh tipc fd rbzchblidhtc pcaìtioc

fclihbfc pcr uhb ebaboib, dstc ds, ab fd bsikhbr uhb erbkiaifbfihtrìhsdob b ab fclihboiÿh jurkudsb y, pcr ochsikuidhtd, orddr dhuhb aÿkiob silpaistb fda obljic scoiba rbfioba.

Ab ebaboib fd ab erbkiaifbf dstâ aikbfb b ab tdsis fd uhbtctbaifbf fctbfb fd uh odhtrc euhfbhtd qud ilprild su uhifbf ba

paurba fd edhÿldhcs. _i sd dstbjadod qud ab rdprcfuooiÿh fda sistdlbobpitbaistb y fda fclihic jurkués fdpdhfd fd uh puhtc orìtioc, y fd

uhcs scac -fbfc pcr ab ”ochtrbfiooiÿh dochÿliob odhtrba’-dh tchods tcfb orisis pcaìtioc-ihstituoichba bpbrdodrìb oclc ochsdoudhoibfd uh ”fdsjcrfblidhtc’ fd uhb orisis dh da âljitc dochÿlioc.Vdÿriocs oclc Adhih, Vrctsni, Wihcvidv, Aunbos y ctrcs ordydrch, pcr ac ldhcs mbstb 29:0, da bòc fda _dkuhfc Ochkrdsc fd ab IIIIhtdrhboichba, qud ab orisis dochÿliob fdsbtbfb dh Badlbhib audkcfd su fdrrctb liaitbr, buhbfb och abs lcviaizboichds scoibafdlÿ-

orbtbs fd ab épcob, pchìbh b dsd pbìs dh ab ”bhtdsbab’ fd hhbrdvcauoiÿh scoibaistb (;). ,

Pdrc pdhsbr qud ab supdrvivdhoib fd scoidfbfds obpitbaistbsoclpadgbs y batbldhtd fiedrdhoibfbs fdpdhfd fd uh puhtc férupturb euhfbldhtba c fd ab obpboifbf fd sus rdspdotivbs jurkudsìbs pbrb sbavbkubrfbr ab ”eisurb orìtiob’, ds obdr dh ab listieioboiÿh lâsbjscautb. Ds obdr dh ac qud Obooibri mb fdhclihbfc ”ochodpoichds

;, Pbrb uh rdabtc bhdofÿtioc fd ab ”rdvcauoiÿh* badlbhb sd pudfd ochsuatbr da trbjbgc butcjickrâei oc fd Dlst Vcaadr, Thb guvdhtuf dh Badlbhib, Dfioichds Ilâh, Judhcs Birds, 29?;, pbrtiouabrldhtd pp. 2:9-2;&

?4




crkâhiobs y hdkbtivbs’ fd ab orisis. Fdhtrc fda lbrxislc, dsbsochodpoichds sd lbhieidstbh tcfb vdz qud sd pidhsb qud ‑ds ab orisisdh ab rdaboiÿh fd prcfuooiÿh ac qud sd fdsbrrcaab y kdhdrbaizb dh”orisis pcaìtiob’“ (=). ■

Dh dstd sdhtifc, si ab fclihboiÿh jurkudsb ds dh ÷atilb ihstbhoib erâkia pcr oubhtc fdsobhsb dh uh puhtc odhtrba acobaizbfc dhab dochclìb, dhtchods ab tbrdb fd uhb vcauhtbf ochtdstbtbrib rbfiobrìb dh byufbr b ab lbfurboiÿh fd ab orisis pbrb audkc bsdstbr da kca pd qud ochfuoirìb b ab rupturb rdvcauoichbrib y ba fdrruljd fda bhfblibgd ihstituoichba dh da qud sd sustdhtb ab fclihboiÿh jurkudsb.

Dh pbabjrbs fd Obooibri, ab tbrdb fd ab crkbhizboiÿh scoibaistb ochsistirìb dhtchods ldrbldhtd ‑dh ochfuoir ab ”orisis euhfbldhtba’mbstb hivdads ihstituoichbads“, ds fdoir, dh trbsabfbr uhb orisis dochÿliob b abs supdrdstruoturbs gurìfioc-pcaìtiobs d ifdcaÿkiobs (9).

Pcr su pbrtd, da supudstc fd ab dochclìb oclc acous euhfbhtdfd ab fivdrsifbf scoiba mb dhtrbfc dh orisis prâotiobldhtd fdsfd dalcldhtc dh qud eud ecrluabfc b trbvés fd ab ldtâecrb fda dfieioic,

eikurb qud iaustrb fifâotiobldhtd da lcfdac fd tctbaifbf scoiba pcstuabfc pcr da lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc7 uhb jbsd c iherbdstruoturb dochÿliob ochstituifb, dh ac dsdhoiba, pcr ab brtiouaboiÿh dhtrdeudrzbs lbtdribads y rdaboichds scoibads fd prcfuooiÿh, qud scstidhdy fdtdrlihb ab hbturbadzb fd fivdrsbs supdrdstruoturbs gurìfiobs,

pcaìtiobs, ifdcaÿkiobs, lcrbads, dto. Vcfc edhÿldhc fisordtc sdujiobrìb dh ab jbsd c dh ab supdrdstruoturb, pudstc qud, pbrb dstd

=. Lbssilc Obooibri, ‑Vrbhsecrlboiÿh fda dstbfc y prcydotc pcaìtioc“ (29;=), dh vbrics butcrds, Vdcrìb lbrxisìb fd ab pcaìtiob, Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd H= =9, Léxioc, 29=2, p. :6:. Ab lislb aÿkiob sdòbab Obooibri, sd bpaiob pbrb dxpaiobr ab dxpbhsiÿh dstbtba7 ‑ab ecrlb scoiba qud bsuld da fdsbrrcaaÿ fd abs eudrzbs prcfuotivbs, b trbvés fda crfdhblidhtc ”oaâsioc* fda ldrobfc, prcludvd uh ordoilidhtc fd abs euhoichds fda dstbfc“. Vbljiéh Burdaic Oblpi bjcrfb da tdlb, fioidhfc qud ab jbsd lbtdriba fd ab tdsis fda hdxc hdodsbric dhtrd dochclìb y pcaìtiob mb ocldhzbfc b dhtrbr dh orisis

fdsfd eihds fda sikac ]I]. Uébsd su brtìouac ‑Hudvbs fildhsichds fd ab fclihboiÿh obpitbaistb“, dh Zcssbhb Zcssbhfb (oclpiabfcrb), Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=), Ecaics Dfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, p. ;:.

9. Ijif.

?5




scoidfbf“ -tbads oclc ‑da lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh bsiâtioc, da bhtikuc,da edufba y da lcfdrhc jurkués“-, dhtchods, abs auombs fd ÷hb jurkudsìb bsodhfdhtd qud ihtdhtb uhavdrsbaizbr rdaboichds fd prc

fuooiÿh obpitbaistbs sch hdodsbribldhtd ”prckrdsistbs’ dh rdaboiÿhb quidhds auombh pcr pdrpdtubr uh crfdh edufba.Mbstb bquì tcfc jidh> sd trbtb tbh sÿac fd uhb prdedrdhoib

euhfbfb dh oritdrics prcfuotivistbs, bakc obrbotdrìstioc fd ab épcobsikhbfb pcr uh lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh fd uhb pctdhoib dxtrbcrfihbrib.Pdrc hc sd pudfd dxpaiobr uhb cpoiÿh étioc-pcaìtiob jbsbfb dh abtrbhspcsioiÿh fd uhb aÿkiob dochÿlioc-prcfuotivistb y, ldhcs b÷h,

fbr pcr sdhtbfc qud da prcodsc pcaìtioc tidhd uh eih yb prdeikurbfc,fdhclihbfc ”scoidfbf scoibaistb’.Dh da dochclioislc vuakbr, puds, ab jbsd dochÿliob bpbrdod

oclc uh rdedrdhtd fdtdrlihbhtd dh da sdhtifc lâs dstriotc fd abdxprdsiÿh. Dh bòcs rdoidhtds, uh dxpchdhtd ilpcrtbhtd fd dstb

pdrspdotivb aitdrba mb sifc Kdrry Ocméh (2?) quidh trbtb fd prcjbrqud, oubhfc Lbrx mbjab fd ab fdtdrlihboiÿh dochÿliob fd abs

supdrdstruoturbs, tidhd dh ldhtd b abs eudrzbs bhtds qud absrdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh, och ac ouba ihtdhtb euhfbr uhb chocackìbtdohcaÿkiob pbrb da lbrxislc.

j. Dochclioislc sceistiobfc.

Pcr su pbrtd, da dochclioislc sceistiobfc rdochcod uhb

dedotivifbf dspdoìeiob fd abs fivdrsbs supdrdstruoturbs pcaìtiobs, gurìfiobs, ifdcaÿkiobs, étiobs u ctrbs scjrd ab jbsd dochÿliob y, pcrac tbhtc, hc rdfuod ab mistcrib b prcodscs qud tidhdh aukbr purb ydxoausivbldhtd dh da oblpc fd ab dochclìb.

Da krbh dxpchdhtd fd dstb pcsioiÿh ds Acuis Batmussdr, baldhcs dh sus dsoritcs ihioibads bodrob fd ab hbturbadzb fd abochtrbfiooiÿh éhtrd eudrzbs y rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh, qud éa

fdhclihb ”ochtrbfiooiÿh kdhdrba’ c ”ochtrbfiooiÿh euhfbldhtba’ fduhb scoidfbf. Batmussdr ochtrijuyÿ dh ecrlb sikhieiobtivb b rclpdr

2?. Kdrry Ocméh, Lbrx's Vndcry ceM istcry 7 B Fdedhsd, Cxecrf Thivdrsity Prdss, Dhkabhf, 29=0.

?9




ocri ab vuakbtb, qud da fdhclihb ”dochclioislc’ c ab ecrlbsujrdptioib fd ab ihtrcfuooiÿh fd ab Ifdb mdkdaibhb dh da ihtdricr fdalbrxislc. Pbrb daacr ad hidkb b ab ”ochtrbfiooiÿh kdhdrbi’ ab

obpboifbf silpad d ihhbtb fd fdsdhobfdhbr dedotcs fd rupturb dh datdrrdhc fd abs rdprdsdhtboichds ifdcaÿkiobs y fd ab ihstituoichbaifbf pcaìtiob y gurìfiob. Jbsâhfcsd dh ab hcoiÿh fd ”fdsbrrcaac fdsikubay ocljihbfc ’ fd Adhih ( 26) y dh ab tdsis fd Edrhbhf Jrbufda bodrobfd ab ochecrlboiÿh fd uh lcldhtc mistÿrioc oubaquidrb b trbvés fdab brtiouaboiÿh fd ”oioacs fd abrkb furboiÿh’, ”tidlpcs ocrtcs’ y”krbhfds dvdhtcs’ (24), Batmussdr mbjab fd ”tdlpcrbaifbfds.mistÿ

riobs fiedrdhoibfbs’ ocdxistidhfc siluatâhdbldhtd dh da ihtdricr fd*uhb lislb ecrlboiÿh scoiba. Ds fdoir, fb pcr sdhtbfc qud acshivdads dochÿlioc, gurìfioc-pcaìtioc d ifdcaÿkioc fd uhb scoidfbfsd fdsdhvudavdh och ”ritlcs mistÿriocs fiedrdhoibfcs’.

Fbfb ab butchclìb rdabtivb qud 6d bsikhb b acs ritlcs fdfdsbrrcaac fd dstcs fiedrdhtds hivdads, ab ochtrbfiooiÿh kdhdrba hc

pudfd ochvdrtirsd dhprihoipic fd rupturb hi prcydotbr firdotbldhtd,

pcr sì scab, sus dedotcs scjrd da rdstc fd ab tctbaifbf scoiba. Pbrb quddstc courrb, sdòbab Batmussdr, fdjd fbrsd uhb eusiÿh c ochfdhsboiÿhfd uh sihh÷ldrc fd ochtrbfiooichds prcvdhidhtds fd acs fiedrdhtdshivdads fd ab scoidfbf, fd lbhdrb tba qud sd fé uhb scjrdfdtdrlihb oiÿh fd ab ochtrbfiooiÿh kdhdrba (25). Bquì ab dochclìb sikudsidhfc fdtdrlihbhtd, pdrc fé uh lcfc fiedrifc, pudstc qud Batmussdr ad bsikhb da pbpda fdtdrlihbhtd scabldhtd ”dh ab ÷atilb

ihstbhoib’ (2;),. Kch daac, mby uh rdtrcodsc c uhb drcsiÿh fdardedrdhtd dochÿlioc dh 2# dxpaioboiÿh fd edhÿldhcs scoibads.

26. U. I. Adhih, Da ilpdribaislc, ebsd supdricr fda obpitbaislc, vbribs dfioichds.

2 Edrhbhf Jrbufda, Ab mistcrib y abs oidhoibs scoibads , Baibhzb Dfitcriba, Lbfrif, 29=:, dh dspdoiba da trbjbgc tituabfc ‑Ab abrkb furboiÿh“ (294=), pp. 50-205. Udr tbljiéh Gcmh Fby, ‑Edrhbhf Jrbufda bhf tmd Zisd ce Obpitbaisl“,

_coiba Zdsdbrom U cA 6;, H9 ?, Butulh 29=0, dspdoibaldhtd pp. 42;-42=.

25i Acuis Batmussdr, ‑Ophtrbfiooiÿh y scjrdfdtdrlihboich“ (295:), dh Ab rdvcauoiÿh tdÿriob fd Lbrx, _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 295=.

2;. Ijif.

60




Dh oubhtc b ab hcoiÿh fd tctbaifbf, yb dh Pbrb addr ”Da ObpitbU pabhtdb qud ab ochodpoiÿh lbrxistb fd ab mistcrib y fd abscoidfbf, da lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc, fdjdrìb fiscoibrsd fd tcfb

hcoiÿh fd ”odhtrc euhfbhtd’ c fd ”odhtrc dsdhoiba’. Ba mbjabr fda”tcfc’ scoiba, éstd fdjdrìb dhtdhfdrsd dh térlihcs fd uhb uhifbfoclpadgb qud dstruoturb acs trds hivdads butÿhclcs ldhoichbfcs,hivdads aikbfcs dhtrd sì fd lbhdrb bsilétriob y ochtrbfiotcrib. Dhdstd ”tcfc;scoiba, da hivda dochÿlioc, acous fd ab ”ochtrbfiooiÿhkdhdrba’ dhtrd eudrzbs y rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh, sÿac pudfd sdrfdtdrlihbhtd ”dh ab ÷atilb ihstbhoib’. Bsì, dh su tdsis fcotcrba fd

29;4, Batmussdr pabhtdb ab oudstiÿh sih bsclc fd bljikñdfbf bafistihkuir dstd ”tcfc’ fd ab ”tctbaifbf’ fd tipc mdkdaibhc -ac qud bquìsd mb fdhclihbfc ”tctbaifbf dh da sdhtifc eudrtd’. Ab fiedrdhoiboiÿhds sdòbabfb pcr Batmussdr fd ab sikuidhtd lbhdrb7

‑si md prdedrifc pbrb Lbrx ab obtdkcrìb fd tcfc b ab fdtctbaifbf ds pcrqud dh da ocrbzÿh fd ab tctbaifbf bodomb

sidlprd uhb fcjad tdhtboiÿh7 ab fd ochsifdrbrab oclc uhbdsdhoib botuba qud bjrbzb dxmbustivbldhtd tcfbs suslbhiedstboichds y, ac qud rdsuatb ikuba, ab fd fdsoujrir baaìoclc dh uh oìrouac c dh uhb dsedrb, ouybs ldtâecrbs hcsrdlitdh b Mdkda, uh odhtrc qud ds su dsdhoib“ (2=).

Fdsbecrtuhbfbldhtd, da lislc Batmussdr rdihtrcfuod dsd

”oíhtrc’ dh eÿrlb sujrdptioib, buhqud ac mbod fd lbhdrb luomc lâslbtizbfb b trbvés fd ab ldtbeìsiob fd ab ”fdtdrlihboiÿh dh ab ÷atilb.

2=. Acuis Batmussdr, ‑Vdsis fd B l id h s Fibaéotiob Hs ?, Guaic 29;;, rdvistb fd ab Ebouatbf fd Eiacsceìb y Adtrbs fd ab Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab, Léxioc, p-,25=. Pbrb ctrbs orìtiobs b ab hcoiÿh ”eudrtd’ fd tctbaifbf sd pudfd ochsuatbr ab ‑Ihtrcfuooiÿh“ b Ac pcaìtioc y abs trbhsecrlboichds (29;9) fd Kiboclc Lbrrblbc, Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd H9 94, Léxioc, 29=:,

dh dspdoiba pp. 55-59, Drhdstc Aboabu, ‑Vmd Ilpcssijiaity ce _coidty“, Obhbfibh Gcurhba ce Pcaitioba bhf _coiba Vmdcry, Uca. UII, H® 2-:, [ihtdr-_prihk 29=?, y li brtìouac ‑Thb krblâtiob pcslcfdlb pbrb pdhsbrac scoiba“, Wchb Bjidrtb H9 62-6:, cotujrd 29=5-bjria 29=;, Lbfrif, pp. 2=?-:05.

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ihstbhoib’ pcr ab dochclìb. Dstd pcstuabfc fd obrâotdr chtcaúkiochc dstâ ochstruifc oclc cjgdtc tdÿrioc dh ab rdeadxiÿh fd Batmussdr,hi siquidrb dstâ fdsbrrcaabfc fdsoriptivbldhtd. Fd mdomc, ab tdsis fd

ab ”÷atilb ihstbhoib’ pudfd suprilirsd sih qud sd batdrd ab brkuldhtboiÿh. Ac qud ds lâs, pdrlitirìb fdpurbr su rdeadxiÿh fdrdsbjics dsdhoibaistbs.

o. Zdfuooichislc fd oabsd.

Pcr su pbrtd, da rdfuooichislc fd oabsd, qud dstâ aikbfc ba

dochclioislc sceistiobfc y, dh oidrtc lcfc ds uhb vbribhtd fd éa,tblpcoc pcstuab uhb fdtdrlihboiÿh firdotb fd ab jbsd scjrd abssupdrdstruoturbs, sihc qud cptb pcr bfgufiobr uhb hbturbadzb fdoabsd b tcfc dadldhtc supdrdstruoturba (29). _d pudfd sihtdtizbr dardfuooichislc fd oabsd b trbvés fd ab ihvdrsiÿh fd uh ochcoifcbecrislc bouòbfc pcr Lbrx7 si pbrb Lbrx ”tcfb auomb fd oabsds dsuhb auomb pcaìtiob’, pbrb abs pdrspdotivbs rdfuooichistbs ”tcfb auomb

pcaìtiob ds uhb auomb fd oabsds’.Bsì, tdÿriocs tbads oclc Hiocs Pcuabhtzbs dh sus prildrcstrbjbgcs c Batmussdr dh ‑Ifdcackìb y bpbrbtcs ifdcaÿkiocs fdadstbfc“ sukidrdh qud ab hbturbadzb fd acs sugdtcs scoibads y pcaìtiocsdstbrìb dstruoturbfb dh tcrhc b ab ifdhtifbf fd oabsd, qud tcfbifdcackìb pdrtdhdodrìb b uhb oabsd u ctrb, qud tcfb ecrlb dstbtbasurkirìb fda prcydotc mistÿrioc fd ab oabsd qud fdvidhd fclihbhtd,

qud tcfb auomb sdrìb uhb auomb fd oabsds y bsì pcr da dstiac. Oclcfiod Pcuabhtzbs, hc pudfdh dxistir bkrupboichds mulbhbs ‑balbrkdh c pcr dhoilb fd abs oabsds, dh ctrbs pbabjrbs, qud sdbhdxtdrhbs b daabs“ (:0).

Ds dvifdhtd qud bquì mby uhb rupturb och ab ”vuakbtb’, pudstcqud acs edhÿldhcs supdrdstruoturbads hc bpbrdodh oclc silpads

29. Omblba Lcueed.cp. oit.

:0. Hiocs Pcuabhtzbs, Oabssds ih Ochtdlpcrbry Obpitbaisl (29;6), Hdw Adet Jccns, Achfch, 29;;, p. 29=. Ab trbfuooiÿh ds hudstrb. Uébsd tbljiéh su

Pcfdr pcaìtioc y oabsds scoibads (29:=), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;4, pp. 59-== y Ebsoislc y fiotbfurb (29;0), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;6.

6:




ochodptuba7 ads pdrlitd dhtdhfdr y dxpaiobr uhb kblb fd edhÿldhcs pcaìtiocs dh acs oubads da obrâotdr fd oabsd fd acs ochtrihobhtds hcsd pdroijd och ab hitifdz dspdrbfb hi coupb uh aukbr odhtrba dh sus

prdcoupboichds.Pdrc b÷h bsì, Aboabu tbljiéh tdrlihb bfcptbhfc uh rdfuo-oichislc fd oabsd ba dstipuabr qud ‑si hc tcfb ochtrbfiooiÿh pudfdsdr rdfuoifb b uhb ochtrbfiooiÿh fd oabsd, tcfb ochtrbfiooiÿh dstâscjrdfdtdrlihbfb pcr ab auomb fd oabsd“ (::). Dvifdhtdldhtd, hcbjbhfchb da tdrrdhc fda lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc, pdrc tblpcoc fdgbbtrâs da rdfuooichislc. Ba ikuba qud Batmussdr, ihtrcfuod uh

dadldhtc chtcackioc -ab ldtbeìsiob eid ab ÷atilb ihstbhoib- pbrbsbavbkubrfbr acs rdedrdhtds lâs obrcs b ab trbfioiÿh lbrxistb, ab jbsddochÿliob y ab auomb fd oabsds. Pdrc ac mbod fd uh lcfctrdldhfbldhtd btdhubfc, obsi oclc uh sbaufc b ab jbhfdrb balcfdac jbsd-supdrdstruoturb qud lâs tbrfd éa lislc bjbhfchbrìb(:?).

6.- Lbrxislc, ‑dxodpoichds mistÿriobs“ y tdsis bf-mco.

Dh oubhtc b abs lcfbaifbfds fda obljic scoiba, ac dhuhoibfc pcr ab fcotrihb huhob sd oulpaiÿ> tcfbs abs dxpdridhoibs rdvcauoichbribs qud sd mbh fbfc dh dstd sikac ochstituydh ”dxodpoichds’b I9 qud dspdrbjbh Lbrx y Dhkdas. Ab ihstburboiÿh fd dstbfcsscoibaistbs -ihfdpdhfidhtdldhtd fd si sd acs guzkb oclc tbads- hc

sikuiÿ ab aÿkiob dspdrbfb pcr da lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc, hi dh ac qudrdspdotb b ab sdoudhoib aihdba fd lcfcs fd prcfuooiÿh hi dh ac qudsd rdeidrd ba prctbkchislc prcadtbric fd ab trbhsecrlboiÿh.

Da dsqudlb crikihba, lcfdabfc dh ac dochÿlioc bardfdfcrfd ab dxpdridhoib ihkadsb fd lcfdrhizboiÿh d ihfustribaizboiÿh

::. ijif., p. 2::.

:?. Pcr dgdlpac, dh acs brtìouacs pcstdricrds b ab bpbrioiÿh fda aijrc oitbfc, y dspdoibaldhtd dh da aijrc dsoritc ochguhtbldhtd och Ombhtba Lcueed,

Mdkdlchy bhf _coibaist _trbtdky. Vcwbrfs b Zbfioba Fdlcorbtio Vmdcry, Udrsc, Achfch, 29=4. *

66




obpitbaistb acs ocacobjb dh ldgcr pcsioiÿh pbrb daac sdk÷h acdspdrbfc pcr da lislc Lbrx. Ab gustieioboiÿh fd Adhih sd jbsÿ dhuhb tdcrìb âf-mco, ab ”tdcrìb’ fda sistdlb ilpdribaistb luhfiba, uhb

sudrtd fd obfdhb oclpudstb pcr acs fivdrscs pbìsds (:5). Bakuhcsfd daacs, sih sdr hdodsbribldhtd obpitbaistbs bvbhzbfcs, ochstituydhdsabjchds féjiads fd ab obfdhb7 ds dh dstcs pbìsds, sdòbab Adhih,fchfd sd ochodhtrb uh paurba fd ochtrbfiooichds qud fbh pid pbrbda surkilidhtc fd rupturbs rdvcauoichbribs. Bsì, ab rdvcauoiÿhscoibaistb triuheÿ dh uh pbìs sdli-edufba, prdfclihbhtdldhtdoblpdsihc y scac ihoipidhtdldhtd obpitbaistb krboibs b qud, dh su

lcldhtc, Zusib drb da pbìs lâs féjia fd ab obfdhb ilpdribaistb, da pbìs qud ochfdhsbjb dh sì da lbycr o÷luac, fd ochtrbfiooichds qudac ocacobjbh dh ab bhtdsbab fd ab rdvcauoiÿh (:;).

Krblsoi eud luomc lâs firdotc y dxpaìoitc ba rdspdotc. Pcruh abfc, pcrqud ordìb qud dh Cooifdhtd da scoibaislc dstâ pcrihvdhtbr y, pcr da ctrc, pcrqud fdsorijìb ab dxpdridhoib jcaomdviqudoclc ”bhclbaìb’ dh rdaboiÿh b ab ”hcrlb’ tdÿriob dspdrbfb. Vba ds

bsì qud obrbotdrizÿ b ab rdvcauoiÿh fd Cotujrd oclc uhb rdvcauoiÿh”ochtrb Da Obpitba’ (:=). Oclc fiod Omdshdbux, pbrb Krblsoi, abrdvcauoiÿh rusb eud ac ihdspdrbfc7

:5.- U.I. Adhih, Da Ilpdribaislc, ebsd supdricr fda obpitbaislc, vbribs dfioichds.

:;. Oclc fiod Ecuobuat bodrob fd dstb prcpcsioiÿh fd Adhih, ‑da priviadkic qud ochodfd b aÿ qud sd aablb sih rdirsd ab ”tdcrìb' fda dsabjÿh lâs féjia (. . . ) mb pdrlitifc pdhsbr bqudaac qud mbjìb sifc pbrb da lbrxislc ilprdvisijad7 aâ rdvcauoiÿh dh Zusib (...) Y dh hcljrd fd dstb prcpcsioiÿh sd tdrrcrizâ tcfb booiÿh acoba ldfibhtd da fiadlb sikuidhtd7 c jidh btboâis acobaldhtd, pdrc ds hdodsbric dstbr sdkurc fd qud ds da dsabjÿh lâs féjia ouyb rupturb mbrâ sbatbr tcfc, c jidh da tcfc hc mb sbatbfc, da dsabjÿh hc drb da lâs féjia, da bfvdrsbric hc tidhd lâs qud rdoclpchdr su erdhtd, ab rdecrlb mb rdbjscrjifc vudstrc

btbqud". Udr ‑Pcfdrds y dstrbtdkibs" (29;;), dh Liorceìsiob fda pcfdr (29;;), Dfitcriba Ab Piqudtb, Lbfrif, 29;=, pp. 2;:-2;?. ”

:=. Oitbfc pcr Gdbh Omdshdbux, ³Mbodlcs tbjab rbsb fda pbsbfc3 B prc- pÿsitc fd ab mistcrib y fd acs mistcribfcrds (29;5), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;;, p. :09.

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pcr ab hboiÿh dh da odhtrc fd ab rdeadxiÿh sÿjrdab pcaìtiob y dstrbtdkibdh ab ochstituoiÿh fd abs eudrzbs rdvcauoichbribs, acs vidthblitbs

gblâs pusidrch dh fufb da obrâotdr scoibaistb fd su auomb.

Dstb aistb pcfrìb mbodrsd lâs dxmbustivb ldfibhtd ab ihocr pcrboiÿh fd abs dxpdridhoibs oujbhb, hiobrbkñdhsd, dto., pdrc ac dx pudstc jbstb pbrb dstbjadodr da stbtus ”dxodpoichba’ fd tcfbs dstbsdxpdridhoibs rdvcauoichbribs dh rdaboiÿh ba dsqudlb trbzbfc pcrLbrx. Ba rdspdotc, sd pudfd mbjabr, oclc sukidrd Lbssilc _bavb-fcri, fd oubhtc ldhcs trds ”obscs dgdlpabrds’ dh ab mistcrib fda lbrxislc7

‑... 2) fchfd mb mbjifc uh ihtdhsc fdsbrrcaac obpitbaistb guhtc och uh batc fdsbrrcaac fdlcorâtioc, da lbrxislc hc mbtdhifc rdpdrousiÿh mistÿriob> :) fchfd mb mbjifc uh fdsbrrcaac obpitbaistb fd vbribfb ihtdhsifbf sih tdhdr, dlpdrc, uhbbfdoubfb fdlcorbtizboiÿh, da lbrxislc sd mb beirlbfc dhab ochoidhoib fd abs lbsbs trbjbgbfcrbs fd lbhdrb hctbjad,

pdrc da fdsbrrcaac obpitbaistb mb rdsuatbfc ac jbstbhtd eudrtdoclc pbrb ilpdfir qud da lbrxislc sd vcavidsd uh ebotcrrdvcauoichbric botivc> y ?) fchfd, oclc prildrc dh Zusib yaudkc dh Omihb y dh ctrcs pbìsds btrbsbfcs, da fdsbrrcaac fdaobpitbaislc lcfdrhc mb sifc lcfdstc c ihoausivd obsibusdhtd y, ba lislc tidlpc, ab fdlcorboib pcaìtiob sÿac mbtdhifc uh oclidhzc fd beirlboiÿh c jidh hc sd mb beirlbfc

huhob, da lbrxislc mb tdhifc ab lâxilb deioboib rdvcauoichbrib. Pdrc dh dstd obsc su rdscrtd mb sifc ab busdhoib fdlbfurdz obpitbaistb y su eih ab ochsdouoiÿh fd uhb lcfdrhizboiÿh hc obpitbaistb. Dstc fdludstrb qud, dh dscs pbìsds,ab rdvcauoiÿh mb sifc da prcfuotc fd ab fcjad busdhoib fdaobpitbaislc oclc ochtdhifc dochÿlioc-scoiba y fd abfdlcorboib oclc ecrlb pcaìtiob“ (?:).

?:.*Lbssilc _bavbfcrb, ‑Da cobsc fda prcydotc ocluhistb“, Advibtâh H® :;,II Dpcob, prilbvdrb 29=;, p. ;9.

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Ba pcstuabr ab adkitilifbf fd pdhsbr dh uh paurba fd vìbs bascoibaislc lbhtdhidhfc b ab vdz ab uhioifbf fda cjgdtc ”scoibaislc’qud ochstituirìb da puhtc fd aadkbfb pbrb tcfbs daabs, sd ackrb uhb

scailâh dadkbhtd pdrc prdobrib b ab pbrbfcgb dhtrd da rdedrdhtd y abdxodpoiÿh. Pcr uh abfc, abs fiedrdhtds dxpdridhoibs rdvcauoichbribscourrifbs b ac abrkc fd dstd sikac, pbsbh b sdr tbhtbs vìbs c oblihcsba scoibaislc y, pcr ochsikuidhtd, abs fivdrsbs rdeadxichds bf-mcoqud trbtbh fd fbr oudhtb fd abs ”pbrtiouabrifbfds’ fd obfb pbìs pbrb

gustieiobr su obrâotdr ”dxodpoichba’ fdgbh fd sdr ldrbs rdeadxichdsbf-mco pbrb ochvdrtirsd dh ac qud pcfrìb fdhclihbrsd, b ebatb fd uh

térlihc ldgcr, tdcrìbs rdkichbads', pcr da ctrc, fd dstb lbhdrb sdmbod pcsijad ab dabjcrboiÿh fd fivdrsbs dstrbtdkibs fdedhsivbs ochda eih fd prctdkdr y ochscaifbr ab vbaifdz fd ab tdcrìb kdhdrba, dsfdoir, da tdrrdhc scjrd da ouba da lbrxislc ochstruyd sus cjgdtcs-pbrtiouabrldhtd sus ochodpoichds fd ab mistcrib, fd ab tctbaifbfscoiba, fda sugdtc rdvcauoichbric y fd ab ecrlb fd ab rupturbrdvcauoichbrib qué fdsdhobfdhb da obljic scoiba.

_d fiod qud dstb ds uhb scauoiÿh dadkbhtd pbrb fbr Oudhtb fdabs dxodpoichds * ab hcrlb, pcr oubhtc da fisoursc lbrxistbfdludstrb uhb oidrtb obpboifbf fd rdkdhdrboiÿh, fd ilbkihboiÿh yrdboclcfc bhtd da sihh÷ldrc fd oudstidhblidhtcs surkifcs b pbrtirfda rdochcoilidhtc fd tbads ”bhclbaìbs’ qud hc mbjìbh sifcochtdlpabfbs pcr acs euhfbfcrds fd ab fcotrihb. Fd dstb lbhdrb sdblpaìb da dspboic fd lbhicjrb, sdb pbrb ab fdedhsb fd pabhtdb

lidhtcs lbrxistbs oclc ”kuìbs’ b÷h vâaifbs pbrb ab booiÿh scoibaistbc pbrb da fdsbrrcaac fd ihioibtivbs scoibaistbs surkifbs dh obfb pbìsy lcfdabfbs fé boudrfc b sus rdspdotivbs oirouhstbhoibs.

Pdrc ds tbljiéh uhb scauoiÿh prdobrib, pcr oubhtc abrdkdhdrboiÿh fda fisoursc dstâ rdstrihkifb ba pabhc fd abs vìbs ydstrbtdkibs, y vidhd boclpbòbfb fd dseudrzcs siluatâhdcs pcr prctdkdr uh rdsbjic fd ”vdrfbfds euhfbldhtbads’ -mcy prâotiob

ldhtd ihscstdhijads- surkifbs prdoisbldhtd fdhtrc fda tdrrdhctdÿrioc kdhdrba qud sd prdtdhfd sbavbkubrfbr, ds fdoir, da lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc. .

Dh fdeihitivb, ab hdodsifbf fd bpdabr b rdkabs bfmco rdvdab

40




III

OIDHOIB Y PCFDZ.AB ECZVIEIOBOICH FD AB ZBWCH

ZDUCATOICHBZIB

4?




Dxistdh fivdrscs lcfcs fd oudstichbr d, ihoausc, ihvbaifbr dafisoursc fda bfvdrsbric, sdb dh fdjbtds pcaìtiocs c dh pcaéliobsihtdadotubads. Pcr dgdlpac, sd pudfd pchdr dh dhtrdfiomc ab ocmd

rdhoib aÿkiob fd ab brkuldhtboiÿh fda cpchdhtd, fdlcstrbhfc qudmby ochtrbfiooichds dhtrd sus prdlisbs y abs ochoausichds quddxtrbd fd daabs. Vbljiéh sd pudfd fdjiaitbr sus brkuldhtcs oitbhfcuhc qud ctrc dgdlpac mistÿrioc hc ochtdlpabfc pcr éa, c pchdr dhfufb ab _caifdz fd abs rdedrdhoibs qud dlpadb pbrb gustieiobr yfdedhfdr su pcsturb. Ihoausc sd pudfd bousbr ba ochtrihobhtd fdldhtircsc, ombrabtâh, trbifcr u cpcrtuhistb.

2. Dpistdlcackìb y vdrfbf. Ab pdsbfb mdrdhoib rboichbaistb.

Pdrc, bfdlâs fd tcfbs dstbs lcfbaifbfds fd orìtiob, hc fdgbfd aablbr ab btdhoiÿh da mdomc qud bakuhcs bpdabh prihoipbaldhtdb ab oidhoib pbrb vbaifbr c ihvbaifbr uhb pcsioiÿh. Da oritdric fd

oidhtieioifbf ds dskrilifc pcr uh jbhfc oubaquidrb pbrb trbtbr fdfdsobaieiobr da fisoursc fd su bfvdrsbric, sdb tiafâhfcac fd ”dspdouabtivc’ d ”ifdcaÿkioc’, bousâhfcac fd ebasdbr ab rdbaifbf cfdsldrdoiéhfcac pcr hc sdr uh eida rdeadgc fd éstb. Da lbrxislc sdmb obrbotdrizbfc pcr dlpadbr fd lbhdrb prceusb dstd tipc fdbrkuldhtboiÿh. Vba ds bsì, qud ab pbrdgb oidhoib-ifdcackìb -dhtdhfifb oclc oidhoib -hc oidhoib- mb pbsbfc b sdr uh dgd brtiouabfcr

fd su dstrbtdkib pbrb adkitilbrsd ihtdadotubaldhtd oclc tdcrìb fd acscoiba y sus trbhsecrlboichds, y tbljiéh pbrb ochvdrtirsd dh kuìb

priviadkibfb pbrb ab crkbhizboiÿh y ab booiÿh fd uh lcvilidhtc dhauomb pcr da scoibaislc.

44




fd su prckrblb pcaìtioc b pbrtir fd ab fdedhsb fd uh dstbfc,(rboichbaldhtd fdtdrlihbfc) fd ocsbs hdodsbribs -pcr dgdlpac, acsilpdrbtivcs fda ”lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh obpitbaistb’ c fd abs rdbaifbfds

fd ab auomb fd oabsds. Dvifdhtdldhtd, daac tidhfd b fdjiaitbr suobpboifbf pbrb rdspchfdr b ochfioichds fd auomb qud fieidrdh fdbqudaabs dstipuabfbs pcr acs oaâsiocs (Lbrx, Adhih, dto.), Oclc fiodOcaadtti, tbhtc Adhih oclc Krblsoi ordydrch dh uh hdxc crkâhiocdhtrd tdcrìb y pcaìtiob, pudstc qud dh acs dsoritcs fd bljcs ‑fclihbab ochviooiÿh fd qud dxistd uhb tdcrìb (da lbrxislc) qud cerdod aboabvd pbrb dhtdhfdr da prcodsc mistÿrioc dh su ”tctbaifbf’“, sÿac qud

mcy, bkrdkb, yb ‑dstâ drcsichbfb ab ed dh uhb tdcrìb qud beirlb pcsddr ab oaâvd fda oursc mistÿrioc dh su ”tctbaifbf’ c fd pcfdrfdsoierbr su sdhtifc kacjba“ (;).

Dh dstd sdhtifc, mcy Mirst (=) y ctrcs tidhfdh b ochsifdrbr bab tdcrìb oclc uh ldfic fd oâaouac pcaìtioc, dstc ds, oclcfispcsitivc obpbz fd jrihfbr b acs botcrds ldfics fisoursivcs pbrbobrbotdrizbr (ochstruir) situboichds y oritdrics pbrb rdbaizbr booichds

(prihoipics, cjgdtivcs, ”ifdcackìb’7 qué mbodr y oÿlc mbodrac) dhrdaboiÿh b dsbs situboichds. Ds fdoir, ab tdcrìb cpdrb oclc ldfic fd”pudstb dh fisoursc’ fd uhb situboiÿh oubaquidrb.

Da oâaouac hc ilpaiob uhb fdrivboiÿh fd tba c ouba situboiÿh pcaìtiob b pbrtir fd uhb rdf gdrârquiob fd rdaboichds hdodsbribs, sihcuhb botivifbf fd ochstruooiÿh fd ab situboiÿh oclc tba. Ab situboiÿhsidlprd dxistd pbrb ab prâotiob pcaìtiob oclc och.struo.ac. Th

ocòstruotc, bpuhtbh Fchcac y Eiomdrb (9), hc ds ctrb ocsb qud abidlbtizboiÿh fd uhb fdtdrlihbfb pcroiÿh fd ”lbtdrib’ scoiba, és'vfdoir, ab trbhsecrlboiÿh fd tba c ouba bspdotc fd ac scoiba dh bakc

pbsijad fd sdr ecrluabfc oclc prcjadlb. Vba ds da obsc fda prcodsc

;. Auoic Ocaadtti, ‑Bfiÿs b éa y b Vurbtti“, Ab Oiufbf Euturb Hd 5, Judhcs Birds, bkcstc 29=;, p. :4.

=. Abs rdedrdhoibs b ab tdcrìb oclc ldfic fd oâaouac pcaìtioc sch uhb sìhtdsis fd abs ifdbs qud fdsbrrcaab Mirst dh da tdxtc yb oitbfc.

9. Obric Fchcac y Erbhoc Eiomdrb, ‑Fbaab kcvdrhbjiaità baa* ihhcvbzichd pcaìtiob**, Lildc, Ochvdkhc I__COOC, Vcrihc, 24-29 fiodljrd 29=2.

50




lcfbaifbf fisoursivb fda oâaouac, hc prdtdhfd oujrir dxmbustivbldhtd abs prâotiobs pcaìtiobs, pudstc qué abs ochfioichds prdvibs bdsbs prâotiobs, guhtc och abs ifdcackìbs y ab hdodsifbf fd dabjcrbrdstrbtdkibs, sch dadldhtcs qud gudkbh uh pbpda ilpcrtbhtd dh abbfcpoiÿh fd tba c ouba lcfbaifbf fd oâaouac.

:. Oidhoib y pcfdr.

Pdrc tbljiéh mby uh dadldhtc fd pcfdr qud ihvitb b bpdabrba fisoursc oidhtìeioc bhtds qud ba oâaouac. Mcy, yb hc ds luy

brridskbfc fdoir qud ds obfb vdz lâs dvifdhtd qud ab fistihoiÿhfdoilchÿhiob dhtrd oidhoib y hc-oidhoib (ifdcackìb, litc, jrugdrìb,brtd, rdaikiÿh, pcdsìb) tidhd qud vdr hc sÿac och prdtdhsichds fdrikurcsifbf dh ab ihvdstikboiÿh y dxpaioboiÿh fd edhÿldhcs, sihctbljiéh och da pcfdr y sus dedotcs. Acs ihtdhtcs pcr bsikhbr uhstbtus oidhtìeioc b tba c ouba fisoursc, ds fdoir, acs dseudrzcs pcrackrbr ab suprdlboìb fd tba c ouâa fisoursc dh uh oblpc dh da ouba

ocdxistdh uh paurba fd sâjdrds dh uhb oclpadgb rdf fd rdaboichds fdocrrdspchfdhoib, oclpadldhtbridfbf u cpcsioiÿh dstâh firikifcs bab fdsobaieioboiÿh fd fisourscs batdrhbtivcs. Bsì, Ecuobuat sd

prdkuhtb7

‑³Rué tipc fd sbjdrds qudréis fdsobaieiobr dh da lcldhtc dhqud fdoìs7 dstc ds uhb oidhoib3 ³Rué sugdtcs mbjabhtds, ombr

abtbhds, qué sugdtcs fd dxpdridhoib y qud sbjdr qudréis ”li-hcrizbr’ oubhfc fdoìs7 ”mbkc dstd fisoursc, mbkc uh fisourscoidhtìeioc, scy uh oidhtìeioc’3 ³Rué vbhkubrfib tdÿri-oc-pcaìtioâ qudréis dhtrchizbr pbrb fdlbrobrab fd abs ecrlbsoirouhfbhtds y fisochtihubs fda sbjdr3 Oubhfc cs vdc dsecrzbrcs dh dstbjadodr qud da lbrxislc ds uhb oidhoib hc pidhscqud fd mdomc dstâis fdlcstrbhfc fd uhb vdz pcr tcfbs qud

da lbrxislc tidhd uhb dstruoturb rboichba y qud, pcr ochsikuidhtd, sus prcpcsioichds _ch da rdsuatbfc fd uh prcodsc fdydrieioboiÿiì> pbrb lì dstâis mboidhfc bhtd icfc ctrb ocsb, dstâis btrijuydhfc ba fisoursc lbrxistb y b tcfcs bqudaacs qud

5:




tidhdh dstcs fisourscs, acs dedotcs fd pcfdr qud da Cooifdhtd,ba eihba fd ab Dfbf Ldfib, mb bsikhbfc b ab oidhoib y mbrdsdrvbfc" b acs qud mbodh uh fisoursc oidhtìeioc“ (20).

Fdhtrc fda lbrxislc sd pudfdh ifdhtieiobr oubhtc ldhcsfcs uscs fiedrdhtds fda priviadkic fda fisoursc oidhtìeioc. Pcr uhb

pbrtd, da obrâotdr oidhtìeioc fda lbrxislc ds dhebtizbfc dh ab auombfd oabsds, fd lcfc fd cjtdhdr uh dedotc fd pcfdr7 ab cpcsioiÿh yfdsobaieioboiÿh fd sbjdrds jurkudsds dh tclc b ab dochclìb

pcaìtiob, ab ebliaib, da dstbfc, ab ouaturb, dto.

Pcr ctrb pbrtd, fdhtrc fda lcvilidhtc cjrdrc, da éhebsis dhdsb oidhtieioifbf bpbrdod oclc uh dseudrzc tdhfidhtd b adkitilbracoclc ÷hioc fisoursc vâaifc pbrb da scoibaislc. Acs dedotcs fd pcfdr jusobfcs bquì tidhdh qud vdr och ab ochstruooiÿh fd uhb fdtdrlihbfb ecrlb fd uhifbf pbrb da lcvilidhtc cjrdrc, och da fdsbrrcaacfd fdtdrlihbfb ecrlb fd auomb, fd crkbhizboiÿh y fd cjgdtivcs pcaìtioc-scoibads. Ba lislc tidlpc, daac ochaadvb ab ochsdoudhtdfdsobaieioboiÿh fd .ctrcs fisourscs scoibaistbs, tbads oclc acs pcstuabfcs pcr acs ”scoibaistbs utÿpiocs’ -Ecuridr, _biht _ilÿh, Cwdh-tbh oritiobfcs pcr Dhkdas dh su lcldhtc, c acs bhbrquistbsocljbtifcs pcr Lbrx dh su obrâotdr fd ifdÿackc y lidljrc fd abI Ihtdrhboichba -Prcufmch y Jbnuhil, pcr dgdlpac. '

U ■

20. Liomda Ecuobuat, **Oñrsc.fdr; fd dhdrc fd 29;5“, dh Liorceìsiob fda

pcfdr (29;;), Dfitcriba Ab Piqudtb, Lbfrif, 29;=, p, 2?2. Da dgdlpac oaâsioc fd daac ds da ”bsuhtÿ Aysdhnc* dh acs bòcs *?0 y *60, obsc aìlitd fd uh oidhtieislc bjdrrbhtd qud pdrsdkuìb cjgdtivbs purbldhtd pcaìtiocs d ifdcaÿkiocs pbrb da lbrxislc. Aysdhnc, bpcybfc y prclcoichbfc pcr _tbaih, btboÿ ab kdhétiob oaâsiob fd Ldhfda oclc oidhoib ”rdbooichbrib’, ”ebasb* y ”jurkudsb*, b- tba puhtc qud su dhsdòbhzb ém ab TZ__ eud prcmijifb furbtòtd lâs fd quihod bòcs. Pbrb Aysdhnc* sÿac da lbtdribaislc fibaéoti1g© pdrlitìb •rdcrkbhizbr b ab oidhoib fd lbhdrb ”prckrdsistb*. DGGc fip pid pbrb qud surkidsd uhb hudvb ”tdsis* fdhtrc fda lbrxislc-adhihislc liaitbhtd f d , é p c o b fd ab ”kudrrb erìb*7 tba oclc dxistd uhb ifdcackìb jurkudsb y ctrb prcadtbrib, tbljiéh dxistd uhb oidhoib jurkudsb y uhb oidhoib (”vdrfbfdrb’) prcadtbrib. BI rdspdotc, vébsd da ilpcrtbhtd dstufic fcouldhtba fd Fclihiqud Adtcñrt,

Aysdhnc. Mistcrib rdba fd uhb 'oidhoib prcadtbrib’ (29;5), Dfitcriba Abib, Jbrodachb, 29;=.

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Pdrc dstd éhebsis dh ab rbzÿh y ab oidhoib, dstb lurbaab qud prctdkd ba jbstiÿh tbljiéh bpuhtbrìb dh ctrc sdhtifc qud sd ocl padldhtbrìb och acs dedotcs fd pcfdr pdrsdkuifcs pcr da fisoursc7

ab prdtdhsiÿh fd dstbjadodr abs ”adyds cjgdtivbs’ qud rikdh ba lcvilidhtc mistÿrioc, pbrb bsì pcfdr dxpaiobr da ritlc fd ab mistcrib, dstbjadodr ab suodsiÿh fd ”dtbpbs hdodsbribs’ fd su fdsbrrcaac y fdtdrlihbr da fdsdhabod ÷atilc qud éstb tdhfrìb, lâs tdlprbhc c lâs tbrfd. Pbrb oitbr b Omdshdbux, quidh vd dh dstc uhb ”trblpb pcaìtiob’7

‑Da fisoursc mistÿrioc ds tbljiéh uhb trblpb pcaìtiob, pcr

qud prdsdhtb lcfdacs fd dhobfdhblidhtc, fd dsobachblidh-tc fd dtbpbs dstrbtékiobs dh da tidlpc7 rdvcauoiÿh hboichba-fdlcorâtiob, tclbr fda pcfdr, dtbpb fd trbhsioiÿh, pbscba scoibaislc, btbqud rdvcauoichbric ochtrb abs supdrdstruoturbs... (dsqudlb omihc). C kudrrb fd lcvilidhtc fdedhsivb, dquiaijric fd eudrzbs, ochtrbcedhsivb viotcricsb (dsqudlb liaitbr vidthblitb, 2965-2946). Pdrc dstcs dsqudlbs' sch

ctrcs tbhtcs erdhcs. Dh da prcpic Uidthbl, ab kudrrb ochtrbDstbfcs Tòifcs hc mb sdkuifc abs lislbs dtbpbs qud abkudrrb ochtrb Erbhoib. Lbfbkbsobr hc rdpdtirâ abs dtbpbs fdab rdvcauoiÿh omihb, hi Brkdhtihb abs fd ab rdvcauoiÿh oujb-hb“ (22).

Dstd lcfdac aihdba fd trbhsioiÿh ba scoibaislc ds siliabr ba

qud fclihÿ da pdhsblidhtc fd ab III Ihtdrhboichba> dh oidrtc lcfc,b÷h pdrvivd dh ab ilbkihboiÿh fd bakuhcs firikdhtds y botivistbs fdab izquidrfb scoibaistb, krboibs b su pcpuabrizboiÿh audkc fd bakuhbsdxpdridhoibs rdvcauoichbribs dxitcsbs qud pbrdoìbh ocheirlbr suvbaifdz. Dh fdeihitivb, sd trbtb fd uh dedotc fd pcfdr, qud hc ds ctrbocsb qud uh ihtdhtc fd drrbfiobr ab ihodrtifuljrd fda fdvdhir btrbvés fd uhb bodptboiÿh borìtiob y uhb sudrtd fd sborbaizboiÿh

rboichbaistb fd uh fisoursc fd ab mistcrib.

22. Gdbh Omdshdbux, ³Mbodlcs abjib rbsb fda pbsbfc3 B prcpÿsitc fd ab mistcrib y fd acs mistcribfcrds (29;5), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;;, p. :22,

56




Pdrc daac, sdòbab Obstcribfis, prcvidhd dh krbh pbrtd fdadsqudlb dvcauoichistb fd ab mistcrib fdsbrrcaabfc pcr Lbrx, qudtidhd pcr ac ldhcs fcs prcjadlbs sdrics7 pcr uh abfc, éa pbpda-

prdpchfdrbhtd qud ad bsikhb b ab prcfuooiÿh, ochvirtidhfc sufdsbrrcaac dh ab aabvd uhivdrsba pbrb dhtdhfdr ab mistcrib y trbhsecrlbr ab scoidfbf, ihtdhtbhfc ”addr’ tcfb mistcrib pbsbfb y tcfbscoidfbf dxtrb-durcpdb b pbrtir fd uhb uhivdrsbaizboiÿh fd abdxpdridhoib obpitbaistb durcpdb (2:)> pcr ctrc abfc, ba ikuba qud tcfb

pdrspdotivb qud aadvb abs mudaabs fda rboichbaislc durcpdc, sd trbtbfd uh dsqudlb qud prdsupchd uhb bfdouboiÿh dhtrd ab mistcrib rdba

y ab Zbzÿh (ac rdba ds rboichba), ds fdoir, qud fb pcr sdhtbfc qud ‑acsdvdhtcs mistÿriocs dstâh kcjdrhbfcs pcr adyds qud pudfdh sdrfdsoujidrtbs b trbvés fd ab ihvdstikboiÿh oidhtìeiob“ (2?).

?. Da oidhtieioislc oclc rdtÿriob sborbaìzbhtd fda pcfdr.

Ds iadkìtilc trbtbr fd trbhsecrlbr b uh ochguhtc fd kbrbhtìbs

dpistdlcaÿkiobs -ouyc cjgdtivc ds bsdkurbr uhb ocrrdspchfdhoibhdodsbrib dhtrd ac rdba y da ochcoilidhtc fd éstd- dh kbrbhtìbs fd ab mistcrib -qud dstbjadodrìbh ab ocihoifdhoib dhtrd uhb tdcrìb fd abmistcrib y fd ab scoidfbf y abs auombs pcr da pcfdr fdhtrc fd éstb. Abmistcrib hc pudfd sdr ochsifdrbfb oclc uh fdspaidkud aÿkioc fd obtdkcrìbs rboichbads qud dxpuasbh ab ihodttifuljrd, qud trbhsecrlbhb ab mistcrib dh uhb ldrb ochstbtboiÿh fd abs odrtdzbs dxpudstbs pcr

ab tdcrìb. Bhtds jidh7 ,

, ‑Ab mistcrib ds da tdrrdhc fda ridskc y fd ab trbkdfib. Ab kdhtdtidhd ab iausiÿh fd pcfdr sbair fd dstd tdrrdhc y ab dxprdsb och

2:. Ocrhdaius Obstcribfis, ‑_coibaisl bhf Butchclcus _coidty“, Vdacs H* 6?, Hdw Ycrn, _prihk Ì9=ß, p.99.

2?. Dstc dstâ fdsbrrcaabfc dh da dhsbyc fd Gcmh J. Vmclpsch, ‑Ifdcacky bhf tmd _coiba Ilbkihbry. Bh Bpprbisba ce Obstcribfis bhf Adecrt“, Vmdcry bhf _coidty, Uca. M, Hei 4, _dptdljdr 29=:, dh dspdoiba pp. 550-552. Pbrb uhb judhb orìtiob fda.rboichbaislc dh su vdrtidhtd ”sborb* .y ”pdrvdrsb*, vébsd Dfkbr Lcrih, ‑Ab rbzÿh fdsrboichbaizbfb“, cp. oit.

54




scoiba c fd uh fdsdhobhtc och dstiacs fd vifb jbsbfcs dh daochsulislc y da fdspdrfioic fd rdourscs.

Vblpcoc jbstb, hi ds fdsdbjad, ochvdrtir b uhb tdcrìb

rdvcauoichbrib dh uhb ecrtbadzb ihdxpukhbjadX ihoudstichbjad, lâsbaaâ fd toXab fufb. Da obaieiobtivc fd ”rdvcauoichbric* fd pcr sì ac prcsorijd, puds ds ihfiobtivc fd lcvilidhtc, lutboiÿh, oudstic-hblidhtc. _ih dljbrkc, dstc ds prdoisbldhtd ac qud mb mdomc abrdvcauoiÿh fd Cotujrd pbrb da lcvilidhtc cjrdrc luhfiba. Oclcfiod Obstcribfis (24) dstb rdvcauoiÿh fdkdhdrÿ dh uh dstbfc jurcorâtioc csieiobfc dh da ouba acs tdÿriocs scviétiocs ochvirtidrch

ba lbrxislc dh uh sistdlb odrrbfc qud cpdrbrìb scjrd uhb rdbaifbf dsdhoibaldhtd eigb.Fd mdomc, acs trbjbgcs lâs ordbtivcs fdhtrc fda lbrxislc fd

dstd sikac hc mbh sifc prcfuoifcs dh da oblpc fd pbìsds fda”scoibaislc rdbaldhtd dxistdhtd’, sihc lâs jidh dh abs uhivdrsifbfds, ihstitutcs, odhtrcs, pbrtifcs y crkbhizboichds cjrdrbs fd pbìsdsobpitbaistbs7 abs ihvdstikboichds lbrxistbs fd acs tdÿriocs _cviétiocs

sch fd ocrtd tìpiobldhtd fcklâtioc, ldobhioistb y prâotiobldhtdobhÿhioc dh sus bprdoiboichds> pbrb dstcs ÷atilcs, acs dsoritcs fdgcs pdhsbfcrds oaâsiocs fda lbrxislc ecrlbh uh ochguhtc fd vdrfbfdsobhÿhiobs dhsbljabfcs dh uh sistdlb odrrbfc.

Daac sd rdeadgb dh su ihoaihboiÿh pcr da ecrlbtc”lbhuba-rdodtbric’ fda lbrxislc-adhihislc qud ab Dfitcriba Prckrdsc fd Lcso÷ dxpcrtb b Cooifdhtd. Pbrb dstb dfitcriba, sdk÷h

ochstb dh ab ‑Hctb fd ab Dfitcriba“ qud prdodfd b ab dfioiÿh fd 29;4fd abs Cjrbs Dsockifbs fd Lbrx y Dhkdas, bljcs butcrds ‑trbzbrchab dstrbtdkib y ab tâotiob fd ab auomb rdvcauoichbrib fda prcadtbribfc“,y ‑obfb hudvb épcob mistÿriob bpcrtb sidlprd hudvbs ocheirlboichds fd ab vdrfbf qud bsistd b ab dtdrhbldhtd vivb tdcrìb fd Lbrx, Dhkdas y Adhih, dh ochtihuc fdsbrrcaac“. _i ab dstrbtdkib y ab tâotiob sddstbjadodh dh da oursc fd uh trbjbgc oidhtìeioc, ³sikhieiob bobsc qud

ac qud eud vâaifc bydr y dh Durcpb ac sdrâ tbljiéh mcy y bquì3³_ikhieiob qud ab pcaìtiob y abs ochfioichds ochordtbs dh abs qud sd

24. Udr Vmclpsch, cp. oit.

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fdsdhvudavd ab booiÿh pcoc c hbfb bpcrtbh b ab dstrbtdkib y abtâotiob3 _i ab mistcrib silpadldhtd vdrieiob abs vdrfbfds pdrdhhdsdxpudstbs pcr ab tdcrìb, objrìb prdkuhtbrsd, ³qué ds ac qud dstâ ”éhochtihuc fdsbrrcaac’3

Dh dstd tipc fd rbzchblidhtc, ab fcotrihb sd ochvidrtd dh dadspdgc fda prdsdhtd y dh ab oabvd fd uh euturc yb bhtioipbfc pcr daab._u tchc rdlitd b uhb ihtdrvdhoiÿh fd Gcrkd fd Jurkcs, da lchgdeuhfbldhtbaistb fd Da hcljrd fd ab rcsb fd Tljdrtc Doc, quidhfiod dh uh lcldhtc fbfc7

‑... ac prcpic fda sbjdr, ocsb fivihb, ds da dstbr oclpadtc yeigbfc fdsfd da oclidhzc dh ab pdredooiÿh fda vdrjc qud sddxprdsb b sì lislc. Ab oustcfib, fikc, hc ab j÷squdfb,

pcrqud ac prcpic fda sbjdr, ocsb mulbhb, ds da mbjdr sifceigbfc y oclpadtbfc dh acs sikacs qud sd suodfidrch dhtrd ab

prdfioboiÿh fd acs prcedtbs y ab ihtdrprdtboiÿh fd acs pbfrdsfd ab ikadsib“.

5=




BFIC_ BA CJZDZI_LC AB OTD_VICH FDA _TGDVC

IU

Dstd dhsbyc eud prdsdhtbfc dh da ]UII Ochkrdsc Abtihcbldriobhc fd _coicackìb (BAB_), Lchtdvifdc, : ba 5 fd fioidljrd fd 29==.

59




2. Da prcjadlb fda cjrdrislc dh da pdhsblidhtc scoibaistb.

Ab trbfioiÿh lbrxistb-adhihistb mb tdhfifc b trbhsecrlbr buhb oabsd scoiba, da prcadtbribfc, dh da baeb y da cldkb fda sugdtcscoibaistb, y b ochvdrtir da cjrdrislc dh ifdcackìb ceioiba fda

pdhsblidhtc pcaìtioc-pbrtifbric. Dh uh fcouldhtc bprcjbfc dh daPrildr Ochkrdsc fda Pbrtifc Ocluhistb fd Oujb (POO), pcrdgdlpac, sd add ab sikuidhtd rdscauoiÿh7 '

‑acs oubfrcs fdjdh sdr, prdedrdhtdldhtd, fd dxtrbooiÿhcjrdrb, och ac ouba sd kbrbhtizb dh da sdhc fd abs crkbhizboichds firikdhtds fda Pbrtifc, fda Dstbfc, fd ab TGO, fd abscrkbhizboichds fd lbsbs, da bfdoubfc dhecqud oabsistb fd acsbsuhtcs, ab fisoipaihb y da dspìritu fd ocadotivislc, abbjhdkboiÿh y sborieioic qué sd fdsbrrcaabh dh abs ochfioichdsdh qud mbjitubaldhtd fdsdhvudavdh su botituf y su vifb ab

oabsd cjrdrb“ (2).

Dstb oitb rdvdab uh fdsochcoilidhtc fd ab fistihoiÿh dhtrd”crikdh fd oabsd’ y ”pcsioiÿh fd oabsd’ dh uhb ocyuhturb y uhb auomb,bakc abrkbldhtd fisoutifb pcr tdÿriocs lbrxistbs eudrb fda oblpcfd pbìsds scoibaistbs. Pcr uhb pbrtd, prdsupchd qud da crikdh scoibafd uh bkdhtd y da aukbr qud coupb dh ab dstruoturb fd abs rdaboichds

2. Uébsd ‑_cjrd ab pcaìtiob fd ecrlboiÿh, sdadooiÿh, ujioboiÿh, prclcoiÿh y supdrboiÿh fd acs oubfrcs7 Vdsis y rdscauoichds“, fcouldhtc bprcjbfc pcr da Prildr Ochkrdsc fda Pbrtifc Ocluhistb fd Oujb, Ab Mbjbhb, 29;5.

;2




fd prcfuooiÿh fdtdrlihbh ab pcsioiÿh pcaìtiob fd éstd> pcr ctrb,ihstituyd uhb sudrtd fd ”odrtdzb obrtdsibhb’7uh puhtc fd vistb cjrdrc oclc dhecqud prdoabrc pbrb da dstufic fd oudstichds scoibads y pbrb

ab dabjcrboiÿh y bfcpoiÿh fd dstrbtdkibs y booichds fd abs eudrzbsscoibaistbs.

Ab trbhsecrlboiÿh fda ”cjrdrislc’ dh edtiomd ds bakc rdourrdhtd dh abs ifdcackìbs scoibaistbs, dspdoibaldhtd dh bqudaabs qudhc mbh pcfifc fdsprdhfdrsd fd su bhoabgd dh da ilbkihbricrdvcauoichbric surkifc tbhtc fd acs dsoritcs fd acs pdhsbfcrds bhbrquistbs y scoibaistbs fda sikac ]I] oclc fd ab dxpdridhoib jcaomdviqud fd 292;. Oclc fiod Aboabu, ‑ab hcoiÿh fd ”oabsd’ dh Lbrxds silpadldhtd uhb sìhtdsis qud, dh krbh ldfifb, ocrrdspchfd ba ti

pc fd ifdhtifbfds scoibads oabrbldhtd pdroijijads dh da sikac ]I]“,lidhtrbs qud mcy, ab tdsis fd ab odhtrbaifbf cjrdrb, fda pbpda fd aboabsd oclc bkdhtd hdodsbric fd ab dlbhoipboiÿh mulbhb kdhdrba,mb pbsbfc b sdr uhb prdlisb fcklâtiob sih bsifdrc dlpìrioc (:).

Jâsiobldhtd, ab ifdcackìb cjrdristb prdsupchd fcs ocsbs7pcruhb pbrtd, qud da prcadtbribfc ihfustriba, dh da sdhtifc fd cjrdrcslbhubads qud ochecrlbrìbh da h÷oadc fd ab lbsb fd trbjbgbfcrdsbsbabribfcs, ochstituyd da dgd odhtrba fda sugdtc pcpuabr y scoibaistb>

pcr ctrb pbrtd, prdsupchd qud ab mistcrib tidhd uh sugdtc priviadkibfc,uhb oabsd uhivdrsba qud pdrlitirìb oclprdhfdr ab firdooiÿh fd sufdsdhvcavilidhtc y fbr oudhtb fd ab hbturbadzb fd ac scoiba. Mcy,sdòbab Vialbh Dvdrs, da hdxc dhtrd lcvilidhtc scoiba y rdbaifbfscoiba dstâ rctc, dh da sdhtifc fd qud hc sd pudfd dxpaiobr ac scoiba÷hiob y dxoausivbldhtd b trbvés fd uh sugdtc c lcvilidhtc (?). Csi hc dstâ rctc, ds oubhtc ldhcs rderbotbric b tcfb aikbzÿh obusba

:. Drhdstc Aboabu, ‑Oabss [br bhf Betdr“, Lbrxisl Vcfby, Achfch, Bpria 29=;, p. ?0, ?:.

?. Vialbh Dvdrs, ‑Ifdhaifbfd7 b ebod couatb fcs hcvcs lcvildhtcs scoibis“, Hcvcs Dstufcs ODJZBP, Uca. : Hd 6, _bc Pbuac, bjria 29=6, p. 22. Md fdsbrrcaabfc dstb ifdb fd Dvdrs dh ‑Thb krblâtiob pcslcfdlb pbrb pdhsbr ac scoiba“, Wchb Bjidrtb Hea 62-6:, Lbfrif, cotujrd 29=5 - berria 29=;, pp. 2=?-:05, ihoauifc tbljiéh dh Hcrjdrt Adomhdr (oclpiabfcr), Ouaturb pcaìtiob

y fdlcorbtizboiÿh, EABO_C/OABO_C/IOI, _bhtibkc, 29=;, pp. 259-2==.

;:




hdodsbrib. Vcfc pbrdod ihfiobr qud sd dstâ vividhfc uh épcob ‑fdtrbhsioiÿh dhtrd da fdsechfblidhtc fd ab izquidrfb oaâsiob, dh tcfcs

sus vbacrds, y da adhtc surkilidhtc, pcailcrec y pcaioéhtrioc, fd uhbhudvb izquidrfb dh ab qud ab ecrluaboiÿh fd acs ”ochtdhifcs’ vb luy pcr fdabhtd fd sus ecrlbs crkbhizbtivbs“ (6).

Dstd dhsbyc oudstichb da cjrdrislc y su ocrrdabtc, da odhtrbaislc b uatrbhzb qud da fisoursc lbrxistb scaìb bsikhbr b ab oabsdcjrdrb, ba prcadtbribfc ihfustriba, dh ab ochecrlboiÿh fd abs eudrzbsscoibads qud ihstburbrìbh uhb mdkdlchìb hc jurkudsb (4). Ba ouds

tichbr -d ihoausc ilpukhbr- ab tdsis fd ab odhtrbaifbf cjrdrb, sd pchddh dhtrdfiomc ab dstrbtdkib fd auomb, ab ecrlb .fd crkbhizboiÿh y dasbjdr scoibaistb jbsbfc dh da dsqudlb fioctúlioc obpitba-trbjbgc.Daac pabhtdb, bhtd tcfc, ab hdodsifbf fd bjcrfbr ab tdlâtiob fd abifdhtifbf fd sugdtcs ocadotivcs dh térlihcs fd ”ochstruotcs’.

:. Da obrâotdr fisoursivc fd abs ifdhtifbfds scoibads.

Ab prcfuooiÿh fda ochstruotc ”oabsd’.

Ab-ifdhtifbf fd uh sugdtc hc pudfd ochsifdrbrsd oclc uhbobtdkcrìb trbhs-mistÿriob c dxtrb-scoiba, pudstc qud ds oubaquidrocsb ldhcs uh fbtc chtcaúkioc c uhb ”hbturbadzb’. Vcfb ifdhtifbfds uhb ochstruooiÿh7 ab ecrlb-oabsd, oclc oubaquidr ctrc tipc fdifdhtifbf ocadotivb, fdjd sdr ecrgbfb fdsfd da lcldhtc dh qud ds

ochodjifb oclc ochstruotc bhtds qud oclc dsdhoib. _iLbrx auomÿ pcr ochstituir ba prcadtbribfc dh oabsd scoiba y b éstb dh sugdtc scoibaistb, ac mizc dh jbsd b uhb tdcrìb fd ab mistcrib y fd ab scoidfbf

6. Pdp _ujircs, ‑Lbyc fda ’5=7 ³hudstrcs bjudacs c hudstrcs hidtcs3“, Da Uidgc Vcpc, Dxtrb H9 22, Jbrodachb, 29=0, p. 4.

4. Dstb oudstiÿh mb sifc bjcrfbfb pcr fivdrscs butcrds dh acs ÷atilcs bòcs.

_d*|8uéfd ochsuatbr, dhtrd ctrcs, b Jibkic fd Kicvbhhi, ‑Orisi d adkittilbzichdfdaac stbtc“, Orìtiob Lbrxistb 5/29;9, Bhfré Kcrz, Bfiÿs ba prcadtbribfc(29=0), Dfioichds :002, Jbrodachb, 29=:, Ombhtba Lcueed, ‑OabsdXcjrdrâ, mdkdlchìb y scoibaislc“ (29=2 ),1 _coibaislc y Pbrtioipboiÿh H9 2;, Ailb, lbrzc 29=:, pp. :?-??, y Drhdstc Aboabu y Ombhtba Lcueed, ‑Ab dstrbtdkibscoibaistb. ³Mboib fÿhfd bmcrb3“, Wchb Bjidrtb H9 :=, bjria-guhic ,29=?.

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y fd uh prcydotc fd scoidfbf qud ordyÿ sdr da lâs bfdoubfc dh sulcldhtc. _u orìtiob b abs ochodpoichds dsdhoibaistbs fda sugdtcbpbrdod dh fivdrscs dsoritcs7

i. Dh abs Vdsis scjrd Edudrjbom, ab ”hbturbadzb mulbhb’ds prdsdhtbfb oclc uhb ochstruooiÿh, oclc prcfuotc fd uh paurba fd rdaboichds scoibads, och ac ouba sukidrd qud fiombhbturbadzb fd hihkuhb lbhdrb pudfd sdr vistb oclc bakc qud

prdodfd b ab dhtrbfb fda ihfivifuc dh da crfdh scoiba>

ii. Dh Da 2= Jrulbric, ab ”hbturbadzb mulbhb’ ds rbfioba

ldhtd mistcrizbfb dh tbhtc pabhtdb bmì qud acs mcljrds y abslugdrds sch prcfuotc fd sus oirouhstbhoibs y qud, bhtd uhobljic fd oirouhstbhoibs dedotubfc b trbvés fd auombs, sd

pcfrìb prcfuoir tbljiéh uhb trbhsecrlboiÿh fda obrâotdr fddscs lislcs mcljrds y lugdrds. ³Bobsc hc sd rdeidrd b dscab ifdb fd ecrlbr mcljrds c lugdrds hudvcs, ds fdoir, yb hc

pcsdsivcs d ihfivifubaistbs sihc qud scoibaldhtd scaifbrics3>

iii. Dh Da Lbhieidstc, uhb sudrtd fd ifdbric fda lcvilidhtccjrdrc fd ab épcob b trbvés fda ouba sd jusob boabrbr p÷jaiobldhtd abs prdkuhtbs oaâsiobs fd tcfc lcvilidhtcscoiba c pcaìtioc, abs fd ”quidhds sclcs’ y ”qué qudrdlcs’,mby yb uh aablblidhtc b ilprilir uhb ecrlb fdtdrlihbfb bab hbturbadzb fd oidrtcs bkdhtds scoibaistbs -acs trbjbgbfcrdsbsbabribfcs- oubhfc sd mbjab fd ab hdodsifbf fd ochstituir ba

prcadtbribfc dh oabsd scoiba, y hc dh lcrlchds, edlihistbs,docackistbs u ctrb ocsb.

Dstb pdrspdotivb tidhd fcs ochsdoudhoibs ilpcrtbhtds. Prildrc, ihfiob qud, bhtds fd ab pudstb dh prâotiob fd lcfbaifbfdscrkbhizbtivbs pbrb ocmdsichbr b acs prcadtbrics -c â ctrc ochguhtcfd bkdhtds scoibads, oclc ac ihfiob Lbrx dh sus ocldhtbrics bodrobfda oblpdsihbfc dh Da 2= Jrulbric-, dstcs sch, fdsfd uhb

pdrspdotivb fd oabsd, lbsbs blcrebs. Hc ds qud obrdzobh fd

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ifdhtifbf, pudstc qud acs prcadtbrics sch pbfrds c lbfrds fd ebliaib>erdoudhtdldhtd sch obtÿaiocs, gufìcs, prctdstbhtds c âtdcs> ecrlbh

pbrtd fd uhb ocluhifbf acoba, rdkichba c hboichba och ab ouba

ochtrbdh vìhouacs fd pdrtdhdhoib d ifdhtifbf lâs c ldhcs eudrtds,dto. Pdrc sch ”lbsbs blcrebs’ dh da sdhtifc qud ab uhifbf c ocmdsiÿhfd acs prcadtbrics hc pudfd sdr tclbfb oclc uh rbskc fistihtivc fdéstcs pcr da ldrc mdomc fd coupbr da aukbr fd ”trbjbgbfcrdsbsbabribfcs’ dh ab dstruoturb fd rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh.

Dstc ac sbjd oubaquidr botivistb sihfioba. Acs prcadtbrics,oclc ocadotivc fd bkdhtds scoibads, pudfdh fdsbrrcaabr fdtdrli

hbfbs ecrlbs fd rdaboichblidhtc, fd crkbhizboiÿh y fd booiÿh dhda aukbr fd trbjbgc, Pdrc éstbs pudfdh sdr fd obrâotdr fdpcrtivc youaturba bhtds qud prcpibldhtd krdliba. Ab scaifbrifbf sihfiobadhtrd acs bsbabribfcs ds uh puhtc fd aadkbfb ochstruifc bhtds qud uh

puhtc fd pbrtifb prdsupudstc. Ds pcr dsc qud ab botivifbf fd uhlcvilidhtc fd acs trbjbgbfcrds hc sd ailitb b fdedhfdr da ihkrdsc,da dlpadc y da Jidhdstbr abjcrba fd acs bsbabribfcs> tidhd qud

prdcoupbrsd, dh ecrlb pricritbrib y pdrlbhdhtd, fd ecrgbr y lbhtdhdr uhb ifdhtifbf krdliba dhtré daacs.

_dkuhfc, tba oclc sd bprdoib uhb fistbhoib dhtrd da trbjbgbfcr bsbabribfc y ab ifdhtifbf krdliba, tbljiéh dxistd uhb oabrb fistbhoib dhtrd da prcadtbribfc oclc ochguhtc fd bsbabribfcs y da prc-adtbribfc oclc oabsd sÿoiba. Hc sd trbtb fd prcpchdr uh rdvivba fd ab fistihoiÿh fd ihspirboiÿh mdkdaibhb c auonbosibhb dhtrd ”oabsd dhsì’ y ”oabsd pbrb sì’, fda ochtrbstd dhtrd uh dstbfc fd hbturbadzb obrdhtd fd ochoidhoib y uh dstbfc fd padhituf prdeikurbfc pcr ab rbzÿh. Dh eih, hc sd trbtb fd uh rdtclc ba vidgc dsqudlb aÿkioc qudsukidrd qud ab ”oabsd dh sì’ ds bakc bhâackc b uhb vifb abtdhtd qudochtdhfrìb acs dadldhtcs hdodsbrics pbrb fdsdhobfdhbr su trâhsitÿmboib ab vifb lbhieidstbfd ab oabsd oclc butcochoidhoib fd sì y pbrbsì.

Dstc ds, hc sd pabhtdb qud mbyb uh ”trâhsitc hbturba’ yhdodsbric fd uhb ecrlb fd scaifbrifbf abjcrba b uhb ecrlb fdocmdsiÿh y fd ifdhtifbf prcpibldhtd fd oabsd. Ochstituir uhb oabsdscoiba ds ecrgbr uh tipc fd ocmdsiÿh c ifdhtifbf ouybs lcfbaifbfds

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ochordtbs vbrìbh fd aukbr dh aukbr y ouyc éxitc hc dstâ kbr bhtizbfc pcr ab dxistdhoib fd uhb ocmdsiÿh prdodfdhtd fd acs prcadtbrics oclc bsbabribfcs. Lbrx y Dhkdas ac oclprdhfidrch pdredotbldhtd

jidh, puds fd ac ochtrbric> adlbs tbads oclc ‑¡prcadtbrics, uhics!“,

c ‑ab tbrdb ihldfibtb fd acs pbrtifcs cjrdrcs ds ochstituir ba prcadtbribfc dh uhb oabsd scoiba“, sdrìbh pdredotbldhtd rdfuhfbhtds.

_d pudfd vdr dstc och lbycr fdtdhilidhtc. B hivda fd absrdaboichds scoibads fd prcfuooiÿh, sÿac dxistdh ”trbjbgbfcrds bsbabribfcs’ c prcadtbrics pcr uh abfc, y ”obpitbaistbs’ c fudòcs fd acsldfics fd prcfuooiÿh pcr da ctrc. Bljcs sch, sih aukbr b fufbs,

pcacs ochstitutivcs fd abs rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh. Pdrc mby qudrdochcodr qud, dh sì lislcs, dstcs pcacs hc pudfdh sdr ochsifdrbfcs oclc oabsds scoibads yb ochstituifbs y qud, bfdlâs, abrdaboiÿh dhtrd daacs pudfd c hc sdr bhtbkÿhiob.

Dh ac qud rdspdotb ba bhtbkchislc dhtrd acs pcacs, piéhsdsd, pcr dgdlpac, qud Lbrx mbjab fda lcldhtc fd ochtrbfiooiÿh dhtrdeudrzbs y rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh sÿac oubhfc abs rdaboichds fd

prcfuooiÿh dxistdhtds sd ochvidrtdh dh trbjbs pbrb da fdsbrrcaac fdabs eudrzbs fd prcfuooiÿh. Daac sikhieiob qud, prdvic b dsd lcldhtc,ds pdredotbldhtd ebotijad qud mbybh pdrìcfcs dh acs oubads,b÷h hcsd fbtb ochtrbfiooiÿh. Ochsiférdsd tbljiéh da obsc fda fisourscaijdrba scjrd ab dochclìb pcaìtiob. Da fisoursc hdc-oaâsioc, b trbvésféab aablbfb ‑euhoiÿh fd prcfuooiÿh“. Ocjj-Fcukabs, ochsifdrbba sbabric, ab kbhbhoib y ab rdhtb oclc pbkcs ocrrdspchfidhtds b trds

”ebotcrds fd prcfuooiÿh’ (trbjbgc, obpitba y tidrrb rdspdotivbldhtd) pcr su pbrtioipboiÿh dh da prcodsc prcfuotivc. Bquì tcfc sd rdfuod,dh da pabhc fd ab prcfuooiÿh, b uhb ldrb ocljihbtcrib téohiob dhtrdfistihtcs ”ebotcrds’, y dh da pabhc fda ihkrdsc, b uh silpad prcodscochtbjad y ochtrbotuba tdhfidhtd b obaouabr ab ”rdtrijuoiÿh’ qud adocrrdspchfd b obfb ebotcr pcr sus dseudrzcs. Ab obtdkcrìb fd”dxpactboiÿh’ hc bpbrdod siquidrb oclc prcjadlb pdhsbjad fdhtrc

fd dstd dsqudlb bhbaìtioc.Pdrc si sd ”addh’ acs prcodscs fda âljitc fd ab dochclìb

pcaìtiob b pbrtir fda fisoursc fda lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc, ab pdrodp

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oiÿh ds fiedrdhtd. Fiomc fisoursc ihtdhtb fdlcstrbr trds ocsbs7

(b) Rud ab kbhbhoib fda obpitbaistb fudòc fd acs ldfics fd

prcfuooiÿh hc ds dxtdrhb b ab rdaboiÿh scoiba fd prcfuooiÿh,sihc qud hbod fd daab b trbvés fd su bprcpiboiÿh privbfb fda

pausvbacr c dxodfdhtd kdhdrbfc dh da prcodsc prcfuotivc>

(j) Rud dsd pausvbacr ocrrdspchfd b uh tidlpc fd trbjbgchc rdluhdrbfc ba trbjbgbfcr c prcfuotcr firdotc> y

(o) Rud ab adkisaboiÿh oivia, abjcrba y pdhba, ba adkitilbr abihstituoiÿh fd ab prcpidfbf privbfb, pdrlitdh ab bprcpiboiÿh

privbfb fda dxodfdhtd dochÿlioc scoibaldhtd prcfuoifc’.

Fd bmì qud dstd fisoursc fd ab dochclìb pudfd ochstruir abhcoiÿh fd ”dxpactboiÿh’ oclc cjgdtÿ fd pdhsblidhtc y 1crhcrdbaifbf pbapbjad. B pbrtir fd daab, pudfd ihtdhtbr trbhsecrlbr uhb

rdaboiÿh hc hdodsbribldhtd bhtbkÿhiob (trbjbgbfcrds -obpitbaistbs)dh uhb rdaboiÿh fd bhtbkchislc (trbjbgbfcrds - hc trbjbgbfcrds cdxpactbfcrds). Bhtd bqudaac qud â hivda fd abs rdaboichds scoibadsfd prcfuooiÿh sÿac pudfd sdr vistc oclc fcs ”pcacs’ (trbjbgbfcrdsbsbabribfcs y obpitbaistbs), ab bprcpiboiÿh privbfb fda pausvbacr-qud siljcaizb da fdspcgc fd bakuhcs b ebvcr fd ctrcs- cpdrb oclcldfiboiÿh qud pdrlitd fisodrhir dhtrd uh pctc dxpactbfc y cprilifc, y ctrc dxpactbfc- y cprdscr.

Dstb obrbotdrizboiÿh fda hdxc dhtrd acs fcs pcacs ochstituydda puhtc fd pbrtifb prdailihbr pbrb ab ochstruooiÿh fd fcs ifdhti-fbfds fd oabsd, prcadtbrib y jurkudsb. _d fiod qud ds uh puhtc fd

pbrtifb prdailihbr, pudstc qud ab trbhsecrlboiÿh fd ab rdbaifbfdochÿliob fd ab dxpactboiÿh dh uhb rdbaifbf pcaìtiob rdquidrdldfiboichds lâs oclpadgbs bodrob fda pcfdr y ab cprdsiÿh. Zdquidrd, dhtrd ctrbs ocsbs, dstbjadodr qud da priviadkic qud tidhd daobpitbaistb pbrb crkbhizbr uhiabtdrbaldhtd da prcodsc prcfuotivcfdhctb ab prdsdhoib fd rdaboichds cprdsivbs fd pcfdr dh ab eâjriob>qud ab adkisaboiÿh qud fisorilihb acs fdrdomcs b ab sihfiobaizboiÿh,

;;




b ab mudakb b b ab crkbhizboiÿh pcaìtiob fd acs cjrdrcs ilpaiob abhdodsifbf fd auombr dh da pabhc fda pcfdr pcaìtioc-dstbtba, dto.Oclc fiod _omlitt (5), fdsfd da lcldhtc dh qud ab prcpidfbf pbsb

b sdr ochsifdrbfb oclc pcfdr , ab dxpactboiÿh, bakc purbldhtddochÿlioc, sd brtiouab och ab fclihboiÿh, bakc yb pcaìtioc> och daacsurkd ab pcsijiaifbf fd dstbjadodr uh pudhtd dhtrd dochclìb y

pcaìtiob, c ac qud ds ikuba, surkd ab pcsijiaifbf fd fdlcstrbr oÿlcac ”pcaìtioc’ dldrkd fd ac ”dochÿlioc’.

Dh eih, ab oclpbrboiÿh dhtrd da fisoursc hdcoaâsioc y da fisoursc lbrxistb fd ab dochclìb pcaìtiob pdrlitd visubaizbr da obrâotdr

fisoursivc fd acs cjgdtcs, sdbh dstcs ifdhtifbfds ocadotivbs, ecrlbsfd bhtbkchislcs u cjgdtivcs fd auomb. Hihkuhc fd daacs pudfd sdrochsifdrbfc oclc uh b pricri, oclc ”fbtcs’ qud sd fdsprdhfdh fdab ”rdbaifbf cjgdtivb’. Fdoir, pcr dgdlpac, qud da fisoursc dhuhoibab ”rdbaifbf tba ouba ds’, sÿac pudfd ochsifdrbrsd oclc dhuhoibfcfd obrâotdr ldtbeÿrioc, pudstc qud, oclc ac pabhtdbrb Numh dh sudhsbyc scjrd acs pbrbfiklbs y abs lutboichds oidhtìeiobs (;) y ac

iaustrb ab oclpbrboiÿh dhtrd ab dochclìb hdcoaâsiob y ab lbrxistb,fcs sbjdrds c fisourscs fistihtcs ochstruydh y pdroijdh fcs rdbaifbfds jbstbhtd fisìliads éhtrd sì.

?. Da puhtc fd vistb fda cjgdtivc dstrbtékioc y abs ifdhtifbrfds dxtrb-oabsistbs.

Dh uhb dhtrdvistb ochodfifb ba pdriÿfioc Vmd Hdw Ycrn [crafoa 2= fpguaicfd 2=;2, Lbrx lislc pabhtdbjb dstb ochdxiÿhdhtrd fisoursc y rdbaifbf, dhtrd sbjdr y booiÿh7

‑Zdpcrtdrc7 Dhtchods ld pbrdod qud acs aìfdrds fda hudvclcvilidhtc ihtdrhboichba mbh tdhifc qud fdsbrrcaabr tbhtc

5. Obri _omlitt, Da ochodptc fd ac ”pcaìtioc’ (29?:), Ecaics Dfioichds, Judhcs Birds, 29=6, p. 4=. «

2. Vmclbs Numh, Ab dstruoturb fd abs rdvcauoichds oidhtìeiobs (295:), Echfp fd Ouaturb Dochÿliob, Léxioc, 29;2.

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eiacsceìb oclc tbljiéh uhb bscoiboiÿh pbrb dstd lcvilidhtc.Fr. Lbrx7 Prdoisbldhtd. Ds luy pcoc prcjbjad qud

bvbhzârblcs dh hudstrc oblihc ochtrb da obpitba sifdrivârblcs hudstrbs tâotiobs fd ab dochclìb pcaìtiob fdbakuidh oclc ^Gcmh _tubrt\ Liai. Da mb trbzbfc uh oidrtc tipcfd rdaboiÿh dhtrd trbjbgc bsbabribfc y obpitba. Hcsctrcsdspdrblcs fdlcstrbr qud ds pcsijad dstbjadodr ctrb“ (=).

Oclc sd pudfd bprdoibr, bquì sd pabhtdb ab ochstruooiÿh fd

cjgdtcs dh da ihtdricr fd uh fisoursc fd ac scoiba, y tbljiéh ab pcsijiaifbf fd l÷atipads ochstruooichds fiedrdhtds d ihoausc ocheaiotivbs fd acs cjgdtcs. Daac sikhieiob qud ab trbhsecrlboiÿh fdaocheaiotc fd oabsdX dh rdedrdhtd pbrb pdhsbr ab ifdhtifbf, abs ecrlbsfd oâaouac dstrbtékioc y ab booiÿh fd uh lcvilidhtc qud bpuhtb bascoibaislc hc ds bakc fbfc pcr ab ”hbturbadzb fd abs ocsbs’, sihc lâs

jidh dstbjadoifc pcr uh fisoursc fé ac scoiba -dh dstd obsc, ab tdcrìb

fd ab mistcrib fdsbrrcaabfb pcr Lbrx. Pdrc uhb ochstruooiÿh fisoursivb fda rdedrdhtd hc dstbjadod b éstd oflc tba fd uhb vdz pcr tcfbs,eigc d ihlutbjad pbrb sidlprd. Y ldhcs b÷h pudfd trbhsecrlbr badadldhtc fd oabsd dh da ÷hioc rdedrdhtd pbrb ab ochstruooiÿh fd ifdhtifbfds ocadotivbs, pudstc qud daac ilpchd uh oidrrd iadkìtilcb abs hcoichds fd sugdtc y fd bhtbkchislc oclc obtdkcrìbs fisoursivbs.

Pudstc fd ctrc lcfc, Lbrx pabhtdb uhb rdaboiÿii dhtrd sbjdry booiÿh. Da ”oidrtc tipc fd rdaboiÿh dhtrd trbjbgc bsbabribfc yobpitba’ trbzbfc pcr Lbrx y fda ouba sd fdsprdhfdh tâotiobs pbrb uhbauomb scoibaistb, sd ochcod oclc lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc. _i Lbrxrdochcoìb Ihdxistdhoib fda hdxc dhtrd sbjdr y booiÿh ba fdoir b su.dhtrdvistbfcr qud ab dochclìb pcaìtiob fd Liai hc pcfrìb sdrvir fd

jbsd pbrb dabjcrbr tâotiobs fd uh lcvilidhtc cjrdrc auombhfc

=. Fbvif Edljbom, Vmd Eirst Ihtdrhbtichba bhf Betdrt Vmd Pdhkuih-Lbrx Aijrbry, Hdw Ycrn, 29;6.

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Pujaioboiÿh fd tdxtcs, ilpbotc dh da pabhc fda sbjdr yecrlboiÿh fd dstufibhtds bjrdh b dstd krupc ab pcsijiaifbf fdfdspabzbr abs pdrspdotivbs yb dstbjadoifbs, u ctrbs pdrspdotivbs

rivbads, pbrb bsì ochvdrtir sus pcstuabfcs dh piabrds fd uh hudvcsdhtifc ocl÷h eiacsÿeioc'ilpdrbhtd dh uhb fdtdrlihbfb ocluhifbffd ihtdadotubads. ”Ochsdgc dfitcriba’ y ”pabhds fd dstufic’ ochstituydh, puds, vdrfbfdrcs puhtcs hcfbads fdhtrc fda prcydotc fdobljic prcpudstc pcr dstcs eiaÿscecs7 scjrd daacs ochvdrkd uh paurbafd rdaboichds fd pcfdr> b pbrtir fd daacs ds pcsijad fdsbrrcaabr uh

paurba fd aìhdbs fd booiÿh.

Pdrc si sd pidhsb dh da tipc fd booiÿh qud sd pabhtdb b sì>lislc uh sihfiobtc c uhb bscoiboiÿh fd prcedsichbads uhivdrsitbrics, qud prdtdhfd fdedhfdr ab obusb fd acs prcedscrds dh tbhtctrbjbgbfcrds bsbabribfcs, ds prcjbjad qud hihkuhc fd acs puhtcsbrrijb oitbfcs ochstituybh puhtcs hcfbads fd su rdeadxiÿh y booiÿhdstrbtékiobs. Bhtds jidh, sdrìbh cjgdtivcs pcoc rdadvbhtds -d ihoauscfosobrtbjads- dh su bkdhfb fd pricrifbfds. Pbrb acs prcedscrds

(ihoausc pudfd trbtbrsd fd acs lislcs qud oclpchdh da krupc 0dhudvcs eiaÿscecs), qud ba auombr oclc sihfiobtc bsuldh7 uhbifdhtifbf fd bsbabribfcs bhtds qud fd ihtdadotubads, pcfrìb sdr lâsilpcrtbhtd fdsobaieiobr da pbpda fd sihfiobtcs ”pdadkcs’ (blbriaacs).qud erdhbh abs fdlbhfbs abjcrbads, qud jusobh fdslcviaizbr b abkdhtd y qud cpdrbh oclc ihstbhoibs fd dhoubfrbliohtc ba sdrvioicfd ab bflihistrboiÿh fd ab uhivdrsifbf. C tba vdz cptdh pcr ecrlbr

uh erdhtd ocl÷h och ctrcs sihfiobtcs uhivdrsitbrics pbrb hdkcoibroch da kcjidrhc uhb pcaìtiob sbabriba pbrb acs trbjbgbfcrds fd abdfuoboiÿh , c pbrb dabjcrbr abs prcpudstbs abjÿrbads fd bak÷h pbrtifc

pcaìtioc.Dh dstd obsc, ”ifdhtifbf sihfioba’ y ”uhifbf fd acs trbjbgb

fcrds’ bpbrdodh oclc acs puhtcs hcfbads fda fisoursc y fd abdstrbtdkib fd acs prcedscrds uhivdrsitbrics. Pdrc hihkuhc fd daacs

kczb fd pricrifbf bhtd ”ochsdgc dfitcriba’ c ”pabh fd dstufic’, c baldhcs hc pudfd sdrads ochedrifc uh priviadkic b pricri7 pdrtdhdodhb fcs aÿkiobs, fiedrdhoibfbs, qud dstâh firikifbs y sd fdsdhvudavdh

' dh âljitcs fd pcfdr ikubaldhtd fistihtcs. .

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trbjbgc, acs pdqudòcs bkriouatcrds qud sdfdfiobh. ba ouativc fd prcfuotcs fd rdhtb y abs lihcrìbs éthiobs y rboibads b ldhufc dhtrbhdh uhb fihâliob fd mipdr-dxpactboiÿh ocljihbfb och lcfbaifbfdsfd fisorilihboiÿh sdxuba y éthioc-rboiâa. Pcr uh abfc, pcrqud sudadh pdroijir rdluhdrboichds luy pcr fdjbgc fda vbacr scoibaldhtddstbjadoifc dh sus prcpibs scoidfbfds pbrb ab rdprcfuooiÿh fd uhbeudrzb fd trbjbgÿ coupbfb dh tbrobs siliabrds> pcr ctrc, pcrqudobrdodh kdhdrbaldhtd fd acs fdrdomcs abjcrbads y bsistdhoibadsochquistbfcs c, pcr ac ldhcs, botivbldhtd fdedhfifcs pcr acscjrdrcs prcadtbrics crkbhizbfcs.

j. Ab ebaboib fd ab lbycrìb hulériob.

_dkuhfc, da brkuldhtc dh tclc b ab lbycrìb hulériob fda prcadtbribfc ds tbljiéh oudstichbjad. _i sd tclb da térlihc ”prcadtbribfc’ dh su sdhtifc lâs rdstrihkifc, qud Lbrx bscoibjb och abhudvb lbsb fd trbjbgbfcrds ihfustribads aikbfcs b tbrdbs lbhubads,

lddâhiobs y rdpdtitivbs, och mâjitcs ouaihbrics, lcfcs fd dspbroilidhtc, vbacrds y orddhoibs oabrbldhtd fiedrdhoibfbs fda rdstc fdab pcjaboiÿh, rdsuatb qud dh scoidfbfds obpitbaistbs ochtdlpcrâhdbs, och abs trdldhfbs trbhsecrlboichds courrifbs dh ab dstruoturbÿoupboichba -dxpbhsiÿh fda sdotcr tdroibric fd sdrvioics, ordboiÿhfd hudvcs aukbrds dh da prcodsc fd trbjbgc-, da prcadtbribfc oclctba ochstituyd lâs jidh uhb lihcrìb.

Dh obljic, si sd tclb da térlihc”prcadtbribfc’ dh da sdhtifclâs blpaic qud Lbrx ad bsikhb dh Da Obpitba, vbad fdoir, da fdbkdhtds scoibads fdsprcvistcs fd ldfics fd prcfuooiÿh y fd obpitba,qué ochstituydh ab hudvb lbsb fd trbjbgbfcrds bsbabribfcs surkifcsoch da obpitbaislc y qud sÿac pcsdd su eudrzb fd trbjbgc pbrbihtdrobljibr dh da ldrobfc, dhtchods sì hcs dhochtrbrìblcs och uhblbsb hulériobldhtd lbycritbrib dh ab lbycrìb fd acs pbìsds. Pdrc

dhtchods surkd ctrc prcjadlb, pudstc qud mbjrìb qud ihoauir hc sÿacb acs cjrdrcs qud abjcrbh dh abs dlprdsbs, sihc tbljiéh b acs”lbhbkdrs’ qud hc pcsddh booichds dh sus rdspdotivbs dlprdsbs,bfdlâs fd tcfb ab jurcorboib dstbtba, b acs qud fdsdlpdòbh abjcrds

=6




sdordtbribads, b acs prcedsichbads, brtistbs y, dh kdhdrba, b tcfcs acsq«d trbjbgbh dh da sdotcr ”tdroibric’ fd acs sdrvioics (mctdadrib, turislc, eihbhzbs, dspdotâouacs, trbhspcrtds, ocldroic d ihoausc prcs

tituoiÿh).Bhtd dstb fieiouatbf, y och ab prdcoupboiÿh pcr rdsobtbr abtrbfioichba odhtrbaifbf cjrdrb dh ab auomb scoibaistb, tdÿriocs iheauydhtds oclc Hiocs Pcuabhtzbs mbh cptbfc pcr fdailitbr daochodptc fd prcadtbric fd lbhdrb tba qud oclprdhfb sÿac b acs”trbjbgbfcrds prcfuotivcs’ (9). Pdrc och daac, si jidh sd rdsudavd aboudstiÿh rdaboichbfb och da obrâotdr clhioclprdhsivc qud bfquidrd

mcy ab obtdkcrìb fd ”trbjbgbfcr bsbabribfc’, hc sd rdsudavd ab fdedhsbfda brkuldhtc hulérioc7 da prcadtbribfc pbsb sdr uh sdotcr fdoififbldhtd lihcritbric. Bfdlâs, sd ihtrcfuod uhb hudvb fieiouatbf, abfd dstbjadodr uh oritdric uhiecrld pbrb ldfir uh trbjbgc prcfuotivcy fiedrdhoibrac fd uhc ”hc prcfuotivc’.

o. Ab ebaboib fd ab silpaieioboiÿh fd acs bhtbkchislcs.

Vdrodrc, hc sd silpaieiobrch acs bhtbkchislc fd oabsd òi acsbhtbkchislcs scoibads dh kdhdrba och da fdsbrrcaac fd ab scoidfbf jurkudsb. Ba ochtrbric fd ac qud bukurbjbh Lbrx y Dhkdas dh Da Lbhieidstc bodrob fda ilpbotc qud tdhfrìb da bfvdhilidhtc fd abscoidfbf jurkudsb, épcob fda prdfclihic fíi obpitba, ab dxpdridhoibfdlcstrÿ qud hi ab dxpbhsiÿh fda ocldroic, fd ab ihfustrib y fdaldrobfc luhfiba> hi ab tdhfdhoib b uhb ochodhtrboiÿh lbsivb fd ab

prcfuooiÿh, ab prcpidfbf y ab pcjaboiÿh> òi ab odhtrbaizboiÿh dstbtbafd ab fdoisiÿh pcaìtiob kdstbfb pcr ab ochscaifboiÿh fd acs dstbfcshboichbads jbgc uh scac kcjidrhc, uhb scab ady y uh scac ihtdrés fd

9. Ba rdspdotc, Drhdstc mkoabu mbod uhb orìtiob b Pcuabhtzbs dh ‑Eb-soisl.bhf Ifdcacky“* dhsbyc ihoauifc dh su aijrc Pcaitios bhf Ifdcacky ih Lbrxist

Vmdcry* Hdw Adet Jccns, Achfch, 29;;, p. 22?. Dhtrd acs fivdrscs tdxtcs fd Hiocs Pcuabhtzbs qud bjcrfbh ab tdlâtiob fd abs oabsds scoibads, sd pudfd ochsuatbr Pcfdr pcaìtioc y oabsds scoibads (295=), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;4, pp. 59-==, y Oabssds ih Ochtdlpcrbry Obpitbaisl (29;6), Hdw Adet Jccns, Achfph, 29;;, fivdrsbs sdooichds. /

=4




oabsd, trbgdrch bpbrdgbfcs uhb ordoidhtd fivisiÿh fd acs sugdtcsscoibads dh tclc b acs fcs aukbrds euhfbldhtbads coupbfcs pcr tcsbkdhtds scoibads dh ab dstruoturb fd rdaboichbs fd prcfuooiÿh. Ab tbh

dspdrbfb fivisiÿh fd ab scoidfbf ‑obfb vdz lâs, dh fcs krbhfdsoblpcs dhdlikcs, dh fcs krbhfds oabsds, qud sd dherdhtbh firdotbldhtd7 ab jurkudsìb y da prcadtbribfc“, silpadldhtd hc courriÿ,oclc tblpcoc courriÿ uhb ordoidhtd mclckdhdizboiÿh fdhtrc fdobfb uhc fd dscs ‑fcs krbhfds oblpcs“.

Pcrda ochtrbric, acs bhtbkchislcs fd oabsd sd oclpadgizbrch.Pcr uh abfc, och da lbhtdhilidhtc y ab dxpbhsiÿh fda dspboic

coupbfc pcr uhb pdqudòb jurkudsìb trbhsecrlbfb7 yb hc sd trbtb tbhsÿac fd ldrobfdrds y fudòcs fd pdqudòcs tbaadrds brtdsbhbads oclcdh-da sikac pbsbfc, sihc tbljiéh fd ab lbsb fd pdqudòcs prcpidtbricsfd ocldroics fdtbaaistbs, fd ab jurcorboib, fd acs qud sd fdsdlpdòbhdh abs ”prcedsichds aijdrbads’, dto. Pcr da Ctrc, dstb oclpadgizboiÿhtidhd qud vdr och da lbhtdhilidhtc y ab trbhsecrlboiÿh fdaoblpdsihbfc7 b pdsbr fd ab ldobhizboiÿh fd abs tbrdbs fda bkrc y fd

ab ihtrcfuooiÿh fd rdaboichds sbabribads fd fdpdhfdhoib dh daoblpdsihbfc, éstd ÷atilc lbhtuvc uhb ifdhtifbf obrbotdrìstiob qudac fiedrdhoib fd ab oabsd cjrdrb oclc tba.

Vbljiéh sd lbhtuvidrch abs fivisichds dh da ihtdricr fd aboabsd cjrdrb, jacqudbhfc tcfb ecrlb fd mclckdhdizboiÿh fd abifdhtifbf, fd acs ihtdrdsds, fd abs bspirboichds y abs fdlbhfbs fd abkrbh lbsb mdtdrckéhdb fd bkdhtds scoibads qud coupbr da aukbr fd

”trbjbgbfcrds bsbabribfcs hc pcsddfcrds fd obpitba’ dh ab dstruoturbfd rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh fclihbhtds. Dh ctrbs pbabjrbs, rdsuatbyb ilpcsijad dstbjadodr uhb uhifbf fd booiÿh, cjgdtivcs y oritdricsfd acs trbjbgbfcrds bsbabribfcs sÿac dh virtuf fda aukbr qud coupbhdh abs rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh.

B dstc ochtrijuydrch tds erboturbs trbfioichbads qud pdrsistdh dh da ihtdricr fd ab lbsb fd bsbabribfcs, tbads oclc ab

fistihoiÿh dhtrd trbjbgbfcrds urjbhcs y rurbads c dhtrd trbjbgbfcrdslbhubads y fd ”oudaac jabhoc’ (pcr dgdlpac, dhtrd cjrdrcs yceioihistbs fd uhb pabhtb ihfustriba)> acs ocrtds trbhsvdrsbads, dsfdoir, hc purbldhtd dochÿlioc-oabsistbs, tbads oclc ab fiedrdh

=5




oiboiÿh cjrdrb pcr dthib, rbzb c rdaikiÿh> da prcjadlb fd oabsieiobrb dsoritcrds, brtistbs paâstiocs, botcrds, ihtdadotubads y ctrcs qudochecrlbr ab blpaib kblb fd ”trbjbgbfcrds fd ab ouaturb’> ab

bpbrioiÿh fd hudvcs dstrbtcs abjcrbads tbads oclc acs téohiocs,bhbaistbs, ihvdstikbfcrds y dxpdrtcs dh ”lbrndtihk’> abs hudvbsfivisichds qud mbh ifc surkidhfc dh acs ÷atilcs bòcs cpchidhfc, pcrdgdlpac, b trbjbgbfcrds sdxistbs och hc-sdxistbs, b acs rboistbs ochacs hc-rboistbs c b acs pboieistbs och acs hc-pboieistbs.

Bhtd tba fivdrsifbf dh da ihtdricr lislc fd ab lbsb fdtrbjbgbfcrds, ³jbgc qué oritdric pudfd fdtdrlihbrsd b pricri acs

”ihtdrdsds’, ”bspirboichds’ y ”fdlbhfbs’ fd uhb oabsd cjrdrb ouybdspdoieioifbf rdsuatb obfb vdz lâs fieìoia fd bsir dh jbsd b absochodpoichds scoibaistbs trbfioichbads3 Y dh da obsc fd dhochtrbr uhoritdric kdhdrba qud hc dsté jbsbfc dh da b pricri fda aukbr coupbfcdh abs rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh, ³oÿlc trbhspchdrac ba lcvilidhtcscoibaistb dh su ochguhtc sih obdr dh dsqudlbs rdfuotivcs qudrdfuodh tcfb ifdhtifbf b uhb ifdhtifbf fd oabsd, sih pisctdbr ab

trdldhfb fiedrdhoiboiÿh qud dxistd dhtrd acs l÷atipads pcacs quddstruoturbh ab ifdhtifbf fd acs sugdtcs scoibads3 Dh sulb, fbfb abbusdhoib fd uhb ifdhtifbf mclckéhdb y dh aâ ilpcsijiaifbf fdmclckdhdizbr, mcy, ba lcvilidhtc scoibaistb.dh tclc b uh bljikub”puhtc fd vistb cjrdrc’ qud rdfuoirìb ab fiedrdhoib rdba b uhbifdhtifbf ecrzbfb d ilpudstb, ³oÿlc ecigbr ab uhifbf fda sugdtc yfda lcvilidhtc scoibaistb ochtdlpcrâhdc3

f. Ab ocheusiÿh dhtrd ”dxpactboiÿh’ y ”cprdsiÿh’.

Oubrtc, acs prcadtbrics tblpcoc sch hdodsbribldhtd acs lâscprilifcs. Pbrb ocldhzbr, mby uhb oidrtb bljikñdfbf dh da uscochodptuba fd acs térlihcs ”dxpactboiÿh’ y ”cprdsiÿh’. Dh bakuhcsobscs, da aéxioc pcaìtioc fd ab izquidrfb scoibaistb mb tdhfifc b

yuxtbpchdr acs oblpcs sdlâhtiocs fd bljcs térlihcs, fbhfc oclcrdsuatbfc aìhdbs fd fdlbroboiÿh fieusbs dhtrd daacs. Dh ctrcs, bhtdab prilboìb qud da fisoursc scoibaistb fdoilchÿhioc bsikhb b acdochÿlioc dh ab dxpaioboiÿh fd edhÿldhcs scoibads, sd mb tdhfifc

=;




b fdrivbr uhb obtdkcrìb étioc-pcaìtiob tba oclc ”cprdsiÿh’ fd uhbobtdkcrìb dlihdhtdldhtd dochÿliob oclc ab fd ”dxpactboiÿh’.Dstc, pcsijadldhtd, tidhd qud vdr och ab tdhfdhoib fd botivistbs y

liaitbhtds pcaìtiocs -pdrc hc sÿac fd daacs- fd ocheuhfir dlbhoi* pboiÿh mulbhb och dlbhoipboiÿh fda yukc fda obpitba, fd ifdhtieiobr dh ecrlb iadkìtilb ab uhb och ab ctrb. v

Da ochodptc fd dxpactboiÿh, dh ab trbfioiÿh lbrxistb, tidhdqud vdr och ab prcpidfbf privbfb, och ab ecrlboiÿh fd vbacrdxodfdhtd (pausvbaìb) y och ab bprcpiboiÿh fd dsd vbacr dxodfdhtd

pcr pbrtd fd bakuhcs dh virtuf b acs fdrdomcs qud ab ihstituoiÿh fd

ab prcpidfbf privbfb ads ocheidrd. Ds fdoir, ab hcoiÿh fd dxpactboiÿhdstâ eirldldhtd bhoabfb dh ab dsedrb fd ab prcfuooiÿh lbtdriba.Pcoc ilpcrtb boâ si tbljiéh ihtdrvidhdh fdtdrlihbhtds ”supdrds-truoturbads’ tbads oclc uhb adkisaboiÿh abjcrba, uhb étiob fda trbjbgc,ab rdprd_ÿh pcaioiba c abs ifdcackìbs pcaìtiobs dhtrd abs ochfioichdsqud mbodh pcsijad3 uhb oidrtb lcfbaifbf fd dxpactboiÿh. Da obsc dsqud ab dxpactboiÿh ochstituyd uh ochodptc qud ab trbfioiÿh lârxistâ,

b fiedrdhoib fd ctrbs (oclc pcr dgdlpac, ab aijdrba), bscoib och abecrlb fd bprcpiboiÿh fda dxodfdhtd kdhdrbfc pcr acs trbjbgbfcrdsfirdotcs dh scoidfbfds fd oabsd7 scoidfbfds dh abs oubads acs

prcpidtbrics fda obpitba -y prdoisbldhtd dh virtuf fd dsb prcpidfbf-bfquidrdh uh fdrdomc b bprcpibrsd privbfbldhtd fd dsd pausvbacr.

Cprdsiÿh, dh obljic, ds uh ochodptc rdaboichba qud tidhdqud vdr och ab pdrodpoiÿh fd uhb sugdoiÿh y uhb sujcrfihboiÿh

ihbodptbjad7 tidhd qud vdr och ab rdsistdhoib drikifb pcr bakuhcs qudsd ochsifdrbh b sì lislcs oclc ihsdrtcs dh rdaboichds fd pcfdr qud,dstbhfc scoibaldhtd ihstituifbs, fdjdh sdr obljibfbs b trbvés fd ab prctdstb y ab auomb. Dh dstd sdhtifc, da oblpc fd dedotivifbf fdaochodptc fd cprdsiÿh hc pudfd oirouhsorijirsd b ab dsedrb fd ab prcfuooiÿh lbtdriba tbh sÿac, sihc qud pudfd prdsdhtbrsd dh abdsedrb fd ac pcaìtioc, ac rdaikicsc, ac rboiba, da dspboic jurcorâtioc,

abs rdaboichds dhtrd acs sdxcs, dto. Dh uhb pbabjrb, abs ecrlbs fdcprdsiÿh, oclc abs rdaboichds fd pcfdr, sd dhoudhtrdh dh l÷atipads puhtcs fda tdgifc scoiba.

Ds luy oidrtc qud uh prcadtbric dxpactbfc ds b ab vdz

==




”cprilifc’ ba obrdodr fd ab pcsijiaifâf fd ochtrca y fdoisiÿh dedotivbscjré krbh pbrtd fd su botivifbf octifibhb oclc trbjbgbfcr y oclcoiufbfbhc, pdrc fd bmì hc sd pudfd ihedrir qud tcfb ecrlb fd

cprdsiÿh ocihoifb och bqudaab aikbfb b ab dxpactboiÿh fd oabsd, sdb jurkuésb u ctrb. Dxistdh ctrbs ecrlbs fd cprdsiÿh qud hc pudfdh sdr fdrivbfbs fd ab cprdsiÿh fd oabsd. Pcr ochsikuidhtd, da oblpc'sdlâhtioc coupbfc pcr acs ochodptcs fd dxpactboiÿh y fdcprdsiÿhds fiedrdhtd, y oubaquidr ihtdhtc fd dstbjadodr uhb ifdhtifbf odrrbfbdhtrd daacs ds, hdodsbribldhtd, iadkìtilc.

4. Orisis fda cjrdrislc II. Da fdsbeìc fd abs ”ctrbs’ ifdhtifbfds ocadotivbs.

Pdrc ihoausc ab ecrlb dh qud sd pabhtdb ab oudstiÿh fd> abcprdsiÿh ds yb prcjadlâtiob, pcr oubhtc fb pcr sdhtbfc qud dstdÿriobldhtd pcsijad y pcaìtiobldhtd hdodsbric ifdhtieiobr ouba dsda sdotcr scoiba lâs cprilifc oclc ochfioiÿh fd pcsijiaifbf pbrbab rdeadxiÿh y ab booiÿh scoibaistb. Ds fdoir, dstb ecrlb fd pdhsbr

prdtdhfd ifdhtieiobr b uh sdotcr ouyÿ sdr, ba dhoblbr abs ecrlbsaìlitds fd ab cprdsiÿh dh scoidfbfds fd oabsd, dstâ prdfdstihbfc baifdrbr y b bkrupbr dh tclc suyc -dh tclc b su. prcydotc fdscoidfbf- b tcfbs abs eudrzbs dh auomb pcr uhb fdlcorboib rbfioba'jbgc da scoibaislc. Oclc ac pchd Ocldaius Obstcribfis, dstb j÷squdfb fda lcvilidhtc rdfdhtcr ds uhb pdouaibrifbf fd acsihtdadotubads fd izquidrfb, quidhds ‑mbh jusobfc ochstbhtdldhtd dhbak÷h aukbr uhb ”dhtifbf rdba’ qud fdsdlpdòbsd da pbpda fd sbavbfcrfd ab mulbhifbf, rdfdhtcr fd ab mistcrib“ (20). Objd prdkuhtbrsd,³ds bobsc hdodsbric jtìsobr uh lcvilidhtc ”rdfdhtcr’3 ³Ds bobsc

pcsijad ”rdfilir’ b ab mulbhifbf fd uhb vdz pcr tcfbs, si ochstbhtdldhtd surkdh hudvcs vdgâldhds, hudvbs fdlbhfbs fd ikubafbf,hudvcs puhtcs fd ocherchtboiÿh fdhtrc fd uhb scoidfbf fihâliob3

20. Ocldaius Obstcribfis, ‑Da ihtdadotuba oclc oiufbfbhc“, Da Uidgc Vcpc H® ?=, Jbrodachb, Hcvidljrd 29;9.

=9




Bfdlâs, ab prcaiedrboiÿh fd ecrlbs fd ifdhtifbf y fd lcvilidhtcs scoibads pbrbadacs ba lcvilidhtc dlbhoipbtcric fd acs trb jbgbfcrds pabhtdb hudvcs fdsbeìcs ba cjrdrislc fda fisoursc y ab prâotiob pcaìtiob lbrxistb. Lugdrds, hdkrcs, ihlikrbhtds, mclcsdxubads, pboieistbs, mippids y docackistbs pabhtdbh oudstichds quddxodfdh da mcrizchtd fda sihfiobtc y fd acs pbrtifcs fd ab izquidrfbtrbfioichba3 oudstichds ouyb tdrqbtizboiÿh hc eud siquidrb bjcrfbfb

pcr da scoibaislc fdoilchÿhioc, hi dh su fisoursc hi dh su prcydotcfd scoidfbf. _d crkbhizbh hc sÿac oclc trbjbgbfcrds bsbabribfcs,sihc tbljiéh, y tba vdz euhfbldhtbaldhtd, oclc fiedrdhoibs dh rdaboiÿh ba âljitc fd oudstichds qud ilpuasbrch ba lbrxislc7 su hbturbadzb, sus prcjadlbs y sus fdlbhfbs hc surkdh firdotbldhtd fdacs ilpdrbtivcs fd ab prcfuooiÿh, fd ab dochclìb c fda luhfc fdatrbjbgc. Oclidhzbh b ihkrdsbr dh da tdrritcric fd ac pcaìtioc, sih sdrsidlprd ihvitbfcs b daac, hi fd mdomc jidhvdhifcs pcr ab izquidrfblbrxistb lâs baaâ fd fdoabrboichds prc ecrlb. Dh ab prâotiob, ihfdpdhfidhtdldhtd fd> su pdsc hulérioc, sdb dh ac dadotcrba c dh ac

krdliba, ab prdsdhoib fd dstcs lcvilidhtcs, krupcs d ifdhtifbfdsocadotivbs rdprdsdhtb uh oudstichblidhtc fda obrâotdr lchcaìtiocfda sugdtc pcaìtioc pcpuabr, y uh fdsbeìc b ab ochodpoiÿh fda sugdtcscoibaistb qud ab trbfioiÿh lbrxistb bhoaÿ dh ab dstruoturb fd rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh d ifdhtieioÿ och da prcadtbribfc c oabsd cjrdrb.

Dstbs hudvbs ecrlbs fd ifdhtifbf ocadotivb y fd lcvilidhtcs sch ”hudsvbs’ dh rdaboiÿh b ab ochstdaboiÿh trbfioichba fd eudrzbs

qud mbh coupbfc ab brdhb fd abs auombs scoibads fdsfd da sikac pbsbfc, pbrtiouabrldhtd acs pbrtifcs pcaìtiocs y da lcvilidhtc cjrdrccrkbhizbfc. Dh rdaboiÿh b dstcs ÷atilcs, ochstituydh ldfics batdrhbtivcs pbrb obhbaizbr y prcodsbr fdlbhfbs c, pbrb fdoirac och Jcs-omi, su ”hcvdfbf’ rbfiob scjrd tcfc dh ‑su fdsbeìc b acs obhbads ihstituoichbads fd boodsc ba dstbfc y scjrd tcfc ba lchcpcaic fd pbrtifcs pcaìtiocs y sihfiobtcs oclc ecrlbtcs jâsiocs fd pbrtioipboiÿh

pcaìtiob“ (22).

-22. Zdhbtc Zb÷a Jcsomi, B brtd fb bsscoibobc. Pcaìtiob fd jiisd d fdlcorboib hc Jrbsia , Uértiod, Zìc fd Gbhdirc, 29=;, p. ?=.

90




_u prdsdhoib d ilpcrtbhoib ordoidhtd, sdb dh da tdrrdhc dadotcrba c dh ab pdriedrib fda sistdlb pcaìtioc oclc krupcs fd prdsiÿh,mb prcfuoifc uh fdspabzblidhtc fd acs pbrâldtrcs dh acs oubads abs

eudrzbs trbfioichbads dedotubjbh sus oâaouacs dstrbtékiocs.Dh prildr aukbr, b pdsbr qud acs hudvcs lcvilidhtcs tidhdhdh oudhtb abs ihstituoichds ochtrcabfbs pcr da dstbfc ba dedotubr susoâaouacs dstrbtékiocs, hc ochsifdrbh bì dstbfc oclc da ecoc odhtrbafd su prdcoupboiÿh. Dstcs lcvilidhtcs7

‑_ikhieiobrìbh uh hudvc dstiac fd botuboiÿh pcaìtiob obrbotd

rizbfb pcr da mdomc qud (b) ab booiÿh ocadotivb yb hc ds vistboclc dseudrzc pcr tclbr da bpbrbtc dstbtba, sihc och j÷squdfb fd scauoichds butÿhclbs, y qud (j) daab ochsistd dh ab beirlboiÿh fd ifdhtifbfds ocadotivbs qud b÷h hc sd mbh ihocr-

pcrbfc oclc botcrds pcaìtiocs, tbads oclc bqudaabs jbsbfbsdh da kéhdrc sdxuba, da aukbr fd rdsistdhoib, ab rbzb, dto.“ (2:).

Dh sdkuhfc aukbr, oclc sdòbab Ocméh (2?), sdrìb drrÿhdc pdhsbr bodrob fd dstcs lcvilidhtcs dh térlihcs fd ab vidgbochtrbpcsioiÿh dhtrd rdvcauoiÿh y rdecrlb7 luy pcocs fd acs qué pbrtioipbh dh daacs prcpchdh uhb trbhsecrlboiÿh rdvcauoichbrib dhda sdhtifc fd ab utcpìb ldsiâhiob gbocjihc-adhihistb, qud svupÿhduhb rupturb tctba och ihstituoichds y trbfioichds fda pbsbfc dh brbsfd uhb euturb ocluhifbf ihtdkrbfb d ihfiedrdhoibfb. _ch lcvi

lidhtcs qud rdochcodh ab oclpadgifbf ordoidhtd d irrdvdrsijad fd absscoidfbfds ochtdlpcrâhdbs, y qud pcr daac, hc pchdh da éhebsissilpadldhtd dh ab rdbaizboiÿh euturb fd uh lcfdac utÿpioc, sihclâs jidh dh ab prdsdrvboiÿh y ab fdedhsb fd acs rdourscs hbturbads,fd ab pbz, fd acs fdrdomcs mulbhcs y fd acs fdrdomcs oiviads pbrbab scoidfbf botuba y euturb (26).

2:. Ijif., p. :4.2?. Gdbh A. Ocmdh, ‑Zdtmihnihk _coiba Lcvdldhts“, Jdrndady Gcurhba ce

_coicacky, Uca. ]]UIM, 29=?, pp. 9;-22?.

26. Ijif., p.205.

92




Dh tdrodr aukbr, tblpcoc sd acs pudfd obaieiobr fd ochsdrvbfcrds, pudstc qud sch rbfiobads sih sdr rdvcauoichbrics (24). _u rb-fiobaifbf ochsistd dh sdr, oclc ac eud dh da sikac ]I] da lcvilidhtccjrdrc och sus auombs pcr ihocrpcrbr b acs dxoauifcs ba sistdlb pc

aìtioc ecrlbaldhtd fdlcorâtioc, acs ochtihubfcrds y prceuh-fizbfcrds fd ab rdvcauoiÿh fdlcorâtiob ihioibfb pcr uh aijdrbaislc

jurkués ouycs dspboics p÷jaiocs drbh ihioibaldhtd uhivdrsbads tbhsÿac fd hcljrd (25). Dstcs lcvilidhtcs ochtrijuydh b abfdlcorbtizboiÿh fd ab scoidfbf dh ab ldfifb qud ordbh hudvbsecrlbs fd rdaboichblidhtc y crkbhizboiÿh fdlcorâtiob, y quddxpbhfdh y rdvitbaizbh da fisoursc p÷jaioc y acs dspboics scoibadsdh fchfd sd pudfdh ir ecrlbhfc ifdhtifbfds ocadotivbs (2;). '

Y dh oubrtc aukbr, pcr ac kdhdrba hc ds pcsijad rdfuoir suoclpcsioiÿh scoiba b uhb scab oabsd. _us lcfbaifbfds fd oâaouacdstrbtékioc dsobpbh b uhb obrbotdrizboiÿh dri térlihcs purbldhtdoabsistbs> fd mdomc, sd pudfd fdoir qud dstbs ifdhtifbfds y lcvilidhtcs sch, fdsfd uhb pdrspdotivb fd oabsd, ihfdtdrlihbfcs. Dstbihfdtdrlihboiÿh fd oabsd fd acs hudvcs lcvilidhtcs mb baildhtbfc-ba ldhcs dh da oblpc fd ab izquidrfb scoibaistb- uh fdjbtd dh tclcba sugdtc. Fd éa mbh surkifc trds ochsifdrboichds obfb vdz lâsdvifdhtds, bodrob fd ab hbturbadzb fda sugdtc7

i. , Thb fd daabs ds qud, dh térlihcs kdhdrbads, da sugdtc dsuh ” sih echfc’, dh da sdhtifc qud Obstcribfis (2=) ctcrkb b dsbdxprdsiÿh> obrdod fd uhb dsdhoib ihlbhdhtd y fd uh sustrbtc

euhfbhtd -sdb fd oabsd u ctrc- scjrd da ouba tcfc ac fdlâssd ochstruirìb. Fdsfd da lcldhtc dh qud sd ochsifdrb basugdtc oclc uh ”sih echfc’, tcfc dseudrzj pcr eigbr uhb

24. Ijif., p.20;.

25. Ijif., p.20:. Vbljiéh Jcsomi, cp. oit., p. ?0, rdochcod daac ba ihfiobr qud bakuhcs fd dstcs lcvilidhtcs, tbads oclc da fd lugdrds c da hdkrc, ochtrijuydh

b ab dxpbhsiÿh dedotivb fd ab oiufbfbhìb ba auombr pcr ab ikubafbf fd fdrdomcs dh acs pabhcs ochstituoichba, adkba y pcaìtioc.

Q2. Ijif., pp. 99, 202.

2='. Ocldaius Oâstcribfis, cp. oit.

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ifdhtifbf dspdoìeiob oclc ”prcadtbric’, ”jurkués’, ”obtÿai- -oc.Q ”edlihistb’ u ctrb hbpudfd sdr vistb lâs qud oclc uhihtdhtc pcr eigbr c ailitbr ésd sih echfc. Daac ds prdoisbldhtd

ac qud pdrlitd ab pcsijiaifbf fd trbhsecrlbr ifdhtifbfds ybochstituifbs, fd trbhsecrlbr ab ifdhtifbf fda sugdtc.

ii. Ctrb ds qud, tba oclc ab ifdhtifbf fd acs bkdhtdsscoibads hc sd bkctb ba dstbjadodr su crikdh, fdtdrlihboiÿhc pcsioiÿh fd oabsd, tblpcoc sd bkctb dh ctrcs dadldhtcs (hcsd ds ”sÿac’ pbrbkubyc, obtÿaioc, hdkrc c lugdr). Ds fdoir, hc

pudfd pdhsbrsd dsb ifdhtifbf dh térlihcs fd uhbochstruooiÿh lchcpcsioichba7 bfdlâs fd acs aukbrds qudcoupbh dh da bpbrbtc prcfuotivc ocl.c bsbabribfcs, rdhtistbsc obpitbaistbs, acs bkdhtds scoibads tbljiéh sd ihsdrtbh dh‖ dstruoturbs ebliaibrds, sdxubads, éthiobs, rdaikicsbs, ouaturb- 1ads y hboichbads, pbrb ldhoichbr sÿac bakuhbs. Ihfdpdhfidhtdldhtd fda pdsc rdabtivc qud bfq÷idrdh dh tcs fistihtcs

obscs, obfb uhb fd abs fdtdrlihboichds fda sugdtc ochstituydh vdrfbfdrcs pcacs, pcsioichds c pcsioichbaifbfds bitirouabfcrbs fd su ifdhtifbf (29).

iii. Dh tdrodr aukbr, ab ochstbtboiÿh fd dstb rdbaifbf, dsfdoir, fd ab dxistdhoib fd l÷atipads pcacs qud ochecrlbh abifdhtifbf fd acs bkdhtds scoibads, ochfuod b uhb ochodpoiÿhhdodsbribldhtd lâs oclpadgb bodrob fda sugdtc. Oclcsdòbab Aboabu (:0), dstb oclpadgifbf sikhieiob, pcr uh abfc,

29. Drhdstc Aboabu sckidrd éa térlihc ”pcsioichbaifif’ dh "Vdsis bodrob féab ecrlb mokdlÿhiob fd ab pcaìtiob" (29=0), dh Guaic Ab jbstifb (oclpiabfcr),

Mdkdlchìb y batdrhbtivbs pcaìtiobs dh Blériob Abtihb, _ikac ]]Ì, Léxioc, 29=4.

:0. Uébsd fcs brtìouacs fd Drhdstc Aboabu, ‑Vmd Ilpcssijiaity ce _coidty“,

Obhâfibh Gcurhba c£ Pcaitioâa bhf _coiba Vmdcry, Uca. UII, H° 2-:, wltdr-sprihk G9=?, pp. :2-:6, y ‑Vdsis bodrob fd ab ecrlb mdkdlÿhiob fd ab pcaìtiob“, c/¾. oit., dspdoibaldhtd pp. :?-:4. Uébsd tbljiéh ab dhtrdvistb b D. Aboabu y tetbhtba Lcueed, ‑Mdkdlchìb y hudvcs lcvilidhtcs pcaìtiocs",,

Wchb Bjidrtb H4 ?0, Lbfrif, dhdrc-lbrzc 29=6, pbrtiouabrldhtd pp. 24=-25ß.

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r qud hc ds pcsijad ctcrkbr uh priviadkic fé bhtdlbhc b uh pcac (oabsistb c dxtrb-oabsistb) dh ab ochecrlboiÿh fd abs ifdhtifbfds, y pcr da ctrc, qud hc sd pudfd fdrivbr abs fivdrsbs

pcsioichbaifbfds fda sugdtc b pbrtir fd uhb fd daabs. Da mdomc

. qud uh trbjbgbfcr liaitd dh da sihfiobtc fd su dlprdsb y qud pbrtioipd dh auombs fdlcorâtiobs hbfb hcs fiod bodrob fd suecrlb fd rdaboichblidhtc och su pbrdgb c och ihfivifucs fdctrcs krupcs éthiocs c rdaikicscs7 ds pdredotbldhtd ebotijadqud dsd trbjbgbfcr kcapdd b su lugdr y sdb rboistb.

5. Lbrxislc y hudvcs sugdtcs7 fda fdsochcoilidhtc ba

siluaborc.

Ab rdtiodhoib fda lbrxislc b.rdochcodr ab dspdoieioifbf fddstcs hudvcs lcvilidhtcs, b rdochcodracs oclc fiedrdhoibs dh rdaboiÿh b abs auombs fd oabsd dh ochtrb fd ab prcpidfbf privbfb y absecrlbs pcaìtiobs.jbgc-abs oubads dstb sd dgdrod, mb tdhifc uh ocstc pcaìtioc ochsifdrbjad pbrb da lcvilidhtc cjrdrc y abs crkbhizboichdsscoibaistbs. Acs hudvcs lcvilidhtcs, ouycs liaitbhtds y bfmdrdhtdssch trbjbgbfcrds sih sdr hdodsbribldhtd cjrdrcs aikbfcs b ab prcfuooiÿh ihfustriba, sé mbh ifc ecrlbhfc y fdsbrrcaabhfc ba lbrkdh fd,d ihoausc, dh bakuhcs obscs, dh cpcsioiÿh b abs crkbhizboichds fdoabsd. Och daac, dstbs crkbhizboichds mbh ifc pdrfidhfc krbfubaldhtd ab pcsioiÿh fd aifdrbzkc qud trbfioichbaldhtd tuvidrch dh absauombs pcr ab ikubafbf, ab fdlcorboib, ab gustioib y ab aijdrtbf.

Mcy, sih dljbrkc, da lbrxislc mb bodptbfc ab dxistdhoib fdacs'hudvcs lcvilidhtcs y sus fdlbhfbs oclc uhb rdbaifbf ihdaufijad> tbljiéh mb ifc rdochcoidhfc qud acs bkdhtds scoibads hcochstituydh dhtifbfds silpads, mclckdhdizbfbs pcr da aukbr qudcoupbh dh ab dstruoturb dochÿliob fd ab scoidfbf. _ÿac qué, dh ab prâotiob, sd mb trbtbfc lâs jidh fd uh siluaborc fd rdochcoilidhtc.

Pbrb vdrieiobrac, jbstb och vdr fcs tâotiobs usubaldhtd fdspadkbfbsb tba dedotc.Pcr uh abfc, dstd fdsochcoilidhtc ds fiserbzbfc fd rdoc

hcoilidhtc b trbvés fd uh fispcsitivc brkuldhtbtivc qud dhebtizb

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da obrâotdr oidhtìeioc fda lbrxislc. Och daac, sd jusob fdlcstrbrqud ab ”ochtrbfiooiÿh kdhdrba’ fé uhb scoidfbf, su ocheaiotc odhtrba,sd acobaizb hdodsbribldhtd dh ab dochclìb y sd dhoblb dh ab auomb

fd oabsds. Oÿlc rdsuatbfc, lidhtrbs sd bodptb ab vbaifdz fd mbjabrfd ochtrbfiooichds y ecrlbs fd cprdsiÿh hc oabsistbs, dstbs fdjdhhdodsbribldhtd sujsulirsd jbgc -y dh bakuhbs ihtdrprdtboichds,fdrivbrsd fd- da bhtbkchislc fd oabsd.

Pcr ctrc abfc, sd sudad bpdabr b aâ fistihoiÿh dhtrd obrbotdrìstiobs ”sujgdtivc-ihfivifubads’ y hdodsifbfds ”cjgdtivc-ocadotivbs’. Fd boudrfc b dstb aÿkiob fda siluaborc, si jidh ds. oidrtc qud

uh bkdhtd scoiba pudfd dstbr ihldrsc dh fivdrsbs rdfds fd rdaboichdsy ocheaiotcs -kdhdrboichbads, dh tclc b su crikdh éthioc, oclcobtÿaioc qud liaitb dh uh pbrtifc fd izquidrfb, fdsoujridhfc daedlihislc c dxpacrbhfc su sdxubaifbf-, mby ocheaiotcs ”cjgdtivcs’fiotbfcs pcr ab dochclìb. Oclc éstcs ÷atilcs sdrìbh fdtdrlihbhtdsfda oblihc qud sdkuirâ ab scoidfbf tcfb, tidhdh pricrifbf scjrd acsfdlâs ocheaiotcs y rdfds fd scoibjiaifbf, fdsikhbfcs oclc

”sujgdtivcs’. Pudstc fd ctrc lcfc, bqudaac qud dstâ aikbfc b acs”ctrcs’ aukbrds coupbfcs pcr da bkdhtd (aébsd7X bqudaac qud sd.acobaizb eudrb fd ab dstruoturb dochÿliob), pbsb b sdr ochsifdrbfcoclc supdrdstruoturba, y pcr dhfd, fd ilpcrtbhoib sdouhfbrib(aébsd7 rdadkbfc ba liaésilc aukbr dh ab bkdhfb fd tdlbsscoibaistbs). Pbrb oitbr b Obstcribfis7

‑Th lbrxistb sd vd cjaikbfc b beirlbr qud tcfcs dstcslcvilidhtcs sch pcoc ilpcrtbhtds c sdouhfbrics, c fd acochtrbric fdjd fdgbr fd sdr lbrxistb. Pcrqud su tdcrìb beirlbqué tcfc sd sujcrfihb b abs rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh y b absoabsds scoibads qud éstbs fdeihdh. ³Oÿlc pcfrìb siquidrb pdhsbrsd qud bakc vdrfbfdrbldhtd ilpcrtbhtd prcvdhfrìb fdctrb pbrtd3“ (:2).

:2. Ocrhdaius Obstcribfis, ‑_coibaisl bhf Butchclcus _coidty“, Vdacs H9 6?, Hdw Ycrn, _prihk 29=0, p. 20:.

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Bljbs tâotiobs gudkbh och fcs dadldhtcs hc dhuhoibfcs pcrda fisoursc, och fcs iausichds qud b vdods hc sch pdroijifbs hi pcracs qud susorijdh dstb pdrspdotivb hi pcr bqudaacs qud sch ihtdr

pdabfcs pcr daab7 uhb ds qud fb pcr sdhtbfc bqudaac qud sd fdjdrìb prcjbr, b sbjdr, ab odhtrbaifbf fda âljitc fd ab prcfuooiÿh dh abfdtdrlihboiÿh fd ab hbturbadzb fd uhb scoidfbf y fd sus lcfcs fdtrbhsecrlboiÿh> ab ctrb ds qud sd ocheuhfd, ochsoidhtd c ihvcauhtbribldhtd, da pbpda fd ac dochÿlioc oclc pbrtd fd uhb pdrspdotivbtdÿrioc-dpistdlcaÿkiob (lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc, hcoiÿh fd tctbaifbf> dto.), y da pbpda fd ac dochÿlioc oclc botivifbf ilprdsoih

fijad pbrb ab supdrvivdhoib mulbhb oclc tba. Bljbs tâotiobsbpuhtbh, b su vdz, dh'uhb lislb firdooiÿh7 prdtdhfdh ochvdrtir ab pcsioiÿh fd oabsd fda sugdtc dh uh rdedrdhtd eigc y pricritbric pbrbochecrlbr su ifdhtifbf, ochvdrtir da dadldhtc fd oabsd dh da ocrbzÿhfda sugdtc scoibaistb, y ochvdrtir ab auomb fd oabsd dh uh rdedrdhtd'odhtrba pbrb fdtdrlihbr ab hbturbadzb fd abs auombs pcaìtiobs pcr dascoibaislc.

Oclc ocrcabric fd daac, sd fdsoujrd ab ihvdrsiÿh fd uhb prcpcsioiÿh ecrluabfb pcr Lbrx dh Da Lbhieidstc7 pbrb éa, ‑tcfb suauomb fd oabsds ds uhb auomb pcaìtiob“, pdrc pbrb sus suodscrds,

pbrdodrìb qud ‑tcfb auomb pcaìtiob ds uhb auomb fd oabsds“. Ab prildrb ecrluaboiÿh pudfd aadkbr b ochtdlpabr ab dxistdhoib fdbhtbkchislc pcaìtiocs dxtdlcs b abs oabsds, lidhtrbs qud ab sdkuhfbacs dxoauyd tbxbtivbldhtd. Bsì, oclc dh tcfb pdrspdotivb rdfuo

oichistb, ab euhoiÿh rdedrdhoiba fd ab jbsd dochÿliob, dh tbhtceuhfbldhtc pbrb ab ochstruooiÿh fda sugdtc scoibaistb, dhtcrpdod ab pcsijiaifbf fd dedotubr oâaouacs pcsioichbads hdtbldhtd pcaìtiocs, pudstc qud acs aukbrds coupbfcs pcr acs bkdhtds scoibads dh dabpbrbtc prcfuotivc dstbjadodh, yb fd bhtdlbhc, aìlitds qué sÿac pudfdh sdr trbhskrdfifcs dh ecrlb tâotiob y dh fdtdrlihbfbsocyuhturbs,

³Oÿlc pudfd da scoibaislc lbrxistb rdivihfiobr mcy da pcstuabfc oaâsioc fda lcvilidhtc scoibaistb fd pchdr eih b tcfbs absecrlbs fd dxpactboiÿh y fé cprdsiÿh, si ab auomb scoibaistb dsochodjifb prilcrfibaldhtd oclc auomb fd oabsds3 Och ab prcaied

95




rboiÿh fd lcvilidhtcs auombhfc dh ochtrb fd fistihtbs ecrlbs fdcprdsiÿh dh l÷atipads puhtcs fda tdgifc scoiba, ab silpad bfcpoiÿhfd uhb ”pcsioiÿh fd oabsd’ prcadtbrib dh abs auombs pcaìtiobs yb hc

bkctb ab riqudzb fd fdtdrlihboichds bscoibfbs och da térlihc”prckrdsistb’. Oclc ac pchd Isifrd Lcabs7

‑Zdockdr dh ab tdcrìb b acs trbjbgbfcrds hc-cjrdrcs y da rcaqud tidhdh y vbh b tdhdr dh da euturc, bsì oclc ab ihtdkrboiÿhfd acs lcvilidhtcs ifdcaÿkiocs c rdi vihfiobtivcs surkifcs balbrkdh fd acs ocheaiotcs odhtrbfcs dh da trbjbgc, y abs

ochsdoudhoibs qud daac tidhd dh ab rdhcvboiÿh fd abs dstruoturbs pbrtifistbs pbrb rdockdr abs hudvbs (c vidgbs) rdivihfioboichds ld pbrdod uh dadldhtc oabvd pbrb pcfdr bspirbrb qud dh da euturc ab lbycrìb scoiba (ochfioiÿh fd uhb pcsijadlbycrìb hulériob) pudfb bspirbr b bakuhbs ocsbs. Pbrb acouba ds hdodsbric uh prcydotc vibjad y ordìjad, qud dxprdsdab ocihoifdhoib fd sdotcrds scoibads hc uhieiobfcs bj ihitic.

Dh obsc ochtrbric, abs bspirboichds fda lcvilidhtc cjrdrctrbfioichba qudfbrìbh suldrkifbs dh ab lihcrìb scoiba c sdfdsvbhdodrìbh dh ab prâotiob pcr da prdfclihic fd krupcsscoibads lâs fihâliocs“ (::).

;. Da sugdtc scoibaistb y ab oclpadgifbf fda prdsdhtd7 trds pcsijiaifbfds, uhb scab cpoiÿh pcaìtiob.

Zdochcoidhfc dstc, pbrdodrìb qud mby pcr ac ldhcs trds pcsijiaifbfds prâotiobs pcsijads pbrb dherdhtbr ab situboiÿh dh ac qudrdspdotb ba sugdtc scoibaistb.

Thb fd daabs ds oirouhsorijir da scoibaislc b ab auomb ochtrb da obpitba, ab'prcpidfbf privbfb y abs oabsds fclihbhtds, y b pbrtirfd dsb fdailitboiÿh, fdsaikbrac pcr oclpadtc fd ab tdlâtiob bodrob

fd ab aijdrboiÿh fd rdaboichds fd sujcrfihboiÿh-fclihboiÿh-cprd-

::. Uébsd ab ihtdrvdhoiÿh fd Isifrd Lcabs dh Ab izquidrfb y Durcpb. Fdjbtd fd _ikñdhzb, Dfitcriba Pbjac Ikadsibs, LbfrifX 29=;, p, 25=.

9;




siÿh qud hc sch fd oabsd. Dstc supchd bodptbr uh ordoidhtd bisablidhtc fd abs eudrzbs scoibaistbs, hc sÿac fd acs hudvcs lcvilidhtcs, sihc tbljiéh fd ab lbsb fd bsbabribfcs qud hc sch ihsdh

sijads b acs prcjadlbs fda ldfic bljidhtd, fd ab fisorilihboiÿhsdxuba, fd acs fdrdomcs mulbhcs c fd acs prcjadlbs fd ab pbz. Ysd brridskb, bfdlâs, b ochvdrtir ba prcydotc scoibaistb fd scoidfbfdh uhb adtbhìb obfb vdz ldhcs ordìjad, btrbotivb y bodptbjad.

Ctrb pcsijiaifbf ds ihocrpcrbr abs hudvbs fdlbhfbs y lcvilidhtcs ba prcydotc scoibaistb trbfioichba, c ac qud ds ikuba,lbhtdhdr ab odhtrbaifbf fd ab prcfuooiÿh y fd ab auomb fd oabsds

sulbhfc ac ”hudvc’ b abs jbsds prckrblâtiobs fd ab izquidrfbscoibaistb. Daac hc fieidrd sustbhoibaldhtd fd acs ”siluaborcs’ fdrdochcoilidhtc, pudstc qud hc ilpaiob uh rdboclcfc tdÿrioc sihclâs jidh uh bkkicrhblidhtc puhtuba y ochtihkdhtd pbrb boclcfbrab hudvb rdbaifbf fdhtrc fd ab vidgb' fcotrihb. Oclc fiod_tdflbh-Gchds, ac lâs prcjbjad ds qud ‑da rdsuatbfc fd dstd tipcfd bfioiÿh sdrâ uhb ihocmdrdhoib tdÿriob, uh sdhtifc ocheusc y

ochtrbfiotcric fd abs pricrifbfds pcaìtiobs y, dh da ldgcr fd acsobscs, da dstbjadoilidhtc fd baibhzbs ihstbjads y bfmco" (:?).

Ab tdrodrb fd daabs ochsistd dh rdecrluabr acs dadldhtcs, rdaboichds y dgds rdedrdhoibads fda fisoursc scoibaistb, rdjbsbhfcabs prcpudstbs fda vidgc dsqudlb jbsbfc dxoausivbldhtd dh abochtrbpcsioiÿh obpitba-trbjbgc7 ds prdoisc ihocrpcrbr ifdhtifbfdsqud sd fdsdhvudavdh dh dspboics fd auomb dxtrb-oabsistbs, pbrb bsì

:?. Uébsd ab ihtdrvdhoiÿh fd Kbrdtm _tdflbh-Gchds dh Ab izquidrfb y Durcpb , p.264> Dh dstd lislc fdjbtd (pp.2;:-2;?), Hcrjdrt Adomhdr tbljiéh oudstichb ab tdsis fd ab odhtrbaifbf cjrdrb y aâ cpoiÿh 'bfitivb* fd abs hudvbs fdlbhfbs. _dk÷h éa, yb hc és pcsijad ‑sdkuir pdhsbhfc dh uhb dstrbtdkib fd baibhzbs, jusobhfc bkrdkbr acs ihtdrdsds cjrdrcs b abs hudvbs fdlbhfbs scoibads. Ochsifdrbhfc da fdsbrrcaac tdohcaÿkioc y da fdsdlpadc

dstruoturba, ld prdkuhtc si da trbjbgc sikud sidhfc ab obtdkcrìb odhtrba fd ab ochodpoiÿh scoibaistb fd ab scoidfbf (.. .) Dh tcfc obsc, oidrtcs dstufics (Ceed, Pbsquihc) mbodh tdldr qud uhb dstrbtdkib fd ldrb bkrdkboiÿh fd ihtdrdsds mistÿriocs y hudvcs tdrlihd rdprcfuoidhfc ab erbkldhtboiÿh scoiba, sih ackrbr ochstituir uhb ifdhtifbf pcaìtiob fd izquidrfb*'.

9=




ochstruir uh sugdtc pcpuabrX fdlcorâtioc oclpadgc, ocrrdabtcihfispdhsbjad pbrb ecrgbr uh prcydotc scoibaistb blpaic, fdlcorâtioc y paurbaistb. Pcrqud yb ‑hi mby oabsd c krupc scoiba ihtrìhsdob

y hdodsbribldhtd rdvcauoichbric hi ldsibhislc qud vbakb“> fiod_ujirÿs, sihc uhb ‑sulb fd acs sugdtcs ihfivifubads y ocadotivcsfispudstcs b auombr pcr uh crfdh scoiba y uh lcfc fd vifbbatdrhbtivc“ (:6).

Fd dstbs trds pcsijiaifbfds, sÿac ab tdrodrb ochstituyd uhbcpoiÿh pcaìtiob ordìjad. Abs lbsbs trbjbgbfcrbs sikudh sidhfceuhfbldhtbads pbrb ab ecrlboiÿh fd uh sugdtc pcaìtioc dh auomb pcr

da scoibaislc, pdrc da prcadtbribfc oclc tba mb pdrfifc, irrdldfibjadldhtd, tcfc stbtus fd odhtrbaifbf dh ab ochstituoiÿh fd uhsugdtc scoibaistb oclpadgc dh dstd eih fd sikac. Ab dlbhoipboiÿh hcds priviadkic chtcaúkioc fd hihk÷h sdotcr scoiba> tblpcoc ds yb

pcsijad bedrrbrsd b ab ifdb fd dlbhoipboiÿh uhivdrsba prcldtifb pcrab Iaustrboiÿh7 daac sÿac ds pdhsbjad scjrd ab jbsd fd uhb ifdcackìbfda prckrdsc y uhb pdrspdotivb tdadcaÿkiob fd ab mistcrib. Fdsobr

tbfbs éstbs, sÿac qudfb dspboic pbrb rdivihfiobr tbhtc abbutc-crkbhizboiÿh fd sdotcrds scoibads qud auombh pcr su prcpibdlbhoipboiÿh oclc bsilislc fivdrsbs eÿrluabs fd bkrdkboiÿh qud

pdrlitbh ab ochstruooiÿh fd sugdtcs ocadotivcs sih qud daac bhuad absbutchclìbs rdspdotivbs. Dh sulb, sÿac sd pudfd ocldhzbr b pdhsbr pcaìtiobldhtd uhb pdrspdotivb scoibaistb b ochfioiÿh qud éstd sdsudatd fd abs blbrrbs ifdcaÿkiobs qud ac lbhtidhdh obutivc dh acs

dsqudlbs fda pdhsblidhtc fdoilchÿhioc.

:6. Pdp _ujirÿs, cp.oit.

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2. Crkbhizboiÿh y pcaìtiob.

Abs trbhsecrlboichds scoibads hc sudadh courrir pcr kdhdrboiÿh dspchtâhdb. C, pcr ac ldhcs, lâs baaâ fda obrâotdr dxprdsivcy fdsihtcxiobrìtd qud pudfdh tdhdr ihioibtivbs y lcviaizboichds

ochtdstbtbribs dspchtâhdbs, ab fieiouatbf prâotiob fd lbhtdhdr suochtihuifbf ads rdstb dedotivifbf. _d rdquidrd, pcr ac kdhdrba, abihtdrvdhoiÿh fd ocadotivifbfds fd ihfivifucs lâs c ldhcs crkbhizbfcs qud auombh scstdhifbldhtd pcr ihstituir fdtdrlihbfcsobljics dh ecrlb furbfdrb. .

_bavbtcrd Udob ochsifdrb qud ab Zdvcauoiÿh G£usb fd 292;ochstituyd uh pbrtdbkubs ilpcrtbhtd dh dstd sdhtifc. _dk÷h éa, b

pbrtir fd ab Zdvcauoiÿh Zusb ab crkbhizboiÿh oclidhzb b bfquiriruhb rdadvbhoib ihfisoutijad dh ab aÿkiob fda obljic, dh dspdoiba da pbrtifc pcaìtioc oclc téohiob, prckrblb y crkbhizboiÿh (2). Y daachc sd rdeidrd ÷hiob y dxoausivbldhtd b obljics dedotubfcs pcr ab vìbfd rupturbs rdvcauoichbribs, sihc lâs jidh b ac qud rdspdotb ba pbpdafd ab crkbhizboiÿh dh ab ecrlboiÿh fd krbhfds ocadotivcs mulbhcsoch eudrzb sueioidhtd oclc pbrb ihstituir fivdrscs obljics dh ac

scoiba, ac ouaturba y ac pcaìtioc dh uhb épcob dh ab ouba ab pcaìtiobsd mb ochvdrtifc dh uh bsuhtc fd lbsbs.

Mcy, acs pbrtifcs pcaìtiocs hc sch acs ÷hiocs botcrds ocadotivcs> tbljiéh dstâh acs sihfiobtcs y lcvilidhtcs scoibads qudsurkdh eudrb fd ab dsedrb prcpibldhtd dochÿliob. Pdrc acs pbrtifcssikudh sidhfc ihstruldhtcs euhfbldhtbads fd uhb booiÿh firikifb bbflihistrbr y trbhsecrlbr oudstichds prcpibs fd acs âljitcs fda

2. _bavbtcrd Udob, ‑Zbzÿh y rdvcauoiÿh“, dh Hcrjdrtc Jcjjic, Kiuaibhc Pchtbrb y _bavbtcrd Udob, Orisis fd ab fdlcorboib (29=6), Dfitcriba Brida, Jbrodachb, 29=4, p. ?; y ss.

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dstbfc y fd ab scoidfbf pcaìtiob kcjidrhc, adkisaboiÿh, rdaboichdsihtdrhboichbads, dto. Fdhtrc fd ab trbfioiÿh lbrxistb, Adhih eud

prâotiobldhtd da prildrc dh rdeadxichbr tdÿriobldhtd bodrob fda

tdlb fd ab crkbhizboiÿh pcaìtiob. Da ilpbotc fd su rdeadxiÿh,dspdoibaldhtd audkc fda triuhec jcaomdviqud y ab ochecrlboiÿh fdab III Ihtdrhboichba och ab Thiÿh _cviétiob oclc su dgd odhtrba, sdmizc sdhtir dh tcfbs abs crkbhizboichds scoibaistbs fd ab épcob, sdbhocluhistbs c scoibafdlÿorbtbs. _i och Lbrx sd dstbjadoìb ab ifdbfda pbrtifc oclc dxprdsiÿh fd uhb oabsd scoiba, rdprdsdhtbhtd fd sus”ihtdrdsds’ y bhmdacs, och Adhih daac sd prceuhfizb y sd lcfieiob>

da pbrtifc sd trbhsecrlb dh vbhkubrfib fd ab oabsd, dh crkbhizboiÿh prcedsichba pcr dhoilb fd ab oabsd y dxtdrhb b daab.

:. Ldsibhislc pcaìtioc7 bfiÿs ba pbrbfiklb adhihistb.

Da pbrtifc fd ocrtd adhihistb mb sdrvifc fd lcfdac fd crkbhizboiÿh pcaìtiob, dh tbhtc ochtrijuyd fdoififbldhtd â ab ecrlboiÿh

fd krbhfds ocadotivcs mulbhcs obpbods fd ihtdrvdhir dh ecrlb ochodrtbfb y deiobz, ihordldhtbhfc da dadldhtc rboichba fd ab booiÿh pbrb ackrbr lcfbaifbfds fd oâaouac pcaìtioc dxdhtbs fdihodrtifuljrd. _ih dljbrkc, uhc fd acs puhtcs euhfbldhtbads fdquidjrd fda pbrtifc fd ihspirboiÿh adhihistb ds, prdoisbldhtd, sudlpdòc dh dxpuasbr tcfb cpboifbf ockhcsoitivb pcr ab vìb fd abihstituoiÿh fd uhb mipdr-rboichbaifbf tbh iausb oclc pdrvdrsb y

butcritbrib.Da ”odhtrbaislc fdlcorâtioc’, ab rdaboiÿh siljiÿtiob dhtrd pbrtifc y dstbfc, ab lchcpcaizboiÿh fda pcfdr scoiba y pcaìtioc dhlbhcs fda pbrtifc y da pbpda fé ârjitrc prdoabrc bsikhbfc b uhb”vbhkubrfib’ pbrtifbrib dh ab cridhtboiÿh fd abs eudrzbs scoibads y

pcaìtiobs sch, dhtrd ctrbs, bakuhbs fd abs hcoichds adhihistbs qudbjchbh da tdrrdhc tbhtc pbrb ab bpbrioiÿh fd prâotiobs butcritbribs

oclc tbljiéh pbrb ab ordoidhtd jurcorbtizboiÿh fd ab vifb octifibhb,oclc ac iaustrb ab dxpdridhoib scoibaistb dh da dstbfc scviétioc. Pcrdsc, rdsuatb obfb vdz lâs dvifdhtd qud krbh pbrtd fd abs hcoichdsfdsbrrcaabfbs pcr Adhih y acs jcaomdviquds bodrob fda pbrtifc

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pcaìtioc sd mbh ochvdrtifc, mcy, dh vdrfbfdrcs cjstâouacs pbrb dascoibaislc fdlcorâtioc.

b. Ihtdrdsds y ”ldfics fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh’.

Dh da pdhsblidhtc lbrxistb bodrob fda pbrtifc scoibaistb sd pabhtdb, erdoudhtdldhtd, ab eÿrluab pbrtifc < dxprdsiÿh fd ihtd-rdsds cjgdtivcs fd ab oabsd. _ih dljbrkc, sd trbtb fd uhb eÿrluab

prcjadlâtiob, pcr oubhtc supchd qud prildrc dxistdh dscs ihtdrdsdsdh virtuf fd ab pcsioiÿh coupbfb pcr acs prcadtbrics dh ab dstruoturb

dochÿliob y qud fdspués vidhd da lcldhtc fd su dxprdsiÿh pcaìtiob, ”supdrdstruoturb!’. C, ac qud ds ac lislc, supchd qud da pbrtifc, oclc ldfic fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh, ds tbh scac uh vdmìouac quddxprdsb pcaìtiobldhtd fdtdrlihboichds fd oabsds yb ochstituifbs, padhb d ihfdpdhfidhtdldhtd, dh ab dxistdhoib ”dochÿliob’ fd éstbs.

Dstc ds tbh bjsurfc oclc supchdr qud uh pbrtifc docackistbsilpad y aabhbldhtd ”dxprdsb’ acs ihtdrdsds y abs bspirboichds fd

ihfivifucs fispdrscs qud blbh b ab hbturbadzb ac sueioidhtd oclc pbrb qudrdr ochsdrvbrab fd ab fdprdfboiÿh obusbfb pcr ecrlbsirrboichbads fd dxpactboiÿh ocldroiba y pcr ab ebatb fd ouifbfcs pbrbfispchdr fd acs fdsdomcs ihfustribads. C qud uh pbrtifc edlihistb”dxprdsb’ abs fdlbhfbs fda vbstc ochtihkdhté fd lugdrds qudbhmdabh ochquistbr su ikubafbf gurìfiob, dochÿliob y pcaìtiob bhtduh luhfc fd vbacrds dlihdhtdldhtd lbomistbs. Dh bljcs obscs, dsluy oidrtc qud ab ihstituoiÿh pcaìtiob rdprdsdhtb ”ihtdrdsds’ fdocadotivcs fd docackistbs y edlihistbs, pdrc euhfbldhtbaldhtd,ochstruyd b dsd ocadotivc y su ifdhtifbf oclc tba.

Ba ikuba qud ab ifdhtifbf fd oubaquidr sugdtc ocadotivc, acs”ihtdrdsds cjgdtivcs’ fd uhb oabsd sch ochstruifcs7 prilcrfibaldhtddh da oursc fda tidlpc, b trbvés fd auombs ochordtbs y fd boudrfc ochoritdrics qud vbrìbh fd scoidfbf dh scoidfbf, pcr ac ouba hc sd pudfdochsifdrbr b dscs ”ihtdrdsds’ oclc bakc uhivdrsba y fdtdrlihbjad fduhb vdz pcr tcfbs. Oubhfc Lbrx beirlb qud ab tbrdb ihldfibtb fda

pbrtifc cjrdrc ds ab ochstituoiÿh fda prcadtbribfc dh oabsd scoiba,rdochcod dxpaìoitbldhtd qud hi ab oabsd hi sus ”ihtdrdsds’ pudfdh

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dxistir ihfdpdhfidhtdldhtd fd dseudrzcs pcr ecrgbracs. Pudstc fdctrc lcfc, ab auomb fd oabsds, oclc jidh fiod Przdwcrsni (:), hc dstbh scac ab auomb dhtrd ocadotivifbfds fd bkdhtds padhbldhtd

ochstituifcs> tbljiéh ds uhb auomb pcr ochstituir b ab oabsd y, oclctba, ds uhb tbrdb pdrlbhdhtd qud sd vb fdeihidhfc y rdfdeihidhfc dhda oursc fda tidlpc. Dh térlihcs prâotiocs, daac pabhtdb da prcjadlbfd ab rdaboiÿh dhtrd ac rdprdsdhtbfc -acs ‑ihtdrdsds“- y acs ldficsfd rdprdsdhtboiÿh. Oclc sdòbab Mirst7 •

‑Abs eudrzbs rdprdsdhtbfbs dh ab pcaìtiob dstâh ochstituifbs

pcr ldfics fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh fdeihifcs (pbrtifcs, crkbhizboichds, ifdcackìbs, prckrblbs, dto.). Dstcs ldfics fdjdhbedotbr ac qud rdprdsdhtbh y ochstituydh eudrzbs pcaìtiobsfdeihifbs (...) ^pcr dsc hc sd pudfd\ ochodjir ac rdprdsdhtbfcoclc dxtdrhc, oclc uhb ldfifb butÿhclbldhtd dxistdhtdfd sus ldfics fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh. Abs oabsds hc tidhdh”ihtdrdsds’ fbfcs, dxistdhtds ihfdpdhfidhtdldhtd fd pbrti

fcs fdeihifcs, fd ifdcackìbs, dto., erdhtd b acs oubads pudfbhldfirsd dstcs pbrtifcs, ifdcackìbs. Ac ”rdprdsdhtbfc’ pcr acsldfics fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh hc dxistd eudrb fda prcodsc ocrrds

pchfidhtd. Ac rdprdsdhtbfc hc aadvb sikhc, hc tidhd ldficsfd rdochcoilidhtc eudrb fd acs ochstituifcs pcr sus ldficsfd rdprdsdhtboiÿh“ (?).

Dh ctrbs pbabjrbs, daac pabhtdb ab fieiouatbf fd mbjabr fdihtdrdsds ”cjgdtivcs’ fd ab oabsd ihfdpdhfidhtdldhtd fd sus ldficsfd rdprdsdhtboiÿh. Pdrc dh da pabhc prâotioc, abs lislbs bkrupboichds qud rdtÿriobldhtd sd butcdrikdh dh ”rdprdsdhtboichds fdihtdrdsds’ fdspaidkbh ctrb aÿkiob, ab aÿkiob adhihistb fda ³Rué mbodr37 da pbrtifc oclc bkdhtd dxtdrhc qud ihtrcfuod b abs lbsbs

:. Bfbl Przdwcrsni, ‑Prcadtbribt ihtc b Oabss7 tmd Prcodss ce Oabss Ecrlbtich Ercl Nbutsni’s ‑Vmd Oabss _trukkad“ tc Zdodht Ochtrcvdrsids“, Pcaitios bhf _coidty 6, 29;;.

?. Pbua Mirst, ‑Oabsds dochÿliobs y pcaìtiob“, dh vbrics butcrds, Oabsds y dstruoturb fd oabsds, Dfitcriba Hudstrc Vidlpc, Léxioc, 29=2, pp. 252-25:.

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ab ochoidhoib fd sus ”vdrfbfdrcs ihtdrdsds’. Adhih -mby qudrdocrfbr- mbod ab fistihoiÿh dhtrd da trbfduhichislc y ab ”ochsoidhoib fd oabsd’'tclc tba7 ab uhb, ochsoidhoib purbldhtd ocrpc

rbtivb y dochÿliob, ds ochodjifb oclc da lâxilc aìlitd pcsijad fdbaobhzbr pcr abs lbsbs prcadtbribs si dstbs sch fdgbfbs pcr su oudhtb>ab ctrb, uhb oclpadgb trblb fd fdtdrlihboichds pcaìtioc-ifdcaÿkiobs ochstitutivbs fd ab ochoidhoib ”vdrfbfdrb’, sÿac pcfrìb surkir y prdhfdr dh ab lbsb cjrdrb si ab crkbhizboiÿh pcaìtiob ab ihtrcfuod.

_ÿac qud bmì surkd ctrc prcjadlb7 da fd ab ”rdprdsdhtbtivi-fbf’, ds fdoir, da qud sd rdeidrd ba pdsc fd ab ihstbhoib qud crkbhizb

y ”rdprdsdhtb’' dscs ”ihtdrdsds’. Pcr uhb pbrtd, sd fiod qud ab rdaboiÿhoabsd-pbrtifc hc sd ujiob dh uhb aÿkiob uhifirdooichba fda tipc”ihtdrdsds/dxprdsiÿh fd ihtdrdsds’ pudstc qud, oclc sdòbab Mirst, sdrdochcod qud ab ihstbhoib pbrtifbrib ihtdrvidhd botivbldhtd dh da prcodsc fd ecrlboiÿh, crkbhizboiÿh y fdsbrrcaac fd ihtdrdsds yfdlbhfbs fd ab ocadotivifbf fd bkdhtds scoibads qud ”rdprdsdhtb’.Pdrc, pcr ctrb pbrtd, dstc hc ilpaiob hdodsbribldhtd ab bfcpoiÿh fd

ab eÿrluab adhihistb, qud ochoijd ba pbrtifc oclc da baeb y cldkbfd ab oabsd, fd sus ihtdrdsds y fd sus auombs> ab rdspudstb adhihistbb ab ochstruooiÿh fd acs ihtdrdsds fd oabsd -pbrtifc c ldfic fdrdprdsdhtboiÿh oclc pcrtbfcr fd ib vdrfbfds ikubaldhtd uhifirdooichba7 ochstituyd ab ihvdrsiÿh silétriob, hc ab supdrboiÿh fd ab

pdrspdotivb yb oritiobfb.Ab tdsis adhihistb fda pbrtifc oclc vbhkubrfib dsoabrdoifb mb

fbfc pid b uhb sudrtd fd ”prcjadlâtiob fd abs ihvdstifurbs’ fdhtrcfd ab izquidrfb, ds fdoir, b’uhb pukhb pcr vdr quidh ackrb coupbr daaukbs fd ”vdrfbfdrc rdprdsdhtbhtd’ fd acs ihtdrdsds fd ab oabsd, daaukbr fda ”mdrldhdutb suprdlc’ fd dscs ihtdrdsds. Pudstc fd ctrclcfc, si pbrb Lbrx ab mistcrib mulbhb pudfd sdr dhtdhfifb oclcmistcrib fd abs auombs fd oabsds, hc sdrìb fda tcfc fdsobjdaabfcobaieiobr b ab mistcrib pcaìtiob fd acs krupcs lbrxistbs fd cpcsioiÿh

oclc uhb ihtdrlihbjad auomb fd sdotbs7 kuibfbs pcr uhmipdr-rboichbaislc pdrvdrsc y blpbrbfbs pcr uhb supudstb j÷squdfb fd ab purdzb ifdcaÿkiob, sd prdcoupbh ldhcs pcr ochsdkuirda bpcyc fd abs lbsbs qud pcr drikirsd dh ikadsib vdrfbfdrb fda

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scoibaislc y fd acs sdotcrds pcpuabrds, dh kubrfibhds fda fcklb y pcaioìbs fd abs ”fdsviboichds’ scoibafdlÿorbtbs, pdqudòcjurkud-sbs, ihtdadotubaistbs, dto. ³Bobsc eud ctrb ab -aÿkiob fd ab III

Ihtdrhboichba dh acs bòcs ’?0, oubhfc, bhtd da bukd fda ebsoislc dhDurcpb³ cptÿ pcr obaieiobr fd ”scoibaebsoistb’ b tcfb ihioibtivbhc-ocluhistb y, dspdoibaldhtd, abs kdhdrbfbs pcr acs pbrtifcsscoibafdlÿorbtbs3 Mcy, dstb aÿkiob dxoauydld qud sd gustieiob b sìlislb dh brbs fd ab purdzb ifdcaÿkiob, ³bobsc hc sd ochstbtb-tdficsb d ihtrbsodhfdhtdldhtd- dh da booichbr fd sdotbs lbrxistbsochfdhbfbs b fdsdhvcavdrsd dh buabs uhivdrsitbribs, obeés y, dh

kdhdrba, dh ab pdriedrib fd ac pcaìtioc3Abs tdsis fda pbrtifc oclc dxprdsiÿh fd ihtdrdsds prdochs-tituifcs y ab pukhb sdotbrib pcr bprcpibrsd fd ab ihtdrprdtboiÿhocrrdotb fd tbads ihtdrdsds, obrdodh fd bsifdrc. _ÿac sd ds rdprdsdhtbhtd fd bakc si dsd ”bakc’ dxistd y ad ocheidrd rdprdsdhtbtivifbf,ac ouba ilpaiob uhb tbrdb pdrlbhdhtd fd adkitilboiÿh pbrb lbhtdhdrab dtiqudtb fd ”rdprdsdhtbhtd’. Ba lislc tidlpc, sÿac sd boodfd ba

rbhkc fd rdprdsdhtbhtd ba auombr pcr ochstituir y mbodr ordodr dsd”bakc’ qud sd fiod rdprdsdhtbr c qud sd fdsdb sdkuir rdprdsdhtbhfc.

j. Mdrldhéutiob y vdrfbf7 ab tdcackìb vbhkubrfistb fda pbrbfiklb adhihistb.

Dh su obrtb fd rdhuhoib ba Pbrtifc Ocluhistb fd Omiad,

Badgbhfrc Zcgbs, quidh eudrb furbhtd vbrics bòcs prdsifdhtd fd abEdfdrboiÿh fd Dstufibhtds fd Omiad (EDOM) y fiputbfc dadotc dh da÷atilc pbrabldhtc qud prdodfiÿ ba kcapd fd dstbfc dh 29;?, bpuhtbba hufc fd dstb oudstiÿh. Ba ikuba qud hcsctrcs, Zcgbs hc btrijuydacs prcjadlbs brrijb oitbfcs tbh scac ba pbrtifc y b su ochfuooiÿh,sihc qud acs bscoib firdotbldhtd och ab ochodpoiÿh tdÿriob qudbhilb ba pbrtifc7

‑_u rbìz dstâ dh ab ifdb adhihistb fda pbrtifc fd vbhkubrfibochodjifc oclc bkdhtd pcrtbfcr fd uhb ochoidhoib purb,ihochtblihbfb, aijdrbfb y fdstihbfb b sdr ihtrcfuoifb

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-ilpcrtbfb, fdjdrìb fdoir- b abs lbsbs, ouycs ihtdrdsdscjgdtivcs sdrìbh obutdabfcs y ochcoifcs pcr da pbrtifc och dabuxiaic fd uh ochcoilidhtc oidhtìeioc fd ab rdbaifbf“ (6).

Abs tdsis adhihistbs bodrob fda pbrtifc y su pcstdricr sborb-aizboiÿh ldfibhtd uhb ocfieioboiÿh dstbaihistb sch uh dgdlpac

pbrtiouabrldhtd oabrc fd daac> ochstituydh uh obsc aìlitd dh da qudda fisoursc ihstituoichba dstbjadod rdedrdhtds eigcs y bjscautcs qudhc fdgbh dspboics pbrb ab ecrlboiÿh fd fiedrdhoibs adkìtilbs. ‑Absujcrfihboiÿh ihochfioichba b uhb vcauhtbf ÷hiob ds bjscautbldhtdhdodsbrib pbrb da judh éxitc fd acs prcodscs fd trbjbgc, crkbhizbfcba dstiac fd ab krbh ihfustrib ldobhizbfb“, fiod Adhih dh su fdedhsbfda tby acrislc (4), badkbhfc oclc gustieioboiÿh fd daac ab hdodsifbffd hc fbr vdhtbgbs ba bfvdrsbric, pudstc qud ‑da qud fdjiaitb, pcr

pcoc qud sdb, ab fisoipaihb eérrdb fda pbrtifc fda prcadtbribfc (...),byufb fd mdomc b ab jurkudsìb ochtrb da prcadtbribfc“ (5).

Lâs fd uhc pcfrâ badkbr qud oitbs erbkldhtbribs pudfdh sdrihtdrobabfbs dh uh tdxtc fd lbhdrb tba qud daabs ”fikbh’ ac qud dadsoritcr fdsdb qud fikbh. Ds pcsijad qud hc sd mbkb gustioib b Adhihba hc bkrdkbr acs erbkldhtcs dh acs oubads lbtizb sus beirlboichds,c ba hc dxpaioitbr da ochtdxtc dh da ouba eudrch ecrluabfbs -buhqudsidlprd ds pcsijad blpbrbrsd dh da rdochcoifc prdfclihic fd uhbvdtb butcritbrib y lÿhcaitistb dh sus dsoritcs. Pdrc, ds prdoisbldhtdb trbvés fd uh sistdlb fd oitbs erbkldhtbfbs y, dh bakuhcs obscs,fdsocòtdxtubaizbfbs, qud _tbaih dabjcrÿ su ochodpoiÿh fda pbrtifcy fd ab scoidfbf, tctbaitbrib. _i Adhih pufc dabjcrbr su ”tdcrìb’ fdadstbfc dh Da dstbfc y ab rdvcauoiÿh scjrd ab jbsd fd uhb ihtdrprdtboiÿh fd acs dsobscs dsoritcs fd Lbrx y Dhkdas scjrd ab Ocluhbfd Pbrìs fd 2=;2, _tbaih tbljiéh ochsifdrÿ qud pcfrìb mbodr bakc

6. Badgbhfrc Zcgbs, ‑Dh tclc b abs batdrhbtivbs pcaìtiobs dh Omiad“, Da Jusoÿh Hs :, dhdrc-edjrdrc 29=?, Léxioc.

4. U.I. Adhih , Abs tbrdbs ihldfibtbs fda pcfdr scviétioc, vbribs dfioichds.

5. Oitbfc pcr _tbaih dh Acs euhfbldhtcs fda adhihislc (29:6), Dfioichds dh Adhkubs Dxtrbhgdrbs, Pdnìh, 29;4.

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bhâackc dh rdaboiÿh b Adhih. Dstc ds trbhspbrdhtd ba rdvisbr acsaihdâlidhtcs qud dstbjadod pbrb ab ecrlboiÿh fda pbrtifc tctbaitbricdh da lcvilidhtc scoibaistb (;)7

* Da pbrtifc hc sikud b ab oabsd, sihc qud ab kuìb yochstituyd su dstbfc lbycr,

* Da pbrtifc ds ab sulb y da sistdlb ÷hioc fd abs crkbhizboichds cjrdrbs, sidhfc éstbs ÷atilbs hbfb lâs qud ocrrdbs fd trbhslisiÿh dhtrd oabsd y pbrtifc>

* Da pbrtifc dstâ ocmdsichbfc ldfibhtd uhb fisoipaihbeérrdb, ab ouba ‑ds ihoclpbtijad sih ab uhifbf fd vcauhtbf, sihab uhifbf fd booiÿh, oclpadtb y bjscautb, fd tcfcs acs lidl

jrcs“, y ds pcr daac qud sd ‑dxoauyd tcfc erbooichblidhtc ytcfb fivisiÿh fd pcfdr âa ihtdricr fda pbrtifc“. Ds lâs, ‑da

pbrtifc sd ecrtbadod fdpurâhfcsd fd acs dadldhtcs cpcrtu

histbs“.

_tbaih dstbjadoiÿ su ihtdrprdtboiÿh fd Adhih oclc ab ÷hiobihtdrprdtboiÿh pcsijad y sd butcprcoablÿ ochtihubfcr fda adhihislc. Pcr supudstc qud mujc vcods fisocrfbhtds fdhtrc fd su pbrtifc,

pdrc sd abs ihkdhiÿ pbrb dailihbr -occptboiÿh, oâroda, fdstidrrc, kuabks y bsdsihbtcs ldfibhtd- b tcfc bquda qud ihtdhtÿ fisputbrad

dsd lchcpcaic ockhcsoitivc c jusobr bfdptcs pbrb uhbihtdrprdtboiÿh batdrhbtivb. Da dgd brtiouabfcr fda pdhsblidhtc fd_tbaih y>fd sus dpìkchcs ochtdlpcrâhdcs pchd fd lbhieidstc uhbldhtbaifbf fd sitic (pbrbhcifd, sd pcfrìb fdoir), pabslbfb dh fcsadlbs oclpadldhtbrics.

Thc fd dstcs, ‑acs qud hc dstâh ochlikc dstâh dh ochtrblìb“, dxoauyd ab hdutrbaifbf fda mcrizchtd fd pcsijiaifbfds och qud

sd dherdhtbh acs botcrds dh obfb lcldhtc. Ab dxoauyd pudstc qud

;. Vcfbs abs rdedrdhoibs y abs oitbs sch fd _tbaih, cp. oit., pp. 209-2:?. Da sujrbybfc mb sifc bkrdkbfc.

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ab eÿrluab ””ochlikc c dh ochtrb lìb“ dstbjadod uh obsc aìlitd y pdrvdrsc fd mipdrpÿaitioifbf ba cjaikbr b obfb uhc b fdeihirsd bhtdobfb situboiÿh puhtuba7 ds ab fdoisiÿh somlittibhb (=) ochvdrtifb dh

ilpdrbtivc pdrlbhdhtd, sidlprd rdspdotc ba pbrtifc y ba _dordtbricKdhdrba. Da ctrc, ‑dh uhb oiufbfdab sitibfb tcfb fisifdhoib dstrbioiÿh“, sirvd fd oclpadldhtc ba prildrc7 da obaieiobtivc fd trbifcr, och su dhcrld obrkb vbacrbtivb, pdrlitd guzkbr -y, pbrb tcfcdedotc prâotioc, bjchbr da tdrrdhc pbrb ochfdhbr- b acs qud dstâh ‑dhochtrb lìb“ (ds fdoir, dh ochtrb fd ab ”vdrfbf rdvcauoichbrib’ obutdabfb pcr da pbrtifc).

Da pbrtifc oclc ”vbhkubrfib prdoabrb’, ”kuìb’ y ”dstbfclbycr’ fd abs lbsbs y ”mdrldhdutb suprdlc’ fd sus ihtdrdsds, oclc”uhifbf krbhìtiob’ qud sd ecrtbadod dxpuasbhfc b sus fisifdhtds,ecrlb pbrtd fd uhb ochodpoiÿh tdÿriob y prâotiob fd ab crkbhizboiÿh

pcaìtiob. Dstb bjdrrboiÿh trdldhfbldhtd bhtifdlcorâtiob eud padhbldhtd bvbabfb pcr acs pbrtifcs lidljrcs fd ab III Ihtdrhboichbafurbhtd uhb judhb pbrtd fda pdricfc fd dhtrdkudrrbs (292=-29?9),

oubhfc dstbjb dh jckb ab orddhoib dh ab orisis sih sbaifb fdaobpitbaislc. Lâs b÷h, dstb ochodpoiÿh fd ab crkbhizboiÿh eudihoausc ihocrpcrbfb ba ”bodrvc’ pcaìtioc, tdÿrioc y crkbhizbtivc fddscs pbrtifcs. Hc mby qud cavifbr abs tristdldhtd oéadjrds ‑Ochfioichds fd bflisiÿh fd acs pbrtifcs ocluhistbs dh ab IhtdrhboichbaOcluhistb“, bprcjbfbs dh 29:0 -lidhtrbs Adhih b÷h vivìb- furbhtdda _dkuhfc Ochkrdsc fd ab Ihtdrhboichba. Daabs ihoauydh, dhtrd ctrbs

tbhtbs fdaioibs, ihfioboichds tbads oclc ‑Da PO sÿac pcfrâ oulpairoch su lisiÿh si sd crkbhizb fd ab ecrlb lâs odhtrbaizbfb, si uhbfisoipaihb liaitbr sd dstbjadod dh su sdhc“, c qud acs PO ‑fdjdh prcodfdr b fdpurboichds pdriÿfiobs fd sus crkbhizboichds, pbrbfdsdombr b acs dadldhtcs ihtdrdsbfcs y pdqudeic-jurkudsds“ (9).

=. Obra _omlitt, Da ochodptc fd ac 'pcaìtioc' (29?:), Ecaics Dfioichds, Judhcs Birds, 29=6.

9. Uébsd Acs oubtrc prildrcs ochkrdscs fd ab Ihtdrhboichba Ocluhistb, Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd Hea 6?, Léxioc, 29=:, dspdoibaldhtd pp. 209-226.

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Ac lâs scrprdhfdhtd fda obsc ds qud, dh su krbh lbycrìb, acsfirikdhtds y liaitbhtds fd acs fivdrscs pbrtifcs ocluhistbs bobtbrchdstbs tdsis oclc ochsikhbs ilprdsoihfijads pbrb ackrbr ab ”dlbhoipboiÿh fda prcadtbribfc* y ecrgbr tbhtc uhb ”lcrba rdvcauoichbrib’oclc uhb ”étiob pbrtifbrib’. Mcy, lâs fd vdihtd bòcs fdspués fd sudxpuasiÿh fda Pbrtifc Ocluhistb fd Dspbòb, Edlbhfc Oabufih (20)mbjab fd ab liaitbhoib fd acs bòcs ’?0 y ’60 fioidhfc qud bqudaacs-oclc éa lislc- qud sd mioidrch lbrxistbs-adhihistbs dh dsb épcobvivìbh uhb ”jcrrbomdrb fd rclbhtioislc’, oclpbrtìbh uhb visiÿhldsiâhiob fda obljic, bodptbjbh ab ifdb fd uhb rdvcauoiÿh fchfdabs lbsbs fdjìbh sdr ochfuoifbs buhqud hc pufidrbh dadvbrsd b aboclprdhsiÿh fd su hdodsifbf prcoablbfb pcr da pbrtifc, y fchfd dabotivislc pcaìtioc fdgbjb pcoc tidlpc pbrb ab ecrlboiÿh c abrdeadxiÿh fda liaitbhtd.

Pdrc dstb ”jcrrbomdrb fd rclbhtioislc’ courrìb prdoisbldhtd dh ab épcob fd abs purkbs pbrtifbribs, fd acs guioics pcaìtiocsb acs fisifdhtds y fd abs dgdouoichds dh ab TZ__> fd ab ochscaifboiÿh

fd uh fdspctislc iaustrbfc fda pbrtifc y fda _dordtbric Kdhdrba> fdabsdsihbtc fd Vrctsni dh Léxioc> fda scldtilidhtc fda lcvilidhtcscoibaistb b acs ihtdrdsds pcaìtiocs fd ab TZ__, hc b acs prihoipicsscoibaistbs. ³Ds qud tcfc dstc eud tcadrbfc pcr da jidh fd ab obusb3³Ds qud dxistd uhb obusb obpbz fd gustieiobrac tcfc dh hcljrd fdab rdbaizboiÿh fd uh Jidh bjscautc dh uh eut÷rc adgbhc3 Oclc jidhfiod Ocltd-_pchviaad, ‑Ab ed hcs vudavd lbacs7 si da Jidh dxistd,

tcfc (dh su hcljrd) dstâ pdrlitifc (...). Yb ochcodlcs da rdsuatbfc! Hbfb tbh sbhkridhtc oclc uh ifdba dh da pcfdr“ (22).Och ab csieioboiÿh fda adhihislc dh su vbribhtd dstbaihistb sd

fidrch abs ochfioichds fd pcsijiaifbf pbrb ab ochscaifboiÿh fd uhbpbrbtc jurcorâtioc-rdprdsivc jbgc ab kuisb fd ab ”uhifbf’ y abfdpurboiÿh fd ”ochtrbrdvcauoichbrics’, oclc bsilislc pbrb ab

20. Edlbhfc Oabufih, ‑Ab kdhdrboiÿh fda lbrxislc-adhihislc**, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba HR5, Lbfrif, vdrbhc 29=;, pp. :2-:6.

22. Bhfré Ocltd-_pchviaad, ‑Da judhc, da lbac y da liaitbhtd**, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba Hb 4, Lbfrif, prilbvdrb 29=;, pp. 25-2;.

22:




ochscaifboiÿh fda pbrtifc -pdrc dspdoibaldhtd fda _dordtbricKdhdrba- oclc ârjitrc suprdlc fd ac qud ds ocrrdotc y fd ac qudhc ac ds. Y dh dstc hi Adhih hi _tbaih dstbjbh scacs. Audkc fd ab

ludrtd fd Adhih, Vrctsni oidrtbldhtd sd dhochtrbjb obfb vdz lâsbisabfc dh ab pukhb ihtdrhb fda pbrtifc, y ochstituìb uhc fd acsaìfdrds fd lbycr pdsc pbrb rdsistir ab jurcorbtizboiÿh butcritbrib fda

pbrtifc. Fd mbjdr kbhbfc, tba vdz pcfrìb mbjdr fdsbrrcaabfc uhbcpoiÿh fd pbrtifc y fd dstbfc uh tbhtc ldhcs sbhkuihbrib qud ab qudda pudjac scviétioc mdrdfÿ fd _tbaih.

Pdrc hc sd pudfd dsorijir ab mistcrib rdtrcspdotivbldmtd dh

jbsd b ab dspdouaboiÿh bodrob fd abs judhbs ihtdhoichds fd acsbotcrds, dspdoibaldhtd fbfc qud Vrctsni lislc hc fufbjb dhrdivihfiobr ab ihebaijiaifbf fda pbrtifc. Dh su fisoursc bhtd da ]IIIOchkrdsc fda PO _cviétioc odadjrbfc dh lbyc fd 29:6, Vrctsnibeirlb sih bljikñdfbfds qud ‑Da Pbrtifc tidhd dh ÷atilb ihstbhoibsidlprd rbzÿh, pcrqud da Pbrtifc ds da ÷hioc ihstruimdhtc mistÿriocfbfc ba prcadtbribfc pbrb da oulpailidhtc fd su lisiÿh mistÿriob

(...). Acs ihkadsds tidhdh uh fiomc trbfioichba7 ”Li pbtrib, och rbzÿhc sih daab’. Vcfbvìâoch lbycr gustieioboiÿh mistÿriob pcfrìb fdoirsd7”Li pbrtifc, och rbzÿh c sih daab’“ (2:).

_ih lbycrds dsobabs, ab rdaikiÿh oclc da cpic fda pudjac eudrddlpabzbfb pcr da pbrtifc oclc rdaikiÿh fda pudjac c, ac qud dsikuba, ab tdcackìb abiob fd ab ihebaijiaifbf fda pbrtifc coupÿ da aukbrqud da obtcaioislc bsikhb ba fcklb fd ab ihebaijiaifbf fda Pbpb. Ab

scjdrbhìb fd uh prcadtbribfc supudstbldhtd dlbhoipbfc eud usur pbfb pcr uh pbrtifc ÷hioc, baeb y cldkb fda fdstihc fd ab kdhtd,lcrbfcr dxoausivc y dxoauydld fda hudvc dstbfc scoibaistb. ””Absecrlbs rdbads fd ab pcaìtiob dh ab TZ__ y, b pbrtir fd baaì, dh tcfbsabs scoidfbfds qud sikuidrch su lcfdac fd ”fiotbfurb fda prcadtb-

2:. Oitbfc pcr Gcrkd _dlpr÷h dh ‑Kdhtd fd uhb eboturb bpbrtd. Ab ochodpoiÿh stbaihibhb fda Pbrtifc“, Da Uidgc Vcpc Dxtrb H9 6, Jbrodachb, 29=0, p. ?=. Oclc ac pchd Ocltd-_pchyiaad, cp. oiì., p. 25, ‑fiotbfurb fd acs sbodrfctds c fda pbrtifc7 ds da rdihc fd ab vdrfbf, sidlprd tdrrijad oubhfc prdtdhfd

guzkbr".

22?




fbfc’, ochstituydrch ctrc lcfc pbrtiouabr fd scjdrbhìb7 ab fda pbrtifcfirikdhtdvbhkubrfib fda prcadtbribfc“. (2?).

Ubad ab pdhb oitbr uh erbkldhtc fd Da hcljrd fd ab rcsb, dhda qud Tljdrtc Doc rdsuld bflirbjadldhtd ab ochvdrsiÿh fd uhbfcotrihb pcaìtiob dh tdcackìb, fd uh lcvilidhtc aijdrtbric dh ikadsib,y fd sus pdhsbfcrds y aìfdrds mistÿriocs dh bpÿstcads y prcedtbs7

‑³Y.quiéh fdoifd ouba ds da hivda fd ihtdrprdtboiÿh y ouba daochtdxtc ocrrdotc3 Ac sbjds, luombomc, td ac mbh dhsdòbfc7ab butcrifbf, da ocldhtbristb lâs sdkurc fd tcfcs, da qud

tidhd lâs prdstikic y, pcr tbhtc, lâs sbhtifbf. _i hc, ³oÿlc pcfrìblcs ihtdrprdtbr acs sikhcs luatiecrlds qud da luhfcfdspaidkb bhtd hudstrcs cgcs pdobfcrds3 ³Oÿlc mbrìblcs pbrb hc obdr dh acs drrcrds mboib acs qud da fdlchic hcsbtrbd3“ -

_urkd bsi ab hdodsifbf vitbaldhtd fdlcorâtiob fd ochtrcabr

b ”ab butcrifbf, da ocldhtbristb lâs sbhtc y sdkurc’, ds fdoir,ochtrcabr ba pbrtifc pbrb dvitbr qud éstd sd ochvidrtb dh uh bpbrbtc jurcorâtioc fd ochtrca. Dh ab Vdsis III scjrd Edudrjbom, Lbrx pabhtdb ab prdkuhtd oabvd fd ³quiéh dfuob ba dfuobfcr3> bquì, sdtrbstrcob dh ab prdkuhtb ³quiéh ochtrcab ba ochtrcabfcr3 Fd bmì qudsd fdjd bjbhfchbr tcfc ihtdhtc pcr rdochstruir uh ”puhtc fd vistbobrtdsibhc’, sdb tdÿriob c mistÿriobldhtd gustieiobfc, oclc vìb pbrb

da bjcrfbgd fd oudstichds b rdscavdr pcr uh pbrtifc scoibaistb7fdlcorboib y tba puhtc fd vistb sd dxoauydh lutubldhtd.

2?. Gubh Obracs Pcrtbhtidrc, [D2 scoibaislc oclc ochstruooiÿh fd uh crfdh pcaìtioc fdlcorâtioc“, Fibaéotiob Bòc UI, Hb 22, fioidljrd 29=2. Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab, Léxioc, p. 65, sujrbybfc dh da crikihba, Gboquds Gñaaibrf tbljiéh mbjab fd dsb trbhsedrdhoib fd ab scjdrbhìb fda pudjac ba pbrtifc,

dspdoibaldhtd dh Adhih7 ‑_d pudfd obsi rddsorijir da ochguhtc fd ab cjrb fd Adhih ockidhfc Da ochtrbtc scoiba fd Zcussdbu y pchidhfc ”pbrtifc* obfb vdz qud Zcussdbu dsorijd ”pudjac*. Da pbsc fda Ochtrbtc _coiba ba ³Rué mbodr3 sd mbod fd uhb lbhdrb obsi ldoâhiob". Uébsd ‑Ab izquidrfb y da pcfdr“,

Advibtâh Hs :;, II épcob, Lbfrif, prilbvdrb 29=;, p, =9.

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Fdsobrtds fufÿ fd tcfc furbhtd uh abrkc tidlpc, mbstb quddhochtrÿ bakc ih-fufbjad, lâs baaâ fd tcfb fufb, lâs baaâ fd tcfb pcsijiaifbf fd rdeutboiÿh. Fdsoujriÿ qud pbrb pcfdr fufbr tdhìb qud

pdhsbr, y bsì ab odrtdzb fd ab dxistdhoib fda ockitc, fd uhb ”sustbhoib pdhsbhtd’, sd ochvidrtd dh uhb vdrfbf bjscautb, dh ab jbsd b pbrtirfd ab ouba Fdsobrtds badkb-qud tcfb dlprdsb khcsdcaÿkiob fdjdrâochstruirsd. Pdrc dh uhb épcob oclc ab hudstrb, dh ab ouba tcfbs abseudrzbs pcaìtiobs y uh judh h÷ldrc fd acs dstbfcs trbtbh fdbprcpibrsd fda lbhtc fd ab fdlcorboib, bakc qud dsté lâs baaâ fdtcfb pcsijiaifbf fd rdeutboiÿh ds tbljiéh bakc qud dstâ lâs baaâ fd

ab ihtdrvdhoiÿh fdlcorâtiob. Ab csieioboiÿh butcritbrib fda scoibaislc hibrxistb sd fic prdoisbldhtd b trbvés fd ab ihstburboiÿh fd”puhtcs fd vistb obrtdsibhcs’ oclc acs yb dxpudstcs, dh tclÿ ba

pcfdr scjdrbhc fda pbrtifc y b ab vdrfbf suprdlb d ihochtblihbfbdhoblbfb pcr éstd.

Dh uh luhfc dh da ouba sd rdivihfiob pdrlbhdhtdldhtd dabhmdac fdlcorâtioc, uh ”puhtc fd vistb obrtdsibhc’, qud ocacob ba

pdhsbfcr, ba pbrtifc, ba aìfdr u ctrc dh da aukbr fd ab odrtdzb bjscautbd ihochtdstbjad, sdb pcr da jidh fd ab obusb, ab aijdrboiÿh fd acscprilifcs u ctrc lctivc, ds bakc ihbodptbjad.

o. Crkbhizboiÿh y pcfdr7 da pbrtifc fdvcrb su dhtcrhcscoiba.

Dh rdaboiÿh ba tdlb fd ab fdlcorboib, hc objd fufb quddxistd uh hdxc oabrc dhtrd abs ecrlbs fd crkbhizboiÿh fd uhbihstituoiÿh y acs hivdads fd fisousiÿh, pbrtioipboiÿh y tclb fdfdoisichds fdhtrc fd daab. Bakuhbs ecrlbs ihstituoichbads ecldhtbhab fdlcorboib ihtdrhb lâs qud ctrbs. Da odhtrbaislc fdlcorâtioc,b pdsbr fd su hcljrd, ds uhb fd abs eÿrluabs ldhcs ochfuodhtds bab fdlcorboib. Euhoichb dh jbsd b uh vdrtiobaislc dh ab tclb fd

fdoisichds qud supchd oubhtc ldhcs fcs ocsbs7 pcr uhb pbrtd, oclcyb sd vic, uhb fisoipaihb eérrdb fd acs oubfrcs pbrtifbrics qudkbrbhtiod da bobtblidhtc fd ÿrfdhds dlbhbfbs fd abs butcrifbfds fdab ihstituoiÿh y da oulpailidhtc fd-abs tbrdbs bsikhbfbs pcr éstbs>

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pcr ctrb pbrtd, supchd uh prcodsc fd ochecrlboiÿh fd ab fdoisiÿhdh jbsd b fdaijdrboichds qud sd ihioibh dh acs hivdads ihedricrds yqud bsoidhfdh mboib hivdads ihldfibtbldhtd supdricrds oclc

rdocldhfboichds d ihecrlboichds. Thb vdz aadkbfbs b abs ihstbhoibsfirdotivbs, qud bfcptbh abs fdoisichds, sd ochvidrtdh dh ÿrfdhdsouyc oulpailidhtc ds cjaikbtcric b ac abrkc fd tcfb ab pirâlifdihstituoichba.

_i jidh ds oidrtc qud daac eboiaitb uh euhoichblidhtc deioidhtdy dxpdfitc fd ab lbquihbrib pbrtifbrib, mcy, oubhfc sd pabhtdb abrdivihfioboiÿh fdlcorâtiob fdhtrc fda scoibaislc, da ”odhtrbaislc

fdlcorâtioc’ mb pbsbfc b sdr uh vdrfbfdrc cjstâouac pbrb daac. Dsuh fispcsitivc qud rdprcfuod uhb rdaboiÿh gdrârquiob -rìkifbldhtd gdrârquiob- dhtrd firikdhtds y firikifcs> ds uh fispcsitivc lâs”odhtrbaizbhtd’ qud ”fdlcorâtioc’ qud ochfuod ba prdfclihic fdabpbrbtc pbrtifbric y b ab ordoidhtd bhuaboiÿh fd abs ihioibtivbsbutÿhclbs fd acs lidljrcs fda pbrtifc. Dh ab Thiÿh _cviétiob, daBrt. ?9 fd ab Ochstituoiÿh fd 29;5 botubaldhtd dh vikdhoib, ac

ochsbkrb oclc prihoipic rdotcr pbrb dstruoturbr ab ecrlb fdcrkbhizboiÿh y da lcfc fd euhoichblidhtc fda dstbfc lislc. Fddstb lbhdrb, ab dstruoturb pirblifba fda pbrtifc, qud sujcrfihb tcfbihstbhoib fd fdoisiÿh ba ÿrkbhc ihldfibtbldhtd supdricr, sd rdprcfuod dh da dstbfc, dstbjadoidhfc ochstituoichbaléhtd da prdfclihicfda bpbrbtc jurcorâtioc fda dstbfc scjrd Gbs crkbhizboichds dihioibtivbs fd ab oiufbfbhìb.

. Dstc rdsuatb sulbldhtd hctcric oubhfc sd ochtrbstb ab pcsioiÿh butckdstichbrib bsulifb dh 292;, y ab odhtrbaizboiÿh y pbrtifizboiÿh rbfioba fda pdricfc pcsrdvcauoichbric. Pcoc fdspuésfda triuhec jcaomdviqud, Adhih rdtclÿ ab tdsis fdsbrrcaabfb dh Da dstbfc y ab rdvcauoiÿh bodrob fd ab obpboifbf oubaquidr trbjbgbfcrlbhuba pbrb lbhdgbr da bpbrbtc dstbtba, fioidhfc ac sikuidhtd7

‑¡Oblbrbfbs trbjbgbfcrds! Zdoudrfdh qué bmcrb ustdfds lislcs bflihistrbh da dstbfc. Hbfid acs byufbrâ si Tfs.lislcs hc sd uhdh y tclbh tcfcs acs bsuhtcs fda dstbfc dh

sus prcpibs lbhcs. _us scvidts sch fd bmcrb dh bfdabhtd acs

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ÿrkbhcs fd pcfdr dstbtba, ÿrkbhcs och pcfdrds padhcs, ÿrkbhcs fd fdoisiÿh“ (26).

Pdrc, dh 29:2 mbjaÿ dh ecrlb oclpadtbldhtd fistihtb, beir

lbhfc qud ‑³ Bobsc pudfd tcfc trbjbgbfcr sbjdr oÿlc bflihistrbrda dstbfc3 Ab kdhtd och sdhtifc prâotioc sbjd qud tba ocsb ds uh purcoudhtc fd mbfbs“ (24). Puds jidh, dsd oudhtc fd mbfbs ac ochtÿAdhih lislc uhcs bòcs bhtds, y ac rdpitidrch tbhtcs ctrcs liaitbhtdsocluhistbs fda luhfcdhtdrc furbhtd abs féobfbs qud sikuidrch. Dsoidrtc qud ab hdodsifbf fd fdedhfdr ab rdvcauoiÿh bhtd ab bkrdsiÿhfdsbtbfb fdsfd da dxtdricr cjaikbjb b bsulir ab aÿkiob fd ab kudrrb.

Pdrc ac prcvisichba sd ochvirtiÿ râpifbldhtd dh bakc pdrlbhdhtd.B ebatb fd pdrschba obpboitbfc pbrb dgdrodr abs tbrdbs

bflihistrbtivbs fda dstbfc, acs jcaomdviquds sd vidrch dh ab hdodsifbf fd rdochtrbtbr b huldrcscs euhoichbrics fda vidgc rékildh(oclc tbljiéh tuvidrch qud mbodrac acs badlbhds audkc fd ab IIKudrrb Luhfiba) y ocacobr b lidljrcs fda pbrtifc y b trbjbgbfcrdsoclc ochtrcabfcrds fd dscs euhoichbrics. Bakc pbrdoifc courriÿoch da dgéroitc, pudstc qud sd fiscavidrch acs oclités fdlcorâtiocsfd scafbfcs, vidgcs kdhdrbads eudrch rdstituifcs dh acs lbhfcs fdtrcpb y ab bhtikub fisoipaihb vdrtioba eud rdilpabhtbfb. Dh abseâjriobs, da baidhtc ihioiba b acs oclités fd trbjbgbfcrds qudcpdrbjbh oclc ihstbhoibs bflihistrbtivbs (b÷h oubhfc fd mdomc

pdrfurbjb ab prcpidfbf obpitbaistb) eud rdvdrtifc b ldfifb dh qudsd aadvbjb b objc ab hboichbaizboiÿh fd abs dlprdsbs7 acs sihfiobtcsochtrcabfcs pcr da pbrtifc bsulidrch abs euhoichds fd acs oclitésfd trbjbgbrds. Pbrb 29:2, fiod [cmaecrtm, tcfc da pcfdr scoidtbasd ochodhtrÿ dh lbhcs fd uh scac pbrtifc (25).

26. Oitbfc pcr Vil [cmaecrtm dh ‑Vrbhsìtich tc tmd Vrbhsitich3“, Hdw Adet Z dvidw [ ?0, Achfch, Hcvdljdr-Fdodljdr 29=2, p. ;;. Da sujrbybfc mb sifc bkrdkbfc.

24. Ijif. t

25. Ijij. p. ;5. Muljdrtc fb Oruz sdòbab bakc pbrdoifc ba fdoir qud ab rdvcauoiÿh fd cotujrd, ‑b pdsbr fd mbodrsd dh hcljrd y b trbvés fd acs scvidts, eudsd firikifc y ochtrcabfc pcr da pbrtifc jcaomdviqud qud, fd dsd lcfc, dh ab prâotiob, sustituìb b abs lbsbs dh ab tclb fd fdoisichds“. Uébsd LD2 lcfdac adhihistb fd pbrtifc“, Da Uidgc Vcpc, Dxtrb HR6, Jbrodachb, 29=0, p. ::.

22;




_d trbtb, puds, fda hboilidhtc fd uh pbrtifc fd ocrtd tctbaitbric dh da sdhtifc dstriotc fbfc b ab dxprdsiÿh pcr ab rdeadxiÿh pcaìtiob> uh pbrtifc qud, uhifc dh ecrlb siljiÿtiob och da dstbfc y och

vdrtifc dh odhtrc fé ab fdoisiÿh pcaìtiob, hc sÿac lchcpcaizb uh âl jitc p÷jaioc qud ocihoifd och su dspboic dxoausivc y dxoauydhtd fdbooiÿh, sihc qud, bfdlâs, drcsichb abs prdrrckbtivbs y ab butcrifbffd abs crkbhizboichds scoibads, lbhtdhidhfc ecrlbaldhtd ab dxistdhoib y butchclìb fd éstbs dh jbsd b uhb adkbaifbf qud ds adtrbludrtb (:0).

Pudstc fd lbhdrb dsqudlâtiob, sd pcfrìb fdoir qud da adlb

fd ‑¡tcfc da pcfdr pbrb acs scvidts!", qud ochstituyÿ uhb jbhfdrbbutckdstichbrib y aijdrtbrib fda lcvihVidhtc scoibaistb jcaomdviqudbhtds fd ab rdvcauoiÿh, eud fdspabzbfc audkc fd 292; pcr ab ochsikhbfd ‑¡tcfc da pcfdr pbrb da pbrtifc!“.

Dh sih tdsis, da adhihislc ochoijd ba pbrtifc cjrdrc oclcvbhkubrfib fd ihtdadotubads y liaitbhtds, oclc ”kubrfiâh-dhobrhboiÿh’ fd ab tdcrìb fda fdvdhir mistÿrioc c ochcoilidhtc oidhtìeioc fd

sus ”adyds’, oclc kuìb ihfisoutijad fd ab oabsd, ab scoidfbf y dadstbfc. Mbjabr -oclc erdoudhtdldhtd sd mbod- fd fivdrsbs vìbs bascoibaislc supchd hdkbr b abs tdsis adhihistbs bodrob fd ab pcaìtiob,da dstbfc, ab crkbhizboiÿh y ab dstrbtdkib dstbtus pbrbfiklb qud eigbfd uhb vdz pcr tcfbs acs pbrâldtrcs fd ab booiÿh scoibaistb. Daodhtrbaislc fdlcorâtioc fda pbrtifc, da obrâotdr ochspirbtcric ysdordtc fd ab crkbhizboiÿh pbrtifbrib, su obrâotdr fd ”vbhkubrfib

dsoabrdoifb’ fd ab oabsd y gudz fd acs ”ihtdrdsds cjgdtivcs’ fd éstb,ab supdrpcsioiÿh fd pudstcs pbrtifbrics y pudstcs dh da bpbrbtcdstbtba, da pbpda fd ”kuìb’ fd ab hboiÿh bsikhbfc ba pbrtifc, dto., schhcoichds qud gukbrch uh pbpda prilcrfiba dh ab dstruoturboiÿh fd abdxpdridhoib jcaomdviqud. Pdrc da mdomc fd qud mbybh ochfuoifc buhb rdvcauoiÿh scoibaistb dxitcsb, ab prildrb fd daabs, hc ads ocheidrduhb pcsioiÿh fd rdedrdhtd bjscautc, fd vbaifdz ihlutbjad y uhivdrsba

:0. _tbhisabw Dmraiom, ‑Vmd Zbtichbaity ce Paurbaisl“, Vmd Pcaism _coicackioba Juaadtih, Uca. 46, H: :, 29=2, p. ?2 y ss. Uébsd tbljiéh Oabufd Adecrt, ‑Ab ilbkdh fda oudrpc y da tctbaitbrislc**, Uudatb H9 ;5, Léxioc F.E., lbrzc 29=?, pp. 26-29.

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pbrb tcfb dxpdridhoib scoibaistb. Da pbrbfiklb adhihistb ochstituyd,b ac sulc, uhb cpoiÿh dhtrd ctrbs.

?. Pbrtifcs scoibaistbs7 ab lirbfb mboib ab pcaìtiob.

Pdrc uhb orìtiob fda pbrbfiklb adhihistb hc aadvb tbh sÿac brdombzbr da vbhkubrfislc dsoabrdoifc c da lcfdac scviétioc fdcrkbhizboiÿh pcaìtioc-dstbtba. Vbljiéh mby qud fdsdombr fcsifdbs-eudrzb b abs qud ab trbfioiÿh lbrxistb sd mb bedrrbfc dh ac qudrdspdotb b ab rdaboiÿh dhtrd sugdtc y crkbhizboiÿh pcaìtiob y b abs

lcfbaifbfds fd ihtdrvdhoiÿh pcaìtiob pbrb ihstituir obljics dh uhbfirdooiÿh scoibaistb.

Pcr uhb pbrtd, ds dvifdhtd qud, oclc ochsdoudhoib fd abtdsis-ochsikhb fd ab odhtrbaifbf cjrdrb, mb mbjifc uh prdfclihic fduhb aÿkiob cjrdristb qud ochvidrtd b uh sdotcr fd ab lbsb fdtrbjbgbfcrds bsbabribfcs -acs prcadtbrics- dh edtiomd fda fisoursc yfda prcydeotc fda scoibaislc lbrxistb. Pcr ctrb pbrtd, tbljiéh sd

ochstbtb uh bpdkc b ab ifdb fda pbrtifc-oabsd -da pbrtifc lchc-oabsistb rdprdsdhtbhtd fd acs ”ihtdrdsds’ fda prcadtbribfc- qud sdbutcdrikd dh bpbrbtc fd auomb qud dherdhtb ba dstbfc y b ab oabsdfclihbhtd dh da lbroc fd uhb rdaboiÿh fd dxtdricrifbf purb. Vbhtcab hcoiÿh fda pbrtifc-oabsd oclc ab aÿkiob fda bhtidstbfc mbhdhtrbfc dh orisis> dh uhb épcob fd prdfclihic fd ac pcaìtioc, bljbsfdjdh sdr bjbhfchbfbs.

b. Cobsc fd ab aÿkiob”bhtidstbfc’.. -

Dh ab épcob fd Lbrx, ab ifdb fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh prâotiobldhtdobrdoìb fd sdhtifc, pudstc qud lcvilidhtc cjrdrc y âljitc pcaìtioc-dstbtba sd dherdhtbjbh dh uhb rdaboiÿh fd dxtdricrifbf purb. _ÿac Dhkdas ackrÿ pdroijir abs lutboichds fd ac pcaìtioc-dstbtba qud pdrlitirìbh da surkilidhtc fd uh pbrtifc scoibafdlÿorbtb,sÿac qud hc dabjcrÿ uh pdhsblidhtc ba rdspdotc. Ab ifdb fd uh

pbrtifc cjrdrc dh su ecrlb lcfdrhb bpbrdod rdoiéh och Adhih, ouyc pdhsblidhtc rdecrzbjb ab rdaboiÿh fd dxtdricrifbf dhtrd oabsd y

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dstbfc7 pbrb Adhih, da pbrtifc drb uhb crkbhizboiÿh vbhkubrfistb fdbotivistbs prcedsichbads, sdli-oabhfdstihb y rdvcauoichbrib ouyccjgdtivc drb fdrrcobr b ab jurkudsìâ d ihstburbr uhb fiotbfurb fda

prcadtbribfc> da bpbrbtc pbrtifbric drb ochsifdrbfc oclc uh prctcdstbfc, uh dstbfc dh ecrlb dljrichbrib.

_ih dljbrkc, mby fcs edhÿldhcs qud mbh ifc lcfieiobhfc •dsb rdaboiÿh fd dxtdricrifbf. Thc fd daacs ds ab dxpbhsiÿh fdasuerbkic dh Durcpb y dh ctrcs aukbrds b pbrtir fd eihds fda sikac ]I],ackrbfc jâsiobldhtd krboibs b abrkbs y suerifbs auombs aijrbfbs pcrda lcvilidhtc cjrdrc. Daac pdrlitiÿ ab ihocrpcrboiÿh fd acs

bsbabribfcs (vbrchds prildrc, lugdrds lâs tbrfd) ba oudrpc fdoiufbfbhcs, och tcfcs acs fdrdomcs y cjaikboichds pcaìtiobs qud daacsupchd. Da ctrc ds qud ab ihstituoichbaizboiÿh fd acs pbrtifcs

pcaìtiocs b trbvés fd su ihsdroiÿh ochstituoichba pdrlitiÿ ordbr acslcfdrhcs dstbfcs fd pbrtifcs fd acs qud mbjab Ndasdh (:2) y, ochdaac, uh dspboic pbrb ab pbrtioipboiÿh adkìtilb fd pbrtifcs scoibaistbsdh uhb judhb pbrtd fd acs pbìsds obpitbaistbs.

Dstc trbgc ochsikc trds ochsdoudhoibs pcaìtiobs ilpcrtbhtds pbrb da lcvilidhtc cjrdrc. Prildrc, abs lcviaizboichds cjrdrbs dhtclc ba fdrdomc b vctc botivbrch b uhb eudrzb scoiba, trbhsecrlâhfcab dh eudrzb pcaìtiob, y éstc, b su vdz, pusc dh lbromb uh

prcodsc fd pcaitizboiÿh fd ab «sedrb dochÿliob. Ab ecrlboiÿh fduhb hudvb eudrzb pcaìtiob (da lcvilidhtc cjrdrc) y ab pcaitizboiÿhfd uhb dsedrb scoiba qud da aijdrbaislc ochoijd oclc privbfb (abdochÿliob) ochstituydrch, puds, da prildrc fd dstcs dedotcs pcaìtiocs. Daac ochfugc b uh fdspabzblidhtc fd acs pbrâldtrcs fdhtrcfd acs oubads abs fivdrsbs eudrzbs dh auomb pcr ochquistbr puhtcs fd

pcfdr dh da dspboi« pcaìtioc-ihstituoichba fda tdgifc scoiba fdjdrìbhdedotubr, fd bmì dh lâs, sus oâaouacs pcaìtiocs dh rdaboiÿh b absbaibhzbs, acs oclprcliscs y abs ocherchtboichds.

Dh sdkuhfc aukbr, och daac abs oabsds fclihbhtds yb hc

:2. Mbhs Ndasdh, ‑Ecrlboiÿh fd ab vcauhtbf dh ab fdlcorboib“ (29:9), dh Nurt Adhn y Erbhz Hdulbhh (oclpiabfcrds), Vdcrìb y scoicackìb orìtiob fd acs pbrtifcs pcaìtiocs (295=), Bhbkrblb, Jbrodachb, 29=0, pp. G9=, :0:-:0?.

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pudfdh ilpchdr, oclc ordìbh Lbrx y Dhkdas dh ab épcob dh qudrdfbotbrch Da Lbhieidstc, ‑uh scac ihtdrés fd oabsd“ b ab hboiÿh>dxodptubhfc abs botubads fiotbfurbs liaitbrds c acs rdkìldhds

dxoauydhtds fd fdrdomb, abs oabsds fclihbhtds sd vdh cjaikbfbs, pcrvdz prildrb, b adkitilbr su fclihic, ds fdoir, b jusobr ecrlbsochsdhs÷bads pbrb da dgdroioic fda pcfdr, qud bjbrobh tbhtc b absoabsds qud bobtbh oclc b abs oabsds qud sd cpchdh b tba fclihic. Dadstbfc jurkués sd vudavd bsì hc sÿIq uhb ldzoab vbribjad fd”ocdroiÿh lâs ochsdhsc’, oclc ac dxprdsbrb Krblsoi dh su ochcoifb eÿrluab dsqudlâtiob, sihc qud, bfdlâs, sd ochvidrtd dh

cjgdtivc prilcrfiba fda booichbr fd ab ecrlb-pbrtifc y tdrrdhc fdab ocherchtboiÿh-hdkcoiboiÿh pcaìtiob fd abs oabsds.Y tdrodrc, fdsfd da lcldhtc dh qud ab ochquistb fda suerbkic

pcr pbrtd fd acs bsbabribfcs mbod pcsijad su ihkrdsc dh da sistdlb pcaìtioc-pbrtifbric, da ”pbrtifc-oabsd’ yb hc pudfd sdr da ”dhtdrrbfcrfda obpitbaislc’, da ”prctc-dstbfc’ scoibaistb fda euturc, uh purc ysilpad ‑bhtidstbfc“ (prcadtbric) qud dherdhtb dh da prdsdhtd ba

dstbfc (jurkués) fdsfd beudrb7 sd ochvidrtd dh uh bfvdrsbricadkìtilc, dh uh Ctrc fd ab jurkudsìb qud dherdhtb b éstb dh da ihtdricr fda dstbfc y fd ab scoidfbf pcaìtiob. Pdrc dstc hc sidlprd eud pdroijifc dh su lcldhtc pcr da lcvilidhtc cjrdrc y acs dxpchdhtds fd ab ifdb fda pbrtifc-oabsd. Oclc fiod fd Kicvbhhi7

‑B ldfifb qud da dstbfc ihstituoichbaizb ecrlbs y sugdtcs,

crkbhizb ac scoiba firdotbldhtd c b trbvés fd krbhfdsldfioichds, courrd qud tidhd aukbr, pbrb qudfbrhcs dh abldtâecrb, uh rdochcoilidhtc y uh dherdhtblidhtc. ^Pdrc\lidhtrbs sd vbh rdochstruydhfc acs bpbrbcs fd mdkdlchìbdh rdaboiÿh b acs sugdtcs qud mbh bjbhfchbfc ab pbsivifbf,dh da lcvilidhtc ocluhistb mby quidhds pidhsbh qud pcrdstcs bpbrbtcs hc pbsb ab ”mistcrib’ y pcr tbhtc, dh uhb oidrtb

ldfifb, rdhuhoibh b dhtrbr dh botivifbf (...). Pdrc dhtchods,bhtd uhb visiÿh oclpbotb y aihdba fda dstbfc, lbrobfb b suvdz pcr uhb rdaboiÿh silpad och ab rboichbaifbf fd uh lcfcfd prcfuooiÿh, dì pbrtifc-oabsd rdoclpchd su vifb oclc

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bpbrbtc ikubaldhtd oclpbotc, oclc bhtidstbfc, rdvirtidhfcscjrd sì lislc ab ilbkdh qud sd mb mdomc fd su prcpicbhtbkchistb“ (::).

Ab aÿkiob fda ”bhti-dstbfc’, bhoabfb dh ab ifdb fda prdfclihic fd ab obtdkcrìb fd lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh (fcs oabsds bhtbkÿhiobs, uh sÿac pcfdr dgdroifc oclc lchcpcaic fd ab oabsd dochÿliobldhtd lâs pcfdrcsb), hi siquidrb ackrb fbr oudhtb fd abslutboichds fd ac pcaìtioc y fd ac scoiba dh ac qud rdspdotb b susvidgbs rdivihfioboichds pbrb acs prcfuotcrds7 hc pdroijd qud ab

aÿkiob fd ac pcaìtioc prcpukhbfb pcr da scoibaislc fdoilchÿhioc-dstc ds, ac pcaìtioc oclc rdbaifbf qud sd ochstituyd dh da tdrrdhcfd ac dochÿlioc- oclidhzb b sdr fdspabzbfb pcr uhb aÿkiob fd abikubafbf dochÿliob qud sd beirlb dh da tdrrdhc fd ac pcaìtioc. .

j. ³Pbrtifc uhioabsistb c ihstituoiÿh pcaìtiob3 Fivdrsifbfscoiba, uhifbf prckrblâtiob.

Mcy, hi da lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc hi ab obtdkcrìb fd lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh sirvdh pbrb euhfbr uhb prâotiob pcaìtiob scoibaistb dhdstd eih fd sikac. Dhodrrbfc dh da tdrrdhc fd ab dochclìb, dascoibaislc lbrxistb fd eboturb fdoilchÿhiob hc ackrb fbr oudhtb fdab oclpadgifbf qud bfquidrd da oblpc fda ocheaiotc och ab pctdhoibdxpbhsivb fda dspboic scoiba, ab blpaiboiÿh fda âljitc dstbtba y ab

ecrlboiÿh fd uh dspboic pcaìtioc-pbrtifbric* Lidhtrbs abs vbhkubrfibs dsoabrdoifbs dspdrbh qud abs ”adyds cjgdtivbs’ fd ab mistcriboulpabh och su pbpda fd prcvcobr ab aadkbfb fda liadhic scoibaistb,

pdrsistdh abs dxikdhoibs ochordtbs fd ac octifibhc. Da fdsebsbgd dhtrduh euturc qud bkubrfb ba eihba fda broc iris fd ab ed y uh prdsdhtd qudds vivifc dh da rbadhti fdspctdhoibfcr fd aâ butclbrkihboiÿh mbodqud, fd mdomc, da vbstc tdrritcric fd acs pcaìtiocs sd fdspaidkud b

dspbafbs fda pbrtifc scoibaistb fd vcoboiÿh purbldhtd cjrdristb.::. Jibkic fd Kicvbhhi, ‑Lbrxislc y dstbfc“, dh Zdvistb Bt UcA-D, H: ?, lbyc-bkcstc 29=2, Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb Ldtrcpcaitbhb Bzobpctzbaoc, Léxioc, pp. 9-65.

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_d fdjd bjbhfchbr ab tdsis fda pbrtifc lchcoabsistb. Dh daaìlitd, uhb crkbhizboiÿh pcaìtiob scoibaistb ochodjifb oclc

pbrtifc-oabsd hc pudfd sdr lâs qud ÷h ÿrkbhc fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh

sdotcriba, uh bpbrbtc fd obrâotdr ocrpcrbtivc dlpdòbfc dh bkubrfbrda liadhic fd ab rdfdhoiÿh uhivdrsba bukurbfc pcr acs pdhsbfcrdsfdoilchÿhiocs. Buhqud tbljiéh sd fdjd rdochcodr qud, lâs baaâfd acs dstbtutcs, fd abs ochsikhbs ifdcaÿkiobs y fda adhkubgd

prcsdaitistb fd acs liaitbhtds, ab prâotiob rdba fd acs pbrtifcs fd oabsd,huhob sd rdfugc b uhb purb y silpad rdprdsdhtboiÿh britlétiob fd acs

prcadtbrics dh da dspboic pcaìtioc-pbrtifbric. _ÿac Dhkdas pbrdod

mbjdr mdomc ldhoiÿh b, tba britlétiob dadotcrba. Pdrc ab aÿkiob fda prcadtbribfc oclc ”oabsd uhivdrsba’ dstuvc prdsdhtd dh da fisourscy da pdhsblidhtc fd ab III y IU Ihtdrhboichba.

Hi siquidrb Krblsoi ackrÿ dsobpbr fda tcfc b ab aÿkiob fda pbrtifc-oabsd. Ds oidrtc qud hc ochodjìb ba pbrtifc oclc dxprdsiÿhfd ”ab’ oabsd, sihc lâs jidh oclc ecrgbfcr fd uhb hudvb ”vcauhtbf’ocadotivb fd obrâotdr hboichba y pcpuabr -ds fdoir, fd uhb hudvb

mdkdlchìb. Daac ds uh krbh bvbhod dh rdaboiÿh ba adhihislc. C, pcrac ldhcs, ac ds sidlprd y oubhfc sd trbtd fd uhb mdkdlchìb paurbaistb obpbz fd rdochcodr ab ihdvitbjiaifbf fda fisdhsc y abhdodsifbf fd dhobrbr da prcjadlb fda fisdòc ihstituoichba pbrb aifibroch .da fisdhsc, y hc fd uhb mdkdlchìb crkbhioistb c tctbaitbrib, dsfdoir, fd ab mclckdhdifbf y ab sdldgbhzb ba dstiac fd ab uhbhilifbfecrzbfb fd Ocrdb fda Hcrtd. (:?). Pdrlitd dvitbr abs ochodpoichds

vbhkubrfistbs qud bsikhbh uhb sudrtd fd lchcpcaic fd ab vdrfbf bacs oubfrcs pbrtifbrics. Pdrc tbljiéh mby qud rdochcodr acs aìlitdsfd Krblsoi7 pbrb éa, tcfb vcauhtbf hboichba-pcpuabr, dh tbhtc prcydotc fd mdkdlchìb, sd ochstituyd dh tclc b uhb fd abs ”oabsdseuhfbldhtbads’ fd ab scoidfbf, och ac ouba hc ackrb dsobpbr pcroclpadtc fda dsdhoibaislc oabsistb fd ab III Ihtdrhboichba. Och daac,dstbjadod aìlitds dxtrb-pcaìtiocs y dxtrb-ouaturbads pbrb ab tbrdb

dlihdhtdldhtd pcaìtioc-ouaturba qud ilpaiob ab ifdb fd ”rdecrlb

:?. Gubh Obracs Pcrtbhtidrc, LD2 scoibaislc oclc ochstruooiÿh fd uh crfdh pcaìtioc fdlcorâtioc“, cp. o i t p. 6?. Q

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lcrba’ dlprdhfifb pcr ab hudvb mdkdlchìb c vcauhtbf hboichba-pcpuabr. (:6).

Oÿh ab blpaiboiÿh fd ac pcaìtioc c, lâs dspdoìeiobldhtd, och

ab trbhsecrlboiÿh fd ac pcaìtioc fdjifc b ab dxpbhsiÿh fd ab oiufbfbhìb y ab ecrlbaizboiÿh fd uh dstbfc fd pbrtifcs, hihk÷h pbrtifc

pcaìtioc qud fdeidhfd ”ihtdrdsds fd oabsd’ pudfd ailitbrsd b sdr abdxprdsiÿh fd acs ihtdrdsds fd uhb scab oabsd, sdb prcadtbrib u ctrb.Da oblpc fd ac pcaìtioc ds uh'luativdrsc c uhivdrsc l÷atipad fd pcfdr y rdsistdhoib qud hc sd rdlitdh hdodsbribldhtd b uhb rdaboiÿhodhtrba qud ochtidhd b tcfbs abs fdlâs7 ac ”pcaìtioc’ hc sd rdeidrd tbh

scac b ab rdsistdhoib ochtrb da dstbfc, ”ab oabsd fclihbhtd“ c da ob pitba, pudstc qud da pcfdr hc ds tbh scac dstbtba, oabsistb c eihbhoidrc.

Hc ds qud acs ocheaiotcs fd oabsd fdsbpbrdodh och ab bl paiboiÿh fd ac pcaìtioc y ab fiedrdhoiboiÿh fd ac scoiba, sihc qud sdluatipaiobh y sd fivdrsieiobh acs tipcs fd ocheaiotcs, abs ecrlbs fdauomb, abs fdlâhfbs fd acs botcrds y abs ifdhtifbfds fd acs sugdtcs.Da pbrtifc-oabsd, kuibfc pcr uhb ochodptubaizboiÿh fda ocheaiotcihspirbfb dh ab aÿkiob fd ab ochtrbfiooiÿh fibaéotiob, ds ihobpbz fdfbr oudhtb fd ab vbstdfbf fd ac pcaìtioc7 ab eÿrluab fd ab ochtrbfiooiÿh, ‑B h c b", prdsupchd ab tctbaizboiÿh fda dspboic och-eaiotuba dh jbsd b uh bhtbkchislc odhtrba qud bjbrob y fdtdrlihb bacs rdstbhtds (:4).

:6. Fd Kicvbhhi, cp. oit. Uébsd tbljiéh Riboclc Lbrrblbc, ‑Bhtchic

Krblsoi dh erbkldhtcs“ y Auoic Ocaadtti, ‑Bfiÿs b éa y b Vurbtti“, bljcs dh Ab Oiufbf Euturb H9 5, Judhcs Birds, bkcstc 29=;, p. :4.

:4. Dstbs rdedrdhoibs b ab ochtrbfiooiÿh aÿkiob sch uhb sìhtdsis fd ac qud pabhtdc dh ‑Da fdsdc fd ab aijdrtbf (ab fibaéotiob y ab oudstiÿh fda ctrc)“,

Fbvif y Kcaibtm Bòc ]UI, H® 40, Judhcs Birds, fioidljrd 29=5, pp. 4:-49. Ab tdlâtiob eud ihbukurbfb pcr Auoic Ocaadtti dh uhb dhtrdvistb pujaiobfb dh

Hdw Adet Zdvidw, Achfrds, guaic-bkcstc 29;6, y tbljiéh dh su brtìouac ‑Da prcjadlb fd ab fibaéotiob“, dh vbrics butcrds, Ab orisis fda lbrxislc

Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab, Léxioc, 29;9, dspdoibaldhtd pp. 66-42. Drhdstc Aboabu bjcrfÿ ab tdlâtiob dh ‑Zupturb pcpuaistb y fisoursc“ (29;9), dh Guaic Abjbstifb (oclpiabfcr), Mdkdlchìb y batdrhbtivbs pcaìtiobs dh

Blériob Abtihb, _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29=4. Uébsd tbljiéh Gubh Obracs Pcrtbhtidrc, ‑Fd ab ochtrbfiooiÿh b acs ocheaiotcs“, Ab Oiufbf Euturb H9 :, Judhcs Birds, cotujrd 29=5, p. :6.

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Pcr uhb pbrtd, ab eÿrluab ‑B - hc B“ ds, pcr fdeihioiÿh,dquivbadhtd b ab uhifbf, b ‑2“7 hc sd pudfd sdr ‑B“ y ‑hc B“ balislc tidlpc> tcfc ac qud hc sdb ‑B“ ds ipsc ebotc ‑hc B“. Ubadfdoir, da ctrc (‑hc B“) sd ochvidrtd dh da oclpadldhtc fda uhc(‑B“), och ac ouba sd ochstituyd uhb tctbaifbf odrrbfb. ³Rué pudfdqudfbr eudrb fda ‑2“ fd ab ochtrbfiooiÿh aÿkiob3 Pcr ctrb pbrtd, sida hdxc dhtrd da uhc (‑B“) y da ctrc (‑hc B“) dedotivbldhtd dhkacjbb ab tctbaifbf fd rdaboichds pcsijads, hc dh da sdhtifc fd fdsochcodrab dxistdhoib fd ctrbs rdaboichds, sihc fd ochodjirabs oclc fdrivbfcs fd uh hdxc jâsioc, euhfbldhtba, qud abs ochtidhd jbgc su

ecrlb y qud abs fdtdrlihb och ab fihâliob fd su prcpic lcvilidhtc, dhtchods sd ochoauirìb qud, dh fdeihitivb, sÿac mby uh pcacqud ”vdrfbfdrbldhtd oudhtb’ dh ab ochstituoiÿh fda sdr, fd abifdhtifbf, fda sugdtc oclc tba, sidhfc acs fdlâs silpads boodscricsfd obrâotdr sdouhfbric.

Pdrc, bsì sd tdrlihb hdkbhfc ab dspdoieioifbf fd tcfcbhtbkchislc qud hc sdb da bhtbkchislc fd oabsd, cjaikbhfc ba

bhâaisis b rdlitirsd ihvbribjadldhtd ba ”bhtbkchislc euhfbldhtba’ pbrb rdochstruir ab tctbaifbf pcsijad y tclbr ihtdaikijads b abscpcsioichds rdstbhtds. Bfdlâs, fbfc qud acs sugdtcs ocadotivcs hcsch sÿac ”prcadtbrics’, sihc tbljiéh oiufbfbhcs, lugdrds, oblpdsihcs sih tidrrb, ihquiaihcs, pboieistbs c fdedhscrds fd fdrdomcsmulbhcs, ds dvifdhtd qud acs ocheaiotcs pcaìtiocs y scoibads hc schlchc-aÿkiocs hi. bjscrjdh tcfb ab botivifbf fd dscs sugdtcs7

dxodptubhfc situboichds fd kudrrb, ac pcaìtioc y ac scoiba sdobrbotdrizbh pcr ocheaiotcs fda tipc ‑B J“, ds fdoir, ocheaiotcs qudhc oclprcldtdh b ab tctbaifbf fd ab oclpadgb ifdhtifbf fda sugdtc.Vcfb vdz qud sd pidhsdh acs bhtbkchislcs b pbrtir fd uhb ochtrbfiooiÿh aÿkiob, surkd ab tdhtboiÿh fd prcydotbr su baobhod b abtctbaifbf fda oclpadgc luativdrsc fd ocheaiotcs7 surkd ab pcsijiaifbfrdba fd sujsulir dsd luativdrsc jbgc ab ékifb fd uhb ochtrbfiooiÿh

clhioclprdhsivb -dh dstd obsc, ab rboichbaifbf lchcaÿkiob fdabhtbkchislc fd oabsd- fdtdrlihbhtd fda sdhtifc fd abs fdlâscpcsioichds dh prildrb, sdkuhfb c dh ÷atilb ihstbhoib.

Ds pcr daac qud uh pbrtifc scoibaistb hc pudfd sdr ldrc

2:5




”rdprdsdhtbhtd’ fd ihtdrdsds fd oabsd c ailitbrsd b ocljbtir ab prcpidfbf privbfb. Ab booiÿh pcaìtiob ds, dsdhoibaldhtd, ab obpboifbf fd crkbhizbr, lcviaizbr, hdkcoibr, ochodrtbr y bflihistrbr dh

da sdhc fd ab fivdrsifbf -bakc qud uhb aÿkiob purbldhtd lbxilb-aistb d ifdcackistb hc ackrb oclprdhfdr. Thb crkbhizboiÿh pcaìtiobfdjd, hdodsbribldhtd, pabhtdbrsd cjgdtivcs y rdivihfioboichds qudbedotbh b abs krbhfds lbycrìbs7 tcfc ldfic fd rdprdsdhtboiÿh, sdbuh pbrtifc, uh lcvilidhtc scoiba, uh sihfiobtc c uhb bscoiboiÿh

jbrriba ihtdrvidhd botivbldhtd pbrb fbr ecrlb, fdedhfdgr y obhbaizbr”ihtdrdsds’ y fdlbhfbs fivdrsbs> pbrb dxikir trbhsecrlboichds y

auombr pbrb qud éstbs sd rdbaiodh. ‑Da ihtdrés scoibaistb -oclc sdòbabKbrrdtÿh- bsuld da ihtdrés fd ab hboiÿh y fd ab scoidfbf, fdsfd ab pdrspdotivb fd acs qud hboidrch pdrfdfcrds dh ab vifb y dh ab.mistcrib, aaâldhsd éstcs cjrdrcs, lbrkihbads, odsbhtds, lugdrds,mbljridhtcs“. (:5).

Bfdlâs, si jidh ds oidrtc qud da térlihc ”pbrtifc’ fdsikhbuhb pbrtd fd uh bkrdkbfc lâs blpaic -y och daac rdvdab su

hbturbadzb oclc ”pbrtiouabrislc’ fdhtrc fd dsd bkrdkbfc-, hc eibyqud cavifbr qud daac ds pdrtihdhtd prilcrfibaldhtd fdsfd ab pdrspdotivb fd uhb eudrzb pcaìtiob qud hc mb boodfifc ba pcfdrdstbtba c qud sÿac sd pabhtdb dsd boodsc pcr ab vìb ihsurrdooichba7 dhuhb fdlcorboib, uh pbrtifc' hc pudfd kcjdrhbr b ab scoidfbf-ochsifdrbfb oclc bkrdkbfc fd ac fivdrsc- si sd prdsdhtb sÿacoclc ”pbrtd’, pudstc qud, fd sdr bsì, dsb ‑pbrtd“ sd bpcfdrb fda tcfc

y fdvidhd eudrzb fiotbtcriba qud dailihb b ab fdlcorboib.Pcr daac, ds ldhdstdr pdhsbr ba pbrtifc oclc ihstituoiÿh pcaìtiob obpbz fd brtiouabr uhb fivdrsifbf scoiba dh jbsd b uh prcydotc pcaìtioc (³qué scoidfbf qudrdlcs3) y b uhb uhifbf prckrblâtiob (³qué prcpchdlcs mbodr3)7 hc sÿac ”cjrdrcs’, sihcbsbabribfcs dh kdhdrba> hc sÿac prcjadlbs fd ab prcfuooiÿh y fd ab prcpidfbf, sihc tbljiéh fda ldfic bljidhtd, fd ab aijdrtbf y fd ab

:5. Lbhuda Bhtchic Kbrrdtÿh, ‑Pbrtifc y scoidfbf dh uh prcydotc scoibaistb“, Fcouldhtc fd trbjbgc H9 :55, Prckrblb EABO_C-_bhtibkc fd Omiad, cotujrd 29=4, p. ;.

2:;




pbrtioipboiÿh fd acs gÿvdhds y fd abs lugdrds. Th pbrtifc scoibaistbbsì ochodjifc hc pudfd lchcpcaizbr abs ihioibtivbs ochstdstbtbribs>ds uhb ihstbhoib bkrdkbfcrb fd ac fivdrsc, ouyc âljitc euhfbldhtba

fd ihtdrvdhoiÿh ds da dstbfc y ab scoidfbf pcaìtiob -ab bflihistrboiÿh fd acs rdourscs ocadotivcs fda dstbfc, da kcjidrhc fd ab scoidfbfy ab dabjcrboiÿh fd adkisaboiÿh guhtc och ctrcs botcrds pbrtifbrics.

Hc tidhd pcrqué ochtrcabr abs ihioibtivbs butÿhclbs qud surkdh dhda sdhc fd ab scoidfbf oivia. •'

2:=




ZCLBHVIOI_LC Y _DOVBZI_LC DH DA ILBKIHBZIC FD AB_ IWRTIDZFB_

Dstd dhsbyc eud pujaiobfc dh ab Zdvistb Advibtâh H9 ?6, II Dpcob, Lbfrif, Dspbòb, ihvidrhc fd 29=9, pp. 9? - 20:.




2. Ab hcoiÿh fd ”ilbkihbric ocadotivc’.

Obstcribfis mbjab fda sih echfc fda ihfivifuc y fd ab vifbocadotivb pbrb fdsikhbr bakc bpbrdhtdldhtd jbhba pdrc fd ilpcrtbh

oib rbfioba, b sbjdr, qud bljcs obrdodh fd uhb dsdhoib c sdhtifcihtrìhsdoc. _u obrbotdrìstiob euhfbldhtba ds ab fd sdr, pcr bsìfdoirac, ”broiaab’ qud pudfd sdr lcafdbfb fd l÷atipads y fivdrsbslbhdrbs. Ab ifdhtifbf fd uh sugdtc c fd uhb scoidfbf ds uhb ecrlbc eikurb dspdoìeiob qud surkd fd dsb ”broiaab’, ds uhb lbhdrb fdfdailitbr da sih echfc dh jbsd b ochstruooichds mistÿriobs y scoibadsqud sch, pcr fdeihioiÿh, trbhsecrlbjads.

Pbrb fbr uhb lbycr prdoisiÿh ochodptuba b dstc, Obstchbfismb fdsbrrcaabfc y pcpuabrizbfc da usc fd ab dxprdsiÿh ilbkihbric ocadotivc. Daab fdsikhb ab rdf fd sikhieiobfcs qud pdrlitdh b uhkrupc oubaquidrb ilprilir sdhtifcs dh da ”sih echfc’ fda ihfivifucy fd ab vifb ocadotivb, ds fdoir, qud pdrlitdh ihstituir ac scoiba oÿlctba. ‑Da dadldhtc ilbkihbric fda luhfc scoic-mistÿrioc (...) dsbqudaac qud mbod pcsijad uhb rdaboiÿh dhtrd cjgdtc d ilbkdh> ds ab

ordboiÿh dxhimiac fo eikurbs y ecrlbs, sih abs oubads ric pcfrìb mbodrsd uhb rdeadxiÿh bodrob fd bakc. B hivda fd ac scoic-mistÿrioc,da ilbkihbric pdrlitd fbr oudhtb fd abs cridhtboichds fé abs ihstituoichds scoibads, fd ab ochstituoiÿh fd* lctivboichds y hdodsifbfds, fd ab dxistdhoib fda siljcaislc, ab trbfioiÿh y da litc“. Abs sikhieioboichds ilbkihbribs sch ‑acs abzcs qud bkautihb b ab scoidfbfy abs ecrlbs qud fdeihdh ac qud ds ”rdba’ pbrb uhb oidrtb scoidfbf“

(2).

2. Gcmh J. Vmclpsch, ‑Ifdcacky bhf tmd _coiba Ilbkihbry“, Vmdcry bhf _coidty Uca. II, H9 4, Vmd Mbkud, _dptdljdr 29=:, pp. 556, 554.

2?2'




Mcy, Obstcribfis tidhfd b bscoibr ab hcoiÿh fd ”ilbkihbricocadotivc’ och ab ifdb fd ouaturb dh da sdhtifc fd ab pbifdib fd acskridkcs. ‑Ab pbifdib“, fiod, ‑ochtidhd ihfiscoibjadldhtd acs prcodfilidhtcs ihstituifcs b trbvés fd acs oubads da sdr mulbhc, dh daoursc fd su ebjrioboiÿh scoiba oclc ihfivifuc, ds ochfuoifc b

' rdochcodr y b ihvdstir pcsitivbldhtd acs vbacrds fd ab scoidfbf. Dscsvbacrds hc sch fbfcs pcr uhb ihstbhoib dxtdrhb, hi fdsoujidrtcs pcrab scoidfbf dh sus yboilidhtcs hbturbads c dh da oidac fd ab Zbzÿh._ch, obfb vdz, ordbfcs pcr ab scoidfbf ochsifdrbfb, oclc h÷oadcsfd su ihstituoiÿh, sdòbads ÷atilbs d irrdfuotijads fd su sikhieioboiÿh,

pcacs fd cridhtboiÿh fda mbodr y fda rdprdsdhtbr scoibads“ (:)._db oclc pbifdib c oclc ilbkihbric ocadotivc, mby ilâ

kdhds rdourrdhtds qud pdrlitdh mbjabr fd uh sdhtifc ocl÷hoclpbrtifc pcr liaitbhtds y bhbaistbs pcaìtiocs, ihtdadotubads yoiufbfbhcs dh kdhdrba qud ochecrlbr uhb ocadotivifbf qud sdochcod kdhériobldhtd oclc ”ab izquidrfb’. _ch acs dadldhtcsouaturbads ochstitutivcs fd su pbifdib c, si sd prdeidrd, acs sikhieiobfcs ocl÷hldhtd bodptbfcs pcr ”kdhtd fd izquidrfb’ dh da sdhtifcqud dstcs ocihoifdh dh dstbjadodr, b krbhfds rbskcs, da lislc tipcfd rdaboiÿh dhtrd bakuhcs cjgdtcs y abs ilâkdhds qud fd daacs sétidhd. Dstâh, pcr dgdlpac, ab rdadvbhoib bsikhbfb ba luhfc fdatrbjbgc, b ab prcfuooiÿh y b acs cjrdrcs> da pctdhoiblidhtc fdaobrâotdr bsistdhoiba fda dstbfc y da éhebsis dh pcaìtiobs scoibadsrdfistrijutivbs> ab cpoiÿh pcr ab pabhieioboiÿh dochÿliob bhtds qud

pcr acs ldobhislcs fd ldrobfc> ab ifdb fda pbrtifc pcaìtioc fdizquidrfb oclc pbrtifc qud priviadkib prckrblâtiobldhtd absfdihbiifbs fd acs trbjbgbfcrds y acs bsbabribfcs dh kdhdrba.

:. _udòcs fd rdvcauoiÿh. (Bakuhbs ihochedsbfbs ebhtbsìbsrclâhtiobs fda ihebhtd izquidrfistb).

Pdrc, tbljiéh sd pudfd bprdoibr ab prdsdhoib fd ilâkdhds

qud kdhdrbh y rdprcfuodh uhb visiÿh rclâhtiob fd prcodscs,

:. Ocldaius Obstcribfis, ‑Vrbhsecrlboiÿh scoiba y ordboiÿh ouaturba“, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba H9 =, Lbfrif, ihvidrhc 29=;-29==, p. 2:.

2?:




oirouhstbhoib, botcrds y dvdhtcs qud ecrlbh pbrtd fd ab trbfioiÿh fdauomb, liaitbhoib y pdhsblidhtc fd ab izquidrfb.

b. Ilâkdhds fd ab rdvudatb. Zclbhtioislc épioc.

Thb fd daabs ds ab fda lcfdac fd ab-rdvudatb7 fd uh lcfc uctrc, luomcs sikudh ochsifdrbhfc b ab Zdvcauoiÿh Erbhodsb fd2;=9 -ab dxpdridhoib rdvcauoichbrib lcfdrhb pcr dxodadhoib-oclcrdedrdhtd siljÿaioc fd ab booiÿh trbhsecrlbfcrb7 da pbrbfiklb fduh pudjac cprilifc qué fd uhb judhb vdz sd advbhtb pbrb fdrrcobrba bjscautislc y b ab dxpactboiÿh fd ab lchbrquìb, pchdr eih b suscldtilidhtc d ihstburbr ab hudvb scoidfbf aijrd, erbtdrhb d ikubaitbrib. Ab rdvcauoiÿh jcaomdviqud fd 292;, och sus scvidts fdcjrdrcs, oblpdsihcs y scafbfcs, tbljiéh coupb uh aukbr siliabr dhdsd ilbkihbric fchfd da obljic rbfioba pcr ab vìb fd ab tclb fda

pcfdr -da bsbatc b ab Jbstiaab, ab kuiaactihb qud obd scjrd da rdy, abdhtrbfb ba Pbaboic fd Ihvidrhc, da eusiablidhtc fda Wbr y su eâliaib-ochstituyd da puhtú fd iheadxiÿh, da lcldhtc fda krbh bsbatÿ qud

pdrlitÿ sbavbr ab fistbhoib dhtrd ab hcomd fd ab cprdsiÿh y ab lbòbhbaulihcsb fd ab aijdrtbf ochquistbfb. Y

Ctrb tidhd qud vdr och ab ecrlb fd ab rdvudatb> ds ab ilbkdhfd ab Ocluhb fd Pbrìs fd 2=;2 och sus jbrriobfbs fd bfcquihdsilprcvisbfbs dh acs jbrrics7 da bpcyc fd abi kdhtd ds dspchtâhdc y

su. pbrtioipboiÿh blpaib, y acs scafbfcs brlbfcs fd lcsqudtds sddherdhtbh och oiufbfbhcs prdluhifcs fd pidfrbs, bzbfchds youomiaacs -pdrc euhfbldhtbaldhtd fd dhtusibslc y judhb vcauhtbf. Ds ab ilbkdh fdoilchÿhiob fd acs oiufbfbhcs bazbfcs qud sddherdhtbh och sus bfvdrsbrics dh dspboics urjbhcs sih qud mbybhkrbhfds fiedrdhoibs fd tdohcackìb liaitbr dhtrd daacs.

Dstb ilbkdh rclâhtiob y hcstâakiob vidhd boclpbòbfb fd

uhb. ochodpoiÿh fd ab kudrrb jbsbfb dh ab luy obrtdsibhb ifdb fdabs fistihoichds dhtrd ocsbs ”oabrbs y fistihtbs’7 da hcsctrcs y da daacs bpbrdod oclc bakc dvifeohtd, pdredotbldhtd ifdhtieiobjad dh tcfclcldhtc. Da hcsctrcs c ab obusb gustb fd abs krbhfds lbycrìbs fd

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mcljrds y lugdrds muliafds qud auombh ocfc b ocfc dh abs obaads(fchfd sch, sdk÷h sd fiod, ”luomc lâs qud fcs’), sd dherdhtb ochda daacs c da fdspctislc fd acs pcocs qud rdprildh pbrb fdedhfdr sus

priviadkics. Da dherdhtblidhtc sudad vdrsd oclc uhb sudrtd fdtbjadrc jéaioc -hc tbhtc fd bgdfrdz oclc fd fblbs- fchfd acs jbhfcs (sidlprd fcs) bpbrdodh oclc tbhtcs dgéroitcs qud sddherdhtbh obrb b obrb, aìhdb fd eusiadrcs pcr aìhdb fd eusiadrcs,uhiecrlds pcr uhiecrlds dh uh dspboic pabhc, fdspdgbfc y obrdhtdfd ocheusiÿh. Uisuâaldhtd, dstb ochodpoiÿh obrtdsibhb fda dspboicfd ab auomb ocrrdspchfd ba Jbrry Ayhfch fd _tbhady Nujrion.

Dstbs ilâkdhds fd ab rdvudatb fd lbsbs oclc lcfdac, ecrlby ochodpoiÿh dspboiba ochstituyd -oclc fdoìbh och uhb sbhb fcsisfd irchìb abs pihtbfbs fd lbyc fda ’5=- da fuaod cpic bfcadsodhtdfd ab izquidrfb, sdb fd sus ihtdadotubads c fd sus liaitbhtds fd jbsd.Fb aukbr b ebhtbsìbs bodrob fd uh pbsbfc hcstâakiobldhtd litieiobfcdh da ouba acs bsbabribfcs drbh rdbaldhtd cjrdrcs fd cvdrca -lbhcsobaacsbs, pida ourtifb, lirbfb bativb- y acs pbtrchds obpitbaistbs drbh

jurkudsds rbjicsb, bjidrtb, ochsoidhtd y kustcsbldhtd dxpactbfcrds. Da edrvcr fd abs lbsbs lbsivc> da pudjac lâs pudjac> absrdvudatbs lâs kdhuihbs y acs mcljrds lâs mcljrds.

j. Fdspués fd ab jcrrbomdrb rclâhtiob.

Daac ds uh litc dh da lba sdhtifc fd ab dxprdsiÿh, tbhtc oclc

ac sch ab ifdb fda obljic rbfioba ihldfibtc, da lcfdac obrtdsibhcfd ab kudrrb, fd abs ocsbs ”oabrbs y fistihtbs’ y ab ilbkdh ”Ocluhbfd Pbrìs’ fd ab rdsistdhoib.

Dh prildr aukbr, hi ab Zdvcauoiÿh Erbhodsb hi ab Zdvcauoiÿh_cviétiob ochfugdrch b obljics rbfiobads fd ihldfibtc. Ds lâs, dhoidrtcs obscs trbhsourridrch ldsds bhtds qud sd vdrieiobrb ab prdsdhoib eìsiob fd acs hudvcs pcfdrds pcsrdvcauoichbrics dh ab

pdriedrib fd acs krbhfds odhtrcs urjbhcs. Thb ilbkdh fd daac dhijdrcblériob sch abs kdstbs fd ab ihfdpdhfdhoib. Ds uh litc orddrqud daabs ihvcauorbrch ochsoidhtdldhtd b ab krbh lbsb fda pudjacqud auombjb pcr aijdrbrsd fda y ukc dspbòca, qud ilpaiobrch obljics

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rbfiobads ihldfibtcs dh ab crkbhizboiÿh fd ab" vifb octifibhb fd abkdhtd y qud ackrbrch ochstituir uh hudvc bpbrbtc dstbtba, uh hudyccrfdhblidhtc dstbtba c uhb hboiÿh dh da ocrtc pabzc. Ds oidrtc qud

dh tcfcs dstcs obscs ihtdrvihc uhb aÿkiob pcaìtiob fd ab dlbhoipboiÿh> pdrc, pcr ac kdhdrba, abs eudrzbs qud pbrtioipbrch firdotbldhtdfd ab auomb pcr da obljic eudrch acs dgéroitcs bhtds qud da ”pudjac’,dh luombs acobaifbfds bisabfbs abs hctioibs bodrob fda éxitc fd abs”kdstbs aijdrtbfcrbs’ aadkbrch -buhqud sÿac sdb pcr ab ebatb fdldfics fd ocluhioboiÿh- ldsds fdspués qud éstbs tuvidrch aukbry acs obljics (adkbads, pcaìtiocs, dochÿliocs u ctrcs) courridrch

luomc fdspués fd ab trbhsedrdhoib ecrlba fd pcfdr fda rdy fdDspbòb b acs hudvcs sdòcrds oricaacs.

Dh sdkuhfc aukbr, tblpcoc ds rdbaistb prdsupudstbr b pricri uhb bfmdsiÿh dspchtâhdb y lbsivb fd ab pcjaboiÿh b uhb auomb. _d

pcfrâh mbodr luombs ocsbs pcr da jidh fd ab obusb (fisoutir, bpcybr,bfmdrirsd y botubr), pdrc pcocs dstbrâh fispudstcs b ihtdrvdhir si acqud dstâ dh gudkc ds su prcpib ihtdkrifbf eìsiob7 da ridskc fd suerir

kcapds, tcrturb d, ihoausc, ab pcsijiaifbf rdba fd pdrfdr ab vifb ds uhdxodadhtd fisubsivc pbrb da edrvcr prihoipistb. Dsc ac sbjdh luy jidh tcfcs acs tirbhcs, tirbhudacs y bspirbhtds b tirbhcs y tirbhudacsLâs b÷h si acs jidhihtdhoichbfcs -pdrc ilprcvisbfcs y fdsbrlbfcs- luomcs qud sch ochvcobfcs hc sbjdh oÿlc mbodr erdhtd b acsdhtrdhbfcs -y fdskrboibfbldhtd jidh brlbfcs- pcocs qud schcjaikbfcs b rdprilir.

Piéhsdsd dh acs kcapds fd dstbfc. Dh ab lbòbhb fd uhbazblidhtc liaitbr, ³qué mbod da oiufbfbhc ocl÷h qud fdsdbfdedhfdr ab ihstituoichbaifbf rdpujaiobhb3 ³Vclb uhb aìhdb fdÿlhijus qud ac Mdvdb abs ”aìhdbs fd rdsistdhoib’3 ³Aablb b uh tbxiy pifd qud ac aadvd râpifbldhtd b abs ”jbrriobfbs’3 ³Fÿhfd qudfbhabs jbrriobfbs c aukbrds fd ”rdsistdhoib’3 U bqudaacs qud sd vdhcjaikbfcs b dherdhtbrsd b acs prcedsichbads fd ab kudrrb, lâs pcrcjaikboiÿh (eudrch rcfdbfcs, hc mby dsobpbtcrib) qud pcr cpoiÿh(hc tuvidrch tidlpc fd mbodrac, hc mbjìb dljbgbfb odrobhb), ³bobscbrrcgbh ocontdads lcactcv fdsfd abs bzctdbs pbrb fdtdhdr b acstbhquds jaihfbfcs qud pbsbh3 ³_d bkbombh pbrb dvitbr da eudkc fd

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acs mdaioÿptdrcs3 ³Zdsistdh b mchfbzcs b ab ldtrbaab3 ³Zdoijdh caabsfd oclifb fd acs vdoihcs c oclprbh prcvisichds dh da balboéh fdab dsquihb3

o. Acs lârtirds hc pudfdh ochtbr mistcribs. Da pcstdr fdaOmd.

Bhtds fd uh bochtdoilidhtc fd dstd tipc, tcfcs sclcsrdvcauoichbrics (c ba ldhcs qudrdlcs sdrac)> fdspués fda dvdhtc,tcfcs sclcs kdhdrbads. Pdrc ac qud fd mdomc oudhtb furbhtd uhb

rdvudatb, uhb rdvcauoiÿh, uhb kudrrb ochvdhoichba c uh kcapd, dsqud acs rdvcauoichbrics y acs kdhdrbads pbrtioipdh ba abfc fd acsscafbfcs. Puds ba mbodrac, sd fdsoujrd qud, lâs baaâ fd ac qud ab(jbgc jdhdeioic fd ihvdhtbric) jidhihtdhoichbfb ilbkihboiÿh rclâhtiob fd ab izquidrfb fdsdb, ac qud courrd ds ctrb ocsb. Oclcludstrbh Ocppcab dh Bpcobaypsd Òcw y Caivdr _tchd dh Pabtcch, ac qud sd pchd dh dsodhb ds uh gudkc ilpabobjad fd pbutbs

cpdrbtivbs fiotbfbs pcr da tdrrcr, da fcacr y ab ludrtd, fchfd da"bhmdaÿ hdurÿtiobldhtd cjsdsivc fd acs pbrtioipbhtds ds sbair vivcsy ab ÷hiob ”brlchìb’ pcsijad fd fisodrhir dh dsd obcs ds ab fd uhbtctba ocheusiÿh.

Da mércd ds uh scjrdvividhtd> da lârtir d§ uh mércd och lbabsudrtd. Vcfcs sudòbh och sdr mércds, pcocs quidrdh sdr lârtirds,

pudstc qud daac ads ilpifd scjrdvivir pbrb hbrrbr ac bobdoifc y kczbr

fda triuhec. Ds pcr daac qud da mdrcìslc, ab vbadhtìb c ab ihlcaboiÿhihfivifuba, si jidh hc sch fdsochcoifcs, sch pcoc erdoudhtds yrbrbldhtd fdtdrlihbhtds fd acs rdsuatbfcs fd ÷hb ochtidhfb.Buhqud hbfb ilpifd qud pudfbh sdr usbfcs b pcstdricri oclcldtbrdabtc, oclc dadldhtc fd uhb dstrbtdkib fisoursivb ochfuodhtdb ab ritubaizboiÿh épiob fda bochtdoilidhtc oclc kdstb fdhtrc fd abaiturkib fd izquidrfb.

Pcrqud, b pdsbr fd su vdtb iochcoabstb, ab izquidrfb tbljiéhhdodsitb sbhtcs dh acs oubads orddr d ihspirbrsd. Da Omd Kudvbrb acsbjd. Acs qud ilprildh su pcstdr tbljiéh. Fdspués fd tcfc, ybaadvb fcs féobfbs ocakbfc fd ab pbrdf oclc pcstdr och jbrjb, jcihb

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*' 'y fd sdli-pdreia. ‑³Pcr qué dstâh tcfcs Tfs. bmì lirâhfcld3“-pidhsb da pcstdr lidhtrbs cjsdrvb b dscs gÿvdhds qud qudlbhihoidhsc, fisoutdh ab rdvcauoiÿh, bpuhtbh cobsichbaldhtd mboib éa

furbhtd sus rduhichds, eulbh ydrjb y mbodh da blcr dh susfcrlitcrics oclc tbhtcs ctrcs dstufibhtds qud ac bflirbrch (bflirbh) bardfdfcr fda luhfc. Dscs vdihtd bòcs fd mistcrib y sbjifurìbb oudstbs cjsdrvbh fdsfd ab supdreioid pabhb fd ab obrb och jbrjb, jcihb y fd sdli-pdreia qud huhob dhvdgdod. Y da pcstdr fda mércd pidhsb pbrb sus bfdhtrcs7 acs lârtirds sch luombomcs qud qudrìbhsdr mércds, pdrc qud yb hc pudfdh ochtbr sus mistcribs b acs oubtds

qud jdjdh dh da obeé fd ab dsquihb

?. Da ”sdr hboichba’ d h . da fisoursc fd abs sdotbsvbhkubrfistbs7 ³fistbhoiblidhtc orìtioc c rdecrluaboiÿh3

Ctrc dadldhtc ds ab ebhtbsìb tctbaizbhtd. Da litc fda sdr hboichba, dadldhtc rdourrdhtd dh ab rdtÿriob pbtriÿtiob ochsdrvbfcrb-pdrc hc sÿac ochsdrvbfcrb-, ds oudstichbfc pcr abs izquidrfbs fdtcfbs abs abtitufds7 hc dxistd uh sdr hboichba ÷hioc d ihfivisijad -sdbadkb- fdsfd da lcldhtc dh qud ab ldrb ochstbtboiÿh fd ³bdxistdhoib fd oabsds scoibads fivdrsbs dh uh ”lislb’ scoidfbf fb pidb ctrb ochstbtboiÿh, b sbjdr, ab dxistdhoib fd ecrlbs fd vifbrbfiobaldhtd fiedrdhtds. C ihoausc, si hc sd quidrd mbjabr fd ”oabsds’scoibads y sd prdeidrd bpdabr b ab dstruoturb coupboichba y fdihkrdscs, ³mbjrâ bakuidh qud pchkb dò fufb qud uh gcrhbadrc fdaoblpc, uh prcedscr uhivdrsitbric c uh dgdoutivc fd dlprdsb vdh daluhfc b trbvés fd cgcs rbfiobaldhtd fistihtcs3 Fieidrdh hc sÿac dhsus ihkrdscs y coupboichds, sihc tbljiéh dh su usc fda adhkubgd,mâjitcs ouaihbrics, ecrlbs fd dspbroilidhtc, rdfds fd scoibjiaifbfy boodsc ba pcfdr pcaìtioc.

Dh pdricfcs ”hcrlbads ’ -sudad fdoir ab orìtiob- da fdrdomc bvctc, ab oéfuab fd ifdhtifbf y da h÷ldrc fda rdkistrc oìvioc ikubabhbpcjrds y riocs, féjiads y pcfdrcscs. Pdrc dh kdhdrba, ”acs fd bjbgc’,sdb da pdqudòc bkriouatcr, da oblpdsihc sih tidrrb, da gcrhbadrc, da

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sd ochstruyd. Dstc ds7 ochstituyd uhb orìtiob fda ochtdhifc, pdrc hcda bjbhfchc fd ab ecrlb> sÿac cpdrb uh fdspabzblidhtc fd obrâotdrldtchilib). Dh uh obsc, sd cjsdrvb ab ldtchilib fd ac bjstrbotc

pci'ac ochordtc7 da ”sdr hboichba’ fdsikhb b uh ihfivifuc oubaquidrb-b tba c ouba pbrbkubyc, tba c ouba gufìc, dto.> dh da ctrc, sd bprdoibab ldtchilib fd ab pbrtd pcr da tcfc7 ab dlbhoipboiÿh fd ab cprdsiÿhfd oabsd sd ochvidrtd dh dlbhoipboiÿh mulbhb dh kdhdrba.

6. Vcfcs qudrìblcs sdr sdordtbrics kdhdrbads. Da sudòc fdab sdotb prcpib.

Eihbaldhtd, sd pudfd ldhoichbr ab prcaiedrboiÿh fd sdotbs fdizquidrfb. Ilbkihdlcs ab sikuidhtd situboiÿh. Pcr uh abfc, uh edrvcrcsc botivistb fd abs tbhtbs sdotbs fda bromipiéabkc fd ab izquidrfbqud dxmcrtb b abs lbsbs b bjrbzbr da aulihcsc sdhfdrc fd abrdvcauoiÿh trbzbfc pcr abs fcotrihbs qud tbhtc blb> pcr da ctrc abfc,

abs suscfiombs lbsbs qud, pbrb fdoirac subvdldhtd, sd ludstrbh pcoc rdodptivbs b acs aablbfcs fda botivistb.Fdsfd uhb pdrspdotivb pcaìtiob, sd pcfrìb fdoir qud dxistd uh

prcjadlb, y qud éstd rbfiob dh uh fisoursc fcotrihbric qud fdgb erìcsb acs ihtdracoutcrds fda botivistb, dstc ds, b abs lbsbs pbrb quidh euddsoritc y pdhsbfc dh uh prildr aukbr. Pcrqud, fdspués fd tcfc, ab pcaìtiob supchd qud ab tdcrìb sd dlpadb oclc ldfic fd oâaouac c

ochstruooiÿh fd situboichds fd booiÿh, hc pbrb fdfuoir ab situboiÿhochordtb fd ab fcotrihb. Pdrc fdsfd ctrb ÿptiob -pcr dgdlpac, ab fdab ed lìstiob fda botivistb fd uhb sdotb-, ds pcsijad qud quidhds sédquivcqudh sdbh abs lbsbs, sdb pcr su ”ebasb ochoidhoib’, pcr su”baidhboiÿh’, sus ”fdsviboichds’ u ctrcs lctivcs. Bquì ab tdcrìb hcochstruyd ab situboiÿh pudstc qud rdfuod ac rdba b ac fcotrihbric7 éaluhfc obrdod fd ihodrtifuljrd pudstc qud da fisoursc fda botivistb

ochtidhd tcfcs acs sdhtifcs fd dsd luhfc. Ds ab aÿkiob fda zbpbtcomihc7 da prcjadlb hc ds fd ab ifdcackìb, sihc fd ac rdba qud fdjdochecrlbrsd b daab.

Lirbhfc abs ocsbs fdsfd dstd âhkuac, da botivistb yb hc tidhd pcrqué qudfbr fdsochodrtbfc bhtd ab rdtiodhoib fd abs lbsbs b

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boufir b su aablbfc7 pbrb bqudaacs qud orddh ochcodr da fdsdhabodfd ab mistcrib y sdr acs pcrtbfcrds priviadkibfcs fd ab vdrfbf fd éstb,ab obrdhoib fd ”ochfioichds cjgdtivbs’ hc ds uh cjstâouac ilpcr

tbhtd, pudstc qud sd supad och uh dxodsc fd ”ochfioichds sujgdtivbs’qud lbfurbh dh pdqudòcs pbrtifcs vbhkubrfistbs, ihhuldrbjadstdsis y fisdrtboichds bobféliobs y oirouabh dh uh siheìh fd obrtiaabslildckrbeibfbs c pdriÿfiocs fd ab ”crkbhizboiÿh’ vdhfifcs dhlbrombs y botcs ouaturbads.

_d ochstbtb ¡by! tbh eâoia, tdficsb y pdaikrcsbldhtd ab prdsdhoib fd rboilcs fd ihebhtds pcaìtiocs qud mbjabh dh hcljrd fd

ab oabsd cjrdrb, bousb b cjrdrcs fd sdr trbifcrb b su oabsd y gudkb ochmbodr ab rdvcauoiÿh -abs lâs 1id abs vdods rdfuoidhfc éstb brduhichds ihtdrlihbjads dhtrd acs pcocs ochvdhoifcs fd ab sdotb.Dstc eboiaitb -oclc ds fd dspdrbrsd- uhb cpcrtuhb lutboiÿh dh absdlâhtiob pcaìtiob7 krboibs b uhb ed tbh lìstiob oclc pdrvdrsb, abochsikhb fd aâ rduhiÿh pdrlbhdhtd fdspabzb y coupb da aukbr-fikâlcsac fd uhb judhb vdz- fda sackbh fd ab rdvcauoiÿh

pdrlbhdhtd, ctrcrb tbh obrc pbrb acs dxpchdhtds fd fcodhbs fd. sdotbs vbhkubrfistbs fd ab izquidrfb.

³Li rdihc pcr uh objbaac3 ¡Hc, qué vb! Ab ocsb ds b÷h lâstristd7 lis bhkustibs y hdurcsis, li fdsdc fd kacrib rdvcauoichbribdtdrhb pcr uh puòbfc fd sdkuifcrds, pcr, uh trbhvìb fd bfmérdhtds.Pcrqud, pbrb mbjabr fd abs lbsbs y sus ihtdrdsds cjgdtivcs jbstb, ba pbrdodr, och guhtbr uh krupc fd pdrschbs ochvdhoifbs fd sdr

pcrtbfcrbs fd ab vdrfbf. Hc ilpcrtb ouâh rdfuoifc sdb hulériobldhtd> sÿac oudhtb ab purdzb ifdcaÿkiob fd uii sbjdr-rdvdaboiÿh qudkbrbhtizb ab ihtdrprdtboiÿh fda luhfc y da tdzÿh fd liaitbhtdsbhilbfcs lâs pcr cobsiÿhbads judhbs ihtdhsichds qud pcr uhtrbjbgc pcaìtioc och abs lbsbs. Y uhb vdz ecrlbfc da krupc, ¡b auombr

pcr ilpchdr ab vdrfbf b acs ihoréfuacs sdfidhtcs fd uh kuìbdsoabrdoifc!

Udz trbs vdz, dstcs krupcs pdrlitdh bprdoibr ab pudstb dhdsodhb fd ab prcjadlâtiob fd abs ihvdstifurbs qud tbhtc coupÿ b abssdotbs rdaikicsbs fd bhtbòc. Ab ikadsib abiob fd ab rdvcauoiÿh sdfdskbgb dh uh bromipiéabkc fd krupcs qud pukhbh pcr ihvdstirsd och

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da tìtuac fd vdrfbfdrc rdprdsdhtbhtd fda pudjac y sus ihtdrdsdscjgdtivcs. D paurijus uhul -dhtrd acs luomcs, sÿac uhc ds dadadkifc. Pdrc, ³quiéh daikd ba rdprdsdhtbhtd3 ³Ruiéh ad ocheidrd su

lbhfbtc3 ³Fÿhfd dstâ da pudjac scjdrbhc qud sd rdprdsdhtb y oÿlcsd lbhieidstb3 ‑Fd dsb pcaìtiob -fdoìb Zbebda Jbrrdtt, da bhbrquistb'dspbòca fd oclidhzcs fd sikacs sd ld eikurb qud dstâ busdhtd da

pudjac, dhtifbf qud tbhtc bjuhfb dh abs botbs fd sdsichds, dh acsdfitcribads, dh acs fisourscs fd litih. _d ad mbod fdoir ba pudjac acqud sd quidrd pcrqud sd sbjd qud hc dxistìb ac ldhcs oclc lbsboclpbotb, botivb, susodptijad fd dlpugds ecrlifbjads y oidkcs“ (?).

Pbrb dstcs krupcs, ab pcaìtiob ds ochodjifb, bhtd tcfc, oclc pukhb pcr fdspabzbr b acs fdlâs bspirbhtds ba trchc. Hc ds qud sdcavifd qud dxistd uh bfvdrsbric ocl÷h -acs jurkudsds, ab oabsdfclihbhtd c, silpad y aabhbldhtd, acs pbtrchds dxpactbfcrds-, sihcqud sd pricrizb aà dailihboiÿh fd acs rivbads. Pdhíacpd fdjd sdrsdfuoifb bhtds qud rdkrdsd Taisds. Pdrc Taisds, tbh adgcs fd Itmbob,tbh jcrrcsc dh ab ldlcrib, tbh erâkiaoclc rdoudrfc... yb hc dxistd.

Dstc ds7 obfb sdotb sd ochsifdrb b sì lislb oclc da adkìtilc prdtdhfidhtd, oclc da vdrfbfdrc Taisds. Y Pdhíacpd, ³quiéh ds éaab,sihc ”abs lbsbs’, ”da pudjac’, ”ab oabsd éxpactbfb’3 Òc ilpcrtb ouâhabrkb sdb ab trbvdsìb rii oubhtcs rdvdsds fdjd scpcrtbr7 ba eihba, Taisdsc ab fcotrihb y ab crkbhizboiÿh ocrrdotbs triuhebrâh. Vcfbs abs sdotbssch Taisds, tcfbs mbjabh fd sus prcpibs Pdhéacpds b su ilbkdh ysdldgbhzb. Lidhtrbs tbhtc, da Ctrc fdsbpbrdod.

Dstc tidhd uh hcljrd7 hdurcsis fda oirouitc dhtrúpioc. ³Th ,dgdlpac3 Da tdrlÿldtrc7 da ldrouric sujd y jbgb fd bouérfc b abtdlpdrbturb, pdrc fdhtrc fd uh ochtdhdfcr qud sd rdaboichb och dadxtdricr dh ecrlb ihfirdotb. Hc mby eddf-jbon, pcrqud ab aÿkiob dsoirouabr. Vblpcoc mby uhb rdbaifbf dxtdrhb dh sdhtifc dstriotc, pudstc qud tcfc courrd fdhtrc fda tujc> b ac sulc, ac ”rdba’ qudfbrdfuoifc b ac qud sd cjsdrvb b trbvés fda vifric. Lidhtrbs tbhtc, da

?. Zbebda Jbrrdh, ‑Zdvcauoichds“ (290=), dh sus Cjrbs Oclpadtbs, Uca. 2, Zbebda Pdrchi Dfitcr d Ihstitutc fd Occpdrboiÿh ijdrcbldriobhb (IOI), Bsuhoiÿh, 29==, p. 259. .

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ldrouric sujd c jbgb. Pcr dsc acs vìhouacs qud sd ochtrbdh dhtrd abssdotbs fda bromipiéabkc sch fd obrâotdr dlihdhtdldhtd hdurÿtioc.Yc scy yc y lis oirouhstbhoibs, sd fiod. Abs sdotbs sch tbh scac su

prcpib hdurcsis> sus lidljrcs sus pcrtbfcrds. Y abs hdurcsisrdquidrdh -vbakb ab pdrckruaabfb- ctrcs hdurÿtiocs, ds fdoir, ctrcsqud pdrlitbh prcfuoir y rdprcfuoir ab dxistdhoib fda oirouitc. Bhtdab busdhoib fd rdodptivifbf pcr pbrtd fd abs lbsbs y bhtd abrdfuooiÿh fd ac ochordtc b ac ifdcaÿkioc, ab oclpaioifbf hdurÿtiobochtrijuyd sikhieiobtivbldhtd b ab schcrb rdadvbhoib fd dstcserbkldhtcs.

Dxpacrdlcs uh pcoc lâs ab mipÿtdsis fd ab hdurcsis ³dhtrcfd uh oirouitc dhtrcpioc. Th tdlb7 ab vdrfbf. _i ab vdrfbf ds uhbscab, btrijutc ÷hioc y dxoauydld fd tcfcs y obfb uhc fd acs Taisdsqud jusobh b sus prcpibs Pdhéacpds, ³qudfb aukbr pbrb pdhsbr dh uhCtrca Ldgcr b÷h7 si sd bsuld -oclc erdoudhtdldhtd ac mbodh abssdotbs- qud ab vdrfbf ds uhb scab, ³dxistd bobsc uh ctrc qud pudfbsdr trbtbfc rdabldhtd oclc tba, ds fdoir, oclc uh bakc qud ds b ab

vdz fiedrdhtd pdrc siliabr b uh ”hcsctrcs’3 Zdbaldhtd -sd dlpadbda térlihc jbgc jdhdeioic fd ihvdhtbric- sÿac dxistdh acs purcs y acsctrcs, ds fdoir, acs ”ilpurcs’, ab hdkboiÿh fd ab purdzb y, pcr dhfd,ihfivifucs y/c krupcs ihfikhcs fd sdr ochsifdrbfcs oclc bfvdrsbrics adkìtilcs. B ac sulc, acs liaitbhtds sch pcsdscs qud bfcptbhuhb aÿkiob dsquizceréhiob7 uh adhkubgd p÷jaioc bjidrtc y paurbaistbqud mbjab fd ab uhifbf y ab ikubafbf, fd ab fdlcorboib y ab

tcadrbhoib> y uh adhkubgd privbfc mbjabfc sctc dhtrd acs dadkifcsqud bodptbh ab fupaioifbf oclc tâotiob pbrb dherdhtbr b bfvdrsbricsqud _ÿac pudfdh sdr pdhsbfcs oclc fivdrscs hc yc, ds fdoir, oclcbqudaac qud hc pudfd sdr.

Fd bmì qud ab fdhuhoib y da mcstikblidhtc cjsdsivc fd acs”hc‖yc’ fd abs ctrbs sdotbs y fd acs rivbads dh kdhdrba sdb uhoclpchdhtd prilcrfiba fd su qudmbodr ”pcaìtioc’. Fd bmì tbljiéh

qud sd ihtdhtd ocpbr abs crkbhizboichds yb dxistdhtds, btbobr ac qudhc sd pudfb ochtrcabr y fdstruir bqudaac qud hc pudfb sdr fdrrctbfc.Pcoc ilpcrtb qud dsd ”bqudaac’ tbljiéh sdb ”prckrdsistb’> fdspuésfd tcfc, da Cailpc fd ab purdzb ifdcaÿkiob hc bflitd lâs qud uh

26:




iochc fd ab vdrfbf sidlprd dtdrhb fd abs Dsoriturbs. Pbrb daacs, sdbpaiob ab eâjuab hbrrbfb pcr Tljdrtc Doc dh Da hcljrd fd ab rcsb. Abs jijaictdobs -sdòbab uh sbjic fdedhscr fda Ocrâh- fdjdrìbh sdr

qudlbfbs, pudstc qud acs aijrcs qud ochtidhdh rdpitdh ac qud fiodda Ocrâh -ac ouba acs mbod supdreaucs- c ac ochtrbfiodh- y, pcr actbhtc, sch mdrétiocs.

Dh eih, ab aÿkiob fd abs sdotbs pcfrìb sdr fdeihifb bsì7adhihistbs dh su ochodpoiÿh fd ab pcaìtiob oclc booiÿh fd vbhkubrfibs iaulihbfbs, trctsnistbs dh su lcfc.fd fdhuhoibr b absfirikdhoibs ”jurcorâtiobs’ lidhtrbs obrdzobh fd boodsc b abs o÷puabs

fda krupc, y stbaihistbs dh su prcodfdr uhb vdz qud mbh coupbfcaukbrds fd pcfdr dh ab dstruoturb fd tba c ouba crkbhizboiÿh.

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AB OCHFIOICH PC_LBZ]I_VB

UII

Dstd dhsbyc-ds uhb vdrsiÿh blpaibfb fda trbjbgc pujaiobfc och da tìtuac fd ‑Da sdhtifc fda scoibaislc, mcy“ dh ab rdvistb fda Odhtrc fd Dstufics fd ab Zdbaifbf Ochtdlpcrâhdb (ODZO) Cpoichds Hd ;, _bhtibkc fd Omiad, sdtidljrd-cotujrd 29=4. Eud prdsdhtbfc dh da UIII _dlihbric fd Dstufics Abtihcbldriobhcs, crkbhizbfc pcr da Ochsdgc Abtihc Bldriobhc fd Oidhoibs _coibads (OABO_C) y da Prckrblb fd Pcskrbfubobc dl _coicackìb, Thivdrsifbfd Edfdrba fc Zìc Krbhfd fc _ua (TEZK_), Pcrtc Badkrd, ::-:4 fd bkcstc 29==.

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2. Bfiÿs b ab hcstbakib.

Vcfc crfdh hbod oclc dseudrzc pcr fcldstiobr uhb pcroiÿhfd ac rdba, pcr crkbhizbfc y scldtdrac b pbutbs fd rdkuabrifbfobpbods fd ordbr odrtdzbs. Dh dstd sdhtifc, sd firìb qud ab ordboiÿhfd uh crfdh ds dquivbadhtd b ab ihstituoiÿh fd uh stbtus, dstc ds, uhbsituboiÿh dh ab ouba uhb sdrid fd hcrlbs pudfbh tdhdr sdhtifc. Pdrcsidlprd dxistd uhb oidrtb rdsistdhoib fd ab lbtdrib scoiba, uhb sudrtdfd dxodsc qud hihk÷h crfdh ackrb fcldstiobr pcr oclpadtc, pcr lâskacjba, rikurcsc, oclpadgc y bjbrobtivc qud éstd sdb. Pcr daac, tcfbsituboiÿh hcrlba dstâ cjaikbfb b rdochcodr ârdbs fdihfdtdrlihboiÿh, b ochvivir och uh oidrtc lbrkdh fd cpboifbf.

Ab hcoiÿh fd”pbrbfiklb’fdsbrrcaabfb pcr Numh hc ds bgdhbb éstc> pudfd sdr ochsifdrbfb oclc ordboiÿh fd uhb situboiÿhhcrlba dh da oblpc fda sbjdr. Th pbrbfiklb, dh tbhtc ”lcfdac c

pbtrÿh bodptbfc’, fdsikhb ‑uh ochguhtc fd iaustrboichds rdourrdhtdsy obsi hcrlbaizbfbs fd fivdrsbs tdcrìbs dh sus bpaioboichds ochodptubads, ihstruldhtbads y fd cjsdrvboiÿh“ qud sd pabslbh dhtdxtcs, ochedrdhoibs y dgdroioics fd abjcrbtcric fd uhb fdtdrlihbfbocluhifbf fd oidhtìeiocs. Da pbrbfiklb prcpcroichb, pbrb dsbocluhifbf y furbhtd uh pdricfc fbfc, ‑ab rdf fd ochodptcs b trbvésfd ab qud vdh da luhfc acs oidhtìeiocs“7 prcpchd oritdrics pbrb

sdadooichbr prcjadlbs y dhuhoibr sus ihtdrrckbhtds, y jrihfb abkbrbhtìb fd qud fiomcs prcjadlbs d ihtdrrckbhtds pcfrâh sdrdvdhtubaldhtd rdsudatcs. Pdrc Numh tbljiéh rdochcod qud dxistdh

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ârdbs fd ihfdtdrlihboiÿh, pcr oubhtc ‑hihk÷h pbrbfiklb qud prcpcroichd uhb jbsd pbrb ab ihvdstikboiÿh oidhtìeiob rdsudavdoclpadtbldhtd tcfcs sus prcjadlbs“ (2).

_i sd pidhsb dh da fdjbtd ihtdadotuba abtihcbldriobhc fd acsbòcs ’50 d, ihoausc, fd oclidhzc fd ab féobfb fd acs ’;0, sd pudfd pdroijir ab ecrlboiÿh fd uh pbrbfiklb c situboiÿh hcrlba ocl pbrtifc pcr blpaics sdotcrds fd ihvdstikbfcrds trbjbgbhfc dh daoblpc fd abs oidhoibs scoibads. Ds ab épcob fda bukd fd tdcrìbs fdab fdpdhfdhoib, oabsds scoibads, brtiouaboiÿh fd lcfcs fd prcfuooiÿh, fdsbrrcaac-sujfdsbrrcaac, dto., tcfbs daabs, oclc fiod Ad-

omhdr, lbrobfbs pcr ab tdlâtiob fd ab rdvcauoiÿh (:) y, dh térlihcslâs kdhdrbads, pcr uhb rdivihfioboiÿh fda scoibaislc dh jbsd bfivdrsbs vbribhtds fda pdhsblidhtc lbrxistb. Da sdlihbric fdLérifb (Yuobtâh) rdbaizbfc dh 29;2 dh tcrhc b ab tdlâtiob fd absoabsds scoibads (?) ds, tba vdz, sihtclâtioc fd ab pugbhzb qudbfquidrd da pbrbfiklb rdvcauoichbric-lbrxistb. Oclc dh tcfb

situboiÿh hcrlba, ab ihodrtifuljrd bodrob fd ab obrbotdrizboiÿhtdÿriob fd abs oabsds scoibads dh abtihcblériob qudfb cpbobfb pcr dacptilislc kdhdrbfc pcr abs odrtdzbs fclihbhtds7 da fdsbeìc ds

pabhtdbfc fdhtrc fd uh pbrbfiklb y, pcr daac, ochodjifc oclcdseudrzc pcr rdscavdr prcjadlbs yb rdochcoifcs oclc fdeihì tcricsfda dhtcrhc dh jbsd b prdkuhtbs lâs c ldhcs oclpbrtifbs pcr acsfivdrscs prckrblbs fd ihvdstikboiÿh.

_ih dljbrkc, fdsfd" Lérifb b hudstrcs fìbs mbh mbjifcrdldzchds ilpcrtbhtds dh ab oidhoiâs scoibads, dspdoibaldhtd dhrdaboiÿh b ab ed qud sd tdhìb dh ab rdvcauoiÿh y dh da pctdhoiba

2. Vmclbs Numh, Ab dstruoturb fd abs rdvcauoichds oidhtìeiobs (295:), Echfc fd Ouaturb Dochÿliob, Léxioc, 29;2, pp. 42, =0, ;2, 256, 2=5.

:. Hcrjdrt'Adomhdr, ‑Fd ab rdvcauoiÿh b ab fdlcorboib. Da fdjbtd ihtdadotuba

dh Blériob fda sur“, Cpoichds Hõ 5, _bhtibkc fd Omiad* lbyc-bkcstc 29=4, pp. 4;-4=. '

?. Zb÷a Jdhìtdz Wdhtdhc (oclpiabfcr), Abs oabsds scoibads dh Blériob Abtihb, _ikac ]]I Dfitcrds, Léxioc, 29;?.

26=




dxpaiobtivc fda pdhsblidhtc lbrxistb. _d quidrd sdr scoibaistb, pdrcsd scspdomb fda lbrxislc audkc fd lâs fd uhb féobfb fd ”orisis fdalbrxislc’. Mb mbjifc uhb prckrdsivb drcsiÿh fd acs pbrbfiklbs

tctbaizbfcrds y uh fdjiaitblidhtc fd abs odrtdzbs fda pbsbfc. Absituboiÿh rdsuatb -pcr bsì fdoirac- ”pcoc hcrlba’. Luomcs jusobhecrlbs fd rdoclpchdr uh pbrbfiklb scoibaistb, bodptbhfc, oclcsdòbab Adomhdr (6), qud ab fdlcorboib fdjd sdr da tdlb odhtrba fdoubaquidr dseudrzc cridhtbfc dh dsb firdooiÿh.

Ac qud dstâ dh gudkc ds uhb rdoclpcsioiÿh tdÿrioc-pcaìtiobfd uh fisoursc -ab rdaboiÿh dhtrd sbjdr y prâotiob- qud pdrlitb

rdhcvbr da sdhtifc fda térlihc scoibaislc. Bhtd ab doacsiÿh fd abecrlb fd vifb, fd pbrtiouabrislcs qud beirlbh ac ihfivifuba oclcrdivihfioboiÿh fd ab butchclìb pdrschba qud hc sd rdfuod b uh purcihfivifubaislc pcsdsivc, ³mbjrâ bak÷h lcfc fd ihsdrtbr acs vbacrds

prcpics fd ab fivdrsifbf irrdfuotijad fdhtrc fd uh prcydotc qud sdfdhclihd scoibaistb3 Y dh uhb épcob dh ab ouba sd prceuhfizb aboclpadgifbf fd ac scoiba, ³oÿlc bprdmdhfdr dsb oclpadgifbf ochacs sbjdrds mdrdfbfcs fd ab trbfioiÿh rboichbaistb dñrcpdb3 ³Oÿlcsd ifdhtieiob y sd cridhtb, mcy, uh prcydotc fd scoidfbf qud pudfbfdhclihbrsd scoibaistb! ³Oÿlc sd dstbjadod su rdaboiÿh och uhbecrlb fd kcjidrhc fdlcorâtioc y och uh lcfc fd vifb-ocadotivcqud fdeidhfb y dstiluad da fdsbrrcaac fd ab aijdrtbf ihfivifuba3

Acs brkuldhtcs qpd sd fdsbrrcaabh b ochtihuboiÿh kirbh dh

tclc b dstbs prdcoupboichds. Ab dstrbtdkib brkuldhtbtivb dstâlbrobfb pcr fcs tdsis ilpcrtbhtds. Thb fd daabs tidhd qud vdr ochabs rdsdrvbs bodrob fd acs bebhds tctbaizbfcrds y acs sudòcsochquistbfcrds fd ab rbzÿh7 luy b pdsbr fd Fdsobrtds y fd acsmdrdfdrcs fda pcsitivislc, mby qud bodptbr acs aìlitds fd acs sbjdrdsy da obrâotdr rdabtivbldhtd féjia qud bfquidrdh abs odrtdzbs

prcfuoifbs pcr éstcs. Dstc hc ds lâs.qud uhb sbhb fcsis fd

muliafbf qud ochfuod b uhb sudreîfé rdbaislc ochodptuba. Ab ctrb,lâs odrobhb b ab rbzÿh pcaìtiob, sd rdeidrd b abs prcldsbs fd

6. Adomhdr, cp. oit., pp. 56-;0.

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dlbhoipboiÿh uhivdrsba pabhtdbfbspcr da bjbhioc fd krupcs vbhkubrfistbs ociuqud oudhtb ab izquidrfb7 ds uh aablbfc b pchdrsd dhkubrfib bhtd ab luy sdfuotcrb utcpìb fd ihstburbr uhb scoidfbfeihbaldhtd rdochoiaibfb ochsikc lislb -pcsijiaifbf prdkchbfb pcracs lìstiocs ochvdhoifcs fd mbjdr vistc ab lbrlitb ba eihba fda brociris krboibs ba sbjdr qud ads jrihfb su ed rdvcauoichbrib. Dh ab

j÷squdfb fd uh scoibaislc fdlcorâtioc, dstb scspdomb fdjd dhtdhfdrsd oclc rdbaislc pcaìtioc.

Pbrbfÿgiobldhtd, dstd,lislc rdbaislc cjaikb b pabhtdbrbakuhb ecrlb fd utcpìb. Pudstc fd ctrc lcfc, sd fufb fda eihba edaiz

pdrc ab pcaìtiob, oclc ”brtd fd ac pcsijad’, tbljiéh rdoablb sudòcsrdotcrds fd ac ilpcsijad7 sd fdjd dstbjadodr bak÷h ifdba fd scoidfbfaijrd y gustb pbrb ochvdhodr b ab kdhtd fd ab adkitilifbf fd acsobljics y pbrb lctivbr su bpcyc b daacs (4). Dstc ds bakc siliabrb ac qud pabhtdbrb _crda dh sus rdeadxichds bodrob fda ”litclcviaizbfcr’. Pdrc hc mby hdodsifbf fd rdtclbr b dsqudlbs”eudrtds*. Dstc ac pabhtdb Jruhhdr fd lbhdrb sukdrdhtd ba fdoir qud

da scoibaislc ‑pcr eih mb vudatc b sdr uh tdrritcric bjidrtc, uhbfisputb ihtdadotuba sih mcrizchtd eigc, sih fcklbs b acs oubadsocakbrsd pbrb eboiaitbr da fisoursc y trbhquiaizbr ab judhb ochoidhoibihtdadotuba’’ (ÿ). Dh ecrlb bhâackb, ac qud bquì sd prcpchd ds uhbhcoiÿh lâs sudatb fda scoibaislc7 ab obrbotdrizboiÿh fd prcydotcs,crkbhizboichds, prckrblbs d ifdhtifbfds fd eih fd sikac oclc”scoibaistbs’ sdrìb bakc fdoifijad dh térlihcs fd ab ihoaihboiÿh qud

éstcs fdludstrdh pcr uhdtmcs ouaturba fd ab ikubafbf, ab fdlcorboiby ab aijdrtbf pbrb fisdhtir y sdr fiedrdhtds.

4. Dstc dstâ pabhtdbfc och krbh oabrifbf pcr Erbhz Mihndablòidrt, ‑Da rdbaislc dh pcaìtiob oclc brtd fd ac pcsijad“, dh su Orìtiob fd ab rbzÿh utÿpiob, dfioichds fda Fdpbrtbldhtc Douléhioc fd Ihvdstikboichds, _bh Gcsé, Ocstb Ziob, 29=6, pp. 29-:9, y tbljiéh dh ab ihtdrvdhoiÿh fd Hcrjdrt Adomhdr dh Ab izquidrfb y Durcpb. Fdjbtd fd _ikñdrtzb, Dfitcriba Pbjac

Ikadsibs, Lbfrif, 29=;, pp. 259-2;0*5. Gcsé Gcbquìh Jruhhdr, ‑Dhtrdvistb b G.G. Jruhhdr, Bhkda Eñseisom y Hcrjdrt Adomhdr“, Fbvif y Kcaibtm Bòc ]UIII, Hb 4?, Judhcs Birds, bkcstc-sdtidljrd 29==, p. 22.




Da ÷atilc dsoritc fd Vckaibtti sirvd oclc puhtc fd pbrtifb pbrb da dhsbyc> audkc sd fdsbrrcaabh bakuhbs fd sus ochsdoudhoibs pcaìtioc-tdÿriobs pbrb trbtbr fd dstbjadodr acs aìlitds och acs oubads sd

tcpb uh scoibaislc fd eih fd sikac ba hc qudrdr sbair fd uh lbroc rd-edrdhoiba purbldhtd lbrxistb. Da tdxtc sukidrd, fisordtbldhtd, bakuhcs dadldhtcs batdrhbtivcs dh rdaboiÿh b fcs ocsbs7 uh scoibaislcfdlcorâtioc oclc prcpudstb fd dstbfc y oclc prcpudstb fd scoidfbf.

:. Da adkbfc fd Vckaibtti.

Da Ldlcrâhful fd Ybatb, dsoritc mboib eihbads fd 2956, dsochsifdrbfc oclc da tdstbldhtc pcaìtioc fd Pbalirc Vckaibtti, da dhtchods _dordtbric Kdhdrba fda Pbrtifc Ocluhistb fd Itbaib (POI).Baaì Vckaibtti rditdrb acs prihoipics kdhdrbads qud cridhtbh ab pcaìtiobfda POI, dhtrd acs oubads sd fdstbobh éa padhc rdspdtc b abs aijdrtbfdsoiviads y b abs ochquistbs fdlcorâtiobs bsdkurbfbs pcr abs lbsbs trb jbgbfcrbs dh acs dstbfcs jurkudsds> ab hdodsifbf fd uhb prceuh-fizboiÿh dedotivb fd éstbs jbgc uh rékildh scoibaistb> uttb pcsioiÿhorìtiob bhtd acs pbìsds fda aablbfc ”scoibaislc rdba’> da rdombzÿ baodhtrbaislc y b ab uhifbf ecrzbfb dh da lcvilidhtc ocluhistbihtdrhboichba y ab hdodsifbf fé su rddstruoturboiÿh fd lbhdrb qudsd rdspdté ab fivdrsifbf fd pdrspdotivbs pbrtifbribs dh su ihtdricr'.

Dstd ÷atilc dsoritc fd Vckaibtti hc ochstituyd uh bochtdoilidhtc bisabfc, uhb hctb fischbhtd fdhtrc fda pdhsblidhtc ocluhistb itbaibhc (;). Pcr da ochtrbric, da Ldlcrâhful sd ihsorijd dhda abrkc oblihc rdocrrifc pcr da POI pbrb dabjcrbr uh lbrxislc vivc, obpbz fd rdspchfdr b abs fdlbhfbs y bspirboichds fd uh pudjac

;. Auoic Acljbrfc Zbfiod, liaitbhtd y tdÿrioc fda pbrtifc, fdeidhfd dstd

ochtihuifbf mistÿriob fd ab aihdb fda POI fioidhfc qud ‑yb dhtchods, mbod oubrdhtb bòcs, dabjcrâjblcs dh acs mdomcs y tbljiéh b hivda tdÿrioc tìb lcfdac luy fiedrdhtd fd scoibai slc pbrb acs pbìsds obpitbaistbs fdsbrrcaabfcs fd Durcpb Cooifdhtba, qud oudhtbh och trbfioichds fdlcorâtiobs y och uhb oclpcsioiÿh scoiba luy oclpadgb**. Uébsd su aijrc Th scoibaislc pcr ihvdhtbr (29;9), Dfitcriba Abib, Jbrodachb, 29=0, p. 9;. ’

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mdtdrckéhdc> obpbz fd sdrvir fd kuìb pbrb ab booiÿh dh uhb épcob dhab ouba ab pcaìtiob sd mâ ochvdrtifc dh uhb botivifbf fd lbsbs y dhab qud da dstbfc, adgcs fd sdr uh ldrc kdhfbrld c ”kubrfiâh hco

turhc’ fda obpitba, sd blpaìb, sd fiedrdhoib ihtdrhbldhtd y hdodsitbbsdkurbr uh ochsdhsc qud ac adkitild.Fd mdomc, da POI jbgc ab firdooiÿh fd Vckaibtti ilprild uh

obrâotdr prckrblâtioc ba pdhsblidhtc fd Krblsoi, rdoupdrbhfc absochcoifbs tdsis fd éstd bodrob fd abs fiedrdhoibs dhtrd Cridhtd yCooifdhtd7 dhtrd ab Zusib zbristb, fchfd ab scoidfbf oivia ds ”féjiay kdabtihcsb’, ab butcrifbf obrdod fd blpaibs jbsds fd adkitilifbf

y da dstbfc sd obrbotdrizb pcr uh prdfclihic fd ecrlbs ocdroitivbs,y Cooifdhtd c Durcpb, ouyb scoidfbf oivia oclpadgb y fdsbrrcaabfb,sdljrbfb fd ihstituoichds fd mdkdlchìb qud ochstituydh ecrtieioboichds rcfdbhfc ba dstbfc, rdoujrdh da fclihic jurkués och dalbhtc fd abs ecrlbs ochsdhs÷bads fd kcjidrhc. Och Vckaibtti, abhcoiÿh krblsoibhb fd ”kudrrb fd pcsioiÿh’ sd ochvidrtd dh da dgddstrbtékioc fda POI y sd pabslb dh pcaìtiobs ochordtbs dhoblihbfbs

b ackrbr uhb hudvb mdkdlchìb, ab fd abs lbsbs trbjbgbfcrbs.Vbhimiéh sd sidhtbh abs jbsds pbrb ab dabjcrboiÿh fd uhb ”tdrodrb vìb’ba scoibaislc, rclpidhfc y rdjbsbhfc acs aìlitds fd ab fioctclìbsurkifb fd ab III Ihtdrhboichba, qud rdfuoìb abs batdrhbtivbs scoibaistbs b ab dstéria cpcsioiÿh dhtrd ihsurrdooiÿh brlbfb y pbrabldhtbrislc, ds fdoir, dhtrd rdvcauoiÿh y rdecrlb, dhtrd jcaomdvislc yscoibafdlcorboib, dhtrd _tbaih y Jdrhstdih.

Ab ilpcrtbhoib pcaìtiob fd ab tdsis bodrob fd ab tdrodrb vìb pbrb da lcvilidhtc ocluhistb ihtdrhboichba ds oruoiba, dspdoibaldhtd audkc fd ab ludrtd fd _tbaih dh 294? y ab rdbaizboiÿh fda ]]Ochkrdsc fda Pbrtifc Ocluhistb fd ab Thiÿh _cviétiob (POT_) dh2945. B fiedrdhoib fd ab rupturb dhtrd da Pbrtifc Ocluhistb Omihc(POOm) y da POT_, qud ochfugc ba POOm b oclidhzcs fd acs bòcs’50 ,b butcdrikirsd dh da ÷hioc y adkìtilc ochtihubfcr fda

lbrxislc-adhihislc y, pcr ochsikuidhtd, dh uh hudvc odhtrc fdalcvilidhtc ocluhistb luhfiba, ab tdsis fd ab tdrodrb vìb rclpd ochda dsqudlb odhtrbaizbfcr lislc7 prcpchd ab hdodsifbf fd fdsodhtrbr da lcvilidhtc, dstc ds, ab ordboiÿh fd uhb vdrfbfdrb liorceìsiob

24:




fd butchclìbs pbrtifbribs hboichbads, uhb rdoclpcsioiÿh fdalcvilidhtc scjrd ab jbsd fd ab uhifbf dh ab fivdrsifbf. Oitbhfc bVckaibtti7 /

‑Thb rdeadxiÿh lâs prceuhfb scjrd da tdlb fd ab pcsijiaifbffd uhb vìb pboìeiob fd boodsc ba scoibaislc hcs aadvb b

prdoisbr qué ds ac qud hcsctrcs dhtdhfdlcs pcr fdlcorboibdh uh Dstbfc jurkués, oÿlc pudfdh blpaibrsd acs aìlitds fdab aijdrtbf y abs ihstituoichds fdlcorâtiobs y oubads sch absecrlbs lâs deiobods fd pbrtioipboiÿh fd abs lbsbs cjrdrbs y

trbjbgbfcrbs dh ab vifb dochÿliob y pcaìtiob. _urkd, bsì, aboudstiÿh fd ab pcsijiaifbf fd ab ochquistb fd pcsioichds fd

pcfdr pcr pbrtd fd abs oabsds trbjbgbfcrbs dh da âljitc fd uhdstbfc qud hc mb obljibfc su hbturbadzb fd Dstbfc jurkuésy, pcr ochsikuidhtd, ab oudstiÿh fd si ds pcsijad ab auomb pcruh tipc sdldgbhtd fd trbhsecrlboiÿh prckrdsivb fdsfd daihtdricr“. '

, Ab rdspudstb fd Vckaibtti hc fdgb hihkuhb fufb bodrob fd su pcsioiÿh bhtd dstb oudstiÿh7

‑Li cpihiÿh ds dh da sdhtifc fd qud scjrd ab> aìhdb fdafdsbrrcaac mistÿrioc prdsdhtd y fds÷s pdrspdotivbs kdhdrbads(bvbhod y viotcrib fda scoibaislc dh tcfc da luhfc), absecrlbs y ochfioichds ochordtbs fd bvbhod y viotcrib fdascoibaislc sdrâh mcy y dh da euturc ihldfibtc luy fiedrdhtdsfd ac qud mbh sifc dh da pbsbfc. Ba lislc tidlpc, sch luykrbhfds abs fiedrdhoibs dhtrd uh pbìs y ctrc. Pcr ochsikuidhtd,tcfc pbrtifc fdjd sbjdr lcvdrsd fd lbhdrb butÿhclb“ (=).

=. Pbalirc Vckaibtti, ‑Ldlcrâhful scjrd abs oudstichds fda lcvilidhtc cjrdrc ihtdrhboichba y su uhifbf‑ (2956)e dh su aijrc Dsoritcs pcaìtiocs (2956), Dfioichds Drb, Léxioc F.E.Q pp. 6:;-6:=.

24?




Abs prcpcsioichds bodrob fé abs fiedrdhoibs hboichbads y fdab hdodsbrib butchclìb fd abs ihioibtivbs pbrtifbribs mbh tdhifc quddherdhtbr uhb sdrid fd rdsistdhoibs pcaìtioc-ifdcaÿkiobs, bakuhbs prcvdhidhtds fd sdotcrds dstbaihistbs fdhtrc fda POI lislc y ctrbsfd sdotcrds crtcfcxcs fdhtrc fda lcvilidhtc ocluhistb ihtdrhboichba. Mbh sifc vistbs oclc uh oudstichblìdhtc ”scoibafdlcoràtioc’-fd ab supudstbldhtd fdlcstrbfb ihebaijiaifbf fda lbrxis-lc-adhihislc y su dhobrhboiÿh jcaomdviqud.

Dstâ, pcr dgdlpac, ab rdspudstb fbfb pcr da Oclité Odhtrbafda POT_ -b trbvés fda pdriÿfioc scviétioc Prbvfb b ab rdscauoiÿhbfcptbfb b eihbads fd 29=2 pcr da Oclité Odhtrba fda POI bhtd abilpabhtboiÿh fd ab ady lbroiba dh Pcachib y ab rdprdsiÿh fd absbotivifbfds fda sihfiobtc _caifbrifbf. _dk÷h Prbvfb, dh fiombrdscauoiÿh ‑sd prcpchdh ochodpoichds jbstbhtd prdtdhoicsbs y,fikâlcsac, bjstrbotbs fd uhb ”hudvb vìb’ ba scoibaislc, ochodpoichds pcr ctrb pbrtd luy siliabrds b abs fda cpcrtuhislc y fdardvisichislc och acs oubads da lcvilidhtc cjrdrc yb mb omcobfc dhda pbsbfc y qud su vbhkubrfib ^aébsd7 da pbrtifc fd ocrtd adhihistb\yb mb rdombzbfc fdsfd mbod tidlpc“ (9). Dstb rdspudstb ds obrbotdrìstiob fda pdrìcfc bhtdricr ba kabshcst y ab pdrdstrcinb ilpadldhtbfb botubaldhtd pcr ab bflihistrboiÿh fd Ligbia Kcr-

jbomcv (20)> daab fdgb trbsauoir uhb oidrtb hcstbakib fda POT_ pcrrdobpturbr uh pbsbfc dh da ouba euhoichÿ, sih aukbr b fufbs, oclc

pbrtifc kuìb fda lcvilidhtc ocluhistb dh su ochguhtc, dh da oubaab dstrbtdkib fd auomb jcaomdviqud y da lcfdac scviétioc fd dstbfcochstituìbh acs rdedrdhtds ihoudstichàfcs d ihoudstichbjads pbrb abseudrzbs scoibaistbs fd oubaquidr abtituf.

9. ‑Ochtrb acs ihtdrdsds fd ab pbz y da scoibaislc“, brtìouac fd Prbvfb rdprcfuoifc dh da supadldhtc ‑Pâkihb Thc“ fda fibric Thc lâs Thc, Léxioc

F.E., ?2 fd dhdrc fd 29=2.IRv Ba rdspdotc, vébsd Gcsé Pbuac Hdttc, ‑Prögdtc Kcrjbtomdv7 lufbhob cu ochtihuifbfd3“, y Bajdrtc _dhfio8‑Yifb hcvb, hulb scoidfbfd *dhrìgdoifb“Q bljcs dh* ab rdvistb fda OÍFDO, A÷b Òcvb, Uca. 6, Hb I, _bc Pbuac,

guamc-sdtdljrc 29=;, pp. ;-26 y 24-:? rdspdotivbldhtd.

246




Pdrc, b pdsbr fd dstb pcsturb fda POT_, ab tdsis bodrob fda paurba fd vìbs dstâ pbrb qudfbrsd. Furbhtd da ]UI Ochkrdsc fda POIodadjrbfc dh 29=?, Lbssilc Obooibri, uh fdstbobfc ihtdadotuba y

dx-fiputbfc fda pbrtifc, eud ochsuatbfc bodrob fd ouba sdrìb ”ab vìbocrrdotb’ ba scoibaislc. _u rdspudstb eud fd ocrtd hdtbldhtd tc-kaibttibhc. ‑Hc sch fcs, hi trds, hi comc abs vìbs> tba vdz sdbh fidzoblihcs. Obfb pbìs ds uh obsc bpbrtd. Yb sch luy dvifdhtds abs fiedrdhoibs dhtrd acs pbrtifcs ocluhistbs y scoibaistbs ldfitdrrâhdcs,odhtrcdurcpdcs y hÿrfiocs“ (22). Hc sd pudfd rdfuoir ab rdspudstbfd Obooibri tbh sÿac ba tdrritcric durcpdc> ab hcoiÿh fd. ”l÷atipads

vìbs’ sd mb ifc adkitilbhfc obfb vdz lâs, pbsbhfc b ecrlbr pbrtdfda sdhtifc ocl÷h fd acs scoibaistbs fda luhfc dhtdrc. Bmì dstâ oclc dgdlpac ab ‑rdvcauoiÿh och sbjcr b dlpbhbfb y vihc tihtc“, ldtâecrb ldfibhtd ab ouba _bavbfcr Baadhfd baufìb b uhb vìb prcpibldhtd omiadhb ba scoibaislc. Vbljiéh dstâ ab dxpdridhoib sbhfihis-tb, uhb cpoiÿh rdvcauoichbrib scoibaistb prceuhfbldhtd brrbikbfb dhabs trbfioichds fd auomb bhtiilpdribaistb fda pudjac hiobrbkñdhsd

Ab tdsis bodrob fd ab ”tdrodrb vìb’ y su pcstdricr fdsbrrcaac dhtérlihcs fd uhb luatipaioifbf fd vìbs, ab j÷squdfb fd uhb uhifbffiedrdhoiba pbrb da lcvilidhtc ocluhistb, ab hdodsifbf fd ochstruiruh ”pbrtifc fd tipc hudvc’, tcfc daac ochstituyd éa adkbfc fd Vc-kaibtti. Y ds, ba lislc tidlpc, da lcldhtc lâs batc fd su

pdhsblidhtc tdÿrioc-pcaìtiocX_ih dljbrkc, rdsuatb yb dvifdhtd qudabs hudvbs fdlbhfbs dspdoìeiobs qud mbh surkifc och acs hudvcs y

fivdrscs sdotcrds rdjbsbh abs dxpdotbtivbs qud sd fdsprdhfdh fddscs pabhtdblidhtcs. _d trbtb yb fd bsulir uhb sdrid fd fdoisichdsqud vbh lâs baaâ fd ac prdvistc pcr Vckaibtti.

?. Fda lbrxislc orìtioc b ab orìtiob fda lbrxislc.

Ab ochsoidhoib fd ab hdodsifbf fd dstbs fdoisichds ds, tba vdz,

uh dedotc ihscspdombfc fda rdsurkilidhtc fd uh pdhsblidhtc orìtiocfdhtrc fda lbrxislc hc scviétioc dh abs féobfbs pcstdricrds ba ]]

22. Lbssilc Obooibri, A'Dsprdssc, Zclb, 5 fd lbòc fd 29=?.

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Ochkrdsc fda POT_, da ochkrdsc fd ab fdsdstbaihizboiÿh. Dh uhoclidhzc, ab orìtiob ihfufbjadldhtd ochtrijuyÿ b rdvitbaizbr y bdhriqudodr da fisoursc lbrxistb och uhb vdrfbfdrb dxpacsiÿh fd

ordbtivifbf, qud bukurbjb uhb dxpbhsiÿh bpbrdhtdldhtd iailitbfbfd sus mcrizchtds -piéhsdsd, pcr dgdlpac, dh ab bpbrioiÿh fd uhbbhtrcpcackìb, fd uhb dstétiob c fd uhb orìtiob aitdrbrib lbrxistb (2:).Pdrc mcy, dsd lislc rdsurkilidhtc mb aadkbfc b uh puhtc dh da oubaac qud dstâ dh gudkc ds da stbtus lislc fda lbrxislc-adhihislcoclc fisoursc pbrbfiklâtioc fda scoibaislc. Pudstc fd lbhdrbdsqudlâtiob, sd pcfrìb fdoir qud dAprcodsc tclÿ ñh kirc rbfi

oba, dh tbhtc sd pbsÿ fd uh lbrxislc orìtioc b uhb orìtiob fda lbrxislc.Fcs ebotcrds ilpcrtbhtds mbh ochtrijuifc b kdhdrbr dstd

dstbfc fd ocsbs. Thc fd daacs tidhd qud vdr och abs trbhsecrlboichdsfda dstbfc dh scoidfbfds obpitbaistbs ochtdlpcrâhdbs. Baaì fchfdacs dstbfcs jurkudsds sd mbh ifc fdlcorbtizbhfc dedotivbldhtd, mbmbjifc uhb dxpbhsiÿh fda tdrrdhc fd ocherchtboiÿh pcaìtiob fé lcfc

fd ihoauir dspboics dstbtbads qud bhtdricrldhtd dstbjbh ba lbrkdhfd fiomb Ocherchtboiÿh. Och daac, krbh pbrtd fd abs tdsis fd Lbrx,Dhkdas y Adhih bodrob fda dstbfc, ab crkbhizboiÿh y ab auomb pcaìtiobmbh qudfbfc ihcpdrbhtds. Y baaì fchfd dstb fdlcorbtizboiÿh hc sdfic, c fchfd abs ochquistbs fdlcorâtiobs fd abs lbsbs eudrchrdvdrtifbs och ab ihstburboiÿh fd rdkìldhds butcritbrics c fiotbtcribads, abs crkbhizboichds pcpuabrds mbh ifc rdochsifdrbhfc da vbacr

y da sdhiifÿ qud ab izquidrfb lbrxistb oaâsiob scaìb bsikhbr b absaijdrtbfds oiviads y b abs ihstituoichds pcaìtiobs kdhdrbfbs pcr absfdlcorboibs aijdrbads.

2:. Edlbhfc Oabufih baufed b dstc dh ‑Bakuhbs rdeadxichds scjrd ab orisis fda lbrxislc“ (29;=), dh Csobr fda Jbroc (oclpiabfcr), Ab orisis fda lbrxislc, Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab, Léxioc, 29;9, p. ;;. Oabufih ihoauyd abs

ochtrijuoichds fd Obstcribfis, Adecrt, Batmussdr y Ocaadtti dh dsté ”rdvdrfdoilidhtc* fda pdhsblidhtc lbrxistb> scspdomc qud mcy yb ric vd dstc oclc sdòba fd uhb rdvcauoiÿh tdÿriob dh da lbrxislc, sihc lâs .jidh oclc puhtc fd pbrtifb pbrb uhb rdfdeihioiÿh fda 'scoibaislc* oclc tba.

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Da ilpbotc fd dstd ebotcr sd vdrieiob dh bòcs rdoidhtds och ab prdcoupboiÿh pcr pdhsbr uh scoibaislc fdlcorâtioc, ds fdoir, pcrbrtiouabr uh prcydotc pcaìtioc fd scoidfbf qud oclprdhfb hc sÿac

da ilpuasc ikubaitbric fd ab trbfioiÿh scoibaistb fdoilchÿhiob, sihctbljiéh ctrbs fcs ocsbs7 pcr uhb pbrtd, ab rdoupdrboiÿh fdaoclpchdhtd aijdrtbric y bhtibutcritbric fd ab trbfioiÿh bhbrquistb y,

pcr ctrb, ab rdoupdrboiÿh fd acs bpcrtds sustbhoibads fda aijdrbaislcdh ac qud rdspdotb b abs aijdrtbfds p÷jaiobs y b abs ihstituoichds yabs rdkabs fd gudkc fdlcorâtiobs.

Th sdkuhfc ebotcr dstâ aikbfc b ab botivboiÿh fd dspboics fdac scoiba bhtdricrldhtd hdutrbads y da surkilidhtc, fdhtrc fd daacs,fd sugdtcs qud sd ludvdh dh ab pdriedrib fd ab pcaìtiob, oclc pcrdgdlpac, lugdrds, dstufibhtds, ihquiaihcs, pboieistbs, mclcsdxubadsy fdedhscrds fd acs fdrdomcs mulbhcs. _d trbtb fd uhb botivboiÿhfd dspboics pcr oubhtc éstcs oclidhzbh b sdr ecocs kdhdrbfcrds fdfdsbeìcs ba obrâotdr ”hbturba’ bsikhbfc pcr da sdhtifc ocl÷h y abs

adyds b abs ecrlbs fd rdaboichblidhtc d ifdhtifbfds dxistdhtds dh.daacs. _d fiod qud acs sugdtcs qud sd ecrlbh y trbhsecrlbh dh dscsdspboics dstâh dh ab pdriedrib fd ab pcaìtiob, pcr oubhtc sus auombs,,rdivihfiobtivbs, sih situbrsd hdodsbribldhtd fdhtrc fda dspboicihstituoichba fd ab pcaìtiob, oclidhzbh b ifdhtieiobr blikcs ybfvdrsbrics y b ochstituir sbjdrds dxpaiobtivcs fd sus prcpicsbhtbkchislcs, cjgdtivcs fd auomb, dstrbtdkibs y lcfbaifbfds fd

oâaouac.Yb hc sd prdtdhfd gustieiobr abs abkuhbs c abs ihochsistdhoibs

tdÿriobs fda lbrxislc oclc si dstbs eudsdh ldrbs fieiouatbfds pbsbgdrbs qud sd irâh sujsbhbhfc och da ocrrdr fd acs bòcs. Bhtds jidh, ab oudstiÿh ds pdhsbr acs aìlitds fd uh sbjdr scoibaistb jbsbfcdxoausivbldhtd dh da fisoursc lbrxistb. Vblpcoc sd trbtb tbh sÿacfd beirlbr ab hdodsifbf fd ilpukhbr da pbpda fd ab TZ__ oclc kuìb,kubrfiâh tutdabr, mdrlbhc lbycr c pbrbfiklb pbrb acs fivdrscX

pbrtifcs y lcvilidhtcs dh auomb pcr da scoibaislc, sihc fd pdhsbrhudvbs ecrlbs fd crkbhizboiÿh y fd mbodr pcaìtiob scoibaistb qud hc

24;




pbsdh cjaikbtcribldhtd pcr da dsqudlb jcaomdviqud (2?). Y, pcr÷atilc, b fiedrdhoib fd ab épcob dh ab qud Vckaibtti rdfbotÿ su

Ldlcrâhful, yb hc sd trbtb silpadldhtd fd beirlbr y fdedhfdr ab

hdodsifbf fd bvbhzbr pcr l÷atipads vìbs hboichbads ba scoibaislc,sihc lâs jidh fd prdkuhtbrsd si bobsc tcfcs dscs oblihcs ochfuodhb uhb lislb Zclb scoibaistb c, pcr da ochtrbric, si ab lislbuhioifbf fda eih hc sd erbkldhtb tbljiéh dh uh paurba fd ecrlbsbatdrhbtivbs fd scoidfbf scoibaistb.

Dh eih, ac qud mcy sd fdsikhb usubaldhtd-y och gustb rbzÿh-och da hcljrd fd orisis fda lbrxislc mb mdomc qud luomcs tcldh

fistbhoib fd fiomc fisoursc fda scoibaislc, sih pabhtdbr uhb batdrhbtivb b éa. Pdrc ab orisis dh ab ouba mb dhtrbfc da fisoursc lbrxistb,y abs fieiouatbfds fda lcvilidhtc scoibaistb pbrb pdhsbr su ifdhtifbftrbs bousbr rdoijc fda ilpbotc fd dsb orisis, hc ds susodptijad fd sdrscldtifb scabldhtd b uhb adoturb dh oabvd hdkbtivb-eihbaistb. Fddaab surkd uhb jrdomb b trbvés fd aâ ouba pudfd pbsbr uh scoibaislcrdoclpudstc scjrd jbsds fiedrdhtds, fd lbhdrb fd rdoupdrbr su

obpboifbf fd lcviaizboiÿh y rdtclbr ab ihioibtivb pcaìtiob. Ab orisis,qud vb bfquiridhfc su lcrecackìb dspdoìeiob och acs dadldhtcs fdorìtiob surkifcs dh acs fdjbtds fd acs ÷atilcs 20 bòcs> pudfd bfcptbruh vbacr pcsitivc, prcfuotivc fd ac hudvc. Fdspués fd tcfc, dh dasdhtifc kridkc oaâsioc, ab ifdb fd ¡orisis dstbrìb aikbfb b nrihdih, dsfdoir, b uh térlihc qud sikhieiob ba lislc tidlpc ”fisorilihbr’ y”fdoifir’, dadkir y tclbr uhb pcsioiÿh (26).

2?. _d pudfd ochsuatbr ab oclpiaboiÿh b obrkc fd Zcssbhb Zcssbhfb, Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=), Ecaics Dfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, dh pbrtiouabr acs trbjbgcs fd Jibkic fd Kicvbhhi, ‑Pbrb uhb tdcrìb lbrxistb fd ab trbhsecrlboiÿh“, fd Hiocab Jbfbachi, ‑Hctbs pcaìtiobs scjrd ihtdadotubads y dstbfc“, fd Acuis Batmussdr, ‑Da lbrxislc oclc tdcrìb eihitb“> fd Hcrjdrtc Jcjjic. ‑³Vdcrìb fda dstbfc c tdcrìb fda pbrtifc3“, y fd Kiboclc Lbrrblbc, ‑_istdlb pcaìtioc, rboichbaizboiÿh, ”odrdjrc scoiba*“. Vbljiéh vbad ab pdhb vdr da dxodadhtd dhsbyc fd Lbric Vrchti, Ia tdlpc fdaab pcaìtiob , Dfitcri Ziuhiti, Zclb, 29=0*.

26. Lbssilc Obooibai, ‑Vrbhsecrlboiÿh fda dstbfc y prcydotc pcaìtioc“ (29;=), dh vbrics butcrds, Vdcrìb lbrxistb fd ab pcaìtiob, Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd HR=9, Léxioc, 29=2, pp. :?6-:?5. Pbrb da vìhouac nrisis/nrihdih, vébsd Kibh Dhrioc Zusochi, ‑Orisi scoibad d pcaìtiob“, dh ‑Pbcac Ebldti (oclpiabfcr), Pcaìtiob d scoidtà, Ab Hucvb Itbaib Dfitriod, Eirdhzd, 29;9, p. ?:?.

24=




6. Ab ochfioiÿh pcslbrxistb fda prcydotc scoibaistb.

Pbrb qud ab fildhsiÿh orìtiob-prcfuotivb fd ab orisis pudfb

ochvdrtirsd dh ebotcr kdhdrbfcr fd ac hudvc, ds fdoir, pbrb qud pudfbochfuoir dedotivbldhtd b ab rdoclpcsioiÿh prcydotuba fd uh sbjdry fd uhb prâotiob pcaìtiob scoibaistb, ds hdodsbric rdeadxichbr bodrobfd abs fdoisichds qud sd fdjdh tclbr pbrb qud dldrgb ac hudvc. ‑Absifdbs sch oârodads fd abrkb furboiÿh“, fiod Ruigbhc (24), pdrcbkrdkb qud hc ds ihfispdhsbjad qud pdrlbhdzoblcs dhodrrbfcs dhdaabs pbrb sidlprd. Dh ecrlb bhâackb, ds pcsijad qud da scoibaislc

sd fdsdljbrbod fd sus btbfurbs fdoilchÿhiobs, qud bodptd dafdsbeìc fd rdhcvbrsd y rdihvdhtbrsd b sì lislc pbrb hc lcrir. Dhuhb pbabjrb, qud fdgd dspboic b ab ilbkihboiÿh -bodptbhfc da ridskcfda dquìvcoc- pbrb pdhsbrsd b sì lislc dh uhb épcob tbh pcocobrtdsibhb dh ab qud abs ocsbs ”oabrbs y fistihtbs’ sd badgbh fdamcrizchtd fd ab vifb, y dh uh tdrritcric ouybs occrfdhbfbs, sih sdrbhtilbrxistbs, sch fdoififbldhtd pcslbrxistbs.

b. _coibaislc y fdlcorboib7 fcs fisochtihuifbfds pbrbecrgbr uhb brtiouaboiÿh pcaìtiob.

Th prildr tdlb qud sd fdjd pabhtdbr ds ab rdaboiÿh dhtrdscoibaislc y fdlcorboib. Thb ecrlb fd bjcrfbr ab -oudstiÿhfdlcorâtiob dh rdaboiÿh ba scoibaislc ds beirlbr, oclc ds mbjituba

dh fdjbtds botubads, qud da vdrfbfdrc scoibaislc ds fdlcorâtioc,qud da scoibaislc ds fdlcorâtioc c sdhoiaabldhtd hc pudfd sdrfdhclihbfc oclc tba. Fd dstb lbhdrb, ab kdhdrboiÿh fd scoibaistbssurkifb dh uh bljidhtd fd rdeadxiÿh lbrobfc pcr da pcsdstbaihislcy pcr da rdfdsoujrilidhtc fd Krblsoi pudfd fbr ridhfb sudatb b suihfikhboiÿh lcrba bhtd abs rdvdaboichds bodrob fd acs kuabk scviétiocs, pudfd eirlbr fdoabrboichds ochfdhbhfc ab prcmijioiÿh

24. Bhìjba Ruigbhc, ‑Abs ifdbs sch oârodads fd abrkb furboiÿh, pdrc hc ds ihfispdhsbjad qud pdrlbhdzoblcs tcfc da tidlpc dh dsbs oârodads*Q Fbvif y Kcaibtm Bòc ]UI, H9 69, Judhcs Bìrds, guaic fd 29=5. .

249




fd abs botivifbfds fda lcvilidhtc sihfioba _caifbrifbf y ab ebatb fdaijdrtbfds pujaiobs dh Pcachib y pudfd, ihoausc, ecrluabr p÷jaiobldhtd su rdombzc b abs ecrlbs fd crkbhizboiÿh dstbtba fd acs pbìsds

fda scoibaislc rdbaldhtd dxistdhtd.Th sdkuhfc tipc fd dhecqud fd dstbs oudstichds ochsifdrb ba

”scoibaislc rdbaldhtd dxistdhtd’ oclc ”scoibaislc’ b sdobs, oclc prcpchd Ecuobuat (25). Ab vbribhtd lâs rbfioba fd dstd dhecqudfdeihd ba ”scoibaislc rdbaldhtd dxistdhtd’ oclc ab ÷hiob rdbaizboiÿh

pcsijad fda lbrxislc> tba ds ab pcsturb fd acs ”hudvcs eiaÿscecs’erbhodsds -vdrfbfdrcs ”eiaÿscecs fda fdsdhobhtc’. Bsì, lidhtrbs acs

pbrtifbrics fda prildrc fd dstcs dhecquds vdh dh abs rdscauoichdsfda ]] Ochkrdsc, dh acs bpcrtds orìtiocs fd ac qud Pdrry Bhfdrschmb fdhclihbfc ”lbrxislc cooifdhtba’ (2;) c dh abs cridhtboichds

prckrblâtiobs fd pbrtifcs tbads oclc da POI dadldhtcs qud ocheikurbh uhb cpoiÿh buspioicsb y rdhcvbfcrb fda scoibaislc, acs

pbrtifbrics fd dstb pdrspdotivb ochsifdrbh ba tdrrcr dstbaihistb y ba kuabk oclc ochsdoudhoibs ihdvitbjads fda scoibaislc lbrxistb.

Pbrb Jdlbrf Mdhri Advy -uhc fd acs ”hudvcs eiaÿscecs’ qudsihtdtizb éstd dhecqud-, da kuabk hc ds uh booifdhtd, uhb fdsviboiÿhc uh drrcr. Bhtds jidh, ds su ochsdoudhoib7

‑da ocrcabric hdodsbric fd uh scoibaislc qud sÿac pudfdackrbr ab mclckdhdifbf fdspabzbhfc b abs eudrzbs fé abmdtdrckdhdifbf mboib sus lârkdhds, qud sÿac pudfd lcvdrsd

mboib ac uhivdrsba ocheihbhfc b sus rdjdafds, b sus ihfivifubaistbs ilpdhitdhtds, b ab csourifbf fd uhb hc-rscoidfbf.

Hc mby oblpcs ^fd ihtdrhboiÿh\ sih lbrxislc, figc Kauons-lbhh. Hcsctrcs fdjdlcs bkrdkbr7 hc mby scoibaislcs sih

25. Liomda Ecuobuat, ‑Pcfdrds y dstrbtdkibs“ (29;;), dh su Liorceìsiob fda

pcfdr , Ab Piqudtb, Lbfrif, 29;=, pp. 25?-25=. Ecuobuat y acs ”hudvcs eiaÿscecs* lbhtidhdh pcsioichds siliabrds, pdrc hc iféhtiobs. Hc sd pudfd rdfuoir sus beirlboichds b abs fd Advy, Kauonslblvu ctrcs.

2;. Pdrry Bhfdrsch, Ochsifdrboichds scjrd da lbrxislc cooifdhtba (29;5), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;9.

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oblpcs, hc mby scoidfbf sih oabsds sih su vdrfbf tdrrcristb“(2=).

Pdrc tbljiéh ds pcsijad pdhsbr dh uhb tdrodrb pdrspdotivb>uhb qud vbyb lâs baaâ fda cptilislc fd uhb y fda fdsdhobhtc fdctrb. Th pcsijad puhtc fd brrbhqud pbrb daac pudfd fdsbrrcaabrsd b pbrtir fd acs trbjbgcs fd O.J. Lbopmdrsch (29) bodrob fda fisourscaijdrba, dspdoibaldhtd sus tdsis bodrob fd ab brtiouaboiÿh dhtrd abfdlcorboib rdprdsdhtbtivb y da dstbfc aijdrba.

Lbopmdrsch mb fdlcstrbfc a÷oifbldhtd qud ab dxistdhoib fd

abs lcfdrhbs fdlcorboibs aijdrbads hc butcrizb b mbjabr fd uh hdxchdodsbric dhtrd da ”aijdrbaislc’ y ”fdlcorboib’> acs fcs térlihcs fdab dxprdsiÿh fdlcorboib aijdrba hc dstâh ihfiscaujadldhtd aikbfcsdhtrd sì. Prildrc, fiod, sd ochscaifÿ uh dstbfc aijdrba och aijdrtbfdsoiviads y uhb ihstituoiÿh pbrabldhtbrib, pdrÿ qud hbfb tdhìb fdfdlcorâtioc7 da vctc dstbjb rdstrihkifc b acs tdrrbtdhidhtds prildrcy b acs bobufbabfcs jurkudsds fdspués. Da cjgdtivc prilcrfiba fd

dsd dstbfc eud ab fdedhsb fd acs fdrdomcs b ab prcpidfbf, da ilpuascfd ab aijrd dlprdsb jbsbfb dh ab ihioibtivb privbfb y ab ihstituoiÿhfd ab rdaboiÿh ochtrbotuba dhtrd mcljrds ”aijrds’ fd btbfurbsdstbldhtbads. Ds fdoir, trds ochfioichds qud mioidrch pcsijad dasurkilidhtc y ab ochtihuifbf fd uhb scoidfbf fd ldrobfc.

Ab fdlcorbtizboiÿh fd dsd dstbfc sd fic luomc lâs tbrfdoch ab ochquistb fda suerbkic uhivdrsba pcr pbrtd fd abs lbsbs

trbjbgbfcrbs durcpdbs b pbrtir fd ab sdkuhfb litbf fda sikac ]I].' Ab fdlcorbtizboiÿh fda dstbfc aijdrba hc ochstituyÿ da lcldhtclâs batc c ab ochsdoudhoib ihdvitbjad fda pdhsblidhtc y abihstituoichbaifbf aijdrba odhtrbfcs dh da ldrobfc, bkrdkb Lbopmd-

2=. Jdlbrf Mdhri Advy, Jbrjbrisl witm b Mulbh Ebod (2”9;;), Mbrpdr bhf Zcw, Hdw Ycrn, 29=0, p. 24=. _ujrbybfc dh da crikihba.

29. Zdlitc ba adotcr b bakuhcs trbjbgcs odhtrbads fd O.J. Lbopmdrsch ba rdspdotc, Ab rdbaifbf fdlcorâtiob (2954), Echtbhdaab, Jbrodachb, 295=, Fdlcorbtio Vmdcry7 Dssbys ih Zdtridvba , Cxecrf Thivdrsity Prdss, Cxecrf, 29;?, y Ab fdlcorboib aijdrba y su épcob (29;5), Baibhzb Dfitcriba, Lbfrif, 29=:.

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r_ch. Prudjb fd daac ds qud b÷h pdrfurbh scoidfbfds fd ldrobfcouycs dstbfcs aijdrbads sch oabrbldhtd fiotbtcribads. Bhtds jidh, dsbfdlcorbtizboiÿh eud da rdsuatbfc fd prâotiobs pcaìtiobs7 fd auombscjrdrbs pbrb ochquistbr da fdrdomc b vctc y pbrb ihkrdsbr b ab brdhb

pcaìtiob b trbvés fd pbrtifcs cjrdrcs pcr uhb pbrtd, y fd dseudrzcsaijdrbads pcstdricrds firikifcs b jusobr lcfcs fd brtiouabr uhbecrlb fdlcorâtiob fd kcjidrhc b uhb scoidfbf jurkudsb ybdxistdhtd pcr ab ctrb.

Lutbtis lutbhfis, sd pudfd rdtclbr ab aÿkiob brkuldhtbtivbfd Lbopmdrsch -dh dspdoiba sus ochsdoudhoibs tdÿrioc-pcaìtiobs-y fdspadkbrab dh da tdrrdhc fisoursivc fda scoibaislc. Daac sikhieiobrìb qud, ba ldhcs b pricri, pidrfdh vbaifdz dhuhoibfcs tbads oclc‑scoibaislc y fdlcorboib sch fcs térlihcs qud sd ilpaiobhlutubldhtd“, ‑scoibaislc y fdlcorboib sÿac pudfdh sdr pdhsbfcs

guhtcs“ c ‑ab fdlcorboib sÿac pudfd sdr ochsdoudhoib fda scoibaislc“. Vba vdz sirvdh oclc judhcs adlbs pujaioitbrics pbrboblpbòbs pcaìtiobs c pbrb pcaéliobs ifdcaÿkiobs, pdrc obrdodh pcr

oclpadtc fd euhfbldhtc tdÿrioc d mistÿrioc. _u ifdhtifbf ds tbhebabz oclc bqudaab qud ihtdhtb rdfuoirab fdlcorboib ba aijdrbaislcc oirouhsorijirab ba ldrobfc fd aijrd dlprdsb.

Dhtrd da cptilislc iailitbfc fd uhcs y da fdsdhobhtc dstériafd ctrcs, sd aadkb b ac qud pcfrìb ochstituir ctrc dhecqud pbrb dabhâaisis, uh oblihc batdrhbtivc pbrb bjcrfbr y fdsbrrcaabr acs

prcjadlbs qud mbh sifc pabhtdbfcs. Jâsiobldhtd, pdhsbr ab pcsi

jiaifbf fd uh scoibaislc fdlcorâtioc supchd dedotubr fda ”cpdrboichds fiscoibtivbs’ prdailihbrds, ds fdoir, dstbjadodr Fcs fisoch-tihuifbfds euhfbldhtbads.

Ab prildrb fd dstbs fisochtihuifbfds sd fb dhtrd ”scoibaislc’ y ”lbrxislc’, ochstruooichds pcaìtiobs y fisoursivbs qud hcdstâh aikbfbs dhtrd sì pcr ldfic fd rdaboichds hdodsbribs. Ds oidrtcqud dh da sdhtifc ocl÷h ochtdlpcrâhdc fd izquidrfb y fd fdrdomb

uhb y ctrb bpbrdodh ihfiscaujadldhtd aikbfbs. Vba ds bsì qud rdsuatbfieìoia -sihc ilpcsijad- pdhsbrabs pcr sdpbrbfc. Pdrc daac hc jbstb pbrb gustieiobr-y luomc ldhcs adkitilbr- uhb hbturbaizboiÿh fd surdaboiÿh. Hc sd pudfd rdfuoir da scoibaislc b sus ecrluaboichds

25:




lbrxistds. Da lbrxislc hc ds lâs qud uh fisoursc fda scoibaislc.Vba vdz sdb da lâs dxitcsc mbstb ab edomb, pdrc hc ds da prildrc, hida ÷atilc, hi su sihÿhilc. Vcfc lbrxislc ds hdodsbribldhtd

scoibaistb, pdrc hc tcfc scoibaislc ds fd pcr sì lbrxistb.Ab sdkuhfb fd daabs ilpaiob bodptbr, fd uhb judhb vdz, qud

dhtrd scoibaislc y fdlcorboib hc mby ochtihuifbf hdodsbrib. Bfiedrdhoib fd ac qud pabhtdbjbh acs ”eiaÿscecs fda fdsdhobhtc’, daachc dquivbad b uh rdombzc b pricri fd tcfb pcsijiaifbf fd dstbjadodrbak÷h tipc fd rdaboiÿh dhtrd dstcs térlihcs. Bhtds jidh, sikhieiob qudsi mb fd mbjdr uhb lcfbaifbf fd uhifbf dhtrd daacs, éstb sÿac pudfd

pdhsbrsd oclc brtiouaboiÿh pcaìtiob.Udblcs. ”_coibaislc’ y ”fdlcorboib’ sch térlihcs dhtrd acs

oubads hc dxistd hi uh vìhouac fd crfdh aÿkioc hi uhb rdaboiÿh fdochtihuifbf hdodsbrib. Da scoibaislc eud, fdsfd sus ihioics, uh prcydotc fd scoidfbf jbsbfc dxpaìoitbldhtd dh ab beirlboiÿh fd ab ochfioiÿh mulbhb hdkbfb b acs fd bjbgc, b acs fdsmdrdfbfcs, b acs prcadtbrics dh tbhtc hudvcs sidrvcs prcfuoifcs och da bfvdhilidhtc fd

ab scoidfbf ihfustriba. Fdsfd sus ecrluaboichds ”utÿpiobs’ b abs”oidhtìeiobs’, da prcydotc scoibaistb jusoÿ ecrgbr uhâ ifdhtifbf ocadotivb pbrb acs fdspcsdìfcs y crkbhizbr su rdsistdhoib pcaìtiob ba crfdh

jurkués qud sd ochscaifÿ furbhtd da sikac ]I]. _u éhebsis odhtrbarbfioÿ sidlprd -c ba ldhcs b pbrtir fd abs ecrluaboichds prckrblâtiobs bsulifbs och ab ecrlboiÿh fd ab r Ihtdrhboichba- dh ab drrbfioboiÿh fd ab lisdrib y ab suprdsiÿh fd ab dxpactboiÿh mulbhb. Dsfdoir, dstuvc aikbfc ba bspdotc ikubaitbric dh da pabhc scoiba y dochÿlioc. Ab oudstiÿh fd ab fdlcorboib -ab tdlâtiob fd ab oiufbfbhìby fd ab fdsikhboiÿh fd butcrifbfds pcr pbrtd fd bqudaab- ochstituyÿuh bspdotc pdrieérioc dh dsd prcydotc. Ab dxistdhoib eâotiob fd acslcfdrhcs dstbfcs scoibaistbs, fchfd ab fdlcorboib bpbrdod lâs qudhbfb oclc uhb beirlboiÿh obrdhtd fd ochtdhifc, oclc ecrlb fds

pcgbfb fd acs ldfics pbrb mbodrab dedotivb, fdludstrb och oabrifbfbjislba qud hc ds pcsijad fdrivbr uhb ecrlb pcaìtiob fd uhb dstruoturb dochÿliob. Pdrc dstc hc ilpifd qud surgb uh ochstruotc fdhclihbfc ”scoibaislc fdlcorâtioc’ fdsbrrcaabfc dh jbsd b ab yb ldhoichbfb hcoiÿh fd brtiouaboiÿh pcaìtiob.

25?




Pcr uhb pbrtd, sd trbtb fd uh prcodsc pcaìtioc, pudstc qud hcdxistdh ecrlbs uhivdrsbads pbrb aadvbr b objc fiomc ochstruotc. Da”scoibaislc rdbaldhtd dxistdhtd’ ds rdba y ds scoibaistb, pdrc hc dsfdlcorâtioc, pcr ac ouba lba pcfrìb bpdabrsd b sus prâotiobs pbrb

pdhsbr batdrhbtivbs. Obfb épcob y aukbr tidhdh sus prcpibs pbrtiouabrifbfds, y rdquidrdh sidlprd sbjdrds y prâotiobs dspdoìeiobs bardspdotc. Ab uhifbf c rdaboiÿh dhtrd scoibaislc y fdlcorboib sÿac

pudfd ackrbrsd ldfibhtd-auombs ouyc éxitc hi ab oidhoib hi ab mistcrib pudfdh kbrbhtizbr fd bhtdlbhc. Ds uh prcodsc abrkc y prdobric qudfdjd rdsistir bldhbzbs y bsdfics, ihoausc acs fd eiaÿscecs-rdyds fd”vbhkubrfibs dsoabrdoifbs’ qud sd ludstrbh lâs prdcoupbfcs pcrilpchdr uh aijrdtc ifdcaÿkioc qud pcr pchdr dh lbromb uh prcydotcoclc prcodsc qud sd rdecrluab fd obrb b abs dxikdhoibs ochordtbsfd ab prâotiob. Ds uhb ochstruooiÿh qud, ba hc dstbr oclpadtbldhtd

prdeikurbfb, hc pudfd baobhzbrsd fd uhb scab lbhdrb, hi fd uhb vdz pcr tcfbs, hi och uh lcafd rìkifc qud ilpifb tcfb pcsijiaifbf férdhcvboiÿh fda prcydotc crikihba dh da oursc fd su ilpadldhtboiÿh.

Pcr ctrb pbrtd, da hdxc dhtrd scoibaislc y fdlcorboib sd fdjd

pdhsbr dh jbsd b ab hcoiÿh fd brtiouaboiÿh, pcr oubhtc ab uhifbf pcsijad dh hihk÷h lcimdhtc ackrb jcrrbr da obrâotdr fiedrdhoiba fdacs térlihcs. Ab uhifbf rdsuatbhtd ds lâs riob y oclpadgb qud obfbuhc fé acs térlihcs tclbfcs pcr sdpbrbfc7 scoibaislc fdlcorâtiocsikhieiob gustioib scoic-dochÿliob d ikubafbf pcaìtiob, oiufbfbhìbscoiba y oiufbfbhìb pcaìtiob irrdstriotb. Daac ds dxbotbldhtd ikuba b'ac qud sd pabhtdÿ dh rdaboiÿh och ab fdlcorboib aijdrba qud, oclc

uhifbf mistÿriob y pcaìtiobldhtd ochstruifb, b ab vdz dxodfd yochtidhd b uhb ecrlb aijdrba y b uhb ecrlb fdlcorâtiob. Bfiedrdhoib fd ab fdlcorboib aijdrba -qud priviadkib ab bouluaboiÿhfd riqudzbs y cptb pcr da ldrobfc oclc ldobhislc jâsioc fdfistrijuoiÿh-, ab pdrspdotivb scoibaistb fd ab fdlcorboib hc sÿacrbfiobaizb abs ihstituoichds rdprdsdhtbtivbs y abs rdkabs fd gudkcfdlcorâtioc mdrdfbfcs fd ab trbfioiÿh aijdrba, sihc qud tbljiéh

dstbjadod da oritdric fd gustioib d ikubafbf scoiba oclc bakc pricritbric. Pdrc, ba ikuba qud ab fdlcorboib aijdrba, ab fdlcorboibscoibaistb tblpcoc pudfd bkctbr da sdhtifc fda térlihc ”fdlcorb

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oib’ > sdrìb iadkìtilc rdfuoir ab uhifbf rdaboichba b uhc u ctrc fd susoclpchdhtds.

_ih dljbrkc, da suerbkic uhivdrsba ds uhb ochfioiÿh hdod

sbrib p«rc hc sueioidhtd pbrb ab fdlcorboib. _d hdodsitb bakc lâs qud da vctc uhivdrsba, aijrd y sdordtc pbrb qud da pudjac sdb dascjdrbhc. Piéhsdsd dh ac qud Adecrt ochsifdrb oclc ab ihhcvboiÿhrbfioba ihtrcfuoifb pcr ab ifdb fdlcorâtiob. Pcr uhb pbrtd, fiod, abfdlcorboib ilpaiob da rdochcoilidhtc fda ocheaiotc, dstc ds, bodptbqud ab fivisiÿh ds ochstitutivb fd ab uhifbf fd ab scoidfbf, pcr acouba éstb yb hc pudfd sdr ochsifdrbfb oclc uh oudrpc c uhbtctbaifbf .crkâhiob7 ab uhifbf dxistd, pdrc oclc ochstruooiÿh

purbldhtd scoiba y obljibjad, y hc oclc fdtdrlihboiÿh hbturbardprdsdhtbfb dh ab eikurb fda prìhoipd. Pcr ctrb pbrtd, da gudkc dhtrdocheaiotc y ochsdhsc prcpic fd dstb uhifbf fd ac fivdrsc mbod quddh uhb fdlcorboib da pcfdr pcaìtioc sd ochvidrtb dh uh aukbr vboec7 acs kcjdrhbhtds fd turhc hc pudfdh bprcpibrsd c bfudòbrsd fé éa,

pudstc qud sd trbtb fd uh aukbr ouycs coupbhtds oirouhstbhoibadsfdjdh dvboubrac audkc fd fdtdrlihbfc tidlpc (:0).Daac trbd, ochsikc ab dxikdhoib fd trds ochfioichds fd

pcsijiaifbf pbrb uh dstbfc fdlcorâtioc. Prildrc, sd fdjd sdpbrbrabs dsedrbs fda pcfdr, fd ab ady y da ochcoilidhtc7 ‑da pcfdr hc pudfdfiotbr ab ady, y quidh ab fiotb hc ds da dhobrkbfc fd bpaiobrab> fd ablislb lbhdrb qud da qud vikiab ab iherbooiÿh fd abs adyds y bpaiob

sbhoichds tblpcoc mbod abs adyds hi bflihistrb da dstbfc“ (:2). _dkuhfc, sih aijdrtbfds oiviads -dspdoibaldhtd abs fd cpihiÿh, bscoiboiÿh y rduhiÿh- ds pcoc prcjbjad qué da suerbkic sirvb pbrb lbhiedstbr acs bhmdacs y ab vcoboiÿh fd pcfdr fd fivdrsbs -y, erdoudhtdldhtd, ocheaiotivbs- bkrupboichds y ocrridhtds fdmtrÿ fd ab scoidfbf. Da fisdhsc obrdodrìb fd ldfics pbrb lbhiedstbrsd y scstdhdrsd,y ab cpcsioiÿh qudfbrìb fdsprcvistb fd ldfics dedotivcs pbrb ochs-

:0. Oabufd Adecrt, ‑Da prcjadlb fd ab fdlcorboib“, Cpoichds H° 5, _bhtibkc fd Omiad, lbyc-bkcstc 29=4, pp. =:-=6.

:2. Jbhgblìh Brfiti y Gcsé Obracs Zcfrìkudz, ‑Abs ochfioichds fd ch sistdlb fdlcorâtioc fd pbrtifcs“, fibric Tatilb Mcrb, Bsuhoiÿh, 2; fd sdtidljrd fd 29=;.

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tituir hudvbs lbycrìbs y ochvdrtirsd dh kcjidrhc -c, pbrb fdoiracoch Lbopmdrsch, da vcìc sdrìb fdspcgbfc fd su obpboifbf pbrb mbodry fdsmbodr kcjidrhcs. Vdrodrc, sih ab ochecrlboiÿh fd uh sistdlbfd pbrtifcs pcaìtiocs -dstc ds, fd uh dspboic pcaìtioc bikÿhclcobpbz fd ihstituoichbaizbr da ocheaiotc y dabjcrbr ochsdhscs-, rdsuatb

pcoc prcjbjad qud sd ackrd fdlcorbtizbr ab vcauhtbf dstbtba.Pbrb qud dstbs ochfioichds pudfbh dedotivbldhtd fdsbrrc

aabrsd, da prcydotc scoibaistb fdlcorâtioc fdjd bjbhfchbr trdsifdbs-eudrzb qud mbh boclpbòbfc ba pdhsblidhtc scoibaistb furbhtd uh sikac, dspdoibaldhtd audkc fda ilpbotc fda adhihislc7 dsihbodptbjad qud sd prdtdhfb fiscavdr ab fdlcorboib pcaìtiob dh abfdlcorboib dochÿliob, pudstc qud daac ilpaiob uhb ocheusiÿh dhtrdfcs âljitcs fiedrdhoibfcs -da fd ab oiufbfbhìb y da fd acs prcfuotcrds. Vblpcoc sd pudfd rdivihfiobr uhb ”fiotbfurb fdì prcadtbribfc’, pudstc qud daab ds bhtifdlcorâtiob pcr fdeihioiÿh. Pcr÷atilc, ds ihfdedhfijad ab tdsis qud prdkchb ab hdodsifbf fd uhbifdhtifbf pbrtifc-dstbfc, pcr oubhtc daac pchd eih ba paurbaislchdodsbric pbrb qud ab kdhtd pudfb dstbjadodr cpoichds pcaìtiobs

fiedrdhoibfbs.Pdrc, ds dvifdhtd qud dstb prcpudstb fd scoibaislc fdlc

orâtioc sd rdeidrd ÷hiob y dxoausivbldhtd ba pabhc fd ac pcaìtioc-dstbtba, fdgbhfc fd abfc da oblpc fd ab scoidfbf oivia. Mcy,b pdsbr fd su ilpcrtbhoib, rdsuatb ihsueioidhtd pabhtdbr ab fdlcorbtizboiÿh fda dstbfc tbh sÿac. Pdhsbr ab fdlcorboib fdsfd ac scoiba-hc ilpaiob hdodsbribldhtd obdr dh da âljitc fd ac dochÿlioc> abs

prcpudstbs oabsistbs y ab tdsis fd scoibaizboiÿh fd ab prcpidfbfqudfbh ocrtbs bhtd ab oclpadgifbf fd ab tbrdb fdlcorâtiob fdascoibaislc. _urkdh hudvcs fdsbeìcs qud sÿac pudfdh pdhsbrsd b

pbrtir fd uhb ilbkdh fd ac scoiba oclc tdrritcric dxoéhtrioc yoclpadgc, oblpc fd acs pbrtiouabrislcs c liorcpcfdrds.

j. Oclpadgifbf y dxodhtrioifbf fd ac scoiba.

Da krbh boidrtc fda scoibaislc fdoilchÿhioc eud pcfdrochdotbr prcpidfbf privbfb y lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh och oabsd scoiba

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y pcfdr pcaìtioc dh uh fisoursc oabrc y ochvihodhtd. Ba mbodrac, pusc dh dvifdhoib qud abs rdaboichds fd prcfuooiÿh fbjbh crikdh bab dxpactboiÿh dochÿliob, y qud dstb dxpactboiÿh vdhìb rdvdstifb fdrdaboichds fd pcfdr (fclihboiÿh y sujcrfihboiÿh) qud dhkdhfrbhlcfbaifbfds fd cprdsiÿh. Da scoibaislc lbrxistb fdsoujriÿ ac”pcaìtioc’ dh uhb dsedrb scoiba ochsifdrbfb mbstb dhtchods oclcdsedrb ”purbldhtd dochÿliob’ pcr ab jurkudsìb y da fisoursc aijdrbafd ab dochclìb pcaìtiob. Lâs b÷h, da scoibaislc lbrxistb ochtrijuyÿb fdsbtbr dsd pctdhoiba pcaìtioc badhtbhfc uhb rdsistdhoib qud audkc

pdrlitirìb ochecrlbr uh hudvc sugdtc, da prcadtbribfc ihfustriba dhauomb pcr su prcpib aijdrboiÿh. Da prcydotc fd dsd scoibaislc eud uh

prcydotc fd oabsd, dh tbhtc ifdhtieiobjb dlbhoipboiÿh mulbhb ochdlbhoipboiÿh fd abs ecrlbs fd dxpactboiÿh y cprdsiÿh surkifbs fdab prcpidfbf privbfb y dhoblbfbs dh da fclihic fd uhb oabsd.

Ab cpoiÿh dstrbtékiob qud pdrldb ba sdhtifc ocl÷h cilbkihbric ocadotivc brrbikbfc dh dstd pdhsblidhtc scoibaistb aikbochhctbtivbldhtd ”auomb pcr da pcfdr’ och ”auomb pcr da pcfdrdochÿlioc’ y b éstb, b su vdz, och ”auomb ochtrb ab prcpidfbf

privbfb’ y ”auomb pcr da bpbrbtc dstbtba’ qud, oclc dadldhtcsupdrdstruoturba, sdrìb uhb ecrlb ihstituoichba kdhdrbfb pcr ab oabsddochÿliobldhtd fclihbhtd. Da pcfdr y ac ”pcaìtioc’, ab fclihboiÿhy abs rdsistdhoibs b éstb sÿac ackrbh sdr pdhsbfcs oclc rdbaifbfdsmclckéhdbs y lchcaÿkiobs, dstc ds, ocfieiobfbs pcr abs ecrlbs fd

prcpidfbf y ab oabsd c erbooichds fd oabsd fclihbhtds dhkdhfrbfbs pcr da lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh fclihbhtd. Da dstbfc, ihstruldhtc y

ecrlb pbapbjad fda fclihic fd oabsd, bpbrdod b ab vdz oclc hufcfda pcfdr cprdscr y oclc cjgdtivc odhtrba fd ab auomb pbrbdlbhoipbr ba pudjac fd sus obfdhbs.

Dstb ebsoihboiÿh och da dstbfc hc ds obsuba> ocihoifd och uhsdhtifc ocl÷h ihspirbfc, dh krbh ldfifb, dh da bukd fda rboichbaislc fd ab Iaustrboiÿh durcpdb, y fdsauljrbfc b ab vdz pcr da

prcodsc fd ecrlboiÿh y ochscaifboiÿh fd dstbfcs hboichbads y

(bflihistrboichds p÷jaiobs batbldhtd odhtrbaizbfbs y odhtrbaizbhtdsdh Durcpb dhtrd acs sikacs ]UII y ]I]. Y qud, bfdlâs, sikudbtrbpbfc dh lcfcs fd ochodptubaizboiÿh fda pcfdr, ab pcaìtiob y ab

25;




auomb dh térlihcs prcpics fda gbocjihislc fd acs sikacs ]UIII y]I], mdrdfbfcs fd ab dxpdridhoib rdvcauoichbrib fd ab jurkudsìbaijdrba erbhodsb.

Pdrc ds uh tipc rbzchblidhtc qud rdsuatb yb fieìoia fdscstdhdr, dspdoibaldhtd dh ac qud sd rdeidrd ba pcfdr y ab tctbaifbfscoiba. Mcy, hc sÿac sd oudstichb ab ifdb fd ”fclihboiÿh’ oclcedhÿldhc bjscautc, sihc qud tbljiéh sd pchd dh dhtrdfiomc aborddhoib ‖tbò erdoudhtd dh abs ochodpoichds pcaìtiobs vbhkubrfistbs- dh ab pcsijiaifbf fd obljibr ab vifb octifibhb rbfioba, prceuhfb,tctba d ihldfibtbldhtd och uhb rdvcauoiÿh. Mbjabr, pcr dgdlpac, fdabsbatc ba Pbaboic fd Ihvidrhc fda Wbr oclc da lcldhtc fd ab ”tclb

fda pcfdr’ pcr pbrtd fda pudjac dh brlbs ds adkìtilc ÷hiob ydxoausivbldhtd oclc uh dhuhoibfc fd obrâotdr ldtbeÿrioc. Fd sdrtclbfc aitdrbaldhtd, ochfuod b pcsioichds erbhobldhtd kcapistbsdh rdaboiÿh b uhb dstrbtdkib fd auomb pcr pbrtd fd ab izquidrfbscoibaistb (::).

Q Mbstb qué puhtc Krblsoi ihtuìb yb da obrâotdr hc lchcaìtiocfda pcfdr y ab fclihboiÿh dh scoidfbfds obpitbaistbs bvbhzbfbs, abs

huldrcsbs eisurbs qud mbh fbfc objifb b ac qud Ecuobuat fdhclihbuhb h÷orceìsiob fda pcfdr , qud mbjabjb fd ab hdodsifbf fd fisdòbruhb dstrbtdkib fd auomb dh térlihcs fd uhb abrkb kudrrb fd

pcsioichds ba ihtdricr fda dstbfic y scoidfbf oivia jurkudsbs oclcecrlb fd ackrbr ab mdkdlchìb fda prcadtbribfc bhtds fda ”bsbatc’ fdabs ecrtbadzbs fda pcfdr.

Ac fd ab ”liorceìsiob fda pcfdr’ y, dh oidrtb ldfifb, tbljiéh

ac fd ab ”kudrrb fd pcsioichds’ bpuhtb ba prcjadlb oruoiba, ba ldhcsdh ac qud rdspdotb b ab oudstiÿh fd ab tctbaifbf y fd ab uhifbfscoidtba. _i jidh ds oidrtc qud och Krblsoi yb mby uh rdochcoilidhtc dxpaìoitc fd ab ordoidhtd erbkldhtboiÿh fda pcfdr dh

::. Adhih tblpcoc drb ihsdhsijad b dstc, y pcr daac vdìb ab hdodsifbf fd uh pdrìcfc trbhsioichba, ab aablbfb ”fiotbfurb fda prcadtbribfc*. Adhih mbjab fd ab hdodsifbf fd uhb 'kudrrb prcachkbfb* pbrb ochscaifbr da pcfdr scviétioc

hboidhtd dh tdxtcs tbads oclc Abs tbrdbs ihldfibtbs fda pcfdr scviétioc (292=), Ab dochclìb pcaìtiob furbhtd ab fiotbfurb fda prcadtbribfc (2929) y

Ab dhedrldfbf ihebhtia fda 'izquidrfislc2 dh da ocluhislc (29:0).

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scoidfbfds obpitbaistbs bvbhzbfbs y, ba lislc tidlpc, fd abbusdhoib fd uhb scab ”krbh eisurb euhfbldhtba’ obpbz fd prcvcobrda ocabpsc fd ab fclihboiÿh jurkudsb, ab hcoiÿh fd ”kudrrb fd pcsioichds’ hc trbfuod objbaldhtd ac fd ”liorceìsiob fda pcfdr’ batdrrdhc pcaìtioc-pbrtifbric. Pbrb Krblsoi, ab aÿkiob fd ab auomb pcry dh fivdrsbs ihstituoichds kdhdrbfcrbs fd ochsdhsc -ihstituoichds

pcaìtiobs, sihfiobads, ouaturbads, pdricfìstiobs, u ctrbs- ds sidlprduhb y ab lislb7 ab ochstituoiÿh fd ab mdkdlchìb fd uhb oabsd scoiba, dh dstd obsc, fda prcadtbribfc (:?).

Ab tdsis fd acs ”liorcpcfdrds’, fd ab prdsdhoib obpiabr fda pcfdr dh acs paidkuds d ihtdrstioics fda tdgifc scoiba pcr uh abfc, y

fd ab ochecrlboiÿh fd âljitcs ”dspdoibads’, ”puhtcs hcfbads’ cliorc-odhtrcs fiedrdhoibfcs fd rdaboichds fd pcfdr, trbd ochsikcochsdoudhoibs tdÿriobs och dedotcs ilpcrtbhtds scjrd abs ecrlbs fdoâaouac pcaìtioc-dstrbtékioc fd eudrzbs dh auomb pcr uh prcydotcscoibaistb aijdrtbric. Daabs dstâh aikbfbs, euhfbldhtbaldhtd, b abifdb fd uhb ordoidhtd sdkldhtboiÿh fda pcfdr, och su fdsddh tirblidhtc ,y och ab bpbrioiÿh fd dspboics fd auomb boctbfcs, hc

hdodsbribldhtd tctbaizbfcrds. Ubad fdoir, pchdh dh tdab fé guioic abifdb fd fclihboiÿh oclc rdbaifbf qud dlbhb fd uh puhtc odhtrba(pcr dgdlpac, ab dochclìb) y qud sd lbhieidstb dh uh sÿac tipc fdsugdoiÿh (pcr dgdlpac, ab sugdoiÿh b uhb fclihboiÿh fd oabsd).

Pudstc fd ctrc lcfc, fdsfd da lcldhtc dh qud ab scoidfbfyb hc pudfd sdr ochsifdrbfb oclc uh tdrrdhc mclckéhdc dh ac qudrdspdotb b acs ocheaiotcs, ifdhtifbfds, euhoichds, âljitcs y prcodscs

qud eacrdodh dh daab, yb hc ds pcsijad pdhsbr qud dxistd uh hivda priviadkibfc qud .pdrlitb su ihtdaikijiaifbf dxmbustivb. Oclc fiodMirst (:6) rdspdotc ba pabhc fda sbjdr y ab tdcrìb, daac cjaikb bbjbhfchbr ab ifdb fd qud dxistd uh oritdric kdhdrba y uhivdrsba pbrb

:?. B÷h bsì, och Krblsoi sd ihtrcfuod ab prcaiedrboiÿh fd hivdads y erdhtds fd auomb oclc bakc ihtdkrba fd ab dstrbtdkib scoibaistb y hc oclc ”rdecrlislc* y, fd pbsc, sd drcsichb tbljiéh ab tdsis fd ab ”tctbaifbf eudrtd*, crkâhiob, sih

eisurbs.:6. Pbua Mirst, Ch Abw bhf ¡fdcacky, Zcutadfkd bhf Ndkbh Pbua, Achttch, 29;9.

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fdtdrlihbr ab vdrfbf, ds fdoir, pbrb dstbjadodr ab ocrrdspchfdhoibdhtrd da ochcoilidhtc y ac rdba, ‑Bhtd ab busdhoib fd uh hivda

priviadkibfc, uhc fdjd bodptbr ab fiedrdhoib fd acs rdedrdhtds fdafisoursc, bodptbr ab iheihifbf pctdhoiba fd acs-rdedrdhtds{....). Hcdxistd uh prcodsc fd. ochcoilidhtc dh kdhdrba, y pcr ac tbhtc,tblpcoc mby hdodsifbf fd jusobr tba oritdric. Abs téohiobs fd orìtiobfd tdxtcs rdaikicscs, fd hbfb sirvdh pbrb ab ldoâhiob fd butclÿviads“ (:4). _d fdjd bjbhfchbr, puds, tcfc ihtdhtc fd rdochstruirtctbaifbfds b pbrtir fd ochfioichds qud dlbhbh fd uh scac ”krbhochodptc’ kdhdrba, oclc pcr dgdlpac, abs hdodsifbfds y acs dedotcsfd uh lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh.

Da sdhtifc fd dstbs trbhsecrlboichds fd ac scoiba hc mb sifcbodptbfc, pdroijifc c oclprdhfifc objbaldhtd pcr pdhsbfcrds ybotivistbs fd ab izquidrfb lbrxistb. Bakuhcs fd daacs ochsifdrbh qudtbhtc ab orìtiob fd ab hcoiÿh fd tctbaifbf oclc da fdjbtd bodrob fda”rdabgblidhtcXfd ab hcoiÿh fd rdedrdhtd -y su prcaiedrboiÿh- fbh pidb uh rdabtivislc rbfioba fchfd ”tcfc vbad’, y b uh himiaislc pdaikrcsc fchfd ”hbfb ilpcrtb’, âa ldhcs dh prihoipic. Oclc ac

prildrc fdsdljcobrìb dh uhb situboiÿh fd fispdrsiÿh qud ilpcsi jiaitb ab ecrlboiÿh fd ifdhtifbfds ocadotivbs, y ac sdkuhfc tdhfrìboclc ocrcabric ab bfcpoiÿh fd pcsturbs pctdhoibaldhtd rdbooichbribs y fdslcviaizbhtds dh da oblpc fd ac bpcaìtioc, sd aadkbrìb bsìb ab ilpcsijiaifbf fd pdhsbr ÷hb dstrbtdkib fd trbhsecrlboiÿh kacjbay scoibaistb fd ab scoidfbf. Ds, pcr dgdlpac> ab pdrspdotivb qud sdfdsprdhfd fd abs orìtiobs qud Erbhz Mihndablldrt (:5) mb ecrlu

abfc rdspdotc b abs ”tdcrìbs fda fisoursc’ y abs fivdrsbs ocrridhtds fda”pcslcfdlislc’.

Pdrc ab orìtiob fd tctbaifbfds clhioclprdhsivbs hc fdjdocheuhfirsd och ab bodptboiÿh fd ab tdsis fda ”tcfc vbad’, pudstc qud

:4. Ijif., pp. 29, :0.

:5. Erbhz Mihndablldrt, ‑Erdhtd b ab ouaturb fd ab pcslcfdlifbf7 prcydotc

pcaìtioc y utcpìb“, Fbvif y Kcaibtm Bòc ]UII, Hd 4:, Judhcs Birds, sdtidljrd 29=;$ pp. :2-:9. Bakc bsì pabhtdb tbljiéh Vdrry Dbkadtch, ‑[ittkdhstdih’s Eridhfs“, Hdw Adet Zdvidw H® 2?4, sdtidljrd-cotujrd 29=:, pp. 56-90.

2;0




dh hihk÷h obsc sd prdtdhfd beulbr qud abs ”situboichds’ fdtdrlihbfbs (tdlbs, eudrzbs y bpbrbtcs pcaìtiocs) obrdodrìbh fd ochfioichds. _d rdochcod ab dxistdhoib fd tbads ochfioichds, sÿac qud yb

hc sd ochsifdrb qud daabs prcvidhdh fd uh odhtrc euhfbhtd fd acfivdrsc. Ab prcaiedrboiÿh fd rdedrdhtds qud trbd ochsikc ab ordoidhtdoclpadgifbf fd hudstrb épcob dstâ bscoibfb och ctrb ocsb, â sbjdr,uhb cpoiÿh dstrbtékiob ochsistdhtd dh ab adkitilboiÿh fda obrâotdrboctbfc, fisochtihuc y acoba fd ocheaiotcs, ifdhtifbfds, prcydotcs ycjgdtivcs fd auomb. Acs fdjbtds rdoidhtds bodrob fd ab dxodhtrioifbf fda pcfdr, fd ab fisdlihboiÿh fd ecocs fiedrdhoibfcs fd pcfdr yrdsistdhoib, bpuhtbh dh dsb lislb firdooiÿh. Jusobh rdeutbr, dhtrdctrbs ocsbs, ab tdsis fda odhtrc euhfbhtd fd ab fivdrsifbf scoiba, abifdb fd uhb tctbaifbf clhioclprdhsivb obpbz fd dhkacjbr dsbfivdrsifbf y dstruoturbr sus edhÿldhcs dh jbsd b vìhouacs obusbadshdodsbricsNy ab orddhoib dh sbjdrds oidhtìeiocs priviadkibfcs ob

pbods fd bprdmdhfdr ab fivdrsifbf edhcléhiob fda luhfc.

o. Da scoibaislc oclc ”dtmcs’ y prcydotc ikubaitbric, fdlcorâtioc y aijdrtbric.

Dh térlihcs blpaics, dstb pdrspdotivb rdochcod ab oclpad gifbf fda luhfc dh ochtrbpcsioiÿh b abs fioctclìbs rdfuotivbs fdascoibaislc fdoilchÿhioc. Bhtd daac, da scoibaislc fdjd cptbr7 fdjdochodjirsd b sì lislc oclc prcydotc pcaìtioc, hc oclc prcldsbldsiâhiob fd rdfdhoiÿh uhivdrsba. Fd ac ochtrbric, dstbrâ ochfd

hbfc b sdr uhb dxprdsiÿh purbldhtd tdstilchiba fd pdqudòcskrupcs. Daac tidhd uh ocstc dh ac qud rdspdotb b ab rbtic y abs odrtdzbstrbfioichbads, pudstc qud da pdhsblidhtc scoibaistb sÿac pudfdbjrirsd b ac pcaìtioc si sd fdspcgb fd abs btbfurbs ldhtbads qud ac mbhbhoabfc dh da lbrxislc y dh uhb visiÿh fdoilchÿhiob fda sbjdr yfda obljic. Dstc ds, si sd fdoifd b bjbhfchbr ab j÷squdfb fd ”abochtrbfiooiÿh euhfbldhtba’ c lbtriz fd ab ouba tcfc ac fdlâs

fdpdhfdrìb. ‑Ab scoidfbf -sdòbab Pcrtbhtidrc- hc ds da dgdlpacdlpìrioc fd uhb ady fd ab dvcauoiÿh och uh eihba prdvistc, (...) sihcuh oclprclisc prdobric d ihdstbjad qud uhb trblb oclpadgb y

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fivdrsieiobfb fd ocheaiotcs vb ochstituydhfc“ (:;).Pcr uh abfc, daac sikhieiob qud sd fdjd bjbhfchbr ab

tdsis-edtiomd fd ab prilboìb fd ab prcfuooiÿh, sdb dh prildrb..c dh

÷atilb ihstbhoib y, pcr da ctrc, qud sd fdjd hdkbr tcfb prilboìbchtcaÿkiob b bak÷h sdotcr, oabsd c pbrtifc ba dhobrbr da prcjadlb fdab fdlcorbtizboiÿh fd fivdrsbs dsedrbs fd ab vifb octifibhb. Dstc ds7hc sd pudfd bodptbr uhb sujcrfihboiÿh gdrârquiob fd tcfbs absihioibtivbs ochtdstbtbribs jbgc ab jbhfdrb fd ab auomb fd oabsds,

pudstc qud da térlihc ”scoibaislc’, dhtdhfifc dh da sdhtifc rdstrihkifc fd uh oclprclisc och da prcadtbribfc y fd uhb auomb ochtrb

ab jurkudsìb hc pudfd sdr lâs qud uh erbkldhtc fda térlihc”dlbhoipboiÿh’.Dstc ds lâs qud dvifdhtd, pudstc qud, b ldfifb qud sd

prceuhfizbh acs prcodscs fd fivdrsieioboiÿh y fiedrdhoiboiÿh fd absbotivifbfds, dxpdotbtivbs, prcodscs, bhtbkchislcs d ifdhtifbfds dhda ihtdricr fda dspboic scoiba, tbljiéh sd fivdrsieiobh y fiedrdhoibhabs ecrlbs fd dgdroioic fda pcfdr, sd luatipaiobh abs rdaboichds fdfclihboiÿh-sujcrfihboiÿh, sd fdtdotbh hudvbs lcfbaifbfds fdcprdsiÿh, sd kdhdrbh rdsistdhoibs dh hudvcs dspboics fd ac scoiba.'Och daac sd vb fdsoujridhfc b ac ”pcaìtioc’ dh ctrbs dsedrbs scoibadsmbstb dhtchods ochsifdrbfbs ”hdutrbads’ y vbh surkidhfc hudvcssbjdrds, prâotiobs y sujgdtivifbfds rdaboichbfbs och abs dsedrbs qudsd botivbh -sdxubaifbf, ebliaib, ouaturb, guvdhtuf, dto.

Dstcs prcodscs fd pcaitizboiÿh fd ac scoiba (dldrkdh hudvcssbjdrds ”acobads’, sd, botivbh bkdhtds scoibads bhtdricrldhtd pbsi

vcs) pdrlitdh pdhsbr uhb vdrtidhtd fdlcorâtiob dhtdhfifb oclc scoibaizboiÿh fd ab pcaìtiob (ordoidhtd rdbjscroiÿh fd prcodscsfdoiscrics dh da ihtdricr fd ab scoidfbf). Hc ds pcsijad rbstrdbr dacrikdh fd tcfbs dstbs pcaitizboichds b ab dsedrb dochÿliob purb ysilpad, oclc ac mb ihtdhtbfc mbodr da scoibaislc lbrxistb> tblpcocds pcsijad fdrivbr tcfb ecrlb fd fclihboiÿh y cprdsiÿh fd abfclihboiÿh y cprdsiÿh fd oabsd. Ab bpbrioiÿh fd hudvcs sugdtcs

:;. Gubh Obracs Pcrtbhtidrc,'‑Fd ab ochtrbfiooiÿh b acs ocheaiotcs’*’, Ab Oiufbf Euturb H® :, Judhcs Birds, cotujrd 29=5, p. :6.

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pcaìtiocs och fdlbhfbs prcpibs qud luatipaiobh abs rbzchds, acstipcs y acs lcfcs fd dherdhtblidhtc fdhtrc fd ab scoidfbf fb pcrtidrrb och ab tdsis fd ab ordoidhtd silpaieioboiÿh fd acs bhtbkchislcsscoibads, ds fdoir, ab tdsis qud pabhtdb su rdfuooiÿh tdhfdhoiba b uhbhtbkchislc fd oabsd odhtrba.

_d vb ochecrlbhfc uhb hudvb tcpckrbeìb pcaìtiob scjrd uhvbstc tdrritcric scoiba surobfc pcr l÷atipads bhtbkchislcs, rdsistdhoibs, ifdhtifbfds, sbjdrds, dstrbtdkibs y cjgdtivcs qud sd bkrupbhdh l÷atipads dspboics7 sihfiobtcs, lcvilidhtcs fd lugdrds,bscoiboichds jbrribads, bkrupboichds docackistbs, crkbhizboichdsoblpdsihbs y fd fdrdomcs mulbhcs auombh pcr adkitilbr da fdrdomcb ab vifb, b ihkrdscs fikhcs, b sdr fiedrdhtds, b ab sdkurifbf y ab pbzc pbrb ochquistbr fdrdomcs hdkbfcs c pisctdbfcs fd su oiufbfbhìâscoiba y pcaìtiob. Hc sidlprd sd fb uhb ocihoifdhoib dhtrd susrdspdotivbs tdlpcrbaifbfds fd auomb y bvbhod, sus ecrlbscrkbhizbtivbs, cjgdtivcs dstrbtékiocs c tipcs fd bfvdrsbrics. Ihoauscsudadh mbjdr tdhsichds dhtrd dstcs âljitcs -ab fdedhsb fda ldficbljidhtd ilpuasbfb pcr docackistbs pudfd aadvbr b prcpudstbs y

booichds qud bedotbh abs rdivihfioboichds fd padhc dlpadc fdedhfifbs pcr acs sihfiobtcs. Pdrc 20 qud ds oabrc ds qud ab prdsdhoib fdfiomcs dspboics pdrlitd visauljrbr ab ochecrlboiÿh tdhfdhoiba fduhb hudvb tcpckrbeìb -ab fd acs liorcpcfdrds- qud cjaikb b fdgbrbtrâs abs prcpudstbs fd dlbhoipboiÿh jbsbfbs dh dsqudlbslchcaÿkiocs y tctbaizbfcrds7 ihbukurbh uhb sudrtd fd ”lbpb’rdabtivbldhtd dxoéhtrioc fd uhivdrscs fd auomb y pcfdr acobads,

sdkldhtbfcs y, dh prihoipic, fisochtihucs.Dstc hc sikhieiob qud sd pabhtdd uh bjbhfchc fd acs bhmdacs

ihioibads qud ilpuasbrch ba prcydotc scoibaistb, ds fdoir, ab ochstruooiÿh fd uhb scoidfbf dh ab ouba acs ”fd bjbgc’ tuvidrbh uhb vifbfikhb, fchfd acs vbacrds fd scaifbrifbf, ikubafbf y gustioib scoibacoupbrbh uh aukbr prclihdhtd. Ab orìtiob sÿac oudstichb b uhb tdcrìb

pcaìtiob clhioclprdhsivb qud, blpbrbfb pcr da lbhtc fd ab

oidhtieioifbf, sd mb dlpdòbfc dh oirouhsorijir ab oclpadgifbf fd acrdba fdhtrc fd uh dspboic fisoursivc ihobpbz fd fbr oudhtb fd abfivdrsifbf.

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Ab sdkldhtboiÿh fd ac scoiba y fd ac pcaìtioc tblpcoc sd fdjd ocheuhfir och uhb hdkboiÿh fd tcfc dseudrzc pcr ihstituir obljics kacjbads dh uhb scoidfbf oubaquidrb. Ab tdsis fd acs

liorcpcfdrds hc ochstituyd tbh sÿac uhb prdcoupboiÿh fd ìhfcad tdÿriob, sihc tbljiéh -y tba vdz dh dstc rbfiob su ilpcrtbhoib- uhb ochsifdrboiÿh qud jusob ihtrcfuoir dh da fdjbtd scoibaistb uh oritdric pbrb da oâaouac pcaìtioc-dstrbtékioc7 ac l÷atipad y ac mdtdrckéhdc fdjd sdr da puhtc fd pbrtifb pbrb dabjcrbr abs prcpudstbs ochordtbs fd uhb pdrspdotivb qud jusob rdpdhsbr abs lcfbaifbfds fda obljic erdhtd b ab oclpadgifbf. Och daac, sd pabhtdbh

hudvbs prdkuhtbs7 bodrob fd ab rdaboiÿh dhtrd dstbfc y scoidfbf dh uhb pdrspdotivb fdlcorbtizbfcrb, fda vìhouac dhtrd-crkbhizboiÿh pcaìtiob scoibaistb y ab luatipaioifbf fd sujgdtivifbfds y sus rdspdotivbs crkbhizboichds butÿhclbs, y fda hdxc dhtrd pcaìtiob y vifb octifibhb dh uhb épcob dh ab ouba da dstbfc y acs pbrtifcs mbh fdgbfc fd sdr acs ÷hiocs sugdtcs fd ab pcaìtiob y dh qud ab pcaìtiob oclc tba sd mb ifc ”fdsecrlbaizbhfc’ (:=).

Da scoibaislc fd mcy fdjd bjbhfchbr tcfc bhmdac fd pcsddr uh sbjdr vdrfbfdrc y clhioclprdhsivc, rdsbjic prcpic fd ab vdrtidhtd ”lÿrjifb’ fda rboichbaislc fd ab Iaustrboiÿh qud prdtdhfìb scldtdr b ac rdba -pcr ab eudrzb si eudrd hdodsbric- b uh lcfdac tctbaizbfcr baildhtbfc pcr uhb cjsdsiÿh pcr dhochtrbr uh crfdh y uh sdhtifc fdeihitivc pbrb ab Mistcrib, da _dr y ab _coidfbf (:9). Dhtiéhfbsd jidh7 och dstc hc sd prdtdhfd rdfuoir tcfc ochcoilidhtc b ab ilpctdhoib hi dackibr ab irrboichbaifbf. Bhtds jidh, sd mbod uh aablbfc b bjrbzbr uh pdhsblidhtc féjia , dstc ds, uh pdhsblidhtc qud rdochcod ab busdhoib fd uh sustrbtc euhfbhtd fd tcfb vdrfbf y qud fdspcgb b éstb fd abs prdtdhsichds tctbaizbfcrbs fd ab ldtbeìsiob

:=. Omristihd Juoi-Kauonslbhh, ‑Ab pcaìtiob fdstruyd acs oudrpcs**, dhtrdvistb och Dhriqud Lchtbavc, Da Jusoÿh H4 2, Léxioc F.E.,

hcvidljrd-fioidljrd 29=:, pp. 222-22:.:9. Dfkbr Lcrih, ‑Ab rbzÿh fdsrboichbaizbfb**, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba H9 =, Lbfrif, ihvidrhc 29=;-29==, p. 6?, y Gcsé Auis Pbrfc, ‑Ab pérfifb fda tidlpc jusobfc**, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba Hs =, Lbfrif, ihvidrhc 29=;-29==, pp. 56-5=.

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y fd ab rikifdz fda fcklb (?0). Dh uhb pbabjrb, fdjd rdhuhoibr b tcfb prdtdhsiÿh fd ochvdrtirsd dh da sbjdr kacjba fd uh uhivdrsc scoiba ouyb oclpadgifbf ordoidhtd ilpifd obfb fìb lâs aadkbr b ochcodrac dxmbustivbldhtd (?2).

Ba lislc tidlpc, si su prcpudstb fd dlbhoipbr fd ab lisdrib y ab dxpactboiÿh b abs lbsbs trbjbgbfcrbs pudfd rdoupdrbrsd oclc jbhfdrb fd auomb pcr uhb scoidfbf lâs gustb d ikubaitbrib, dhtchods tbljiéh fdjd sdr obpbz fd blpaibr sus cjgdtivcs dstrbtékiocs7 ab bjcaioiÿh fd ab prcpidfbf privbfb pcr sì scab hc pudfd rdscavdr abs lcfbaifbfds fd cprdsiÿh qud surkdh fd abs fiedrdhtds rdaboichds fd fclihboiÿh y sujcrfihboiÿh> tblpcoc pudfd ochstituir uh cjgdtivc

obpbz fd lcviaizbr b ab fivdrsifbf fd sdotcrds cprilifcs. Mby qud cavifbrsd fd ab ifdb fd scoibaislc oclc dxprdsiÿh pcaìtiob fd uh sugdtc ocadotivc tba oclc uhb oabsd c pbrtifc> da scoibaislc fdjd sdr ochsifdrbfc oclc uh prckrblb qud ihtdhtb lcfieiobr da crfdh dxistdhtd rdivihfiobhfc acs prihoipics dadldhtbads qud mbh obrbotdrizbfc b ab izquidrfb (?:).

?0. Ab hcoiÿh fd pdhsblidhtc féjia (pdhsidrc fdjcad) mb sifc fdsbrrcaabfb pcr Kibmhi Ubttilc oclc tdlb fd ab ochfioiÿh pcslcfdlb b pbrtir fd sus rdeadxichds scjrd Hidtzsomd y Mdifdkkdr. Uébsd ‑Da euturc pbsbfÿ“, Adtrb

Ihtdrhboichba H9 ?, Lbfrif, ctcòc 29=5, pp. 69-42, oclc bsilislc ab ‑Ihtrcfuooiÿh“, ‑Ab dstruoturb fd abs rdvcauoichds brtìstiobs“ y ‑Da himiaislc y ac pcslcfdlc dh eiacsceìb“, tcfcs daacs dh su aijrc Da eih fd ab lcfdrhifbf.

Himiaislc y mdrldhéutiob dh ab ouaturb pcslcfdlb (29=4), Dfitcriba Kdfisb, Jbrodachb, 29=5. Pbrb uhb. jrdvd ihtrcfuooiÿh b Ubttilc y ba ”pdhsidrc fdjcad' , vébsd Lbric Ldraihc, ‑Dspboic (³euhfbldhtc3) fd ab ldzoab“, Adtrb

Ihtdrhboichba H9 ?, Lbfrif, ctcòc 29=5, pp. 40-42.

?2. Md trbtbfc fd fdsbrrcaabr ab fistihoiÿh ochodptuba dhtrd ”ab scoidfbf* y ”ac scoiba* drt jbsd b dstb eikurb fd ab dxodhtrioifbf fda dspboic scoiba, acs ”dspdoibaislcs* y da pcfdr. Uébsd ‑Thb krblâtiob pcslcfdlb pbrb pdhsbr ac scoiba“, Wchb Bjidrtb HR62-6:, cotujrd 29=5 - bjria 29=;, Lbfrif, pp. 2=?-:05, ihoauifc tbljiéh dh Hcrjdrt Adomhdr (oclpiabfcr), Ouaturb pcaìtiob

y fdlcorbtizboiÿh, EABO_C/OABO_C/IOI, _bhtibkc, 29=;, pp. 259-2==.

?:. Gcsé Zblÿh Zdobafd, ‑³Dxistd ab izquidrfb3“, dh vbrics butcrds, Ab izquidrfb y Durcpb. Fdjbtd fd _ikñdhzb, Dfitcriba Pbjac Ikadsibs, Lbfrif, 29=;, p. :96.

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³Rué sikhieiob dstc3 Ab izquidrfb sidlprd mb ordìfc quddxistdh prcjadlbs fd ikubafbf, gustioib, aijdrtbf y pbrtioipboiÿh qudb÷h hc mbh sifc rdsudatcs, y qud pcr daac ds hdodsbric dabjcrbr

hudvbs ecrlbs fd crkbhizboiÿh, fd botcrds y prcydotcs obpbods fdihstburbr obljics dh ab scoidfbf (??). Dstd ilpuasc lctriz fd abifdb fd izquidrfb sikud sidhfc vâaifc, pdrc sd bpaiob b uh tdrritcriclâs blpaic fd prdcoupboichds. Pcrqud yb hc jbstb och dstbjadodrabs cpcsioichds prcadtbribfc-jurkudsìb c scoibaislc-obpitbaislcoclc dgds odhtrbads fda fisoursc scoibaistb> mcy, pbrb abs krbhfdslbsbs -sdbh fda dstd c fda cdstd, fda hcrtd c fda sur- acs ochtrbstdsdhtrd fdlcorboib y fiotbfurb, dhtrd fdrdomcs mulbhcs y tdrrcr ydhtrd aijdrtbf y tctbaitbrislc ochstituydh dgds ikubaldhtd ilpcrtbhtds qud fdeihdh abs krbhfds cridhtboichds fd uhb ecrlb fd vifb

pcr ab ouba vbad ab pdhb auombr.Dh sìhtdsis, ab izquidrfb fdjd, oclc fiod Vrchti (?6),

rdhcvbrsd y rdoupdrbr da kustc pcr da gudkc pcaìtioc y bjrirsd mboibuhb tdcrìb fdlcorâtiob fda ihtdrobljic blikc-dhdlikc c, pbrbfdoirac fd ctrc lcfc, fdjd bprdhfdr b lcvdrsd dh da oblpcbatbldhtd fiedrdhoibfc fd ocheaiotcs ochstitutivcs fd ac pcaìtioc ochuh aÿkiob ikubaldhtd blpaib y fiedrdhoibfb. Pbrb éa, da ”dadldhtccrikihbric’ fd ab izquidrfb, su ‑éxtbsis fda oblihbhtd drkuifc y suvcauhtbf fd pbrbìsc, vcauhtbf ilpboidhtd, rdjdafd y eirld“ -dh uhb

pbabjrb, su ifdhtifbf sd dlpidzb b fdsoujrir sÿac fdsfd dalcldhtc dh qud sd pidhsb su dxistdhoib oclcoblpc fd lcvilidhtc bhtds qud oclc jacqud7 oclc dstruoturb bjidrtb mdomb fd pbrtifcs,

sihfiobtcs, krupcs, ârdbs, sugdtcs ocadotivcs, ihfivifubaifbfds scoibaizbfbs> oclc eudrzb ordbtivb qud sd mbod tclbr dh oudhtb -dh§ulb, oclc ilbkihboiÿh + rdbaislc ba pcfdr (?4).

Y hc pudfd sdr fd ctrc lcfc. Dh abs ÷atilbs féobfbs sd mb

??. Gufitm Bstdabrrb, ihtdrvdhoiÿh dh Ab izquidrfb y Durcpb, p. 2:9.

?6. Pdp _ujircs, ‑Lbyc fda *5=7 ³hudstrcs bjudacs c hudstrcs hidtcs3“, Da

Uidgc Vcpc, Dxtrb H® 22, Jbrodachb, 29=0, pp. 6-4.?4. Lbric Vrchti, ‑_ihistrb“, Abjcrbtcric Pcaìtioc Hd ?, lbkkic-kiukhc 29=2, p. 266.

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dstbfc ochecrlbhfc ac qud _ujirÿs (?5) fdhclihb ‑ab izquidrfb pcailÿreìob y pcaioéhtriob“ qud, pbrb pctdhoibrsd fd obrb b aboclpadgifbf, bmcrb dxikd pcr ac ldhcs oihoc ocsbs fda scoibaislc7qud da fisoursc sdb obpbz fd pdhsbr dstb fivdrsifbf y fbrad uhsdhtifc fd ochguhtc> qud da prcydotc sdb obpbz fd aadvbr b objc uhb

pudstb dh fisoursc fd bspirboichds dsjczbfbs fd lbhdrb jbajuodbhtd pcr lbycrìbs y lihcrìbs, dstc ds, brtiouabr c ecrluabr fdlbhdrb ihtdaikijad acs bhmdacs fd uh sih eih fd vcods pcaìtiobs yscoibads ouyb erustrboiÿh y ebatb fd boodsc ba mbjab p÷jaiob rdadkbsus prcjadlbs b ab cpboifbf fd ac hc visijad y ac hc tdlbaizbjad> qudab prâotiob sdb obpbz fd ilpuasbr abs auombs qud uhb fivdrsifbf fd

sujgdtivifbfds pbrtiouabrds -pcaìtiobs y scoibads- aijrbh pcr sufdrdomc b mbjabr, su fikhifbf d ifdhtifbf sih fiscavdr ab dspdoieioifbf fd éstbs> qud da prckrblb sdb obpbz fd ecrluabr prcpudstbsqud tbljiéh ochtdlpadh abs hdodsifbfds fda ”bquì y bmcrb’ fd acsqud hc dstâh fispudstcs b dspdfir da liadhic fd ab rdvcauoiÿh pbrbqud sus prcjadlbs sdbh rdsudatcs c, ac qud ds ikuba, qud ackrddabjcrbr prcpudstbs ochordtbs -oabrbs, sdhoiaabs y ordìjads- pbrb fbr

rdspudstb b abs hdodsifbfds y abs fdlbhfbs fd dsb fivdrsifbf> qudacs vbacrds fda ilbkihbric c ”sdhtifc ocl÷h’ fda scoibaislc bsulbhoclc sus occrfdhbfbs acs oritdrics fd ac ikubaitâric, ac fdlcorâtiocy ac butÿhclc-aijértbric.

Ikubaitbric, pcr oubhtc ab ifdhtifbf fda prcydotc fdjdrdtclbr abs bspirboichds fd acs fdspcsdìfcs ba auombr pcr uhbscoidfbf ouyb riqudzb sdb oclpbrtifb dh ecrlb lâs gustb d

ikubaitbrib dhtrd tcfcs bqudaacs qud ab kdhdrbh. Hc sÿac da prcadtbribfc ihfustriba c abs lbsbs oblpdsihbs, sihc tbljiéh acs fdsdl

padbfcs, acs gÿvdhds ouyc ihkrdsc ba ldrobfc fd trbjbgc ds obfb vdzlâs fieìoia y ldhcs prcliscric, abs lugdrds qud dhoudhtrbhcjstâouacs pbrb su prclcoiÿh prcedsichba, acs trbjbgbfcrds likrbhtds qud hc sch oujidrtcs pcr ab sdkurifbf scoiba.

?5. Ijif., pp. 264-265. Vrchti tclb ab hcoiÿh fd 'dadldhtc ilbkihbric* fd Jacom.

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Fdlcorâtioc, pcr oubhtc ds uh prcydotc qud bspirb b rbfiobaizbr ab scoibaizboiÿh fd acs prcodscs fd fdoisiÿh dh tcscoidfbf7fdjd fdedhfdr y blpaibr ab vikdhoib fd acs fdrdomcs fdlcorâtiocsfda oiufbfbhc pcr uhb pbrtd y, pcr ctrb, auombr pbrb ochquistbr ab

pbrtioipboiÿh y ab fdoisiÿh fdlcorâtiob dh dspboics acobads fchfdilpdrb da dgdroioic butcoràtioc fda pcfdr. Oclc fiod Jcjjic, ‑uhbocsb ds ab fdlcorbtizboiÿh fd ab booiÿh pcaìtiob -qud sd fic ochibihstituoiÿh fd acs pbrabldhtcs-, y ctrb ocsb ds ab fdlcorbtizboiÿhfd ab scoidfbf. Pudfd dxistir uh dstbfc fdlcorâtioc dh uhb scoidfbfdh ab ouba ab lbycr pbrtd fd abs ihstituoichds -sdbh ab ebliaib, ab dsoudab, ab dlprdsb c acs sdrvioics p÷jaiocs- hc sch kcjdrhbfbs fdlcorâtiobldhtd“ (?;). Dstc, bkrdkb, pabhtdb da tdlb fd abfdlcorboib hc sÿac dh térlihcs fd ab prdkuhtb oaâsiob fd ab dxtdhsiÿh fda suerbkic (³quiéh vctb3), sihc tbljiéh dh ab ecrluaboiÿhlâs rbfioba fda h÷ldrc fd ihstbhoibs hc dstriotbldhtd ”pcaìtiobs’ dhabs oubads sd dgdrod da fdrdomc b vctc (³fÿhfd sd vctb3) (?=).

. Aijdrtbric, pcr oubhtc abs. fdlbhfbs fd butchclìb pabhtdbfbs pcr ab fivdrsifbf fd sujgdtivifbfds qud prcaiedrbh dh uh

bromipiéabkc fd.dspboics scoibads dh da sdhc fd ab scoidfbf sch,botubaldhtd, oclpadldhtbribs b abs fdlbhfbs fd oiufbfbhìb scoiba(ikubafbf y gustioib scoiba) y fd oiufbfbhìb pcaìtiob (fdlcorboib y

pbrtioipboiÿh). Mcy, ab aijdrtbf pdrschba ds rdivihfiobfb lâs baaâ fdsus crìkdhds aijdrbads y bhbrquistbs. Krboibs ba dlpugd bhtibutcri-.tbòc qud hcs adkÿ da pdhsblidhtc, abs prâotiobs, abs rdfds fdscoibjiaifbf y abs utcpìbs aikbfbs b acs lcvilidhtcs fd ac qud pcfrìb

fdhclihbrsd ab ”trbfioiÿh sdsdhtbicomdsob’, ab aijdrtbf pdrschbaochstituyd uh bhmdac blpaibldhtd fieuhfifc. Oclc batdrhbtivbscoibaistb, uh prcydotc fd izquidrfb fdjd sdr obpbz fd ilpuasbr yfdedhfdr dspboics fchfd ab batdrifbf sdb adkitilbfb y hc oabusurbfb,y fchfd ab fiedrdhoib pudfb tdhdr ldobhislcs fd fdedhsb vis-b-visda sdhtifc ocl÷h ilpdrbhtd.

?;. Hcrjdrtc Jcjjic, Dstbfc, kcvdrhc, scoidfbfd. Pbrb urhb tdcrib kdrba fb pcaitiob, Dfitcrd Pbz d Vdrrb, Zic fd Gbhdirc, 29=5, p. 245.

?=. Ijif t p. 24;.

2;=




_d pcfrìb cjgdtbr qud dstcs trds dadldhtcs pudfdh dstbr prdsdhtds dh prckrblbs y prcydotcs qud hc sch prcpibldhtdscoibaistbs. Y fd mdomc, erdoudhtdldhtd bpbrdodh dh tcs prckrblbsy pabtbecrlbs pcaìtiobs fd uh bjbhioc fd pbrtifcs y lcvilidhtcs

pcaìtiocs. Dh dsd obsc, ³dh qué rbfiobrìb ab dspdoieioifbf fdascoibaislc rdspdotc b daacs3 Jâsiobldhtd, dh ac qud Zdobafdfdhclihb da qubhtul fd tdhsiÿh lcfieiobfcrb qud pudfbh ihtrcfuoir (?9). Ubad fdoir, fdpdhfd fd ab obpboifbf qud fdludstrd pbrbdabjcrbr prcpudstbs qud pdrlitbh prceuhfizbr abs aijdrtbfds, dadgdroioic fd ab fdlcorboib y ab rdfistrijuoiÿh lâs ikubaitbrib fd abriqudzb scoiba, pdrc tbljiéh fd su mbjiaifbf pbrb pdhsbr aihdbs fd

booiÿh pcaìtiob obpbods fd ilpadldhtbrabs.Vbljiéh sd pcfrìb brkñir qud ab rdivihfioboiÿh fd ab fiedrdhoib dh-euhoiÿh b ab aijdrtbf tidhd aìlitds, ac ouba ds pdredotbldhtdvâaifc. Da dtmcs scoibaistb fdedhfifc bquì dxoauyd tcfb pcsijiaifbffd bodptbr abs aijdrtbfds fd tcrturbr, dxpactbr y fisorilihbr oclccpoichds adkìtilbs fd oiufbfbhcs c krupcs. Pdrc, oclc jidh fiodJcjjic (60), abs rdecrlbs prcpukhbfbs pcr uh scoibaislc fdlcorâtioc jusobh uhb blpaiboiÿh fd dspboics fd aijdrtbf ihfivifuba yocadotivb pbrb rdfuoir acs dspboics butcorâtiocs fd ab scoidfbf, pcrac ouba abs aijdrtbfds fdjdh pdhsbrsd dh térlihcs fd 'qud’ aijdrtbfds,”pbrb quidh’ y -dspdoibaldhtd- ”pbrb qué’. Pcr daac, prcpchd da

prihoipic fd aijdrtbf ikubaitbrib, dstc ds,' uhb hcoiÿh obpbz fdbrtiouabr ab dxpbhsivifbf fd abs aijdrtbfds och ab ifdb fd ikubafbffdedhfifb pcr acs scoibaistbs7 ‑Da prihoipic fd ikubafbf ds bquda qudsirvd pbrb fistihkuir ab aijdrtbf aijdrba fd ab aijdrtbf scoibaistb (..

.) Yc ochsifdrc aijdrtbf scoibaistb pcr dxodadhoib bqudaab qudaijdrbhfc ikubab, é ikubab dh oubhtc dailihb uhb fisorilihboiÿh>uhb aijdrtbf qud hc sÿac ds oclpbtijad och ab ikubafbf, sihc qud dsab ochfioiÿh-fd bqudaab“ (62).

?9. Zdobafd, cp. oit., p. :96.

60. Hcrjdrtc Jcjjic, ‑Zdecrlislc, scoibaislc d ikubafbf“, dh su aijrc Ab

fdlcorboib scoibaistb. Dfioichds Fcouldhtbs, _bhtibkc fd Omiad, 29=;, dh dspdoiba pp. 2=6-2=4.

62. ìjif., p. 2=4.

2;9




Dstcs sch acs vbacrds ihspirbfcrds fd uh dtmcs scoibaistbochtdlpcrâhdc y, dh térlihcs lâs blpaics, ab ifdb fd izquidrfb._ÿac rdtclbhfc dstcs vbacrds ds pcsijad jusobr -ordbr c ”ihvdhtbr’,oclc fiod Krblsoi- uh prcydotc scoibaistb fd hudvc tipc, ds fdoir,

uh prcydotc ikubaitbric, fdlcor6tioc y aijdrtbric qud sd ifdhtieiqudbhtds qud hbfb och acs prcjadlbs, hdodsifbfds y rdivihfioboichdsfd acs fdspcsdìfcs, y qud sd ochstituyb dh da rdedrdhtd euhfbldhtbaoch da qud sd ifdhtieiqudh bqudaacs qud auombh dh ochtrb fd absfivdrsbs ecrlbs fd cprdsiÿh.

2=0




JIJAICKZBEIB




Batmussdr, Acuis, ‑Ochtrbfiooiÿh y scjrdfdtdrlihboiÿh“ (295:), dh Ab rdvcauoiÿh tdÿriob fd Lbrx, _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 295=.

‖ , ‑Lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc y lbtdribaislc fibaéoti

oc“ (2955), dh Lbtdribaislc mistÿrioc y lbtdribaislc fib-aéotioc, Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd Hei =, Léxioc,2959,29=2.

-------------------, ‑Vdsis fd Blidhs“ (29;4), Fibaéotiob H®?, guaic

29;;, rdvistb fd ab Ebouatbf fd Eiacsceìb y Adtrbs fd ab

Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab, Léxioc.

----------- ‖ ‖ ,‑Ab orisis fda lbrxislc“ (29;;), Da Uidgc Vcpc H92;, Jbrodachb, edjrdrc 29;=, pp. ?6-?4.

------------------ , ‑Da lbrxislc oclc tdcrìb eihitb“, dh ZcssbhbZcssâhfb (oclpiabfcrb), Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=), EcaicsDfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, pp. 22-:2. *

Bhfdrsch, Pdrry, Ochsifdrboichds scjrd da lbrxislc cooifdhtba (29;5), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;9.

Brfiti, Jdhgblìh, ‑Da fdsdc fd ab aijdrtbf (ab fibaéotiob y ab oudstiÿhfda ctrc)“, Fbvif y Kcaibtm Bòc ]UI, H9 40, Judhcs Birds,fioidljrd 29=5, pp. 4:-49.

------------- ---------- , ‑Thb krblâtiob pcslcfdlb pbrb pdhsbr ac soiba“, Wchb Bjidrtb H° 62-6:, cotujrd 29=5 - bjria 29=;,Lbfrif, pp. 2=?-:05, y dh Hcrjdrt Adomhdr (oclpiabfcr),

Ouaturb pcaìtiob y fdlcorbtizboiÿh, EABO_C/OABO_C/IOI, _bhtibkc fd Omiad, 29=;, pp. 259-2==.

Brfiti, Jdhgblìh y Zcfrìkudz, Gcsé Obracs, ‑Abs ochfioichds fd uhsistdlb fdlcorâtioc fd pbrtifcs“, fibric Tatilb Mcrb, Bsuhoiÿh, 2; fd sdtidljrd fd 29=;.

Bstdabrrb, Gufitm, ihtdrvdhoiÿh dh ³b izquidrfb y Durcpb. Fdjbtd fd _ikñdhzb, Dfitcriba Pbjac Ikadsibs, Lbfrif, 29=;, pp.2:=-2?4.

2=?




Jbfbachi, Hiocab, ‑Hctbs pcaìtiobs scjrd ihtdadotubads y dstbfc“, dhZcssbhb Zcssbhfb (oclpiabfcrb), Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=),Ecaics Dfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, pp. 56-59.

Jbrrdtt, Zbebda, ‑Zdvcauoichds“ (290=), Cjrbs Oclpadtbs, Uci. 2,Zbebda Pdrchi Dfitcr d Ihstitutc fd Occpdrboiÿh Ijdrcbldriobhb (IOI), Bsuhoiÿh, 29==. '

Jbrtmds, Zcabhf, Zcabhf Jbrtmds (29;4), Lboliaabh, Achfch,29;;.

Jbufriaabrf, Gdbh, Da dspdgc fd ab prcfuooiÿh (29;?), Kdfisb,Jbrodachb, 29=0.

Jdhìtdz Wdhtdhc, Zb÷a, (oclpiabfcr) Abs oabsds scoibads dh Blé-riob Abtihb, _ikac ]]I, Léxioc, 29;?.

Jcjjic, Hcrjdrtc, ³Dxistd uhb tdcrìb lbrxistb fda dstbfc3“ (29;4),dh Brlbhfc Pihtc (oclpiabfcr), ³Dxistd uhb tdcrìb lbr-

xistb fda dstbfc3, ThivdrsifbfButÿhclb fd'Pudjab, Léxioc, 29;=.

‖- - ‖r‖ ‖ -, ‑³Vdcrìb fda dstbfc c tdcrìb fda /pbrtifc3“, dhZcssbhb Zcssbhfb (oclpiabfcrb), Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=),Ecaics Dfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, pp. ;5-=?.

‖ ------ >‖ ‑Lbrxisl bhf _coibaisl“ (29;=), Vdacs H9 ?9, Hdw Ycrn, _prihk 29;9, pp. 292-:00.

‖‖ ‖‖‖‖ -, Dstbfc, kcvdrhc, scoidfbfd. Pbrb urhb tdcrìb

kdrba fb pcaìtiob (29=4), Dfitcrb Pbz d Vdrrb, Zic fd Gbhdirc,29=5.

-‖ ‖ --------- -, Ab fdlcorboib scoibaistb, Dfioichds Fcouldhtbs, _bhtibkc fd Omiad, 29=;. *

Jcsomi, Zdhbtc Zb÷a, B brtd fb bsscoibobc. Pcaìtiob fd jbsd d fdlcorboib hc Jrbsia, Uértiod, Zic fé Gbhdirc, 29=;.

Jrâufda, Edlbhf, Ab mistcrib y abs oidhoibs scoibads, BaibhzbDfitcriba, Lbfrif, 295=,29=:.

2=6




Jrchhdr, _tdpmdh Drio, ‑Vmd _coibaist Prcgdot7 ih Ldlcry ce ZufiFutsomnd“, _coiba Zdsdbrom Uca. 6;, H® 2, Hdw Ycrn,_prihk 29=0, pp. 22-?4.

Juoi-Kauonslbhh, Omristihd, ‑Ab pcaìtiob fdstruydñcs oudrpcs“, Da Jusoÿh H=2, Léxioc F i;., hcvidljrd-fioidljrd 29=:, pp.206-2?2. '

Obooibri, Lbssilc, ”Vrbhsecrlboiÿh fda dstbfc y prcydotc pcaìtioc“ (29;=), dh vbrics butcrds, Vdcrìb lbrxistb fd ab pcaìtiob, Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd H= =9, Léxioc, 29=2, pp.:?6-:;4.

------------------ A’Dsprdssc, Zclb, 5 fd lbrzc fd 29=?.

Oblpi, Burdaic, ‑Hudvbs fildhsichds fd ab fclihboiÿh obpitbaistb“, dh Zcssbhb Zcssbhfb (oclpiabfcrb), Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=), Ecaics Dfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, pp. ;0-;4.

Obrriaac, _bhtibkc, Durcoclluhisl bhf tmd _tbtd, Abwrdhod bhf[ismbrt, Achfch, 29;;.

Obstcribfis, Ocldaius, ‑Da ihtdadotuba oclc oiufbfbhc“, Da Uidgc Vcpc, H= ?=, hcvidljrd 29;9, Jbrodachb, pp. 6-9.

-------‖ -------- , Ab _coidfbf Jurcorâtiob, Uca. 2, Vusqudts Dfitcrds, Jbrodachb, 29;9.

‖‖ ------------- , ‑_coibaisl bhf Butchclcus _coidty“, Vdacs H®6?, Hdw Ycrn, _prihk 29=0, pp. 92-204.

‖ ---------- ----- , ‑Vrbhsecrlboiÿh scoiba y Ordboiÿh Ouaturba“> Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba H9 =, Lbfrif, ihvidrhc 29=;-29==, pp.2:-29.

Omdshdbux, Gdbh, ³Mbodlcs tbjab rbsb fda pbsbfc3 B prcpÿsitc fd ab mistcrib y fd acs mistcribfcrds (29;5), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc,29;;.

Oabufih, Edlbhfc, ‑Bakuhbs rdeadxichds scjrd ab orisis fda lbrxislc“ (29;=), dh Csobr fda Jbroc (oclpiabfcr), Ab orisis fda lbrxislc, Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab, Léxioc,29;9.

2=4




*----------- ------ , ‑Ab kdhdrboiÿh fda lbrxislc-adhihislc“, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba H9 5, Lbfrif, vdrbhc 29=;, pp. :2-:6.

Ocmdh,. Kdrry, Lbrx's Vmdcry ce Mistcry7 B Fdedhsd, Cxecrf

Thivdrsity Prdss, Dhkabhf, 29=0.Ocmdh, Gdbh A., ‑Zdtmihnihk _coiba Lcvdldhts“, Jdrndady Gcurhba

ce _coicacky, Uca. ]]UIII, 29=?, pp. 9;-22?.

Ocaadtti, Auoic, ‑Da prcjadlb fd ab fibaéotiob“, dh vbrics butcrds, ³borisis fda lbrxislc, Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab,Pudjab, Léxioc, 29;9, pp. ?4‖4?.

------------ ------ , ‑Bfiÿs b éa y b Vurbtti“, Ab Oiufbf Euturb H9 5,Judhcs Birds, bkcstc 29=;.

Ocltd-_pch viaad, Bhfré, ‑Da judhc, da lbac y da liaitbhtd“, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba H®4, Lbfrif, prilbvdrb 29=;, pp. 24-:2.

Fby, Gcmh, ‑Edrhbhf Jrbufda bhf tmd Zisd ce Obpitbaisl“, _coiba Zdsdbrom Uca. 6;. H9 ?, Hdw Ycrn, Butulh 29=0, pp.40;-42=. •

fb Oruz, Muljdrtc, ‑Da lcfdac adhihistb fd pbrtifc“, Da Uidgc Vcpc, Dxtrb H9 6, Jbrodachb, 29=0, pp. 2=-::.

fd Kicvbhhi, Jibkic, ‑Pbrb uhb tdcrìb lbrxistb fd ab trbhsecrlboiÿh“,- dh Zcssbhb Zcssbhfb (oclpiabfcrb), Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=), Ecaics Dfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, pp. 6?-42.

‖ ‖ -------------, ‑Orisi d adkittilbzichd fdaac stbtc“, Oritiob

Lbrxistb 5/29;9,pp. 59-=;.

------- >‖ --------, ‑Lbrxislc y dstbfc“, Zdvistb B, Uca. II, H9 ?,lbyc-bkcstc 29=2, Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb LdtrcpcaitbhbBzobpctzbaoc, Léxioc, pp. 9-65.

Fgiabs, Liacvbh, Dxodasicr, Léxioc, :; fd lbrzc fd 29=?.

Fchcac, Obric y Eiomdrb, Erbhoc, ‑Fbaab kcvdrhbjiaità baa ”ihhc

vbzichd pcaìtiob“, Lildc, Ochvdkhc I__COOC, Vcrihc24-29 fioidljrd 29=2.

2=5




Frdyeus, Mujdrt y Zbjihcw, Pbua, Liomda Ecuobuat7 Jdychf _truoturbaisl bhf Mdrldhdutios, Mbrvdstdr Prdss, Jrikmtch, Dhkabhf, 29=:.

Dbkadtch, Vdrry, ‑[ittkdhstdih’s Eridhfs“, Hdw Adet Zdvidw H°2?4, _dptdljdr-Cotcjdr 29=:, pp. 56-90.

Dmraiom, _tbhisabw, ‑Vmd Zbtichbaity ce Paurbaisl“, Vmd Pcaism _coicackioba Juaadtih, Uca. 46, H= :, 29=2, pp. :;-?=.

Dvdrs, Vialbh, ‑Ifdhtifbfd7 b ebod couatb fcs hcvcs lcvildhtcsscoibis“, Hcvcs Dstufcs ODJZBP. Uca. :. H= 6, _bc Pbuac,

bjria 29=6, pp. 22-:?.Edljbom, Fbvif, Vmd Eirst Ihtdrhbtichba bhf Betdr, Vmd

Pdhkuih-Lbrx Aijrbry, Hdw Ycrn, 29;6.

Edtsomdr, Irihk, ‑Vmd Ombhkihk Kcbas ce _coibaisl ih tmd VwdhtidtmOdhtury“, _coiba Zdsdbrom Uca. 6;. H=2, Hdw Ycan, _prihk29=0, pp. ?5-5:.

Ecuobuat, Liomda, Ab brqudcackìb fda sbjdr (2959), _ikac ]]I,Léxioc, 29;9.

‖ - Mistcrib fd ab sdxubaifbf. Uca. 2 (29;5), _ikac]]I, Léxioc, 29;;.

---- ------- ‖‖ , Liorceìsiob fda pcfdr (29;;), Dfitcriba Ab Piqudtb, Lbfrif, 29;=.

‖-----

, ‑Vmd _ujgdot bhf Pcwdr“, dh Mujdrt Frdyeus yPbua Zbjihcw, Liomda Ecuobuat7 Jdychf _truoturbaisl bhf Mdrldhdutios, Mbrvdstdr Prdss, Jrikmtch, Dhkabhf, 29=:, pp. :0=-::5.

Kbrrdtch, Lbhuda Bhtchic, ‑Pbrtifc y scoidfbf dh uh prcydotcscoibaistb“, Fcouldhtc fd trbjbgc H= :55, PrckrblbEABO_C-_bhtibkc fd Omiad, Cotujrd 29=4.

Kdcrkd, Erbhocis, ‑Ch Ochtrbfiotich“, Vdacs H= ?5, Hdw Ycrn,_ulldr 29;=, pp. 44-=0.

2=;




------- ‖ --------- , ‑Vmd Adkdhf ce Oclluhisl“, _coiba Zdsdbrom,Uca. 69, H9 :, Hdw Ycrn, _ulldr 29=:, pp. ??=-?4=.

Kibp, Uc Hkuydh, Kudrrb fda pudjac, dgéroitc fda pudjac, Dfi

oichds Drb, Léxioc, 29;=.Kcrz, Bhfré, Bfiÿs ba prcadtbribfc (29=0), Dfioichds :002, Jbr

odachb, 29=:.

Mihndablldrt, Erbhz, Orìtiob b ab rbzÿh utÿpiob, dfioichds fdaFdpbrtbldhtc Douléhioc fd Ihvdstikboichds, _bh Gcsé,Ocstb Ziob, 29=6.

-------------------, ‑Erdhtd b ab ouaturb fd ab pcst-lcfdrhifbf7 prcydotc pcaìtioc y utcpìb“, Fbvif y Kcaibtm Bòc ]UII, H:

4:, Judhcs Birds, sdtidljrd 29=;, pp. :2-:9.

Mirst, Pbua, Ch Abw bhf Ifdcacky, Zcutadfkd bhf Ndkbh Pbua,

Achfch, 29;9.

‖ 8‖ ------ ‖ -, ‑Oabsds dochÿliobs y pcaìtiob“, dh vbrics butcrds,Oabsds y dstruoturb fd oabsds, Dfitcriba Hudstrc Vidlpc>

Léxioc, 29=2, pp. 244-292.Guaaibrf, Gboquds, ‑Ab izquidrfb y da pcfc-“, Advibtâh H® :;, II

épcob, Lbfrif, prilbvdrb 29=;, pp. =4-92.

Ndasdh, Mbhs, ‑Ecrlboiÿh féab vcauhtbf dh ab fdlcorboib“ (29:9),dh Nurt Adhn y Erbhz Hdulbhh (oclpiabfcrds), Vdcrìb y

, scoicackìb orìtiob fd acs pbrtifcs (295=), Bhbkrblb, Jbr

odachb, 29=0. QNumh, Vmclbs, Ab dstruoturb fd abs rdvcauoichds oidhtìeiobs

(295:), Echfc fd Ouaturb Dochÿliob, Léxioc, 29;2.

Aboabu, Drhdstc, Pcaìtiob d ifdcackìb dh ab tdcrìb lbrxistb, _ikac]]I, Léxioc, 29;=.

‖7‖ ------------, ‑Vdsis boérob fd ab ecrlb mdkdlÿhiob fd ab■pcaìtiob“ (29=0), dh Guaic Abjbstifb (oclpiabfcr), Md- kdlchìb y batdrhbtivbs pcaìtiobs dh Blériob Abtihb, _ikac]]I, Léxioc, pp. 29-66.

2==




‖ ‖7-----------, ‑Vrbhsecrlbzzichd d Vdcrìb fda _ckkdttc“,

Lildc, Thivdrsity ce Dssdx, Ihkabtdrrb, fioidljrd fd 29=2.

-------------------, ‑Ochsifdrboichds scjrd ab orisis fda lbrxislc7

fisoursc, mdkdlchìb y pcaìtiob“,_coibaislc y Pbrtioipboiÿh H= 25, fioidljrd 29=2, Ailb, pp. ?4-65.

-‖ --------- ‖ , ‑Vmd Ilpcssijiaity ce _coidty“, Obhbfibh Gcur-hba ce Pcaitioba bhf _coiba Vmdcry, Uca. UII, Hb 2-:,wihtdr-sprihk 29=?, pp. :2-:6.

------------------- , ‑Oabss [br bhf Betdr“, Lbròsl Vcfby, Achfch,

Bpria 29=;, pp. ?0-??.Aboabu, Drhdstc y Lcueed, Ombhtba, ‑Ab dstrbtdkib scoibaistb. ³Mboib

fÿhfd bmcrb3“, Wchb Bjidrtb Hei :=, bjria-guhic 29=?, pp.

6;-5?. ,

■-----7‖ ‖ ------- , ‑Mdkdlchìb y hudvcs lcvilidhtcs pcaìtiocs“(29=:), Wchb Bjidrtb H®?0, Lbfrif, dhdrc-lbrzc 29=6, pp.2?9-256.

---------

‖ ----- , Mdkdlchy bhf _coibaist _trbtdky. Vcwbrfs b Zbfioba Fdlcorbtio Vmdcry, Udrsc, Achfch, 29=4.

Adomhdr, Hcrjdrt, ‑Fd ab rdvcauoiÿh b ab fdlcorboib. Fdjbtdihtdadotuba dh Blériob fda _ur“, Cpoichds H®5, _bhtibkc fdOmiad, lbyc-bkcstc 29=4, pp. 4;-;:.

‖ ----------- ‖ , ihtdrvdhoiÿh dh ³b izquidrfb y Durcpb. Fdjbtd fd

_ikñdhzb, Dfitcriba Pbjac Ikadsibs, Lbfrif, 29=;, pp.259-2;6.

Adocurt, Fclihiqud, Aysdhnc. Mistcrib rdba fd uhb ‑oidhoib prcadtbrib" (29;5), Dfitcriba Abib, Jbrodachb, 29;=.

Adecrt, Oabufd, ‑Ab ilbkdh fda oudrpc y da tctbaitbrislc“, Uudatb H®;5, Léxioc, lbrzc 29=?, pp. 26-29.

‖‖ 7----------

r, ‑Da prcjadlb fé ab fdlcorboib“,. Cpd/c/tds H®5,_bhtibkc fd Omiad, lbyc-bkcstc 29=4, pp. ;?-=5. t

2=9




Adhih, Ui., Abs tbrdbs ihldfibtbs fda pcfdr scviétioc (292=),vbribs dfioichds.

----- 7-----------‖, Ab dochclìb pcaìtiob furbhtd ab fiotbfurb fda

prcadtbribfc (2929), vbribs dfioichds.------- ----------- , ‑Ab dhedrldfbf ihebhtia fda izquidrfishìc dh da

ocluhislc“ (29:0), dh su Cjrbs dsockifbs, DfitcribaPrckrdsc, Lcso÷, 2959.

---------- -------- , Da Ilpdribaislc, ebsd supdricr fda obpitbaislc,vbribs dfioichds.

Advy, Jdlbrf Mdhri, Jbrjbrisl witm b Mulbh Ebod (29;;),Mbrpdr bhf Zcw, Hdw Ycrn, 29=0.

Lbopmdrsch, O.J., Ab rdbaifbf fdlcorâtiob (2954), Echtbhdaab,Jbrodachb, 295=.

‖‖ ------------- , Fdlcorbtio Vmdcry7 Dssbys ih Zdtridvba, CxecrfThivdrsity Prdss, Cxecrf, 29;?.

-------------------, Ab fdlcorboib aijdrba y su épcob (29;5), BaibhzbDfitcriba, Lbfrif, 29=:.

Lbrrblbc, Kiboclc, ‑_istdlb pcaìtioc, rboichbaizboiÿh, ”odrdjrcscoiba’“, dh Zcssbhb Zcssbhfb (oclpiabfcrb), Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=), Ecaics Dfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, pp.294-:05.

' ,■‖ ‖ ,Ac pcaìtioc y abs trbhsecrlboichds (29;9), Oub

fdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd H=94, Léxioc, 29=:.-‖ --------------, ‑Bhtchic Krblsoi dh erbkldhtcs“, Ab Oiufbf

Euturb H° 5, Judhcs Birds, bkcstc 29=;.

Lbrx Obracs, Da Lbhieidstc, vbribs dfioichds.

‖ ‖ ‖‖‖ , Da 2= Jrulbric, vbribs dfioichds.

----------- ------, ”Vdsis scjrd Edudrjbdm“, vbribs dfioichds.

‖‖X s Ihtrcfuooiÿh kdhdrba b ab orìtiob fd ab dochclìb pcaìtiob (2=4;) dh Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd H° 2,hcvdhb dfioiÿh, Léxioc, 29;=.

290




Ldraihc, Lbric, ‑Dspboic (³euhfbldhtc3) fd ab ldzoab“, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba H9 ?, Lbfrif, ctcetc 29=5, pp. 40-42.

Lcabs, Isifrd', ihtdrvdhoiÿh dh Ab izquidrfb y Durcpb. Fdjbtd fd

_ikñdhzb, Dfitcriba Pbjac Ikadsibs, Lbfrif, 29=;, pp.254-25=.

Lcrih, Dfkbr, ‑Ab rbzÿh fdsrboichbaizbfb“, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba H9=, Lbfrif, ihvidrhc 29=;-29==, pp. 6?-42.

Lcueed, Ombhtba, ‑Mdkdlchy bhf Ifdcacky ih Krblsoi“, dh suKrblsoi bhf Lbrxist Vmdcry, Zcutadkd bhf Ndkbh Pbua,Achfrds, 29;9, pp. 25=-:06.

-------------------, ‑Oabsd cjrdrb,-mdkdlchìb y scoibaislc“ (29=2),dh _coibaislc y Pbrtioipboiÿh H®2;, Ailb, lbrzc 29=:, pp.

:?-??.

Hdttc, Gcsé Pbuac, ‑Prcgdtc Kcrjbtomdv7 lufbhob cu

ochtihuifbfd3“, A÷b Hcvb, Uca. 6, H= 2, _bc Pbuac,

guamc-sdtdljrc 29=;.

Pbhhdncdn, Bhtÿh, ‑Orìtiob fda pbrtifc rdvcauoichbric" (29?5), Da

Uidgc Vcpc, Dxtrb H° 6r Jbrodachb, 29=0, pp. 26-2;.

Pbrfc, Gcsé'Auis, ‑Ab g)érfifb fda tidlpc jusobfc“, Adtrb Ihtdr-

hboichba H9 =, Lbfrif, ihvidrhc 29=;-29==, pp. 56-5=.

Pcrtbhtidic, Gubh Obracs, ‑Da scoibaislc oclc ochstruooiÿh fd uh

crfdh pcaìtioc fdlcorâtioc“, Fibaéotiob, Bòc UI, H9 22,

fioidljrd 29=2, Thivdrsifbf Butÿhclb fd Pudjab, Léxioc.

29=2, pp. 62-4?.------ ------------ , ‑Fd ab ochtrbfiooiÿh b acs ocheaiotcs“, Ab Oiufbf

Euturb HR:, Judhcs Birds, cotujrd 29=5.Pcuabhtzbs, Hiocs, Pcfdr pcaìtioc y oabsds scoibads (295=), _ikac

]]I, Léxioc, 29;4.■------------------ , Oabssds ih Ochtdlpcrbry Obpitbaisl (29;6),

Hdw Adet Jccns, Achfch, 29;;.

■‖ ‖ ------------ , Ebsoislc y fiotbfurb (29;0), _ikac ]]I, Léxioc,29;6.

292




Przdwcrsni, Bfbl, ‑Vmd Prcadtbribt Ihtc b Oabss7 tmd Prcodss ceOabss Ecrlbtich Ercl Nbutsni’s, ‑Vmd Oabss _trukkad“ tcZdodht Ochtrcvdrsids“, Pcaitios bhf _ÿoidty H®6,29;;, pp.?6?-602.

Ruigbhc, Bhìjba, ‑Abs ifdbs sch oârodads fd abrkb furboiÿh, pdrc hcds ihfispdhsbjad qud pdrlbhdzoblcs tcfc da tidlpc dh dsbsoârodads“, Fbvif y Kcaibtm Bòc ]UI, H®69, Judhcs Birds,

guaic fd 29=5, pp. 60-64.

Zbfiod, Auoic Acljbrfc, Th scoibaislc pcr ihvdhtbr (29;9).Dfitcriba Abib, Jbrodachb, 29=0.

Zdobafd, Gcsé Zblÿh, ‑³Dxistd ab izquidrfb3“, dh Ab izquidrfb y Durcpb. Fdjbtd fd _ikñdhzb, Dfitcriba Pbjac Ikadsibs,Lbfrif, 29=;, pp. :9?-:95.

Zcfrìkudz Brbljdrri, Guaic, ‑³Th lcfdac ÷hioc3“ Da Uidgc Vcpc- Dxtrb H®6, Jbrodachb, 29=0, pp. 46-4=.

Zcgbs, Badgbhfrc, ‑Dh tclc b abs batdrhbtivbs pcaìtiobs dh Omiad“, Da Jusoÿh H®:, Léxioc, dhdrc-edjrdrc 29=?. ,

Zcssbhfb, Zcssbhb, ‑Orìtiob fd ab pcaìtiob y ”fdrdomc fdsikuba’“, dhZcssbhb Zcssbhfb (oclpiabfcrb), Fisoutir da dstbfc (29;=),Ecaics Dfioichds, Léxioc, 29=:, pp. :?5-:46.

•‖ -------- - ‖‖, ‑Hc tdhkbh lidfc. Hc tidhd mdrdfdrcs“, AbOiufbf Euturb H®5, Judhcs Birds, bkcstc 29=;.

Zusochi, Kibh Dhrioc, ‑Orisi scoibad d pcaìtiob“, dh Pbcac Ebldti

(oclpiabfcr), Pcaìtiob d scoidtâ, Ab Hucvb Itbaib Dfitriod,Eirdhzd, 29;9.

_bavbfc¾, Lbssilc, ‑Da cobsc fda prcydotc ocluhistb“, Advibtâh H®:;, II épcob, Lbfrif, prilbvdrb 29=;, pp. ;4-=:.

_omlitt, Obri, Da ochodptc fd ac ‑pcaìtioc“ (29?:), Ecaics Dfioichds, Judhcs Birds, 29=6.

_dlpr÷h, Gcrkd, ‑Kdhtd fd uhb eboturb bpbrtd. Ab ochodpoiÿh

stbaihibhb fda Pbrtifc“, Da Uidgc Vcpc Dxtrb Hb 6, Jbrodachb,29=0, pp. ?4-?9.

29:




_dhfio, Bajdrtc, ‑Uifb hcvb, hulb scoidfbfd ”dhrigdoifb’“, A÷b Hcvb, Uca. 6, H®2, _bc Pbuac, guamc-sdtdhijrc 29=;.

_crg, Jdrhbrfc, ‑Mistcrib d orisd fb prcfuobc fb vdrfbfd hc

lbrxislc“, Hcvcs Dstbfcs ODJZBP, Uca. :, H® ?, _bcPbuac, hcvdljrc fd 29=?, pp. :4-?6.

_tbaih, Gcsé, Acs euhfbldhtcs fda adhihislc, Dfioichds dh AdhkubsDxtrbhgdrbs, Pdnìh, 29;4.

_tdflbh-Gchds, Kbrdtm, ihtdrvdhoiÿh dh Ab izquidrfb y Durcpb. Fdjbtd fd _ikñdhzb, Dfitcriba Pbjac Ikadsibs, Lbfrif, 29=;, pp. 260-24:.

_ujircs, Pdp, ‑Lbyc fda ’5=7 ³hudstrcs bjudacs c hudstrcs hidtcs3“, Da Uidgc Vcpc, Dxtrb H®22, Jbrodachb, 29=0, pp. 6-4.

Vckaibtti, Pbalirc, Dsoritcs pcòtiocs (2956), Dfioichds Drb, Léxioc, 29;2. ■

Vcaadr, Dlst, Thb guvdhtuf dh Badlbhib, Dfioichds Ilâh, JudhcsBirds, 29?;.

Vmclpsch, Gcmh J., ‑Ifdcacky bhf tmd _coiba Ilbkihbry. BhBpprbisba ce Obstcribfis bhf Adecrt“, Vmdcry bhf _coidty, Uca. II, H® 4, Vmd Mbkud, _dptdljdr 29=:, pp. 549-5=2.

Vcurbihd, Babih, Ab _coidté Ihvisijad, Dfitichs fu _duia, Pbrìs,29;;.

Vrchti, Lbric> II tdlpc fdaab pcaìtiob, Dfitcri Ziuhiti, Zclb, 29=0.

------------

-------, ‑_ihistrb“, Abjcrbtcric Pcaìtioc, Zclb,lbkkic-kiukhc 29=2, pp. 2?:-26;.

Vsd Vuhk, Lbc, _cjrd ab ochtrbfiooiÿh (29?;), vbribs dfioichds.

Ubttilc, Kibhhi, Da eih fd ab lcfdrhifbf. Himiaislc y mdrldhéutiob dh ab ouaturb pcslcfdrhb (29=4), Kdfisb, Jbrodachb, 29=5.

-------------------, ‑Da euturc pbsbfc“, Adtrb Ihtdrhboichba H® ?,

Lbfrif, ctcòc 29=5, pp. 69-42.

29?




Udob‘_bavbtcrd, Jcjjic, Hcrjdrtc y Pchtbrb, Kiuaibhc, Orisis fd ab fdlcorboib (29=6), Dfitcriba Brida, Jbrodachb, 29=4.

[cmaecrtm, Vil, ‑Vrbhsitich tc tmd Vrbhsitich3“, Hdw Adet Zdvidw

H9 ?0, Achfch, Hcvdljdr-Fdodljdr 29=2, pp. 5;-=2.

Fcouldhtcs.

‑_ÿjrdab pcaìtiob fd ecrlboiÿh, sdadooiÿh, ujioboiÿh, prclcoiÿh ysupdrboiÿh fd acs oubfrcs7 Vdsis y rdscauoichds“, fcouldhtcbprcjbfc pcr da Prildr Ochkrdsc fda Pbrtifc Ocluhistb fd Oujb,

Ab Mbjbhb, 29;5.

‑Ochtrb acs ihtdrdsds fd ab pbz y da scoibaislc“, brtìouac fd Prbvfb rdprcfuoifc dh da supadldhtc ‑Pâkihb Thc“ fda fibric Thc lâs Thc, Léxioc F.E., ?2 fd dhdrc fd 29=2.

Acs oubtrc prildrcs ochkrdscs fd ab Ihtdrhboichba Ocluhistb,

Oubfdrhcs fd Pbsbfc y Prdsdhtd H®6?, Léxioc, 29=2.

296




CVZC_ VIVTAC_ D H D_VBOCADOOICH

IFDCACKIB BTVCZIVBZIB.

Kuifc Zcfrìkudz Baobaâ

DA LIVC FDA BZVD Y DA MIGCFDA PTDJAC.Viric Dsocjbr

THB HBOICH FC_ OTAVTZB_.

Jbrtcldu Ldaiâ, _G.

D_VBFC Y UIUIDHFB. Fda Pcpuaislc Ocyuhturba bi ObpitbaislcPrdjdhfbrac.

GcséH. Lcrihikc Auis B. Jcm





Mby kdhtd qud hc ackrb ilbkihbr da scoibaislc lâs baaâ fd uh lcafdfcotrihbric qud rdfuod ab oclpadgifbf fda luhfc b ifdbs-eudrzb tbadsoclc da lcfc fd prcfuooiÿh obpitbaistb, ab fclihboiÿh jurkudsb c ab

auomb fd oabsds. _ch ihobpbods fd pdhsbr ab dspdoieioifbf fd prcjadlbstbads oclc ab fisorilihboiÿh fd ab lugdr, ab pbrtioipboiÿh fdlcorâtiob, abcrkbhizboiÿh fda Dstbfc c da fdsbrrcaac dochÿlioc. Och daac, tdrlihbhocheuhfidhfc da prcydotc scoibaistb och uh zbpbtc omihc fcotrihbric.Th pdhsbl idhtc scoibaistb fd eih fd sikac fdjd sdr obpbz fd fdsdljbrbzbrsd fd dstbs btbfurbs ldhtbads si quidrd bjrirsd b ab oclpadgifbf fdaluhfc y fd ab pcaìtiob. Acs sidtd dhsbycs fd dstd aijrc ochtidhdhbrkuldhtcs qud bpuhtbh dh dsb firdooiÿh. Audkc fd fisoutir da cjrdrislc,da vbhkubrfislc, da sdotbrislc y abs ochodpoichds crtcfcxbs bodrob fd abhbturbadzb fd ab scoidfbf, prcpchd uh scoibaislc pcslbrxistb ouybs

occrfdhbfbs sch ab ikubafbf, ab fdlcorboib y ab aijdrtbf.


DISCUTIR EL SOCIALISMO - BENJAMIN ARDITI - PORTALGUARANI

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